Atrocities on Scheduled Tribes on account of their Budgetary Rights enshrined through ‘Tribal Sub Plan’ – A case study on Irular Tribes in Kunnappattu Panchayat,

Kancheepuram District.

A. Antony Sebasthiraj* Dr.S.Kalavathi.PhD**

Abstract

‘Tribal Sub Plan’ (TSP) which came into force during the Fifth Five Year Plan in the year1976 – 77 aims to ensure proper flow of funds from the State as well Union Governments Annual Plan in proportion to Scheduled Tribes population. The TSP schemes have to focus on education, income generation, improving access to irrigated land, entrepreneurship, employment, skill development projects and access to basic amenities to Scheduled Tribes. Even after so many years of implementation of TSP the Scheduled Tribes suffer the most in terms of livelihood and lack proper basic amenities in Tamilnadu. This denial of budgetary rights is also an atrocity against them. The present research paper aims to bring to limelight the denied budgetary rights of Scheduled Tribes and suggest alternative strategies for effective implementation of TSP in Tamilnadu. The methodology chosen for the study is case study method. And the study area is Kunnappattu Panchayat of Kancheepuram district. The findings of the study reveal that there is a lack of proper implementation of TSP and the schemes under TSP do not address the livelihood problems of Scheduled Tribes. It is suggested that the schemes in TSP have to be designed carefully in reference to area specific and tribe sensitive rather than implementing general schemes.

Keywords:

Scheduled Tribes, Tribal Sub Plan, Tribe-Sensitive & Area-Specific Schemes.

* Research Scholar, Department of Sociology, Queen Mary’s College, Chennai.

**Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Queen Mary’s College, Chennai.

Atrocities on Scheduled Tribes on account of their Budgetary Rights enshrined through ‘Tribal Sub Plan’ – A case study on Irular Tribes in Kunnappattu Panchayat,

Kancheepuram District.

A. Antony Sebasthiraj Dr.S.Kalavathi.PhD

“Tribal rights with regards to lands and forests should be respected, The development of tribal’s along the line of their own genesis without imposing

anything on them, attempts should be made to train and build up a team of tribal themselves to do the work of administration and development.”

– Jawaharlal Nehru

I) Introduction

As Karl Marx stated in ‘The Communist Manifesto’ that “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.” It has been evidently clear to note that in every society there have been conflicts which are justified in the name of means of owning the capital, race, language and religion. Indian interpretation of class would mean the existing caste-centric differences that are established through the sanctified means of religious foundation. As there is already classical debate on ‘class is not caste’ it is reassured that caste is different from class for the former is one of the forms of social stratification and the latter is one of the forms of economic stratification. The unifying factor among these two will be both are the forms of stratification leading to hierarchical differences among human beings.

In India, caste is the primary identity as everyone posses it by birth. Thus the process of socialization of a child in India would partly mean to make him/her learn the caste-culture. Eventually the system of supremacy of dominant caste perpetuates as a learnt culture. Atrocities on scheduled castes and scheduled tribes are the outcome of caste system. Though there have been legal mechanisms to protect the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes against different forms of atrocities it has succeeded to some extend only.

Though there are many forms of atrocities the denial of budgetary rights are not conceived as an atrocity for it seldom noticed or taken for granted. The present article aims to bring to limelight the denial of budgetary rights to scheduled tribes and proposes alternative ways to improve the state of scheduled tribes in Tamilnadu.

II) Study Objectives

1. To study the budgetary rights of Scheduled Tribes.2. To analyze the nature of denial in fund allocation in Tribal Sub Plan (Secondary Budget Data).3. To study the living status of Irular Community in Kunnappattu Panchayat (Primary Data). 4. To suggest new and innovative schemes for the development of Scheduled Tribes.

III) Methodology

Sociological studies on Scheduled Tribes have brought out their Socio-Economic-Political status with specific reference to their unique cultural identity. Among the available sociological perspectives the most suitable to the study of Scheduled Tribes will be “Ethnomethodological” as it aims to study the social phenomenon from the point of view of people. It has to be noted that there are many myths surrounding in understanding Scheduled Tribes and so any one who takes up the task of studying them should be necessarily freed from all these myths. It is in this connection the “Ethnomethodological Perspective is chosen”

1. Statement of the Problem

As per the Oxford dictionary the word “Atrocity” means an extremely wicked or cruel act, typically one involving physical violence or injury. In causal usage or even in legal framework the word connotes the physical abuse. And it may be noted that there are so many forms of atrocities. In India the word atrocity is being used in connection with Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes who are subjected to violence and brutalities by the upper or dominant caste. There are so many forms of atrocities against Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in India. The argument of the paper is to stress that it is not only the physical violence could be traced as forms of atrocities but also the denial of budgetary rights. As per the argument the problem lays in proper earmarking and implementation of programmes and schemes for the upliftment of Scheduled Tribes in Tamilnadu. The problem under stay is – denial of budgetary rights of Scheduled Tribes.

