Download - © 2007 Aims and ObjectivesStructures Structural Framework 1.1.1a Child and Youth Services in Germany
© 2007
Aims and ObjectivesStructures Structural Framework
1.1.1a
Child and Youth Services in Germany
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Structural Framework Society
© 20071.1.1 E
The family as a communityof adults (parents) and children …
is subject of changing processes
Tendencies
changing values.
is highly appreciated - also by young people
is a focal point of life for children
two-generations-family
fewer children / one-child-family
differentiation of ways of life in the family
is under the special protection of the state.
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Structural Framework Society
© 20071.1.2 E
Children today ...
are (normally) planned for and wanted,
do not have siblings as often (are only children) and have fewer relatives,
spend more time in educational institutions,
are subject to the influence of many medias,
live more often in conglomerations (city childhood),
have rights for example to ... :
- protection against economic and sexual exploitation.
- parental care,
- equality of opportunity,
- health,
- education,
- play and leisure time,
- freedom of opinion,
- information and legal hearing,
- an upbringing without violence,
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Structural Framework Society
© 2007
1.1.1a
1.1.3 E
Demographical development (I)
Population figures in Germany as at 31.12.2004 (in Millions):
5,8
2,8
3,8
4,4
6,5
Children under 6 years
Children aged between 6 and 13
Young People aged between 14 and 18
Young people aged between 18 and 20
Young adults aged between 21 and 27
Overall 28 percent of the population was under 27 years by an entire population of 82.5 Millions.
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Structural Framework Society
© 20071.1.8 E
Young people live in a push-and-pull situation of …
favorable development conditions and intensified competition,
commercialised leisure time and self organisation,
Integration/emancipation and exclusion,
Tradition and modern life.
Important for young people: ... less important:
- religion.
- financial security,
- good job/interesting work,
- partnership,
- family and children,
- living together with others in harmony,
- achieving something in life.
- political activity,
- belief,
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Structural Framework Society
© 2007
40%
42%
52%
58%
71%
70%
68%
35%
33%
61%
1.1.9 E
Most frequently fears of young people (aged between 12 and 25 years) 2006
Bad economic situation, poverty
Loss of job, no employment/no training place
Terrorist attacks
Environmental pollution
Dangerous illness (cancer, AIDS)
War in Europe
Xenophobia in Germany
Threat/violence
Immigration to Germany
Stealing Source: 15. Shell-Studie 2006
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Structural Framework Society
© 20071.1.10 E
School (education) is to …
prepare transition to vocational training and the job situation,
compensate for social disadvantages (equal opportunities),
make social problems transparent and provide skills to take action.
promote social skills,
assess achievement,
impart knowledge,
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Structural Framework Society
© 20071.1.11 E
Number of pupils in Germany according to school types 2004(figures given in millions):
43,2% 24,3%
11% 21,5 %
Primary school: 3,15
Grammar school: 2,40
Former secondarymodern school: 1,35
Basic secondaryschool: 1,19
Integrated compre-hensive school: 0,61
Grammar 43,2%
Former sec. 24,3%
Basic sec. 21,5%
Integrated 11%
Pupils attending secondary schools (in %):
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Structural Framework Society
© 20071.1.16 E
Intensification of social problems
Demographic development
Increase in crises in young peoples lives
Increase in demands and overwhelming situations in families
Increase in unemployment, also among young people
Reduction in social support for families
Growing doubts about the ability of the political system to solve problems
Therefore:
Participation of young people and the further development of democracy will gain central significance in overcoming social problems and crises.
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Structural Framework The State
© 20071.2.1 E
The Federal Republic of Germany is a state based on the rule of law
The principle of the legislation being bound by the constitutional order
The principle of the executive and judiciary being bound by law and justice
The fundamental principles shaping the state based on the rule of law are:
Legislative (legislation): Parliament
Executive (executive power): Government/Administration
Judiciary (administraton of justice): Justice
Against unlawful acts of the administration, the citizens enjoy protection by independent courts.
The principle of separation of powers:
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Structural Framework The State
© 20071.2.2 E
"Social state" can be used as a normative or descriptive term.
Basic Law, Article 20, Paragraph 1: : >> The Federal Republic of Germany is a democratic and social federal state. <<
Used as a normative term, social state is meant as a state based on social justice how it should be: :
Basic Law, Article 28, Paragraph 1: >> The constitutional order in the Länder must conform to the principles of a republican, democratic and social state governed by the rule of law, within the meaning of this Basic Law... <<
Used as a deskriptive term, social state characterises the structure and the extent of measures and schemes run by the state to achieve greater social justice (social security and social balance). Fundamental elements of the social state are the social policy and the social security benefits which are provided by it.
