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UnitURBAN SPACE
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Prof. Dr. Josu Llull Pealba
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HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (TEACHER TRAINING DEGREE)
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CONTENTS
1. Urban landscape
2. The historical process of urbanization
3. Urban planning
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1. URBAN LANDSCAPE
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Nowadays talking about Urban Revolution
51% urban population vs. 49% rural population all over the world
expanding growth in LEDCs
many regions with megacities, conurbations and other urban processes
social, economic and environmental problems
30% of the urban population living in marginalized slumsor shanty towns
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Evolution of the urban and therural population in the world
INTRODUCTION
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Source: http://www.grida.no/publications/other/geo3/?src=/geo/geo3/spanish/403.htm
Comparative evolution of the urban population (percentages by region)
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CITY it is an expression of the urban society where we are living it is a geographical fact very important
it is an essential feature to understand the present time
Descriptive analysis: describing the elements of the urban landscape
Functional analysis: analyzing the functions of each area or element (a square)
analyzing the role of the city in its geographical area(considering the city as a high order services supplier)
Internal perspective: studying the inner space of the city
External perspective: studying the city in relation to its geographical area(How is the city organizing its surrounding area or even itsregion? How is the city connected to other cities and villages?)
URBAN GEOGRAPHY
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It deals with theanalysis of thefollowing aspects:
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CITY
HISTORY
LAYOUT
STRUCTURE
FUNCTIONS
ARCHITECTURE
PROBLEMS
POPULATION
LOCATION
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URBAN GEOGRAPHY
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Access to an Urban Geography glossary in:http://www.profes.net/rep_documentos/Propuestas_Bachillerato/BA%20Geograf%C3%ADa_urbana.PDF
City: it is a kind of human settlement with some specific features such as thefollowing: high population density, artificial characteristics, multiculturalism and
economic activities mostly linked to industry and the tertiary sector. Urban: it is an adjectivethat refers to every phenomenon concerned to the city as
a particular socio-cultural system with a number of implications.
Urban layout: it is also known as town planningor morphology. It is the shapeof the city as a result of its architectural design and its implementation in thephysical space. The urban layout is the consequence of how the buildings areconstructed and how the open spaces (streets, squares, parks) are organizedaccording to different patterns.
Urban structure: it is the division of the city into different parts or sectors taking
into account an internal system and a series of functions and land uses.
ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS
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It is very difficult to define what a city is.
Are some settlements largevillagesor ruraltowns?
There are some cities in LEDCs with a subsistence farming economy.There are small places far away from the conurbations but very well connectedto them thanks to efficient means of transport (commuting).
According to Davis, a city is a community with a considerable size and a highpopulation density that houses a variety of specialized non-farming workers plus acultural and intellectual elite.
Tomelloso, Castilla-La Mancha (Source: IGN)
Malabo, the capitalof Equatorial Guinea(Source:Jessica Weinberg)
CONCEPT OF CITY
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URBANSPACE
RURALSPACE
Food & raw materials
Industrial products &high order services
Source:Edelvives
FROM RURAL TO URBAN
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It is difficult to characterize a city according to statistics. There are other criteria:
RURALSettlement
URBANSettlement
versus
Contrasting criteria:
1. Population density2. Centrality3. Artificial morphology4. Economic activities5. Social heterogeneity6. Multiculturalism
7. Urban way of life8. Relationship with the environment9. Capacity for innovation
CONCEPT OF URBAN
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CHARACTERISTICS OF THE URBAN SPACE
1. Population density- A city is a nucleated settlement with a lot of inhabitants living together- Minimum population for a city: France > 2,000 people; Spain > 10,000 people
- Minimum population density: India > 390 inhab./ km
2. Centrality- A city brings together a number of services and activities- It has a hierarchic position in the space arrival flows
3. Artificial morphology
- There are only a few of natural elements- There are high buildings and large infrastructures
4. Economic activities- Mostly related to industry and the tertiary sector
5. Social heterogeneity- Population diversity- Lack of social control, superficial relationships,
situations of marginalization
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6. Multiculturalism- Cultural dynamism multiple services and activities (museums, theatres, etc.)- Social and ethnic diversity immigration
- Ghettos where each group of people lives isolated; lack of social integration
WASP Afroamerican Chinese Indian
Irish Italian Russian Hispanos
Arabs Subsaharians Gypsies Etc.
