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Chapter 2Challenges for Managers
1. Describe the factors that affect organizations competing in the global economy.
2. Explain how cultural differences form the basis of work-related attitudes.
3. Describe the challenges and positive influences diversity brings to today’s business environment.
4. Discuss the role of ethics, character, and personal integrity in the organization.
5. Explain five issues that pose ethical dilemmas for managers.
6. Describe the effects of technological advances on today’s workforce.
Lea
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Four Challenges
Globalization
Diversity
Ethics
Technology
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Learning OutcomeLearning Outcome
Describe the factors that affect organizations competing in the global economy.
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Changing Business Perspectives
From International (which implies an individual’s or organization’s held nationality is strongly in consciousness)
To Globalization (which implies the world is freefrom national boundaries andthat it is really a borderless world)
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Changing Business Perspectives
From Multinational Organizations (in which the organization was recognized as doing business with other countries)
To Transnational Organizations (in which the global viewpoint supersedes national issues)
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GLOBAL MARKETPLACE
• Opening of Chinese market
• Creation of the European Union
• Establishment of NAFTA
CH
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Understanding Cultural Differences
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HOFSTEDE’S DIMENSIONS
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Learning OutcomeLearning Outcome
Explain how cultural differences form
the basis of work-related attitudes.
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Where the U.S. Stands
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ON HOFSTEDE’S DIMENSIONS
INDIVIDUALISM
High power distance
High uncertainty avoidance
MASCULINITY
Long-term orientation
Collectivism
Low power distance
LOW UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE
Femininity
SHORT-TERMM ORIENTATION
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Developing Cross-Cultural Sensitivity
• Cultural sensitivity training• Cross-cultural task forces/teams• Global view of human resource
functions• Planning• Recruitment and Selection• Compensation• Training and Development
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Learning OutcomeLearning Outcome
Describe the challenges and positive influences diversity brings to today’s business environment.
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Diversityall forms of individual differences,
including culture, gender, age,
ability, personality, religion,
personality, social
status, and sexual orientation
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Diversity Statistics for the Workplace
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Ethnic
2020 Workforce: 68% white non-Hispanic 14% Hispanic
11% African-American 5% Asian
Gender2020 Workforce: 50% male 50% female
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& OBSTACLES AT WORK• Comprise over 46% of the workforce• Earn 49% of all doctorates• Earn 60% of master’s degrees• Earn 58% of undergraduate degrees
BUT• Little increase in number of women CEOs.• Earn 81% of what male counterparts do. • Encounter the glass ceiling in the workplace
WO
MEN
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Diversity Statistics Affecting the Workplace
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Age
By 2030, people over 65 will comprise 20% of the population.
Ability
An estimated 50 million disabled live in the U.S.; their unemployment rate exceeds 50%.
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Diversity’s Benefits & Problems
BENEFITS PROBLEMS
• Resistance to change• Lack of cohesiveness• Communication problems• Interpersonal conflicts• Slower decision making
• Attracts and retains the best talent• Improves marketing efforts• Promotes creativity and innovation• Results in better problem solving• Enhances organizational flexibility
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Learning OutcomeLearning Outcome
Discuss the role of ethics, character, and personal integrity in the organization.
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[Consequential Theory]
an ethical theory that emphasizes the consequences or results of behavior
Ethical Theories
[Rule-Based Theory] an ethical theory that emphasizes the character of the actitself rather than its effects
[Character Theory] an ethical theory that emphasizes the character of the individual and the intent of the actor instead of the character of the act itself or its consequences
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Learning OutcomeLearning Outcome
Explain five issues that pose ethical dilemmas for managers.
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Employee Rights Issues
Technology and privacy
HIV/AIDS
Confidentiality
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Sexual Harassment = Unwanted Sexual Attention
• Gender Harassment – crude comments; behaviors that convey hostility toward a particular gender
• Unwanted Sexual Attention – unwanted touching, unwanted pressure for dates
• Sexual Coercion – demands for sexual favors through job-related threats or promises
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Organizational JusticeDistributive Justice – fairness of the outcomes that individuals receive in an organization
Procedural Justice –fairness of the process
by which the outcomes are allocated in an organization
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Individual and Organizational Responsibility
Whistle-Blower – an employee who informs authorities of wrongdoing by his or her company or coworkers– Public Hero or Vile Wretch?
Social Responsibility – the obligation of an organization to behave ethically in its social environment
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The Four Way Test
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Learning OutcomeLearning Outcome
Describe the effects of technological advances on today’s workforce.
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Technological Innovation
Examples Internet Expert System Robotics
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Technology
The intellectual and mechanical processes used by an organization to transform inputs into products or services that meet organizational goals.
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Alternative Work Arrangements
Telecommuting
Satellite offices
Virtual offices
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Alternative Work Arrangements
[Employees] • Gain flexibility• Save the commute to work• Enjoy the comforts of home
[But, they ]• Have distractions• Lack socialization opportunities• Lack interaction with supervisors• Identify less with the organization
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Technological Change Requires Managers To:
• Develop technical competence to gain workers’ respect
• Focus on helping workers manage the stress of their work
• Take advantage of the wealth of information available to motivate, coach, and counsel—not to control
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Help Employees Adjust by:
• Involving them in decision making regarding technological change
• Selecting technology that increases workers’ skill requirements
• Providing effective training• Establishing support groups• Encouraging reinvention (creative
application of new technology)
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Lost in Translation
1. While watching this sequence, pretend you have arrived in Tokyo, and you are experiencing what you are seeing. Do you understand everything you see?
2. Is Charlotte bewildered by her experiences? Is she experiencing some culture shock?
3. What aspects of Japanese culture appear in this sequence? What do you see as important values of Japanese culture? Review the Chapter 2 section, "Cultural Differences," to gain some insights about these questions.
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Theo Chocolate
1. What practices at Theo Chocolate illustrate the concept of social responsibility?
2. What does Vice President Debra Music mean when she says that Theo is a “triple bottom line” company? What happens if Theo’s social objectives conflict with the organization’s economic objectives?
3. What does fair trade mean to the leaders at Theo, and how does this relate to workers’ rights and organizational justice?
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