In this context the researcher presents the status of scheduled tribes in Tamilnadu and elucidates the strategical intervention of Tribal Sub Plan to uplift the lives of scheduled tribes.

IV) Tribals/Scheduled Tribes/Indigenous People

The researcher prefers to use ‘Scheduled Tribes’ instead of tribals as it adds caste coloring to their identity. An internationally accepted term would be ‘Indigenous People’. India has the highest concentration of ‘indigenous people’ in the world. They are identified as ‘Adivasis’, ‘Tribals’ and legally known as ‘Scheduled Tribes’. The term ‘Scheduled Tribes’ first appeared in the Constitution of India. Article 366 (25) defined “Scheduled Tribes” as “such tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under Article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this constitution”.1 There are 705 Scheduled Tribes notified under Article 342 of the Constitution of India, spread over different States and Union Territories of the country. Many tribes are present in more than one state. Among these 705 Scheduled Tribes 75 of them are notified as “Particularly Vulnerable

1 Statistical Profile of Scheduled Tribes In India 2013, Ministry Of Tribal Affairs Statistics Division, Government Of India, 368.

Tribal Groups”(PVTGs) who are characterized by:- a) a pre-agriculture level of technology; b) a stagnant or declining population; c) extremely low literacy; and d) a subsistence level of economy. As per the 2011 census:

Table: 1 Population of Scheduled Tribes

CategoryTotal

PopulationST

Population %India 1,21,05,69,573 1,04,281,034 8.61Tamilnadu 7,21,47,030 7,94,697 1.10

Source: Census 2011

There are 1,04,281,034 scheduled tribes who constitute 8.61% of the total population of India. In the case of Tamilnadu there are 7,94,697 scheduled tribes who constitute 1.10% of the total population of Tamilnadu. There are 36 Scheduled Tribe communities in Tamilnadu and among them 6 are identified as “Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups” (PVTGs); they are:

1. Irular 2. Kattunayakar 3. Kotthar 4. Kurumbar 5. Paniyar 6. Todar

Table: 2 Population of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups in Tamilnadu

Year 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 20111. Irular 79835 89025 105757 138827 155606 1896612. Kattunayakar 6459 5042 26383 42761 45227 466723. Kotthar 833 1188 604 752 925 3084. Kurumbar 1174 2754 4354 4768 5498 68235. Paniyar 4779 6093 6393 7124 9121 101346. Todar 714 930 875 1100 1560 2002Total 93794 105032 144366 195332 217937 255600Source: Statistical Profile of Scheduled Tribes in India 2013, Ministry Of Tribal

Affairs Statistics Division, Government of India.

As mentioned there are 7,94,697 Scheduled Tribes in Tamilnadu and among them 2,55,000 fall under Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups. It indicates that 32% among the Scheduled Tribe population are identified as most vulnerable. Among the PVTGs population in Tamilnadu 74% of them are Irulars. This specifies that Irular community needs special attention and policy interventions by the government. And so researcher has identified Irular community as focused group for the present study.

V) Irular community in Tamilnadu

Irular community is one among the six Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups in Tamil Nadu.

Table: 3 District wise Irular Population as per Census 2011

S.No District Population1. Ariyalur 97472. Chennai 7943. Coimbatore 145084. Cuddalore 91765. Dharmapuri 81566. Dindigul 57. Erode 3068. Kancheepuram 277859. Kanniyakumari 1110. Karur 2411. Krishnagiri 1543712. Madurai 1913. Nagapattinam 43114. Namakkal 68915. Perambalur 56616. Pudukkottai 617. Ramanathapuram 018. Salem 81719. Sivaganga 1720. Thanjavur 74021. The Nilgiris 948022. Theni 423. Thiruvallur 3021824. Thiruvarur 14625. Thoothukkudi 2026. Tiruchirappalli 76027. Tirunelveli 728. Tiruppur 18129. Thiruvannamalai 2415730. Vellore 1773831. Villuppuram 1770532. Virudhunagar 11

Grand Total 189661SOURCE: DEPT.OF TRIBAL WELFARE, GOVT. OF TAMILNADU, JULY, 2014.