7. Urban way of life- Speed, stress, rapid changes and experiences, multiplicity, etc.
8. Relationship with the environment- Distance from nature- City / countryside interchanges based on consumption activities
- Communication network with other settlements
9. Capacity for innovation- A city generates and spread out scientific, technological and social advances
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CHARACTERISTICS OF THE URBAN SPACE
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The UNESCO defines urban heritage as follows:
A human settlement showing a particular relationship with its naturalenvironment.
Everything together is valuable because it is an important testimony of humancivilization and their evolution all along history.
A group of buildings made up by man with a singular town planning andstructure.
A collection of monuments, representative buildings and artistic works with
meaningful values (historic, aesthetic, socio-cultural, etc.).
Some buildings containing cultural properties to be conservated or exhibited.
A number of immaterial elements, deep meanings and sensorial experiences thatprovide a special identity to the city.
URBAN HERITAGE
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The Jemaa el Fnaa square in Marrakesh was promoted as a World Heritage site in 1997 due to its
immaterial elements. Folk expressions, tales, dances, smells, spices, sounds and voices aregenerated by the merchants and the people that is passing though the square everyday. TheUNESCO declaration is intended to value the most sensorial aspects of Marrakesh city with theaim of keeping them safe and avoiding the threaten of industrial civilization.
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Can you identify which cities these images belong to?What kind of social and cultural values are related to them?
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According to Geography of Perception and thehumanist Geography
The geographic landscape is the sum of the physicalqualities and the subjective image that its inhabitantshave, based on their opinions and feelings. Thisconditions the social behaviors that are developed ineach place. Thus, the city is also a perceived space,which grants new dimensions.
We can analyze it in an objective way, adjusting to its data and formal aspects: itsorigin and historical evolution, its situation and location, its hierarchical position, itsurban structure, its architecture, its functions, its economic potential, its culturaland leisure resources, etc. Or we can also analyze it in a cross-curricular way, takinginto account the set of perceptions that configure the poetic image of the city. For
instance, its perceived levels of lifequality,its zoning criteria, its social problems,the personality of its inhabitants, its touristic attractiveness and the image thatthe city sells to the exterior.
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (TEACHER TRAINING DEGREE)
THE IMAGE OF A CITY
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PsycologicalFactors
CulturalFactors
Objectivereality of
a city
Simplified orsuperficial
image of a city
INFORMATION Socialhabits
EDUCATION
Personalmotivations,
assumption of roles
Social &
economicproblems
Citizenship
policies
Mass-mediapreassure
POETIC IMAGE OF A CITY BEHAVIORS IN A CITY
THE IMAGE OF A CITY
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The city functions determine its morphology,structure, and hierarchy, but overall they are crucialfor land uses, social activities and land prices. Somecity functions are the following (in brackets there areexamples of cities concerning each function):
Industrial production (i.e. Birmingham, Aviles)
Trade, commerce (i.e. London, Badajoz)
Seaport (i.e. Rotterdam, Marseille)
Defense (i.e. vila, Cartagena de Indias)
Government (i.e. Brasilia, Canberra)
Culture (i.e. Oxford, Florence, Salamanca)
Tourism (i.e. Paris, Venice)
Religion (i.e. La Mecca, Jerusalem, Rome)
TYPES OF CITIES ACCORDING THEIR FUNCTIONS
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2. THE HISTORICAL PROCESSOF URBANIZATION
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PERIOD YEARWORLDPOPULATION
MAIN CITIES PEOPLE
NeolithicAncient Times
8000 BC 5 million Jericho 500
4000 BC 50 million Eridu, Erech, Uruk 15,000
2000 BC 100 million Menphis, Tebas 100,000
RomeIslam
0 200 million Rome 350,000
1000 300 millionConstantinople,Baghdad, Cordoba
250,000
Early Modern1500 400 million Florence, Milan, Venice 100,000
1650 500 million Paris 300,000
From theIndustrial
Revolution on
1800 900 million London 1 million
1900 1.500 million 22 cities in the world 1 million
1965 3.300 million New York 15 million
2000 6.000 million
Mexico, Sao Paulo, Rio de
Janeiro, Tokyo, Mumbay,Calcutta, Delhi, Shanghai,Seoul, El Cairo, etc.
