y. maniatis, p. sotirakopoulou, k. polikreti, e. dotsika and e. tzavidopoulos , "the ‘keros...

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B U L L E T I N D E C O R R E S P O N D A N C E H E L L É N I Q U E

ASMOSIA VI IActes du VIIe colloque international de l’ASMOSIA

Thasos 15-20 septembre 2003

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference ofAssociation for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity

Thassos 15-20 september, 2003

Études réunies par Yannis MANIATIS

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É C O L E F R A N Ç A I S E D ´ A T H È N E S

AS

MO

SIA

VII

Ce volume comprend les textes des communications d’ASMOSIA VII, 7e con-férence internationale de l’Association pour l’étude du marbre et des autres pierresdans l’Antiquité (Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Anti-quity), qui s’est tenue dans l’île de Thasos, en Grèce. Les thèmes abordés dans cescommunications sont à la pointe du domaine interdisciplinaire où se rejoignent lascience, l’archéologie et l’histoire de l’art ; ils reflètent un large spectre de larecherche sur les pierres, depuis la carrière jusqu’au produit décoré dans son étatfinal. Les sujets plus particulièrement abordés sont les suivants : (1) Considérationsarchéologiques et emploi du marbre ; (2) Carrières, techniques d’extraction, géologie etpropriétés de la pierre ; (3) Identification de provenance et caractérisation : le marbre ;(4) Identification de provenance et caractérisation : autres pierres ; (5) Techniques etdéveloppements ; (6) Bases de données ; (7) Propriétés de la pierre – Vieillissement–Restauration et (8) Pigments et peintures sur marbre.

This book contains the papers submitted to ASMOSIA VII, which is the 7th In-ternational Conference of the Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stonesin Antiquity. The conference was held in the island of Thassos, Greece. The sub-jects of the papers represent the state-of-the-art in the interdisciplinary field ofScience and Archaeology and Art-History and reflect a very broad range ofresearch and applications on stone, from the quarry to the final decorated object.In particular, the subjects cover: (1) Archaeological considerations and use of marble,(2) Quarries, Quarrying Techniques, Geology and Stone properties, (3) ProvenanceIdentification and Characterisation: Marble, (4) Provenance Identification andCharacterisation: Other stones, (5) Techniques and Developments, (6) Databases,(7) Stone Properties – Weathering – Restoration and (8) Pigments and paintings onmarble.

BULLETIN DE CORRESPONDANCE HELLÉNIQUE, SUPPLÉMENTS

41. Les Italiens dans le monde grec (IIe siècle av. J.-C.-Ier siècle ap. J.-C.). Circulation, dénomination, intégration. Actes de la Table ronde organisée à l’École Normale Supérieure,Paris, 14-16 mai 1998, édités par Claire HASENOHR et Christel MÜLLER (2002).

42. Recherches franco-albanaise I. L’Albanie dans l’Europe préhistorique, Actes du colloque de Lorient organisé par l’École française d’Athènes et l’Université de Bretagne-Sud, Lorient8-10 juin 2000, édités par Gilles TOUCHAIS et Josette RENARD (2002).

43. Le Néolithique de Chypre, Actes du colloque international organisé par le Département des Antiquités deChypre et l’École française d’Athènes, Nicosie 17-19 mai 2001, édités par Jean GUILAINE et Alain LE BRUN, avec la collaboration d’Odile DAUNE-LE BRUN (2003).

44. Les Messéniens de 370/369 au Ier siècle de notre ère. Monnayage et histoire, par Catherine GRANDJEAN (2002).

45. La sculpture architecturale byzantine dans le thème de Nikopolis du Xe au début du XIIIe siècle (Épire et Étolie-Acarnanie et Sud de l’Albanie), par Catherine VANDERHEYDE (2005).

46. Mythos. La préhistoire égéenne du XIXe au XXIe siècle après J.-C. Actes de la table ronde internationaled’Athènes (21-23 novembre 2002), édités par Pascal DARCQUE, Michael FOTIADIS et Olga POLYCHRONOPOULOU (2006).

47. Études d’archéologie délienne, par Philippe BRUNEAU, Recueil d’articles rassemblés et indexés par Jean-Charles MORETTI (2006).

48. La sculpture des Cyclades à l’époque archaïque. Histoire des ateliers, rayonnement des styles, Actes du colloque international, organisé par l’Éphorie desAntiquités préhistoriques et classiques des Cyclades et l’École française d’Athènes (7-9 septembre 1998), édités par Y. KOURAYOS et Fr. PROST (2008).

49. La Sculpture Byzantine VIIe – XIIe siècle, Actes du colloque international, organisé par la 2e Éphorie des Antiquités byzantines et l’École française d’Athènes (6-8 septembre 2000),édités par Charalambos PENNAS et Catherine VANDERHEYDE (2008).

50. La gigantomachie de Pergame ou l’image du monde, par Françoise-Hélène MASSA-PAIRAULT (2007).

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ASMOSIA VII

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É C O L E F R A N Ç A I S E D ’ A T H È N E S

Directeur des publications : Dominique MulliezAdjointe aux publications : Catherine Aubert

Révision et mise au point des textes : Y. Maniatis

L’École française d’Athènes, qui a contribué à l’organisation de la rencontre ASMOSIA VII à Thasos, avec le centre Dimokritos, la18e éphorie des antiquités préhistoriques et classiques de Kavala et l’IGME, a pris en charge la totalité du coût de fabrication desactes dans sa collection, mais a autorisé à titre exceptionnel Yannis Maniatis à recourir aux normes éditoriales anglo-saxonnes.

Pré-presse et photogravure : EFA Velissarios Anagnostopoulos, Thymeli s.n.c.Coordination de la fabrication : EFA, Velissarios AnagnostopoulosImpression, reliure : Break In s.a.Conception graphique de la couverture : EFA, Velissarios Anagnostopoulos

Dépositaire : De Boccard Édition-Diffusion – 11, rue de Médicis, F – 75006 Paris, www.deboccard.com

© École française d’Athènes, 2009 – 6, rue Didotou, GR – 10680 Athènes, www.efa.gr

ISBN 978-2-86958-207-1

Reproduction et traduction, même partielles, interdites sans l’autorisation de l’éditeur pour tous pays, y compris les États-Unis.


BCHSupplément 51


ASMOSIA VIIActes du VIIe colloque international de l’ASMOSIA

Organisé par l'École française d'Athènes,

le National Center for Scientific Research “DIMOKRITOS”,

la 18e éphorie des antiquités préhistoriques et classiques (Kavala)

et l’Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration

Thasos, 15-20 septembre 2003

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference of

Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity

organized by the French School of Athens,

the National Center for Scientific Research “DIMOKRITOS”,

the 18th Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities (Kavala)

and the Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration

Thassos, september 15-20, 2003



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CONTENTS

Préface Yannis Maniatis .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. XIII-XVI

ABBREVIATIONS IN BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... XVII

SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY TALK

Ch. KOUKOULI-CHRYSANTHAKI and S. PAPADOPOULOS .................................................................................................................................................................................................1-18The island of Thassos and the Aegean in the Prehistory

PART I: ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS – USE OF MARBLE

Th. STEFANIDOU-TIVERIOU ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19-29Thassian marble: A connection between Thassos and Thessaloniki

E.J. WALTERS .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31-41Thassian Julius Caesar

G.E BORROMEO, J.J. HERRMANN, Jr. and N. HERZ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 43-51Macedonian workmanship on a Thassian marble Hadrian in Providence?

J. C. FANT .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 53-57White marbles in the summer triclinium of the casa del Bracciale d’Oro, Pompeii

J.J. HERRMANN, Jr. and R.H. TYKOT ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 59-75Some products from the Dokimeion quarries: craters, tables, capitals and statues

P.A. BUTZ ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 77-87The Naxian Colossus at Delos: “Same Stone”

A. BETORI, M. GOMEZ SERITO and P. PENSABENE ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 89-102Investigation of marbles and stones used in Augustean monuments of western alpine provinces (Italy)

F. BIANCHI and M. BRUNO .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 103-111Flavian amphitheatre: The Cavea and the Portico; Comments about the quality, quantity and the

working of its marbles

O. PALAGIA, Y. MANIATIS, E. DOTSIKA and D. KAVOUSSANAKI ........................................................................................................................................................... 113-132New investigations on the pedimental sculptures of the “Hieron” of Samothrace: A preliminary report

V. GAGGADIS-ROBIN, Y. MANIATIS, C. SINTÈS, D. KAVOUSSANAKI and E. DOTSIKA ...................................................................................... 133-146Provenance investigation of some marble sarcophagi from Arles with stable isotope and maximum

grain sizes analysis

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L. COOK and I. THOMAS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 147-157Faustino Corsi and the coloured marbles of Derbyshire

F. VAN KEUREN, L.P. GROMET and N. HERZ .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 159-174Three mythological sarcophagi at the RISD Museum: Marble provenances and iconography

PART II: QUARRIES, QUARRYING TECHNIQUES, GEOLOGY AND STONE PROPERTIES

J.A. HARRELL ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 175-186The Bokari granodiorite quarry in Egypt’s eastern desert

E. BLOXAM, P. STOREMYR and T. HELDAL .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 187-201Hard stone quarrying in the Egyptian old Kingdom (3rd Millennium BC): rethinking the social or-

ganization

T. ENDO and S. NISHIMOTO ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 203-210The ancient Egyptian quarry at Dibabiya

D. KLEMM and R. KLEMM ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 211-225Pharaonic limestone quarries in Wadi Nakhla and Deir Abu Hennis, Egypt

T. HELDAL, P. STOREMYR, E. BLOXAM, I. SHAW, R. LEE and A. SALEM ....................................................................................................................................... 227-241GPS and GIS methodology in the mapping of Chephren’s quarry, Upper Egypt: a significant tool for

documentation and interpretation of the site

P. STOREMYR, T. HELDAL, E. BLOXAM and J.A. HARRELL ................................................................................................................................................................................. 243-256New evidence of small-scale Roman basalt quarrying in Egypt: Widan el Faras in the northern Faiyum

desert and Tilal Sawda by El-Minya

P. STOREMYR and T. HELDAL .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 257-271Ancient stone quarries: Vulnerable archaeological sites threatened by modern development

P. HADJIDAKIS, D. MATARANGAS and M. VARTI-MATARANGAS .............................................................................................................................................................. 273-288Ancient quarries in Delos, Greece

M. WURCH-KOZELJ et T. KOZELJ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 289-307Quelques sarcophages rectangulaires d’époque impériale, des carrières thasiennes aux nécropoles de

Thasos

K. LASKARIDIS and V. PERDIKATSIS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 309-317Characterisation of the timeless white marble and quarrying activity in Thassos

