documentation (report form)

7/29/2019 Documentation (Report FORM)

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GERMAN-MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE Page 1

1LEMONGRASS LOTION PROCESSING PLANT

VERIFICATION OF PROJECT SUPERVISOR

We hereby declare that this project paper has been read and we have the opinion that the

project is appropriate in terms of scope coverage and quality for awarding industrial Diploma

Electronics.

Signature : Name Supervisor : Mr. Fazli bin Mohamad

Date : .

Signature :

Name of Head of Section : Mr.Jasmi bin Mohd Saat

Date : .


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, our group would like to take this opportunity to those who were involved in all

stage especially to all Technical Training Officers (TTOs) who had given their full support,

guidance and help since the first day we stepped here, in German-Malaysian Institute to gain

this precious knowledge and practical skills. Without them, our project wouldnt have

successfully done.

To our supervisor, Mr. Fazli who gives his all in helping us in this project, we would like

to say a lot of thank you who had provided us a neat, consistent and filly pledge throughout the

entire project. Not to be forgotten, Our Head of Section of Process Instrumentation and Control,

Mr. Jasmi bin Saat who provided us a better idea and guide us in this project. An appreciation

goes to the technicians as well for giving the full commitment to help us when we are having

issues regarding to the instruments.

Last but not least, a million thanks to our family who are being supportive and willing to

help in financial aspect.


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Table of Contents

Contents

VERIFICATION OF PROJECT SUPERVISOR .......................................................................... 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................ 2

List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ 6

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 7

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND ............................................................................................. 7

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT ..................................................................................................... 8

1.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVE ........................................................................................................ 8

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW AND PROJECT DESCRIPTION ..................................... 9

2.1 PROJECT SPECIFICATION ........................................................................................... 9

2.2 PROJECT FEATURES .......................................................................................................11

2.2.1 Electrical Features ....................................................................................................11

2.2.2 Instrument / control Features ....................................................................................12

2.2.3 Physical Features .....................................................................................................13

2.3 Safety Features ...................................................................................................................14

2.3.1 Electrical Safety ........................................................................................................14

2.3.2 Mechanical Safety ....................................................................................................14

2.3.3 Plant Safety ......................................................................................................................17

2.4 Principle of Operation ..........................................................................................................17

2.4.1 Piping and Instrumentation Diagram .........................................................................17

2.4.2 Machine Layout ........................................................................................................18

2.5 Electrical Wiring Diagram ....................................................................................................23

2.5.1 Control Circuit ...........................................................................................................23

2.5.2 Control Circuit 240VAC ............................................................................................24

2.5.3 Main Circuit ..............................................................................................................24

2.5.4 Programmable Logic Control (PLC) ..........................................................................252.5.4 PLC Wiring Diagram .................................................................................................26

2.6 CONTROL STRATEGIES / THE SIGNAL FLOW DIAGRAM...............................................27


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Chapter 33.1 Feasibility Studies ...............................................................................................................30

3.1.1 Result of Interview ...............................................................................................30

3.1.2 Process Parameter and Instrumentations .................................................................30

3.1.3 Experiment of Making Lemongrass Lotion manually .................................................31

3.2 Secondary Sources .............................................................................................................33

3.3 Project Schedule .................................................................................................................37

3.3.1 Gantt Chart ...............................................................................................................37

3.4 Safety ..................................................................................................................................37

Chapter 44.1 Process Plan .......................................................................................................................38

4.1.1 Block Diagram ..........................................................................................................38

4.1.2 Flow Chart ................................................................................................................39

4.1.3 Machine Sequences .................................................................................................40

4.2 Quality Plan .........................................................................................................................40

4.2.1 Quality Checking ......................................................................................................40

4.3 SAFETY .........................................................................................................................41

4.4 Standard Operating Procedure............................................................................................46

4.5 Project Schedule .................................................................................................................47

4.5.1 Task Content ............................................................................................................47

4.5.2 Task Sequence ........................................................................................................49

4.5.3 Group Member Task Distribution ..............................................................................51

4.5.4 Time Allocation .........................................................................................................51

4.6 Instrumentation, Equipment and Engineering Cost ..............................................................52

4.61 Electrical Cost ...................................................................................................................52

4.6.2 Mechanical Components ..................................................................................................53

4.6.3 Instruments Components .................................................................................................54


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CHAPTER 5 ..............................................................................................................................55

FINDING AND ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................55

5.1 Result and Finding ..............................................................................................................55

5.1.1 Procedure .................................................................................................................55

5.1.2 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................57

5.1.3 Calculation of Tuning Method (CHR) Without Overshoot .......................................58

5.2 Checklist Test for All Electrical Equipment ..........................................................................60

5.3 Problem Encountered and Countermeasure .......................................................................61

5.4 Recommendation ................................................................................................................62

CHAPTER 6 ..............................................................................................................................63Conclusion ................................................................................................................................63


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List of Tables

Table 2.1: Properties of Essential Oil ........................................................................................36

List of Figures

Figure 2.2.1: Warning................................................................................................................15

Figure 2.2.2: Caution.................................................................................................................15

Figure 2.2.3: Danger High Electricity .........................................................................................15

Figure 2.2.4: Danger Hot Surface..............................................................................................16

Figure 2.2.5: Danger Corrosive .................................................................................................16

Figure 2.3.1: Piping and Instrument Diagram............................................................................. 14

Figure 2.3.2: Illustration of Assembly Drawing...........................................................................19

Figure 2.3.3: Illustration of Front View .......................................................................................20

Figure 2.3.4: Illustration of Side View ........................................................................................21

Figure 2.3.5: Illustration of Top View .........................................................................................22

Figure 2.4.1: Wiring Diagram of Control Circuit .........................................................................23

Figure 2.4.2: Wiring Diagram for 24V Control Circuit ................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 2.4.3: Wiring Diagram of 240VAC Control Circuit ...........................................................24

Figure 2.4.4: Wiring Diagram of Main Circuit .............................................................................25

Figure 2.4.5: PLC Wiring Diagram.............................................................................................26

Figure 4.1.1: Block Diagram...29

Figure 4.1.2: Flow Chart Stage 1..30




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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND

. As part of the three years (6 semesters) training program conducted in German-Malaysian

Institute, students in 5th semester are required to do an industry based project related to their

specialization. After we did some researches, we made up our mind to create an industrial

based project that is Lemongrass Lotion Process Machine.