15-25 million
Source: New York Regional Planing Office
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STAGES OF THE PROCESS OF URBANIZATION
Urbanization rate = percentage of urban population in a country in comparison withthe total population living in that country
Progressive increase from the Neolithic to present time
Boom of the cities while the industrialization (in MEDCs before than in LEDCs)
Process of urbanization = it is the historical consequence of multiple factors (social,demographic, political, economic, cultural). As a result, cities has extended all overthe geographic space. Every country follow three main phasesalthough each onehas its regional peculiarities.
THE PREINDUSTRIAL CITY
Up to the 19thcentury
THE INDUSTRIAL CITY
From the 19thcentury to 1975
THE POST-INDUSTRIAL CITY
Form 1975 to present time
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19th Century ensanche
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Historical evolution of Barcelona city (Source: Beaujeu-Garnier & Chabot, 1970)
19th Century ensanche
Roman cityMedieval cityFrom 15th to 18th C
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It appeared in the Neolithic = isolated dwellings with some urban features
Economic activities concerned to farming and trade
It was enclosed by a strong city wall for defense and taxes
Slow evolutionboth in the physical and the demographic aspects
Irregular layout in Ancient Times, in the Muslim world and during the Middle Ages
Orthogonal (regular) town planning in the Classical Greece and Rome
Weak network except a few cases (Rome) not many external influences
More dynamic development in the medieval boroughs pre-modern cities The preindustrial city turned into the historic center of our contemporary cities
THE PREINDUSTRIAL CITY
Favorable factors for the preindustrial urbanization (Buzo & CNICE):
Strategic:i.e. Mrida (military control of the bridges over the Guadiana river)
Political:i.e. Madrid (designed as the capital of Spain in 1561) Economic: i.e. Seville (location for the Casa de Contratacin)
Religious:i.e. Santiago de Compostela (pilgrimage destination in the Middle Ages)
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A i i i
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Celtic castro of Santa Tecla,
Pontevedra (1900 BC)
Ancient cities
Working class houses in Tebas,
Egypt (2500 BC)
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A i t iti Cl i l G d R
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Ancient cities: Classical Greece and Rome
Source: Vicens Vives
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R iti E it A t (M id )
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Roman cities: Emerita Augusta (Mrida)
It was built up in an strategic site, originally as a military camp with a city wall It was the capital of the Lusitania province = more than 50,000 inhabitants Orthogonal layout organized around two long perpendicular streets (cardo - decumano) There were important public works = forum, theatre, amphitheatre, aqueduct, bridge, roads
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Muslim cities: Toledo
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It was built at the top of a hill surrounded by city walls and the Tajo river = defense facilities Irregular layout, as a labyrinth with narrow alleys and cul-de-sacs There were some representative buildings: alcazar, mosque (former cathedral), zoco (square)
Muslim cities: Toledo
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Medieval cities: Avila
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Irregular layout typically medieval = disordered growing, social inequalities The city wall was very important = built up over the boundaries of an antique Roman camp Defensive & economic purposes = it was compulsory to pay taxes to get stuff into the city
Medieval cities: Avila
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The city walls in the Medieval and Renaissance town planning
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Ronda.Muslim city wall vila. Romanesque city wall
Ciudad Rodrigo. City wall withbastions for artillery (18thC)Palma. Renaissance city wall
The city walls in the Medieval and Renaissance town planning
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Urban interventions in Early Modern
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Urban interventions in Early Modern
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Source: Vicens Vives
Urban interventions in Early Modern
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Plaza Mayor of Madrid (1580-1619)