PART III: PROVENANCE IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION (MARBLE)

F. GABELLONE, M.T. GIANNOTTA and A. ALESSIO ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 319-331The Torre Sgarrata wreck (South Italy): Marble artefacts in the cargo

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A. CALIA, M.T. GIANNOTTA, L. LAZZARINI and G. QUARTA ...................................................................................................................................................................... 333-342The Torre Sgarrata wreck: Characterization and provenance of white marble artefacts in the cargo

D. ATTANASIO, S. KANE and N. HERZ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 343-356New isotopic and EPR data for 22 sculptures from the extramural sanctuary of Demeter and

Persephone at Cyrene

D. ATTANASIO, G. MESOLELLA, P. PENSABENE, R. PLATANIA and P. ROCCHI .................................................................................................................. 357-369EPR and Petrographic provenance of the architectural white marbles of three buildings at Villa Adriana

T. CRAMER, K. GERMANN and W.–D. HEILMEYER ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 371-383Marble objects from Asia Minor in the Berlin collection of classical antiquities: stone characteristics

and provenance

M. BRUNO, C. GORGONI and P. PALLANTE ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 385-398On the provenance of white marbles used in the baths of Caracalla in Rome

M. FISCHER ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 399-412Marble from Pentelicon, Paros, Thasos and Proconnesus in ancient Israel: an attempt at a chronolog-

ical distinction

Y. MANIATIS, P. SOTIRAKOPOULOU, K. POLIKRETI, E. DOTSIKA and E. TZAVIDOPOULOS ........................................................................ 413-437The “Keros Hoard”: Provenance of the figurines and possible sources of marble in the Cyclades

Y. MANIATIS, S. PAPADOPOULOS, E. DOTSIKA, D. KAVOUSSANAKI and E. TZAVIDOPOULOS .............................................................. 439-449Provenance investigation of Neolithic marble vases from Limeraria, Thassos: Imported marble to

Thassos?

M. UNTERWURZACHER, H. STADLER and P. MIRWALD ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 451-458Provenance study of Roman marble artefacts of an excavation near Oberdrauburg (Carinthia, Austria)

L. LAZZARINI ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 459-484The distribution and re-use of the most important coloured marbles in the provinces of the Roman

Empire

M. MARIOTTINI, E. CURTI and E. MOSCETTI ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 485-493The taste of the marbles in Roman villae (Tiburtina-Nomentana)

L. LAZZARINI and S. CANCELLIERE .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 495-508Marmor Thessalicum (verde antico): Source, distribution and characterization

P. LAPUENTE, B. TURI and Ph. BLANC ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 509-522Marbles and coloured stones from the theatre of Caesaraugusta (Hispania): Preliminary study

R.H. TYKOT, G.E. BORROMEO, C. CORRADO-GOULET and K. SEVERSON ....................................................................................................................... 523-532Marble sculptures from the Rhode Island School of Design: Provenance studies using stable isotope

and other analysis

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J. J. HERRMANN, Jr., R. NEWMAN and A. VAN DEN HOEK ............................................................................................................................................................................... 533-545Identifying Dolomitic Marble 2000-2003: The Capitoline Museums, New York, and Somnus-

Hypnos in Urbisaglia

PART IV: PROVENANCE IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION (OTHER STONES)

R. BUGINI and L. FOLLI ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 547-557On tesserae of Roman mosaics in Lombardy (Italy)

E. Roffia, R. Bugini and L. Folli .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 559-570Stone materials of the Roman villas around lake Garda (Italy)

P. DEGRYSE, P. MUCHEZ, E. TROGH and M. WAELKENS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 571-580The natural building stones of Helenistic to Byzantine Sagalassos: Provenance determination through

stable isotope geochemistry

Ø.J. JANSEN, T. HELDAL, R.B. PEDERSEN, Y. RONEN and S.H.H. KALAND ...................................................................................................................... 581-595Provenance of soapstone used in medieval buildings in the Bergen region, Western Norway

B. MORONI, I. BORGIA, M. PETRELLI and P. LAPUENTE ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 597-613Archaeometry of chert tools: For a non-destructive geochemical approach

J. CASSAR .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 615-626Classifying Maltese prehistoric limestone megaliths by means of geochemical data

F. ANTONELLI, L. LAZZARINI, S. CANCELLIERE and A. SOLANO .............................................................................................................................................................. 627-643“Granito del Foro” and “Granito di Nicotera”: Archaeometric problems

O. ÖZBEK ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 645-656The prehistoric ground stone implements from Yartarla: The preliminary results of a geoarchaeolog-

ical study in Tekirdag region (Eastern Thrace)

S. CHLOUVERAKI and S. LUGLI ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 657-668Gypsum: A jewel in Minoan palatial architecture; Identification and characterization of its varieties

L. LAZZARINI and F. ATHANASIOU ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 669-676The discovery of the Greek origin of the “Breccia policroma della Vittoria”

PART V: TECHNIQUES AND DEVELOPMENTS

J. ZÖLDFÖLDI and Zs. KASZTOVSZKY .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 677-691Provenance study of Lapis Lazuli by non-destructive prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA)

F. BIRICOTTI and M. SEVERI ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 693-698A new non-destructive methodology for studying the internal structure of white marble of artistic and

archaeological interest

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PART VI: DATABASES

S. PIKE ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 699-708A stable isotope database for the ancient white marble quarries of Mount Pentelikon, Greece

G. KOKKOROU-ALEVRAS, E. POUPAKI, A. CHATZICONSTANTINOU and A. EFSTATHOPOULOS ......................................................... 709-718Corpus of ancient Greek quarries

B. SZÉKELY and J. ZÖLDFÖLDI ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 719-734Fractal analysis and quantitative fabric analysis database of West Anatolian white marbles

PART VII: STONE PROPERTIES – WEATHERING – RESTORATION

A.TSIKOURAS, K. MIHOPOULOS, K. HATZIPANAGIOTOU and N. NINIS .................................................................................................................................. 735-743Correlations of mineralogy and physical properties for stones used in the building and the restoration

of the Asklepieion at Epidauros

I. PAPAYIANNI and M. STEFANIDOU ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 745-752Study of the behaviour of Serpentinite stones used for the construction of ancient Dioklitianoupoli in

Northern Greece

M. GREENHALGH .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 753-764Where have all the columns gone? The loss and reuse of antiquities in the Eastern Mediterranean

K. KOUZELI, and E. ZGOULETA ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 765-776Gypsum at the Minoan site of Knossos: Types and deterioration

L. GIORDANI, M. ODDONE, and S. MELONI .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 777-786Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis of the marble façade of the Certosa di Pavia: Materials

provenancing and problematics related to decay

K. POLIKRETI, and Y. MANIATIS .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 787-798Ionic and charge mobility on weathered marble surfaces, studied by EPR spectroscopy

PART VIII: PIGMENTS AND PAINTINGS ON MARBLE

B. BOURGEOIS and Ph. JOCKEY ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 799-809Polychrome Hellenistic sculpture in Delos: Research on surface treatments of ancient marble sculp-

ture - Part II

A. G. KARYDAS, H. BRECOULAKI, B. BOURGEOIS and Ph. JOCKEY .................................................................................................................................................... 811-829In-situ X-Ray Fluorescence analysis of raw pigments and traces of polychromy on Hellenistic sculpture

at the archaeological museum of Delos

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PRÉFACE

L’acronyme ASMOSIA désigne l’Association pour l’étude du marbre et autres pierres dans l’Antiquité(Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity), fondée lors d’un atelier de recherche

avancée de l’OTAN qui s’est tenu à l’hôtel Il Ciocco, à Lucca, en Italie, du 9 au 13 mai 1988. L’atelier

était intitulé : Le marbre en Grèce ancienne et à Rome : Géologie, carrières, commerce et artefacts. Il fut

suivi par une cinquantaine de participants qui représentaient de nombreuses professions : des physi-

ciens, travaillant dans le domaine de l’archéométrie, des archéologues, des historiens de l’art et des

conservateurs. Il fut organisé par Marc Waelkens et Norman Herz avec le but affiché d’encourager les

projets associant scientifiques, historiens de l’art et autres pour une meilleure compréhension des ques-

tions relevant de l’usage de la pierre par les Anciens. À la suite de cet atelier, une série de rencontres

fut programmée tous les deux ans et demi environ : la seconde rencontre eut lieu du 16 au 20 octobre

1990 à Louvain, en Belgique ; la troisième du 17 au 19 mai 1993 à Athènes, en Grèce ; la quatrième

du 9 au 13 octobre 1995 à Bordeaux, en France ; la cinquième du 11 au 15 juin 1998 à Boston, aux

États-Unis ; la sixième du 15 au 18 juin 2000 à Venise, en Italie ; la septième du 15 au 20 septembre

2003 à Liménas, sur l’île de Thasos, en Grèce. Cette série de colloques fait partie intégrante de l’asso-

ciation ASMOSIA : ils ont pour objectif de promouvoir la collaboration entre les sciences, l’archéologie

et l’histoire de l’art pour une meilleure compréhension de l’exploitation, du transport, du traitement

et de l’emploi de la pierre brute dans l’Antiquité.

La publication des actes a été bien accueillie à la fois par les historiens de l’art, les archéologues et lacommunauté scientifique, comme par les corps de conservateurs; elle a contribué à susciter une coopé-

ration interdisciplinaire sans cesse élargie. Dans la mesure où, avant la création de l’association, cettecoopération était minimale, ce fut là, en fait, un progrès décisif. Pour la bonne organisation et la publi-

cation de ces rencontres, on a également eu la chance de bénéficier du soutien financier d’agences nationaleset internationales, comme la fondation Samuel H. Kress Foundation, l’OTAN, etc.

Le nombre de membres de l’association a plus que quadruplé, passant de 50 en 1988 à environ 250

aujourd’hui, représentant 25 pays. En dehors des actes de colloques, ASMOSIA publie également àraison de deux fois par an l’ASMOSIA Newsletter.

À ce jour, ce domaine de la recherche a fait preuve d’importantes avancées dans la mesure où les sourcesmatérielles dont on dispose pour l’usage du marbre et des autres pierres dans l’Antiquité ont été lar-gement étudiées et où les matériaux eux-mêmes ont fait l’objet de caractérisations géologiques et

physico-chimiques. Les bases de données avec leurs paramètres analytiques se sont développées et les

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caractéristiques de différents types de pierres brutes se sont accumulées. Bien des problèmes archéolo-giques ou relevant de l’histoire de l’art trouvent désormais une meilleure réponse et une meilleure explicationpar le recours aux analyses scientifiques et aux bases de données, qu’il s’agisse de la provenance, de l’iden-tification, de la diffusion, du traitement, des assemblages et de la préservation d’importants artefacts.