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Structural Framework The State
© 20071.2.3 E
Democracy
Basic Law, Article 20, Paragraph 1: >> The Federal Republic of Germany is a democratic and social federal state. <<
Democracy as form of government of the Federal Republic of Germany
Basic Law, Article 21, Paragraph 1: >> All state authority is derived from the people. It shall be exercised by the people through elections and other votes and through specific legislative, executive, and judicial bodies. <<
Basic Law, Article 21, Paragraph 1: >> Political parties shall participate in the formation of the political will of the people. They may be freely established. Their internal organisation must conform to democratic principles... <<
Democracy as pluralism of parties
Democracy as a question of self-determination, participation and the power of decision-making of the citizens (the right of participation in decision-making, codetermination, community action groups)
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Structural Framework The State
© 20071.2.4 E
Federal structure (I)
Article 30 Basic Law>> Except as otherwise provided or permitted by this Basic Law, the
exercise of state powers and the discharge of state functions is a matter
for the Länder. <<
The Federal Republic of Germany is a federal state consisting of 16 so-called Länder, each of which is a state in itself.
Article 31 Basic Law>> Federal law shall take precedence over Land law. <<
With the European integration process, topics and regulations of the European Union are gaining ever more significance.
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Structural Framework The State
© 20071.2.5 E
Federal structure (II)
Saxony-Anhalt
Schleswig-Holstein
Lower Saxony
North Rhine-Westfalia
Rhineland-Palatinate
Saarland
Baden-Wurttemberg
Mecklenburg-Western Pommerania
Brandenburg
Saxony
Bavaria
Hamburg
Bremen
Berlin
Thuringia
Hessen
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Structural Framework The State
© 20071.2.6 E
Local self-government
In order to perform the functions of local self-government in towns and districts there must be a council representing the citizens‘ interests. This is established on the basis of general, direct, free, equal and secret elections where citizens from other EU countries are entitled to vote as well.
There are four types of functions discharged in local administration:
Powers exercised in the local bodies‘ own right:
1. voluntary responsibilities(e. g. theatre, sports centres …)
2. statutory functions of self-government (e. g. youth services, social assistance benefit …)
Powers transferred to the local bodies:
3. functions discharged as directed(e. g. fire brigade, housing benefit)
4. functions exercised on behalf of the State(e. g. national elections, population census ...)
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Structural Framework The State
© 2007
Public finance
1.2.7 E
The Federation’s public revenue is mainly derived from Federal taxes and the share of joint taxes allocated to the Federation. Gemeinschaftssteuern.
The Länder (states) obtain their revenue mainly from Land taxes and portions of joint taxes going to the Länder, from the Financial Equalization Scheme aiming to mitigate financial disparities between the Länder, and from Federal ‚complemental grants.
The communities derive their funds mainly from community taxes, the community share of the wages and income tax as well as the trade tax, and from allocations made by the respective Land.
Public revenue in 2005 in million €: The most important sources of revenue are the two major joint taxes.In 2005 they made up 62 % of the overall tax revenue.
Wages/income tax: 163,4 Mrd. € Turnover tax: 139,7 Mrd. €
Federation Federal States
Communities
151,060 €235,301 €250,043 €
Structures Institutions
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The Federation, the Länder and the local authorities in childand youth services (I)
Federation: Child and Youth Services Act (German abbreviation KJHG); incentives to and financial support for youth services involving several Länder; Federal Advisory Board on Youth Problems; Child and Youth Report of the Federal Government every four years.
The Länder give financial support to the organisations and bodies responsible for child and youth services, aimed at the further development and balanced expansion of provision. They assist the local youth service bodies by providing counselling and advanced training.
Towns and districts set up a youth office: Responsibility for, planning and funding of local youth services under local self-government.