As shown in the Table 3 the Irular community is found in all the districts expect Ramanathapuram district. The northern districts of Tamilnadu namely Thiruvallur (30218), Thiruvannamalai (24157) and Kancheepuram (27785) totally have 82160 Irular people.

The name Irulas are derived from the Tamil word “Irul‟ meaning dark which refers to their skin nature. The name Irula means “people of darkness.” This could refer to their dark-colored skin or to the fact that all important events traditionally took place in the darkness of night. Irular they also call themselves Erlar or Poosari, while their neighbours refer to them as Eralollu, Irulas, Shikari and Pujari. The Irula speak the Irula language as a mother tongue. A member of the Dravidian family, it is most closely related to Tamil, Yerukala, Sholaga and other Tamil languages. The Tamil script is used2.

2 IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) e-ISSN: 2321-5933, p-ISSN: 2321-5925.Volume 6, Issue 1. Ver. II (Jan.-Feb. 2015), PP 46-49 Present Situation of Irular - A Primitive Tribe K. Gnanamoorthy, Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Presidency College, (Autonomous), Chennai.

Among the PVTGs in Tamilnadu the majority are Irulars whose living conditions is very poor. They undergo a lot of discriminations as bonded laborers and are paid less for their day long work. And so it was decided to specifically focus on the development of Irulars in terms of creating effective schemes in the budget for them namely Tribals Sub Plan (TSP). The Irular community lives in three kinds of regions. And they are;

1. Coastal Region:

- Starting from Thiruvallur district Pulicat till Nagapattinam district Taaramangalam- Irulars live in coastal region whose livelihood depends on fishing and related jobs.

2. Plains:- The majority of Irulars live in plains.-Thiruvalur, Kancheepuram, Thiruvannamalai, Vellore, Vilupuram, Krishnagiri, Dharmapuri, Cuddalore, Ariyalur, and Coimbatore are the districts where the population of Irulars is more compared to other districts. (From 8000 to 31,000 Irular population).- Their primary occupation is working as daily-wages in rice-mills, brick chambers.

3. Hilly region:- Irulars also live in the hilly regions of Nilgris and Anaikatti where forest becomes the primary source of living.

As per their living place their occupation varies and so it would be effective that the government implements schemes in reference to their living place and regional specificity. District Collectors and other tribal development related officials have to convene periodic meetings with Irular representatives to understand their problems and design schemes accordingly.

VI) The budgetary rights of Scheduled Tribes

Recognizing the special needs of STs, the Constitution of India made certain special safeguards to protect these communities from all the possible exploitation and thus ensure social justice. While Article 14 confers equal rights and opportunities to all, Article 15 prohibits discrimination against any citizen on the grounds of sex, religion, race, caste etc;

Article 15(4) enjoins upon the State to make special provisions for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes;

Article 16(4) empowers the State to make provisions for reservation in appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens, which in the opinion of the State, is not adequately represented in the services under the State;

Article 46 enjoins upon the State to promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people and, in particular, the STs and promises to protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation.

Further, while Article 275(1) promises grant-in-aid for promoting the welfare of STs and for raising the level of administration of the Scheduled Areas,

Articles 330, 332 and 335 stipulate reservation of seats for STs in the LokSabha and in the State Legislative Assemblies and in services.

Finally, the Constitution also empowers the State to appoint a Commission to investigate the conditions of the socially and educationally backward classes (Article 340) and to specify those Tribes or Tribal Communities deemed to be as STs (Article 342).3

While the Constitution of India guarantees the above mentioned safeguards towards Scheduled Tribes there is also budgetary rights in the name of “Tribal Sub Plan” (TSP) which came into force during the Fifth Five Year Plan in the year1976 – 77. It aims to ensure proper flow of funds from the State as well Central Governments Annual Plan in proportion to Scheduled Tribes population. The TSP schemes have to focus on education, income generation, improving access to irrigated land, entrepreneurship, employment, skill development projects and access to basic amenities to Scheduled Tribes.

The broad objectives of the TSP are as follows:

Substantial reduction in poverty and un-employment.