Le 7e colloque international de l’association ASMOSIA s’est tenu à Liménas, la ville principale et leport de l’île de Thasos, en Grèce. Il a été organisé par le laboratoire d’archéométrie-NCSR « Demokritos »,l’École française d’Athènes, la 18e éphorie des antiquités préhistoriques et classiques, l’IGME (Institute

of Geology and Mineral Exploration). Le comité d’organisation, composé de Y. Maniatis, K. Polikreti,Z. Bonias, S. Papadopoulos, T. Kozelj, M. Wurch-Kozelj et M. Varti-Mataranga, tient à adresser ses

remerciements à la Municipalité de Thasos qui a mis à disposition la salle de conférences du « Kalogeriko »

et a tout mis en œuvre pour faciliter le bon déroulement du colloque, le ministère grec de la culture

et le ministère grec de l’Égée ainsi que l’Association des entreprises du marbre de Thrace et de Macédoine

pour leur soutien financier.

Ce volume réunit les contributions présentées au 7e colloque international de l’association ASMOSIA.

Les thèmes abordés dans ces communications sont à la pointe du domaine interdisciplinaire où se rejoi-

gnent les sciences, l’archéologie et l’histoire de l’art ; ils reflètent un large spectre de la recherche poursuivie

sur les pierres grâce à la coopération des sciences et des humanités. En particulier, les thèmes abordés

recouvrent presque tous les aspects qui concernent la pierre depuis la carrière jusqu’au produit décoré

dans son état final, sans exclure les questions du vieillissement et de la restauration.

Tous les textes soumis pour publication dans ces actes ont fait l’objet d’une révision attentive par un

ou plusieurs réviseurs, ce qui en garantit le haut niveau, le caractère innovant et la portée scientifique.

En la matière, nous exprimons nos sincères remerciements aux membres du comité exécutif de l’asso-

ciation ASMOSIA, N. Herz, L. Lazzarini, P. Storemyr, J.J. Herrmann Jr., Ph. Jockey, S. Kane, J. Harrell,

ainsi qu’aux members du comité scientifique du colloque qui ont apporté leur concours à la difficile

révision des textes présentés dans ce volume.

En outre, nous voulons remercier V. Zatta, secrétaire de l’Institute of Materials Science-NCSR

« Demokritos » pour son aide dans le traitement des actes et les étudiants-chercheurs du laboratoired’archéométrie-NCSR « Demokritos » D. Tambakopoulos et M. Maniati pour leur aide dans l’orga-

nisation et la relecture des épreuves.

Nous tenons aussi à exprimer notre plus profonde gratitude à l’École française d’Athènes et, en parti-

culier, à son directeur, le professeur D. Mulliez : l’École française d’Athènes, en effet, a supporté latotalité du coût de fabrication et du travail de publication des actes dans le Supplément 51 du Bulletinde Correspondance Hellénique. Nos remerciements vont également à Sandrine Huber, ancienne adjointeaux publications de l’École française d’Athènes, et à Catherine Aubert, qui lui a succédé à ce poste,

pour la part qu’elles ont prise dans l’élaboration de la publication.

Yannis Maniatis

Président de l’association ASMOSIA

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PREFACE

ASMOSIA stands for the Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity and was

founded at a NATO sponsored Advanced Research Workshop held at Il Ciocco, Lucca, Italy, 9-13 May,

1988. The Workshop was entitled, “Marble in Ancient Greece and Rome: Geology, Quarries, Commerce,

Artifacts” and was attended by fifty persons representing many varied professions: physical scientists

working in Archaeometry, archaeologists, art historians, and conservators. It was organized by Marc

Waelkens and Norman Herz with the avowed goal of encouraging collaborative projects among sci-

entists, art historians and others in order to better understand the problems associated with ancient

man’s use of stone. Following that a series of meetings were held scheduled approximately every two

and a half year: the second meeting was held October 16-20, 1990 in Leuven, Belgium; the third May

17-19, 1993, in Athens, Greece; the fourth October 9-13, 1995 in Bordeaux, France; the fifth June

11-15, 1998, in Boston, USA; the sixth June 15-18, 2000 in Venice, Italy; and the seventh in September

15-20, 2003 at Limenas on the Island of Thassos, Greece. These series of conferences form an integral

part of the Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones Used in Antiquity (ASMOSIA) and

their aim is to promote the combined scientific, archaeological and art-historical research for a better

understanding of the exploration, transportation, treatment and use of stone raw materials in Antiquity.

The publications of the proceedings have been well received by both the art historical, archaeological,

and scientific, as well as museum communities and have helped to inspire an ever increasing interdis-

ciplinary cooperation. Since previous to ASMOSIA, such cooperation was minimal, this has indeed

been a great accomplishment. We have also been fortunate in receiving financial support for our meetingsand publications from national and international agencies, such as the Samuel H. Kress Foundation,

NATO etc.

Membership in ASMOSIA has grown over four-fold, from under 50 in 1988 to about 250 now andrepresenting 25 countries. Publications apart from the conference proceedings include the currently

twice-yearly ASMOSIA Newsletter.

Today, the field has witnessed important advances as the raw material sources for marble and otherstones used in Antiquity have been studied to a great extend and the materials have been characterised

geologically and physicochemically. The databases with analytical parameters have been expanding andexperience with the characteristics of different types of raw stone materials has been accumulating. Many

archaeological and art-historical problems can now be better resolved and explained using the advancedscientific methods and databases. Such problems may be related to provenance, identification, movement,

treatment, assemblages and preservation of important artifacts.

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The 7th International ASMOSIA Conference was held at Limenas, the main town and harbour of theisland of Thassos, Greece. It was organized by the Laboratory of Archaeometry-NCSR “Demokritos”,the French School at Athens, the 18th Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities and the Institute

of Geology and Mineral Exploration. The Organizing Committee, Y. Maniatis, K. Polikreti, Z. Bonias,S. Papadopoulos, T. Kozelj, M. Wurch-Kozelj and M. Varti-Mataranga would like to thank and

acknowledge the Municipal Authorities of Thassos for providing the Conference building “Kalogeriko”

and all the necessary facilities in order to make this Conference possible, the financial support of the

Greek Ministry of Culture, the financial support of the Greek Ministry of the Aegean and the financial

support of the Association of Marble Enterprises of Macedonia and Thrace.

This book contains the papers submitted to the 7th International ASMOSIA Conference. The sub-

jects of the papers represent the state-of-the art in the field and reflect a very broad range of research

and applications carried out in cooperation between the sciences and the humanities. In particular, the

subjects cover almost everything on stone from the quarry to the final decorated object, including even

aspects of weathering and restoration.

All the papers submitted for publication in these proceedings went under a peer reviewing process by

one or more reviewers. This guarantees that the papers published in this volume are of high standards,

innovative and scientifically sound.

For this, we expresses his sincere thanks to the Executive Committee of ASMOSIA, N. Herz, L. Lazzarini,

P. Storemyr, J.J. Herrmann Jr., Ph. Jockey, S. Kane, J. Harrell, and the Scientific Committee of the

Conference and also to other professional colleagues who helped with the difficult task of reviewing

the papers presented in this volume.

In addition, we want to thank Mrs V. Zatta, the Secretary of the Institute of Materials Science of NCSR“Demokritos” for her help in processing the proceedings and the research students of the Laboratory

of Archaeometry-NCSR “Demokritos” Mr. D. Tambakopoulos and Mrs. M. Maniati for their help inorganising and proof readings of the papers.

We also expresses his deepest gratitude to the French School at Athens and particularly to its Directorprof. D. Mulliez for undertaking the full cost and effort of publication of the proceedings as Supplement 51

of the Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique. Thanks are also due to Mrs. S. Huber, former publicationofficer of the French School, and Mrs. C. Aubert, present publication officer, for organizing the pub-

lication.

Yannis Maniatis

Current President of ASMOSIA

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THE “KEROS HOARD”: PROVENANCE OF THE FIGURINESAND POSSIBLE SOURCES OF MARBLE IN THE CYCLADES

Y. MANIATIS1, P. SOTIRAKOPOULOU2, K. POLIKRETI1, E. DOTSIKA1 and E. TZAVIDOPOULOS1

1. Laboratory of Archaeometry, Institute of Materials Science, NCSR “Demokritos”, Greece2. Museum of Cycladic Art, Greece

ABSTRACT

The term “Keros Hoard” has been used conventionally to describe a large group of Early Cycladic objects pri-marily in marble, mostly fragments of marble figurines, allegedly coming from the prehistoric site ofKavos-Daskalio on the Cycladic island of Keros. Ninety-two figurine fragments were examined in situ andtheir maximum grain size measured. A representative selection was sampled and analysed using stable isotopeanalysis and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The provenance of the marble used for the manu-facture of small marble idols is a challenging task, as there are no quarries in that period. The results indicatethat the marble of a few objects probably comes from Keros, that of several others from Southeast Naxos, butthe majority of them were made of marble most probably coming from Northeast Naxos, near the known Ar-chaic and later periods quarrying site of Apollonas.

KEYWORDS: KEROS, BRONZE AGE, MARBLE, FIGURINES, PROVENANCE, STABLE ISOTOPES,ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE, MAXIMUM GRAIN SIZE.

INTRODUCTION

Keros is a small, mountainous and now deserted island of 15 km2, which along with Ano andKato Kouphonisi, Schinousa, Herakleia and the two small Antikeria islands belongs to acluster of tiny, sparsely populated and agriculturally very marginal islands, which lie betweenNaxos, Amorgos and Ios in the southeast Cyclades (fig. 1).

The island of Keros first entered archaeologists’ horizons in 1884, when U. Koehler reportedthe finding, in a grave there, of the famous harper and double-flute player (KOEHLER 1884),now in the National Archaeological Museum at Athens, together with two canonical foldedarm

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414 Y. MANIATIS, P. SOTIRAKOPOULOU, K. POLIKRETI, E. DOTSIKA and E. TZAVIDOPOULOS

figurines, recently identified by P. Getz-Gentle and J.L. Fitton (GETZ-PREZIOSI 1987; FITTON

1989). Keros, however, became widely known in the aftermath of a series of extensive clandes-tine excavations conducted on many Cycladic islands in the 1950s and early 1960s. On Keros,the illicit digging was concentrated on a particularly rich deposit of Early Cycladic material atthe site of Kavos, situated at its barren western extremity. The site seems to have suffered a geo-logical disturbance, such as landslides and tectonic movements, due to existing faults, proba-bly under the action of earthquakes. These major looting events resulted in the illegal exportfrom Greece of a large number of objects of Early Cycladic II date (c. 2700-2300 BC) reputed-ly coming from Keros, which inundated the antiquities market under the conventional nameof the “Keros Hoard”. The “hoard”, which is now widely dispersed, is said to have included atleast 350 marble and mostly fragmentary figures, as a rule of the folded-arm type, a few com-plete and several fragmentary marble and clay vases, a substantial number of obsidian blades, atleast one incised bone tube, and several stone and shell polishers (GETZ-PREZIOSI 1983; GETZ-PREZIOSI 1987).