Structures Institutions
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Federation Länder Towns and districts
Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth
16 Youth ministries of the Länder (Federal states)Youth offices of the Länder
Youth offices in every district and town (administrative district in their own right)
SGB VIII Child and Youth Act
Carrying-out laws to SGB VIII
Mid-range child and youth plans
Authority
Basics
Nationwide stimulation and furthering
Stimulation, furthering, further development of of non-statutory and statutory youth servies
Responsibility for planning and funding of local youth services under local self-government
Instruments
Child and youth plan of the Federation (KJP)
Child and youth report
Child and youth plans of the LänderChild and youth reports of the Länder
Funding of local and regional institutions and offerings of non-statutory and statutory bodies
Funding and reports
2.1.1.2 E
The Federation, the Länder and the local authorities in child and youth services(II)
Structures Institutions
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Bodies of the non-statutory youth work and youth services
Child and youth services are mainly provided by non-statutory, non-profit making bodies and organisations:
Federation Länder Towns and districts
Federal Youth Council (Bundesjugendring)
Standing conferences of youth organisations at the Land level
Standing conferences of youth organisations
Youth organisations at the Federal level
Youth organisations at the Land level
Local youth organisations and groups
Associations of Voluntary Social Welfare Services(Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft der freien Wohlfahrtspflege)
Land-level working parties of welfare organisations
Working parties of the welfare organisations operating atthe local level (towns and districts)
Central associations of organisations engaged in voluntary welfare work and associations of other organisations
Central associations of organisations engaged in voluntary welfare work and associations of other organisations
Welfare organisationsReligious communitiesOther associations andbodiesGroup initiatives
Structures Institutions
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2.1.4
at federal level
Statutory child and youth services
at municipality / district level
Statutory child and youth services
at federal level
Voluntary child and youth services
at federal state level
Voluntary child and youth services
at municipality / district level
Structure of child and youth services in the Federal Republic of Germany
at federal state level
Statutory child and youth services
Voluntary child and youth services
Structures Institutions
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German National Comitee forInternational Youth Work
GermanFederalYouth
Council
GermanSportsYouth(GSY)
Councilof Political
Youth Organi-sations (CPYO)
Welfareorgani-sations
Voluntary child and youth services at federal level
Other centralorganisationsandinstitutionse.g. AGJ, AdB, BKJ,DJH, DJI, IJAB
Statutory bodies
Fed
eral
sta
te l
evel
Key: Direct connection within the given sphere of activities Delegates sent to decision-making bodies Nomination
Structures Institutions
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Statutory bodies
2.1.3.3 E
RegionalYouthCouncils
Federalstate SportsAssociationsof the GSY
Federal state Committee of the CPYO
Welfare associationsat federalstatelevel
Voluntary child and youth services at federal state level
Other associatons at the federal state level
Fed
eral
sta
teM
un
icip
alit
y /
dis
tric
t le
vel
Key: Direct connection within the given sphere of activity
Delegates sent to decision-making bodies Nomination
Structures Institutions
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Town- or districtYouth Councils
Localsportsassociations
Town or districtcommitteeof theCPYO
Local welfare organisations
Voluntary child and youth services at municipality or district level
Otherlocal organisations
Statutory bodies
Fed
eral
sta
te l
evel
Key: Direct connection within the given sphere of activity
Delegates sent to decision-making bodies Nomination
Structures Institutions
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Statutory child and youth service at federal level
German Bundestag
Federal Government
Bundesrat (Federal Council)
Bundestag Committee for Family, Senior
Citizens, Women and Youth
Commission for Children of theGerman Bundestag
Federal Ministry for Family,
Senior Citizens, Women and Youth
Working Party of the Supreme
Youth Departments of
the federal states
Local authorities at federal level
Federal AdvisoryCommittee onYouth Issues
Voluntary bodies
Fed
eral state land
Key: Direct connection within the given sphere of activity Delegates sent to decision-making bodies Nomination
Structures Institutions
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Association of the Local Authorities at federal state level
Youth Office of the federal state
SupremeYouth Department of the federal state
Federal state Youth Services Committee
Federal state parliament, House of Representatives orCitizenry
Federal state Government or Senate
Statutory child and youth services at federal state level
Voluntary bodies
Fed
eral stateM
un
icip
ality / district Key:
Direct connection within the given sphere of activity Delegates sent to decision-making bodies Nomination
Structures Institutions
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Town-, district-,municipal-administration
Town- or district-Youth Services Committee
Town-/district-/municipal council
Towndistrictmunicipality
Town- ordistrict Youth Office
Statutory child and youth services at municipality or district level
Fed
eral state level
Voluntary bodies
Key: Direct connection within the given sphere of activity Delegates sent to decision-making bodies Nomination
Structures Institutions
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Organisation of the youth office at the local level
The youth office
Youth Services Committee (JHA) Administration
The Youth Services Committee deals with all matters of child and youth services an, in particular, with: advice given to young people
an families with problems suggestions and proposals for the
development of child and youth services youth service planning
funding of and public support for the voluntary sector .
Ongoing administrative functions performed in accordance with the statutes of and the resolutions passed by the local council and by the Youth Services Committee.
Composition of the Youth Services Committee:2/5 of the members are representatives of youth organisations, welfare organisations, religious communities, associations3/5 of the members are representatives of the local council.