A lotion is a low- to medium-viscosity, topical preparation intended for application to

unbroken skin. By contrast, creams and gels have higher viscosity. Lotions are applied to

external skin with bare hands, a clean cloth, cotton wool or gauze. Many lotions, especially hand

lotions and body lotions are formulated not as a medicine delivery system, but simply to smooth,

re-hydrate, and soften the skin. These are particularly popular with the aging and aged

demographic groups, and in the case of face usage, can also be classified as a cosmetic in

many cases, and may contain fragrances.

Lemongrass is an herb with a mild citrus flavour. Its commonly used in Asian cuisine to

flavour soups, seafood, curries. According to Gourmet Sleuth, lemon grass works well when

combined with garlic and cilantro. It also can be used to brew tea. Lemon grass belongs to

citronella family, and can be planted in the garden to ward off insects, or used to make soaps

and candles.

So, to create another form of product, we came out with an idea to create lemongrass

lotion. It has value in clearing cellulite as well as toning the skin, opening blocked pores and

helping with acne. The antiseptic properties are useful in treating athletes foot and any other

fungal infections. People may have allergic reaction to lemongrass oil but mostly it is less

possibility of irritation or allergy when it is used in concentration lower than 3%. Lemongrass oil


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also becomes more benefit when it is combined with any other herbs such as tea tree, lavender,

jasmine and many more.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Lemongrasses have some benefits as a traditional medicines to cure fungal infections and

as insect repellent. Based on the researches, lemongrass are seldom used as lotion. Mostly, it

is available in essential oil. So we came out with an idea to produce a lotion which have

lemongrass essential oil in it. In our project, we had decided to make lemongrass lotion process

in a small plant.

1.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVE

In order to make our project is successfully done; the several objectives that we should

achieve have been finding out in our project. The objectives of our project are to achieve set

point of temperature which are 0c - 90c. In this range of temperature, the glycerine, emulsifying

wax, cocoa butter and essential oil can bind together into one solution as they have different

density.

Furthermore, we also have an objective to achieve the set point of pH value which are 5.4

5.6. This range of pH value has been stated that it is the most suitable pH value for human skin.

Last but not least, of course we want to be able to produce lemongrass lotion in semi-automated

plant.


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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW AND PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 PROJECT SPECIFICATION

We have 3 major processes which are mixing, heating and also neutralization. For

mixing, emulsifying wax, glycerine, cocoa butter and lemongrass essential oil were added into

mixing tank with agitator. The ratio of the materials is 1:2:2. During this process, the pH of the

mixture might be too acidic or too alkali which are not good to our skin.

Next process is heating to ensure that the mixture is completely dissolved so it will

create a smooth texture of lotion. This process occurs when the mixing process are on

progress. The suitable temperature for this process is 0C - 90C. The most important process

in this project is pH manipulation. This is to ensure that the mixture will not cause any irritation

to human skin. During this process, balancing and maintaining the pH value are needed. The

suitable value for human skin is pH 5.5. To complete all this process, we use Programmable

Logic Control to monitor and control the process. Behind is our project specifications.


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Project Title Lemongrass Lotion Processing Plant

Main Process To control the pH value of the lotion in the

mixing tank

Voltage Supply 24VDC, 240VAC, 415VAC

Type of Process Batch process

Operation Mode Automatic and manual

Inflow Emulsifying wax

Vegetables glycerine

Cocoa butter

Lemongrass essential oil

Outflow Lotion

Total Process Mixing

Heating

Neutralization

Piping Stainless steel

Sensor and Instrument RTD PT100

Temperature controller

pH analyzer

Other equipment Solenoid valve

Ball valve

Manual valve

PLC Siemens S700

Pump

Agitator motor

Clamp heater

Tank Raw material tank

Mixing tank

Product tank

Table 2.1: Project Specification


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2.2 PROJECT FEATURES

In order to complete the produce the product and process system, this project consists of

several major features that are very important. Few standard features are to be set when

implementing this project. Below are the features of some instruments that are being applied in

most process plants. There are 3 elements in project features which are:

1. Electrical

2. Instrument/ Control

3. Physical

2.2.1 Electrical Features

Type of voltage Features

AC Supply (1 phase and 3 Phase ) To supply voltage to the system and equipment

DC Supply (24V) To supply voltage to the system and equipment

Table 2.2.1: Electrical Features


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2.2.2 Instrument / control Features

Type of Instrument Features

Temperature Controller (TC)To control the temperature in mixing tank so that it canachieve the set point and activate the agitator

Ball Valve (BV)To execute the raw materials from the respectivetanks

Temperature Transmitter (TT)To transmit the temperature signal inside the mixing

tank

Agitator (AG)To stir the materials inside the mixing tank at desiredspeed

SCADA To monitor and control the process

Table 2.2.2: Instrument/control Features


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2.2.3 Physical Features

Type of Instrument Features

Emulsifying wax Tank To store the emulsifying wax

Cocoa butter and Glycerin Tank To store the cocoa butter and glycerin

Essential oil Tank To store the lemongrass essential oil

Mixing tank To heat and mix all the raw materials with agitator

Table 2.2.3: Physical Features


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2.3 Safety Features

Safety is the most important thing that should be considered in designing a system.

There is wide range of main safety available to meet with different applications and performance

aspects by different field.

2.3.1 Electrical Safety

In every process plant that operates, safety is important to avoid any accident or hazards from

occurring. For lemongrass lotion processing plant, the electrical safety has been installed to

avoid any accidents when the process occurs. The table below shows the safety precautions in

this plant;

Main supply protection Main Circuit Breaker (MCB)

Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB)

Grounding

Switching and indicator Emergency switch

ON-OFF push button

Safety and Faulty indicator and buzzerCurrent protection Fuse

Wiring and terminations Installation tapes

Plastic partition housing

Cable labelling

Table 2.3.1: Safety Precautions for Electrical

2.3.2 Mechanical Safety


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In this plant, there are few moving and hot object which need more attention for safety concern.

Injuries or fatal incidents could happen if these safety precautions are ignored. In this case, the

safety signs must be put at the piping and also tanks where people can easily see it.

Figure 2.3.1: Warning

Warning indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in

death or serious injury.

Figure 2.3.2: Caution

Caution indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, may result

minor or moderate injury. This category also includes potential equipment damage.

Figure 2.3.3: Danger High Electricity


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Danger electricity indicates a potentially dangerous voltage which, if not avoided, could

result in shocked or short circuit.

Figure 2.3.4: Danger Hot Surface

Caution (hot surface) indicates a hazard situation which, if not avoided, could become

serious injury or skin burned.

Figure 2.3.5: Danger Corrosive

All these signs we put on control panel, tanks and also the pipings to make sure people

will notice the safety sign.


