wsso-dhalli shimla ... final design ... 17 september

A Biannual E-Newsletter of Irrigation and Public Health Department, Himachal Pradesh

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Inside this issue

Message From Hon’ble Minister, IPH

Message From Principal Secretary, IPH

Message From Vice-Chairman, WMB

Message From Engineer-in- Chief, IPH

Message From Editor’s Desk...

Water & Sanitation Support Organization, Himachal Pradesh-The Catalyst in Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Sector.

Changer Area Medium Irrigation Project: A Success Story

Success Story of Providing WSS to PC Habitations of Mewa & Bomson Constituencies in Touni Devi & Bhoranj, Distt. Hamirpur

Rain Water Harvesting: Indispensablefor Future India

Gram Panchyat, Keshnand, Pune, Haveli,Maharastra: A Case Study on Community Managed Rural Drinking Water Supply

Water ATM-An Innovative Step towardsQuality Water

Display advertisement on Water ATM

Display advertisement on Toll Free Helpline

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Use of Submersible Pumps for Surface Sources to Economize Capital and Running Costs

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Benefits of Research & Development 19

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Vol I No I,September, 2014

It gives me immense pleasure to know that Water and Sanitation Support Organization (WSSO), Himachal Pradesh is publishing a departmental bi-annual E-Newsletter “Nirmal Jaldhara” which will help in experience and knowledge sharing at various levels. The newsletter will provide an update on the latest developments in the field of irrigation and drinking water sector in the state of Himachal Pradesh.

The Government of Himachal Pradesh is significantly trying to provide piped water supply to each and every household, connecting agricultural land with irrigation schemes by scientifically managing the Water resources. Efforts are also being made in the field of flood control thorough channelization of major rivers in the State.

As per data of census 2011, in Himachal Pradesh 89.5% families are using tap water which is a welcome increase from 84.1% reported in the previous census. This is a commendable achievement considering the fact that the population of Himachal Pradesh resides in small habitations scattered in difficult far flung hilly areas.

The Government intends to involve the PRIs and community in planning, implementation and managements of RWSS for better delivery of services to people. To achieve this objective, various awareness generation and capacity building activities are being executed by WSSO. Pilot Project is already under operation in three blocks of the State.

It is hoped that bringing out an e-newsletter is an excellent step of the department and will serve as an exemplary platform for projection of ideas and the dissemination of information on good practices in irrigation and drinking water sector in the state.

MESSAGE

(Vidya Stokes)

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Irrigation & Public Health, Horticulture and Information & Technology Minister,

Himachal Pradesh SPS/I&PH/Hort./IT Min/2013-12816

Dated: 5th September, 2014


It is my pleasure to know that Water and Sanitation Support Organization (WSSO), Himachal Pradesh is bringing out a biannual E-Newsletter in the field of irrigation and drinking water. The newsletter will be very helpful in sharing new ideas, case studies, learnings in the field of irrigation, water management and public health in the state. The newsletter will serve as an effective tool for communicating the achievements of the department being implemented in the interest of general public.

I am confident that that all the officials of the department and stakeholders in the field of irrigation and public health will make meaningful contribution in the success of this e-newsletter. I congratulate IPH and WSSO for the newsletter and I am hopeful that it will go a long way in strengthening information dissemination to all stakeholders in irrigation and drinking water sector.

Message

(Harbhajan Singh Bhajji)

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Himachal Pradesh Water Management Board,

US Club, Shimla 171001

Harbhajan Singh BhajjiVice Chairman

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The Department of Irrigation and Public Health, Himachal Pradesh has been serving the people of the State from the last 21 years. It has set many milestones in the field of drinking water supply, irrigation, flood control and sewage treatment in the State. Water and Sanitation Support Organization (WSSO), Himachal Pradesh has been set up under State Water and Sanitation Mission (SWSM), which is an extended arm of IPH department in the field of rural drinking water and sanitation under NRDWP.

The department has an excellent pool of technical and non-technical workforce who is consistently working for providing better services and has developed and demonstrated successfully several innovative models in the field of drinking water, water quality, irrigation, flood control and sewage treatment in the State. Of late, a need was felt to develop an E-Newsletter to highlight case studies/success stories/research articles/best practices of the department for experience and knowledge sharing within the department and also serve as knowledge pool for other service providers in the field of drinking water and irrigation. The E-Newsletter will also serve to disseminate the lessons learnt from other States.

I am convinced that this e-newsletter will add to the knowledge of our serving Engineers, Scientists, Technical and Non-Technical professionals of the department and give a momentum in public service delivery in the field of water supply and irrigation.

I appreciate the efforts of Director, WSSO and his team in developing and publishing the 1st issue of this bi-annual E-Newsletter. I hope suggestions and comments to improve the contents of the e-newsletter will be forthcoming from all the Stakeholders.

Message


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(K. Sanjay Murthy)

Principal Secretary, FCS & CA, I&PH, TE

Government of Himachal Pradesh,Shimla-171002

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K. Sanjay Murthy, I.A.S.

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Zfuey kjkk/ytVol I No I,September, 2014

The Irrigation & Public Health Department is committed to provide adequate and safe drinking water to all, assured irrigation facilities to farmers in maximum feasible cultivated area and also to manage and conserve the available water resources of the Pradesh for use by the future generations for posterity. The department is continuously trying to introduce new technologies in order to improve the quality of services as well as ensure efficient use of the available resources.

Transfer of technological interventions, gained by research and experience, to the common man is an integral part of communication strategy of the department. It is hoped that this E-Newsletter will serve this objective and would be a useful reference for Technocrats, Scientists and Professionals working in the field of water resources.

I would like to appreciate the efforts of Director, WSSO and his team for taking the initiative to publish this e-newsletter & would request all stakeholders in the field of water resources to contribute to the success of this endeavour.

Message

(Er. Rakesh Kumar Sharma)


Engineer-in-Chief Irrigation & Public Health Department

Shimla-171 001 Email: [email protected]

Phone No.: 0177-2658886 (O)0177-2812841(Fax)

Er. R. K. Sharma

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It gives me pleasure in bringing out the 1st issue of bi-annual E-Newsletter, “Nirmal Jaldhara” focusing on various aspects of irrigation and public health engineering. It was a long pending desire of various engineers of I&PH Department to bring out a magazine or newsletter highlighting the success stories or articles on new projects commissioned by the d e p a r t m e n t a d o p t i n g n e w t e c h n o l o g y o r advancements in the field of Water Supply, Irrigation and Flood Protection works. Ultimately, it was decided to bring out such issues in the shape of an E-Newsletter and a committee was constituted under my Chairmanship to design and bring out this E-Newsletter.

The current issue covers various initiatives of the department e.g. installation of “WATER ATMs”, initiating Toll Free Helpline, use of submersible pumps etc. including research articles and case studies from other States in the field of irrigation and drinking water. Through this e-newsletter, WSSO would bring to you regular updates and viewpoints on the issues of irrigation and public health.

Last but not least, I would like to put on record that it was the vision of Sh. Vineet Chawdhry (IAS), the then Additional Chief Secretary (IPH) to bring out this E-Newsletter and WSSO would had not been able to publish this E-Newsletter without the guidance and proactive support from him. I also acknowledge the efforts of my editorial team to bring out the newsletter into realty.

Finally, I remain confident that the readers would find the articles informative and I take this opportunity to request the readers for their valuable feedback at nirmaljaldhara@gmail .com for improvements in the 2nd issue of the newsletter.

(Er. A.K. Vaidya)

From the Desk of Chairman, Editorial Board..

Chief Engineer WSSO (H.P.)