One hundred and forty figurine fragments from this “hoard”, which were bought by Hans andMarie-Louise Erlenmeyer c. 1955 (fig. 2), formed part of the homonymous large collection.The Erlenmeyer collection was auctioned in 1990 and 1992 by Sotheby’s (London). A largeamount of the “Keros Hoard” fragments was purchased then by the N.P. Goulandris Founda-tion and donated to the Museum of Cycladic Art, while a number of others, purchased by theCommercial Bank of Greece, were granted on permanent loan to the Museum (MARANGOU

1991; MARANGOU 2001). These, together with four more fragments allegedly from the “hoard”donated by a private collector and another recently purchased by the N.P. Goulandris Founda-tion, amount to 81 pieces now housed in the Museum.

This work is part of the “Keros Hoard” project which started in 2001 and consisted of an ar-chaeological study of all the “Keros Hoard” fragments in the Museum of Cycladic Art atAthens as well as those located elsewhere, in an attempt to “re-unite” and re-assess this puz-zling find, and in the hope that the outcome will contribute to the understanding of theenigmatic role of Keros during the Aegean Early Bronze Age (SOTIRAKOPOULOU 2005). Animportant result of this work was that through comparative study of the “hoard’s” figurineshoused in the Museum of Cycladic Art and those discovered at Kavos on Keros during officialarchaeological investigations it was determined that the “Keros Hoard” fragments formerly inthe Erlenmeyer Collection, or at least most of them, were truly found on Keros: the similari-ties between the two groups with regard to the state of preservation, surviving parts, andtypological distribution of their components, and, moreover, the identification of two joiningfragments and of two more that belong to the same figurine prove beyond any doubt that thetwo groups form parts of the same assemblage.

In addition, the “Keros Hoard” project included the examination and analysis with several sci-entific techniques of as many fragments as possible with a view to assessing the different typesof marble used, grouping the fragments and locating the source or sources of marble. It wasalso hoped that this analysis and provenance identification may eventually contribute to theauthenticity of some at least of the objects examined.

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SAMPLES AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

All of the “Keros Hoard” fragments in the Museum of Cycladic Art (MCA) at Athens (80pieces) and the J. Paul Getty Museum (JPGM) in Los Angeles (12 pieces) were first examinedin situ using a light source, a magnifying glass, and a millimetre scale. In this examination themaximum grain size of the marble was measured and its colour and translucence were quali-tatively assessed.

Following the initial in situ examination and rough grouping of all the objects, a portion ofthem, amounting to 34 pieces, representative of all different types of marble observed, weresampled and analysed in the laboratory. The analytical techniques used were Electron Para-magnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy and Stable Isotope Analysis. As the amount ofsample obtained was naturally very small (in many cases a few grains weighing a couple of tensof milligrams) we followed a stepwise procedure for the analysis of the marble. The EPRanalysis, which does not destroy the sample, was performed first and then the same samplewas diluted and analysed for Stable Isotopes. The EPR method, used in combination with theMaximum Grain Size, is described in detail elsewhere (MANIATIS and POLIKRETI 2000; PO-LIKRETI and MANIATIS 2002) and is based on the marble data bank accumulated at theLaboratory of Archaeometry of NCSR “Demokritos” over the last 15 years. The Stable Iso-tope Analysis technique for the provenance of marble is presented elsewhere (HERZ 1985;HERZ 1987; HERZ 1988). The Stable Isotope database for the Cyclades was kindly providedby Prof. Norman Herz1.

The Cycladic marble databases for both the stable isotopes and EPR were created from sam-ples collected from several locations on the islands of Naxos, Paros and Keros.

In particular, the field samples from Naxos come from areas in and around the known ancient(Archaic and later periods) quarries of Melanes (NX-MEL) and Apollonas (NX-APOL), aswell as in and around the Medieval and more recent quarries near the village of Apiranthos(NX-APIR). Also, a range of samples was collected from a wide region in Southeast Naxos,where there is no evidence of ancient quarrying but there are a lot of marble outcrops of a frag-mented nature that can be easily used for figurine making. The prehistoric settlements ofSpedos and Pamormos, among others, as well as the more recent site of Pirgos Chimarou arelocated in this same area. The samples from this extended area form the Southeast Naxos data-base field (NX-SE).

1. We would like to thank Prof. N. Herz of Department of Geology, Georgia University, Athens, U.S.A. for pro-viding his isotopic database for the Cyclades. The samples from Southeast Naxos and Keros were collected injoint field work with members of the Laboratory of Archaeometry.

THE “KEROS HOARD”: PROVENANCE OF THE FIGURINES AND SOURCES OF MARBLE IN THE CYCLADES 415

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On Keros, a range of field samples was collected near the prehistoric site of Kavos and frommany other places around the island where marble outcrops could be seen. These samplesform the Keros field (KEROS). The marble of Keros is either very coarse and semi-metamor-phosed containing a lot of argillaceous veins, particularly in the area near the prehistoric siteof Kavos, or very fine and similar to that of Southeast Naxos but much more fragmented. It isusually greyish to dark grey but some white varieties exist in some areas. This nature of theKeros marble makes it rather unsuitable for the production of good quality white figurines;however, the careful selection and separation of some small pieces of good marble cannot beentirely excluded. For this work the Keros database contains only the fine variety of the Kerosmarble, as the very coarse and semi-metamorphosed one is irrelevant to the marble of the fig-urines.

On Paros, two sets of field samples were collected. One set is the well-known Lychnites typemarble, the samples coming from inside the two known ancient (Archaic and later periods)underground quarries of Nymphes and Pan in the Marathi valley. These samples form theParos-Lychnites database field (PA-LYCH), the marble being pure white, transparent andwith maximum grain size 0.7-1.3 mm. The other set consists of samples collected from all theopen ancient (Archaic and later periods) quarries on both banks of the Marathi valley and thevalley of Lakkoi. These samples form the Paros Lakkoi-Marathi database field (PA-LAMA).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

IN SITU EXAMINATION IN THE MUSEUMS

From the non-destructive in situ examination in the two Museums, about seven differenttypes of marble were tentatively identified, on the basis of grain size, colour and translucence(Table 1). The individual results of this in situ examination are given in Table 2. As it can beseen, the overwhelming majority of the marbles ranges in colour from white to whitish andbuff, quite often with tints of yellow and grey, but a few uniformly grey marbles are alsopresent. As far as the crystallinity is concerned, the marbles are generally fine-grained, with amaximum grain size ranging from 1.0 to 1.5 mm. There are also quite a few ultra-fine-grained,with maximum grain sizes of about 0.5 mm, and just a couple coarser grained, with maximumgrains 2-3 mm. The translucence is generally medium, but exceptionally high or low translu-cence is also encountered. Due to great surface erosion and deposition some figurines appearcompletely opaque.

LABORATORY ANALYSIS AND EXAMINATION

After the in situ examination, a number of figurines (34) representative of the initial tentativemarble groups were selected for sampling and analysis. The list of these representative fig-

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urines is given in Table 3 together with their archaeological description (For an explanation ofthe types of the Cycladic figurines see GETZ-GENTLE 2001; SOTIRAKOPOULOU 2005).

As stated earlier, the EPR analysis does not destroy the sample and for this reason the EPRmeasurements on the samples were performed first. However, the amount of sample requiredfor EPR analysis is minimum 40 mg, which was not available for all samples. For this reasononly a certain number of samples were possible to analyse with this technique. There was noproblem whatsoever for the isotopic analysis where the amount of sample required can be lessthan 20 mg. The results of all measurements with the different techniques are given in Table4. At first, the isotopic values of the “Keros Hoard” samples are plotted against the Cycladicmarble isotope database for the MCA samples (fig. 3) and the JPGM samples (fig. 4). As it canbe seen from these diagrams, both groups of samples exhibit practically the same general dis-tribution of isotopic signatures, the MCA samples just showing a greater δ18O spread, mostprobably because the number of samples is greater. As can be seen from the above figures, thelarge overlap occurring between the Cycladic marble isotope fields does not allow a clear de-termination of the origin of the figurines. However, some interesting information can beextracted from these diagrams. First of all, it is clear that with the exception of sample PG-240(fig. 4), which is a borderline case, no other sample falls in any of the Paros fields. Paros cantherefore be excluded as the place of origin of the “Keros Hoard” figurines. The other inter-esting observation is that the samples from both Museums are divided into two main groups,one whose oxygen isotope values cluster in the range –4.0 to –6.0 ‰ and one in the range–7.5 to –12.5 ‰. The cluster of the first range falls in the overlapping region of all the fourNaxian and the Keros fields. The cluster of the second range falls in the Naxos-Apollonas andNaxos-Apiranthos fields plus the Keros field for some of the figurines. There is one sample(CY-146) whose δ13C value (-2.43 ‰) is far-off the typical Cycladic marble values. This valueis also outside of any other known marble quarry field (HERZ 1987; HERZ 1988; MOENS et al.1992a; MOENS et al. 1992b; GORGONI et al. 2002). This extreme δ13C value could be due tothe presence of schist veins that run through this particular figurine or to an analysis problem,which cannot be rechecked due to lack of sample.

The EPR results performed on a limited selection of samples from the MCA due to the verysmall amount of sample available are shown in Figure 5. In this diagram the logarithm of theMn2+ signal intensity, measured with EPR, is plotted versus the logarithm of the MaximumGrain Size, measured with optical microscopy. The values of the above parameters for the se-lected samples are compared with the corresponding values of all the Cycladic marble fieldsdescribed earlier. As can be seen from figure 5, this technique resolves the different Cycladicmarble fields much better than the isotopes. The Southeast Naxos and Keros marble fields arealmost fully distinguished from the rest of the Naxian and Parian ones, contrary to the iso-topes where they all heavily overlap (fig. 3). In addition, the two Parian fields are fullydistinguished from the known ancient Naxos quarry fields of Apollonas and Melanes. It onlyremains a certain overlap between Naxos-Apiranthos and the two Parian fields and a smalloverlap between Paros-Lychnites and Keros. Thus, the provenance of the figurines that couldbe measured is much better approached with this technique. In particular, there is a group of


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MCA samples (CY-103, 25, 146, 67, 250) whose provenance is located either in the South-east Naxos or Keros. As mentioned earlier, there are no obvious marble quarries in these areas,but there are a lot of prehistoric settlements, particularly in Southeast Naxos (Spedos,Panormos, Korfi tou Aroniou and many others). Three other samples (CY-87, 31, 24) fall inthe overlapping region of Naxos-Apollonas and Naxos-Apiranthos fields. Three more samples(MCA-50, 13, 86) fall at the edge of the Naxos-Apiranthos field and two (MCA-129, 49) justoutside it. Finally, one sample (CY-83) has a possibility apart of Naxos-Apiranthos to be alsofrom Paros-Lychnites. This possibility is very remote, however, as it is precluded by the isotopevalues (fig. 3).

