SOURCE TREE

Summary: This explains each formula used in the model to calculate your energy use (BEFORE page). Moving on to the NOW page there are up to 100 actions you can perform to reduce your energy use. The SUMMARY page displays the net impact of the reductions you pledge to perform—and some cool equivalent units of measurement. On the GROUPS page you can set up and join groups that aggregate (total) the net impact of all members. Soon a POPULATION page will calculate the total net impact of all users combined.

Key Information:i. Save & Continue: You can save at any time and return where you left off.

ii. Info buttons: The info buttons have much of the information listed below. iii. kWh/day Scale: All the formulas are set up to calculate your lifestyle’s resulting energy (kWh, kilo-watt-

hour) use on a daily basis (see: What is a kWh? for a 1-pager). This way you can compare the energy cost of one flight per year to that of driving 10 miles per day, to that of eating out 2 times per week, to that of consuming a typical meat-eating diet at 3,000 calories per day.

iv. Key references: Sustainable Energy--without the hot air (free) is by David MacKay (chief scientific advisor, UK Dept. of Energy and Climate Change, DECC), and contains all the formulas used here (bare a few additions or adjustments). (The Quick Reference and Alphabetical Index to said free publication). All Conversion Factors used; and/or online calculators like Unit-Conversion. Another good source of information is the Carbon Trust.

v. Heating Degree Days Model: You can use this excel model to estimate your current heating/cooling (temperature data for about 300+ cities worldwide), and potential savings from changing the temperature on your thermostat. This could be helpful in the Heating and Cooling sections of this website, to construct your own estimated kWh cost per year.

vi. State of Earth’s Biosphere: This contains a short summary of some key scientific findings in this paper in Nature, “Approaching Steady State Shift in Earth’s Biosphere”

PARAMETERS

MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

Here you can enter parameters that customize the model for your use.

Select either the METRIC SYSTEM or U.S. CUSTOMARY UNITS for the units of weight, length, distance and volume that you are most comfortable with, to calculate your energy (kWh). Note: You can switch between them at any time.

Everything is converted into kWh, i.e. kilowatt-hour, a universal unit of energy and always per day.

Why two different measurement systems? So an American using U.S. customary units, and a distant relative in South Africa using metric system units--can each calculate and aggregate (combine) their energy figures (in kWh per day)--and then effectively contribute their total energy-savings to people in need of reliable energy for food, health, and shelter.

Sources:Energy and Power? (David MacKay)Systems of measurement (Wikipedia).Energy Units, American Physics Society

RESIDENCE

AVE. GROUND-WATER

TEMPERATURE

WATER HEATER TYPE

Based on where you live—we can already calculate informed approximations for our energy-use.

Public energy-use estimates will load automatically. Things like data-centers, urban lighting, manufacturing and maintaining paved roads, fertilizer, transporting goods, government services, and military defense—all use energy. Each is approximated using World Bank data, and allocated evenly among the population (per capita).

Electricity generation source (i.e. how much of your electricity is generated using coal, hydro, natural gas, nuclear, oil, renewables) will assume you match your country electricity generation profile. Your sources may not match those of your country--soon you will be able to customize your sourcing. (This will show the CO2 reductions possible if your electricity were sourced using renewables v. fossil fuels).

City or Country Group Stats could be a cool way to compare each our contribution.

Sources:World Bank SearchCIA World FactbookInternational Transport Forum - statisticsOECD iLibraryStockholm International Peace Research InstituteInternational Energy Agency

Did you know: 33 major U.S. businesses call for climate law (April 2013), and 61 companies and associations call for adopting a binding renewable energy target in the EU

What is my incoming water temp? Most water (in cities/industrialized places) is pumped via underground pipes, so the temp of incoming water is approx. equal to average groundwater temp.

Sources: For the U.S. this map by Eno Scientific has estimates for groundwater temps. Others will have to dig the web for your temps. A good estimate: Your groundwater temp is generally equal to the mean air temperature above land surface. Use the average daily temperature (annual) from 157 U.S. cities and 167 non-U.S. cities, updated by University of Dayton. Another source: National Climate Data Center.

Why is this temp important? It costs energy to heat water. Conversion Factors: 1 Btu is the amount of heat necessary to raise 1 pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit (F); the same way 1 calorie is the amount of heat necessary to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius (C). Calculation: (useful temp, minus incoming temp) * water amount * conversion factor = energy unit cost.

Other References:Gemstat: Global Environmental Monitoring SystemWater temps in 4 select rivers/lakes in 20th C. in EU

Your water heater type affects your energy-use.

Right now you can select either an electric or gas water heater. You may have another type, like solar thermal or petroleum. These will be incorporated soon.

Regardless: 1 calorie is always the amount of heat necessary to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius (C); and 1 Btu the amount to raise 1 pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit (F). Therefore the direct energy necessary to heat water is the same whether using electricity or gas. They differ in terms of efficiency, i.e. energy return on energy invested (EROEI), and carbon intensity, i.e. emission intensity, which makes one more or less energy intensive. We can determine our direct energy-use before determining and evaluating how we source that energy, and then ask, Can we live on renewables? (as David MacKay investigates), which should bring us back to energy-use.

Sources:Domestic water heating (David MacKay)

ENERGY COSTS

ELECTRICITY GENERATION

SOURCE

REDUCE NOW

As Feynman put it, It is important to realize that in physics today, we have no knowledge what energy is. We do not have a picture that energy comes in little blobs of a definite amount.Principle 1: Energy cannot be created, destroyed or recycledHigh Efficiency Gas Boilers (from PexSupply)

We incur numerous costs using energy: land, natural resources, capital, energy to extract or transform, air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity, the health of ecosystems, and the biosphere.

And money. Note that: The final savings estimate this model calculates for you—is an estimate . (By entering your price data here you agree to not suing anyone).

Sources:Check your electric, gas, or heating bill.Electricity sales price data 2013 (EIA)Natural gas prices (EIA)PetroleumPrices & Trends (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)Worldwide Retail Prices of Gasoline color map showing how expensive or cheap gasoline is across the globe.

Electricity generation source is assumed to match your country-wide electricity generation profile. If you know your electricity generation sources in % feel free to enter that. ( If you changed it to 100% Renewables, you would emit far less CO2 in energy generation). Check out LCA of electricity generation technologies.

Why is this important? Because you can consume the same amount of energy and cost more or less pollution and/or emissions. This report, CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion (2011 Edition), from the International Energy Agency (IEA), on p. 39, has a table listing the average grams of CO2 emissions per kWh of electricity and heat produced in OECD countries from 2007 to 2009.

Calculation: kWh electric energy used, divided by %efficiency (EROEI), to derive total kWh chemical energy, and multiply this by the CO2 per kWh conversion factor.

Sources:Electricity Production (World Bank) from coal, hydro, natural gas, nuclear, oil sources.U.S. State-specific figures will soon update automatically (for now they are available here).

References:CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion (2011 Edition)LCA of electricity generation technologies

Changes to your water heater type and electricity source will soon be available. This is important because WATER HEATER TYPE and ELECTRICITY GENERATION SOURCE (technologies) impact CO2 emissions.

David MacKay determined in 2009 that the typical affluent person uses approx. 195 kWh/day, the average American, 250 kWh/day, and the average European >125 kWh/day (see: kWh/day/person by Country). How much you should use could depend on how equitably you want to engage the world. David MacKay determined that Europe does not have enough of its own renewables to provide 125 kWh/day/person—it would need other countries' renewables. The world used 392 billion kWh/day in 2009, according to the International Energy Agency “2009 Energy Balance for World” table. That’s approx. 60 kWh/day/person. We could set that as a benchmark: Stay within 60 kWh/day by either cutting down consumption and/or improving efficiency.

But we need to reduce GHG emissions by approx. 80-95% as per the 2013 report released by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2013). That means that If we continued using fossil fuels, as a world we would need to reduce our global per capita energy use to: 3-12 kWh/day!

Renewables? Approx. 341 of the 392 billion (87%) kWh (energy) used worldwide in 2012 were generated via non-

renewable (sources: 13% renewables). Replacing this with nuclear (electric) power, for example, would require >10,000 plants (assuming each plant produced 12.2 billion kWh/year, which is how much the U.S. Energy Information Administration says a typical nuclear power plant generates). The U.S. currently has 65 plants and the world 435. So we would need 20x more plants or approximately 9,550 nuclear power plants that take approximately 10 years to build. Drawing the parallel to other technologies, the scale of production that would be required to build renewable energy sources for the world is immense.

Bottom-line: We cannot count on renewables in the short-term; We must reduce Now if we are to convert.

LIGHTING

PER BULB

HOME

SCHOOL/WORK

REDUCE NOW

Don't turn away. Keep your gaze on the bandaged place. That's where the light enters you. -Rumi

Technical: Electric energy used by appliances depends on their wattage, i.e. power (usually written on appliances or plugs): Watts = Amps x Volts. Power is the rate at which something uses energy. Wattage can be found on light bulbs and packages. Energy = Watts * hours of use = Watt-hours; divide by 1000 to get kWh. See: What is a kWh?

References:Electrical Energy Cost Calculator (CSGNetwork)Compact fluorescent lamp (Wikipedia)

Sources:Lighting (Oikos Green Building Library)EnergySavers: Tips on Saving Money and Energy at Home (DOE, 2013)Electrical Energy Cost Calculator (CSGNetwork)Compact fluorescent lamp (Wikipedia)Life Cycle Assessment of Illuminants (Executive Summary 2009) (OSRAM and Siemens)Nova Scotia POWER, An Emera CompayEnergy Use Estimate (scribd)Michael BluejayEnergy Savers (DOE)

The speed of light is the maximum attainable velocity for all objects. –Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity

The bewilderments of the eyes are of two kinds, and arise from two causes, either from coming out of the light or from going into the light. –The Allegory of the Cave (The Republic, Plato)

Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school. –Einstein

School/Work Lighting: Use this to get an estimate of per student energy-use for school lighting. You may have to ask your school what typical light-bulb wattage they use; their lighting policy, i.e. when they turn lights on and off; and whether they have automatic light controls. Check out some reports from the EIA: “2003 Building Characteristics Overview” (2003), “1999 Building Characteristics Overview” (1999), “Lighting in Commercial Buildings” (1992).

I said to my soul, be still, and let the dark come upon youI said to my soul, be still, and wait without hope,For hope would be hope for the wrong thing; wait without loveFor love would be love of the wrong thing; there is yet faithBut the faith and the love and the hope are all in the waiting.Wait without thought, for you are not ready for thought:So the darkness shall be the light, and the stillness the dancing.–T.S. Elliot, Four Quartets

Sources:Eco Smart Light Bulbs (Home Depot, U.S.)Google search: "Electrical Energy Cost Calculator" (CSGNetwork)Life Cycle Assessment of Illuminants (2009 report, OSRAM and Siemens)Review: 'Smart' LED bulbs controlled - by iPhonesA software platform promises to lighten the load for households and businesses by making it easier for consumers to

put renewables to good effectLighting the Clean Revolution (Report, by The Climate Group, UK, 2012)

GADGETS

GADGETS

REDUCE NOW

Gadgets are everywhere now.

Historically: As gadgets proliferate, so does energy use (confirmed by this paper, Continued Growth in Energy Consumption, which state that: “The growth in global energy consumption is a ‘megatrend’ which shows no sign of reversing itself”). Also, see: rebound effect regarding failure to implement/manage efficient technologies.

Technical: Electric energy used by appliances depends on their wattage, i.e. power (usually written on appliances or plugs): Watts = Amps x Volts. Power is the rate at which something uses energy. Energy = Watts * hours of use = Watt-hours; divide this by 1000 to get kilo-Watt-hours. Also, see What is a kWh?

It would help if companies transparently disclosed standardized information re: product energy-cost (to manufacture), and full life-cycle-analysis (LCA) of chemical content, toxicity, hazards, etc. That would enable us consumers to make informed decisions regarding which products to purchase, and incentivize companies to manufacture those goods, which we want for the good of us all. In the long term our incentives could align.

Corporate disclosure: One non-profit that tries to incentivize companies to disclose metrics such as energy use, CO2 emissions, etc., is CDP (Carbon Disclosure Project). They have a database with thousands of reports completed by participating companies that disclose their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions annually. CDP collects data from 3,000 of the largest corporations worldwide—the idea being that this information could be helpful for investors, corporations or regulators to make informed decisions factoring in said companies’ efforts to mitigate risks from global warming. In the long run, companies that actively mitigate risks from global warming will perform better.

Selection of gadgets: Standard wattage figures have been collected for about 200 appliances that you might use.