The Prado Promenade, Madrid (18thC)
Aranjuez Palace (16th- 18thC)
La Carolina (18thC)
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Urban interventions in Early Modern
The Neoclassical urban planning: the London reconstruction
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The Neoclassical urban planning: the London reconstruction
The Great Fire of 1666 devastated most of London city. The architect Christopher Wren wascommissioned for designing a new urban layout in order to reconstruct the destroyed area. Hisproject followed an orthogonal plan inspired in Greek and Roman cities with squared apples andstraight streets oriented to the Thames river. He also introduced some dominant axis very dynamicfor the whole composition. These axis were long diagonal avenuesto make the distances shorter andpromote long perspectives to a series of representative buildings: the new St PaulsCathedral (1) in
the angle formed by two avenues, and the Stock Exchange (2) in the middle of a wide polygonalsquare. Furthermore there were some radial and ring streets around some roundabouts or circularspaces. This urban pattern was imitated during the Neoclassicism in some new cities built up in theUSA all along the 18th century, such as New York and Washington.
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THE INDUSTRIAL CITY
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It began while the Industrial Revolutionin the 19th century
New economic activities were developed in factories
Location based on economic criteria: next to mines, market places, harbors, rivers,main roads, communication nodes
Demographic expansion massive urbanization in MEDCs
Strong contrast between the industrial cities and the countryside rural exodus
Transports development facilities for raw materials and food supply
Urban way of life linked to specific behaviors and land uses
New functions contrasting with the medieval layout and the old housing
New ways of organizing town planning and structure urban utopias
Industrialization + urbanization = heritage degradation (city walls demolished)
Additional factor government regulations for urban planning
THE INDUSTRIAL CITY
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THE INDUSTRIAL CITY
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Source: Vicens Vives
THE INDUSTRIAL CITY
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First stage of disorganizedgrowth with no town planning(working class neighborhoods
with unhealthy conditions)
dense and piled up housingpollution, lack of health regulations
TWO OPTIONS
1. UTOPIC URBAN PLANNINGProposals by Owen, Fourier, Ledoux
2. PRACTICAL SOLUTIONSInfrastructures improvement
Renovation of the inner cityEnsanchesGarden City & Linear City
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Utopist urban planning Ville idale de Chaux, by Ledoux (1775)
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Factory & administrative pavilion in the center plus four measurement towers in the interiorand a surrounding area with gardened houses for the workers = radio centric plan Public buildings in the periphery (temples, farms, leisure areas) Sustainable project regarding its size, its activities and its relationship with the environment
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p p g , y ( )
Utopist urban planning in the 19thcentury not successful
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Working classsettlement of NewHarmony, Indiana (USA),planned by the utopistsocialist Robert Owen:
ideal urban site factory + residences self-organized &
cooperative society
Very close to nature
Phalanstreor Social Palacedesigned by Charles Fourier:
rural community based on
a self-sufficient productionand consumption system capacity: 400 families Collective services
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (TEACHER TRAINING DEGREE)
Practical solutions urban interventions in the 19thcentury
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Infraestructures improvement
Sewage system
Conductions for water supply
Waste management
Removal of the cemeteries out of the city
Streetlights (first gas lamps, later on electricity)
Streets paving
Renovation of the inner city Restoration policies for houses and monuments
Construction of new public buildings with a symbolic purpose (City Hall)
New solutions for the town planning: streets alignment and regularization
Adornment of the city promenades, boulevards, tree-covering
Demolition of the medieval city walls, construction of ring-roads (rondas) Increase of the government control census, local laws, city maps, etc.