It is interesting to note further that most of the samples whose provenance falls in the Apiran-thos and Apollonas fields on the EPR/MGS diagram (fig. 5), fall also in the Apiranthos/Apollonas or in the Apiranthos/Apollonas/Keros fields on the isotopes diagram (fig. 3),strengthening thus the determination of origin for these samples to the locations of Apiran-thos or Apollonas.

A further inspection of the diagrams of Figures 3 and 5 shows clearly that the most importantparameters exhibiting the widest spread of values and hence being potentially the best param-eters for discriminating between the Cycladic marble regions are the δ18O and the Log(MGS). These two parameters are mostly influenced by the temperature and pressure thatprevailed during the formation of marbles (metamorphosis) and are thus more sensitive tolocal variations in the forming of each marble deposit. For this reason the samples were statis-tically treated using only these two parameters and new bivariate plots were produced (figs 6and 7). The fact that the MGS was measured for all samples from both Museums gave us theopportunity to improve the limited discrimination offered by using just the two isotopic sig-natures for the Cyclades and also overcome the difficulty of using the EPR technique for allsamples due to the very small amounts available. The Paros-Lychnites field (undergroundquarries) is not plotted in these new diagrams, but only the open quarry fields (PA-LAMA)from all areas, as the Paros-Lychnites marble was excluded clearly by the δ13C values (figs 3and 4).

Figure 6 shows the new plot for the MCA samples. There are six samples that fall in the South-east Naxos and Keros fields. Four of them (CY-25, 250, 103, 67) have equal chances to beeither from SE-Naxos or Keros. The CY-32 and 146 have a high probability to be just fromKeros and the same applies for CY-126, which is just outside the Keros field, as it is very closeto this field and there are no other fields with parameters close to it. The rest of the MCA sam-ples, which constitute the majority, fall either in the edge of the Apiranthos field, or in theApollonas-Apiranthos overlap region or just outside the Apollonas field. These samplespresent an interesting problem of origin and will be discussed in detail a bit later. A furtherpoint to be noted from this diagram is that no MCA figurine seems to come from Paros. Thiswas confirmed from the previous plots as well, but with this new plot even the case of sampleCY-83, appearing in the diagram of Figure 5 to have a small probability to be either fromParos or from Apiranthos, is clarified. Its origin from Paros can now be excluded.

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Figure 7, shows the JPGM samples on the new plot. The distribution is the same as with theMCA samples, with the only difference that the majority falls in the Southeast Naxos andKeros fields and the minority in the Apiranthos-Apollonas borderline. It should be noted herethat the samples falling in the NX-SE/KEROS overlap (PG-240, 243, 232, 252, 241) have asomehow higher probability to be from Keros rather than SE Naxos because they fall at theedge of the NX-SE field where the concentration of the SE Naxos field samples, not shown inthe diagram, is minimal. Sample 246 is also most likely from Keros. Sample 211 is very closeto the Paros field and also close to the Apiranthos field.

THE APIRANTHOS/APOLLONAS BORDERLINE ORIGIN

As can be seen from Figures 5, 6 and 7, the majority of figurines from the Museum of CycladicArt and a number from the J. Paul Getty Museum fall at the edges of the Naxian fields of Api-ranthos and Apollonas. There is no doubt that the origin of these figurines is Naxian.However, the areas of Southeast Naxos as well as Melanes in the west of the island are excludedand the origin question is confined by the analyses to the Apiranthos or Apollonas regions.Apiranthos is a historical village, situated in the Middle-East part of the island (fig. 8), withcharacteristic Venetian architecture whose roots go back to the 10th century AD. No prehis-toric settlement has been found so far in or around the village. The nearest prehistoric finds,including fragments of marble figurines, were found at Moutsouna, a small village by the seaat the east cost of Naxos (fig. 8), that served as a port to Apiranthos. However, there is goodmarble in the Apiranthos area, evidenced by the presence of a nearby old quarry (perhaps me-dieval or later) and a modern one, from both of which the database samples originate.

Apollonas on the other hand is situated on the north side of the island near the sea. There ismuch more marble in the greater Apollonas area than in Apiranthos and its proximity to thesea has led to systematic exploitation since the Archaic period, as evidenced by the presence ofextensive tool marks on the marble phases and the existence of semi-finished kouroi, in-cluding the very impressive gigantic kouros “Dionysus” abandoned at the site(ZAPHEIROPOULOU 1988). The prehistoric settlement of Avdeli, near the coastal village of Li-onas, is located a bit to the south of Apollonas (fig. 8).

It is interesting to note that the characteristics of the marble from the areas of Apiranthos andApollonas appear quite similar as is evidenced from the large overlap of all the parametersmeasured so far and presented in the previous diagrams. Most interesting is the fact that theApiranthos field is included in the Apollonas field on the finer grain sizes side (figs 5, 6, 7).Very interesting is also the fact that all the “Keros Hoard” samples under consideration fall atthe very edge of both the Apiranthos and Apollonas fields (figs 5, 6, 7), some of them just in-side and some just outside (figs 6 and 7). This is because all these samples have a grain sizearound 1 mm, a grain size that is at the extreme lower limit of these two fields and some haveeven slightly lower than this. This probably suggests that the marble used for these figurinesdoes not necessarily originate from exactly within the areas sampled for the creation of the


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database but perhaps from nearby regions as the marble characteristics are quite close. We cantherefore tentatively suggest the area southeast of Apollonas and more particularly the generalarea enclosed by Apollonas – Lionas – Moutsouna – Apiranthos – Apollonas1 as the place oforigin for these samples (fig. 8). We can call this area from now-on Northeast Naxos2. There isa lot of marble in this area with degrees of metamorphosis varying from IV, III and II, ac-cording to Jansen (JANSEN and SCHUILING 1976) and decreasing from north to south.Unfortunately, this is the only area on Naxos whose marble outcrops have not been systemat-ically sampled for analysis so far and for this reason we cannot verify our suggestion at present.

SUMMARY OF THE PROVENANCE RESULTS

Following the above discussion and interpretation of results, the provenance of the analysedfigurines is summarized in Table 5. The majority of the samples, especially those of the MCA,seem to originate from the general area of Northeast Naxos as defined above. It can also beseen that this area produces almost exclusively the canonical Early and Late Spedos varieties,while the Keros or Southeast Naxos/Keros areas produce all the varieties.

In addition, Table 5 clearly shows that the initial grouping done after the in-hand examina-tion of the objects in the Museum with a light source and a millimeter scale is approximatelycorrect. For example, it is seen that more than 70% of the figurines whose provenance is fromNortheast Naxos were grouped in marble types A or B of the initial grouping whose only dif-ference is a slight colour differentiation (Table 1), that can easily occur even within the samemarble block. The same must be true for groups F and H. Concerning the figurines made inSoutheast Naxos or Keros marble, it is clear that the groups C, D, G and I are varieties of thesame type of marble occurring in these areas.

Table 6 is an attempt to estimate tentatively the provenance of the rest of the figurines thatwere not analysed on the basis of the above associations of the initial grouping and final prove-nance of the analysed ones. This table also includes for comparison three figurines that do notbelong to the “Keros Hoard”. Naturally a number of figurines remained unassigned, as the in-formation extracted from the in situ examination was not very clear for them to be assigned aprovenance without analysis. Concerning the three figurines that do not belong to the “KerosHoard”, two of them are assigned to the Northeast Naxos general region, just as the majorityof the “Keros Hoard” figurines. This evidence for the non-“Keros Hoard” figurines presentedhere and similar evidence for some others presented elsewhere (GETZ-GENTLE 2001; GETZ-GENTLE et al. 2003), although limited, indicates that the provenance(s) of the “Keros Hoard”figurines is not different from that of other figurines of the Early Bronze Age.

1. Newest field work has produced evidence that marble similar in appearance to that of the figurinesmay be found closer to Apiranthos and Moutsouna rather than to Apollonas.

2. According to newer evidence, this may be confined to Centraleast Naxos.

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CONCLUSIONS

The first challenge of this work was the small size of the objects and the very small amount ofsample that could be potentially obtained. This was somehow overcome by the examinationand measurement of the maximum grain sizes of all the objects in situ non-destructively, usinga light source, and by assessing the quality, transparency and colour of the marble of each ob-ject. These parameters were used in order to form initial groups according to the type ofmarble. These groups proved valuable for choosing representative objects for sampling andanalysis and at the end for estimating the provenance of non-analysed objects.

The EPR analysis, although limited to a small number of samples, proved very vital in under-standing the differentiations between groups of samples in terms of provenance, as the isotopicsignature fields were insufficient by themselves to distinguish clearly provenance within theCyclades. Following that, it was realised that the logarithm of the MGS proved a very good pa-rameter in separating the low-grade metamorphic marble of Southeast Naxos and Keros fromthe rest of Naxos and Paros. Finally, it was shown that the highest possible discrimination be-tween the Cycladic marbles was achieved by using the combination of Log (MGS) and δ18O.

A difficulty and limitation was the fact that in prehistoric times there are no quarries. A smallblock of marble sufficient for making a figurine can be easily found loose or detached from afragmented marble outcrop. In an island like Naxos, which is full of marble from the North tothe South and in all its eastern part, such a block can be picked from anywhere. Therefore, lo-cating the provenance of a figurine is a very challenging task, as it is practically impossible tosample every occurrence of marble on a large island like Naxos or on other Cycladic islands.However, this problem was partially overcome by the fact that the sampling done by our teamin the past was not restricted only to the areas of known ancient quarries but covered manyother areas of several square kilometers where there are no traces of quarrying but there is a lotof fragmented marble and a lot of prehistoric settlements.

The future work on figurines from other places and more marble outcrop sampling will en-hance the provenance assignment possibilities.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to thank Mrs Dolly Goulandris, President of the Nicholas P. Goulandris Foundation – Museumof Cycladic Art, for kindly granting permission to sample the figurines. Also, we would like to thank Dr. Dim-itris Plantzos, former Curator of the Museum of Cycladic Art, and the Museum technical staff for providingany possible administrative and technical assistance with all the demands of a serial in situ examination of theobjects.

We are also very grateful to the J. Paul Getty Museum for the invitation and for hospitality, and for providingthe ideal conditions for the examination and sampling of the “Keros Hoard” objects owned by the Museum.