Add your own gadgets: You have the option of either using the database of appliance estimated kW power, or entering your own appliances: Select the category of appliances in the drop-down; then in the next drop-down select “- Add Device -“. Energy We Need could use these entries and make them available to help other users.

Sources:If you appliance isn’t in our database, please check this free database: altE store Kill-a-Watt DatabaseApple Environmental Reports (Apple products have been singled out because they do an excellent job publishing product energy costs; keep in mind these figures may be unaudited).General Electric (GE) Data VisualizationEnergy Use Estimate (scribd)Michael BluejayEnergy Savers (DOE)David MacKay, Sustainable Energy Chapter 11: GadgetsAn Analysis of Power Consumption in a Smartphone (2010)Responsible Energy: Appliance Energy Costs (pdf), from MGEElectricity Conservation Tips (NYU)Nova Scotia POWER, An Emera Company

The most effective means of reducing energy-use is by: Reducing hours of use, and if possible, swapping for less energy-hungry appliances (note: buying new appliances would likely increase energy-cost as David MacKay shows).

Sources:Buy fewer gadgets and you could save 4kWh per year (David MacKay)Manufacturing reports from the EIA: Manufacturing “Energy Consumption and Expenditures 2006”, “Energy Use in Manufacturing: 1998 to 2002”, “Fuel Oil Use in Manufacturing”, or “Electricity Generation in the ManufacturingEnergy Return on Energy Invested (EROEI) – can be applied to Gadgets as “Energy Saved on Manufacturing Energy”Standby Power and Energy Vampires (Energy Star, U.S. DOE, and EPA)Vampire Energy (by GOOD infographics)Approx. 8% of residential electricity demand (International Energy Agency)Research to pinpoint power-hungry appliances that could help cut home energy bills (article from Phys.org)

Tips on Saving Money and Energy at Home, by Energy Savers (U.S. Dept. of Energy)Appliances & Electronics (Energy.gov in U.S.)101 Money-saving tips (We Energies)Stop Wasting Energy: Get These 6 Gadgets for Your Home (from Earth911)

Resources:Home Power Quality (Oikos Green Building Library)

TRANSPORT

MASS TRANSIT

You know, everything in the world is not explored. People think that the air is not speaking, the soil is not speaking, the sky is not speaking. But there is a kind of spirituality when the sky is roaring with thunderstorms and rain is coming, and the clouds are rising. There is a spirit in it. –Kapo Kansa, Indigenous Elder, Gamo Highlands, Ethiopia

Transporting ourselves: This section concerns how we transport ourselves, whether for work or leisure. Transport is the fastest growing source of fossil fuel consumption worldwide, and so (given that nearly all our energy is carbon intensive) the fastest growing source of GHG emissions (48% of the total increase in U.S. GHGs since 1990).

References:David MacKay: Ch. 3: Cars; Ch. A: Cars II; Ch. 5: Planes.GHG Energy Calc Background PaperModes Ranked by MPG (blog)Transit and Reducing GHGs: A Look at the Numbers (FTA U.S. DOT report, 2008)Transportations Role in Reducing U.S. GHG Emissions – Vol. 1: Synthesis Report (U.S. DOT report to Congress, 2010)Vehicle Technologies Office (U.S. DOE)

Informative References: David MacKay’s Chapter 5, “Planes” (calculating kWh/day from plane trips) David MacKay Chapter 3, “Cars” (calculating kWh/day from car mileage); and Technical Chapter A, “Cars II”

(factoring in wind resistance, volume and density) GHG-Energy Calc Background Paper, by Ben J. Rose (2010) (used for many figures throughout this model) Transport for London – Key facts (facts and figures, investment an performance) (website) NYC Subway – Facts & Figures (hopefully this is updated and accurate) (website) London Underground – Environmental Report 2006 (report) U.S. Vehicle Technologies Office (BTU per passenger mile for U.S. Transit in 1995) (website) NYC – MTA Subway facts and history (website) U.S. FTA presentation: “Transit and Reducing Greenhouse Gases: A Look at the Numbers” (2008) (report) Rolling Carbon: GHG Emissions from Commuting in New York City (report)

Other References: Pedestrian Observations (has some great research and reporting on transportation) (blog) True Cost – Analyzing our economy, government policy, and society through the lens of cost-benefit (“Fuel

Efficiency: Modes of Transportation Ranked by MPG” 2010) (blog) Airplane Emissions Calculator (Atmosfair) (website, calculator) Evaluations of “Air Travel Calculators” (by Stockholm Environmental Institute and Greenhouse Gas

Management Institute) (website)

Nothing happens until something moves. –Einstein

Moving together, i.e. using public transport, is usually a great way to use less energy. This estimate assumes 80% capacity (factoring this in might be incorporated later). Operating a bus or train closer to maximum capacity (i.e. with more people in it) results in less energy-use per person. Note: despite flying planes always at full capacity, the energy-use remains huge.

Sources:GHG Energy Calc Background PaperEnergy efficiency in transportation (Wikipedia)Transportation Statistics (U.S. DOT)Bureau of Transport (BTS) Publication (U.S. DOT)

PERSONAL TRANSIT

WATERTRANSIT

ONE-TIME TRANSIT

References:Rolling Carbon: GHG Emissions from Commuting in NYC (report)Pedestrian Observations (blog)13 gal water / 1 gal fuel produced (Water-energy nexus)Transport for LondonNYC SubwayAtmosfair (Airplane Calculator)

We have been put into life as into the element we most accord with and we have, moreover, through thousands of years of adaptation, come to resemble this life so greatly that when we hold still, through a fortunate mimicry we can hardly be differentiated from everything around us. -Rainer Maria Rilke

Calculation: Only includes fuel-burn, excluding the energy-cost of manufacturing your car. The last category, Embodied Energy of Stuff, includes this. Personal Transit uses a lot of energy if you drive alone, and varies depending on the vehicle. There are over 1 billion cars in the world now, adding approx. 60 million per year. There were approx. 243mm in the U.S. in 2012, about 0.8 per person, and approx. 200mm in the EU15 in 2008, about 0.5 per person (needs confirmation).

Sources:GHG Energy Calc Background PaperNational Transportation Statistics (U.S. DOT)David MacKay, Sustainable Energy-without the hot air, Synopsis (10-page)Electric Car (Wikipedia)

References:Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Typical Passenger Vehicle (2011 Report, EPA)Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions Evaluation for Electric and Internal Combustion Vehicles using a LCA Approach (Paper)Environmental Improvement of Passenger Cars (IMPRO-car) by JRC European Commission

I am in the habit of going to sea whenever I begin to grow hazy about the eyes and begin to be over conscious of my lungs... finally, I always go to sea as a sailor, because of the wholesome exercise and pure air of the fore-castle deck. For as in this world, head winds are far more prevalent than winds from astern. -Moby Dick, Herman Melville

There are instances when motor-powered boats are less energy-intensive per passenger-km, than vehicles. You can use (insert hopstop GHG calculation) which shows the GHG emission of alternative modes of transport. It would be helpful if you calculated the energy cost of a water taxi, ferry, or cruise ship where you live, and sent it to this site so it can be integrated used by more people. As with all forms of transport you can use Google Maps to calculate distances.

Sources:GHG Energy Calc Background Paper

There is a Catskill eagle in some souls that can alike dive down into the blackest gorges and soar out of them again and become invisible in the sunny spaces. And even if he for ever flies within the gorge, that gorge is in the mountains; so that even in his lowest swoop the mountain eagle is still higher than other birds upon the plain, even though they soar. -Moby Dick, Herman Melville

Flight Energy Calculated: Total energy-cost per one-time trip, divided by 365 days to get kWh/day. Energy-use in passenger-km (kWh/p-km) uses figures from this background paper. There are other ways to estimate this energy-use, for example, David MacKay, Ch. 5: Planes, or Atmosfair. Use Google Maps or this distance calculator for flight distances.

Total number of passengers carried via air transport worldwide has increased an average of 5.3% per year from 2002-

ADDITIONAL CAR DETAILS

REDUCE NOW

2011, or 65.6% total increase. And we can see that 1 intercontinental flight is about the cost of you driving a standard family car (27.5 MPG, U.S.) 50 km (or 30 miles) each day for 365 days (David MacKay). All calculations have yet to factor in a recent discovery that jet contrails, i.e. condensation trails, produced by airplanes contribute to heat-trapping high-level cloud formation.

Another calculation – likely more accurate than personal transit.

Calculation: Uses David MacKay's formula setup for calculating energy-cost of driving. Use Google Maps for distances.

This formula will more accurately approximate your energy-use from driving than the first calculation, Personal Transit. Methods of reducing energy-use while driving (apart from swapping to mass transit) will be available in the next part of this model, Now, including driving slower, pumping your wheels, cleaning air filters, and car-pooling.

Source:Chapter 3: Cars (David MacKay)Energy content of fuels (Wikipedia)

Reference:Technical Chapter A: Cars II (David MacKay)

Volume of world trade tripled (3x) in the past 23 years, 1990-2013 according to this World Trade Organization press release 658, April 12, 2012.

What can you do to reduce transportation demand?Buy fewer manufactured goods from other countries.Buy locally manufactured goods.Buy less internationally source food/produce.Buy locally grown food/produce.Stay in the same place for longer.

Sources:Public Transportation’s Role in Responding to Climate Change (2010 Report, U.S. DOT)Drivers can easily save $130 a year (up to 12%) by switching to higher gears earlier, researcher says (03-2013)Transit and Reducing Greenhouse Gases: A Look at the Numbers (2008, U.S. DOT)Fuel economy up 40% since 1970 in the U.S., but total amount of fuel used has still increased more than 50% (3-2013)Transportation study reveals potential for deep cuts to petroleum use and carbon emissions (phys.org 2013 article)Reducing fuel consumption of truck enginesInternational Transport Forum (statistics)World Bank SearchOECD iLibrary (Statistics)

We should check these 33 major U.S. businesses calling for climate law (April 2013) re: their volume of global trade. Perhaps in part these companies need public (government) regulation to help them explain to shareholders and/or investors that, “Listen, we need to suffer costs now to mitigate much more serious future costs of climate change.”

FOOD & BEV A child said, What is the grass? fetching it to me with full hands;How could I answer the child?. . . .I do not know what it is any more than he.

–Walt Whitman

Your body gets its energy from the food you eat. Producing that food costs us energy (in addition to the energy all food originally sourced from the sun), and in the past century that energy cost has increased dramatically (see: Nitrogen fertilizer use increased 9x, or according to this source: the use of inorganic fertilizer has increased almost 20-

BASIC DIET ESTIMATE

TAKE OUT & DINING OUT

fold in the past 50 years so that without commercial fertilizer it is estimated that about one-third of the food produced now could not be produced). This energy is used to produce and satiate unsustainable eating habits for more and more people, feeding only 6bn people in the world while leaving 1bn hungry. Note: worldwide, cattle alone consume a quantity of food equal to the caloric needs of 8.7bn people; and while humans can’t eat just grain and hay, the energy and land used to grow that amount of grain and hay could undoubtedly be used to grow foods that would feed billions of humans. Approaching overpopulation regarding the capacity of Earth’s ecosystems to regeneratively sustain us (already reached perhaps), many see that our fossil-fuel dependent (industrial) agriculture needs to be replaced by renewable energy dependent agriculture—if not to mitigate climate change, then because Peak Oil means we could only continue as is for a few more centuries.

Sources:David MacKay: Ch. 13: Food and farmingCIGR Handbook of Agricultural Engineering Vol. VLivestocks Long Shadow—environmental issues and options (FAO)

Use this to get a quick estimate of your dietary energy cost. Enter specific item-by-item, kg per week foods in Detailed: Individual Foods. (Using both estimators may over-estimate your energy-use).

Averages are calculated using FOA UN estimates: Approx. kg per capita consumption of meat, dairy, vegetables and processed foods, each multiplied by an assumed kWh/kg conversion factor (using this background paper), divided by 365 days = Dietary kWh per day.

Sources:David MacKay Ch. 13: Food and farmingWorld Health Organization: Global and regional food consumption patternsGHG Energy Calc Background Paper

References:Human Energy – McGraw-Hill Higher EducationMeat and Seafood - Global Diet's Most Costly Ingredients (2008, Worldwatch.org)USDA: Crop and livestock practices in the U.S.Agriculture is responsible for 10-12% of greenhouse gases attributable to human activitiesAgriculture is responsible for 18% of GHG emissions (FAO UN)UN report: one-third of world’s food wasted annually, at great economic, environmental cost (UNEP, FAO 06-2013)Environmental Impact of Crops (Corn, Wood)If slaughter houses had Glass Walls (Paul McCartney, 13 minute video)Every year in the U.S., approx. 9bn cattle, pigs, sheep, chickens and turkeys are slaughtered; or 17,000 animals per minute, 285 per second (Earthlings)

Take-out and dining out may not always be as energy intensive as this formula estimates.