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (TEACHER TRAINING DEGREE)
Renovation of the interior of Paris(O A )
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Modification of the urban layout of Paris, byHaussmann(1852) new morphology over the previous one based on
large boulevards and avenues, straight streets and open spaces
(Opera Avenue)
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The city of Vienna beforeand after its expansion inthe 19thcentury.In the top plan it is possibleto appreciate the city wallsand bastions from the 17th
century.In the bottom plan the citywalls have been substitutedby a circular ring-road.
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (TEACHER TRAINING DEGREE)
Regularization of the urban
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Project for the renovation of the interior of Madrid:enlargement of the Calle Preciados and connection betweenthe Plaza del Callao and the Gran Via (1904-1929).
Regularization of the urbanlayout by replacing old
houses for new buildings.
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Practical solutions renovation of the interior of Alcal de Henares (19thC)
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Boulevard in the Calle Libreros
Circular promenade in the Plaza de Cervantes
Alignment of the Paseo de la Estacin
Music kiosk and monument to Cervantes
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Practical solutions ensanches
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Ensanche = residential neighborhood for the bourgeoisie in the periphery, apart of thehistoric center, as in this project for Barcelona designed by Ildefonso Cerd (1854)
Orthogonal planning with open spaces (parks, squares) and long diagonal avenues
BARCELONA
Regular city blocksfollowing a gridsystem
Rationalism Healthy conditions
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I iti l j t b C d
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Initial project by Cerd
Increasing clustering of the cityblocks due to speculation anddemographic necessities (muchmore population than expected)
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Practical solutions the Garden City
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Garden City pattern by Howard Importance of the idea of living next to the natural environment (garden) Residential neighborhoods with single family houses = 32,000 inhabitants Urban layout based on concentric rings (400 ha) surrounded by a farming area (2.000 ha)
Characteristics of the Anglo-Saxon urbanism = horizontal extension not vertical
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Practical solutions the Linear City
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Plan for the Ciudad Lineal designed by the architect Arturo Soria y Mata(Madrid, end of the 19thcentury - beginning of the 20thcentury)
GEOGRAFA HUMANA (MAGISTERIO PRIMARIA)
Practical solutions the Linear City
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To facilitate the expansion of Madrid, Arturo Soria suggested in the North-Eastern area of the city thecreation of a great communication axis parallel to the Paseo de la Castellana, around which the blockof houses were laid out longitudinally. This axis was a street 50 km long and 40 km wide, in themiddle of which the tramline went by. The blocks located at both sides had a rectangular shape andwere separated by transversal streets 20 meters wide. The idea had a strong social dimension,
because three different types of buildings were proposed for the three different social classes, thatonly differed in volume, keeping the same decorations, materials and localization. The perimeter,finally, was enclosed by a fringe of woods and insulating gardens 100 meters deep, that facilitated arespectful and progressive transition towards nature.
GEOGRAFA HUMANA (MAGISTERIO PRIMARIA)
THE POST-INDUSTRIAL CITY
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About 1975 industrial cities reached their maximum size
Deceleration of the growing rates after the rural exodus
Economic activities more linked to the tertiary sector= industrial recession Rational distribution of the land uses (Le Corbusier)
City expansion beyond the urban fringe = sprawling city
Intense use of cars and other means of transport (commuting, centrifuging)
New urban patterns
Limits to vertical construction
Single family housing = horizontal urbanization
Middle and little towns (even rural) are growing more than large cities
Suburban residences (detached, semi-detached, terraced)
Open cities less clustered
High speculation rates = planes de ordenacin urbana
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The sprawling city
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Metropolitan area urban agglomerationaround a large city that is considered a
Conurbation urban network formed by anumber of cities that looks like a continuous
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Metropolitan area of Madrid
dominant political or industrial nucleus.Thus, there is a clear hierarchy.
Conurbation of Randstad (Netherlands) formedby the cities of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The
Hague, Utrecht and other intermediate towns.
with no hierarchical relationship. Thus, thereis no dominant nucleus.
