proceedingsedge.rit.edu/content/p15484/public/final documents/p15484... · web viewkate gleason...

Multidisciplinary Senior Design ConferenceKate Gleason College of Engineering

Rochester Institute of TechnologyRochester, New York 14623

Project Number: P15484

SOLAR ASSISTED ESSENTIAL OIL DISTILLER

Johnathon WheatonIndustrial & Systems Engineering

Bruno Moraes QuintavaMechanical Engineering

Benjamin WolfeMechanical Engineering

Peter CouttsMechanical Engineering

Nathan JohnsonMechanical Engineering

ABSTRACT

Through the utilization of available resources such as sunlight and gravity, the objective of this project is to distill profitable “essential oils” from abundant vegetation in Borgne, Haiti. “Essential oils” are naturally existing oils contained within plants such as Vetiver, which are often used to create soaps and perfumes. There is a relatively large market for these oils in the United States and therefore these oils have been identified as a potential source of income to the currently lacking Haitian economy. The scope of the project is to provide a means of economic growth for the Haitians through the use of sustainable, renewable energy sources. The project involves harnessing a source of readily available energy, such as sunlight, and to use that energy source to greatly diminish the need of any other energy sources, such as propane or electricity, throughout the distillation process. By tracking the position of the sun in the sky and concentrating its energy about a focal point, steam can be generated to power the distillation process. This steam is used to collect the essential oil so that it can be condensed, separated and sold. Overall, the experimental results of the system matched the theoretical models very well. 43.8% of the energy required for the distillation process was received solely from solar energy in Rochester. Roughly 60% of the total energy required is predicted to come from solar energy if the system is used in Haiti. Approximately 85% of all water vaporized was condensed and collected; the remaining 15% was lost due to a malfunction of the gasket in the plant matter container. The tracking mechanism was tested, and able to track the position of the sun in ideal conditions, but due to a broken seal its accuracy could not be attained. Lastly, the distillation process was tested with basil leaves and was unable to extract oil.

INTRODUCTION

Farmers of the Confederation of Peasant Gwoupman Borgne (KGPB) in Borgne, Haiti are largely self-sufficient but lack additional ways to make a profit from their agricultural products [11]. Money is desperately needed in this area of northern Haiti in order to increase the quality of life through the funding of children’s education, medications, and clinic visits. Natural resources are limited in Haiti as most of the land has encountered heavy deforestation, abuse, and overuse. It was clear that the farmers from the KGPB needed a new source of income that did not depend solely on crops they would normally consume or sell and minimally depended on non-renewable resources which are rapidly depleting [8].

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Proceedings of the Multidisciplinary Senior Design Conference

Essential oils have been identified as an opportunistic agricultural commodity that could be produced and exported for sale in the United States. The oils have a high profit to volume ratio and if the product is exported to the US for sale, the farmers in Haiti open a brand new market and can increase the local economy of Borgne. Haiti’s sunny climate and proximity to the equator provides an excellent source of solar energy which can be utilized in the distillation process of extracting essential oils. The goal of this project was to create a working home-scale prototype of a solar-powered essential oil distiller which serves proof-of-concept that the extraction of oils in Haiti is a feasible and possible concept.

Essential oils are extracted by passing steam over plant material, condensing the by-product, and separating the oil from the water mixture. The suns energy can be used to produce the steam needed for oil extraction. This free and abundant energy source is a clear leader for replacing the many non-sustainable fuel sources that are currently being used in Haiti such as; charcoal, diesel, and wood [8].