This estimate: Uses Reference Report: Food, Grocery, & Service Footprint Calculator (p. 81, Take-away food and dining out) for kWh per $spent, to approximate the kWh energy-cost of eating take-away and dining out. On p. 12 of this research paper, The American Carbon Footprint, available at Brighter Planet, eating out less, and cooking more at home is recommended. And Counting the Calories and calories states that: “Energy consumption in the ‘away-from-home food’ category differs significantly from that of home food storage and preparation”, and is higher per unit of food calorie delivered, in part, because of the “waiting game: food service personnel are trying to predict both the timing and the scope of customer demand,” in which miscalculations (due to mistiming) result in waste.

Both sources factor in the cost of transporting to and from restaurants. There will be circumstances when eating out is not more energy-costly than eating at home. Living and eating out in a city could be such a case. Depending on whether the food is sourced locally, if it is organic or fair trade, and/or how much highly or moderately processed food is used in preparation will impact the energy-cost. (Apparently: Energy-intensive technologies for food processing accounts for half the increase in food-energy according to a USDA report cited).

In the next part of this model, Now, you will be able to commit to various energy reductions: And as it relates to

MORE DETAIL(BY KG, LB)

DRINK

BOTTLES

dining out, the Dine Green search tool by the Green Restaurant Association, check environmentally responsible restaurants.

Human meat consumption has a huge impact on CO2 emissions and the environment.

Energy: 11x more energy cost per calorie animal v. plant protein. Nutritionally, we do not need much.Land: 30% of earths land-mass is used for livestock or feed crops. 80% of agricultural land in the U.S. (almost half the total land-mass of the lower 48 states).Fertilizer: 80% of farm fertilizer used globally is for meat.Water: Intensive. Nearly half the water used in the U.S.Pollution: 130x more excrement than all humans, polluting waterways more than all industries combined.Gulf Coast “Dead-zone” (no oxygen) off the gulf coast result from fertilizer, excrement, and pollutants.Coral Reefs: This has played a major role in destroying approx. 50% of coral reefs worldwide.Antibodies: Approx. 80% of antibodies manufactured in the U.S. are used in animal feed, mainly to speed growth.Methane: Approx. 35-40% of global methane emissions.

Side-note to Individual Foods: Many individuals we look up to culturally and spiritually are/were vegetarians: Buddha, John the Divine, Krishna, Confucius, Leonardo Da Vinci, Pythagoras of Samos, Leo Tolstoy, Virgil.

References:IFA: GHG Emissions and Fertilizer ProductionFood transportation issues and reducing carbon footprint (2012, Wakeland)FAO: The Energy and Agriculture Nexus (2000, FAO Rome)LCA Food Database (from Life Cycle Assessment of Basic Food, 2000-2003)Energy Used in the Food Sector (Carlsson-Kanyama)Food miles: How far your food travels has serious consequences for your health and the climate (2007, NRDC)Food miles (Wikipedia)Food Distribution and Transportation (Background Reading)USDA ERS - Energy Use in the U.S. Food System (2010, USDA)UN report: one-third of world’s food wasted annually, at great economic, environmental cost (UNEP, FAO 06-2013)

He drank water only, the blood show'd like scarlet through the clear-brown skin of his face. –Whitman

Drinking spirits is as energy costly (per kg) as red meat.

Sources:GHG Energy Calc Background PaperReference Report: Food, Grocery, & Service Footprint CalculatorAustralian Greenhouse Calculator (AGC)

References:The carbon impact of bottling Australian wine in the UK: PET and glass bottlesIndustrial Glass Bandwidth Analysis (2007, GTI)Coca-cola 2011/2012 Sustainability ReportImproving Our Water Use and Efficiency (Coca-cola 2010 Report)Sugar Stacks (visualize the sugar)

Fill 1/4th of your water bottle with petroleum—that's the energy it took to manufacture and distribute it.

Sources:David MacKay, Chapter 15: Stuff (Drink containers)Reference Report: Food, Grocery, & Service Footprint CalculatorWattzOn--Embodied Energy Database--Food and Drink Containers50 billion plastic bottles end up in U.S. landfills each year (enough, laid end to end, to reach China and back each day)The majority of people in this live-post debate say that bottles should be bannedThe Story of Bottled Water (from The Story of Stuff Project)

PETS

REDUCE NOW

It's the meat content of pet food that's very costly, and the processing of said foods.

The energy required to feed your animal companions (David MacKay, p. 78)The environmental impact of pet food (article)Is pet ownership sustainable? (article)Time to Eat the Dog?: The Real Guide to Sustainable Living (paperback book: explores the environmental impact of all the decisions we make, from what we eat and wear to how we travel and spend out time).

By eating meat we share the responsibility of climate change, the destruction of our forests, and the poisoning of our air and water. The simple act of becoming a vegetarian will make a difference in the health of our planet. –Thich Nhat Hanh

Sources:Eat at least 75% minimally processed foods (from the Three Actions Project)Eating locally (from About.com) for example, from markets like Union Square Greenmarket or ECO City FarmsDine Green (Green Restaurant Association)Eating for Peace – the art and science of mindful consumption (Thich Nhat Hanh)Meat Eater’s Guide to Climate Change + Health (2011)Rebuilding the Foodshed: How to create local, sustainable and secure food systems (Philip Ackerman-Leis, 2013)Diagram showing how your food choices affect the climate (Environmental Working Group)Heat-shocking produce to preserve foodCoffee is more difficult to grow due to spread of deadly fungus that is linked to global warming (USnews)Sylvia Earle: My Wish: Protect our oceans (TED Talk: we’ve eaten 90% of out big fish, and nearly 50% of coral is gone)Fishing industry's fuel efficiency gets worseFood, Energy, and Society, 3rd Ed., by David, Ph.D. Pimentel, David Pimentel Ph.D., Marcia H. Pimentel M.S. (Amazon)The China Study (2005 publication of American v. Chinese populations)Meat Eater’s Guide (Environmental Working Group)PermacultureTurning food-soiled packaging into safe compost (03-2013, see: Ecopack)EPA/LBNL: Energy Efficiency Opportunities for Fruit and Vegetable Processing (2008, EnergyStar)Google: "Energy and the New Reality, vol. 1 (ch. 7)" (a power point presentation)Warmer climate boosts northern crops, bad soon outweighs good (Phys.org 2013)After 2012 drought US farmers adapt for climate change (Phys.org 2013)How agriculture could benefit from networked systems (Phys.org 2013)Improving climate protection in the agricultural sector: Study reveals new avenues (Phs.org, 02-2013)

KITCHEN

FRIDGES

Much energy is consumed in the kitchen performing work, heating, and cooling.

Reference:David MacKay, Ch. 7, Domestic Water HeatingDavid MacKay, Ch. 11: Gadgetsx9 Household Energy Efficiency reports (each 6-8 pages) from Rocky Mountain Institute, including Kitchen AppliancesKitchen (Green Homes, U.S. EPA)John Krigger, & Chris Dorsi. Residential Energy - Cost Savings and Comfort for Existing Buildings. 5th Ed. Saturn, 2009. Refrigerators (Energy Star, by U.S. EPA and DOE)Estimating Appliance and Home Electronic Energy Use (Energy Saver, Energy.gov U.S.)GHG Energy Calc Background Paper (2010)

In this food, I see clearly the entire universe supporting my existence. -Thich Nhat Hanh

Sources:David MacKay, Sustainable Energy Ch. 7, Domestic Water Heating

KITCHENAPPLIANCE

REDUCE NOW

David MacKay, Sustainable Energy Ch. 11: GadgetsEnergy Use Estimate (scribd)Michael BluejayEnergy Savers (DOE)General Electric (GE) Data VisualizationResponsible Energy: Appliance Energy Costs (pdf), from MGE

References:Refrigerators (Energy Star, by U.S. EPA and DOE)Estimating Appliance and Home Electronic Energy Use

This food is the gift of the whole universe, the earth the sky, and much hard work. –Thich Nhat Hanh

Five Contemplations –Thich Nhat Hanh

This food is the gift of the whole universe: the earth, the sky,numerous living beings, and much hard, loving work.May we eat with mindfulness and gratitude so as to be worthy to receive it.May we recognize and transform our unwholesome mental formations,especially our greed, and learn to eat with moderation.May we keep our compassion alive by eating in such a waythat we reduce the suffering of living beings, preserve our planet,and reverse the process of global warming.We accept this food so that we may nurture our sisterhood and brotherhood,strengthen our community,and nourish our ideal of serving all living beings.

Sources:The Hidden Cost of Home Energy Use (Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory, U.S. DOE)Check the Temperature in Your Fridge and Freezer - you'll be surprised how much energy you may be wasting (the daily green)Increase the Efficiency of Your Refrigerator (About.com Frugal Living)Power Saving Tips - Top 10 (UK Power)Pinterest - Energy Savings (a bunch of cool INFOGRAPHICS)Increased use of highly or moderately processed food in meal preparation increases diet energy-cost. (In the U.S., energy-intensive technologies for food processing accounts for half the increase in food-energy, according to a USDA report)

BATHROOMS You cannot swim twice in the same river; it will be another river, the water is continuously flowing. And you, the swimmer is also continuously changing. –Thich Nhat Hanh

Conversion Factors: 1 Btu is the amount of heat necessary to raise 1 pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit (F); the same way 1 calorie is the amount of heat necessary to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius (C).

Calculation: (Useful temp, minus incoming temp) * water amount * conversion factor = energy-cost. See: Water Heater in section Parameters.

Some energy is required to supply your water (i.e. pumping it to you via pipes, manufacturing and laying pipe networks, water treatment and cleansing contaminated water after use), but in most circumstances this is relatively little, per unit of water, versus the energy you need to heat that water. If water treatment plants were to more thoroughly cleanse water, the per unit energy cost might increase; that said, the NYC Watershed Protection Program, and other watersheds cost less per unit of water to cleanse than more expensive water treatment plants.

References:Embodied energy and embodied carbon of water (UK)

SHOWERS

BATHS

FLUSHES

DEVICES

How much does it cost to pump? (2003 paper, Australia NSW Agriculture, Agfact E5.10)Evaluating the costs of desalination and water transport (2004, Zhou)Evaluation of desalination and water transport costs (2005 case study, IWTC)How much does it cost to pump? (Agfacts E5.10, 1st Ed., 2003)Groundwater depletion (another issues; note that the U.S. is not referenced because it is so much worse per capita that other OECD countries, but because the data is readily available, in English).

Water comes from high mountain sources, and runs deep in the earth. Miraculously, water comes to us and sustains all life. My gratitude is filled to the brim. –Gathas, Thich Nhat Hanh

Heat-energy for water is determined by: (1) Amount of water heated, affected by (a) shower head type, ex. low flow, and (b) minutes of water flow; (2) Temperature (how hot) you set the water; and (3) Time-of-day used.

References:David MacKay, in Ch. 7, Domestic Water HeatingWhat is the safe temperature to bath and shower?What is your water footprint? (National Geographic calculator)Water Use in the U.S. (USGS)Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2005 (USGS – U.S. Geological Survey)Water's Worth It - be good to water as water's been good to you (www.waters-worth-it.org)

American Water Works Association calculates that if all U.S. households installed water-saving features amount used would decrease 30% (5.4 gallons) per day, or $11.3 million per day (un-adjusted for inflation). That's before energy-costs are factored in.

In nearly all cases: The amount of water to fill a bathtub is more than the amount to shower (unless you are sharing bath-water between a few people—that is not a suggestion, as that may spread germs very quickly). According to this survey in the UK, the average bath uses approx. 30% more water than the average shower. Other studies might be available (in which case send them this way).

Flushable toilets have only been around for centuries, and 2.5 billion people still use other ways. With over 50% of people worldwide living in cities, flushing toilets are probably on the rise.

Toilet water may account for 30% of your residential indoor water use. Energy used supplying water and manufacturing the toilet is not factored in here. Easy modifications to your current toilet (like sticking a few bricks, or filed and sealed water bottles with a some sand, into the toilet tank) will help.

References:Every flush counts: A side-by-side comparison of toiletsLow flow v. high-efficiencyDatabase of efficient toilets (here are all the Lists, and a library or Reports)Six alternative toilet technologiesFlushed with Success: Human manureEnvironmental Impact of Household Items (paper towels, plastic bags, etc.)

Like the Gadgets section Technical: Electric energy used by appliances depends on their wattage, i.e. power (usually written on appliances or plugs): Watts = Amps x Volts. Power is the rate at which something uses energy. Energy = Watts * hours of use = Watt-hours; divide this by 1000 to get kilo-Watt-hours, or kWh of energy (in this case electrical).