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2.3.3 Plant Safety

This project is implementing a heating, mixing and neutralization process which involves hot

operating temperature which is at 60C. At this point of operating temperature, burned-skin

could happen if the operator did not carefully follow the plant safety operating procedure.

1. Please ensure all electrical cables are fully insulated

2. Please ensure that all hot surfaces are fully insulated

3. Please ensure hands are dried before operating electrical devices

4. Please obey all the hazard signs placed at hazardous area at plant

5. Please ensure that pressure supply to plant instruments is according to the instruments

specifications

6. Please use the emergency stop button at control panel in case of any breakdown while

operating plant

2.4 Principle of Operation

2.4.1 Piping and Instrumentation Diagram


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Figure 2.4.1: Illustration of Piping & Instrument Diagram

This is our Piping and Instrument Diagram. We used Microsoft Visio to sketch this diagram.

It takes about a month to complete this diagram since the approval of this diagram is not

lenient. Our P&ID diagram needs approval of our supervisor, Mr. Fazli bin Mohamad, Senior

Technical Training Officers, Head of Section PIC, Mr. Jasmi bin Saat.

2.4.2 Machine Layout

2.4.2.1 Assembly Layout


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Figure 2.4.2.1: Illustration of Assembly Drawing

Tower lamp

Control

panel

Dosing

pump

Alkali tank

Raw material

tanks

Motor

Mixingtank

Container


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2.4.2.2 Front View

Figure 2.4.2.2: Illustration of Front View


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2.4.2.3 Side View

Figure 2.4.2.3: Illustration of Side View


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2.4.2.4 Top View

Figure 2.4.2.5: Illustration of Top View


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2.5 Electrical Wiring Diagram

2.5.1 Control Circuit

K2 K3 BV1 BV2 BV3 DP BV OUT

1

A1

1 1 1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3 33

A1

A2 A2

HEATER

AGITATOR

BALLVALVE

1

BALLVALVE

2

BALLVALVE

3

DOSING

PUMP

BALLVALVE

OUT

MCB

6A

3

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7

240VAC

N

L

0VAC

Figure 2.5.1: Wiring Diagram of Control Circuit


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2.5.2 Control Circuit 240VAC

8

6

88 88 8 8 8 8 8 8 88 8

6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 55

GREEN

RED

GREEN

RED

GREEN

GREEN

RED

GREEN

RED

GREEN

GREEN

RED

RED

RED

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7

MCB

6A

240VAC

N

HEATER

ON

HEATER

OFF

BALLVALVE

1ON

AGITATOR

OFF

AGITATOR

ON

BALLVALVE

21OFF

BALLVALVE2

OFF

BALLVALVE

2ON

BVOUTON

DOSING

PUMPOFF

BVOUTOFF

BALLVALVE

3ON

DOSING

PUMPON

BALLVALVE

3OFF

Figure 2.5.2: Wiring Diagram of 240VAC Control Circuit

2.5.3 Main Circuit


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ELCB

K1

K1

PLC

POWER

SUPPLY

24VDC

TEMPERATURE

CONTROLLER

DOSING

PUMP

L N

G

PE

L N

G

24V 0

L N

G

G

NL

AC

REGULATOR

HEATER

K2

L N

NL

FREQUENCY

INVERTER

K3

L N

U

V

W

G

G

MCB 1

6A

EPB

START

STOP

K1 K1

RED

GREEN

MCB 2

6A

MCB 3

6A

MCB 4

6A

MCB 5

6A

MCB 8

6AMCB 6

20A

L1

N

43

44

31

32

RTD

+ -

Figure 2.5.3: Wiring Diagram of Main Circuit

2.5.4 Programmable Logic Control (PLC)


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Q4.0 Q4.1 Q4.2 Q4.3 Q4.4 Q4.6 Q4.7 Q5.0 Q5.1 Q5.2

I0.0 I0.1PIW

288

PIW

292

PLC S7

24VDC

0VDCBV 1

R1

BV 2 BV 3

R2 R3 R4 R5

DP BV OUT R Y G

S TA RT S TO P

R6

HT BUZZER

R7

AGI

Q5.3

TEMP.

CONTpH

CONT

Figure 2.5.3: PLC Wiring Diagram

2.5.4 PLC Wiring Diagram


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R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6

24VDC/PLC

HEATER

AGITATOR

BALLVALVE

2

BALLVALVE

3

DOSING

PUMP

BALLVALVE

10V

Q4.0

Q4.1

Q4.2

Q4.3

Q4.4

Q4.6

2

7

2

7

222 2

7777

R7

2

7

Q4.7

BALLVALVE

OUT

GREEN

YELLOW

RED

Q5.0

Q5.1

Q5.2

BUZZER

Q5.3

Figure 1.5.4: PLC Wiring Diagram

2.6 CONTROL STRATEGIES / THE SIGNAL FLOW DIAGRAM

For our project, we used continuous closed loop for heating and pH manipulation.


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Heating Process

Controller Temperature Controller(TZN4H Autonics)Range: -40 - 5c

Set Point 0c - 90c

Final Control Element (FCE) Clamp Heater

Process Heating

Sensor PT 100

Type of Control Continuous

pH Controller


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Controller pH Controller(Rosemount Analytical 1056)

Set Point 5.4-5.6

Final Control Element (FCE) Dosing pump

Process pH level

Sensor pH Transmitter

Type of Control Continuous

CHAPTER 3


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METHODOLOGY

3.1 Feasibility Studies

MARDI is the one of my main researches on making this project more successful. To get

more information from them, we conducted an interview with the Chief Unit for Essential Oil

Research of Mardi, Khalisanni Khalid ([email protected]). As a result for this interview, we

managed to find out the suitable essential oil and how to produce lotion includes the process

flow, temperature needed in the process, the ratios of raw material, and slightly help us about

the P&ID.

3.1.1 Result of Interview

From the result of the interview, Mr. Khalisanni, our respondent gives us two type of

essential oil as suggestion which is tea tree oil and lemongrass essential oil. But we

choose lemongrass essential oil because of its properties and less production of

lemongrass essential oil. We also have been provided with information on how to

produce the lotion. Mr. Khalisanni gives us the process sequence, suitable temperature

and also suitable pH value. He also gives the ratio of the raw material which is 1:2:2

represents, lemongrass, cocoa butter and glycerin and emulsifying wax respectively.

Besides, he give us an idea to design our Piping and Instrument Diagram (P&ID) with

our desired specifications.

