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, 24-23 (Loi du 29
juillet 1881 sur la libert de la presse) , :
"Article 23: Seront punis comme complices d'une
action qualifie crime ou dlit ceux qui, soit par des
discours, cris ou menaces profrs dans des lieux ou
runions publics, soit par des crits, imprims,
dessins, gravures, peintures, emblmes, images ou tout
autre support de l'crit, de la parole ou de l'image
vendus ou distribus, mis en vente ou exposs dans
des lieux ou runions publics, soit par des placards ou
des affiches exposs au regard du public, soit par tout
moyen de communication au public par voie
lectronique, auront directement provoqu l'auteur ou
les auteurs commettre ladite action, si la provocation
a t suivie d'effet. Cette disposition sera galement applicable lorsque la
provocation n'aura t suivie que d'une tentative de
crime prvue par l'article 2 du code pnal.
Article 24: Ceux qui, par l'un des moyens noncs l'article 23, auront provoqu la discrimination, la
haine ou la violence l'gard d'une personne ou d'un
groupe de personnes raison de leur origine ou de leur
appartenance ou de leur non-appartenance une
ethnie, une nation, une race ou une religion
dtermine, seront punis d'un an d'emprisonnement et
de 45 000 euros d'amende ou de l'une de ces deux
peines seulement".
:
[Article 23: Will be punished as accomplices to an
action qualified as a crime or a misdemeanor, those
who, either by speech, calls or threats spoken in public
places or public assemblies, or by writing, printed,
drawings, engravings paintings, emblems, images or
all other written support (format), spoken format, or
visual image sold or distributed offered for sale or
exposed in (public) places or public assemblies, either through billboards or via posters exposed for public
access (viewing), or by any method of communication
to the public by electronic means, which would have
-
95
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noitacovorp eht fi ,)larulp()srotagitsni( srotarteprep ro
.)noitcaer a yb dewollof ro( tceffe eht yb dewollof saw
snoitautis ni elbacilppa yllauqe eb lliw esualc sihT
tsuj dewollof neeb evah dluow noitacovorp eht erehw
eht fo2 noitces yb dedivorp sa emirc detpmetta na yb
.edoc lanep
sdohtem eht fo eno yb ,ohw esohT :42 elcitrA ,noitanimircsid ot ekovorp did ,32 elcitra ni deniltuo
a sdrawot ro nosrep a sdrawot ecneloiv ot ro dertah ot
rieht fo ro nigiro rieht fo nosaer yb elpoep fo puorg
a ot pihsrebmem-non rieht fo ro )fo trap( pihsrebmem .noigiler a ro ecar a ,noitan a ,puorg cinhte denimreted
fo dna ecnetnes nosirp raey eno a yb dehsinup eb lliW
secnetnes eseht fo rehtie ot ro ,enif orue 000 54 a
.]enola
, truoC lanimirC elliL-
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. Theresa J. Lee :Democratizing the Economic
Sphere: A Case for the Political Boycott, 115 W. Va. L. Rev. 531 (2012)
( :Lee, Political Boycott:)
"'Free trade in ideas' means free trade in the
opportunity to persuade to action, not merely to
describe facts. The boycott is precisely a means to
persuade others to action, including those being
targeted and those inspired to join. This "free
trade" in persuasion is why the boycott finds a
natural home under the marketplace of ideas
theory In addition, even when a boycott does not
necessarily achieve its ultimate end, it remains a
vehicle for forcing the dissemination of an idea.
Boycotts make the perhaps otherwise latent
dissent visible to a greater number of participants
in the marketplace of ideas, highlighting not only
their position but also the very existence of the
debate" [Ibid, p. 549].
,
" . , :
, [ "
, , '433 . :Lee, Political Boycott, p. 553-556 .]
.
, , ,
[:Lee, Political Boycott, p. 556-558 .
:Notes, Political Boycott Activity and the First Amendment, 91
Harv. L. Rev. 659 (1977-1978);.]
7. " ,
( " 30
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:ttocyoB lacitiloP ,eeL
fo seulav eht yfsitas ot liaf sttocyob taht smialC"
ecreoc yeht esuaceb saedi fo ecalptekram eht
tekram eht gnivirped suht ,gnikaeps ton otni srehto
eht evig smialc hcuS .liaf tsum ,saedi esoht fo
eno ylno era sttocyoB .tiderc hcum oot ttocyob
fo mrof yltsoc a era yeht ;ynam gnoma eciov
yeht ,tekram eht nihtiw dna rekaeps eht rof hceeps
truoC eht sA .hceeps rehtruf htiw detabmoc eb nac
si eciov eno esuaceb tsuj ,raelc edam netfo sah
gnieb era seciov rehto taht naem ton seod reduol
tuo gninword fo regnad eht fi neve dna ,decnelis
ot neeb reven sah ti tabmoc ot yaw eht ,sesira
.]945 .p ,dibI[ "eciov reduol eht repmet
-
76
:
"While a successful boycott may appear to drown
out another position, the remedy is not to silence
the boycott but instead for those on the other side
to endeavor to make themselves 'louder'" [Ibid, p.
550].
8. NAACP v.
Claiborne Hardware Co., 458 U.S. 886, (1982) ( : Claiborne)
. 1996 - Claiborne
.
.
. .
,-92 -1.25
.
. . ,
,
. ,
,
, . Stevens :
"Petitioners admittedly sought to persuade others to join the boycott through social pressure and the
'threat' of social ostracism. Speech does not lose
its protected character, however, simply because it
may embarrass others or coerce them into action"
[Ibid, p. 909-910].