CHIEF PATRON Sh. K. Sanjay Murthy, IAS

Principal Secretary (IPH), GoHP

PATRON Er. R.K. Sharma

Engineer- in- Chief (IPH)

EDITORIAL BOARD Er. A.K. VaidyaChief Engineer

cum Director, WSSO, HP & Chairman, Editorial Board

Er. Naveen Puri Superintending Engineer (P& I-1)

IPH Division, Shimla-9 &

Er. Sham Kumar Sharma Executive Engineer

IPH Division, Bilaspur &

Member, Editorial Board

Member Secy., Editorial Board

EDITORIAL ASSOCIATE Dr. Anil Kumar

Consultant (HRD/IEC) WSSO, Shimla-12

Water and Sanitation Support Organization State Water and Sanitation Mission, Himachal Pradesh

Dhalli, Shimla-12

A Newsletter Produced by

Email for Correspondence [email protected]

Phone No.0177-2647510 (O)

0177-2647512 (Fax)

Date of 2nd issue: March, 2015

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Water and Sanitation Support Organization, Himachal Pradesh-The Catalyst in Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector

PREAMBLErd Pursuant to the 73 amendment to the

Constitution in the year 1993, roles of Government had a paradigm shift in the drinking water sector from service provider to facilitator, thereby enabling the community to act as planner and implementer of village water supply schemes. There was also a shift from the supply-driven government-owned systems to decentralized demand-driven, community-owned water supply systems with emphasis on empowerment and capacity building of the local communities. The Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) were given a constitutional status and had greater power in managing local resources and community affairs. With the aim to take up community managed reform initiatives in drinking water and sanitation sector, Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MDWS), Government of India conceptualized the establishment of Water and Sanitation Support Organization (WSSO) in each State as a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) to facilitate and involve community in water conservation, water quality monitoring, planning, implementation and management of Rural Water Supply Schemes and environmental sanitation in rural areas under National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP).

ESTABLISHING WSSO, HIMACHAL PRADESH Accordingly, Water and Sanitation Support Organization has been established in year 2010-11at State level with headquarter at Dhalli, Shimla under the aegis of State Water and Sanitation Mission, Himachal Pradesh which is a registered Society under Societies Registration Act, 2006. The organization is working as a catalyst to bridge the gap between the Government and community in taking forward drinking water reforms at grassroot level. At State level, it is headed by Director under the administrative control of Principal Secretary (IPH) to the Government of Himachal Pradesh. It is 100% supported and funded by Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Government of India under NRDWP (Support &WQMS Fund).

To strengthen and enable community to have adequate, safe and sustainable drinking water supply including for cooking, other domestic needs as well as livestock at all times, in all situations and access to better sanitation facilities.

To develop state specific HRD and IEC strategy for reform initiatives in water and sanitation

Capacity development of stakeholders at all levels in the field of water management, conservation, water resources management, water quality monitoring etc.

To provide HRD/IEC inputs for programme implementation

Networking with Government agencies, NGOs, CBOs for social mobilization

Documentation of best practices, success stories and action research

Project appraisal, evaluation of the water and sanitation programme

OBJECTIVES

FUNCTIONS WSSO has been entrusted to implement NRDWP Support and Water Quality Monitoring & Surveillance activities i.e. HRD, IEC, MIS& computerization, R&D, M&E and M&I etc. covering issues e.g. water management, conservation, water resources management, water quality monitoring , health & hygiene etc. The main functions of WSSO are as follows:

Providing enabling support and environment to Panchayati Raj Institutions and local communities to plan, manage, maintain and own their water supply and sanitation facilities

Ensuring participation of all sections of community especially women in rural water supply and sanitation sector

Attaining water security through community involvement and enable community to monitor and keep surveillance on their drinking water sources

Ensuring drinking water quality as per the minimum standards and involving community in water quality monitoring and surveillance, water management and conservation especially Rain Water Harvesting, recycling and reuse of waste water

Bridging the existing knowledge gap amongst communities on water resource management, water conservation, safe drinking water, hygiene and sanitation issues

Dr. Anil KumarConsultant (HRD/IEC), WSSO

Dhalli, Shimla-12

VISION

MISSION

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Er. A.K. VaidyaChief Engineer cum Director, WSSO

Dhalli, Shimla-12

Promote participation of PRIs in effective implementation of programmes

Encourage NGOs, CBOs and other agencies to increasing contribute towards higher programmer achievements on turnkey basis

Mobilize community, opinion & mass leaders for owning the programmes and work with the community to ensure its participation and contribution

To ensure convergence among different partners, agencies, organizations, departments and outfits, suitable to contribute in Water and Sanitation Programmes

Social Mobilization (SM)

Research and Development (R&D) To engage and provide financial support to

research institutions/NGOs for undertaking R&D activities as per the thrust areas under NRDWP

STAKEHOLDERS The departments and agencies with which WSSO works are: Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation,

Government of India Irrigation and Public Health Department, HP Education Department, HP Panchayat Raj and Rural Development

Department, HP Department of Women and Child, HP Health and Family Welfare Department, HP District Administration, Zila Parishads and

Panchayat Samitis NGOs, CBOs etc.

Human Resource Development (HRD) Training & orientation of stakeholders about

water and sanitation programmes Exposure visits to other states as well as within the

State for having first hand felt of successful social mobilization and implementation strategies

Review of implementation mechanism and identification of constrains

Remedial measures for speedy implementation of the programme

Information, Education, Communication (IEC) Creating Awareness among stakeholders. Generation of demand, based on felt need for Water and Sanitation Programmes Effective communication with stakeholders especially with community to ensure behavior change in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene practices. Effective utilization of print, electronic and folk media for informing and educating the stakeholders

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

SWSM(Headed by Chief Secretary)

WSSO (Headquarter at Dhalli, Shimla)

Line Departments for Implementations of Water Supply & Sanitation Project

Chief Engineer cum Director (WSSO)

Consultant(M&E)

Consultant (HRD/IEC)

Consultant(WQM&S)

StateCoordinator

(WSSO)

Establishment(Sr. Astt/Jr. Astt/

DEO/ Peon)

DWSM ( Headed by

XEN Distt. HQ)

Joint Controller

(F&A)

Executive Engineer (CCDU State Training Centre, Mandi)

Establishment (A.E. /Acctt/DEO)

Consultant (Chemist)

Establishment (Accountant/DEO) BRCs

STRATEGY WSSO emphasis on capacity building of PRIs & community in water management, conservation, water qual ity monitoring, water resources management, health & hygine & to plan, design, own and manage their own water supply systems. The major components of strategy are as follows: Creating institutions at the village level and

strengthening them through continuous capacity building

Focus on IEC and other software activities before taking up development of infrastructure for water supply

Social process based demand driven programme implementation for achieving stakeholder engagement, gaining public confidence, strong community leadership, accountability and efficient service deliver

Building strong partnerships based on transparency and trust with community, community institutions and NGOs

WSSO, Himachal Pradesh is in its juvenile stage. So far, many steps and activities have been taken up by WSSO to ensure the participation of community in water management, conservation and water quality monitoring but still there is a long way to go.

CONCLUSION

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India is an agricultural and populous country. About 70 per cent of people earn their livelihood from agriculture. In order to grow food-crops and agricultural products in large quantities and to feed the growing millions, intensive farming and rotation of crops are essential. Extensive irrigation is, therefore, necessary for more production. At the time of independence, there was provision of irrigation only in 17 per cent of the total cultivable lands. In the post independence period more attention was paid by the policy makers and planners to irrigation in order to make the country self-sufficient in production of food-crops, as a result of which about 37 per cent of the total cultivable lands have been provided with irrigational facility by now. About 80 per cent of the total annual rainfall of India occurs in four months, i.e. from mid-June to mid-October. So it is essential to provide irrigation for production of crops etc, during the rest of the eight months. The monsoons are uncertain. So irrigation is necessary to protect crops from drought as a result of uncertain rainfall. It does not rain equally in all parts of the country. Soils of some areas are sandy and loamy and therefore porous for which a major portion of rainwater percolates down very quickly. Sandy and loamy soils can't retain water like the alluvial soil and the black soil. The rain-water flows down very quickly along the slopes of hillsides. So irrigation is necessary to grow crops in such areas. In the state of Himachal Pradesh, agriculture is the main source of income and livelihood of the rural population. The rainfall is erratic, sometimes deficient and other times it is excessive. In order to get the maximum yield, it is essential to provide the moisture to the plant roots at the appropriate regular intervals. The agriculture development in Himachal Pradesh and especially in Bilaspur District, where even drinking water is supplied through tankers in summers has suffered a lot due to inadequate irrigation facilities. Medium Irrigation Project from Anandpur Hydel Channel to Changer area in Bilaspur district has been conceived to increase the agriculture production manifold towards attaining self sufficiency and socio-economic upliftment. The project area comprises of 28 villages in 8 Panchayats having 2350 hectares of CCA. It is located in the foothills of the Shiwalik Hills near Sh. Naina Devi Ji Temple in Bilaspur district of Himachal Pradesh.

