© 2020 JETIR February 2020, Volume 7, Issue 2 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)
JETIR2002330 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 808
“Survey Paper on Towards a Secure Mobile Edge
Computing Framework for Hajj”
1 Pranjali Kulkarni , 2 Sanket Mishrikotkar
1Fourth Year , 2 Second Year 1 Computer Engineering , 2 MCA Department,
1 R.M.D Sinhgad College of Engineering, Pune, India , 2 Government College Of Engineering Aurangabad, India.
ABSTRACT— The cloud computing paradigm faces the challenges of providing low latency, high handiness, and real-time
location-aware services wherever many individuals are mobile. During this paper, we tend to propose a mobile edge computing
framework that may support period, location-aware customized services to a really massive crowd. The framework uses a hybrid
of cloud at the server finish and fog computing terminals (FCT) at the group edge. The conception of FCT is realized by adding a
middle layer acting as a proxy between the user finish and cloud infrastructure. Every FCT node covers a geographic zone and
provides a set of services and resources supported the geographic location of a mobile user. Once a user moves from one FCT-
covered zone to a different, the secure shake of information regarding the user is shared with the new FCT node. The communication
between mobile users’ terminals like smartphone and the FCT is assumed as 4G/5G networks, whereas the communication between
the FCT and cloud on high speed, perpetually offered, and reliable web association. The situation of every mobile user is created
secure and shared according to our novel privacy policy paradigm. The framework is intended to change between FCT and cloud,
depending on the task, network condition, geographic closeness, and resources offered at intervals the shopper unit, we have
enforced the framework to support context-aware services to many pilgrims that gather along during a very little space of land every
year. we’ll share the inspiring results that we’ve got gathers once initial readying.
INDEX TERMS: Fog Computing, Mobile Edge Computing, Cloudlets, Crowd Sourcing, Crowd Sensing.
I. Introduction:
Hajj could be a yearly event wherever ample folks from nearly each country gather along within the Holy Land of Makkah
and Madinah to perform their spiritual duties [1]. Since most pilgrims ar returning for the primary time, their recent ages
similarly as totally different languages, cultures, and academic and social backgrounds build their journey a quite difficult
setting. Providing security, safety, accommodation, health, and transportation services, to call a number of, is a intimidati ng
task for such an outsized crowd. In different words, knowing the contexts of every pilgrim like location, time, geographic
zone, and events round the atmosphere at intervals the gang and so providing inter -pilgrim and intra-pilgrim context-aware
services could be a challenging task. Since the pilgrims move around totally different holy zones or boundaries, they face
many challenges. Thousands of people get lost; they face bother locating places of interest like the nearest hospital, cash
exchange, and restaurants because of the huge crowd and language barrier; traffic conditions are
unstable during pilgrim's journey, thus it's tough to seek out the simplest route to one’s places of interest; and finding
transportation at the correct place and right time is hard [2]. Pilgrims therefore wo uld like location-aware, extremely offered,
and mobility-aware services to form their journey safe, secure, and comfortable.
The pilgrim's journey social network consists of associate ad-hoc network, which starts growing once pilgrims arrive within
the Holy Land and diminishes once the pilgrim's journey journey ends; thence, the time period of this dynamic ad -hoc social
network is a couple of month. Every year, a new Hajj social network is made. The pilgrim's journey social network consists
of entities like pilgrims, their relations, pilgrim's journey organizers, vehicles and transport systems, municipalities,
governments, health institutions, and emergency handling agencies. Once connected, all these entities will share geo -tagged
transmission spatio-temporal information to support totally different eventualities, each period of time and offline [3] [4].
This poses many challenges. First, the pilgrim's journey social network needs an enormous data repository to store the
content created by and shared among different entities withinthe terribly giant pilgrim's journey crowd [5] [6]. Second,
collecting users’ context and placement information sharing have to be compelled to think about the privacy needs of every
user. Finally, spatio-temporal real-time queries have to be compelled to be answered by the framework within the
eventualities (e.g. associate old person is lost, a hearth or accident in an exceedingly tent, emergency evacuation), which
needs low latency, perpetually offered, and live query process [7]. Thanks to current advancements in high speed web
availability over 4G/5G networks, cloud computing, smartphone technology, mobile edge and fog computing, present M2M
(machine to machine) property, monitored or utterly ad-hoc device to device (D2D) direct property via LTE-A, BLE, or Wi-
Fi Direct, location-aware systems, crowdsourcing mistreatment social network events [16], and internet services, to call a
number of, providing location-aware services to the pilgrim's journey crowd is not any longer a dream
1. Each user interaction, user query, and sensory knowledge square measure routed from the pilgrim’s smartphone to the
backend cloud server for processing, mining the phenomena, and at last storing or preparing results to be sent to the user
terminals via the core backbone. This poses a big bottleneck, particularly on the 9th, 10th, 11th, and twelfth days of the
© 2020 JETIR February 2020, Volume 7, Issue 2 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)
JETIR2002330 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 809
twelfth Arabic month once millions of pilgrims roll up a little land. Figure one shows this bottleneck state of affairs. within
the case the net service supplier is down, the entire location-aware communication system is compromised, even in
emergency things.