:
"The claim that the expressions were intended to
exercise a coercive impact on respondent does not
remove them from the reach of the First
Amendment. Petitioners plainly intended to
influence respondent's conduct by their activities;
this is not fundamentally different from the
function of a newspaper Petitioners were
-
77
eht gnikam ni ylsuorogiv dna ylnepo degagne
.secitcarp etatse laer s'tnednopser fo erawa cilbup
eht sa ,meht ot evisneffo erew secitcarp esohT
tbuod on era srenoititep fo secitcarp dna sweiv
era snaem eht sa gnol os tuB .srehto ot evisneffo
teem ton deen noitacinummoc eht ,lufecaep
.]119 .p ,dibI[ "ytilibatpecca fo sdradnats
tnemdnemA tsriF fo epocS ehT ,nehoC nellE arabraB :
tnemdnemA tsriF ni sdnE dna snaeM :sttocyoB lacitiloP rof noitcetorP
.)4891( 3721 .VER .L .SIW 4891 , oC erawdraH enrobialC .v PCAAN :sisylanA
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:nietsnuS ]. )2991( 92 .veR .tC .puS 2991
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si noitarebiled cilbup no stceffe gniweks
ton yam tnemnrevog taht aedi eht htiw detcennoc
edis eno gnisare yb ssecorp evitarebiled eht trotsid
trotsid ton yam tnemnrevog ,lla evobA .etabed a fo
morf flesti gnitalusni yb ssecorp evitarebiled eht
-
68
citarcomed eht fo modeerf yrev ehT .msicitirc
-fles fo mrof taht gniddibrof no sdneped ssecorp
.]72 .p ,dibI[ "noitalusni
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, , ,
sisab eht no srehto ni tnemtneser ro mrala ,regna sesuora( ,
). redneg ro noigiler ,deerc ,roloc ,ecar fo
.
gnithgif" ,
, . , , , "sdrow
, .
.
, , ,
:ailacS .
'sdrow gnithgif' ot ylno seilppa ecnanidro eh]T["
fo sisab eht no' ,ecneloiv ekovorp ro ,tlusni taht
syalpsiD '.redneg ro noigiler ,deerc ,roloc ,ecar
woh rettam on ,evitcevni evisuba gniniatnoc
era yeht sselnu elbissimrep era ,ereves ro suoiciv
derovafsid deificeps eht fo eno ot desserdda
ni 'sdrow gnithgif' esu ot hsiw ohw esohT .scipot
,ytilitsoh sserpxe ot -- saedi rehto htiw noitcennoc
,noitailiffa lacitilop fo sisab eht no ,elpmaxe rof
ton era -- ytilauxesomoh ro ,pihsrebmem noinu
.tS timrep ton seod tnemdnemA tsriF ehT .derevoc
esoht no snoitibihorp laiceps esopmi ot luaP
derovafsid no sweiv sserpxe ohw srekaeps
.]193.p ,dibI[ "stcejbus
, ,
"sdrow gnithgif"
.
-
87
" " " " "
." Scalia:
"In its practical operation, moreover, the ordinance goes even beyond mere content dis-
crimination, to actual viewpoint discrimination.
Displays containing some words -- odious racial
epithets, for example -- would be prohibited to
proponents of all views. But 'fighting words' that
do not themselves invoke race, color, creed,
religion, or gender -- aspersions upon a person's
mother, for example -- would seemingly be usable
ad libitum in the placards of those arguing in
favor of racial, color, etc., tolerance and equality,
but could not be used by those speakers'
opponents. One could hold up a sign saying, for
example, that all 'anti-Catholic bigots' are
misbegotten; but not that all 'papists' are, for that
would insult and provoke violence 'on the basis of
religion.' St. Paul has no such authority to license
one side of a debate to fight freestyle, while
requiring the other to follow Marquis of Queens-
berry rules" [Ibid, p. 391-392].
. .
, .
.
,
" ."
, , . Kennedy
( ) Hill v. Colorado, 530 U.S. 703
(2000) ,:
"Laws punishing speech which protests the
lawfulness or morality of the government's own
policy are the essence of the tyrannical power the
First Amendment guards against" [Ibid, p. 787].
-
88
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morf degreme sah taht noitcnitsid tnaveler eh]T["
eht enifed taht snoitidnoc neewteb si sesac ruo
esoht--margorp gnidneps tnemnrevog eht fo stimil
ot stnaw ssergnoC seitivitca eht yficeps taht
egarevel ot kees taht snoitidnoc dna--ezidisbus
fo sruotnoc eht edistuo hceeps etaluger ot gnidnuf
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-
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:streboR .
sa--tpoda stneipicer gnidnuf taht gnidnamed yB"
fo eussi na no weiv s'tnemnrevoG eht--nwo rieht
erutan yrev sti yb noitidnoc eht ,nrecnoc cilbup
eht fo epocs eht edistuo tcudnoc detcetorp' stceffa
tonnac tneipicer A 'margorp dednuf yllaredef yciloP eht yb detatcid feileb eht wova
tcA pihsredaeL gnidneps nehw tnemeriuqeR
yrartnoc a tressa dna dnuora nrut neht dna ,sdnuf
ni gnitapicitrap nehw ,ytilartuen mialc ro ,feileb
gniriuqer yB .emid dna emit nwo sti no seitivitca
yciloP eht ,feileb cificeps a sseforp ot stneipicer
fo stimil eht gninifed dnoyeb seog tnemeriuqeR
eht gninifed ot margorp dednuf yllaredef eht
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