Sources:David MacKay, in Ch. 7, Domestic Water HeatingGeneral Electric (GE) Data VisualizationElectricity Conservation Tips (NYU)Nova Scotia POWER, An Emera Company

PRODUCTS

REDUCE NOW

It would be helpful if you sent calculations for embodied energy of products with sources; these can be verified and added to the list. Check out the 20 Biggest Cosmetics Companies in the World (most if not all submit Carbon Disclosure Project reports on product, supply chain, and water use).

Procter & Gamble (Environmental Sustainability)L'Oreal 2012 Sustainable Development Report (or search Google: “L’Oreal – GRI Data Sheets 2011”)

The L'Oreal Sustainability Report 2012 only uses the word “plastic” twice, never talking about biodegradable plastic (only biodegradable shampoo and a Biotherm product). But all their beauty products are delivered via plastic containers, in plastic wrapping, and/or with paper packaging. Their GRI data sheets 2011 show that L'Oreal manufactured 5.8 billion products. If each weighed on average 10 grams (conservative?) that would be 58,000 tons which, if Biotherm accounted for 1% of sales (conservative?), is 580 tons. At this rate, if Biotherm's goal of reducing 12 tons by 2014 is achieved, they will have reduced plastic by 1% per year. What about the remaining 58,000 tons per year? Also of note: In the 2012 Report, L'Oreal estimates 0.145 kWh/product energy-cost. How they calculate this isn't clear, because the 3.8 mm GJ direct energy, or 1.05 billion kWh, equates to 0.18 kWh/product; and including indirect energy increases this to 0.24 kWh/product.

Sources:Search for non-hazardous products at Skin Deep (Cosmetics Database)U.S. households could reduce water use by 30% (5.4 billion gallons) per day, i.e. $11.3 mm per day savings (American Water Works Association)Energy and cost calculator for water heating (by Lenntech B. V., water treatment solutions)Some low flow shower heads (reduces water use)Water Conservation and Energy Efficiency Tips for your BathroomEU eco-criteria for taps and showerheads (2011 Background Report, by Institute for Prospective Technology Studies)What is the best temperature for a bath or shower? (yahoo voices)Improving our bath and shower habits can save energy (bbc)Every flush counts: A side-by-side comparison of toilets (komonews)Efficient Toilets & Urinals available at MaP Maximum Performance (map-testing.com)High Efficiency Gas Boilers (Water Heaters) from PexSupplyWhat is Your Water Footprint? (National Geographic water footprint calculator)‘Energy for water’ may have greater impact on the nexus (Guardian, 2013-02-01)Cost of recycled toile paper (myecoaction.com)Toilet - paper factsGlobal Water Policy Project

LAUNDRY

DRY CLEANING

Washing clothes uses energy and water directly.

Indirectly, it costs water to transform energy. For example, when a fossil-fuel power station burns fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, petroleum) to produce heat energy, which is then converted into mechanical energy to operate an electric generator: Producing electric energy. Essential: Water is needed to be cool for both operation and maximum power output (cooling reactors and condensing steam).

Broader Challenges: There have been cases recently (like the Millstone nuclear plant in the Summer of 2012) when plants had to be shut down because the seawater was too warm to be useful. This would make sense in light of a paper by Bindoff in 2007, which found that oceans have absorbed 90% of total heat added to the climate system. If this trend were to continue, logically it would become harder to generate traditional electricity as water becomes less and less cold enough to cool reactors and condense water effectively. Scientists publishing in Nature Climate Change inform that generating capacity in the United States could fall 4.4 to 16 percent on hot days from 2031 to 2060.

Another example of water being necessary indirectly is this article, which informs that 13 gallons of water is used per 1 gallon of fuel produced.

LAUNDROMAT

WASHING MACHINE

HAND WASH

Dry cleaning often uses dangerous chemicals (such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs)) to clean your clothes. It can also be quite energy-intensive.

Calculation: Uses an estimate for kWh per piece of clothing dry-cleaned.

Source:Comparison of Electricity and Natural Gas Use of Five Garment Care Technologies (2009, by Peter Sinsheimer, Pollution Prevention Center, Occidental College)

References:Managing Energy Costs in Small Commercial Dry Cleaners (2009 pdf from E Source Companies LLC)Reduce hot water use for energy savings (from U.S. www.energy.gov)Guide to Common Home Laundering & Drycleaning Symbols (from Textile Industry Affairs)

A Laundromat may or may not use more energy than if you were to wash at home.

A cost/savings analysis would have to be set up factoring in: (a) the embodied energy of manufacturing your machine which services fewer people than, (b) the embodied energy of manufacturing their machine which is used by several people, but which (c) may reduce the life-time of the machine; (d) the energy used to transport clothes to and from washers if the Laundromat is located a distance away from the store where you deliver clothes, (e) the average temperature at which the clothes is washed, (f) the type of detergent(s) used to wash your clothes; (g) what type of dryer is used, or if the clothes is line-dried or cupboard dried, and (h) the energy generating sources for heating the water and operating the machines (mechanical energy-use), i.e. natural gas or electric water-heater, and, for example, coal generated electricity, or solar generated electricity.

Calculation: Assumes 3 kWh per load, and 4 kg per load, which based on your input estimates kWh per week, which divided by 7 is your kWh/day.

Source:David MacKay, Sustainable Energy Ch. 7, Table 7.4, Energy consumption figures for heating and cooling devices, per household

My washing machine overwhelms me with its options and its sophistication. -Uma Therman

If you select MORE DETAIL then you can enter specific water temperature and volume, instead of an approx. kWh per load. This should give you significantly better estimates given that 90% of the energy used by washing clothes often goes just to heat the water. Most washing machines heat their own water, and most are electric (this model assumes both).

Sources:David MacKay, Sustainable Energy Ch. 7, Domestic Water HeatingEnergy Use Estimate (scribd)Michael BluejayEnergy Savers (DOE)

References:Guide to Common Laundry and Dry-cleaning SymbolsWashing machine temperature guide (Which?)Top-loading v. Front-loadingHow much does it cost to run a washing machine?Running cost-calculator for appliances (NZ Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority)Laundry Room Forum on GardenWeb (2009 re: Bosch washing machine temperature)

If you select MORE DETAIL then you can enter specific water temperature and volume, instead of an approx. kWh per load. This should give you significantly better estimates than the approx. kWh otherwise assumed.

DRYER

DETERGENT

REDUCE NOW

If you use a drying machine, you will have the opportunity to save 100% of energy-used drying clothes (and the embodied energy of a dryer) by hanging clothes up and letting the sun-light and/or ambient temperature heat the water so it evaporates.

Sources:David MacKay, Sustainable Energy Ch. 7, Domestic Water HeatingDrying cabinetsEnergy Use Estimate (scribd)Michael BluejayEnergy Savers (DOE)

Soap needed energy. And it may or may not be polluting.

Source:GHG Energy Calc Background Paper

Rarely is it necessary to use a dryer (i.e. energy) to dry clothes; hanging clothes up to dry is easy and reduces drying energy 100%.

Sources:Dry cleaning often uses dangerous chemicals as greenamerica.org explains (such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs)) to clean your clothes. It can also be quite energy-intensive.How to Save Energy in the Laundry Room (earth911.com)Energy Star: Clothes Washers (DOE)New Clothes Washers and Dishwasher Standards Will Save Customers Loads of Money, Protect the Environment (2012 article on ACEEE)Efficiency Comes To The Laundry (Oikos, Green Building Library)Clean out your dryer lint (from 365 Ways to Live Cheap (Revised) accessed by thesimpledollar.com)New washing machines only use 1 cup of water (Alternative Energy News, AE)High Efficiency Gas Boilers (Water Heaters) from PexSupplyA software platform promises to lighten the load for households and businesses by making it easier for consumers to put renewables to good effect (Phys.org)

HEATING

HEATING SYSTEM

Heating (if you live in a climate that needs heat during winter) is the largest portion of home energy-use.

According to Energy Star U.S. 29% of home energy is for heating. David MacKay in Britain estimates that 33% of his energy use is for heating. These 29% and 33% are specific to the U.S. and U.K. (temperate, arid) and will not apply to places in different climate zones (ex. tropical, cold).

David MacKay, Ch. 7: Heating and Cooling.

Source of warmth: affection, amiability, friendliness, hospitality, kindness, sincerity, and sympathy.

Seasonal approximation: If you can't remember how many hours you spend heating, you can just wait a few months until the right season comes along.

Using Your Own Estimate: Because heating (potentially) accounts for such a large portion of our energy-use, and because so many factors affect energy-demand for heating (temperature, sunlight, building type, building materials, air-leakage, insulation, reflective film and/or paint, curtains, etc.) it is possible for you to input your own estimate in kWh/Year. Please include the formula you used, perhaps the model can incorporate that formula and the inputs used.

FIRE PLACE

WORK/SCHOOLHEATIN

G

REDUCE NOW

Sources:David MacKay, Sustainable Energy Ch. 7: Heating and CoolingEnergy Use Estimate (scribd)Energy Federation Incorporated (see: Product Catalogue, for a sample of energy efficient products)Michael BluejayEnergy Savers (DOE)General Electric (GE) Data VisualizationResponsible Energy: Appliance Energy Costs (pdf), from MGE“Improving The Efficiency of Your Duct System” (1999 report by the U.S. Dept of Energy)“Industry Stakeholder Recommendations for DOE’s RD&D for Increasing Energy Efficiency in Existing Homes” (2007 Technical Report by NREL, National Renewable Energy Laboratory)

About one-quarter (1.75 bn) of the world's population lacks access to electricity and gas, and uses coal or wood burning stoves to prepare food. This can be a health risk for lower respiratory tract infection, especially in children.

Sources:David MacKay, Quick Reference (conversion factors)GHG Energy Calc Background Paper (2010)

Because we often spend so much time at work, this formula should make it possible for you to estimate your per employee energy use to heat. You can also USE YOUR OWN ESTIMATE if you want to; please include the formula you used—perhaps the model can incorporate that formula for the benefit of other users eventually.

Reference:Green at Work Guide: Making Your Workplace Activities More Environmentally Friendly (GGGC)David MacKay, p. 299, Figure E.12 Building benchmarks (Power used per unit area in various homes and offices)Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS, 2007)2013 CBECS Detailed Tables (EIA)2003 Building Characteristics Overview (EIA)

Sources:David MacKay. Ch. 21, “Smarter Heating”, Individual Actions, Why heat pumps are so useful, Ch. 7: Heating/CoolingSealing air leaks is the quickest and cheapest energy improvement you can make (smartenergyliving.org)Air Sealing Your Home (U.S. DOE)Heat & Cooling Efficiently (Energy Star, by U.S. EPA and DOE)Recommended Levels of Insulation (Energy Star, by U.S. EPA and DOE)Squashed loft insulation 50 percent less effective (NPL, 03-2013)R-value (insulation)ERVs and HRVs (EFI pdf: p. 8 "Fantech Wholehouse Ventilation Systems)Energy-positive with natural ventilation (05-2013)Power Saving Tips - Top 10 (UK Power)Our homes are getting warmer just as the powers-that-be are asking us to turn our thermostats down (BBC)How to Prepare an Outside Air Conditioner Unit for Winter (SFGate.com)Double-glazing windows (Wikipedia)Geothermal heat pump (Wikipedia)

Resources:Green Building Database & Design Resources (Sustainable Sources)Resources (Sustainable Sources) including: Associations, Green Building programs, Initiatives, and Rating systemSpace Heating & Cooling (Oikos Green Building Library)Air Sealing (Oikos Green Building Library)Insulation (Oikos Green Building Library)Ventilation (Oikos Green Building Library)

COOLING We spend less energy cooling our homes than we do heating them. According to Energy Star U.S., about 17% of home

COOLING SYSTEM

WORK/SCHOOL COOLING

REDUCE NOW

energy is for cooling while 29% is for heating. Note that this 17% is specific to the U.S. (a generally temperate and arid region of the world) and will not apply to many other places with different climate zones (ex. tropical and cold).

David MacKay Ch. 7: Heating and Cooling.

"Cool runnings" means "peace be the journey." –Cool Runnings (1993)

Seasonal approximation: If you can't remember how many hours you spend cooling, you can just wait a few months until the right season comes along.

USING YOUR OWN ESTIMATE: Because cooling (potentially accounts for such a large portion of our energy-use, and because so many factors affect energy-demand for cooling (temperature, humidity, shading, building type, air-leakage, insulation, reflective film and/or paint, curtains, etc.) it is possible for you to input your own estimate in kWh/Year. Please include the formula you used, perhaps the model can incorporate that formula and the inputs used.