(A) (B)
Figure 1. . Location and other multimedia data shared with the cloud in real-time for various emergency scenarios. (a) Millions of
people gather near Mount Arafat during their pilgrimage. (b) In the case of a medical emergency, the location of a sick pilgrim is
shared with the emergency response team and the medical team in close proximity
handles the patient. (Article in IEEE Access · June 2017)
To this finish, we tend to propose a three-tier design (see Figure 2) to handle such an outsized crowd: the consumer tier
consists of lots of pilgrims’ smartphones as service shoppers or information producers, the fog tier consists of smartphones
as edge devices as mini-clouds, and the cloud tier contains a fastened IP-based infrastructure. Tier one contains human
intelligence, specifically human sensors which will sense real-life events, answer queries from alternative pilgrims, and use
smartphone resources to retort to fog tier requests. The fog tier helps within the real -time processing of spatio-temporal
cooperative or individual processes, whereas the cloud tier is large massive information storage, heavy duty analytical
computation, and offline question process. The fog nodes at intervals the framework usually follow a one-hop
communication paradigm within the case of D2D communication. However, the communication between distributed fog
nodes and therefore the cloud tier is finished via the multi-hop communication paradigm. We show our style concerns and
initial prototypes altogether the tiers.
Figure 2. Fog nodes sit between user terminals and the remote cloud (Article in IEEE Access · June 2017)
© 2020 JETIR February 2020, Volume 7, Issue 2 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)
JETIR2002330 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 810
II Literature Survey:
Research Paper one (Towards a Secure Mobile Edge Computing Framework) In this paper, we have a tendency to propose
a mobile edge computing framework that may support period of time, location-aware personalized services to a really
massive crowd. The framework uses a hybrid of cloud at the server finish and fog computing term inals (FCTs) at the gang
edge. The idea of FCT is realized by adding a middle layer acting as a proxy between the user finish and cloud infrastructure .
every FCT node covers a geographic zone and provides a set of services and resources supported the geogr aphic location of
a mobile user. once a user moves from one FCT-covered zone to a different, the secure handclasp of information regarding
the user is shared with the new FCT node. The communication between mobile users' terminals, like smartphone and also
the FCT, is assumed as 4G/5G networks, whereas the communication between the FCT and cloud relies on a high speed,
perpetually obtainable, and reliable net affiliation. the situation of every mobile user is formed secure and shared in line
with our novel privacy policy paradigm. The framework is meant to change between FCT and cloud, reckoning on the task,
network condition, geographic distance, and resources obtainable at intervals the shopper unit. we've got enforced the
framework to support context-aware services to many pilgrims that gather along in an exceedingly} very tiny space of
land every year
we are going to share the inspiring results that we've got gathered when initial preparation
Research Paper a pair of
Cloud-based Context-aware Mobile Applications and Framework for pilgrimage and Umrah Management This paper
proposes a standard framework for the distributed management of these events. during this framework, a cloud -based
international server is employed to speak general info with a pilgr im mobile application. On the opposite hand, every
campaign is appointed a cloud-based campaign server for human activity its campaign-specific info with its corresponding
pilgrim applications. In each cases, info is communicated in every pilgrim language. The pilgrim application may give
small-size static info. to boot, a campaign manager mobile application permits every manager to outline rules for human
activity campaign-specific info in an exceedingly context-aware fashion despite the fact that those managers usually lack
programming capabilities. Constraints square measure implemented on the developed rules to assist avoid errors. The system
provides location-based services undoable exploitation Google Maps. Empirical analysis has shown extreme satisfac tion of
past and potential pilgrims with the capabilities of the pilgrim application and also the high usability of the manager
application.
Apache Cordova
Apache Cordova (formerly PhoneGap) could be a mobile application development framework originally c reated by Nitobi.