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New urban patterns
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United States of America
El Ruedo, M-30 Madrid (1980)Livia Corona, Mexico (2008)
Sao Paulo (2005)
Houston (2012)
Nevada, USA (2010)
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New urban patterns Brasilia The environmental sustainability presided theconstruction of the capital of Brazil designed
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construction of the capital of Brazil, designedby Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer in 1959. Itwas placed in a region of the interior of thecountry, scarcely populated but with good
climate. It is organized in an open way,without boundaries, allowing its naturalextension towards its surroundings althoughits population is less than 1.5 millions. Thestructure is based on the differentiation offunctions by sectors, and the connection
between them by quick communications:one sector of governmental buildings, onesector for the embassies, gardens, auniversity campus and a residential zone, thatfollows the morphology of the lineal cities.The avant-garde architecture of many of thebuildings, and its spacious and open
perspectives turns Brasilia into a model of amonumental city, and at the same timesustainable, very spectacular.
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Vertical clustering unsustainability
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Kowloon district(Hong Kong)
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Li it d il bilit d hi h i f h
CONSEQUENCES OF THE PROCESS OF URBANIZATION
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Limited availability and high prices of houses
Changes in the moral values and in the human behaviors
Increase of public services and infrastructures for leisure and cultural activities
But also social problems, crime, lack of safety LEDCs: high urbanization rates, expansion of the cities, rural exodus, unbalanced
urban network with metropolitan areas very nucleated, marginalization problems,differences among neighborhoods.
Pollution and other environmental problems
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3. URBAN PLANNING
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Streets: arteries for communication connection and transportation
ELEMENTS OF THE URBAN SPACE
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Streets: arteries for communication, connection and transportation
Open spaces: squares, parks, gardens, sports complex, etc. for social activities,trade and exchange, leisure and sports, public demonstrations, etc.
Buildings: houses built up in vertical or in horizontal but also representativeconstructions due to their artistic values (cathedral), governmental functions (cityhall), or economic purposes (mall, shopping center).
These elements are combined theoretically in thetown planning which is the graphic design of the
city. They provide an urban layout which is themorphology or the physical shape of the city.
FACTORS
Types of urban street plans (Benevolo)
Buildings and land uses (Conzen)
Topographic conditions (Ricard)
Phases of the city growth (Dickinson)
Functions and economic activities too
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (TEACHER TRAINING DEGREE)
MORPHOLOGY: TYPES OF URBAN STREET PLANS
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Irregular(London in the 16th century)
Radio-centric(Sforzinda,ideal city
designed inthe 16thcentury)
Grid plan (La Habana, Cuba, 17thcentury)
Linear(Santo Domingo de la Calzada, avillage built along the Way of St Jameswhich is its High Street in present time)
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MORPHOLOGY: OTHER PATTERNS
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City map of Cuzco, Peru, that was the capital of the Inca Empire Symbolic morphology following the shape of a puma, a sacred animal for the Incas Royal fortress of Saqsaywamn in the head; Viracocha temple in the center of the world
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MORPHOLOGY: OTHER PATTERNS
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Aerial view of the communal city of Auroville, India (designed in 1968) Urban layout around a circular central square with a big spherical monument Morphology similar to a galaxy as it is explained by the religious sect that lives in there
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (TEACHER TRAINING DEGREE)
The structure of a city has to do with the land uses and with the functions of each urban
URBAN STRUCTURE: the Mediterranean pattern
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yelement. As a result of the historical evolution that the European cities have experienced,their structure is usually heterogeneous and we can distinguish the following areas:
Historical Center: Roman or Medieval origin, in process of aging or abandon ofpopulation, set aside for cultural or touristic functions.
City expansion:zone extended in the XIX and XX Centuries (ensanches), with a veryhigh land value, concentrates tertiary activities (commercial, administrative and ofrepresentation), and nowadays it constitutes the true neuralgic center of the city.
Residential periphery: added in the second half of the XX Century, it is formed by
groups of compact buildings, with homogeneous characteristics, economical level, andsocial behavior. They can be working class neighborhood built with little planificationduring the industrial development of 1960-1970, or new urbanizations of semi-detached houses, more modern and with a higher life quality.
