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Biochemistry
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Periodic Table First functional one developed by
____________ ______________in 1869. What’s its primary purpose?
Brief history of P.T. (3:39)
The genius of Mendeleev (4:24)
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Biochemistry The study of the substances and
__________ processes which occur in ________ ___________.
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Chemical Equations Copy this equation and write down
everything you know about it:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
What is this??
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The Atom The term “atom” comes from the Greek
word atomos, which means “unable to be ______”.
First coined by Greek philosopher ___________ 2500 years ago.
ατομοσ
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Subatomic Particles Three main subatomic particles
• What are they? • What are their charges?
Neutrality of atoms – What causes this?
Atomic number? Atomic mass?
How small is an atom? (5:27)
You can't touch anything! (5:29)
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Element A pure substance consisting entirely
of one type of _______
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Isotopes Atoms of the same element that
differ in the number of ___________ (See Fig 2-2 on p. 36.)
Isotopes of hydrogen
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Compound Substance formed by the chemical
union of two or more ___________
Chemical structure of NaCl
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Chemical Formula Way of showing the chemical
______________ of a compound (C6H12O6)
It tells us (1) the _____________ in the compound and (2) their __________ (how many atoms there are of each element).
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Ionic Bond Bond formed when one or more
electrons are _____________ from one atom to another
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Covalent Bond Bond formed when
electrons are __________ between atoms; stronger and far more common in organisms than ionic
Ionic and covalent bonds (1:57)
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Hydrogen Bonding Hydrogen bonds form when a _____ atom
covalently bonds to an O or N atom in another molecule.
H bonds form because the larger atoms (with more protons) pull the _____ from the H atoms closer to them, making them partially _____ and the H atoms partially _____.
H bonding (:56)
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Van der Waals Force Slight attraction that develops
between ____________ ____________ regions of molecules (mainly ______ molecules)
Van der Waals and the gecko (8:22)
Gecko's foot
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Surface Tension Surface tension is a property of the _____ of
a _____ that allows it to resist an external force due to cohesive forces.
Surface tension (1:24)
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Cohesion Attraction between molecules of the
___________ substance
BELLY FLOP!!
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Adhesion Attraction between molecules of
_____________ substances; makes life possible – How??
Notice how the water adheres to the glass and forms a ________.
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Solution Even distribution of a solute in a
________• Example: Saltwater (Salt is the ______ and
water is the _______.)
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Suspensions Heterogeneous mixture of
undissolved _________ in a solvent
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pH Scale Indicates the concentration of ______ ___________ in a solution
Acid – any compound that forms _____ _________ in a solution (________ on pH scale)
Base – any compound that forms ______ __________ in solution (________ on pH scale)
Buffers – weak _______or ________ that counteract strong acids or bases to prevent sudden, sharp changes in ______
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Versatility of Carbon The study of all compounds containing
carbon is called __________ ___________. Carbon has four valance ___________
that can covalently bond with electrons of other atoms
It readily combines with other _________ atoms to form straight and branching _________ and will also form _________.
Forms single, double, and triple covalent _______
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Versatility of Carbon
Nanotube bandage for preemies
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PNCL Park Proteins: Always made of an __________
group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH) and an R-group.
The _____ __________ is what differentiates an amino acid. (See Fig. 2-16 on p. 47.)
Proteins are needed for growth, repair, and _______________ production.
_________ ________are the building blocks. End with –ine (ex: valine) CHONS When in doubt, say . . . What do proteins do? (4:07)
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Levels of Protein Structure
There are four levels of protein structure (from simple to complex):• Primary• Secondary• Tertiary• Quaternary
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PNCL Park Nucleic acids: formed from
___________, which consist of a 5-carbon ____________, a ________________ group, and a nitrogenous base
They store and transmit ___________ information.
Two kinds of nucleic acids: ______ and _______
PONCH DNA and proteins (3:24)
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PNCL Park Carbohydrates: formed from C, H,
and O most often in the ratio of _________ (glucose – C6H12O6)
Main source of __________ Made from ________(Sugars end in –
ose.) Mono-, di-, and polysaccharides Cellulose – most abundant organic
chemical on Earth (polysaccharide) CHO
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PNCL Park Lipids: Large, mostly insoluble
molecules Fats, oils, and waxes Used to store _________and make up
important parts of membranes, especially _______ membrane
Formed when a _____________ combines with a _______ acid
Saturated and ____________• Chemically speaking, what’s the difference?
CHO
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Chemical Reactions Processes that ___________one set of
chemicals into another
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Chemical Reactions Reactant – element or compound
that _________ a chemical reaction
Product - element or compound _____________ by a chemical reaction
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (_________) (__________)
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Enzymes Biological (organic) catalysts that
_________ up chemical __________by lowering the activation ___________
End with –________ and their name is related to the compound they act upon
Example: lactase – speeds up the reaction that breaks down the disaccharide lactose into the monosaccharides galactose and glucose
Introduction to enzymes (4:46)Roles of Enzymes (3:35)
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Enzymes Affected by temp, pressure, and pH These factors can change the _________
of the enzymes (_____________), making them non-functional.
Substrates and active site – What are they?
Protein (enzyme) denaturation (3:55)