The soil of the command area is very fertile and has sufficient natural slope due to hilly terrain. The word Changer means drought prone area. To provide irrigation facilities in 2350 hectares, there was no source of water other than Anandpur Hydel Channel (AHC). An Agreement between Govt. of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh was reached on 4.8.1983 and Punjab state agreed to release 25 Cusecs of water regularly to Himachal for irrigation and drinking purpose. The estimated peak water requirement for the project was 46 Cusecs against the availability of 25 Cusecs of water from Punjab state for the project. The annual average water requirement for the project was calculated and found well within 25 Cusecs which exceeded only during peak months. In order to make this project viable Govt. of Punjab permitted the variable withdrawals on 13.7.1990, as per monthly irrigation water requirement instead of regular supply of 25 Cusecs and keeping overall annual withdrawals well within the agreed volume of water. The average annual water requirement for this project works out to 19.65 Cusecs. Water is being drawn from AHC by constructing a siphon on one side of the channel. The area of the project has been divided into six zones. To increase the potential utilized and irrigation efficiency of the project a detailed projected report for Extension Renovation and Modernization (ERM) of the project has been framed as latest CWC guidelines amounting to Rs. 11.60 Crore and is being submitted to Govt. of India for approval. The overview of the command area of the project is shown below in Fig. 1 to 8.

Changer Area Medium Irrigation Project: A success Story

Er. R.K.KanwarChief Engineer (HZ), IPH Department, Hamirpur (H.P.)

Fig. 1. Project Headworks at Dabat Fig. 2 Command Area

Fig. 3 Outlet in operation Fig. 4 Sprinkler Irrigation

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Fig 5. IPH Farm at Dabat Fig. 6 Wheet Crop village Sihani Fig. 7 Mixed Crop village Raur Jamun Fig. 8 Interaction with KVS

SALIENT FEATURES1. A/A&E/S Amount : Original 28.37 Crore; Revised 88.09 Crore2. Completion Cost : 87.46 Crore3. Potential Created : 2350 Hect.4. Potential utilized : 1315 Hect.5. Source : Anandpur Hydel Channel RD 14160 through Siphon at Dabat6. Water Requirement : 38.86/18.78 Cusecs (Max/Avg) 7. No. of Zones : 6 Nos.8. Year of Start : 1990-20009. Year of : Zone 1A - 2007-08 commissioning : Other 5 Zones – 2011

10. No. of Panchayats : 8 Nos. benefitted

11. No. of villages : 28 Nos. benefitted 12. Population benefitted : 11914 Persons 13. Rising main : MSERW pipe of various Class/Dia (31.67 Kms)14. Pumping Machinery : 13 Set of 6020 BHP15. Distribution system : DI/GI/AC pipe of various Class/Dia (229.65 Kms)16. CAD works : HDPE pipe of various class/dia (112.14 kms)17. No. of outlets : 1114 Nos.18. BC Ratio/IRR : 2.03 : 1 & 24.26%

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The Lift Water supply scheme Logwalti Bomson was commissioned during the year 1979. Before commissioning of the scheme, people of Bomson depended totally on man-made Khatries dug through the conglomerate as other traditional sources like Bowlies, wells etc are nonexistent in Bomson area. These Khatries were used to be filled with surface run-off during rainy season being directed from cleaner and steeper hill slopes. Towards the end of the rainy season, percolated water through the saturated conglomerate also kept seeping into Khatries adding to depleted water level in the Khatries owing to regular daily use. Despite all these effort by the people, they had to use the stored water very judiciously throughout the year. A scanty rainfall may keep them deprived of water during such rainless spells. Feeling tired of prolonged hardship faced due to scarcity water, people, at time, had to flee away from their native place to other nearby places for rehabilitation where there was sufficient water. Village of Triunda in G.P. Jandroo and part of village Mehlroo in G.P. Bir Baghera are two such examples where the population has totally migrated.

three more infiltration galleries in the Jangled Khad in vicinity of existing source at Bouru. Due to increase in population and daily water consumption and partially drying up of sources during lean period, the water scarcity kept on increasing year to year.

Success Story of Providing WSS to (0-10) PC Habitations of Mewa & Bomson Constituencies in Touni Devi & Bhoranj, Distt. Hamirpur

Er. R.P. TondonChief Engineer (MZ), IPH Department, Mandi (H.P.)

The lift water supply scheme Logwalti Bomson was the first piped water scheme designed to provide water @ 40 LPCD for about 15000 souls with a spring as source at Bouru in Jangled Khad and was financed by the Royal Dutch Govt. The people of the area, though got some relief regarding drinking water, yet the use of Khatries remained un-relented to cater their needs of livestock as well as other domestic uses . The scheme was augmented during 1990-91 by adding

Almost same was the status of adjoining area of Mewa Constituency where the condition of availability of water was no better and people had to waste most of their useful time in arranging water to meet daily needs. In view of this severe problem, a survey was carried out by the IPH Department and found that 92 PC habitations (census villages) in Bomson and 122 PC habitations (census villages) in Mewa Constituency having ultimate population of 97809 perons +18169 students+ 50 Bed +62 staff +67 Boarding students + 213 Emp. +1 Rest House, are worst affected where the water in normal time used to be supply once in two to four days. The deployment of 18 to 20 tankers during hot summers. 7 small water supplied schemes supplying water to 122 PC habitation of Mewa Constituency were based on local Nallah/Khad sources and one scheme supplying water to 92 PC habitations of Bomson Constituency were proposed to be supplemented by providing a big project “Providing water supply to 0-10 PC. Habitations of Mewa and Bomson Constituencies” having a reliable and sustainable water source in the shape of 6 Nos. percolation wells on left Bank of River Beas near village Jakhu to supply water @ 70 LPCD. The scheme was administratively approved for Rs.5692.16 Lacs by the Govt. of Himachal Pradesh in

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The execution of the scheme was immediately taken up during 2007 and the scheme was completed in time bound manner within stipulated period of one year and was successfully commissioned in March 2008. Since then, the scheme is functioning satisfactory and adequate drinking water supply @ 70 LPCD is being regularly maintained to the above population. In the mean time, when the project was already conceived and executed, three more schemes of Mewa Constituency with 17 census villages having ultimate population of 11318 persons + 144 Emp + 2177 students+ 635 floating population + 6 Hospital Beds with additional water requirement of 822660 litres, were connected from the main reservoir of the project at Awahdevi thereby adding extra burden of the project.

FUNCTIONS

The migration of the earlier scared population has totally stopped. There is remarkable saving in the daily man hours (4 to 6 hours) per persons making total hour saved to the tune of 436508 to 654762 hours which now are being utilized for various other useful activities by the above population. The living condition and the economy of the area as a whole has dramatically changed. The hygienic conditions of these villages are far better as compared to the earlier position.

BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT

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Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is an age old technique of water conservation. It is the most valuable intervention intended to augment water supply system or to increase agricultural production. In the present era of declining rainfall, depleting water table, attributed to various factors like ecological imbalances, environmental hazards, climate change and depleting forest cover etc., rainwater harvesting is going to play a pivotal role in the water resource management and sustainability in the days to come. India, with 1.21 billion people has 17.2% of world population and 4% of fresh water resources. Out of total water resource available in India (1869 BCM) only 60% (1123 BCM) is utilizable, comprising of 690 BCM surface water and 433 BCM ground water. The available water resources are not uniformly distributed, since 67% of the water resources are available in Indo-Gangetic alluvial plains (1/3rd of total geographical area of India) and balance 33% in remaining geographical area. Large spatial and temporal variation in rainfall, from 100 mm in western Rajasthan to 11000 mm in Cherapunji (Meghalaya) is also responsible for non uniform distribution of water resources. Water availability per person per year has been reduced from 5177 cum during 1951 to 1869 cum/person/year in 2001. If this trend continues, India will become a “Water Stressed” state by 2025, as the supply level will decline to 1341 cum/person/year (benchmark: 1000 to 1700 cum/person/yr. for water stressed state). Annually, India receives about 3 trillion cubic metre of water through rainfall. This is a huge resource and perhaps largest in the world. However, almost 90% of this precipitation falls between mid June and October, out of which India utilizes only 10%. Thus water conservation and recharge measures through RWH, to utilize large rainfall resource has to be adopted in the water deficit zones to augment both surface and sub-surface sources. This warrants for strategic planning on long term prospective basis and scrupulous follow up action. This paper critically examine the philosophy and need of rainwater harvesting, future water demand and availability, hydro cycle, available water resources, RWH potential, Role of RWH in achieving Millennium Developmental Goals (MDGs), methodologies, social and environmental aspects, Govt. interventions and strategic planning in future.

Keywords: Rainwater harvesting, water stressed, MDGs, environmental sustainability.

Rain Water Harvesting: Indispensable for Future India

Er. Sham Kumar Sharma Executive Engineer, I&PH Division Bilaspur (H.P.)

Phone : 09418038107; E-mail: [email protected]

Er. Naveen Puri Superintending Engineer, P&I –I, Shimla-9

Ph : 09418012022; E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION Rain water harvesting is a technique of collection and storage of rain water in surface or in sub-surface reservoir by recharging it for future requirement so that it is not lost as surface runoff on the earth. Rain water can easily be harvested in areas, having sufficient rainfall intensity, in the larger part of the year. In area with inadequate groundwater and surface water, RWH may act as alternative water source. Rainwater is the purest form of raw water and is bacteriologically pure, free from organic matter and soft in nature. The solution of drinking water problem of the vast majority of population in our country lies in the appropriate use of Rain water harvested through roof and from built up catchments where annual rainfall is sufficient. It has been estimated that the amount of rain water that falls on the terrace of a medium house can take care of the drinking water requirement of an average family of 4 members for one year. Historically, India has a long tradition of water harvesting. Traditional water harvesting systems have become dysfunctional due to prolonged abandonment because of various physical, social, economic, cultural and political factors which led to their worsening and elimination of institutions which nurtured them [Aggarwal and Narain, 1997]. Some structures lost their relevance in modern era. The limited Indian research on rainwater harvesting/artificial recharge, so far had focused only on the engineering performance of individual structure [Murlidharan and Athawale, 1998]. Water remains in dynamic state through hydrological cycle. Its usage for humans, animals or plants involves movement. The dynamic resource is more relevant for most of the developmental needs. The static or fixed nature of the reserve in impounding water bodies is also significant for activities like pisciculture, navigation, water sports etc. Rainwater harvesting can be used for groundwater recharge, where the surface runoff is collected and allowed to be absorbed with groundwater. Rainwater harvesting refers to accumulation and storage of rainwater for reuse, before it replenishes the aquifer. It can be used to provide water supply to humans, animals, plants, and other typical uses.

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Rainwater harvesting can ensure an alternative water supply during lean periods. It produces advantageous effects by reducing peak of storm runoff. Rainwater harvesting systems are simple to install and operate. Running costs are negligible and they provide water at the point of consumption. Rainwater harvested from roofs can contain human, animal and bird faeces, mosses and lichens, windblown dust, particulates from urban pollution, pesticides, and inorganic ions from the sea (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO4) and dissolved gases (CO2, NO2, SO2). Pesticides in large concentrations are normally found in first rainfall after dry spell. Alum and chlorine can be added to disinfect water before supplying. Solar water disinfection also provides low-cost disinfection option to treat stored rainwater for drinking. The average annual water availability of the country is assessed as 1869 billion cubic metres (BCM). Total utilizable water resource is assessed as 1123 BCM comprising of surface water 690 BCM and ground water as 433 BCM. In the major part of the country, rainfall is the only sources for water which is primarily available during the monsoon period only. Due to tropical climate and geographical location, India experiences vast spatial and temporal variation in precipitation. About one-third of the country's area is drought prone. The southern and western parts comprising the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka are the drought prone states. On the other hand, north and north eastern regions including states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Assam are subjected to periodic flooding. India receives about 3 trillion cubic metre of water annually from rainfall and about 90% of this precipitation falls between mid June and October, out of which India utilizes only 10%. Thus there is urgent need to conserve this resource.

With rising consumption, deteriorating water quality and inadequate governance, India is likely to face an acute water shortage by 2050. Further, as assessed by World Bank and US Census Bureau, India may move towards water scarcity by 2050, due to various factors as enunciated below.

WATER DEMAND AND AVAILABILITY With exponential population growth, per capita water availability is decreasing and India is moving towards water stressed state, as shown below in Fig. 1. Benchmark for water stressed and water scarcity state is water availability between 1700 – 1000 cum/person/year and below 1000cum/person/year respectively.

Fig. 1: Per Capita Water Availability (Source: CGWB, India)

1. Due to rapid population growth water demand projected to rise by 89% by 2050.2. Per capita water availability will decrease by about 44%.3. R e g i o n a l d i s p a r i t i e s i n r e s e r v e s a n d replenishments will increase water scarcity.4. Water consumption in agriculture sector is

expected to decrease between 2000 and 2050 due to efficient irrigation methods, less reliance on agricultural products and change in land use due to rapid urbanization/commercialization.

5. Domest ic and industr ia l sectors water consumption will rise.

6. The industrial sector demand is expected to grow nearly quadruple due to rapid industrialization and economic growth. The above state of affairs has further been corroborated in Table 1 and 2 below.

Year available (Million Litre)

Per Capita WaterDemand (Million Litre)

Table 1: Comparison of Annual per capita clean water availability and demand (1997 to 2050*) * expected

199720102025*2050*

1.361.110.890.76

0.660.620.550.66

Per Capita Water

FUNCTIONS

Table 2: Sector wise water consumption in India (2000- 2050*) * expected Year Sector wise Consumption (Trillion litre)

2000

681 trillion litre (Total)

89% agriculture; 6% Industrial; 5% domestic2025*

833 trillion litre (Total)

81% agriculture;11% Industrial; 8% domestic2050* 899 trillion litre (Total)

71% agriculture;18% Industrial;11% domestic

[Source : World Bank 2006, US Census Bureau)]

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE Water occurs on the earth in all three states viz. solid, liquid and gaseous. Evaporation of water from water bodies like oceans and lakes, formation and movement of clouds, rain and snowfall, stream flow and groundwater movement depicts the dynamic aspects of water. The various aspects of water related

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to earth can be represented as a cycle known as hydrologic cycle. Hydrologic Cycle has six components as discussed below:Evapotranspiration - water evaporating from the ground and transpiration by plants. Condensation - process of water changing from a vapour to a liquid. Water vapour in the air rises mostly by convection in which warm, humid air will rise, while cooler air will move downward. As the warmer air rises, the water vapour will lose energy, causing drop in temperature and a change of state into liquid or ice.Precipitation - water being released from clouds in the form of rain, sleet, snow or hail. Precipitation begins after water vapour, which has condensed in the atmosphere, becomes too heavy to remain in atmospheric air currents and falls under gravity.Infiltration - portion of the precipitation that reaches the Earth's surface which infiltrate into the ground.Percolation - downward movement of water through soil and rock. It occurs beneath the root zone.Runoff - precipitation that reaches the surface of the Earth but does not infiltrate into the soil. Runoff also originates from melted snow and glaciers. The schematic representation of hydrologic cycle is shown in Fig. 2.