This project mainly focuses on extracting oils from the vetiver plant. Vetiver is a tall grass with deep, thin roots that can be found throughout the tropical region. This sun-loving grass is often found alongside river beds growing in clumps with blades that can reach as high as 5 feet and roots which can dig down several feet [7]. The distillation of vetiver oil is most widespread in Haiti where the roots are hand dug up after 15-18 months of growth [3]. Traditionally, the roots have been dried and used for weaving baskets or thatched roofs [3]. However, one of the most important uses of vetiver is to combat erosion by strategically planting it along hillsides or riverbeds that risk falling in. This is mainly because of the length and strength of the root system which can hold in the dirt easily. Vetiver was selected as the plant of choice because the roots of the plant would be the hardest and densest of the available plants to distill oils from. In essence, vetiver is our “worst-case scenario” of essential oil extraction. In addition, the economic prospect of vetiver oil is high, as one ounce of vetiver oil can be worth as much as thirty US dollars [10]. Other plants in Haiti that can have essential oils extracted include, basil, lemongrass, mint and eucalyptus. By encouraging the distillation of vetiver, farmers of the KGPB will hopefully plant more of this environmentally beneficial crop. As long as the plant is farmed in an organized and sustainable fashion, there are clearly many benefits from the plant.

Essential oils are found in many different perfumes, colognes, soaps, and other fragrant commodities. The aromatherapy uses of vetiver oil are believed to deodorize, rehydrate skin and clear it of acne as well as reduce stretch marks and relieve the mind of tension and stress [3]. The leading producer and exporter of vetiver oil in the world is a company called Caribbean Flavors and Fragrances located in Port-au-Prince, Haiti [9]. It is estimated that 30,000 Haitians grow and harvest the crop but very little economic revenue is given back to the Haitian farmers from the company [8,9]. This project aims to bring the profit directly to the farmers by putting the distillation process in their own hands and intend to open new market opportunities with natural food stores in the United States that sell several varieties of essential oil products.

There are several constraints inherent with a project positioned in the developing nation of Haiti. Materials, tools, skilled labor, energy sources, and transportation available in Borgne, Haiti are five major constraints this project has dealt with and they have all been major driving factors to the selection of the finalized designs.

PROCESS

Customer RequirementsSarah Brownell, our customer for this project, specified requirements oriented toward a proof-of-concept prototype that was capable of producing vetiver oil at a rate and quality comparable to industry values in a safe manner. Engineering requirements are mapped directly to the customer requirements. Some additional engineering requirements were included to test for and demonstrate the shortcomings to a finished product in order to assist future teams. For example, the number of power tools required to repair the system was included in the tests for this project to provide a benchmark for the next iteration of the design.

Distillation Process RequirementsAs specified in the customer requirements, the system is required to be assisted by solar power, meaning that some but not all of the power used by the system should come from the sun. The energy required to boil the appropriate amount of water for the distillation process was calculated to provide specifications for heating systems. Vetiver root requires 2Kg of water, approximately 0.12 gallons, to be boiled per hour for each pound of root being distilled [1, 2].

Project P15484

Proceedings of the Multi-Disciplinary Senior Design Conference

Vetiver is typically distilled over 15-24 hours [3]. Performing the distillation process in one day would require at least 800W, too high for systems within the team’s budget. The team chose to instruct the distillation process to be performed over 2 days with an estimated effective daylight period of 6 hours which is an acceptable practice [4]. Any remaining water will be boiled with a methane burner.

Evaluation of Solar CollectorsThe team evaluated many different forms of solar collectors that would be used to convert solar energy into heat, the primary use of power in an essential oil distiller. Using a set of criteria including cost, manufacturability, durability, and time required to design and build, the team evaluated 9 different solar collectors that would be used to provide energy to boil water. Photovoltaic panels were found to be the best option based on the team’s criteria with a parabolic solar trough as a close second. However, the customer requested that the team pursue a parabolic solar trough design instead. The customer cited the following as reasons to pursue a parabolic solar trough design over photovoltaic panels: greater design challenge for the team, the misuse of photovoltaic panels in Haiti (Haitians would rather charge their phones with the panels than produce essential oils), and a learning opportunity for less conventional solar collecting. A parabolic solar trough focuses solar rays onto a linear pipe at the center of the trough, at the focal axis of the parabola. The linear pipe, referred to as the receiver, holds water that will be boiled by the heat collected from the concentrated sunlight.