Creation of productive assets in favour of Scheduled Tribes to sustain the growth likely to accrue through development efforts.

Human resource development of the Scheduled Tribes by providing adequate educational and health services, and

Provision of physical and financial security against all types of exploitation and oppression.

Mr. P.S. Krishnan, who, as the then Joint Secretary in the Home Ministry in charge of SCs, was greatly instrumental in conceptualizing and initiating the SCP in 1978 and has been a consistent proponent of the methodology and implementation of the programme ever since, explains the core of the SCP thinking as follows:

“The SCP and the TSP have a constitutional mandate that commands the State to create a regime of equality, including social equality, through comprehensive measures of social justice… The starting point of the SCP should be to set apart for the SCs the population-equivalent share of the total Five-Year and Annual Plan outlay of the Centre and each State before the Plan outlay is distributed among the sectors/Ministries/departments. Within this SCP corpus, plans should be formulated for the SCs in order to achieve the aforementioned goals…”4

VII) Guiding principles for TSP

Special Component Plan (SCP) including Tribal Sub Plan (TSP), Scheduled Castes Sub Plan (SCSP) and Women Component Plan (WCP) has the following guidelines to be followed:

3 Louis Prakash, Rights of Scheduled Tribes of India, Manak Publications, New Delhi, 2008, Pg 13&14.

4 Alphonse Manu, Special Component Plan for dalits’ in Tamilnadu, Chennai, Pg 4.

1. PROPORTIONALITY: According to SCP, funds allocated for the welfare of the particular section out of the total annual plan outlay, should be at least proportional to their populational percentage at the national and states level. Hence if Scheduled Tribes constitute about 1.10% of the population, at least 1.10% of the Plan outlay of Central and State Budgets should be allocated as TSP funds.

2. CONVERGENCE: Given the fact that numberless schemes by different departments and ministries rarely lead to any significant impact, SCP envisages an approach whereby holistic programmes, in accordance with specific historic needs and priorities of the section concerned, would be evolved and sufficient funds allocated for the programmes. The targets fixed under SCP are to be disaggregated into district-wise and sector/departments-wise targets.

3. UNIVERSAL APPLICATION: No Central or State Government department or ministry can claim exemption regarding the implementation of SCP. SCP also makes it clear that no mere notional allocations of funds, based on the unacceptable logic of indivisibility of projects, are allowed. Every department /ministry must initiate concrete steps to evolve proper programmes under SCP, as per specific Government Orders (G.O.s). Separate budget heads have to be shown in the Budget Link Book, clearly mentioning the receipts-expenditures details of SCP, ensuring prevention of any diversion, under-utilization or mis-utilization of funds earmarked for the specific section.

4. AUTO-DECISION MAKING: SCP visualizes also that Tribal themselves (in the case of TSP) should have the final say in the implementation of SCP.5

The taskforce (Jadhav Committee) made the following recommendations for immediate implementation from the financial year 2011-12. The proposed recommendations were limited to the Central Sector Plan Outlay of Ministers/Departments:6

1. Regarding the classification of Ministries according to their obligation to earmark their Plan outlay/expenditure under SCSP/TSP, the 68 Central Ministries/Departments can be grouped into four categories:1.No obligation to earmark funds under SCSP/TSP; 2.Earmarking less than 15% for SCs and 7.5% for STs; 3.Earmarking outlays between 15% - 16.2% for SCs and 7.5% - 8.2% for STs; 4. Earmarking more than 16.2% for SCs and 8.2% for STs.

2. Placing of Earmarked funds for SCSP under a Separate Budget Head ‘789’ and for TSP under ‘796’.

3. Strengthening of administrative arrangements for the planning and implementation of SCSP/TSP by setting up nodal units in all Ministries/Departments that have obligations to earmark funds under the SCSP and TSP.

4. SCSP and TSP funds (respectively under the Minor Head 789 and 796 of all Ministries) remaining unutilized at the end of a financial year may be transferred, on the lines of the Non-Lapsable Central Pool of Resources (NLCPR) for the North Eastern Region (NER), to two Pools to be named as “Non-Lapsable Central Pool of SCSP Funds (NLCPSCF)”

5 Social Watch – Tamilnadu, Towards Gender Budgeting in Tamilnadu, Chennai, 2008,Pg 26.

6 Status of Special Component Plan for SCs & Tribal Sub Plan for STs, New Delhi, 2012, Pg16.

and “Non-Lapsable Central Pool of TSP Funds (NLCPTF)” – two Heads to be created in the Public Account similar to that created for NER.