WATER DEMAND AND AVAILABILITYFig. 2: The Hydrologic Cycle

India – Land and Water Resources at a glance A. General

Geographical Area 329 million ha.

Area as % of world area

2.4%Forest cover

20.97%

Population (Census 2011)

1210 million

Population as % of world Population (2011)

17.2%

Annual rainfall (2005) 1208 mm

Major river basins 12 Nos.

Medium River Basins 46 Nos.

B. Water Resources

Average annual Precipitation 4000 BCMAvg. precipitation during Monsoon ( June-Sept ) 3000 BCMNatural Runoff 1869 BCMTotal annual utilizable water resources 1123 BCMEstimated utilizable surface water resources 690 BCMTotal utilizable ground water resources 433 BCMPer capita water availability per annum 1720 Cum

[Source: www.cwc.nic.in/]

RAINWATER HARVESTING POTENTIAL IN INDIA India has tremendous potential for rainwater harvesting since it is having sufficient rainfall throughout the country barring few locations. In the rainfall deficit areas water harvesting practice is even more relevant as experienced in the case of state of Rajasthan having various success stories of recharging of surface and subsurface sources through water harvesting structures. India has sufficient potential for RWH and it can fulfill the drinking water requirement of the country, if we could succeed in collecting even 50% of rainfall through RWH structures covering only 2.4% of the land area as shown in Table 3.Table 3: India's RWH potential

Population(Census 2011) 1210 millionAverage Annual rainfall

1208 mm

Land area for which land use records are available

304 million hectares.

Average per capita demand of domestic water, nationwide

100 LPCD

Annual domestic water requirements

44165

billion litres

%age of Rainfall harvested

50%

(say)

Volume of RW harvested annually 1836160 billion litre

Land requirement 7.31 m. ha.%age of India land 2.40%

Thus even if 50% of rainwater is harvested, domestic water requirement of the entire nation can be fulfilled through rainfall only, which should be seriously contemplated by the policy makers.RAINWATER HARVESTING VIS-A-VIS MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGs)

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight international development goals, envisaged by United Nations and all 193 member states and 23 international organizations who have agreed to achieve them by 2015. Role of Rainwater

9


harvesting in achieving these goals is crucial as discussed below.1. End poverty and hunger – RWH shall improve

agricultural production, reinforce degraded landscapes and supply water for small horticulture and livestock, increasing incomes and food security.

2. Universal education – RWH shall reduce water fetching time enormously, thus enabling more time for schooling.

3. Gender equality – RWH interventions contributed to improve gender equality and income group equity by reducing the time spent by women for fetching water for domestic needs so that girls can attend school even during their menstrual cycles, thus increasing school attendance.

4. Child health – RWH shall improve domestic water supply and sanitation, reducing incidence of water borne diseases which are the major cause of deaths among the minors below five.

5. Maternal health- RWH shall supply better quality drinking water, which helps to suppress water borne diseases. Also, time for water fetching shall be truncated significantly.

6. Combat HIV/AIDS- no direct linkages.7. Environmental sustainability - RWH Interventions

provide safe water for humans and livestock. It can rejuvenate ecosystem productivity and contain degradation of environment by soil erosion. During floods rainwater harvesting will reduce peak surface runoff thus increasing base flow and recharging ground water.

8. Global partnership- rainwater management is part of IWRM which is a transnational issue. Goal 7 “Ensuring Environmental Sustainability” envisages that by 2015, at least 50% of the world population must have sustainable access to safe water and basic sanitation and as such India is one of the major stakeholders. RWH shall play a pivotal role in achieving this target in the days to come.

RAIN WATER HARVESTING TECHNIQUES Rain water harvesting is accomplished through surface storage of rainfall collected from a catchment and artificial recharge to sub surface reservoir. The storage of rain water on surface is a traditional technique and structures used are tanks, ponds, check dams, weirs etc. The flow chart of artificial recharge and water conservation structures are shown below. Rainwater harvesting structures in the form of recharge well, weir and roof top RWH structures are shown in Fig. 3.

ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE

Surface Sub-Surface

Contour Bunding/Gully plugging

Cement Plugging

Percolation Tanks

Recharge WellRecharge Shaft/TrenchInjection

Gravity Pressure Injection

Recharge Well Weir

Roof Top RWH

WATER CONSERVATION STRUCURES

Ground Water

Subsurface Dykes

Surface Water

Weirs (to arrest base flow)

Fig. 3: Rainwater Harvesting Structures Recharge to ground water is a new concept of rain water harvesting and the recharge structures generally used are recharge pits, trenches and existing dug wells.

SYSTEM SIZING It is important that the system is sized to meet the water demand throughout the dry season. In general, the size of the storage tank should be big enough to meet the daily water requirement throughout the dry season. In addition, the size of the catchment area or roof should be large enough to fill the tank. Below we will describe two different methods for sizing RWH system components.

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METHOD 1 – DEMAND SIDE APPROACH

Consumption : 110 LPCDNumber of person/family : 5 Nos.Longest average dry period : 50 daysDaily consumption : 550 litresStorage requirement, V : 27500 litres(50 x 550)

Here we calculate the storage requirement on the basis of consumption rates and number of occupants.

This simple method can be used in area with sufficient rainfall and catchment. As per requirement tank size can be fixed.

Demand:

METHOD 2 – SUPPLY SIDE APPROACH

Staff 10 Nos. @ 45 lpcd = 450 litreVisitors 15 Nos. @ 10 lpcd = 150 litreTotal demand = 600 litreSupply:

2Roof Area : 210 mRunoff Coeff.*(GI roof) : 0.90Avg. annual Rainfall : 1200 mmDaily water collected : 621 litres(100% collection)

2[Roof Area (m ) x rainfall (mm) x runoff coeff.]/365 = water collected (litres). Even, if 50% of the rainfall is collected half of the domestic water demand can be fulfilled. (*Run-off coefficient: 0.3-0.9 depending upon the catchment material and losses due to percolation, evaporation etc.)

GOVT. INTERVENTIONS National Water Policy, 2002 emphasize on the integrated water resources development and management, optimal and sustainable utilization of the available resources and water conservation with environmental safeguards. Although Govt. of India has launched various water conservation programs through various central/state agencies in past, but still there is no independent regulator to monitor and coordinate amongst stakeholders. The Central Water Commission (CWC) has got mandate to regulate use of surface water for drinking, irrigation, industry and also act as Arbitrator, in case water sharing disputes arises amongst the basin state. State governments and local bodies are responsible to supply water for drinking, irrigation and sanitation within their jurisdictions. Still there is inadequate legislation for ground water exploitation in India and ground water is still a private property and each individual is almost free to dig a well in his land and can extract as per requirement.

Water tariff structures also differ across the states and more than 40% supplied water supplied in India does not generate any revenue. Central Pollution Control Boards (CPCB) and CWC are doing water quality monitoring of water completely in an uncoordinated manner. Existing interventions of the central/state governments are not stringent enough to enforce water conservation measures.