Solar Trough DesignThe aperture area of the trough was calculated based on the energy required to boil 0.12 gallons of water per hour (see Distillation Process Requirements) and the solar insolation in Haiti (conservatively 800W/m2 [5]) and found to be 1.6m2. The construction design of the parabolic trough came from benchmarked solar troughs, considering ease of assembly, cost, and machinability given the limited resources at RIT. The original plywood design was changed to a metal frame design after speaking to subject matter experts in the machine shop who could provide lower cost and lighter weight parts to build the trough. Adjustments to account for miscalculations or machining inaccuracies were included such as the slots in the trough wall allowing the receiver location to be adjusted to the true focal point. Corrosion was also considered by painting steel parts and avoiding contact between dissimilar metals.

An evaluation showed that an inaccurate tracker could cause solar rays to miss the receiver, resulting in lost solar power. A solution to mitigate the effect of an inaccurate tracker is to use a larger diameter receiver which would capture a larger area around the focal point of the parabola. However, using a larger diameter receiver would mean less concentration of solar energy and greater heat losses due to convection. The team evaluated the tradeoff between a larger diameter receiver to capture more rays and the heat losses due to convection. An AMPL (mathematical modeling language) program was written to optimize the shape of the parabola for each combination of the following parameters: trough length of 1 or 2 meters and tracking inaccuracy of 1, 5, or 10 degrees. The team then had a set of potential designs and the power each is capable of to decide which to pursue based on team consensus. The team chose the parabolic shape optimized for a 2m trough, 5 degree tracking inaccuracy based on confidence in tracking capabilities and heat losses due to convection.

Solar Tracking SystemThe solar trough system needs to track the sun in order for the trough to receive enough solar energy during the course of a day. The automation of the tracking mechanism was also identified as a necessary aspect of this project in order to cut down on manual operation for the KGPB farmers. Due to the constraints in Haiti such as; materials, skilled labor, technical labor, and weather to name a few, we carefully selected the designs for a passive solar tracking system from an open source project called the SolarFlower [6]. This project focuses on using mostly basic, recycled materials. One of the main draws to this tracking mechanism was that it did not use any


Figure 1: Solar Trough

Figure 2: Solar Tracker


source of electricity to power the tracker. Any electrical systems were avoided due to potential problems with the outdoor setting the system would be used in and the availability of people to fix it in Haiti if it broke.

The SolarFlower tracking mechanism contains three main subsystems; the gearing, wheel, and box collector) in conjunction with a frame that supports the parabolic solar trough. The gearing is made of a cut up section of a bicycle which mounts to the end of the solar trough. The gearing acts as the bearing for which the trough rotates around to face the sun. The box collector is a secondary solar trough that is 20 degrees offset from the main solar trough so that when the sun moves off the focus of the main trough, the focus moves on the box collector which heats up an airtight system of ethanol until it boils. The vaporization of ethanol creates pressure in the sealed system, forcing a stream of ethanol onto the wheel and then it sucks the ethanol back up into the box collector to be boiled again. The wheel is an assembly of three cut soda cans which fill up with ethanol and cause a shaft to rotate. This shaft from the wheel is directly connected to a spring worm gear which meshes with the bike sprocket on the gearing. The worm gear causes the sprocket to turn, thereby rotating the main solar trough to rotate back into the suns focus.

Some design changes were made to the SolarFlower project including an upgrade from using recycled bike bearing hubs to a steel shaft with industry grade bearings. A significant increase in friction reduction was evident immediately after this change was made.