VIII) Status of Tribal Sub Plan in TamilnaduAs per the present status of TSP there are following streams of denial:

1) Notional allocation

The Budget Estimate (BE) gets the allocation as per the guidelines of Proportionality yet the real expenditure much less compare to the estimate. This only means the existing denial of Notional allocation.

Table: 3 Denied Money in TSP

Flow and Expenditure on TSP (Rs. in Crores)

YearAnnual Plan

OutlayFlow to

TSP ExpenditureDenied Money

2002-03 5751 59 34 252003-04 NA 86 86 02004-05 8001 84 83 12005-06 9100 167 101 662006-07 12500 225 131 942007-08 14000 263 240 232008-09 16000 342 206 1362009-10 17500 360 198 1622010-11 20068 400 225 1752011-12 23535 246 245 12012-13 28000 349 296 532013-14 37000 489 439 50

Source: Tribal Sub Plan 2014-15, Adi Dravidar &Tribal Welfare Department, Secretariat, Chennai.

Figure 1: Denied Money in TSP

Source: Tribal Sub Plan 2014-15, Adi Dravidar &Tribal Welfare Department, Secretariat, Chennai.

As depicted in the Figure 1 there is ongoing denial of Notional allocation to Scheduled Tribes in Tamilnadu. The earmarking of fund reflected in BE does not get reflected in actual accounts. This proves that the nature of spending on schemes related to Scheduled Tribes is less than promised allocation.

2) Ineffective Schemes 1. G.O (Ms). No. 64 dated 02/08/2011. Tribal Welfare – Grand – in – aid of

Rs.10,75,94,000/- released by the Government of India under Central Sector Scheme for Development of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups to Tamilnadu for the financial year 2011 – 2012 – Implementation of schemes and release of Rs. 10,75,94 lakhs – Orders – Issued.

Table: 4 scheme of distribution of Milch animalsSupply Of Milch animals

Districts Units Fund AllocatedThe Nilgiris 100 2500000Coimbatore 64 1600000Krishnagiri 100 2500000Vilupuram 125 3125000Thiruvannamalai 125 3125000Vellore 150 3750000Dharmapuri 120 3000000Kanchipuram 50 1250000Ariyalur 100 2500000Thiruvalur 100 2500000Theni 10 250000Erode 92 2300000Total 1136 2,84,00,000

Source: G.O (Ms). No. 64 dated 02/08/2011

In the year 2011 – 2012 out of the total allocation that is Rs.10, 75, 94,000/- Rs.

2,84,00,000/ which is 26.39% was spent on supply of Milch animals. This has been repeatedly

stated that tribals in the plains do not need Milch animals rather they badly need to create

sustainable employment opportunities. The Scheduled Tribes living in plains have been

expressing that they do not need the scheme of distribution of Milch animals but it has been

reluctantly repeated.

IX) Study Area

Kunnappattu village is located in the

taluk of Thiruporur, district of Kancheepuram,

in the State of Tamil Nadu. It is located 60 KM

towards East from District head quarters

Kancheepuram, 12 KM from Thiruporur and 55

KM from State capital Chennai. There are 26

Irular families in this village.

Table No: 5 Population of Kunnappattu Village

Total Population Male Female

121 55 66

Source: Primary Data Collected by the Researcher.

Table No: 6 Age-wise Population of Kunnappattu Village

Age Group Total Persons

1-5 18

6-12 18

13-18 19

19-25 31

26-35 16

36-50 17

50 Above 2

Total 121

Source: Primary Data Collected by the Researcher.

Among the 37 persons aged between 6-18 who are in the school-going age only 18 are

attending schools. Dropout rate is much higher among girls compared to boys.

The main occupation is snake-catching as many of them are members of “Snake-catching

Society”. The other occupation is daily-wages. And most of the women are part of the Mahatma

Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS). Their monthly income

varies from Rs.1800 – Rs.2500. A shocking finding was that nobody has Community Certificate

which is very crucial to avail the government schemes.

X) People of Kunnappattu Village Speak

1) Mr.Kutti, President, Kunnappattu Panchayat, Age37.

2005-06 through the   Scheme namely Indira Awaas Yojana - IAY there were 18 houses built and presently stands very bad condition.

We are forced to stay in these damaged houses as there is alternative.