We would also like to thank Prof. Norman Herz of the Department of Geology, Georgia University, USA, forproviding his isotopic database for the Cyclades.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

FITTON, J.L, 1989, Cycladic Art, British Museum Press, London.

GETZ-GENTLE, P., 2001, Personal Styles in Early Cycladic Sculpture, The University of Wisconsin Press,Madison and London.

GETZ-GENTLE, P., HERZ, N., MANIATIS, Y., and POLIKRETI, K., 2003, “Sourcing the Marble of EarlyCycladic Objects”, in K.P. FOSTER and R. LAFFINEUR (eds), METRON, Measuring theAegean Bronze Age, Proceedings of the 9th International Aegean Conference, Yale University,18-21 April, 2002, Aegaeum, 24, pp. 65-74.

GETZ-PREZIOSI, P., 1983, “The 'Keros Hoard': Introduction to an Early Cycladic Enigma”, in D. METZLER,B. OTTO and C. MÜLLER-WIRTH (eds), Antidoron, Festschrift für Jürgen Thimme zum 65,Geburtstag am 26 September 1982, C.F. Müller, Karlsruhe, pp. 37-44.

GETZ-PREZIOSI, P., 1987, Sculptors of the Cyclades: Individual and Tradition in the Third MillenniumB.C., Ann Arbor, The University of Michigan Press in Association with J.P. Getty Trust,Michigan.

GORGONI, C., LAZZARINI, L., PALLANTE, P., and TURI, B., 2002, “An updated and detailed mineropet-rographic and C-O stable isotopic reference database for the main Mediterranean marblesused in antiquity”, in J.J. HERRMANN JR., N. HERZ and R. NEWMAN (eds), ASMOSIA 5,Interdisciplinary Studies on Ancient Stone – Proceedings of the 5th International Conference ofthe Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity, Archetype Publica-tions, London, pp. 115-131.

HERZ, N., 1985, “Isotopic Analysis of Marble”, in G.J. RAPP and J.A. GIFFORD (eds), ArchaeologicalGeology, Yale University Press, pp. 331-351.

HERZ, N., 1987, “Carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios: A database for classical Greek and Roman marble”,Archaeometry, 29(1), pp. 35-43.

HERZ, N., 1988, “The oxygen and carbon isotopic database for Classical marble”, in N. HERZ and M.WAELKENS (eds), Classical Marble: Geochemistry, Technology, Trade, NATO ASI Series E,Applied Sciences, 153, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 153, pp. 305-314.

JANSEN, J.B.H., and SCHUILING, R.D., 1976, “Metamorphism on Naxos: Petrology and geothermalgradients”, American Journal of Science, 276, pp. 1225-1253.

KOEHLER, U., 1884, “Praehistorisches von den griechischen Inseln”, Mitteilungen des Deutschen archäol-ogischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung, 9, pp. 156-162.

MANIATIS, Y., and POLIKRETI, K., 2000, “The characterisation and discrimination of Parian marble inthe Aegean region”, in D. U. SCHILARDI and D. KATSONOPOULOU (eds), "PARIALITHOS", Proceedings of 1st International Conference on the Archaeology of Paros and theCyclades, Paros, October 2-5, 1997, Athens, pp. 575-584.

MARANGOU, L., 1991, The Nicholas P. Goulandris Foundation. From the Private Collection to the Mu-seum of Cycladic Art, The N.P. Goulandris Foundation - Museum of Cycladic Art, Athens.

MARANGOU, L., 2001, The Nicholas P. Goulandris Foundation, Museum of Cycladic Art, Activities Report1991-1999, The N.P. Goulandris Foundation - Museum of Cycladic Art, Athens.

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MOENS, L., DE PAEPE, P., and WAELKENS, M., 1992a, “Multidisciplinary research and cooperation:Keys to a successful provenance determination of white marbles”, in M. WAELKENS, N.HERZ and L. MOENS (eds), Ancient Stones: Quarrying, Trade and Provenance, ActaArchaeologica Lovaniensia, Monographiae, 4, Leuven University Press, Leuven, pp. 247-252.

MOENS, L., ROOS, P., DE PAEPE, P., and SCHEURLEER, R. L., 1992b, “Provenance determination of whitemarble sculptures from the Allard Pierson Museum in Amsterdam, based on chemical, mi-croscopic and isotopic criteria”, in M. WAELKENS, N. HERZ and L. MOENS (eds), AncientStones: Quarrying, Trade and Provenance, Acta Archaeologica Lovaniensia, Monographiae, 4,Leuven University Press, Leuven, pp. 269-276.

POLIKRETI, K., and MANIATIS, Y., 2002, “A new methodology for marble provenance investigation basedon EPR spectroscopy”, Archaeometry, 44(1), pp. 1-21.

SOTIRAKOPOULOU, P., 2005, The “Keros Hoard”: Myth or Reality? Searching for the lost pieces of a puzzle,N.P. Goulandris Foundation - Museum of Cycladic Art, Athens, J. Paul Getty Museum,Los Angeles and Cycladic Art Foundation, New York.

ZAPHEIROPOULOU, Ph., 1988, Naxos: Monuments and Museums, Krene Editions, Athens.

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Fig. 1. — Map of the Cyclades showing some important Early Cycladic sites.

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Delta 18O (‰)

Delta

13C (‰

)

CY74

CY233CY126CY129

CY83

CY123

CY24

CY12CY67

CY113

CY23

CY31

CY86

CY146

CY49 CY87CY50

CY32 CY25CY21

CY250CY235

-16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

NX-APOLNX-APIR

KEROS

NX-SE

PA-LYCH

PA-LAMA

NX-MEL

2

3

Fig. 2. — The “Keros Hoard” figurine fragments formerly in the Erlenmeyer Collection.Fig. 3. — Isotopic values (δ13C and δ18O) of the “Keros Hoard” samples from the Museum ofCycladic Art. The ellipses represent the isotopic values for the Cycladic marbles covering more than95% of the field samples. NX-APOL = Naxos-Apollonas, NX-APIR = Naxos-Apiranthos, NX-SE =Southeast Naxos, NX-ME = Naxos-Melanes, KEROS = Keros, PA-LYCH = Paros-Lychnites, PA-LAMA = Paros-Lakkoi and Marathi (For more details on the areas covered by the field samples see“Samples and Analytical techniques”).


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Delta 18O (‰)

Delta

13C (‰

)

PG232PG184

PG174

PG211

PG252

PG199PG246PG241

PG240PG151

PG176PG243

-16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

NX-APOL NX-APIR

KEROS

NX-SE

PA-LYCH

PA-LAMA

NX-MEL

LOG (MGS)

LO

G (M

n2+)

-3 -2 -1 0 1 24

5

6

7

8

9

8731113 50

49 86

8324

129

103

25

146

67

250

SE-NX

KEROS

NX-MELNX-APOL

NX-APIR

PA-LYCH

PA-LAMA

4

5

Fig. 4. — Isotopic values (δ13C and δ18O) of the “Keros Hoard” samples from the J. Paul Getty Museum (theanalysis for samples 174, 184, 199, 211, 232, 240, 241, 246, 252, was performed by Prof. Norman Herz at theUniversity of Georgia, USA). The ellipses represent the isotopic values for the Cycladic marbles covering more than95% of the field samples. NX-APOL = Naxos-Apollonas, NX-APIR = Naxos-Apiranthos, NX-SE = SoutheastNaxos, NX-ME = Naxos-Melanes, KEROS = Keros, PA-LYCH = Paros-Lychnites, PA-LAMA = Paros-Lakkoi andMarathi (For more details on the areas covered by the field samples see “Samples and Analytical techniques”).Fig. 5. — The logarithm of the Mn2+ intensity values, measured with Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spec-troscopy versus the logarithm of the Maximum Grain Size for a selection of “Keros Hoard” samples from theMuseum of Cycladic Art. The ellipses represent the equivalent values for the Cycladic marbles covering more than95% of the field samples. NX-APOL = Naxos-Apollonas, NX-APIR = Naxos-Apiranthos, NX-SE = SoutheastNaxos, NX-ME = Naxos-Melanes, KEROS = Keros, PA-LYCH = Paros-Lychnites, PA-LAMA = Paros-Lakkoi andMarathi (For more details on the areas covered by the field samples see “Samples and Analytical techniques”).

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Fig. 6. — The δ18O isotopic values versus the logarithm of the Maximum Grain Size for the “Keros Hoard” sam-ples from the Museum of Cycladic Art. The ellipses represent the equivalent values for the Cycladic marbles cover-ing more than 95% of the field samples. NX-APOL = Naxos-Apollonas, NX-APIR = Naxos-Apiranthos, NX-SE =Southeast Naxos, NX-ME = Naxos-Melanes, KEROS = Keros, PA-LYCH = Paros-Lychnites, PA-LAMA = Paros-Lakkoi and Marathi (For more details on the areas covered by the field samples see “Samples and Analytical tech-niques”).Fig. 7. — The δ18O isotopic values versus the logarithm of the Maximum Grain Size for the “Keros Hoard” sam-ples from the J. Paul Getty Museum. The ellipses represent the equivalent values for the Cycladic marbles coveringmore than 95% of the field samples. NX-APOL = Naxos-Apollonas, NX-APIR = Naxos-Apiranthos, NX-SE =Southeast Naxos, NX-ME = Naxos-Melanes, KEROS = Keros, PA-LYCH = Paros-Lychnites, PA-LAMA = Paros-Lakkoi and Marathi (For more details on the areas covered by the field samples see “Samples and Analytical tech-niques”).

6

7


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Fig. 8. — Geological map of Naxos. The marble deposits are shown in dark purple colour. On themap are also shown the zones with the various degrees of metamorphosis of marble (JANSEN andSCHUILING 1976), as well as the locations of ancient and modern quarries, the areas sampled to cre-ate the database and the prehistoric settlements.

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Table 1: Description of the tentative marble groups used for the initial classification of thefigurine fragments.

GroupMarble characteristics

A Sub white – Greyish marble Dull, with low translucence MGS = 1.2 – 1.4 mm

B White to sub white marbleMedium to High translucenceMGS = 1.0 – 1.2 mm

B1 (perhaps =H) White marbleHigh translucenceMGS ≤ 1.0 mm

C Sub white – Yellowish marbleMedium to High translucenceMGS ≈ 0.5 mm

D Greyish marbleLow translucenceMGS ≤ 1.0 mm

E Yellowish (wax like colour)Very high translucenceMGS ≤ 1.0 mm

F White marbleHigh translucenceMGS ≈ 1.5 mm

G (perhaps = B1) Sub white marbleMedium to High translucenceMGS ≤ 1 mm (≈ 0.7 mm)

H Whitish marbleMedium translucenceMGS ≥ 1.5 mm

I White marbleMedium translucenceMGS ≈ 0.5 mm

J Whitish marbleMedium translucenceMGS ≈ 3.0 mm

K Greyish marble (typical of a grey striated variety located on Keros and perhaps other places)Low translucence or OpaqueMGS ≈ 0.5 mm


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Table 2: Results of the in situ detailed examination of the marble of the figurines

Catalogue Marble Colour Transparency Maximum Grain Size Tentative Groupingnumber (mm)

MCA-3 Greyish - Brown Low <0.5 K ?