Plant Matter Container and Drip Feed Systems

The drip feed is essentially the user input to the system. By regulating the input flow of water to the system, the output flow of steam is controlled. Therefore, the design of this subsystem was heavily dependent on flow rate regulation. The condenser is the source of water for the drip feed subsystem, and the flow rate of the drip feed is driven by the pressure due to the height of the condenser’s water. Due to the large amount of water in the condenser, only a small fraction of water is lost to the drip feed in relation to its total water. This relatively low change in water level relates to a very small drop off in flow rate throughout the day, which should ideally be kept constant for an 8 hour period. As the condenser condenses water, it also receives energy due to the state change of the steam/oil mixture, causing it to heat up. As the condenser is the source of water input into the entire system, the pre-heating of the water raises the efficiency of the system by recycling useful energy.

As well as regulating flow, the plant matter container is what houses the materials for the distillation process. A stand created from flat aluminum bent at 90 degrees supports a mesh grid which rests in the center of the plant matter container. This stand was specifically created to hold more than 272 cubic inches of plant matter. This number is a derivation of the volume proportionate to one pound of plant matter, which was taken as the minimum weight where proof-of-concept could be achieved. The mesh grid allows steam to pass through the plant matter so that oil can be extracted. The steam/oil mixture then exits through the lid of the plant matter container in order to travel to the condenser. Ideally, the distillation process should not allow for the build-up of pressure, but when vaporizing a liquid in an enclosed container, it is always a possibility. As a safety measure, the plant matter container has two pressure relief valves in order to compensate for any pressure build up which occurs within.

Project P15484

Figure 3: Plant Matter Container


Figure 5: Flow Rate v. Water Level

Through a series of calculations, a relationship between the ratio of change in water level to total height of the water in the system, and the ratio of the change in flow to the overall flow of the system was established. Using this calculation, the placement and size of the condenser necessary to maintain flow could be found. Using numbers within reason for the size of the system, the change in flow rate could be mitigated to 7.5% over the course of an 8 hour period. At the start of the day, this flow rate would be set 3.75% above the necessary flow rate and end 3.75% below the necessary flow rate. While it is ideal to have a 0% drop in flow rate, this is a small enough difference that the overall system would not be affected.

CondenserPercent of steam condensed and having no contaminating materials contacting steam are the driving force for the condenser design and operating conditions. Having a high percentage of condensation is important for total oil yield, because any steam that escapes the system without condensing is a direct loss of profits. The second relevant engineering requirement has to do with the quality of the oil. Any corrosive or chemically reactive materials could negatively affect the quality of the extracted essential oils. Therefore, corrosive resistant materials such as stainless steel, silicone tubing, and PTFE plastic were used at all points downstream of the boiling chamber.

With no reliable source of electricity in Haiti, the condenser has to operate without the use of cooling pumps or fans. A passive condenser was made using a stainless steel tube suspended in a cold water reservoir. The water reservoir provides greater heat transfer than a tube suspended in air, and therefore requires less total length. Since the condenser has to operate for an uninterrupted 9 hour period per day, the water reservoir had to be large enough to resist heating up significantly. Ultimately, 50ft of stainless steel tubing was coiled and placed into an 18 gallon container.

The most significant test involving the condenser was the “percentage of steam condensed” test. To perform this test, a measured amount of water has added to the plant matter container and boiled with a controlled heat source for the full 9 hour operation. 84% of the total water added was recovered from the condenser outlet after 9 hours, with no observable losses of steam from the condenser outlet. The steam losses were entirely due to steam leakage out of several ports in the boiling chamber, due to a failed seal in some cases and in other cases due to unexpected operation procedures.

Collector and SeparatorThe collector and separator subsystem is the final step in the process. This subsystem is responsible for removing the essential oils from the floral water that was just condensed. Since the essential oils are less dense than the floral water, they will naturally float to the surface. This principle is the main driving force of the separator design. When the condensing process is complete, the oils will float to the


Figure 7: Collector / Separator

Figure 6: Condenser

Figure 4: Predicted Changes in Flow Rate due to Change in Water Height


surface, and then a valve will be opened at the bottom of the container to allow the bulk of the floral water to be removed from the essential oils. Then the remaining water oil mixture will be drained into a smaller container. Due to the very small amount of oil expected per day, there will have to be a secondary process to extract the oils from the surface of the floral water when it has been transported to a smaller container. This final extraction of oil will be done with a small pipette, moving the pure oil into a container that will be sold for profit.