There are two big companies and they provide some help in terms of providing medical camps and other gifts. Otherwise there are no government benefits reaching us.

He stated that he is not able to function as Panchayat President as there are restrictions from the dominant caste.

We do not need the scheme of distribution of Milch animals rather we require schemes to provide employment opportunities to us.

2) Mrs.Saroja, Leader of SHGs, Age42. Though we have more than 10 Self Help Groups among us we are not able to get bank

loans. We badly need employment opportunities rather than any free things. It not affordable to spend whole day in seeking government benefits going to different

offices for if we do not go to work there is no food for the day. The economic dependability makes us more vulnerable. There is no proper housing facility and there is no proper drinking water facility. We think at least the next generation to be healthier and safer.

3) Mr.Varathan, Member of Snake-Catching Society, Age26. We badly need employment opportunities. And we do not own any agricultural land and

so we depend upon others for employment. The employment opportunity scheme should be designed in a way that makes us self

sustainable. Nobody has community certificate and most of us do not hold voters identity card. This is

a main reason we are not able to get the government schemes. The government officials in-charge of us have to frequently visit us and get our opinion

regarding the problems we face.

4) Mrs.Vijaya, Member of MGNREGS, Age 37.

We do not get 100 days work and the salary is paid fully to us for there is gender partiality.

Our world is limited and the government spends so much money to study our living condition but how many government officials are ready to visit us and to listen to us?

We do not require many schemes but specific and schemes focusing our real needs.

5)Mrs.Sundari, Home-maker, Age29.

Consider us as human beings for there are lot of discrimination going on against us.

We request the government to make us aware of the existing schemes to us. So that at least we try to get them so of them.

XI) Alternative Schemes

More than suggesting schemes there is need of pedagogical change in the way of planning. Instead of forcing general schemes to the Scheduled Tribes there is a “Strategy of Tribe-Sensitive & Area-Specific” Schemes.

The paradigm of planning to design schemes in Tribal Sub Plan could be:

S.No The Nature of existing problem among

Scheduled Tribes (by listening to

them through Consultative

meetings)

The Possible Policy

Intervention

Finalizing the details of the Scheme

Budget Estimate

The Impact

1. Population of Irular in

Tamilnadu is nearly 2 lakhs

and 50% of them are

landless and lack proper

housing facilities.

To address this problem a

Policy intervention of “Creating Self

Sustained Irular

Settlements” with specific

reference to the region.

Scheme of Self Sustained

Irular Settlement.

1 Irular Settlement = 100 houses

at the cost of Rs.10 lakhsper house.

Rs.10 lakhs X 100 houses =

Rs.10 Crores.

Successful completion of One Year of the scheme there will one Irular Self Sustained Settlement comprising of 100 homes.

2. Most of the Irular

population is the daily wage earners. They lack proper employment

opportunity to cater the needs of their family

members.

This could be achieved

through the policy

intervention of “creating

Irular Cooperative Societies” to

handle the employment

units and turning them to

be entrepreneurs.

Scheme of creating Irular Cooperative

Societies

1 Employment Unit = Rs.10

lakhs.(1 Employment Unit consists of

10 Irular entrepreneurs)

10 Employment

Units =Rs. 10Crores

Successful completion of One Year of the scheme there will one 100 Irular Entrepreneurs.

Conclusion

‘Tribal Sub Plan’ (TSP) which came into force during the Fifth Five Year Plan in the year1976 – 77 aims to ensure proper flow of funds from the State as well Union Governments Annual Plan in proportion to Scheduled Tribes population. The TSP schemes have to focus on education, income generation, improving access to irrigated land, entrepreneurship, employment, skill development projects and access to basic amenities to Scheduled Tribes. Even after so many years of implementation of TSP the Scheduled Tribes suffer the most in terms of livelihood and lack proper basic amenities in Tamilnadu. This denial of budgetary rights is also an atrocity against them. The present research paper aims to bring to limelight the denied budgetary rights of Scheduled Tribes and suggest alternative strategies for effective implementation of TSP in Tamilnadu. The methodology chosen for the study is case study method. And the study area is Kunnappattu Panchayat of Kancheepuram district. The findings of the study reveal that there is a lack of proper implementation of TSP and the schemes under TSP do not address the livelihood problems of Scheduled Tribes. It is suggested that the schemes in TSP have to be designed carefully in reference to area specific and tribe sensitive rather than implementing general schemes.