CONCLUSIONS Rainwater harvesting has become very popular concept these days. It not only saves water but also energy, especially in hilly areas where population is very scattered and pumping cost of water is too high. Keeping in view the decreasing water availability per capita, India has to go beyond various physical, financial, social and administrative bottlenecks to implement water harvesting as a national programme of paramount importance like polio eradication. Rain water harvesting is indispensable since available surface water is insufficient to meet our demand and we have to depend on ground water which is also depleting and requires recharging. Due to rapid urbanization, infiltration of rain water into the sub-soil has been decreased and recharging of ground water has become insignificant. Keeping in view the necessity of rainwater harvesting various state Govts/Authorities in India (Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Tamilnadu, Kerla, Gujrat, New Delhi, Ahmadabad, Bangalore, Port Blair, Chennai, Indore, Kanpur and Hyderabad) have enacted legislation to make rainwater harvesting, a mandatory provision in all new buildings. But this provision shall not serve any purpose untill unless it is practically implemented at ground level. India receives about 3 trillion cum of water from rainfall in a year which is a huge resource and perhaps largest in the world. However, almost 90% of this precipitation falls during monsoon period (mid June to October) out of which India utilizes only 10%. Annual domestic water requirement in India is 44165 billion litres. If we could manage to utilize 50% of annual rainfall resource through harvesting in 7.31 million hectares of land (2.40% of country area), our drinking water needs can be fulfilled making huge saving in energy sector, which needs serious introspection and research. Further Aspirations and Goals, as envisioned under Govt. of India Strategic Plan (2011-2022) “Ensuring Drinking Water Security in Rural India” by 2022, may not be achieved fully unless and until we adopt rainwater harvesting techniques as a National Programme with true spirits and active participation of all stakeholders.

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[1] Aggarwal, Anita and Sunita Narain (1997) Dying Wisdom: Rise and Fall of Traditional Water Harvesting Systems, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi.

[2] Murlidharan, D. and R.N.Athawale (1998) Artificial Recharge in India, base paper prepared for Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission, MoRD, National Geophysical Research Institute.

[3] Kumar, M. Dinesh (2004) Roof water harvesting for domestic water supply: Who Gains and Who loses? Water International, 39(1) : 43-53

[4] Rainwater Harvesting : a lifeline for human well-being- Report prepared by UNEP by Stockholm Environment Institute.

[5] Select Case Studies- Rain Water Harvesting and Artificial Recharge, (2011) CGWB, MoWR, New Delhi.

[6] DDWS, MoRD, GOI “Guidelines of National Policy Framework” NRDWP available on website http://www.ddws.nic.in

[7] DDWS, MoRD, GOI New Delhi “Strategic Plan (2011-2022) Ensuring Drinking water security in R u r a l I n d i a ” a v a i l a b l e o n w e b s i t e www.ddws.nic.in

[8] Census of India “Census population 2011” http://www.censusofindia,in

[9] Yie-Ru Chiu et al. “Optimizing rainwater harvesting systems as an innovative approach to save energy in hilly communities” Renewable Energy 34(2009)492-498

[10]Garg S.K. “Water Supply Engineering” Vol. I 12th Edition Khanna Brothers Delhi

[11] Kumar Dinesh M. et al. “Rainwater Harvesting in India: Potential and Pitfalls.[12] www.cseindia.gov.in[13] www.cwc.nic.in

REFERENCES

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Sanitation Committee (VWSC). Accordingly, VWSC was formed as a Sub- Committee of the GP and entrusted with the task of preparation and implementation of village water security plan with the technical support of MJP and Zila Parishad, Pune.

Gram Panchayat, Keshnand, Pune, Haveli, Maharastra: A Case Study on Community Managed Rural Drinking Water Supply

PROLOGUE Keshnand Gram Panchayat is located in Haveli block of Pune district of Maharashtra and is an exemplary case of decentralized management of rural water supply schemes in the country. Water and Sanitation Support Organization, Himachal Pradesh organized an exposure visit in May 2014 to Maharashtra under the leadership of Sh. Vineet Chawdhry, the then Additional C h i e f S e c r e t a r y (IPH) to see the best practices in the field o f c o m m u n i t y managed rural water supply schemes in Maharashtra and a visit was made to this GP as part of the exposure visit. As observed, it is a single village Gram Panchayat having 877 households. Earlier, the GP was not covered with any water supply scheme. Five years ago, the GP was connected through a multi village water supply scheme but the water supply was not satisfactory as per the perception of the villagers. The residents of the GP were dependent on local bore wells for drinking water which was saline and not safe for drinking. There was acute shortage of water in summer season and people were hiring water tanker@Rs. 1200 per month. ROLE OF GRAM PANCHAYAT

Looking in to the drinking water problem, the then Sarpanch of the GP Sh. Vishwanath Bapu Hargude took the initiative and discussed the matter with all the villagers in the Gram Sabha meeting of the G P f o r h a v i n g a sustainable water supply throughout the year. Thereafter, the matter was discussed with Zila Parishad and Panchayat Samiti, Pune. Based on discussions, the GP organized a specia l meeting with all the villagers for preparation of Water Security Plan under NRDWP and constitution of Village Water and

ROLE OF VWSC AND COMMUNITY The plan was prepared by VWSC and a NIT was called to execute the scheme after getting administrative, financial and technical sanctions from MJP and Zila Parishad. VWSC also ensured the participation of villagers in planning, decision making and implementation process of the scheme. DWSM, Pune also organized an exposure visit of G P a n d V W S C member to a village Malkapur in Satara d i s t r i c t o f Maharashtra which was already running t h e R W S S successfully. This was the turning point for

the Keshnand GP. Other HRD and IEC activities were also organized by DWSM t o e n s u r e t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f villagers. As a result, 2 Bigha free land was p r o v i d e d b y S h . Vishwanath Bapu Hargude, the then Sarpanch of the GP for construction of scheme. Villagers were also ready to m a k e 1 0 % contribution for the scheme, install water meters and pay user charges. Now, all villages of the GP are

getting pure and sufficient drinking water. 726 household have been provided with individual household connection.

Er. A.K. VaidyaChief Engineer cum Director, WSSO,Dhalli, Shimla-12

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Village Water and Sanitation Committee is r e s p o n s i b l e f o r planning, operation and maintenance of water supply scheme right from beginning.

T r a i n e d a n d professional staff has been employed by the G P o n a v e r y handsome salary to look after the scheme

Water charges are collected in every three months

ROLE OF GOVERNMENT The Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran and Zila Parishad, Pune supported the GP in all technical aspects and preparing village water security plan. All administrative, financial and technical sanctions were issued in very smooth way and 90% cost of the scheme was issued to GP under NRDWP.

Estimated Cost – Rs. 3.91 Crs (10% public contribution –Rs. 28,63,201/-& 90% cost borne by Govt.)

Date of Adm. Approval in Gram Sabha– 2/10/2010 Date of Technical sanction by Chief Engineer, MJP, Pune–

9th Jan 2011 Population – 2010 – 9582 souls, 2025 – 20262 souls (Projected) Lpcd – 40 Ltrs Pumping Hours – 12 Hrs O&M Cost –Rs. 10, 08,110/- ½ inch Water Connection Charges – Rs. 1000/- Cost per Capita – Rs. 1956/- Scheme Source – Near Bhima River 6x12 mtr. Jack well on

water body created earlier Capacity of Water Treatment Plant – 1.50 MLD, 4 ESR (1)

16, 00,000 Ltrs (2) 10, 00,000 Ltrs (3) 1, 00,000 Ltrs (4) 1, 50,000 Ltrs

Water Tax Details – 1.5Paise per litre (Rs. 15/KL) Uses of daily Water-500000 Ltrs Daily Water Tax -7500/- Per annum Water need-Rs. 180 Cr ltrs Per annum Water Tax -Rs. 27, 00,000/-approximately Expenditure on scheme – Rs. 15, 30,000/- New Water Meter Connection Process – Rs. 1850/- Water meter fee Rs. 650/- Connection fee Rs. 500/-Deposit fee Rs. 3000/- Total amount new connection collected

from users At present the GP has 726 Water Meter connections out of 877 households in the GP. As per VWSC representatives100% household connection will be provided by this year.

SALIENT FEATURES OF THE SCHEME

KEY POINT OF THE SCHEME

The villagers have accepted water metering system. Rs. 15/1000 ltrs and Rs. 30/1000 ltrs tariff have been fixed for household and commercial connection respectively .