Methane Burner SystemBurning methane produced by sustainable means such as by a bio-digester will be used to supplement the power provided by the solar trough. Standard methane burner systems consist of a burner, gas tank, and connecting hose. The team chose to select and off-the-shelf system to save engineering and fabrication time. The power required to boil 0.12 gallons of water per hour (see Distillation Process Requirements) was used as a lower BTU specification limit for the system. An upper limit on the BTU specification had to be set in order to avoid melting the plant matter container.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Each subsystem was tested against pertinent system engineering requirements. The results of select tests are reported below.

Solar Trough Test ResultsWith manual tracking, the solar trough raised the temperature of 3 liters of water from ambient temperature (16 °C) to100°C in approximately 30 minutes on April 26, 2015 in Rochester, NY. The trough is capable of sustaining an average of 188W of power over the course of 6 hours with an efficiency of 22%. A 9 hour basil distillation process (a process comparable to vetiver distillation) was run with an electric hot plate to measure the total power required by the system. The prototype system requires an average of 456W to run a distillation process, and loses 293W, or 36% of the total power, to the environment. This means that the trough is capable of producing 43.8% of the systems energy. The remaining power will be supplemented by a methane burner.

Solar Tracker ResultsThe solar tracker mechanism has proved to have the ability to rotate the trough the necessary 120 degrees to track the sun over the course of one day. The torque provided by the ethanol in the wheel of cans provides enough force to turn the worm gear and consequently the trough. However, the tracker does have much room for improvement with accuracy and consistency.

Although we have not yet obtained data for the accuracy of the tracker to align the trough to the sun, we speculate that it will not be very accurate. This is mainly due to the lack of time we have had to optimize the tracker and test our changes. With more time we could adjust the tracker’s offset to the trough to ensure the trough faces the right angle. We also did not get around to testing the tracker for an entire day’s worth of sunlight. Time and weather have been very restrictive factors with the solar tracking mechanism. Rochester’s spring weather made it difficult to actively build and test the tracking mechanism rather than Haiti where the sun is more plentiful and consistent. Leaks in the sealed system were also another issue that hindered the solar trackers sustained operation.

Condenser ResultsUltimately, the condenser was able to successfully condense 84% of the water that was added to the boiling chamber over a 9 hour operation. From observation during testing, it was determined that steam was escaping from various leaks in the boiling chamber lid due to a failed seal. Below is a chart comparing how much water has been collected from the condenser over the length of a continuous nine hour test, compared with the expected results.

Project P15484


0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

Volume of Condensed Water

TheoreticalActual

Time (hours)Vol

um

e of

wat

er c

olle

cted

(m

L)

Figure 8: Condenser Test Results

Collector and Separator ResultsThe primary drainage method recovered 80% of the added oil but that oil was accompanied with water. A secondary extraction method was introduced to remove the oil via a 5mL pipette without any accompanying water. The pipette method removed 95% of the remaining oil with no observable amount of water.

Drip Feed Flow Rate Results

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 60

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

Flow Rate Initialization Test-ing

Experimental DataIdeal Flow Rate

Trial Number

Flow

Rat

e [m

L/s]