3.1.2 Process Parameter and Instrumentations
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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After conducting the Market Research at MARDI, we had clasify the feasibility study in two type

which are process parameter and instrumentation. Table below shown the detailed of the

process parameter:

Process Parameter Instrumentation / Electrical

Heating

The temperature required in the

making of lemongrass lotion is

0 c - 90 c

The measuring element that we used to measure

temperature is PT 100 and the controller that

control the temperature is Temperature Controller

model TZN4H Autonics.

Apart from that, we are also use the close loop

which is PID control and tuning. The source for

heating that we used in our project is clamp

heater. The reasons we used clamp heater

compare than other sources because Only

involve a temperature range between 80C - 90C

Mixing

To blend the mixture and

produce a smooth texture for

lotion

The voltage supply for agitator is three phase and

the frequency used is 50Hz. The controller that

we use is Frequency Inverter to control the

speed. The control method use is PLC Sequence

Initiated.

Measuring pH of Lemongrass Lotion

The optimum pH to give a lotion in good

for human skin is between pH 5.4 5.6

The measuring element to measure the pH value

is pH sensor and the controller that we used to

control and set the value of pH is pH controller

model Rosemount Analytical 1056.

3.1.3 Experiment of Making Lemongrass Lotion manually


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We did the experiment of making lemongrass lotion in manually. The ingredients that we

prepare to make is according to ratio that we have mentioned earlier but in small scale. We did

this experiment at laboratory and all apparatus we use is thermometer, beaker, Bunsen burner

and stirrer.

The ingredients of making lemongrass lotion

During heating process


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During our experiment, firstly we mix all the raw materials and start heating process.

First temperature reading is 60c but the mixture is not completely dissolve. So we heat it

again until it reaches the desired concentration of lemongrass lotion. After 5c, then only

we achieve our desired mixture and pH value.

3.2 Secondary Sources

4 Most lotions are oil-in-water emulsions using a substance such as cetearyl alcohol to keep

the emulsion together, but water-in-oil lotions are also formulated. The key components of

a skin care lotion, cream or gel emulsion (that is mixtures of oil and water) are

the aqueous and oily phases, an emulgent to prevent separation of these two phases,

and, if used, the drug substance or substances.

5 A wide variety of other ingredients such as fragrances, glycerol, petroleum

jelly, dyes, preservatives, proteins and stabilizing agents are commonly added to lotions.

Lotions can be used for the delivery to the skin of medications such as antibiotics,

antiseptics, antifungal, corticosteroids, anti-acne agents, soothing, smoothing,

moisturizing or protective agents (such as calamine).

6 Studies had been done on how to the essential oil and the process of making lotion. We

have done some researches on internet. The health benefits of Lemongrass Essential Oil

can be attributed to its properties like analgesic, anti-depressant, anti-microbial, anti-

pyretic, anti-septic, astringent, bactericidal, carminative, deodorant, diuretic, febrifuge,

fungicidal, galactogogue, insecticidal, nervine, sedative and tonic.

7 One of the research state that to produce a smooth texture of lotion, we must add

emulsifying wax to bind together the mixture between the water and oil solution.

Furthermore, the addition of cocoa butter and vegetables glycerin are for moisturizing

skin.


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8 The ingredients for Emulsifying Wax NF are: Cetearyl Alcohol, Polysorbate 60, PEG-150

Stearate, and Steareth-20. It has the characteristics of cetyl alcohol combined with the

viscosity building effect of stearyl alcohol as an effective thickener and helps form stable

emulsions

9 The most common form of cocoa butter has a melting point of around 3438 C (93100

F), rendering chocolate a solid at room temperature that readily melts once inside

the mouth. Cocoa butter displays polymorphism, having , , ', and crystals, with

melting points of 17, 23, 26, and 3537 C respectively. The production of chocolate

typically uses only the crystal for its high melting point. A uniform crystal structure will

result in smooth texture, sheen, and snap.

10 Overheating cocoa butter converts the structure to a less stable form that melts below

room temperature. Given time, it will naturally return to the most stable crystal form. This

phenomenon is taken advantage of in the polymorphic transformation theory of chocolate

bloom. It is based on the fact that bloomed chocolates are always found to contain the

most stable polymorph of cocoa butter. According to this theory, bloom occurs through the

uncontrolled polymorphic transformation of cocoa butter from a less stable form to the

most stable form.

11 Vegetable glycerin is also known as vegetable glycerol. It is a carbohydrate that is usually

derived from plant oils. It is used as a sweetener and as an ingredient in a number of

cosmetic products. Vegetable glycerin is also used in place of alcohol to extract

botanicals.

12 Glycerin is an organic compound composed of three carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms, and

three OH groups. These OH groups form hydrogen bonds with water, slowing down its

movement and giving liquid glycerin the property of syrup. It is also resistant to freezing, a

property used in storing sensitive liquids, such as enzymes, in laboratory freezers.


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13 Vegetable glycerin is also used as a substitute for alcohol, in making botanical extracts.

The advantage of this is that people who do not want to be exposed to alcohol can still

have access to the botanical products. The disadvantage is that the resulting products

have a much shorter shelf life.

14 Its solubility in alcohol and water had led to great utility in the manufacturing of products.

Glycerin is used in a large number of cosmetic and household products, such as

toothpastes and shampoo. It is also a component of glycerin soap, which is often used by

people with sensitive skin. This soap acts as moisturizer to prevent the skin from drying

out. For this reason, glycerin lotion is also popular.

15 Thickness and consistency are key factors in lotions and creams, it is important to

understand the manufacturing process that determines viscosity.

16 Manufacturing lotions can be completed in two cycles which are, emollients and lubricants

are dispersed in oil with blending and thickening agents or perfume, color and

preservatives are dispersed in the water cycle.

17 Active ingredients are broken up in both cycles depending on the raw materials involved

and the desired properties of the lotion or cream.

18 The pH of a substance is measured on a scale of 0 to 14, with 0 being the most acidic and

14 being the most alkaline. 7 is neutral, the pH of pure water. Each number on the scale is

10 times as strong as the number preceding it. Normal adult skin is somewhat acidic,

having an approximate pH range of 4 to 6. This low pH is caused by carbon dioxide in the

air.


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19 Alkaline substances with a pH higher than 8 can be very irritating to the skin, as can acids

with pH levels of 3 or below. Exposing your skin to an alkaline substance can make it

more vulnerable to irritation and infection, including acne.

20 At pH or 9 to 11, it can remove your acid mantle and extract protective lipids from your

skin. If you have naturally dry skin or suffer from eczema, your skin has a more alkaline

pH, in which case these soaps can increase your levels of irritation. In fact, a 2002 study

published in the International Journal of Dermatology found that "most products

recommended for sensitive skin have a considerable irritation effect, which is related to

the pH of the product."