Structures Institutions
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Organisation of the youth office at the local level
The Youth Office
Principal youth officer
central guidance
planning
appraisal/ controlling
organisation
staff
finance
public relation
Administration
socio-educational provision for children with problems
adoptions
social worker support in juvenile and family court proceedings
guardianship exercised by the local authority /curatorship
Social services
advice centre
informal education centre for the young
residental centre
Centralestablishments
funding and running of establishments
youth work
youth work and socio-educational provision for young people
family support
Generalsupport
funding and running of establishments
child minding
specialist counselling
Day care forchildren
Youth Services Committee
Structures Procedures / Organisation
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Cooperation between the statutory and the voluntary sector
Precedence of the voluntary youth services (Principle of subsidiarity)Where the voluntary youth services can discharge suitable functions the
statutory sector shall refrain from activities of its own.
Funding for and furtherance of the voluntary sectorThe statutory youth services must subsidize and further the voluntary sector.
Basic principleStatutory and voluntary youth services shall cooperate on a basis of partnership.
Overall responsibility of the statutory sectorThe statutory sector, i.e. the youth office, has the overall responsiblity for
child and youth services.
Structures Procedures / Organisation
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Participation (Youth services plan)
Principle:
Parents and young people are citizens and entitled to benefits.
They have rights of participation.
Professional workers in child and youth services are obliged to give them a share.
Structures Procedures / Organisation
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Right to have a say in decision-making for those who are granted specific provision
Right of choice (§ 5 KJHG) = right to choose among the establishments and services of different bodies and organisations
Involvement of children and young persons (§ 8 KJHG) = right of information, counselling and co-determination in accordance with stage ofdevelopment
General principles of education and upbringen, equal rights for girls and boys (§ 9 KJHG) = right of consideration of gender-specific, social and cultural peculiarities
Participation in youth work (§ 11 KJHG) = right to co-organise and co-determine is the basis of youth work
Participation in child care establishments (§ 22 KJHG) = right of involvement in all major decisions running the day care establishment
Participation in granting educational/upbringing support (§ 36 KJHG) = right to joint development to set up a help plan, on which needs, type and extent of provision is based
Structures Procedures / Organisation
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Gender Mainstreaming
aims …
was …
should …
... to take the differing living conditions and interests of men and women into account from the very beginning and on a regular basis in all social projects and decisions.
... conceived within the context of development co-operation and made obligatory for the actions of the federal government by the United Nations and the European Union.
... not replace equality policy but rather make it more general, concrete and more effective.
Structures Funding
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Expenditure for youth service provision in 2004
Overall expenditure in 2004 20,7 billion Euro = 3 percent of social security benefits
Expenditure in billion Euro:
10,9
18,6 19,220,7
1991 1994 2001 2004
Structure of the expenditure (%):
57,3 % Day care for children 28,2 % Socio-educational provision for children
with problems, provision for young adults
8,1 % Youth work, protection of young persons in public, socio-educational provision for young people
0,4 % General furtherance of education and up-bringing by the family
5,0 % other provision
57,3%
0,4%5,0%
8,1%
28,2%
Structures Funding
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61 percent of the statutory funds made available for child and youth services are provided by the local authorities (towns, communities and districts)
3,5%
61,0%
35,5% Youth offices anddistrict-affiliated communities without a youth office of their town
Land Youth offices andyouth authorities of the Land government
Supreme Federal Authority
Funding sources
Structures Funding
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Child and Youth Plan of the Federation
Support goals and programmes:
Political education
Cultural education
Youth and sport
Social education
Youth social work
Equality of girls and boys, work with girls and boys
Young people with disabilities
Assistence for young people and families
Assistence for children
Improvement in dealing with media
Youth organisation work
Child and youth services provided by voluntary social service agencies
Further training
New ways of child and youth services, evaluation, innovation
International youth work
International study programmes for specialised staff engaged in child and youth services and in social work
Integration of young people with a migrant background
Construction, acquisitions, equipment and maintenance of child and youth service facilities
Development and opportunities for young people in socially deprived areas
Other support measures
Protection of children and young people
Structures Funding
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Child and Youth Plan of the Federation
Support procedures:
Direct procedure For recipients of institutional supportApplication to be forwarded directly to BMFSFJ
Central providers procedureApplication via federal working parties of voluntary service agencies
Federal states procedureApplication via the highest youth authorities of the federal states
Types of support:
Project support
Institutional support
Structures Personal in Youth Service
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Fields of work of the professionals in child and youth services
10,4%
89,6%
Men Women
Proportion of the professionals by sex 2002 (in %):
Socio-educational provision for children with problems 14%
Youth work/socio-educational provision for young people 9%
Youth offices/Youth offices by the Länder 6%
Other 5 %
Day care provision66%
Structures Personal in Youth Service
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Social commitment by citizens – voluntary work
Voluntary social work: more than 600,000 people
in practical areas of activity: Work in youth organisations, activities for young people, mainly in the form of leasure time provision, care activities, guardianship/custodianship,
in organisations: Clubs, self-help groups, Boards, expert political committees.