All the cost of running and maintaining the water supply scheme is borne from user charges.

Skilled staff has been employed by the GP on a handsome salary per month.

GP calls e-tender for a work amounting above Rs. 5 lacs.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HIMACHAL PRADESH In order to improve the services of water supply in rural areas and involve community and PRIs in drinking water sector following strategy needs to be adopted:a) Existing Schemes1. In case multi village lift/gravity DWSS, the

operation, repair and management of distribution system below service reservoir should be entrusted to GPs/VWSCs concerned. They will raise and realize the water charges. Water connection will be sanctioned by them. A part of revenue collected will be deposited with Government to meet with part energy charges.

2. In case of single Panchayat gravity scheme, the operation, repair and management will be done by concerned GP/VWSC.b) New Schemes1. The GP/VWSC shall be involved in planning of scheme at the time of preparation of DPR.2. The distribution system below Sector Storage

Tank (service reservoir) shall be executed by GP/VWSCs. Works/funds for the same should be exclusively mentioned in the DPR and should be given to GP/VWSCs by IPH Department and tender etc. shall be called and awarded by GP/VWSC. The department will give all technical assistance like preparation of DNIT etc.

3. Operation, maintenance and management below Sector Storage will be done by GP/VWSCs out of the water charges collected by them.

c) Water connectionAll the water connections should be metered and free public taps should be banned. If at all Public Stand Posts are to be given then it will be a connection in the name of GP/VWSC and its water charges to be paid to VWSC from the resources of Panchayat. This will lead to cutting down wastage and conservation of water.

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Pumping is a vital component of any water supply system. Smooth and trouble free running of scheme is mainly depends on its pumping machinery. This is the only component of the water supply system needs continuous running with external power. Power is a scarce and valuable resource therefore, efficiency of pumps is very critical for energy consumption. It became imperative to design most efficient and cost effective machinery on water supply schemes for its sustainability and energy saving. Many types of Pumps are available in the market for the purpose but in hilly topography where water has to be lifted over higher elevations choices are few. Generally centrifugal and reciprocating pumps are being used for lifting water from surface sources and submersible pumps for extraction of water from tube/bore wells. Submersible pumps needs deep sump for installation, therefore normally not considered for surface sources. This constraint can be avoided in hills by utilizing natural hill slope by fixing a vertical casing pipe down the hill to provide required submergence. These are more efficient and can be automized easily. The article discuses the use of submersible pump in surface sources in hills with a successful case study.

Use of Submersible Pumps for Surface Sources to Economize Capital and Running CostsEr. J.S. Chauhan

EE(D) P&I-I, Jal Bhawan Shimla-9

INTRODUCTION

SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS A submersible water pump has the same function as the standard water pumps of draining water. However, it comes with an added advantage of the ability to be placed even underwater and still function properly. Submersible water pumps are extremely convenient to use because they are efficient being self primed, lightweight, small in size and portable. Submersible pumps are extensibly used for extracting ground water. Most of the water supply and irrigation schemes are based on ground water which is extracted through tube/bore wells for which there is no alternative but to use submersible pumps. These pumps are available in wide range of duty conditions. Many manufactures are manufacturing these pumps even now for much higher heads. Because of continuous R&D and competition in the market these are more cost effective, efficient and easily available.

ADVANTAGES OF SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS Submersible pumps have following advantages over other type of pumps when used on surface sources. Energy saving & low capital and maintenance cost Less requirement of land No valve operation Environment friendly (Low noise) Low cost of automation

USE OF SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS FOR SURFACE SOURCES Submersible Pumps are generally not used for pumping water from surface sources, since other options of centrifugal & reciprocating are available and it is difficult to install these pumps vertically in deep sumps for better efficiency. This constraint can be overcome in hilly terrain where natural hill slope can be used to provide submergence through erection of a vertical tube casing on down the hill. Sump well can be connected to this vertical pipe of suitable diameter as illustrated below.

Fig. 1 Schematic DiagramCOST COMPARISON OF SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS WITH OTHER PUMPS

Submersible pumps are generally cost effective compare to other type of pumps. Moreover, these pumps need few valves for control and even pump house can be avoided by fixing penal on the sump wells. This saves considerable cost and reduces the requirement of land. Following is the cost comparison of few models of pumps which are commonly used on small rural water supply schemes.

LWSS Kuthar was completely damaged in the year 2008 during rainy season by huge landslide. Pump house and sump well was damaged and buried under debris. There were 2 Nos. of centrifugal pumps of 25 HP on the scheme. To restore the scheme in its present form it needed at least 2 months if work has to be taken up on war footing. Keeping in view the availability of submersible pump for the required duty conditions scheme have been restored within 15 days time. Amazingly HP of submersible pump installed on the scheme was only 10 for same duty condition. Since then scheme is running smoothly whereas centrifugal pumps has to be repaired frequently. There is lots of energy saving on the scheme as detailed below. The pump has also been automized with simple timer which has further saved man power for operation of the scheme. With similar simple automation 11 Nos energized bores have also been

A CASE STUDY OF LWSS KUTHAR

15


COST COMPARISION OF SUBMERSIBLE/CENTRIFUGAL PUMP SETS FOR SIMILAR DUTY CONDITIONS

Submersible pump set Centrifugal/Reciprocating Pumps

Sr. No. Head Discharge

Model Make KSB HP Cost

Model Make KSB HP Cost

% Cost Saving

1

90 mtr

9 cumt.

cora 7c/25

5

52000.00

movi 32/4

7.5

70000.00

25.71

2 130

mtr

9 cumt.

cora 7c/35

7.5 62000.00

movi 32/6

12.5

85000.00

27.06

3 170

mtr

6 cumt.

UQD 112/23 7.5

65000.00

movi32/7

15

95000.00

31.58

4 200

mtr

12 cumt.

UQD 182/20 15

78000.00

movi

32/9

20

105000.00

25.71

5

318 mtr

12 cumt.

UQD 182/32

25

115000.00

movi 32/14

30

160000.00

28.13

6

217 mtr

20 cumt.

UQD 212/24

25

115000.00

WKFI 40/8

30/40

160000.00

28.13

7

190 mtr

19 cumt.

BPD242/18

25

115000.00

WKFI 40/7

30/40

160000.00

28.13

8

248 mtr

4 cumt.

4c/50

6

62000.00

Reciprocating Make Aspee

10

88000.00

29.55

9

238 mtr

1.6 cumt.

2c/50

4

46000.00

Reciprocating Make Aspee

3to5

58000.00

20.69

Note : Efficency of Subersible pumps (65% to 80%) and Efficency of Centrifugal pumps (50% to 65%)

automized. It has saved lots of man power as detailed below. The scheme has also been inspected by the then Chief Engineer who has appreciated the idea in his inspection note.

No & Nature of scheme atomized

System component atomized

4 Nos Pump operators

Man-power earlier deployed

Man-power now deployed

Cost of automation

LWSS-2 Nos

Auto operation of submersiblepumps with timer

1 No 2*12500=Rs 25000/-

11 Nos Energized Bore Wells

Auto operation of submersiblepumps withtimer

1*11=11 Nos Beldars

Nil 11*12500=Rs 1,37,500/-

Net annual Saving

Rs 1,80,000/-(3*5000*12)

Rs 2,98,500/-

Automation of Pumping Machinery in IPH Division Arki(saving of man-power)

Submersible pump installed in the tube (Pipe) ndfor automization of LWSS Kuthar (2 Stage)

16


Saving of energy by replacing centrifugal pumps with automized submersible pumps

Name of Scheme

25 HP2600 (66% saving)

7.5 HP900 (36% saving)

LWSS- Kuthar Ist Stage

LWSS- Kuthar II nd Stage

Installed cap.Of earlier pumps (centrifugal)

Installed cap. Of submersible pumps now Installed (automized)

Monthly Unitsconsumed earlier

Monthly Units consumed nowwith automizedsubmersible pumps

10 HP

4 HP

7700

1400

Submersible pumps are now available for high heads and discharge duty conditions and many repute manufactures are manufacturing these pumps. At present these are mainly installed only in tube/bore wells by the IPH Deptt. These can be easily installed on other schemes based on surface sources. From the above discussion it is clear that there would be lots of saving in energy and manpower for operation with installation and automization of submersible pumps. Whole scheme can be automized with low cost by suitably selecting the nos. of stages as per availability of pumps. This will also save significant energy over life time of scheme by avoiding lifting water to highest peak in a single stage. It is a technically feasible and economically viable option to install submersible pumps on the surface water based schemes case to case basis.

