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Today’s Warm Up
Attempt to answer the following riddle in your notes:
What building do you enter blind and come out seeing?
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Early CivilizationsMesopotamia: The Sumerians
Today’s LEQs: Why did humans transition from hunting and gathering to settled agriculture? Was this humanity’s biggest mistake?
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Fertile Crescent
First known agricultural villages c. 10,000 BCE
First known cities c. 5,000BCE
Eastern portion = Mesopotamia
Let’s SCLARGE…
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Social
Settled in the lower part of Fertile Crescent – a.k.a. Sumer Created 12 city-states
Birthplace of cities (500,000 people by 2500BCE with 80% in cities!)
Shared a common culture Complex social hierarchy with kings
and priests at the top / Slaves at the bottom
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Social
Men: could sell wife and children to pay a debt; could divorce easily
Women: could buy and sell property; operate own businesses; own slaves
Patriarchal but women more privileged than later cultures
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Customs & Traditions
Rituals suggested significance of religion i.e. New Years tradition – King of Ur
symbolically married goddess of fertility each year
Royals buried in elaborate tombs; often buried with sacrificed attendants
Commoners buried under their house or in cemeteries outside city walls
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language, Communication, & Technology
Semitic Sumerians invented writing c.
3500BCE; first used for record keeping, later for literature & gov’t decrees Pictograms first Cuneiform by 3,000BCE
Epic of Gilgamesh & Code of Hammurabi = kind of a BIG DEAL…
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language, Communication, & Technology
Invented first wheels – wagon wheel, pottery wheel
12 month lunar calendar (helped with agriculture)
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arts & Architecture
Creativity flourished! Took pride in elegant cities & monuments Sculptures, mosaics, murals, stone bas
reliefs Arches, vaults, domes found in tombs
= new skill Walls for protection
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Religion
Practiced polytheism Had one chief god for each city-state Gods were unpredictable, angry, &
selfish Priests had power & prestige
Survival depended on will of gods Built great temples called ziggurats
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G0vernment & Politics
Competition for land and water rights with foreign invaders led to the development of a monarchy (king)
King was a religious & political leader King enforced law and set penalties
(usually a fine)
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G0vernment & Politics
Key Leaders:Sargon I – built the Akkadian
Empire by uniting all of the Mesopotamian city-states (first empire!)
Hammurabi – created a code of law (we’ll discuss this more later!!!)
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Economics
Trade central to urban life Merchandise by land, river, & sea Evidence of far off trade: shells from
Mediterranean Rich in agricultural goods but poor in
raw materials; traded with North for wood, stone, and metal
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Your Turn!
You completed independent research for homework
Now, collaborate with your groups to create a presentation on your assigned early civilization
You are responsible for teaching your assigned civilization to the rest of the class – be clear and concise when going through the SCLARGE categories