Adobe Systems purchased Nitobi in 2011, rebranded it as PhoneGap, associate degreed later discharged an open supply
version of the computer code known as Apache Cordova.[8] Apache Cordova permits computer code programmers to make
applications for mobile devices exploitation CSS3, HTML5, and JavaScript rather than wishing on platform -specific genus
API’s like those in golem, iOS, or Windows Phone.[9] It permits wrapping of CSS, HTML, and JavaScript code relying
upon the platform of the device. It extends the options of markup language and JavaScript to figure with the device. The
ensuing applications square measure hybrid, that means that they're neither really native mobile application (because all
layout rendering is finished via internet views rather than the platform's native UI framework) nor strictly internet -based
(because they're not simply Web apps, however square measure prepackaged as apps for distribution and have access to
native device APIs). combination native and hybrid code snippets has been attainable since version one.9.
Ionic Mobile App Framework
Ionic could be a complete ASCII text file SDK for hybrid mobile app development created by grievous bodily harm kill,
mount discoverer and Adam Bradley of Drifty Co. in 2013. the first version was discharged in 2013 and designed on prime
of AngularJS and Apache Cordova. The newer releases, referred to as Ionic three or just "Ionic", square measure designed
on Angular. Ionic provides tools and services for developing hybrid mobile apps exploitation internet technologies like CSS,
HTML5, and Sass. Apps will be designed with these internet technologies then distributed through native app stores to be
put in on devices by investment Cordova.
AngularJS
AngularJS could be a terribly powerful JavaScript Framework. it's utilized in SPA (Single Page Application) comes. It
extends markup language DOM with extra attributes and makes it additional conscious of user actions. AngularJS is totally
free, open supply, and employed by thousands of developers round the world. it's authorized below the Apache license
version a pair of.0
© 2020 JETIR February 2020, Volume 7, Issue 2 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)
JETIR2002330 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 811
Google Reverse geocoding API
In our Project we have a tendency to use the Google reverse geocoding API (Application programming interface) services.
Geocoding is that the method of changing addresses (like "Post workplace Rd, Sinhgad Road, Pune, geographical area
411009, Asian nation ") into geographic coordinates (like latitude nineteen.8882361 and meridian seventy - five.3302264),
that you'll be able to use to put markers on a map, or position the map. Reverse geocoding is that the method of changing
meridian and latitude into a human-readable address. The Google Maps Geocoding API's reverse geocoding service
additionally allows you to notice the address for a given place ID. The Google Maps Geocoding API provides an immediate
thanks to access these services via associate degree HTTP request.
Apache Cordova plugins
As of version three.0, Cordova implements device-level genus APIs as plugins. This plugins will be accustomed access the
native feature of the mobile during which the appliance is put in, they will access all the options like camera, geolocation,
measuring device etc. we've got used the camera plugins in our paper for accessing the camera of the mobile for tak ing the
image that square measure used for capturing the pictures
Hybrid Approaches:
In order to compensate the period of time update and at identical time being cost efficient, we've got determined to use the
dynamic update triggering to the server. In alternative words, the user are in a section of circle with an outlined radius and
therefore the system can only send associate update to the server, ought to the user moves additional than the outlined
distance. For this reason, to realize quality and widespread usage, our projected framework is developed in an exceedingly
balanced approach and provides the power to facilitate real-time update in an exceedingly cost-efficient method.
III Result and Discussion:
Reliability, accessibility and availableness of the projected framework may be achieved through thought of 3 elements.
A. Accuracy of GPS coordinates
In general, the GPS system used works fine in open areas and even in sure semi -opened places. solely on few occasions do
the information haven't been able to be sent to the server. Through several testing, the result shows that there ar some losses
where the server doesn't receive any notifications, or a null data are received. There are some exceptional situations wherever
the GPS system provides a giant deviation in giving the particular user’s location. knowledge like that might be identified
about its accuracy with the utilization of info within the server. As a database is offered to store historical knowledge of the
user’s locations, we are able to decide that coordinate is feasible and so exclude any immaterial and unacceptable location
Fig. 3: Client-side flowchart in server updating (HajjLocator: A Hajj Pilgrimage Tracking Framework
in Crowded Ubiquitous Environment)
© 2020 JETIR February 2020, Volume 7, Issue 2 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)
JETIR2002330 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 812
which may be received. estimation, the clear-bordered path drawn in map is that the actual route of the testing, whereas the
solid black pathway is that the route drawn from the GPS coordinates sent to the server.