CONCLUSION

Water ATM-An Innovative Step Towards Quality WaterINTRODUCTION

The State Water Policy 2013 advocates the use of Water ATMs at places of mass public congregation like temples, fairs etc. so as to ensure availability of quality water to the beneficiaries. The Govt. of Himachal Pradesh in its endeavour to provide assured quality water has decided to install Water ATMs at the Ridge, Vikasnagaar and old bus stand in Shimla city, Chintpurni temple, bus stand, Mandi & Dari Dharamshala on pilot basis. These Water ATMs are being installed by M/s Piramal Water Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai under its brand “SARVAJAL” on no profit no loss basis through a tripartite MoU signed between them, IPH Department and Agency on Build, Operate, Manage & Maintain (BOMM) basis. The firm has successfully installed & operating these Water ATMs in Gujarat, Rajasthan & Delhi on BOMM basis.

The main features of the Water ATM is:- Fully automated, integrated, purification and dispensing unit. Quality assured by real time remote monitoring. Solar powered, cloud connected and RFID enabled. Affordable price of 50 paisa per liter. 24X7 reliable service. No water wastage and no plastic waste. Reduction in water borne disease burden. Enhanced consumer satisfaction.

FEATURES

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Jherh fo|k LVksDlekuuh;k flapkbZ ,oa tu LokLF; ea=kh] (fg-iz-)

Jh lat; pkSgkuegkikSj uxj fuxe] f'keykekuuh; 'kgjh fodkl ea=kh] (fg-iz-)

Jh lq/hj 'kekZ


flapkbZ ,oa tu LokLF; foHkkx] fg-iz-uxj fuxe] f'keyk

AL P CI OCI RN PU OM R A AL T

IM OI

NHS

WORK IS WORSHIP

LoPN is;ty & LoLFk fgekpyf'keyk okfl;ksa rFkk i;ZVdksa dks

'kq¼ is;ty miyC/ djokus gsrw

vR;k/qfud&vuwBh] i;kZoj.k vuqdwy] LoPN ,oa 'kq¼ is;ty lqfo/k dk

Jh ohjHknz flag ekuuh; eq[; ea=kh] fgekpy izns'k

fgekpy ljdkj ,oa uxj fuxe] f'keyk dh ,d vkSj igy

fo'ks"krk,a %

Hkkjr dh igyh iw.kZr% L o p k f y r l e s f d r ty'kks/u ,oa forj.k bdkbZ

nwjlapkj vk/kfjr] fujarj fuxjkuh] lqfuf'pr xq.kork

ek=k 50 iSls esa 1 yhVj

u ikuh dh cckZnh u IykfLVd dk dpjk

“Water ATM” dk yksdkiZ.k

}kjk

lkSj ÅtkZ pkfyr &24 ?k.Vs 'kq} is;ty miyC/ djokus okys

18


flapkbZ ,oa tu LokLF; foHkkx dk gehjiqj tksu 01-09-2008 dks LFkkfir gqvkA o"kZ 2008 ls 31-03-2014 rd miyC/k ctV dk voyksdu djus Ikj ik;k x;k fd vkSlru dqy izzkIr ctV dk [kpZ foHkkxh; vf/kdkfj;ksa ds osru] HkRrs] LFkkiuk ¼28-98%½] ;kstukvksa ds j[k j[kko ij ¼5-24%½] fctyh fcy Hkqxrku ij ¼20-19%½] rFkk fodkl dk;ksZa ij ¼45-63%½ gqvk gSA mijksDr vkadM+ksa ls Li"V gS ctV dk yxHkx ikpoka fgLlk fctyh ds fcyksa ij gh [kpZ gqvk gS] vr% bl [kpZ dks de djus ds fy;s Bksl mik;ksa dh vko';drk gSA ;gka ;g fy[kuk Hkh rdZ laxr gS] fd foHkkx ds fodklkRed dk;ksZa ds fy;s vkSlru 70% jkf'k dsUnz ls izkIr gksrh gS ftlesa Hkkjr ljdkj dk Quality Control ds ckjs esa fo'ks"k izkFkfedrk gksrh gSaA mijksDr 'krksZa dh vuqikyuk gsrq o orZeku esa vk/kqfud miyC/k rduhdh dks e/;utj j[krs gq, ljdkj nks bdkbZ;ka ¼d½ Quality Control rFkk ¼[k½ Research and Development Cell dks LFkkfir djsa rks ge blls fuEufyf[kr ykHk izkIr dj ldrs gSA

Xkq.koÙkk ,oa vuqla/kku dh fodkl dk;ksZa esa mi;ksfxrk

¼d½ xq.kork fu;aU=.k (Quality Control ) ds ykHk

¼1½ fdlh Hkh ;kstuk ds LFkkf;Ro dks ?kfV;k fuekZ.k dh xq.kork ¼is;ty vFkok flapkbZ ;kstuk½ dh dk;Z'kSyh dk fujh{k.k dj ldrh gS RkFkk xq.koRrk fujh{k.k dks ykxw u djus ls is;ty iz.kkyh dh fLFkjrk vlQy gksus dh laEHkkouk c<+ ldrh gSA

¼2½ mi;ksfxd izcU/ku dh ikjnf'kZrk rFkk yxkrkj ns[kjs[k dh l[r vuqikyuk ls xq.koRrk ds Lrj dks lqn`<+ fd;k tk ldrk gSA

¼3½ blls d`f"k fodkl la?k] iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa rFkk Bsdsnkjksa dh dk;Z'kSyh esa fuf'pr rkSj ij xq.koRrk o`f) gksxhA

¼[k½ vuqla/kku ,oa fodkl izdks"B (Research and Development Cell)

eq[; vfHk;ark ¼gehjiqj tksu½flapkbZ ,oa tu LokLF; foHkkx] gehjiqj ¼fg-iz-½

bZ-vkj-ds -daoj

Hkwfedk

¼1½ vuqla/kku ,oa fodkl izdks"B LFkkfir gksus ij is;ty rFkk flapkbZ ;kstukvksa dks yEch vo/kh rd fLFkjrk iznku djus dh {kerk gksxhA

¼2½ ty lalk/ku ds fodkl esa vko';drkvkas ds vuqlkj mi;qDr rduhd dk pquko o vUos"k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA

¼3½ vUos"k.k rFkk fodkl dh mPprj RkFkk fodflr laLFkkvksa ds chp rduhd ds vknku&iznku esa u, lEcU/k LFkkfir gksaxsA

¼4½ vuqla/kku dk dk;Z vfr egRoiw.kZ oLrq *Kku* mRiUu djrk gS ftldk lnqi;ksx vU;= fd;k tk ldrk gSA

¼5½ vuqla/kku fodkl dk;Zdze rFkk uhfr fu/kkZj.k dh lalkj esa gj txg uhao gksrh gSA

¼6½ vuqla/kku fo'ks"k lEcfU/kr leL;k dk gy gksrk gSA

fu'p; gh izLrkfor i)fr fgekpy esa

nwjxkeh ifj.kke nsus esa lgk;d gksxhA

19


Note: The views expressed in the articles are of authors only.20


wsso-dhalli shimla ... final design ... 17 september

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