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Islam
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The Islamic World is not at
all a monolithic entity
Nationality Language Family
Arabs Semitic
Turks, Central Asians Altaic
Iranians, Pakistanis Indo-European
Indonesians Malayo-Polynesian
Sub-Saharan Africa Various
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The World of Islam
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Arabia in Mohammed's time
Various tribal religions
Jewish communities
Christian communities, usually splinter
sects
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Mohammed
Born about 570 in Mecca
About 610, claims to receive visions and
messages.
These collected and written down about 650
as the Koran.
Flees to Medina, 622 (Hijrah)
Return to Mecca, 630
Unified Arabia by the time of his death in
632
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The Pillars of Islam
1. Creed (shahadah)
2. Five daily prayers (salaht)
3. Alms (zakaht)
4. Fasting during Ramadan (sawm)
5. Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) [Haji denotes one who has made the Hajj]
Some authorities add a sixth pillar: 6. “Jihad” is defense of Islam and active opposition to evil and injustice.
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Sources of Islamic Doctrine
Qur’an (from root meaning read or
study)
Hadith (tradition): traditional sayings
of Mohammed and other early
followers
Study and explanation of the Qur’an
Sharia (way): Codified Islamic Law
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The Qur’an: Allah’s Last Word
About as long as the New Testament
114 surahs, arranged from longest to shortest
Most surahs are collections of Mohammed’s
teachings with no overall theme
Surahs are labeled by distinctive or unusual
words found in each
No historical chapters
Considered the definitive form of Arabic
Strictly speaking, cannot be translated, only
paraphrased
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Qur’an
Praise to Allah
Predestination
Eschatology
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A Bit About Arabic
Semitic Language based on three-letter roots
Example: s-l-m connotes wisdom, harmony
Salaam, peace
Suleiman (Solomon)
Islam (submission to divine will)
Muslim (one who submits to divine will)
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A Few Arabic Contributions
Alcohol
Alkali
Alchemy
Benzine
Boron
Zircon
Jar
Alfalfa
Algorithm
Algebra
Almanac
Azimuth
Alidade
Most Star Names
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Muslim Contributions to
Science and Math
Concept of zero
Development of geometry and algebra
Based 10 system and Arabic numerals
Medicine
Astronomy
Engineering
Geography
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The spread of Islam
Inherent appeal
Simplicity
Equality
Rights for Women
High moral teachings
Jihad
Military skill
Good government
Tolerance
Conversion Incentives
Tax on "People of the Book” - Originally Christians and Jews, later Hindus and certain other groups as well.
Forced conversion of pagans
Trade
Indonesia and sub-Saharan Africa
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Schism about 700 A.D. Reasons:
Succession to Caliphate (Caliph, successor; successor of Mohammed)
Incorporation of non-Qur’anic elements into Islam
Worldliness of Caliphs, discrimination against non-Arab Muslims
Shiites (shia: party or faction) about 10% (mostly Iran)
Fundamentalist
Sunnis (Sunna: beaten path) about 90%
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Dynasties Orthodox Caliphs (632-661)
- abu-Bakr (632)
- Umar (634)
- Uthman (644)
- Ali (murdered in 661)
Umayyad Dynasty (661-750)
- Damascus (Syria)
Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258)
- Baghdad (Iraq)
Ottoman Empire (1299-1922)
- Istanbul
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The spread of Islam
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The World of Islam
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Sufi Islam
Sufi (woolen)
Refers to the coarse, woolen garments
worn by early Sufis
Poverty and rejection of earthly pleasures
Mysticism and emotionalism
Fakir or Dervish (convert to Sufiism)
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Effects of Islam
Preserve classical learning
Innovations in astronomy and
mathematics
Link between East and West
"Arabic" numbers from India
Trigonometry also from India
Sanctuary for Judaism
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The Spanish Connection
Wadi-al-yahara (Valley of Flowing Water)
Guadalajara
Al-ghattas (type of sea bird) Alcatraz
(pelican)
Al-amir-al-bahr (lord of the sea) Almirante
Admiral
Jebel Tariq (Tariq’s mountain) Gibraltar
Much “Spanish” architecture is actually
Arabic
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Islam Penetrates Europe
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Islam Penetrates Europe
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The Islamic World Today OIL!
Sunni vs. Shiite
Secularism vs. Dogmatism
Russian Southward Expansionism. Began in
1700's. Temporarily halted by collapse of
Soviet Union.
Israel and the Palestinian Problem