MCA-6 White High <1.0 B1

MCA-7 Whitish Medium ? ?

MCA-8 Whitish Low ≤1.0 H ?

MCA-9 White Medium 1.0-1.2 B

MCA-12 Unrecognised ? >1.0 A or B

MCA-13 Unrecognised Opaque <0.5 K ?

MCA-14 Sub white - Greyish Low 1.1-1.2 A

MCA-17 White High ~1.0 B

MCA-18 White Medium ~0.5 I

MCA-19 White Medium ≥1.0 B

MCA-21 White - Greyish Medium - High ~1.0 B

MCA-23 Sub white - Yellowish Medium - High ≤1.0 G or E or C

MCA-24 White Medium - High 1.0-1.5 F ?

MCA-25 Whitish - Greyish Low - Medium <1.0 D

MCA-26 White Medium ~1.0 ?

MCA-29 White High ≥1.0 B

MCA-30 Sub white Medium 0.5-0.7 B

MCA-31 Grey Very Low 1.3 A

MCA-32 Greyish Low - Medium 0.5-0.7 I

MCA-33 White High ≤1.0 B or G

MCA-34 Pure White High ≤1.0 B1

MCA-35 White Medium - High 0.7 I or C

MCA-36 White Medium - High 1.0-1.2 B

MCA-37 White - Sub white Medium 0.7-0.8 I

MCA-40 White Low Fine ? B

MCA-41 Yellowish Very high ≤1.0 E

MCA-42 White - Greyish Medium - High ≥1.3 F

MCA-43 White High <1.0 B1

MCA-44 White - Greyish Medium <1.0 B

MCA-45 White Medium ~1.0 B

MCA-46 White ? ~1.0 B ?

MCA-47 White - Greyish Low Fine ? ?

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Table 2 (cont/ed)


MCA-48 White High 0.8 G or B or B1

MCA-49 White Medium ~1.0 ?

MCA-50 Pure White Medium ~1.0 B

MCA-55 White Medium - High 1.2-1.5 F

MCA-56 White High ≤1.0 G

MCA-58 Sub white Medium ≤1.0 G

MCA-67 Sub white Low <1.0 C ?(Horizontal whitish veins)

MCA-68 Unrecognised Opaque - dull Fine ? B

MCA-70 Sub white - Yellowish High 0.5 C

MCA-72 Whitish - Greyish Low 1.2-1.3 A

MCA-73 Sub white - Greyish Low ~1.0 B

MCA-74 Sub white - Greyish dull Opaque 1.0-1.4 A

MCA-75 Sub white - Greyish Low 1.0-1.2 A

MCA-76 White Medium ~1.0 B

MCA-83 White Medium - High ~1.0 B

MCA-86 Sub white - Greyish Medium - High ~1.0 B or D

MCA-87 Greyish - Dull Low 1.1-1.3 A

MCA-89 Sub white - Greyish Medium ~1.0 B ?

MCA-90 Whitish - Greyish Low ≤1.0 D

MCA-95 Sub white Low 1.5 A ?

MCA-97 White Medium - High ≤1.0 B or B1

MCA-103 Sub white - Greyish dull Low ≤1.0 D

MCA-109 White Medium - High ≤1.0 B1

MCA-110 White Medium ~1.0 D ?

MCA-112 White Medium 0.8-0.9 G or B

MCA-113 White High ~1.0 B

MCA-115 White Medium 0.5-0.7 I

MCA-116 White High 1.0-1.2 B

MCA-119 White High <1.0 G

MCA-121 Sub white Low ~1.0 ?

MCA-126 White - Greyish Medium - High ~0.5 C

MCA-128 White Medium ~1.0 G

MCA-129 White High ≥1.0 B


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Table 2 (cont/ed)


MCA-134 Greyish Low <1.0 D

MCA-136 Unrecognised Medium ~3.0 J

MCA-140 Grey? Opaque Fine ? ?

MCA-141 Whitish Medium - High ≥1.5 H

MCA-142 Sub white - Yellowish High 0.5 C

MCA-143 Unrecognised ? ~2.0 ?

MCA-146 White - Greyish High ~0.7 C or G

MCA-148 White High ~1.0 B1

MCA-149 White Medium 1.0-1.2 B ?

MCA-233 Sub white Low 1.0-1.2 B

MCA-235 Whitish - Greyish Medium 2.0 H ?

MCA-247 Whitish Medium ≥1.0 B or G

MCA-250 Grey Opaque <0.5 K

MCA-254 Whitish - Yellowish Medium - High 0.8-1.0 G or I or C

JPMG-151 Whitish Medium - High 0.8

JPMG-174 Whitish - Yellowish Medium - High 0.6 D or I

JPMG-176 Whitish - Yellowish Medium - High 1.1

JPMG-184 Whitish Low - Medium 1.1 B

JPMG-199 White Medium - High 1.1 B

JPMG-211 White Medium 1.0 B

JPMG-232 White - Yellowish (white Medium 0.6 Iveins in the feet)

JPMG-240 Whitish Low - Medium 0.6

JPMG-241 White - Milky Medium 0.7 D or I

JPMG-243 Whitish - Yellowish (fine Medium 0.6 D or Igrey veins)

JPMG-246 White Medium - High 0.6 I

JPMG-252 Greyish - Whitish Low - Medium 0.5(grey-green veins)

MCA-251* Yellowish High 1.0-1.2 E?

MCA-256* Whitish Low ≥1.0 A

MCA-281* Whitish - Greyish (grey in Medium ≥1.0 Bbetween the legs)

Note: * Figurines from the Museum of Cycladic Art not belonging to the “Keros Hoard” but included for comparison. The numbersrefer to the Museum Collection Codes.

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Table 3: The “Keros Hoard” fragments that were sampled and analysed.

Museum* Catalogue Preserved Sex Type Varietynumber

MCA 12 Torso + thighs Female Canonical Early SpedosMCA 21 Thighs Canonical Early SpedosMCA 23 Lower legs + feet Canonical Early SpedosMCA 24 Right leg Canonical Early SpedosMCA 25 Right leg Canonical Early SpedosMCA 31 Right lower leg + foot Canonical Early SpedosMCA 32 Left lower leg + foot Canonical Early SpedosMCA 49 Left lower leg Canonical Early SpedosMCA 50 Left lower leg Canonical Early SpedosMCA 67 Lower torso+thighs Female Canonical Late SpedosMCA 74 Pubic area + thighs Female Canonical Late SpedosMCA 83 Pubic area + thighs Female Canonical Late SpedosMCA 86 Legs Canonical Late SpedosMCA 87 Legs Canonical Late SpedosMCA 103 Lower legs + feet Canonical Late SpedosMCA 113 Lower legs Canonical Late SpedosMCA 126 Lower torso+legs Female Canonical DokathismataMCA 129 Thighs Canonical DokathismataMCA 146 Upper torso PostcanonicalMCA 233 Lower legs + feet Canonical Late SpedosMCA 235 Lower legs Canonical Late SpedosMCA 250 Torso + legs PostcanonicalJPGM 151 Head + neck Canonical SpedosJPGM 174 Head + neck Canonical Early SpedosJPGM 176 Head Canonical Early SpedosJPGM 184 Right lower leg + foot Canonical Early SpedosJPGM 199 Head + neck Canonical Late SpedosJPGM 211 Head Canonical Late SpedosJPGM 232 Legs Canonical Late SpedosJPGM 240 Torso + legs Female Canonical Spedos/DokathismataJPGM 241 Lower torso+thighs Female Canonical Spedos/DokathismataJPGM 243 Head + neck Canonical DokathismataJPGM 246 Upper torso Canonical DokathismataJPGM 252 Torso Female Postcanonical

Note: MCA = Museum of Cycladic Art, AthensJPGM = J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles


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Table 4: Analytical results of the “Keros Hoard” samples.

Museum Catalogue δδ13C δδ18O MGS Mn2+ (Rel. number ‰ ‰ (mm) Units)

MCA 12 1.98 -5.40 1.1 -MCA 21 2.08 -9.22 1.0 -MCA 23 0.97 -12.64 1.0 -MCA 24 0.50 -5.63 1.5 575MCA 25 2.31 -4.33 0.5 1532MCA 31 2.39 -9.85 1.3 1592MCA 32 2.21 -7.83 0.6 -MCA 49 1.88 -10.44 1.0 1305MCA 50 1.70 -8.64 1.1 1246MCA 67 1.93 -5.76 0.5 203MCA 74 2.30 -5.70 1.3 -MCA 83 1.78 -6.00 1.1 602MCA 86 1.66 -7.98 1.1 796MCA 87 1.84 -5.33 1.3 1631MCA 103 0.93 -5.27 0.5 1681MCA 113 1.49 -7.79 1.1 1234MCA 126 1.77 -9.89 0.5 -MCA 129 1.93 -11.20 1.1 4840MCA 146 -2.43 -7.97 0.6 444MCA 233 1.80 -5.50 1.1 -MCA 235 1.80 -5.29 2.0 -MCA 250 1.53 -4.94 0.4 218JPGM 151 1.82 -5.07 0.8 -JPGM 174 -0.13 -6.18 0.6 -JPGM 176 2.07 -9.76 1.1 -JPGM 184 1.91 -8.50 1.1 -JPGM 199 1.90 -5.48 1.1 -JPGM 211 1.29 -4.55 1.0 -JPGM 232 1.71 -5.18 0.6 -JPGM 240 1.56 -4.06 0.6 -JPGM 241 2.01 -4.26 0.7 -JPGM 243 2.38 -4.62 0.6 -JPGM 246 1.84 -9.62 0.6 -JPGM 252 2.87 -5.75 0.5 -

Note 1: MCA = Museum of Cycladic Art, Athens, JPGM = J. Paul Getty Museum, Los AngelesNote 2: The isotopic analysis for the JPGM samples 174, 184, 199, 211, 232, 240, 241, 246, 252, was performed by Prof.Norman Herz at the University of Georgia, USA.Note 3: MGS = Maximum Grain Size

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Table 5: Provenance Assignment of the Analysed Figurines.