Sources:Green at Work Guide: Making Your Workplace Activities More Environmentally Friendly (GGGC)David MacKay, Sustainable Energy Ch. 7, Domestic Water HeatingGeneral Electric (GE) Data VisualizationNova Scotia POWER, An Emera CompayEnergy Use Estimate (scribd)Michael BluejayEnergy Savers (DOE)

Because we often spend so much time at work, this formula should make it possible for you to estimate your per employee energy used to cool. You can also USE YOUR OWN ESTIMATE if you want to; please include the formula you used—perhaps the model can incorporate that formula for the benefit of other users eventually.

Reference:David MacKay, p. 299, Figure E.12 Building benchmarks (Power used per unit area in various homes and offices)Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS, 2007)2013 CBECS Detailed Tables (EIA)2003 Building Characteristics Overview (EIA)

Sources:David MacKay. Ch. 21, “Smarter Heating”, Individual Actions, Why heat pumps are so useful, Ch. 7: Heating/CoolingSealing air leaks is the quickest and cheapest energy improvement you can make (smartenergyliving.org)Air Sealing Your Home (U.S. DOE)Heat & Cooling Efficiently (Energy Star, by U.S. EPA and DOE)Recommended Levels of Insulation (Energy Star, by U.S. EPA and DOE)Squashed loft insulation 50 percent less effective (NPL, 03-2013)R-value (insulation) (Wikipedia)Save money by keeping AC filters clean (sparkenergy.com)Energy saving window films for your home or officeThermostats (Amazon)Enviro Coat Reflective - Exterior Heat Reflective Paint

Resources:Green Building Database & Design Resources (Sustainable Sources)Resources (Sustainable Sources) including: Associations, Green Building programs, Initiatives, and Rating systemSpace Heating & Cooling (Oikos Green Building Library)Air Sealing (Oikos Green Building Library)Insulation (Oikos Green Building Library)Ventilation (Oikos Green Building Library)

EMBODIED ENERGY

PAPER

CLOTHING

MISC.

Embodied Energy is the sum of all the energy required to produce goods or services. The laptop you likely entered in the Gadgets section costs you electric energy directly to use now, and indirectly it cost energy to manufacture (i.e. Embodied Energy). This indirect energy is a sunk cost, i.e. already spent, and is one part of the life-cycle assessment (LCA) (cradle-to-grave analysis) that assesses the energy cost (impact) of all stages of a product's lifetime.

There is only one way to reduce the depreciated cost of the Embodied Energy spent to manufacture a good: Using those goods for longer (i.e. extending their useful lifetime).

Obsolescence: In these past few decades of consumerism we have come to accept what can be termed obsolescence. Many products we buy are not built to last (this ranges from big items like cars and computers, to small items like plastic bags and disposable utensils). For example, where we once bought chairs and passed them down generation through generation, we now buy new chairs all the time because (1) maybe they don’t last as long and/or (2) we’re accustomed to buying new stuff regularly. In fact, many products have been and are intentionally designed so as to limit said products’ useful lifetime (so that you have to buy again), termed planned obsolescence.

Reference:Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things

Design something that makes oxygen, sequesters carbon, fixes nitrogen, distills water, accrues solar energy as fuel, makes complex sugars and food, creates micro-climates, changes colors with the season, and self-replicates. -William McDonough Cradle to Cradle design (TED Talk)

We turn trees into paper. We do recycle some, and manage some forests; depending on the species of trees used, and whether paper is made in a mechanical or groundwood process (mechanical 2x more efficient), and whether the paper is coated or uncoated, all factors affect energy-use and number of trees used.

Sources:Chapter 15: Stuff (Newspapers, magazines, and junk mail)Paper size (Wikipedia)

References:History of Paper (from 105 A.D.)Quick Reference (for lots of useful data)

Common sense is genius dressed in its working clothes. -Ralph Waldo Emerson

Cotton is very widely used for clothes. This source says the world makes approx. 25 million tonnes every year (which converted is approx. 76.5 mm bales); another puts it at 118 million bales, to increase to 138 bales by 2020. At 20 GJ of energy per metric ton (tonne) of fiber produced (approx. 5,555 kWh) puts the total energy cost at about 142 mm kWh per year (at 118 mm bales) or 0.02 kWh per world capita per year, 1.5 kWh per world capita in a life-time.

Levi Strauss LCA report shows a pair of jeans costs 48.3 kWh cradle-to-grave, excluding cost of use. If you wear those jeans for 6 years, they will have cost you 8 kWh per year, or 0.02 kWh per day. That should give an idea where all that energy for making cotton is going.

The world in 2008 produced approx. 24 billion socks, about 4 per person.

Sources:GHG Energy Calc Background PaperWattzOn Embodied Energy Database (Rubber Slippers)

I asked for all things, that I might enjoy life. I was given life, that I might enjoy all things. –Part of a Prayer by an Unknown Confederate Soldier

BUILDING

WASTE

Sources:GHG Energy Calc Background Paper (Appendix 6, Table A6)David MacKay, Chapter 15: StuffEnvironmental Improvement of Passenger Cars (IMPRO-car) (2008 report by JRC European Commission)

References:Manufacturing reports from the EIA: Manufacturing “Energy Consumption and Expenditures 2006”, “Energy Use in Manufacturing: 1998 to 2002”, “Fuel Oil Use in Manufacturing”, or “Electricity Generation in the Manufacturing Sector: A Historical Perspective”National Center for Education Statistics (U.S., "Educational Technology")The Story of Stuff (non-profit organization)Plastic Bag (movie)Environmental Impact of Materials (paper, recycled paper)

Building materials cost energy. Ex. concrete, which is much used (accounting for approx. 7% of global CO2 emissions every year, explained by the uptake of carbon dioxide in the life cycle inventory of concrete (2005, Danish Technological Institute).

Factors: Energy per kg raw material sourcing, extracting, processing; Distance transporting (more building materials are transported long distances now, increasing energy-cost); Environmental and health impacts pre- and post-construction; Rate of conduction loss, i.e. heat flowing directly through walls, windows, and doors, that affects insulation and therefore heating-demand in homes.

Sources:David MacKay, Chapter E: Heating II (Embodied energy of building materials)GHG Energy Calc Background PaperEnvironmental Impact of Materials (cement, concrete, sillicon)

References:Heating II (Conduction and Ventilation)Inventory of Carbon & Energy (ICE) (Version 1.6a, by Hommond & Jones, Bath University)

This drop-list still refers to embodied energy of building materials.

It may not be possible to readily determine the energy-intensity of constructing (putting together all those materials) a building. That would be a project in and of itself for a new building being constructed, and require many assumptions for older buildings.

Source:David MacKay, Chapter E: Stuff II (Embodied energy of various walls, floors, and roofs)

References:Embodied Energy--Material Use (4-page Lesson)Buildwise.org - Homebuilding & Design Library (hundreds of awesome reports re: Construction, Design, Energy & Sustainability, Safety & Health, Literature)Embodied Energy: An Alternative Approach to Understanding Urban Energy Use

Take time for all things: great haste makes great waste. -Benjamin Franklin

Whether or not to include Waste is up to you. Some things you have entered in the categories above already factor in waste: the per item Food & Beverage and Bottles sub-sections include packaging in the kWh per kg estimate. You could use this section to add plastic bags (estimate how many you use in a year, the average weight) and enter this to calculate kWh.

Sources:

REDUCE NOW

UN report: one-third of world’s food wasted annually, at great economic, environmental cost (UNEP, FAO 06-2013)Waste Reduction and Recycling (Oikos Green Building Library)Solid Waste Management and Greenhouse Gases (EPA)GHG Energy Calc Background PaperThe Plastics Portal (LCA analysis) from PlasticsEuropeLife Cycle Inventory of Packaging Options for Shipment of Retail Mail-Order Soft Goods (2004 ,Oregon)Life Cycle Inventory of Five Products Produced from Polylactide (PLA) and Petroleum-Based ResinsIn 2011 the U.S. sold (exported) $11.31 bn in trash to China.

Sources:'Homeless' Airbnb founder hails sharing economy (03-2013)Cool kids making a difference (The Story of Stuff)10 Eco-Friendly Fashion Brands We Can Get Behind (Fashionista)Dresm (Buy and sell clothing online)Yelp: second hand clothing (Yelp)Eco-friendly paints and stains (Green America)5 Eco-friendly furniture ideas (Gaiam)Turning food-soiled packaging into safe compost (03-2013, see: Ecopack)Compost (Wikipedia)Guide to making compost at home (eartheasy.com)Biodegradable nappies from recycled cardboard (VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland)Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (U.S. EPA)Eco-friendly wet-strong printing paper made 100% with recycled polyester derived from used PET bottles

Building Specific:Chapter E: Stuff II (David MacKay)Researchers building stronger, greener concrete with biofuel byproducts (Kansas State University)LEED for Homes (by Home Depot & USGBC i.e. the U.S. Green Building Council)Green Building Database & Design Resources (Sustainable Sources)Resources (Sustainable Sources) including: Associations, Green Building programs, Initiatives, and Rating system

Building Design (Oikos Green Building Library)Building Materials (Oikos Green Building Library)Air Sealing (Oikos Green Building Library)Insulation (Oikos Green Building Library)Weatherization Tips (Oikos Green Building Library)

Pharos (The Pharos Project, transparent online building materials sourcing)GreenSpec (directs users to over 2,200 of the best green building products available)Perkins+Will (Precautionary Lists, and several other lists for materials harmful to your health)HDP (Health Product Declaration) Open Standard (HDP Collaborative)Athena Sustainable Materials InstituteBuildingGreen (committed to providing accurate, unbiased, and timely information)Buildwise.org (a large database of books, reports, and papers)Environmental Impact of Materials (paper towels, plastic bags, etc.)Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES)RMI Outlet (Buildings)

PUBLIC How is this calculated? Approximated using World Bank data, and the following formulas for per capita allocation.

Is this data reliable? These figures are the best readily available (with a margin of error small enough that they still are useful. That said, do check these calculations and send critique.

Should this be equally allocated? Allocating public energy evenly likely underestimates many our contribution.

Intuitively: People with access to electricity are more likely to buy goods that require electricity, contributing to energy-cost of transporting goods, and data-centers providing internet, etc. Those without electricity likely do not use

ACT NOW

DATA CENTERS

roads as intensely, given that fewer will have personal transport. We could divide each estimated public energy-use among 75% of total country populations, and perhaps more equitably allocate per capita.

According to World Bank stats: Approx. 75% of people in the world have access to electricity.

25% in lower-income/heavily indebted countries71% in lower-/middle-income82% in middle-income99% high-income

Suffice it to say: Those of us who have a computer and are accessing this website to calculate our Before and Now—almost certainly use a larger portion of the “Public” energy costs allocated to users in this model, than individuals in our country that don’t have a computer. We also have a greater capacity to reduce these Public energy costs.

Sources:World Bank Data (accessed September 2012).The CIA World Fact Book (accessed September 2012).“The SIPRI Military Expenditure Database”. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). < http://milexdata.sipri.org/>. Accessed September 2012.Koomey, Jonathan G. "Growth in Data Center Electricity Use 2005 to 2010". From "Research" tab http://www.koomey.com/research.html. Accessed: September 2012.OECD/ITF 2012. "Tends in the Transport Sector 1970-2010". http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/ (pdf link: direct). Accessed January 2013.Fertilizer figures from Livestock’s long shadow – Environmental issues and options Chapter 3, “Livestock’s role in climate change and air pollution (2006, by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO)

A human being is a part of the whole called by us "the universe," a part limited in time and space. He experiences himself, his thoughts and feelings, as something separate from the rest - a kind of optical illusion of consciousness. This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and affection for a few persons nearest to us. Our task must be to free ourselves from this prison by widening the circle of understanding and compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty. –Albert Einstein

We are here Now: Dependent on our current actions – by cause and effect – we condition outcomes. Realistically, i.e. probabilistically (youtube) we are near an irreversible point of global warming (in May 2013 we reached 400 ppm atmospheric carbon, for the first time in 3 million years) that would result in global economic, political, social, environmental and public health catastrophes.

We must accept our reality as vastly as we possibly can; everything, even the unprecedented, must be possible within it. This is in the end the only kind of courage that is required of us: the courage to face the strangest, most unusual, most inexplicable experiences that can meet us. –Rainer Maria Rilke

Reference:State of the Earth's Biosphere historically and NowThe Three Basic Facts of Existence

It costs energy to power the internet. Given Moores law (basically that the capacity of modern electrical equipment doubles every 18-36 months), you can infer that energy demand has also grown.

Data centers are: high-density computer facilities that power Internet (p. 1, Koomey). Energy use in data centers globally has more than doubled (>2x) since year 2000 (Kooney). According this Phys.org (April 2013) article, Massive energy cost hidden in wireless cloud boom: The energy use of cloud services accessed via wireless networks is expected to grow up to 460% between 2012 and 2015, the equivalent of 4.9 million new cars on the roads.