Family commitment: approximately 60.000 foster parents
in substitute families
in all areas of family care
Social services by young people: approximately 13,000 persons on compulsory, non-military national service and approximately 1,750 young people doing a voluntary year of social work.
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Tasks and Objectives Mission and Claim
3.1.1 E
§ 1 KJHG (Child and Youth Services Act)
(1) Every young person has a right to assistance in his or her development and to an appropriate upbringing so that he or she can be a responsible member of society.
(2) Care, upbringing and education of children are the natural right of parents and their primary duty. The public community watches over the fulfilment of that duty.
(3) For the realisation of this right, child and youth services shall
1. further young persons in their individual and social development and help to avoid or remove disadvantages,
2. give educational counsel and assistance to parents and other persons having parental powers,
3. protect children and young persons from harm to their welfare,
4. help maintain or create positive living conditions and a favourable environment for children, young people and their families.
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Tasks and Objectives Mission and Claim
3.1.2 E
Tasks of child and youth services §§ 11-60 KJHG (Child and Youth Services Act)
Provisions §§ 11-41 KJHG:
Other tasks (§§ 42-60 KJHG):e.g. provision of shelter and protectionparticipation in decision-making in guardianship, family and youth courts
§§ 11 – 15
Youth workSocio-educational provision for young people Socio-educational child and youth protection
International youthwork
Support for youth organisations
§§ 16 – 21
Furtherance of education and upbringing within the family
family education family advice family holiday schemes
separation and divorce consultation
§§ 22 – 26
Support of children in day care establishments and day care
crêche (Krippe) Kindergarten day care centre self-organised group
§§ 27 – 41
Socio-educational provision for children with problems Integration assistence for children and young persons with emotional disabilities Help for young adults non-residential socio-educational provision foster family residental care
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Tasks and Objectives Support and Advancement
3.2.1 E
Youth work
Youth work offers should
Youth work is offered by youth associations and other statutory and voluntary bodies responsible for youth services.
youth work in sports, games and social activities,
youth work in connection with the working world, school and family,
be linked to the interests of young people,
be co-organised and determined by young people,
motivate young people to be socially responsible and encourage them to be socially committed.
out-of-school informal education for young people,
international youth work, holiday schemes for children and
young people, counselling services for young
people.
empower young people for self-determination,
… is in addition to family, school and vocational education a socialisation and educative area in itself.
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Tasks and Objectives Support and Advancement
3.2.2 E
Socio-educational provision for young people
to integrate into school and vocational/professional education,
to integrate into the world of work
to integrate into social life.
Socio-educational provision is a bridge to help with the transfer from school to working life:
in workshops
in adisory offices in training projects
in residental homes for young people
in projects for integration of young people with a migration background.
... is an aid to integration for young people :
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Tasks and Objectives Support and Advancement
3.2.3 E
Socio-educational child and youth protection
Socio-educational child and youth protection is a preventive service provided by the child and youth services for children, young people and for parents which is there to
enable young people to protect themselves against dangerous influences, empower them to constructive criticism, the ability to make decisions, take responsibility for their actions as well as be responsible towards others,
improve the ability of parents and others responsible for educating and bringing up children (kindergarten teachers, school teachers) to protect children and young people from dangerous influences.
Socio-educational child and youth protection is done, for example by:
working with parents (in kindergartens),
in family education courses,
family planning,
youth work or
via general informational campaigns (on AIDs, drugs etc.).
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Tasks and Objectives Support and Advancement
3.2.6 E
Promotion of education and upbringing within the familiy
Education and upbringing within the family are faced with growing demands,challenges and sometimes risks in modern society.
Families/parents need a wide range of advisory services, support and relief tosucceed in bringing up and educating their children.
The task of child and youth services is to strengthen parents‘ responsibility forcare and upbringing/education of their children by:
advice in matters of upbringing and education
family leisure time and holiday schemes
family education
support for single parents
advice in matters of partnership, separation, divorce.
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Tasks and Objectives Support and Advancement
3.2.7 E
Tasks of day care establishments for children
Day care establishments for childrenaim to …
Main tasks of day care
CareEnsuring children are supervisedand provided for during the day
Social educationCommunications of norms and values as well as social skills
EducationCommunication of skills and abilities
support of parents
support of children