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Characteristics of LifeChapter 1
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Organization and Cells
All living things are made up of one (unicellular) or more cells (multicellular). › Cell- smallest unit capable of performing
all life’s processes.
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Organization and Cells Living organisms have organization.
› Organization- high degree of order within an organism’s internal and external parts and its interaction with the living world. Highest level of organization- organism is
made up of organ systems that carry out specific functions within the organism (Ex: digestive system).
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Organization and Cells
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Response to Stimuli (Responsiveness)
Living things respond to a stimulus. › Stimulus- physical or chemical changes in an
organism’s internal or external environment.› This is essential to survival.
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Homeostasis Homeostasis- maintenance of a
stable internal environment despite the constant changing of an organisms external environment.
Organisms have built in system that maintains stable internal conditions, such as:› Temperature› Water content› Nutrient uptake by cell
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Metabolism Energy is required to power ALL life’s
processes, such as› Growth and development› Movement› Repair
Metabolism- sum of all the chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from the environment.
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Metabolism
Photosynthesis › Plants, algae, phytoplankton, and some
bacteria capture and use the sun’s energy to make sugar molecules.
Organisms that cannot make their own food must get their food from other organisms.
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Growth and Development
Nonliving things (Ex: icicles) grow by accumulating more of the same material (Ex: ice) of which they are made.
LIVING things grow through division and enlargement of cells. › Living multicellular organisms mature
through cell division, cell enlargement, and development.
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Growth and Development Development- process by which
organisms become more adult. › Involves: cell division, cell differentiation,
or specialization. › Your body contains trillions of specialized
cells (Ex: nerve cells, blood cells, skin cells..), all of which originated from a single cell, the fertilized egg.
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Reproduction Reproduction- Organisms produce
more organisms like themselves. › NOT needed for individual’s survival.
However, reproduction is ESSENTIAL to survival of a species.
Hereditary information is passed from parent to offspring through DNA. Short segments of DNA make up individual genes.
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Reproduction
Two major types of reproduction:› Sexual reproduction- hereditary
information recombines from TWO organisms. Offspring are similar but not identical to either parent. Ex: Frogs
› Asexual reproduction- herditary information comes from a single parent organism. Offspring are identical to parent. Ex: bacteria
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Evolution The basic GENETIC characteristics of
an individual organism do not change over their lifetime.
Populations of organisms DO change through time, or evolve.› This is critical to survival in a changing
world.› Explains the diversity of life-forms we see
on Earth today.
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Themes in Biology
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Diversity and Unity of Life
Living things come in many varieties (huge diversity).
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Diversity and Unity of Life
Although diverse, living things are characterized by unity, or things they have in common.› Genetic code- rules governing how cells
use hereditary information.› Organelles that carry out life’s functions.
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Diversity and Unity of Life “Tree of Life”- a model of the
relationships by ancestry among organisms. › Living things share certain genes, yet no
two types of organisms share all the same genes.
› Three main lineages, called domains. Organisms found on closer branches (lineages) have more similar sets of genes.1. Bacteria2. Archaea3. Eukarya - complex cells containing a
nucleus.
Less complex cells
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Diversity and Unity of Life
Another system of grouping organisms divides life into six categories called kingdoms.› 4 kingdoms within domain Eukarya
Kingdoms Animalia, plantae, fungi, protista› 1 kingdom within domain Archaea
Kingdom Archaea› 1 kindom within domain Bacteria
Kingdom Bacteria
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Tree of Life
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Interdependence of Organisms
Ecology- study of how organisms interact with each other and the environment.› Study single species as well as
ecosystems. Ecosystems- communities of species and
their physical environment. Studies have shown that species depend on
each other and their physical environment for survival.
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Evolution of Life Evolution- (decent with modification)
process in which inherited characteristics within POPULATIONS change over generations.› Can lead to genetically distinct populations
and development of new species.
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Evolution of Life Theory of Evolution by Natural
Selection› Natural Selection- organisms with
certain favorable traits survive and reproduce more than those without them. Those traits that increase an organism’s
ability to survive and reproduce are called adaptations.