Boundary: it is a physical barrier (river, hill) or a road, railways, etc. that mark the limitsof the spatial growing of the city.
Extra radio:outside the boundary, it includes the industrial park, area of substandardhousing, and other spontaneous settlements surrounding bypasses.
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (TEACHER TRAINING DEGREE)
URBAN STRUCTURE: the Mediterranean pattern
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Source:EditorialCCS (1993)
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Urban structure of Madrid and its suburbsNot urbanizedareas
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Suburbs in the end of the 19thC
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City map ofMadrid in 1910,
by Nez Grans
Medieval town(historic center)
Madrid de losAustrias (17thC)
Paseo del Prado(noble promenadefor leisure, 18thC)
Ensanche (Barriode Salamanca,
19th- 20thC)
areas
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URBAN STRUCTURE: the Anglosaxon pattern
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Source: GCSE (2012)
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URBAN STRUCTURE: the Anglosaxon pattern
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Source: Waugh (2009)
LAND PRICES
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URBAN STRUCTURE: the multiple-nuclei pattern
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Source: Waugh (2009)
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LAND USES
1
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Different land uses and pricesdepending on each urban area inCalgary, Canada (1); London, UK (2);
Los Angeles, USA (3).
Source: Waugh (2009)
2
3
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (TEACHER TRAINING DEGREE)
The urban network is the series of interconnections among cities and towns in aterritory The different urban nucleus in a network have varying levels of
URBAN NETWORK
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territory. The different urban nucleus in a network have varying levels ofimportance according to their economic and political power. Some factorsare:
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (TEACHER TRAINING DEGREE)
Urban networks can be global, national or regional, and they can have different
features depending on their area. For instance, in Europe and Japan the urbannetwork is very dense but in the USA is medium. In LEDCs the urban network isweak because there are only a few and very isolated nucleus.
Geographical location, urbanization rate and commu-nication speed among cities.
Number of urban nucleus linked to the network bypolitical or economic issues.
Complementary functions and interchange of services
Hierarchy: how some cities dominate the others.
Consequences of the network for the regionaldevelopment.
Different patterns: radio-centric, hierarchical, cross-shaped, other systems.
URBAN NETWORK PATTERNS
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GLOBAL URBAN NETWORK
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Source: Nagle (2000)
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Aguilera Arilla, M. J. et al. (2010). Geografa General II: Geografa Humana. Madrid: UNED.
Albet A ; Benejam P et al (2012) Geografa Educacin Secundaria Barcelona: Vicens Vives
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Albet, A.; Benejam, P. et al. (2012). Geografa. Educacin Secundaria. Barcelona: Vicens Vives.
Benvolo, L. (1994). Orgenes del urbanismo moderno. Madrid: Ed. Celeste.
Bonet Correa, A. (1989). Las claves del urbanismo. Barcelona: Ariel.Chueca Goitia, F. (1998). Breve historia del urbanismo. Madrid: Ed. Alianza.
Cano Forrat, J. (2003). Introduccin a la historia del urbanismo. Valencia: Universidad Politcnica.
Delfante, C. (2006). Gran historia de la ciudad: de Mesopotamia a Estados Unidos. Madrid: Abada.
Estbanez lvarez, J. (1989). Las ciudades. Morfologa y estructura. Madrid: Sntesis.
Esteve, G. (1999). Recorridos urbanos en el Tiempo Libre. Madrid: Editorial CCS.
Gmez Palacios, J. J. (1993). El latido de la ciudad. Madrid: Editorial CCS.
Nagle, G. (2000).Advanced Geography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pacione, M. (2001). Urban Geography: a global perspective. Oxford: Routledge
Varios Autores (1989-1991). Recorridos didcticos por Madrid. Madrid: Ediciones La Librera (6 vols.)
Varios Autores (2001). Vivir en las Ciudades Histricas. ber, n 27 (monogrfico).Waugh, D. (2009). Geography: An Integrated Approach. London: Nelson Thornes.
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