21 Careful note should be taken in choosing the right mixing equipment for lotion

manufacturing to avoid agglomerates and long processing times. It can make all the

difference in manufacturing time and costs. Conventional agitators can present a number

of problems including agglomerates and longer processing times. On the other hand, high

shear in-line mixers can produce quality lotions and creams without many of the

complications encountered with conventional mixers.

22 We also refer to our senior and interview them about the process should be more

concentrated on while running the process. Other than that, we also asked them about the

equipment required and material used and making project running smoothly.

23 From our survey, there are few reasons why we choose lemongrass as our essential oil.

Source Cost Access Storage Long lasting

Lemongrass RM29.90 Easy Easy Medium

Jasmine RM49.90 Hard Easy Long

Ylang Ylang RM49.90 Hard Easy Long

Table 1.1: Properties of Essential Oil


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3.3 Project Schedule

3.3.1 Gantt Chart

In our Gantt chart show the process planning from the beginning of the project till end of project.

We start with proposal stagein Semester 5 which is brainstorming, researches and proposal

project. For implementation stage which is in semester 6, we start to design our structures,

electrical wiring, PLC programming and many more as you can see in our Gantt chart in

Appendix A.

3.4 Safety

Safety is the state of being safe the condition of being protected against physical,

social, spiritual, financial, political, emotional, occupational, psychological, educational or other

types or consequences of failure, damage, error, accidents, harm, or any other event which

could be considered as non-desirable. This can take the form of being protected, from the event

or from exposure to something that causes health or economic losses. It can include protection

of people or profession.


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CHAPTER 4

PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 Process Plan

4.1.1 Block Diagram

Balancing the pH value

Cocoa butter, glycerin,

emulsifying wax ( rawmaterial)

Flow the product into the

output tank.

Heating processMixing process

Figure 4.1.1: Block Diagram

Figure above shows the block diagram. Firstly, all the raw materials were added into mixing tank

for mixing process. After that, heating process will take place which involve 60c of temperature.

Next, in order to achieve 5.5pH, manipulating is needed to ensure the mixture is not too acidic

or alkali. After all the set points achieve, the mixture will flow to product tank.


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4.1.2 Flow Chart

Figure above shows the stage 1 of our process. Firstly, the ball valve in respective tank

will open to flow the raw material into mixer. After all materials put into the tank, the mixer tank

will heat up the material until the temperature reach 85C by using clamp heater. After heating,

the agitator starts to blend the material to make sure the mixture blends well. The pH controller

will maintain the value of pH at 5.4 5.6. If the pH value achieves the set point then the agitator

and the heater will turn off. The mixture is now ready to flow into the product tank.


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4.1.3 Machine Sequences

Step 1: Adding the raw materials into raw material tanks

Emulsifying wax, cocoa butter, glycerin and essential oil will be fill into the tanks. After the entire

ingredient has been added, the machine is start operated by push the start button at controlpanel and the ball valve will open and flow all the raw materials into mixing tank.

Step 2: Heating

After all the raw materials are filled into the tanks, the heater will turn on until 60c to activate the

agitator.

Step 3: Mixing

After the temperature reach 60c, the agitator will activate and start the mixing process until thetimer that have been set by programmer stop.

Step 4: Dosing

Dosing pump will on only after when the desired pH value did not reach the set point.

4.2 Quality Plan

4.2.1 Quality Checking

Quality checking is important while doing a project this is because, we must make sure all the

equipment was in a good working condition. This stage will avoid a problem when doing a

project. This is a brief about how we do the quality checking:

i. After get the recycled equipment we need to test all the equipment to make sure the

equipment is in good condition.

ii. Check the equipment by using a multi meter or other suitable equipment

iii. Test the equipment based on the manual book that was provided by the manufactures.


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4.3 Safety

No one can argue with the fact that safety is very important. Safety can be described as

Relative freedom from danger, risk, or threat of harm, injury or loss to personnel and property,

whether caused deliberately or by accident. In order to implement our project which isAutomated Watermelon Jam Machine without any accident and injury occur, we have to

ensure all the group members must be alert with safety precaution.

There has three major section of safety that were observed in our project which are safety at

control panel, plant safety and safety in workplace


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1. Safety at Control Panel

No Safety Features

1 MCB

This device provides protection for the wholeprocess, in the case of short circuit or current

leakage via its magnetic trip element which is to

prevent any overload current from electrical power

or control circuit.

2 Rotary FanRotary fan has a function to flow heat temperature

in panel to go outside.

3 Emergency pushbuttonThis pushbutton has a function to stop or cut off the

power supply when emergency occurs.

4 Tower lampThis tower lamp has a function to indicate the

status during the operation of project.


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Table 3.3 : List of Safety at Control Panel

Terminal BlockThis terminal block has a function as a connector

wire for neutral and grounding wire.

Lableling wireThe purpose of labelling wire is to make easier for

troubleshoot the plant. Each of wire that connected

with electrical items has been label.


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2. Plant Safety

No Illustrator / features / items Description

1Safety signs This signs are located at the plant area and

warning to the people that machine is

hazardous during operation. It can cause injury

if anybody touches it

3 Mixing tank All the ingredients should be added into this

tank before mixing process start operates.

Table 3.4 : List of Plant Safety


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3. Safety in workplace

No Features /Illustration Description

Use proper safety wearWhen doing work in the workplace, all group

members required to wear proper safety wear such

as safety boot, goggles and gloves.

Clean work place

Workplace must be clean all time to avoid any causeinjury occur.

Tools must be in goodcondition

All tools that have been used must be in good

condition to avoid any injury occurring to the user. If

the tools are occur, it must immediately send to the

technician to repair.


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Table 3.5 : List of Safety in Workplace

4.4 Standard Operating Procedure

Before Start-Up Machine

1. Check all the switches and make sure in OFF condition

2. Check the setting at PC

3. Fill up the raw materials in the tanks

Start-Up Machine

1. Switch on the main switch

Clean and arrange toolsTools must be clean, arrange and place at the

proper place after used.