Figure 9: Drip Feed Flow Rate Calibration

1 2 3 4 5

-0.08

-0.06

-0.04

-0.02

0

%Flow Rate Compared to Δ Δ%Volume

% Condenser VolumeΔ% Flow RateΔ

Trial Number

Per

cen

tΔ

Figure 10: Drip Feed Flow Rate Change

It is shown in figure 4, that the test results regarding the flow rate from the drip feed conclusively followed the theoretical model which was initially achieved to a significant extent. It took 6 trials to set the flow rate at the ideal initial conditions, after the initial six trials, a ratio of the change in flow rate to initial flow rate was compared to the ratio of change in condenser volume to initial condesner volume. This ratio came out to be better than the system model with one trial containing seemingly bad data. These results can most likely be attributed to friction inside of the needle valve which was unaccounted for to make a “safer” model.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Future RecommendationsThe SolarFlower tracking mechanism worked relatively well with the changes we made to the system and definitely best fit the feasibility of the project. However, the build process was labor intensive. The large build time was



largely due to the materials we had available. For instance, our bike parts were different from the SolarFlower’s bike parts. Therefore, we attempted to adapt many of our designs to fit the parts we had available but we ended up changing designs altogether to improve friction reduction and reliability. The SolarFlower tracker should have been analyzed more critically early on and design changes should have been made up front. This would have saved many hours of struggle, troubleshooting, and rebuild. To make the solar tracker better, brackets could be made sturdier, actual bearing housings should hold the bearings in place, and the box collector could be optimized to catch the sun more accurately when the sun is off focus of the main collector. To help the longevity and ease of use of the project, wheels on the trough frame could help make transportation easier and reduce shaking of the system which broke some of our components. Different chemicals should be trialed for tracker fuel effectiveness, particularly focusing on the chemical available in Haiti. An engineering model could be made to show the solar energy required for a given chemical and then compared to the amount of liquid required to turn the wheel. All connections and containers should be completely sealed using purchased parts meant for sealing. Seals should not be made using temporary fixes such as epoxy. A worm-gear could also be used in place of a spring which would reduce friction and increase reliability. The ampl program written for the solar trough could be adapted for the box collector to optimize its parabolic shape.

There are a number of adjustments that could be made and tested on the trough. First, if the tracker is found to be accurate enough, the size of the copper pipe could be reduced to increase concentricity of the sun’s energy. An evacuated tube could be used instead of a copper pipe to reduce convection, which is a significant source of efficiency loss. Lighter materials could be used to construct the trough so long as they are durable enough to with stand weather and transportation. Additional measures could be made to weatherproof the trough such as creating a cover for to protect during poor climate weather. A pawl and ratchet system on the tracker could be used to prevent gusts of wind from bringing the trough out of focus. Lastly, alternative reflective materials such as polished metals or mirrors should be investigated due to the short life span of Mylar.

A method should be established to better adhere the Mylar sheets to the lithographic plates with as few wrinkles or bubbles as possible. Alternative paints for the copper receiver should be analyzed to choose a better coating to receive more sunlight than the flat black spray paint used for cost purposes. The wooden frame for the trough and receiver should be redesigned to allow easy adjustment to the angle of the trough. The current design only allows one set angle. A durable transparent polymer panel with low reflectivity could be used to cover the top of the trough. This would prevent convection within the trough and protect the Mylar reflective surface from the elements. Wheels could be mounted to the bottom of the wooden trough frame for easier transportation. Lastly, the tracker-end trough wall should be redesigned to provide mounting points for the box collector of the tracker.

In regards to the plant matter container, there are a few improvements that can be implemented. While all of the seals which were created by the team had no issues, the gasket on the lid of the plant matter container wore out, a more durable gasket should be purchased, or a new method of sealing the lid of the container should be researched. The mesh grid stand which holds the plant matter together should be welded together for durability, the epoxy which held the mesh grid together is not strong enough to withstand the high temperatures within the container. The drip feed flow control should ideally be eliminated completely. The plant matter within the chamber should be researched and a water vapor calculation should be performed to optimize the amount/quality of the oil which is extracted from the plant.

ScalabilityHaitians could use many of these systems to produce more oil at a higher rate but it would be more economical to scale this current design to a larger system. A scaled up version would shorten the set-up and clean-up time, use solar energy more efficiently, and produce essential oils in greater volumes.

