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International court 1945-1946 in Nuremburg, Germany—tried Nazi leaders responsible for these murders in the concentration comps—22 officials were charged; 12—executed; 7—life imprisonment; 3--acquitted
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Goering (left) and Hess (right) during their criminal trials at Nuremberg in 1946
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United Nations
Aug. 1944—Reps. From G.B., S.U., China and U.S… New York-N.A. headquarters
Create a body to prevent future global wars; promote equal rights and self-determination of peoples
Human Rights.wmv
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Purpose: to determine the fate of peace in Europe
To divide Germany and its capital into 4 occupation zonesUS, GB, and France unified zones create
West Germany and West Berlin (democratic)
SU’s zones became E Germany and E Berlin (communist)
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Division of Germany—and Division of Berlin
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Began feelings of mistrust Divided Europe btwn democracy and
communism Created Stalin’s desire for a buffer zone
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Germany divided into:
East Germany
Dominated by Soviet Union
Didn’t adopt democratic ideals
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West Germany
Resumed self govt after a few yrs of Amer., Br, & Fr. Occupation
Became democratic
Emerged with economic power
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Berlin Airlift
Berlin Airlift and formation of Nato.wmv
Soviets held East Berlin hostage
USA & Britain flew supplies over Berlin
Stalin lifted blockade May 1949
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Berlin Wall-1961
Berlin Wall.wmv
Divided Berlin into East & West
Democratic & Communist
http://www.cnn.com/interactive/specials/9904/nato.timeline/content/07.berlin.wall.jpg
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Countries behind Iron Curtain are shaded red.
Winston Churchill “From Stettin in the Baltic
to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe.”
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Europe
Marshall Plan-
Massive American financial aid
Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan.wmv
Lay in ruins
(USA) provided lots of $$$$ to rebuild Europe & prevent the spread of communism
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Containment: a policy for preventing the expansion of communism
After WWII—U.S. policy=containment Development of alliances against Soviet
and Chinese aggression Led to armed conflict in Korea and
Vietnam U.S. tried to contain or restrict
communism to those countries of the world where it already existed
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Truman Doctrine
Promise that the U.S. would defend free peoples
Policy of Containment.wmv
“containment of communism”
Keep communism from spreading
“Domino Theory”
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Deterrence the act of
deterring, especially deterring a nuclear attack by the capacity or threat of retaliating.
Détente 1970’s—
relaxation in international affairs during the Cold War
SALT—Strategic Arms Limitation Talks—agreed to limit number of stockpiled weapons
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)—North American headquarters in Norfolk!
Defensive alliance among the USA & western Europe to prevent Soviet expansion
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Warsaw Pact
Soviet allies in eastern Europe form this as a response to NATO
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1950s Fidel Castro: communist revolution
Cubans fled to Florida to escape communist rule
Pres. Eisenhower encouraged the CIA to train exiles & attempt to overthrow Castro (Bay of Pigs Invasion)
Bay of Pigs.wmv
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President Kennedy approved the Bay of Pigs invasion….
It was a complete disaster—within two days Castro’s army had captured or killed most of the American supported invaders
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“massive retaliation”
Under Pres. Eisenhower
S.U. matched the USA in nuclear weaponry
Purpose was to prevent a nuclear strike by the Soviets
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Japan Occupied by American forces under MacArthur’s administration
Adopted democratic gov’t with economic growth (dominate Asia’s economy)
Resumed self govt & became a strong ally of the USA
Elimination of Japanese offensive military capabilities
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China Division of China into two nations at the end of the Chinese civil war 1949
Chiang Kai-shek—Nationalist China (island of Taiwan)
Mao-Tse-tung—Communist China (mainland China)—participates in Korean conflict
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China taken over by communists increases Amer. Fears of communism
China & the Soviet Union become bitter rivals—Nixon exploits this!
Pres. Nixon visits communist China
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Lasted from the end of WWII until 1989
USA: democratic, free market economy
Soviet Union: totalitarian govt, communist economy
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1950s; example of containment policy
Communist North Korea invaded South Korea
USA counterattacked North Korea
Start of Korean War.wmv
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Communist Chinese forces helped North Korea
Ended in a stalemate South Korea free from communism
38th Parallel MacArthur dismissed and Korean Armistice.wmv
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Example of containment policy
North Vietnam (communist) tried to take over South Vietnam (17th Parallel)
Ho Chi Minh--Leader USA helped South Vietnam resist!
Today—Vietnam reunited communist country
Vietnam War.wmv
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Pres. John F. Kennedy began sending us over
Kennedy assassinated 1963
Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson intensified our buildup
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USA repeatedly defeated North Vietnamese but couldn’t force an end to the war!
USA was VERY divided over our involvement
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Richard Nixon elected as Pres. w/ pledge to end war!
“Vietnamization” replacing Amer. Troops w/ South Vietnamese troops
Failed; S.U. supplied North Viet
detente under Nixon.wmv
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1975 North & South Vietnam Communist!
Troops faced hostility when they came home!
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Nixon forced to resign as Pres.
Nixon trying to wire tape Dem. Party Headquarters to win 1972 election
Caught trying to cover it up!
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S.U. stationed missiles in Cuba (Cuban Missile Crisis)
Kennedy ordered SU to remove them
They did! (We had missiles in Turkey directed at them)
Cuban Missile Crisis.wmv
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Americans feared Communism & the threat of a nuclear war
Schools & drills to train children
Bomb shelters in basements
Public Service Announcement
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Alger Hiss & Julius & Ethel Rosenberg convicted of being Soviet spies (executed)
SU constructing nuclear weapons
Both of these increased Amer. Fears of communism!
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“pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty.”
“Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country”
Kennedy's Speech
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WWII veteran assassinated in Dallas, TX 1963
Shook the nation’s confidence
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Spending tons of $$$ to keep up w/ USA
Nationalism in Satellite Nations
Fast-Paced reforms Economic inefficiency
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Reagan and Star Wars.wmv
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Gorbachev “glasnost” & “perestroika”: openness & economic restructuring
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Challenged moral legitimacy of SU
Berlin Wall Speech: “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall”
Increased US military & economic pressure on SU
End of Cold War.wmv
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Created a unique government in Yugoslavia, which included socialism
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Led to the breakup of the Yugoslavian federation. He ordered a program of ethnic cleansing. Who was he trying to get “rid” of?
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Muslims
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The systematic and purposeful destruction of a racial, political, religious, or cultural group
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1915-1916: Leaders of the Ottoman Empire led a genocide against the Armenian Christians
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1932-1934: Joseph Stalin led a genocide against political opponents, peasants, members of the elite and people of Ukraine
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1975: The educated, artists, technicians, former government officials, monks, and minorities were slaughtered in Cambodia
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Tutsis and Hutus are two ethnic groups living in the African nation of Rwanda and Burundi. In 1994, the Hutu-led government decided to use the military against the Tutsi opposition. Between April and July 1994, as many as 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus fled the country as refugees, fearing revenge by the Tutsis.
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