As posed before: Should this be calculated evenly per capita? Allocating data center energy use evenly per capita likely underestimates many our [people with computers] contribution, and overestimates that of people without computers. World Bank stats: Approx. 75% of people in the world have access to electricity. That said, if you are from

ACT NOW

URBAN LIGHT

ACT NOW

ROADS

an industrialized nation: splitting your share of energy use evenly the way this model does--is in all likelihood equitable.

Sources:Koomey, Jonathan G. Growth in Data Center Electricity Use 2005 to 2010, p. 1. Click the Research tab. Accessed: September 2012.Jonathan G. Koomey. Worldwide electricity use in data centers, 2008. Environmental Research Letters 3 034008. Accessed September 2012.

Our per capita daily kWh to power data centers is low, but it adds up. According this Phys.org (April 2013) Massive energy cost hidden in wireless cloud boom: The energy use of cloud services accessed via wireless networks is expected to grow up to 460% between 2012 and 2015, the equivalent of 4.9 million new cars on the roads.

This partly explains why Goolge powers approx. 30% of their operations (which totaled over 2 billion kWh/year) with renewables. Facebook in 2011 did so for approx. 23% of their operations (which totaled 532 mm kWh/year).

Some new technologies could help (all links from Phys.org):New ultra-efficient HPC data center debutsCloud computing: For database-driven applications, new software could reduce hardware requirements by 95%Ultra-high-speed optical communications link sets new power efficiency recordCooling solution for supercomputer heralds new age in renewable energyBetter power grid synchronization may enable smart grids to self-recover from failures

It costs energy to power the lights on sidewalks and roads, perhaps especially in urban areas with lots of roads to be lit. Our estimate uses average kWh/person/day used in New York City and L.A., 0.9 and 0.14 kWh respectively. For your country we calculate: urban population as % of total, multiplied by population, multiplied by 0.10 kWh/person/day, divided by population.

Sources:Green Light, Sustainable Street Lighting for NYC. The City of New York web site. Accessed September 2012.Best Practice: LED Street Lighting System. New York City Global Partners. Accessed September 2012.Chapter 9, Light, p. 57 in Sustainable Energy--without the hot air by David MacKay.

Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that . –Martin Luther King, Jr.

Changing all streetlights into LEDs could reduce energy consumption for urban lighting by approx. 85%.

What can you do?Traffic lights are easy to replace, and street lights, and lights at home.Support local initiatives to use LED lighting in public spaces, traffic signals, etc.

Sources:Green Light, Sustainable Street Lighting for NYC. The City of New York web site. Accessed September 2012.Best Practice: LED Street Lighting System. New York City Global Partners. Accessed September 2012.David MacKay: Ch. 9, Light

Cement is the powder used to make concrete.

Concrete—making it and using it—accounts for approx. 7% of global CO2 emissions every year (for all these reasons listed by the American Concrete Pavement Association). Half is due to the immense heat required to manufacture, the other half is released due to the chemical reaction that occurs when water is added to concrete and it sets. Concrete is the most widely used material today.

Many roads are concrete. This calculates a per capita estimate of the energy-cost of making concrete roads:

ACT NOW

FERTILIZER

ACT NOW

TRANSPORT OF GOODS

kWh/capita/day = Road network (km) * 1000 m/km * % Roads Paved * 50% (arbitrary scaling) * 35,000 kWh/meter / (40 years * 365 days) / population.

Sources:35,000 kWh/meter/40-year life-time (Sustainable Energy--without the hot air, p. 90, Chapter 15--Stuff, David MacKay).% Roads Paved (World Bank) Accessed September 2012.Roadways (CIA World Factbook) Accessed September 2012.

Use public transport where possible, to reduce the number of vehicles using roads.

Concrete accounts for approx. 7% of global CO2 emissions every year. Many (most?) of our roads are made with concrete.

What can you do?Start using public transport to reduce vehicle intensity on roads.This can lower road maintenance cost.In cities, slowly let roads become parks for pedestrians.Increase vehicle congestion charges in cities.

Sources:35,000 kWh/meter/40-year life-time (David MacKay Sustainable Energy, Ch. 15, Stuff)% Roads Paved (World Bank) Accessed September 2012.Roadways (CIA World Factbook) Accessed September 2012.Environmental impact of concrete (Wikipedia)

Nitrogen fertilizer use increased 9x (i.e. 900%) between 1890-1990.

Importantly:a) 30% of earths land-mass is used for livestock or feed crops. 80% of agricultural land in the U.S. (almost half

the total land-mass of the lower 48 states).b) 80% of farm fertilizer used globally is for meat.c) 50% washes away unused (as much as 75%).d) Meat consumption increased 120% in the past half century.e) 80% of all fertilizer is for meat production (one reason why it costs 11x more fossil fuel per calorie (kcal)

animal protein v. plant protein).

Issues with the calculation:(1) Allocating evenly per capita is not equitable to vegetarians.(2) Many crops/meats from Country A can be consumed in Country B, C, D.(3) In the F&B section, food energy costing also incorporates fertilizer use (so this may be slightly double-counting).

This estimate is to a large extent instructive. Regardless, we share most costs of fertilizer use equally: nutrient loss, pollution, land degradation, water spoilage, and subsequent effects on climate and biodiversity. Perhaps explaining partly why the EU parliament has moved to 'green' Europe's farms.

What can you do?Eat less meat.Eat produce not dependent on industrial agriculture.

Global trade costs energy.

Volume of world trade has tripled (3x) in 23 years, 1990-2013 (search).

Due to global systems of economic trade/distribution we directly/indirectly take resources/materials extracted in Country A, move them to Country B that manufactures, and transport the products long distances internationally to

ACT NOW

GOVERNMENT

REDUCE NOW

Countries C/D/E where we purchase/consume them. Example: Studies indicate that nearly half the fruit sold in the U.S. is imported (keep in mind freight transport accounts for just 6% of overall emissions in the U.S. food sector).

Sources:Google historical volume of trade increase for info.International Transport Forum (statistics)Freight Transportation – Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (C2ES)Transportation Overview – Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (C2ES)World Bank SearchOECD iLibraryUC Davis Institute of TransportationTransportation’s Role in Reducing U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions (2010, U.S. DOT report to Congress)Transport Energy Future (TEF) Study reveals potential for deep cuts to petroleum use (2013, DOE, NREL, ANL)

We should check these 33 major U.S. businesses callling for climate law (April 2013) re: their volume of global trade.

What can you do to reduce transportation demand?Buy fewer manufactured goods from other countries.Buy locally manufactured goods.Buy less internationally source food/produce.Buy locally grown food/produce.Stay in the same place for longer.

33 major U.S. businesses calling for climate law (April 2013). Perhaps in part these companies need public (government) regulation to help them explain to shareholders and/or investors that, “Listen, we need to suffer costs now to mitigate much more serious future costs of climate change.”

Governments use energy too (often on your behalf).

For the purposes of this calculation, the government type of each country is ignored in allocating associated energy-use per capita for each country. Equitable or not, energy is energy: Nature cannot be fooled.

Estimate: Assuming that government energy-to-spending ratios mirror country energy-to-spending ratios, we Calculate: energy use (kg of oil equivalent) per $1,000 GDP * (General government final expenditure (current US$) adjusted / $1,000) / 1,000 kg per ton * 11,630 kWh per toe / population / 365 days per year = kWh per capita per day (attributed to government, often on your behalf).

Note: The General government final expenditure (current US$) is adjusted to exclude military expenditures because the World Bank includes most expenditures on defense and national security in general gov exp. Here military expenditure is excluded (treated independently below) because militaries intuitively use more energy per $spent than is used per $GDP: Energy-intensive steel or steel-equivalent machines, vehicles, tanks, cruisers, and jet-fighters, fitted with bullets, bombs, etc., cost and burn fuel before, during, and after direct combat.

We have no reason to mistrust our world, for it is not against us. Has it terrors, they are our terrors; has it abysses, those abysses belong to us; are dangers at hand, we must try to love them. And if only we arrange our life according to that principle which counsels us that we must always hold to the difficult, then that which now still seems to us the most alien will become what we most trust and find most faithful... Perhaps everything terrible is in its deepest being something helpless that wants help from us. -Rainer Maria Rilke, “The Dragon-Princess”

Worldwide about half of all humans us live in a democracy and can or should be able to directly affect local politics and economics without fear of censorship, punishment or sanction. In democracies we have this opportunity—to the highest degree seen among human civilizations—regardless of privilege. With that comes a civic responsibility to engage our communities peacefully and to affect sustainable living.

From 2002-2008 in the U.S., about 85% (or $70 bn) of energy subsidies were given to traditional fossil fuel companies and not renewable generation (Environmental Law Institute). The IMF says that global subsidies to fossil fuels amount to approx. $1.9 trillion per year (probably an underestimate).

MILITARYDEFENSE

REDUCE NOW

CITATIONS

You can help by supporting local initiatives to:Reduce energy-useImprove efficiencyRenewable energy generationDemand less fossil fuel subsidies

To love is the greatest thing in life; and it is very important to talk about love, to feel it, to nourish it, to treasure it, otherwise it is soon dissipated, for the world is very brutal. If while you are young you don't feel love, if you don't look with love at people, at animals, at flowers, when you grow up you will find that your life is empty; you will be very lonely, and the dark shadows of fear will follow you always. -Krishnamurti

Estimate: 3.2 mm barrels-oil/day (reference) *$95/barrel = $127.8 bn / $702.6 bn U.S. 2011 military spending = 18% oil-dollar-equivalent to spending. Rounded to 25% as 18% excludes energy-cost of manufacturing armored vehicles, tanks, cruisers, submarines, and jet-fighters that burn fuel, and/or rebuilding destroyed infrastructure).

Calculation: Military spending * 25% / $95/barrel * 1666.7 kWh/barrel / population / 365 days = kWh/capita/day.

Source:SIPRI Military Expenditure Database

Everything passes away—suffering, pain, blood, hunger, pestilence. The sword will pass away too, but the stars will still remain when the shadows of our presence and our deeds have vanished from the earth. There is no man who does not know that. Why, then, will we not turn our eyes towards the stars? Why? –Mikhail Bulgakov

Former Commanders from the U.S. Military, Navy, and Nuclear program published in 2007: National Security and the Threat of Climate Change which states that:

The nature and pace of climate change being observed today and the consequences projected by the consensus scientific opinion are grave and pose equally grave implications for our national security… Accordingly, it is appropriate to start now to help mitigate the severity of some of these emergent challenges. The decision to act should be made soon in order to plan prudently for the nation’s security.

–Military Advisory Board, 2007

Start living peaceful commitments:The Five Mindfulness Trainings: Aware of the suffering caused by the destruction of life, I am committed to cultivating the insight of interbeing and compassion and learning ways to protect the lives of people, animals, plants, and minerals. I am determined not to kill, not to let others kill, and not to support any act of killing in the world, in my thinking, or in my way of life. –Thich Nhat HanhNonViolence: No Higher Calling (join thousands of people making committing to acts of non-violence)The real enemy is always within (video with The Dalai Lama, 2009)

References:National Security and the Threat of Climate Change (by U.S. Military and Naval Commanders)The Power of Non-Violence (Martin Luther King, MLK)Institute for the Study & Practice of NonviolenceM.K. Gandhi Institute (For Nonviolence)

Below are the citations for ratios and kWh energy cost assumptions used in each of the Publicly allocated costs above. There are instances when some people in a population use more of some public goods than others. Some may use a larger share of the energy for building roads or airport landings; people that live in cities may consumer a larger share of the country’s urban lighting than people living in the suburbs. But these publicly allocated energy cost calculations are per capital estimate.

Sources: All calculations: Populationi; GDPii.

Data Centers: Data Center kWh (i.e. electricity used by data centers)iii. Urban Lighting: Urban Lighting kWh (i.e. electricity used in urban cities) iv, v, vi; % Urban (aka percentage of

population that is urban)vii

Roads: Roads (km)viii; % pavedix; 35,000 kWh / meter (i.e. life-time energy cost per meter of road)x; Note: applying 50% reduction in total area of paved roads is an arbitrary reduction.

Fertilizer: Arable land (hectares)xi; Fertilizer (kg)xii; 10.7 kWh / kg (Fertilizer)xiii; Oil transport: Oil transport (million ton-km)xiv; kWh/ton-km transport (i.e. energy intensity)xv. Government: Primary energyxvi; Government expensesxvii; Price per barrel crude oil (2011)xviii

Military Defense: Military spending 2011xix; 25% spending for oilxx, xxi; Price per barrel crude oil (2011)xxii; kWh/barrel (energy content)xxiii.