Museum1 Catalogue Type/Variety Initial Grouping Provenance2

number

MCA 12 Early Spedos A or B NE NaxosMCA 21 Early Spedos B NE NaxosMCA 23 Early Spedos G or E or C NE NaxosMCA 24 Early Spedos F? NE NaxosMCA 31 Early Spedos A NE NaxosMCA 49 Early Spedos ? NE NaxosMCA 50 Early Spedos B NE NaxosMCA 74 Late Spedos A NE NaxosMCA 83 Late Spedos B NE NaxosMCA 86 Late Spedos B or D NE NaxosMCA 87 Late Spedos A NE NaxosMCA 113 Late Spedos B NE NaxosMCA 129 Dokathismata B NE NaxosMCA 233 Late Spedos B NE NaxosMCA 235 Late Spedos H? NE NaxosJPGM 176 Early Spedos ? NE NaxosJPGM 184 Early Spedos B NE NaxosJPGM 199 Late Spedos B NE NaxosMCA 32 Early Spedos I KerosMCA 126 Dokathismata C KerosMCA 146 Postcanonical C or G KerosJPGM 151 Spedos ? KerosJPGM 174 Early Spedos D or I KerosJPGM 246 Dokathismata I KerosJPGM 211 Late Spedos B Paros or NE NaxosMCA 25 Early Spedos D SE Naxos or KerosMCA 67 Late Spedos C? SE Naxos or KerosMCA 103 Late Spedos D SE Naxos or KerosMCA 250 Postcanonical K SE Naxos or KerosJPGM 232 Late Spedos I SE Naxos or KerosJPGM 240 Spedos/Dokathismata ? SE Naxos or KerosJPGM 241 Spedos/Dokathismata D or I SE Naxos or KerosJPGM 243 Dokathismata D or I SE Naxos or KerosJPGM 252 Postcanonical ? SE Naxos or Keros

Note 1: MCA = Museum of Cycladic Art, AthensJPGM = J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles

Note 2: NE Naxos = defined as the area enclosed by Apollonas – Lionas – Moutsouna – Apiranthos – Apollonas (Fig. 8).


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Table 6: Provenance estimation of the non-analysed figurines from the Museum of Cycladic Art.

Catalogue Colour Transparency Maximum Initial Provenancenumber Grain Size Grouping Assignment

(mm)

121 Sub white Low ~1.0 ? ?3 Greyish - Brown Low <0.5 K ? Keros13 Unrecognised Opaque <0.5 K ? Keros140 Grey? Opaque Fine ? ? Keros12 Unrecognised ? >1.0 A or B NE Naxos14 Sub white - Greyish Low 1.1-1.2 A NE Naxos17 White High ~1.0 B NE Naxos19 White Medium ≥1.0 B NE Naxos29 White High ≥1.0 B NE Naxos30 Sub white Medium 0.5-0.7 B NE Naxos36 White Medium - High 1.0-1.2 B NE Naxos40 White Low Fine ? B NE Naxos42 White - Greyish Medium - High ≥1.3 F NE Naxos44 White - Greyish Medium <1.0 B NE Naxos45 White Medium ~1.0 B NE Naxos46 White ? ~1.0 B ? NE Naxos55 White Medium - High 1.2-1.5 F NE Naxos72 Whitish - Greyish Low 1.2-1.3 A NE Naxos73 Sub white - Greyish Low ~1.0 B NE Naxos75 Sub white - Greyish Low 1.0-1.2 A NE Naxos76 White Medium ~1.0 B NE Naxos89 Sub white - Greyish Medium ~1.0 B ? NE Naxos95 Sub white Low 1.5 A ? NE Naxos109 White Medium - High ≤1.0 B1 NE Naxos116 White High 1.0-1.2 B NE Naxos141 Whitish Medium - High ≥1.5 H NE Naxos148 White High ~1.0 B1 NE Naxos149 White Medium 1.0-1.2 B ? NE Naxos247 Whitish Medium ≥1.0 B or G NE Naxos8 Whitish Low ≤1.0 H ? NE Naxos?18 White Medium ~0.5 I SE Naxos or Keros35 White Medium - High 0.7 I or C SE Naxos or Keros37 White - Sub white Medium 0.7-0.8 I SE Naxos or Keros43 White High <1.0 B1 SE Naxos or Keros56 White High ≤1.0 G SE Naxos or Keros58 Sub white Medium ≤1.0 G SE Naxos or Keros70 Sub white - Yellowish High 0.5 C SE Naxos or Keros90 Whitish - Greyish Low ≤1.0 D SE Naxos or Keros115 White Medium 0.5-0.7 I SE Naxos or Keros119 White High <1.0 G SE Naxos or Keros

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BCH Suppl. 51

TABLE 6. (cont/ed)

Catalogue Colour Transparency Maximum Initial Provenancenumber Grain Size Grouping Assignment

(mm)

128 White Medium ~1.0 G SE Naxos or Keros134 Greyish Low <1.0 D SE Naxos or Keros142 Sub white - Yellowish High 0.5 C SE Naxos or Keros254 Whitish - Yellowish Medium - High 0.8-1.0 G or I or C SE Naxos or Keros6 White High <1.0 B1 ?7 Whitish Medium ? ? ?26 White Medium ~1.0 ? ?33 White High ≤1.0 B or G ?34 Pure White High ≤1.0 B1 ?41 Yellowish Very high ≤1.0 E ?47 White - Greyish Low Fine ? ? ?48 White High 0.8 G or B or B1 ?68 Unrecognised Opaque-dull Fine ? B ?97 White Medium - High ≤1.0 B or B1 ?110 White Medium ~1.0 D ? ?112 White Medium 0.8-0.9 G or B ?136 Unrecognised Medium ~3.0 J ?143 Unrecognised ? ~2.0 ? ?

Mus. no-256 Whitish Low ≥1.0 A NE Naxos

Mus. no-281 Whitish - Greyish Medium ≥1.0 B NE Naxos(grey in between the legs)

Mus. no-251 Yellowish High 1.0-1.2 ? ?

Note 1: “Mus. no” = Figurines from the Museum of Cycladic Art not belonging to the “Keros hoard” but included for compa-rison. The numbers refer to the Museum Collection Codes.

Note 2: NE Naxos = defined as the area enclosed by Apollonas – Lionas – Moutsouna – Apiranthos – Apollonas (Fig. 8).


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BCHSupplément 51


ASMOSIA VI IActes du VIIe colloque international de l’ASMOSIA

Thasos 15-20 septembre 2003

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference ofAssociation for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity

Thassos 15-20 september, 2003


BCHSupplément

51

É C O L E F R A N Ç A I S E D ´ A T H È N E SA

SM

OS

IA V

II

Ce volume comprend les textes des communications d’ASMOSIA VII, 7e con-férence internationale de l’Association pour l’étude du marbre et des autres pierresdans l’Antiquité (Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Anti-quity), qui s’est tenue dans l’île de Thasos, en Grèce. Les thèmes abordés dans cescommunications sont à la pointe du domaine interdisciplinaire où se rejoignent lascience, l’archéologie et l’histoire de l’art ; ils reflètent un large spectre de larecherche sur les pierres, depuis la carrière jusqu’au produit décoré dans son étatfinal. Les sujets plus particulièrement abordés sont les suivants : (1) Considérationsarchéologiques et emploi du marbre ; (2) Carrières, techniques d’extraction, géologie etpropriétés de la pierre ; (3) Identification de provenance et caractérisation : le marbre ;(4) Identification de provenance et caractérisation : autres pierres ; (5) Techniques etdéveloppements ; (6) Bases de données ; (7) Propriétés de la pierre – Vieillissement–Restauration et (8) Pigments et peintures sur marbre.

This book contains the papers submitted to ASMOSIA VII, which is the 7th In-ternational Conference of the Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stonesin Antiquity. The conference was held in the island of Thassos, Greece. The sub-jects of the papers represent the state-of-the-art in the interdisciplinary field ofScience and Archaeology and Art-History and reflect a very broad range ofresearch and applications on stone, from the quarry to the final decorated object.In particular, the subjects cover: (1) Archaeological considerations and use of marble,(2) Quarries, Quarrying Techniques, Geology and Stone properties, (3) ProvenanceIdentification and Characterisation: Marble, (4) Provenance Identification andCharacterisation: Other stones, (5) Techniques and Developments, (6) Databases,(7) Stone Properties – Weathering – Restoration and (8) Pigments and paintings onmarble.

BULLETIN DE CORRESPONDANCE HELLÉNIQUE, SUPPLÉMENTS

41. Les Italiens dans le monde grec (IIe siècle av. J.-C.-Ier siècle ap. J.-C.). Circulation, dénomination, intégration. Actes de la Table ronde organisée à l’École Normale Supérieure,Paris, 14-16 mai 1998, édités par Claire HASENOHR et Christel MÜLLER (2002).

42. Recherches franco-albanaise I. L’Albanie dans l’Europe préhistorique, Actes du colloque de Lorient organisé par l’École française d’Athènes et l’Université de Bretagne-Sud, Lorient8-10 juin 2000, édités par Gilles TOUCHAIS et Josette RENARD (2002).

43. Le Néolithique de Chypre, Actes du colloque international organisé par le Département des Antiquités deChypre et l’École française d’Athènes, Nicosie 17-19 mai 2001, édités par Jean GUILAINE et Alain LE BRUN, avec la collaboration d’Odile DAUNE-LE BRUN (2003).

44. Les Messéniens de 370/369 au Ier siècle de notre ère. Monnayage et histoire, par Catherine GRANDJEAN (2002).

45. La sculpture architecturale byzantine dans le thème de Nikopolis du Xe au début du XIIIe siècle (Épire et Étolie-Acarnanie et Sud de l’Albanie), par Catherine VANDERHEYDE (2005).

46. Mythos. La préhistoire égéenne du XIXe au XXIe siècle après J.-C. Actes de la table ronde internationaled’Athènes (21-23 novembre 2002), édités par Pascal DARCQUE, Michael FOTIADIS et Olga POLYCHRONOPOULOU (2006).

47. Études d’archéologie délienne, par Philippe BRUNEAU, Recueil d’articles rassemblés et indexés par Jean-Charles MORETTI (2006).

48. La sculpture des Cyclades à l’époque archaïque. Histoire des ateliers, rayonnement des styles, Actes du colloque international, organisé par l’Éphorie desAntiquités préhistoriques et classiques des Cyclades et l’École française d’Athènes (7-9 septembre 1998), édités par Y. KOURAYOS et Fr. PROST (2008).

49. La Sculpture Byzantine VIIe – XIIe siècle, Actes du colloque international, organisé par la 2e Éphorie des Antiquités byzantines et l’École française d’Athènes (6-8 septembre 2000),édités par Charalambos PENNAS et Catherine VANDERHEYDE (2008).

50. La gigantomachie de Pergame ou l’image du monde, par Françoise-Hélène MASSA-PAIRAULT (2007).

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