A larger plant matter container could hold more volume of Vetiver while a larger condenser could condenser greater volumes of steam. Many solar troughs could be connected in series with pivot joints, perhaps all connected to one solar tracker, to provide larger amounts of energy to distiller larger amounts of Vetiver. Alternatively, more troughs could be connected to the plant matter container in parallel to collectively produce more steam. This option would allow the system to run even if one trough/tracker malfunctioned. Operating with larger scale plant matter containers would make the system more efficient, as less percent of the heat would be lost to convection.

Cost Reduction

Project P15484


It is clear that one major aspect of the system is the utilization of low cost items. It is typical when designing a prototype to over-engineer aspects of the prototype, and then reduce costs once functionality has been proven. Due to the monetary restrictions on this project, a low cost, proof-of-concept prototype was designed. In future iterations, time should be spent more on improving component functionality than reducing cost. The trough could be made out of cut plastic sheets fit together rather than a welded steel frame. Structural analyses should be performed to use the least amount of material necessary. Alternative materials besides copper should be evaluated for the receiver.

Application in HaitiAlthough our project is a proof of concept, the size of the project is intended for single-family, home-scale use. However, the hope is that in the next steps of the project, the distillation process can be further refined, optimized, and scaled up in terms of production volume. Materials could also be changed to reduce both weight and cost now that we know the concept of distilling oils is feasible with this general design. To scale up the volume output of distilled oils, our team believes that the best method would be to have multiple solar trough collectors working in parallel to produce more steam. The condenser would also need to be bigger to accommodate for the larger amount of heat entering the system. Alternatively, multiple distillers could be built and run in parallel, but this solution would cost the most amount of money. Another possibility is scaling up the size of each sub system. It may be best to gather feedback from the Haitian KGPB farmers themselves to see what they would prefer or what they would change to make the system better.

REFERENCES

[1] Dewi, P., S. Berutu, R. Rahardianto, and H. Abdurrachim. "STUDY OF THE UTILIZATION OF FLUID FROM A CONDENSATE POT FOR ESSENTIAL OIL EXTRACTION." Diss. Bandung Institute of Technology, 2012. New Zealand Geothermal Workshop (2012): n. pag. Print.

[2] Tutuarima, Tuti. "Process Design of Vetiver Oil Distillation by Increased Pressure and Gradual Steam Flow Rate." Diss. Bogor Agricultural U, 2012. N.p., 18 July 2012. Web. 26 Oct. 2014. <http://fateta.ipb.ac.id/~tin/images/stories/jurnal/TESIS,%20POSTER%20PENELITIAN/Tuti%20Tutuarima%20F351060031/Abstract.pdf>.

[3] Lavania, U. C. "Other Uses, and Utilization of Vetiver: Vetiver Oil." (n.d.): 486-91. The Vetiver Network International. Web. 15 Sept. 2014. <http://www.vetiver.com/ICV3-Proceedings/IND_vetoil.pdf>.

[4] Martin, Nan. "Essential Oils, Everything You Want and Need to Know."Experience Essential Oils. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 May 2015.

[5] "National Solar Radiation Database: 1991- 2005 Update: TMY3." National Renewable Energy Laboratory. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/nsrdb/1991-2005/tmy3/>.

[6] Connell, Daniel. "SolarFlower." SolarFlower.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 May 2015.

[7] Coutts, Peter. "Peter Coutts' Haiti Trip Experience." Personal interview.

[8] Brownell, Sarah. “Customer Interiew #1.” Personal interview. 8 August 2014.

[9] Ehringfeld, Klaus. "Haitis Mann Für Den Herben Duft." WAZ. N.p., 19 June 2013. Web. 06 May 2015. <http://www.derwesten.de/panorama/haitis-mann-fuer-den-herben-duft-aimp-id8086807.html>.

[10] "Haitian Vetiver Oil." Texarome Cedarwood and Essential Oils. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 May 2015. <http://www.texarome.com/products/haitian_vetiver_oil.htm>.

[11] Brownell, Sarah. P15484. Project Readiness Package. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.


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