SOME BASICS

ELECTRICITY (POWER, ENERGY)

HEAT CAPACITY OF WATER

FOOD(CALORIES, KCAL)

Watts=Volts∗Amps

kWh=kilowatthour=Watts1000

∗hours (ON ,OFF )

kWhday

=Watts1000

∗hours used per day

1 kW = 1000 Watts

1 Calorie=energy needed ¿ raise 1 gram of water 1degree Celsius

1 Calorie=4.187 J ;∧1 gram water∗1000=1 Litre water

Therefore : the heating energy required is 4187 JLitre

DegreeCelsius

1 kWh=3.6 MJ=3,600 kJ=3,600,000 J

Therefore :heating energy required is 4187 JLitre

Degree Celsius

=0.001163 kWhLitre

DegreeC

Celsius¿ Fahrenheit :(1 Celsius∗95 )+32

Fahrenheit ¿Celsius : (1 Fahrenheit−32 )∗59

1 degree Celsius change = 1.8 degree Fahrenheit change

1 U.S. Gallon = 3.785 Liters

Watt is power (rate per hour). If you need to know volts, use the volt for the country you’re in: U.S. and Japan mostly 120 volts, EU and others mostly 240 volts.

kWh is total energy used over a period of time (dependent on the power, i.e. rate per hour).

Calorie conversion used here is from International Steam Table.

Calorie conversion used here is a thermochemical calorie. Food Energy (source).

Therefore :

4187 JLitre

DegreeCelsius

∗3.785∗1

1.8= 8804 J

gallonDegree Fahrenheit

=0.002446 kWhLitre

Degree F

1 food calorie (EU kcal ,U . S .Calories)=4.184 kJ

1 food calorie (kcal ,Calories )=4.184 kJ∗1kWh3,600 kJ

=0.00116kWhcalorie

OTHERInternational Labeling Programs (including U.S. Energy Star, EU Energy Label, US Energy Guide Label, etc.)Discussion Report: EU Eco Labor for Washing Machines (2009)Human Development Report (UNDP, 2013)

ENERGY Green Power (Oikos Green Building Library)Encyclopedia of Energy (Elsevier, ScienceDirect)Energy and environment report 2008 (EEA Report, European Environmental Agency)Energetic Limits to Economic Growth (2011, BioScience)The World Energy Problem (WavEC, 2009)Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (IEER) and the publication: Carbon-Free and Nuclear-Free

Argonne National Laboratory (ANL)National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)

Other:Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)Food, Energy, and Society, Third Edition: David, Ph.D. Pimentel, et al. (Amazon)

Solutions:Dsire (DOE) Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency (in the U.S.)Carbon-Free and Nuclear-Free: A Roadmap for U.S. Energy Policy (IEER)Ethical Electric can help you switch to 100% Wind (in the U.S.)Wind energy [in cold climate regions] showing huge potential (03-2013)Monitoring manufacturing processes to optimize energy consumption (Fraunhofer FIT)

Energy Justice Network – Online Energy Factsheets:Biomass Incineration (Anaerobic Digesters, Biomass Library of Reports, Landfill Gas);Biofuel (Biodiesel; Ethanol; Alternative Fuels)Coal (Carbon Capture and Storage; Coal Ash, Waste Coal)Geothermal (Operating and Proposed)Hydro (Operating and Proposed)Hydrogen and Fuel CellsNatural Gas (Coal Bed Methane, Fracking Links)Nuclear Energy (Depleted Uranium, Nuclear Security, Safety and Security of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage, Public Report 2005)

Map Directory of Power Plants in the U.S. (Operating, Proposed, Expanded, and Closed—all energy source types)

Natural Gas:Will Natural Gas Fuel America in the 21 st Century? (2011 Report by David Hughes)Fracking Gas Won’t Solve Energy Crunch: Report (2013)

Methane and the greenhouse-gas footprint of natural gas from shale formations (June 2011)

Reports:21 st Century Nuclear (SA Mines & Energy Journal)Solar PV Atlas: Solar Power in Harmony with Nature Towards 100 per cent renewable energy (WWF 2012)

Articles:Analysis: 50% Reduction In Cost Of Renewable Energy Since 2008 (Lazard Analysis, Version 7.0, published 08-2013)Vulnerability of US and European electricity supply to climate change (Nature, 2012)China to Build More Renewables Than EU, U.S. Combined, IEA Says (Bloomberg, 2013-11-11)US solar installations soared 76% in 2012 (03-2013)California is the first U.S. to sign an agreement with China seeking greater cooperation on clean energy tech (09-2013)Biofuel rush is wiping out unique American grasslands (02-2013)13 gal water / 1 gal fuel produced (Water-energy nexus)

Path to Renewables: German bank reports solar power cost in India and Italy has reached grid parity Breakthrough in hydrogen fuel production could revolutionize alternative energy market Renewables now cheaper than coal and gas in Australia Southern German – Solar now cheaper than grid electricity (EURO/kWh) UN sustainable energy initiative could put world on a path to climate targets Centre for Carbon Measurement (UK) set to deliver large carbon reductions US solar installations soared 76% in 2012 Wind farms turn in record growth in 2012 Nation (U.S.) could double energy productivity —DOE’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) China to boost renewable energy in 2013 China energy consumption rises 3.9% in 2012 US teen designs compact nuclear reactor Want zero carbon emissions? Go nuclear, economics professor says Researchers map out an alternative energy future for New York World Bank to raise $500 million for geothermal energy Wind power is now cheaper than coal in some countries New patented fabrication technique key to new solar power technology European collaboration sheds light on plasmonic enhancement of solar cell efficiency Study suggests real-world generating capacity of wind farms at large scales has been overestimated Physical chemistry could answer many questions on fracking—improved fracking techniques Landmark carbon assessment developed for Australia The virtual power plant: Stable supply of electricity from renewable energies

KEY SOURCESEIAIEAEPA (Global Green House Gas Emissions Data)National Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data (EPA)Calculations and References (EPA)Energy StarDepartment of Energy (DOE)Argonne National Laboratory (ANL)National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)CleanMetricsEnvironment Agency (UK.gov)European Environmental Agency (EEA)Department of Energy & Climate Change (DECC, UK)The Carbon Trust

Electricity Information (Statistics) – International Energy Agency (IEA)Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries – International Energy Agency (IEA)OECD.StatExtracts (Complete dataset available via OECD’s iLibrary)

(Datasets: National sea transport (T-km); Rail Containers Transport; Sea Containers Transport; Short Sea Shipping [i.e. Coastal]; Total Imports; Total Exports; Total Production;

World Energy Statistics and Balances (2013 dataset) – OECD iLibrary for total electric output, total energy generation

(Datasets: Biofuel Production; Coal Production; Crude, NGL and Feedstock Production; Geothermal Production; Heat Production; Hydro Production; Natural Gas Production; Non-specific Combustibles Production; Nuclear Production; Oil Production; Peat Production; Solar, Wind & Other Production)

Global Energy Statistical Yearbook 2013 (Enerdata) from which you can download the complete energy statistics (XLS)The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)World Bank Search – from The World BankCO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion (2012, IEA Statistics)United Nations Statistics Division - Trade Statistics Branch: 2012 International Trade Statistics Yearbook (2012 ITSY)International Transport Forum – Statistics – data and statistics by topic (OECD)

Other KEY REFERENCES

Ceres - Resources (including many reports re: corporate response to climate change)Fuel and Energy Conversion and Efficiency Chart including Estimated Average Fuel Conversion Efficiency of Common Heating Appliances (from WaterProfessionals)Energy Policy in the U.S. (Energy Justice Network) – Renewable Portfolio Standards (RFS)Post Carbon Institute (leading the transition to a more resilient, equitable, and sustainable world)

Post Carbon Reader from which you can download chapters for free, like: The Next Step In Sustainable Building: the Passive House, or The Five Axioms of Sustainable Society.

Center for the Advancement of Steady State Economy (CASSE)New Economics Institute

Top Documentary Films has 266 great (and recent) documentaries, about Environment, Art, Science, Nature & Wildlife, Philosophy, Society, Psychology.

ENERGYREPORTS EnergySavers: Tips on Saving Money and Energy at Home (DOE Report, 2013)

Household energy bills – impacts of meeting carbon budgets (CCC Report, 2011)Green at Work Guide: Making Your Workplace Activities More Environmentally Friendly (GGGC)2050 Pathways Analysis (HM Government Report, 2010)Energy for a Sustainable Future (2010, UN Secretary General, Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change, AGECC)Energy-Efficiency Related: EIA Reports and Analyses (EIA Reports database, updated 2010)Food, Energy, and Society, Third Edition: David, Ph.D. Pimentel, et al. (Amazon)

GOVREPORTS

Reports:IPCC 2013 Report: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)Progress Report of the Interagency Climate Change Adaptation Task Force: Recommended Actions in Support of a National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (2010)National Security and the Threat of Climate Change (Military Advisory Board, U.S. Center for Naval Analysis, 2007)The Climate and Energy Nexus Summary (U.S. Center for Naval Analysis and Royal United Services Institute, 2013) referenced in this article: Military Report America Has 'Misguided' Fixation With Domestic Drilling (06-2013)Federal and EPA Adaptation Programs (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA)Climate Change Adaptation: What Federal Agencies Are Doing (U.S. Policy, 2012 update by C2ES)UNU Report: Loss & damage is occurring (United Nations University – Institute for Environment and Human Security)Nicolas Stern was wrong on Climate Change. It's worse (01-2013; In response to The Stern Review, 2006)USGS-NOAA: Climate change impacts to US coasts threaten public health, safety and economy (Assessment, 2013)

Studies:NASA study projects warming-driven changes in global rainfall (w/ Video) (NASA, 05-2013)NASA to study how pollution, storms and climate mix (Report to follow possibly, 06-2013)NOAA study finds: A warming world will further intensify extreme precipitation events (NOAA, 04-2013)NOAA study finds: Climate change linked to declines in labor productivity (NOAA, 02-0213)Stanford survey: Overwhelming majority of Americans back preparation for extreme weather and sea-level riseStudy reveals scientific consensus [97%] on anthropogenic [i.e. human caused] climate change (Study, 05-2013)Greenhouse gas level highest in two million years (U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 05-2013)Quantifying the Influence of Climate on Human Conflict (09-2013 report by Princeton, Berkeley, and California)

At the Planet Under Pressure conference March 2012, they warn that the Planet is Near Irreversible Point of Global Warming (which has links to several articles that summarize the warnings presented by the conference, like Shadow of ‘Anthropocene’ falls over Rio Summit).

CLIMATEINFO

The Encyclopedia of EarthRealClimate – Climate science from climate scientistsCenter for Climate and Energy Solutions (C2ES)350.org has a lot of information regarding that stable level to CO2 ppm in the atmosphere (which is currently too high at 391 ppm).CleanMetrics Library of reports/papers (CleanMetrics)External Links & Resources (CleanMetrics)OurWorld – Brought to you by the UN UniversityStorms of My Grandchildren (Dr. James E. Hansen)BraveNewClimateArcRisk

Best Sources:YOUTUBE - The Truth About Global Warming – Science & Distortions (the late Stephen Henry Schneider, Stanford University)Climate change on pace to occur 10 times faster than any change recorded in past 65 million years, Stanford scientists say (2013-08-01, Stanford News)YOUTUBE - Shrinking Glaciers: A Chronology of Climate Change (with Joerg Schaefer of LDEO, Columbia University)YOUTUBE - Global Warming Facts (NASA Earth Sciences, with James E. Hansen of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies)Five ‘Indisputable Points’ About Human Caused Climate Change (Dr. Kiehl, National Center for Atmosphere Research)Top 10 Takeaways From the New IPCC Climate Report (InsideClimate News)Approaching Steady State Shift in Earth’s Biosphere (Paper in Nature, Issue 7401)Study reveals scientific consensus [97%] on anthropogenic [i.e. human caused] climate change (Study, 05-2013)Nicolas Stern was wrong on Climate Change. It's worse (01-2013; In response to The Stern Review, 2006)Emotional response to climate change influences whether we seek or avoid further information (UT Austin, 05-2013)

Other:Rocky Mountain Institute (Post: Climate Change—The Time For Action Is Now)