B. Credible technique of Updates Through the testing, the 3 forms of chase technique, which is that the user request, time-
based and distance-based tracking, get a detailed examination. Via the user request update, user can send their coordinates
solely with their consent. On-demand updates will significantly facilitate individuals in desperate situations to alert
others concerning their whereabouts. By that, other people will then apprehend spot-on wherever that person is and solely
when it's required. On the opposite hand, whereas this feature is one of the foremost economical cost -cutting strategies, it
ought to solely be used at the side of different change strategies associate degreed used as an addon function, instead of
substitution them. Affordable price.Thereis large distinction in price, mistreatment 2 completely different types of
connections, that ar the GPRS and SMS. GPRS offer reliable and economical cost -cutting whereas SMS may be the
alternative association ought to there's no GPRS property available, like in tunnels and remote areas.
IV Conclusion & Future Scope:
In this paper, we have a tendency to analyzed the leverage of D2D communication using the fog or edge nodes sitting
between the mobile shoppers and the remote cloud. Since pilgrim's journey brings along voluminous pilgrims, in addition
to town residents and guests, maintaining time period communication with a really great deal of transmission payloads is a
difficult issue, that we have a tendency to tried to handle with the state -of-the art edge computing paradigm. the sting nodes
ar simulated employing a smartphone node for this experiment. we have a tendency to hope to deploy some mounted node
design with a lot of powerful nodes within the coming back days.
For future enhancements, except simulations, additional testing in world eventualities in Makkah is required to check the
prototype and to feature many options like geolocation, geofence, SOS button, etc int o the applying within the good phone.
we tend to additionally have to be compelled to take under consideration the old by developing special hardware (not a
electronic device or Mobile phone), with pre-installed emergency numbers and also the SOS button
V References:
[1] Md. Abdur Rahman, Akhlaq Ahmad, “HajjCPS - A Cyber Physical Environment for Providing Location-Aware Services to a
Very Large Crowd”, ACM/IEEE 7th International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (ICCPS), Vienna, Austria, 11-14 April
2016.
[2] Md. Abdur Rahman, “Next Generation Hajj: A smart City Perspective”, MMCloudCity - 2016 IEEE International Conference
on Multimedia and Expo (ICME 2016), July 11 to July 15, Seattle, USA
[3] Bilal Sadiq, Faizan Ur Rehman, Akhlaq Ahmad, Abdullah Murad, Ahmad Lbath, Md. Abdur Rahman, and Sohaib Ghani, "A
Spatiotemporal Multimedia Big Data Framework for a Large Crowd", Big Data for sustainable development Workshop in IEEE
Big Data 2015, IEEE International Conference on Big Data October 29-November1,2015, Santa Clara, CA, USA (Best Presentation
Award).
[4] M. S. Hossain, M. Zaman, G. Muhammad, A. Ghoneim, and Atif Alamri, “Big Data-Driven Services Composition using Parallel
Clustered Particle Swarm Optimization in Mobile Environment” IEEE Trans. Service Computing, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 806 – 817,
Sep/October2016
[5] M. A Rahman, and M. Shamim Hossain, “Location-Based Mobile Crowdsensing Framework Supporting a Massive Ad-Hoc
Social Network Environment,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 55, no.3, March 2017.
[6] Bilal Ahmed, Faizan Ur Rehman, Ahmed Lbath, Abdullah Murad, Md. Abdur Rahman, and Saleh Basalamah "Crowdsourced
Multimedia Enhanced Spatio-temporal Constraint Based on-Demand Social Network for Group Mobility", ACM International
Conference on Multimedia (ACM Multimedia 2015), 26 - 30 October 2015, Brisbane,
Australia
[7]Hajj and Umrah Statistics- Hajj. Internet: http://hajinformation.com/main/l.htm, [Accessed: February 27, 2010]
[8]HTC-Products–HTC-Touch-Diamond2–Specification-Internet:
http://www.htc.com/www/product/touchdiamond2/specification. html, [Accessed: April 3, 2010]
[9] Mobily - Saudi Arabia’s leading mobile operator. Internet: http://bit.ly/9PL2xf, [Accessed: April 6, 2010]
[10]Raising-Number-of-Missing-Pilgrims-in-Makkah.
Internet:http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=1§ion=0&article=87894&d=9&m=10&y=2006&pix=kingdom.jpg&category=K
ingdom,October 9, 2006 [Accessed: March 30. 2010]