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2. Press PLC start button, buzzer delay in 3 seconds

3. Green tower lamp blinking means the process are on the run.

4. All ball valves will on and raw materials will fill into the mixing tank.

5. Heater on until reach 80 degree Celsius.

6. Agitator starts running according to the timer.

7. Agitator stop and pH value will be measured.

8. After pH value reached 5.5, heater will turn off.

9. Ball valve out will on and flow out the output product into storage.

Shut Down Machine

1. Press PLC stop button, then the red tower lamp blinking.

2. Press the stop button on control panel.

3. Switch off the main switch.

4.5 Project Schedule

Project schedule consists of a list of a project's terminal elements with intended start and

finish dates. Terminal elements are the lowest element in a schedule, which is not further

subdivided. Those items are often estimated in terms of resource

requirements, budget and duration, linked by dependencies and scheduled events. To makesure the project is run smoothly, we need to do project schedules that involve the entire task

that we need to complete before deadline that was provided by GMI.

4.5.1 Task Content

While doing a Final year project there have three stages that we need to do.

Stage 1

Individual proposal

Brainstorming

Feasibility study

Stage 2 Proposal documentation


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Proposal presentation

Stage 3

Project implementation

Mechanical construction

Electrical installation

Instrument wiring

Troubleshooting

Final presentation & documentation

Table 4.3.1: Stages of Final Year Project


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4.5.2 Task Sequence

This part is about the step by step of work had taken. After we get into a group, there is a

brainstorming where everyone contributes ideas. Secondly is feasibility study to ensure that this

project is feasible to be done. Thirdly is project analysis involving the criteria needed in themachine for correct process and to produce quality product. As some of important information

gained, we are in the making of this project. Everyone got own task to do with the time duration.

We make the process flow of the machine, mechanical and electrical design. Lastly, we

compiled all of the information and work that have been done and finish our documentation.

After that, get prepared for presentation of proposal. The task sequence we show in our Gantt

chart in appendix.


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Conceptual and

Feasibility Study

Project Planning

and Scheduling

Project Analysis

Mechanical and

electrical Design

Documentation

Presentation

Brainstorming

Process flow

Figure 4.3.2: Stages of Final Year Project


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4.5.3 Group Member Task Distribution

4.5.4 Time Allocation

The Gantt chart at the appendix shows the work and time done by us. All of works are

done on time. The chart helps us to manage our time on completing all the works. Everyone got

own task and together doing group documentation, industrial visit, implement the pilot plant and

project analysis.

Mohd.

Shariffudin(Leader)

Wiring (Leader)

Programming

Mechanical

Documentation

Fateen Emira

Documentation

(Leader)

Wiring

Programming

Mechanical

Mohd. Izzuddin

Programming

(Leader)

Wiring

Mechanical

Documentation

Mohd. Nashruddin

Mechanical

(Leader)

Wiring

Programming

Documentation


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4.6 Instrumentation, Equipment and Engineering Cost

List of the material is very important before we finished the project. It is because we can

see clearly the total material have been used. By this method, it easier to calculate the project

cost. Many items had to be purchased in order to accomplish our project and solve the problem

encounter.

4.61 Electrical Cost

Item Quantity Price/unit (RM) Price (RM)

ELCB 1 35.50 35.50

MCB 11 5.00 55.00

Emergency Push Button 1 18.00 18.00Push button 1 2.00 2.00

Stop button 1 2.00 2.00

Thermal overload relay 2 5.00 10.00

Indicator lamp 5 1.50 7.50

Relay 10 3.50 35.00

Contact 4 5.00 20.00

Power Supply 1 100.00 100.00

Cable 1.5mm (Red) 1 50.00 50.00

Cable 1.5mm (black) 1 50.00 50.00

Cable 1.5mm (Green) 1 50.00 50.00

Cable 1.5mm (yellow) 1 50.00 50.00

Cable 1.5mm (blue) 1 50.00 50.00

Agitator Motor 1 400.00 400.00Air Service Unit +

Connector Pneumatic1 35.00 35.00

Frequency Inverter 1 600.00 600.00

Total 1620Table 4.4.1: Electrical cost


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4.6.2 Mechanical Components

em Quantity Price/unit (RM) Price (RM)

Mixer tank 1 1600.00 1600.00

Acid Tank 1 625.00 625.00

Alkaline Tank 1 625.00 625.00

Control Panel 1 750.00 750.00

latform 1 280.00 280.00

mulsifying fire wax tank 1 625.00 625.00

Cocoa butter tank 1 625.00 625.00

Glycerine tank 1 900.00 900.00

otal 6030.00

Table 4.4.2: Mechanical Cost


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4.6.3 Instruments Components

Item Quantity Price/Unit(RM)

Price (RM)

PLC 1 5500.00 5500.00

RTD (Temperature Transmitter) 1 250.00 250.00

Temperature Controller 2 700.00 1400.00

Solenoid valve 2 95.00 190.00

Dosing Pump 3 55.00 165.00

Total 7505.00

Table 4.4.3: Instruments cost


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CHAPTER 5

FINDING AND ANALYSIS

5.1 Resu lt and Findin g

5.1.1 Procedure

i. Mechanical construction

a. Piping connection

b. Controlling panel and design

c. Design plant and structure

ii. Programming

a. Programming logic control (PLC)

i. PLC SIEMEN Simatic 300

ii. Ladder Diagram

iii. Wiring analog input

iii. Electrical and instrument wiring

a. Control panel design

b. Motor Pump

c. Instrument wiring

i. Solenoid Valve

ii. RTD PT 100


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iv. Commissioning

a. Calibration and troubleshooting

b. Tuning the PLC controller

c. Test the process system and identified the function and do the troubleshooting if

have any problem

d. Observe the project while project is running

e. Record and collect the data end product

v. Documentation

a. Prepare all the information of the project.

b. Do a documentation based on the final year project documentation handbook.


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5.1.2 Results and Discussion

Below are the Process respond curve (Open Loop) graph that we get during tuning the

temperature.

Process Respond Curve ( Open Loop)

TU,

3m

TG,

38m


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5.1.3 Calculation of Tuning Method (CHR) Without Overshoot

Max temperature = 91.9C

Min temperature = 24.6CDelay time, Tu = 3 min

Respond time, Tg = 41 3 = 38min

Ratio =

=

= 12.67

= Easy to control

Table of Controllable:

Tg/Tu>10 Easy to conntrol

>6 Still Controllable

>3 Difficult to control


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Constant speed, KS

= ()

= 0.73

Constant proportional, KP

= 0.59 ( ) ()

= 10.24

Proportional band, PB

= ( ) 100

= 9.77

Integral = Tg

= 38

Derivative

= 0.5 Tu

= 0.5(3)

= 1.5


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5.2 Checklist Test for All Electrical Equipment


At this stage, before we do a structure we need to do a drawing, after we comfirmed the

drawing we need to measure all the parts, state the sze of the plant base and structure is

stated. Arrange the structure for all equipment and tanks.