Articles:Stanford survey: Overwhelming majority of Americans back preparation for extreme weather and sea-level riseClimate change in the Arctic is more evident than in most parts of the world, with global warming moving at a rate of almost twice the global average (project ArcRisk, 06-2013)In 2012: About 98% (as opposed to 50%) of Greenland’s ice sheet melted (last this happened was 15 mm years ago)One-third of sea level rise comes from melting mountain glaciers, study reports (05-2013)'Fish thermometer' reveals long-standing, global impact of climate change (05-2013)Major pan-European study conducted on ocean acidification (oceans absorb 66% of CO2 emissions) (04-2013)Atmospheric carbon to hit five-million-year record, marine expert warns (UQ Global Change Institute, 05-2013)As climate changes, boreal forests to shift north, relinquish more carbon than expected (05-2013)Northern hemisphere summers warmest in 600 years (Harvard, 04-2013)Report finds materials manufacturers will likely be unable to meet targets for CO2-emissions reductions by 2050 (MIT)U.S., China agree climate change working group (04-2013)US, China agree to end 'super greenhouse gases' (06-2013)

Climate scientists spell out challenge UN must rise to in 2015 (FT, Global Insight 2013-11-29)New report on climate change adaptation and the insurance system (NCCARF Report referenced, 06-2013)NASA to study how pollution, storms and climate mix (Report to follow possibly, 06-2013)In Public Perception of Climate Change and the New Climate Dice by Dr. Hansen and others at Cornell, they analyze how the probability of unusually hot seasons has changed in recent year – and show that the “anomalies” are now becoming increasingly predictable.Sea level influenced tropical climate during the last ice age (05-2013)1000-year Antarctic Peninsula study shows that summer ice melting has intensified almost ten-fold [10x] (04-2013)CO2 is not the only gas needing baseline measurements (Dr. Gaffney of University of Arkansas)

Papers/Reports:Study reveals scientific consensus [97%] on anthropogenic [i.e. human caused] climate change (Study, 05-2013)Greenhouse gas level highest in two million years (U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 05-2013)Quantifying the Influence of Climate on Human Conflict (09-2013 report by Princeton, Berkeley, and California)Climate Change Impacts on Global Food Security (University of Reading, 08-2013)Amplified greenhouse effect shaping North into South (International team of 21 authors from 17 institutions)NASA study projects warming-driven changes in global rainfall (w/ Video) (NASA, 05-2013)A decade of data discloses influence of clouds on tropical energy balance (03-2013)The science of clouds: Why they matter, and why there may be fewer of them (03-2013)

EDUCATION:Free Lessons & Units (Curriculum for Global Sustainability Education, Facing the Future)America’s Home Energy Education Challenge (National Science Teachers Association and DOE)

EATH INFO The Encyclopedia of EarthNational Council for Science and the Environment (Improving the scientific basis for environmental decision-making)Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (Earth Systems Analysis, Impacts, Solutions, Projects, Publications)Climate Impacts on Ecosystems (EPA)Enough is Enough (Book notes on state of the Earth) /energyDivergent Problems from Schumacher’s A Guide for the Perplexed (book notes?)Green Guide (by David Suzuki) (book notes)Earth, Home (video) (notes)

Other:Wildlife in a Changing World: An Analysis of the 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [Paperback] (Amazon)Food, Energy, and Society, Third Edition: David, Ph.D. Pimentel, et al. (Amazon)

Articles:66% of common plants and 50% of animals could see a dramatic decline this century due to climate change (05-2013)Wiping out top predators messes up the climate (University of BC, 02-2013)Loss of wild insects hurts crops around the world (2-2013)Nearly 65% of American voters believe human population growth driving other animal species to extinction (03-2013)Lizards facing mass extinction, new research suggests (University of Exeter and University of Lincoln, 03-2013)New report confirms almost half of Africa's lions facing extinction (report, 03-2013)Little did we know about beetle diversity: Astonishing 138 new species in a single genus (02-2013)Global warming could corrode shallow reefs sooner than forecast (02-2013)Scientists create new maps depicting potential worldwide coral bleaching by 2056 (02-2013)Overfishing Threatens Critical Link in the Food Chain (Earth Policy Institute, 01-2013)March of the pathogens: Parasite metabolism can foretell disease ranges under climate change (02-2013)Tropical Forest Carbon Absorption Hinges On Tree Diversity (Princeton University, 09-2013)Lungs of the planet reveal their true sensitivity [vulnerability] to global warming (02-2013)Europe’s natural habitat loss is threatening many species with extinction (3-2013)

Spread of crop pests threatens global food security as Earth warms (University of Oxford and Exeter, 09-2013)Reforestation study shows trade-offs between water, carbon and timber (ASU, 05-2013)Source of life running out: water scientists (03-2013)Amphibian populations can decrease due to extreme rainfall and drought (USGS study referenced, 05-2013)Tiny plants devour reefs in warming, acidic oceans (CoECRS and UQ, 03-2013)As Brazil ramps up sugarcane production researchers foresee regional climate effects (03-2013)Study finds nitrogen pollution a growing problem in China (02-2013)

Papers/Reports:Full Planet, Empty Plates: The New Geopolitics of Food Scarcity (Lester R. Brown, Earth Policy Institute 2012)Climate Change Impacts on Global Food Security (University of Reading, 08-2013)Sea Level rising 60% faster than IPCC projections (IOP Publishing Paper referenced, 11-2012)Methane and CO2 in thawing Arctic permafrost a climate tipping point (UNEP Report referenced, 11-2012)Market-based mechanisms for climate change adaptation (National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility, 2013)UN report: one-third of world’s food wasted annually, at great economic, environmental cost (UNEP, FAO 06-2013)Warmer climate boosts northern crops but the bad soon outweighs the good (International study, 03-2013)

Education:Free Lessons & Units (Curriculum for Global Sustainability Education, Facing the Future)Green Teacher (Education for Planet Earth)America’s Home Energy Education Challenge (National Science Teachers Association and DOE)Camel Climate Change Education (Free Climate Adaptation Mitigation E-Learning – resource for educators)

Solutions:Allan Savory: How to fight desertification and reverse climate change (TED Talk, 02-2013)Cutting specific [short-lived: methane, HFCs, ozone, black carbon] pollutants would slow sea level rise, research saysSalt marsh restoration could bring carbon benefits (03-2013)'Climate-smart strategies' proposed for spectacular US-Canadian landscape (03-2013)Flushed with success: Human manure's fertile future – the benefits could be huge (02-2013)Scientists trace particulate air pollution to its source (University of California, 2-2013)CO2 is not the only gas needing baseline measurements (Dr. Gaffney of University of Arkansas)Marine diversity study proves value of citizen science [you can help!] (03-2013)

OTHERCALCs Home Energy Saver (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, DOE) – this calculator is the best I’ve seen.

Energy Water Calculator (Energy Saving Trust, UK)Atmosfair (carbon calculator focusing on flights)Australian Greenhouse Calculator (AGC)Carbon Footprint (calculator)Campus Carbon Calculator (Cool Air, Clean Planet)Carbon Trust (Client Services, Footprinting)Energy estimator (based on the same text book, Sustainable Energy, by David MacKay)Energy Calculators (U.S. Small Business Administration, SBA)Water Footprint Calculator (National Geographic)The Resurgence Carbon Dioxide Calculators (Quick Carbon Calculator, Heat Loss Calculator, etc.)Energy Water Calculator (Energy Saving Trust, UK)Zerofootprint Youth CalculatorUseful for businesses: A New Algorithm for Fast Carbon Footprinting

SMART GRIDThe Smart Grid: An Introduction - Exploring the imperative of revitalizing America’s electric infrastructure (2012, DOE)State of the Consumer Report - Smart Grid Consumer Collaborative (2012)Smart Grid Regional Demonstrations - U.S. Department of Energy (2011 report)Comments of Cisco Systems: Addressing Policy and Logistical Challenges to Smart Grid Implementation (2010, DOE)Comments of Consumer Electronics Associations: Addressing Policy and Logistical Challenges to Smart Grid Implementation (2010, DOE)Comments of Opower: Request for Information (RFI) on smart grid implementation challenges (2010, DOE)Companies like Echelon (3Q 2013 Investor Presentation 2012) are gearing to address smart grid transition.Europe Set To Rule The Smart Meter World (2011)Unplugged: What Happened to the Smart Grid? (2012, HBS)To Get The Smart Grid, Businesses And Cities Need To Take The Leap First (2012, Fast Company)The Networked Grid 150: The End-to-End Smart Grid Vendor Ecosystem Profiles and Rankings (2012)

CLIMATEDATA LINKS

TO BE ADDEDEEA Data and Maps

Energy Characteristics and Energy Consumed in Large Hospital Buildings in the United States (2007, EIA)Global Risks 2013 - Eighth Edition (World Economic Forum)International Data Sources for Environmental Statistics (United Nations Statistics Division)The My2050 Schools Toolkit - A guide for teachers wanting to engage students in the energy and climate change debate

WORKSHEETS TO MAKE

AVAILABLE

Diet per CapitaOld v. New Appliance – Net Energy Reduction ModelHDD & CDD Model

Eventually: Guide/Key: Calculations for per Capita Figures Per Capita Calculations Model SIPRI Military Data

i “Population, total”. The World Bank. http://search.worldbank.org/. Accessed September 2012.

ii “GDP (current US$)”. The World Bank. http://search.worldbank.org/. Accessed September 2012.

iii Jonathan G Koomey. “Worldwide electricity used in data centers”. 2008 Environmental Research Letters 3 034008. http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/3/3/034008/. Accessed September 2012.

iv “Green Light, Sustainable Street Lighting for NYC”. New York City Web site. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/sustainablestreetlighting.pdf . Accessed September 2012.

v “Best Practice: LED Street Lighting System”. New York City Global Partners. http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/gprb/downloads/pdf/LA_LEDstreetlights.pdf/. Accessed September 2012.

vi MacKay, David JC. “Chapter 9, Light”, p. 57. Sustainable Energy – without the hot air. (Online) http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/withouthotair/c9/page_57.shtml. Accessed September 2012.vii

“Urban population (% of total)”. The World Bank. http://search.worldbank.org/. Accessed September 2012.

viii “Roadways”. The World Factbook, CIA. < https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2085rank.html>. Accessed September 2012.ix “Roads, paved (% of total roads)”. The World Bank. http://search.worldbank.org/. Accessed September 2012.

x MacKay, David JC. “Bigger Stuff”, Chapter 15, Stuff, p. 90. < http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/withouthotair/c15/page_90.shtml>. Accessed September 2012.

xi “Arable land (hectares).” The World Bank. http://search.worldbank.org/. Accessed September 2012.

xii “Fertilizer consumption (kilograms per hectare of arable land)”. The World Bank. http://search.worldbank.org/. Accessed September 2012.

xiii Steinfeld, Henning, et al. Chapter 3 “Livestock’s role in climate change and air pollution”. Livestock’s long shadow – environmental issues and options. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Rome, 2006. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a0701e/A0701E00.pdf. Accessed September 2012.xiv

“Inland Freight Transport (million Ton-km)”. International Transport Forum/OECD. Data from 2010. http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/statistics/trends/index.html. Accessed September 2012.

xv MacKay, David JC. “World power consumption”, Chapter I, Quick Reference, p. 334. Sustainable Energy – without the hot air. (Online) < http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/withouthotair/cI/page_334.shtml>. Accessed September 2012.xvi

“Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita)”. The World Bank. http://search.worldbank.org/. Accessed September 2012.xvii

“General Government Final Expenditure ($US)". The World Bank. http://search.worldbank.org/. Accessed September 2012.

xviii “2011 Brief: Brent crude oil averages over $100 per barrel in 2011”. U.S. Energy Information Administration, January 12, 2012. < http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=4550>. Accessed September 2012.xix “The SIPRI Military Expenditure Database”. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). < http://milexdata.sipri.org/>. Accessed September 2012.xx

“The Elephant in the Room: The U.S. Military is One of the World’s Largest Sources of CO2”. Washington’s Blog. < http://georgewashington2.blogspot.com/2009/12/big-secret-no-one-is-discussing-us.html>. Accessed September 2012. Sourcing: Michael T. Klare, “The Pentagon v. Peak Oil”, June 15, 2007. Truthdig < http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/20070615_the_pentagon_v_peak_oil/P100/>.

xxi Flounders, Sarah. “Pentagon’s Role in Global Catastrophe: Add Climate Havoc to War Crimes”. Blog: Did You Know (Politics, War, People, Poverty, Human Rights, Pollution), December 19, 2009. < http://rainbowwarrior2005.wordpress.com/2009/12/19/pentagons-role-in-global-catastrophe-add-climate-havoc-to-war-crimes/>. Accessed September 2012.

xxii “2011 Brief: Brent crude oil averages over $100 per barrel in 2011”. U.S. Energy Information Administration, January 12, 2012. < http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=4550>. Accessed September 2012.xxiii

Rose, Aldo Vieira da. “Conversion Factors”, Energy and Utility. (near the beginning). Fundamentals of Renewable Energy Processes 2nd Ed. Academic Press; 3 edition (September 25, 2012).