ii. Testing and calibration

Testing and calibration is most important step to make sure the electrical equpment is in

good condition. Testing and calibration also can avoid any problem that will be encuntered

after wiring is done.

iii. Electrical and instrument wiring installation

While doing the electrical wiring and testing, we also design a electrical wiring diagram. The

diagram should be reffered to the PLC program and make sure that the process function

according to the sequence.

iv. Programming installation

In this stage we installed the PLC program to the computer and download to the PLC

SIEMEN is created.

v. Commissioning

This stage finished after completing this entire task. The stages that involved are :-


ii. Testing and calibration

iii. Electrical and instrument wiring installation

iv. Programming installation


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5.3 Problem Encountered and Countermeasure

While doing the implementation stage of final year project, a lot of problems that we

need to fix. After we get know the problem the best way to solve the problem is take the

immediate action to make sure this project can be completed and function well according to plan

that have we design. The first step that we need to do is identify the critical part that can cause

the problem, we must make sure the problem before starting commissioning the plant is

identified. This is because if we can identify earlier we can avoid the problem before it occurred.

The table that show the examples of the problem that we found and we take the best action to

solve our problem. The entire problem has been divided into several sections depending on its

particular field of implementation. All the problems and solution are listed on the table below:

Problem Finding Countermasure

Ph Controller is not functioningpH sensor board is

brokenReplace the sensor board

Manual HMI cannot integratewith PLC Wrong tagging Check link between PLC and HMI

Dosing pump cannot dose thealkali solution The tube is leaking Replace the tube


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5.4 Recommendation

Weaknesses Recommendations

Still in semi-automated process plant Upgrade to fully automated plant

The quality of the product is low Upgrade hygiene and the product is

dermatology tested

Do not have cooling process Add chiller to achieve the cooling down

temperature 25 c

Do not have tank cleaning process Add tank cleaning process to maintain the

hygiene of the tank


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CHAPTER 6

Conclusion

This project had achieved the main objective, goals and the rational of this project can

be implementing. We apply all the theories and practical knowledge to this project. We have

done the preparation together from designing, troubleshooting, measuring and also counter

measured the problems with self-esteem and team works spirits. The plan and schedule are

perfectly on time. Besides, it also exposes and equips us with clear pictures of the real industrial

process when we finish up this project.

This proposal helps us attain precious knowledge ranging from technical to management

aspect. For instance it gives the opportunity of polishing the knowledge attained from GMI

modules and put it into practical use. Valuable additional knowledge can be gained with

materialization of this project proposal. If this project is going to be approving, it will be a new

revolution to the industry. We propose that this project to be a final year project of the group.


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Appendix A pH Variables


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Appendix B

Gantt chart


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Appendix C

Data from Tuning

Ch. CH001Tag TEMP01

Unit C

Days Time sec MIN MAX

000 01:35:20 0.000 85.2 85.2

000 01:35:22 0.000 85.2 85.2

000 01:35:24 0.000 85.2 85.2

000 01:35:26 0.000 85.2 85.2

000 01:35:28 0.000 85.2 85.2

000 01:35:30 0.000 85.2 85.2

000 01:35:32 0.000 85.2 85.2

000 01:35:34 0.000 85.2 85.3

000 01:35:36 0.000 85.2 85.3000 01:35:38 0.000 85.2 85.3

000 01:35:40 0.000 85.1 85.2

000 01:35:42 0.000 85.1 85.1

000 01:35:44 0.000 85.1 85.1

000 01:35:46 0.000 85.1 85.2

000 01:35:48 0.000 85.1 85.2

000 01:35:50 0.000 85.2 85.2

000 01:35:52 0.000 85.2 85.2

000 01:35:54 0.000 85.1 85.2

000 01:35:56 0.000 85.1 85.1

000 01:35:58 0.000 85.1 85.2

000 01:36:00 0.000 85.1 85.2

000 01:36:02 0.000 85.1 85.2

000 01:36:04 0.000 85.2 85.2

000 01:36:06 0.000 85.2 85.2

000 01:36:08 0.000 85.2 85.2

000 01:36:10 0.000 85.2 85.2

000 01:36:12 0.000 85.2 85.2

000 01:36:14 0.000 85.2 85.2

000 01:36:16 0.000 85.2 85.2

000 01:36:18 0.000 85.2 85.2

000 01:36:20 0.000 85.2 85.2

000 01:36:22 0.000 85.2 85.2000 01:36:24 0.000 85.2 85.2

000 01:36:26 0.000 85.2 85.2

000 01:36:28 0.000 85.2 85.3

000 01:36:30 0.000 85.2 85.2

000 01:36:32 0.000 85.2 85.2

000 01:36:34 0.000 85.2 85.3

000 01:36:36 0.000 85.2 85.3


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000 01:36:38 0.000 85.2 85.3

000 01:36:40 0.000 85.2 85.3

000 01:36:42 0.000 85.2 85.3

000 01:36:44 0.000 85.2 85.3

000 01:36:46 0.000 85.2 85.3

000 01:36:48 0.000 85.2 85.3

000 01:36:50 0.000 85.2 85.3

000 01:36:52 0.000 85.3 85.3

000 01:36:54 0.000 85.3 85.3

000 01:36:56 0.000 85.3 85.3

000 01:36:58 0.000 85.3 85.3

000 01:37:00 0.000 85.3 85.3

000 01:37:02 0.000 85.3 85.3

000 01:37:04 0.000 85.3 85.3

000 01:37:06 0.000 85.3 85.3

000 01:37:08 0.000 85.3 85.3

000 01:37:10 0.000 85.3 85.3

000 01:37:12 0.000 85.3 85.3000 01:37:14 0.000 85.3 85.3

000 01:37:16 0.000 85.3 85.3

000 01:37:18 0.000 85.3 85.3

000 01:37:20 0.000 85.3 85.3

000 01:37:22 0.000 85.3 85.3

000 01:37:24 0.000 85.3 85.3

000 01:37:26 0.000 85.3 85.4

000 01:37:28 0.000 85.3 85.4

000 01:37:30 0.000 85.3 85.4

000 01:37:32 0.000 85.3 85.4

000 01:37:34 0.000 85.4 85.4

000 01:37:36 0.000 85.4 85.4

000 01:37:38 0.000 85.4 85.4

000 01:37:40 0.000 85.4 85.4

000 01:37:42 0.000 85.4 85.4

000 01:37:44 0.000 85.4 85.4

000 01:37:46 0.000 85.4 85.4

000 01:37:48 0.000 85.4 85.4

000 01:37:50 0.000 85.4 85.4

000 01:37:52 0.000 85.4 85.4

000 01:37:54 0.000 85.4 85.4

000 01:37:56 0.000 85.4 85.4

000 01:37:58 0.000 85.4 85.4000 01:38:00 0.000 85.4 85.5

000 01:38:02 0.000 85.4 85.4

000 01:38:04 0.000 85.4 85.5

000 01:38:06 0.000 85.4 85.5

000 01:38:08 0.000 85.5 85.5

000 01:38:10 0.000 85.5 85.5

000 01:38:12 0.000 85.5 85.5


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000 01:38:14 0.000 85.5 85.5

000 01:38:16 0.000 85.5 85.5

000 01:38:18 0.000 85.5 85.5

000 01:38:20 0.000 85.5 85.5

000 01:38:22 0.000 85.5 85.6

000 01:38:24 0.000 85.5 85.6

000 01:38:26 0.000 85.6 85.6

000 01:38:28 0.000 85.6 85.6

000 01:38:30 0.000 85.6 85.6

000 01:38:32 0.000 85.5 85.6

000 01:38:34 0.000 85.4 85.5

000 01:38:36 0.000 85.4 85.5

000 01:38:38 0.000 85.4 85.4

000 01:38:40 0.000 85.4 85.4

000 01:38:42 0.000 85.4 85.4

000 01:38:44 0.000 85.4 85.4

000 01:38:46 0.000 85.4 85.5

000 01:38:48 0.000 85.4 85.5000 01:38:50 0.000 85.5 85.5

000 01:38:52 0.000 85.5 85.5

000 01:38:54 0.000 85.5 85.6

000 01:38:56 0.000 85.6 85.6

000 01:38:58 0.000 85.6 85.6

000 01:39:00 0.000 85.6 85.6

000 01:39:02 0.000 85.6 85.6

000 01:39:04 0.000 85.6 85.6

000 01:39:06 0.000 85.6 85.6

000 01:39:08 0.000 85.6 85.6

000 01:39:10 0.000 85.6 85.6

000 01:39:12 0.000 85.6 85.6

000 01:39:14 0.000 85.6 85.6

000 01:39:16 0.000 85.6 85.6

000 01:39:18 0.000 85.6 85.6

000 01:39:20 0.000 85.6 85.7

000 01:39:22 0.000 85.6 85.7

000 01:39:24 0.000 85.6 85.7

000 01:39:26 0.000 85.7 85.7

000 01:39:28 0.000 85.7 85.7

000 01:39:30 0.000 85.7 85.7

000 01:39:32 0.000 85.7 85.7

000 01:39:34 0.000 85.7 85.7000 01:39:36 0.000 85.7 85.7

000 01:39:38 0.000 85.7 85.8

000 01:39:40 0.000 85.7 85.8

000 01:39:42 0.000 85.8 85.8

000 01:39:44 0.000 85.8 85.8

000 01:39:46 0.000 85.8 85.8

000 01:39:48 0.000 85.8 85.8


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000 01:39:50 0.000 85.8 85.8

000 01:39:52 0.000 85.8 85.8

000 01:39:54 0.000 85.8 85.8

000 01:39:56 0.000 85.8 85.8

000 01:39:58 0.000 85.8 85.8

000 01:40:00 0.000 85.8 85.8

000 01:40:02 0.000 85.8 85.8

000 01:40:04 0.000 85.8 85.9

000 01:40:06 0.000 85.8 85.9

000 01:40:08 0.000 85.9 85.9

000 01:40:10 0.000 85.9 85.9

000 01:40:12 0.000 85.9 85.9

000 01:40:14 0.000 85.9 85.9

000 01:40:16 0.000 85.9 85.9

000 01:40:18 0.000 85.9 85.9

000 01:40:20 0.000 85.9 85.9

000 01:40:22 0.000 85.9 85.9

000 01:40:24 0.000 85.9 85.9000 01:40:26 0.000 85.9 86.0

000 01:40:28 0.000 85.9 86.0

000 01:40:30 0.000 86.0 86.0

000 01:40:32 0.000 86.0 86.0

000 01:40:34 0.000 86.0 86.0

000 01:40:36 0.000 86.0 86.0

000 01:40:38 0.000 86.0 86.0

000 01:40:40 0.000 86.0 86.0


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Bibliography

Remington, Joseph Price (2006), Beringer, Paul, ed., Remington: The Science And

Practice Of Pharmacy(21st ed.), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, p. 772,

Shadab, Q., Hanif, M. & Chaudhary, F.M. (1992)Antifungal activity by lemongrass

essential oils. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 35, 246-249.

How to make a home made lotion recipes,

http://www.ravenmoonsoap.com/blog/2013/03/09/Home-Made-Lotion-Recipes.aspx ,

2013.

What is lotion?,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotion , 2013

Functions of emulsifying wax,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsifying_wax , 2013

Suitable essential oil for lotion,http://www.essentialoils.co.za/dilutions-creams-

lotions.htm, 2013

Suitable pH transmitter for cosmetics manufacturing,

http://www.alliancets.com/site/files/408/29497/109873/159912/Guide_to_pH_Measurem

ent.pdf, 2013
http://www.ravenmoonsoap.com/blog/2013/03/09/Home-Made-Lotion-Recipes.aspxhttp://www.ravenmoonsoap.com/blog/2013/03/09/Home-Made-Lotion-Recipes.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsifying_waxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsifying_waxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsifying_waxhttp://www.essentialoils.co.za/dilutions-creams-lotions.htmhttp://www.essentialoils.co.za/dilutions-creams-lotions.htmhttp://www.essentialoils.co.za/dilutions-creams-lotions.htmhttp://www.essentialoils.co.za/dilutions-creams-lotions.htmhttp://www.alliancets.com/site/files/408/29497/109873/159912/Guide_to_pH_Measurement.pdfhttp://www.alliancets.com/site/files/408/29497/109873/159912/Guide_to_pH_Measurement.pdfhttp://www.alliancets.com/site/files/408/29497/109873/159912/Guide_to_pH_Measurement.pdfhttp://www.alliancets.com/site/files/408/29497/109873/159912/Guide_to_pH_Measurement.pdfhttp://www.alliancets.com/site/files/408/29497/109873/159912/Guide_to_pH_Measurement.pdfhttp://www.essentialoils.co.za/dilutions-creams-lotions.htmhttp://www.essentialoils.co.za/dilutions-creams-lotions.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsifying_waxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotionhttp://www.ravenmoonsoap.com/blog/2013/03/09/Home-Made-Lotion-Recipes.aspx

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