UNN-250

Appropriate Technology r6'qand World Bank Assistance

to the Poor

FILE C(iPY

Central Projects StaffWorld Bank

March 28, 1978(Updated February 1979)

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

Pub

lic D

iscl

osur

e A

utho

rized

TA.3LZ CO CONTYNTS

Pae Noc.

o nk's i0erational Dai n .PiCQncernl=z Ar i ...................

II. Aoron-riara iech=ogye tn S-nciLfic Sectnrs of Uank

Deraciots .................. ................... ...... .

. Urban Developmenr ..................-................... 7

1. ocy 3ack¥=und ................. 7

U:pgrading3 of.Squaczer Ecusing ....................7SCLE-ULp andi 4ucuaL . Em9

B3uiLding aerals. ....................... 9

2. Snk rba FovrtyProran....................... 1

3. ZIluterazive4 2.cjftctsz ..... .......... 12

a. ndimraniacca roect ........... ....... 12b. ?eru UbnzinPojc ............. 13c. 2;pe%m-volt Urtan Developme=nc tProjec. ......... 14.d.' Botswan. lrba nDevekopmet ..... ...... ..... 2

3. lural Development ..................................... 2 15

. OUiCy Sackgtond .................................2

Implementin Rural Development ..............2Technology Poliay.................2

2. The B3nk &.=al Developme ?=~ra ............... 27

3. Il1u3trati-ve PTvject ............................. 31

a. ;est BenlgaL Agricultural z=amnsi=nand Research ?%-2ject .......................... 31

C. Eighway Cntu io ......... ,........36

1. Bank Research on Labcr..-tensaive Eighwaycaustruczionl ..................................... 36

2. Illustr-atiLve Projects................ 38

a. lauya &=ral barcss loada ?-rog=an .............. 38b. Benin Teeder Roads 7-.ojerct ...... .......... .. 43

ABLE OF CC=T22TS (Conzinued)

L. vPlic7> Uackgron .................. 45.

Development of Skills, f=r RuraL Areas ......... 4,4-n=- I.earnn - Mead, ...... ... .9,

Z. C0=st=uctio. Standards. ......... ....

3.- Illustrativ,eroject ....................

a. El Salvador Eduaon 2=oject ...... ..... 33

Z. Eealt r . .. .. .......... ... . ....... . .... ........... .... ... 39

1. Po licy- Background ............................... . 5 9

The Reformed Real.ch Servicc ......... 59

Z. Thc Realth Componet of IMteg%ated RuaLUIDevelop =enrt ......... .......................... 63

3. Ilustrative Project ............................. 64

a.. Brail Rural Developmen PIrojecc. 64.

F-. Industr ...... .................... ... ................ . 67

L. Policy >Background ................................ 6T

Mploymenc Creation and. S=aLl-Scalc Entarprise.. 67Technological Information .................. 72

2. Appropriate Technology in Industrial Projectsa.. 73

3. Illustrative Projects ............................ 74

a. Assistance to Philippine Small-ScaleIndustries ................................. 74

b. Assistance ro a Colombian Financiera ......... 75

c. Tanzania Edustial Estate Development ....... 76

d. Colo=bia= Paper Industry Developmen= ......... 76

- iii -

TABLZ OF CONTENTS (Continued)

Page No.

G Forestry ......................................... 73

1. ?olicy Background ................................ 78

Directions for the Future ...................... 78(Environmental Considerations) ............... 78(Rural Development) ........................... 79(Industrial Forestry Projects) ............... 83(Research) ................................... 84(Institutions) ... ........................ .. 86

2. Bank Landing for Fuetwood ........................ 86

TI. World Bank Research Projects and Other Studies onAvorovriate TechnoLogy ...................................... 90

A. Development of Urban Areas ............................ 91

1. Water Supply and Waste Disposal .................. 912. Urban Projects Design ............................ 93

3. Development of Rural Areas............................. 95

1. Agricultural Innovation .......................... 952. Productivity of Small Farms ...................... 963. Agricultural Production in Bangladesh ............ 984. Colombia Rural Energy Study ...................... 98

5. Alternative Energy Supply for Bolivia ............ 1016. Study of Alternatives for the Gambia ............. 1027. Alternative Energy Source for the Khumbu Valley

of Nepal ....................................... 103

C. Population and Human Resources ........................ 105

1. Economics of Educational Radio ................... 105

D. Righway Construction .................................. 106

1. Substitution of Labor and Equipment inCivil Construction ............................. 105

TRODUCTION

This report describes and illustrates the World, Bank's use of

appropriate :2chnology to alleviate poverty problems in its developiag member

countries.

It begins with an operational definition. of appropriate technology

and of the general Bank policies concerned with this subject. It also

describes the general organization and procedures of the Bank to insure

that appropriate technology is used in Bank-financed projects as a matter of

usual and normal practice.

It contains separate discussions of the Bank's activiries Ln

urbanization, rural development, highway construction, education, health,

industry, and forestry. It describes Bank procedures for the application of

technology, quotes relevant excerpts from sector documents and describes

projects which illustrate the use of appropriate technology in that sector. 1/

The report concludes with the description of research projects

financed by the Bank, either directly or through its loans or credits,

bearing on appropriate technology. A list of study related publications

(resulting from some of these projects) are presented in Annex D.

1/ A supplementary report covers activities in the Population Sector, For-est Energy, Small-Scale Industry, Rural Education; and the Economic De-velopment Institute.

L ntrd.ucton: the World Bank's Overarional Deion and ?olisConcrnnz Ao rat :echnlo;

. ecru of C"e 3aza's reen foca == ra anid =ban icveri:

'?as been hedesig,n ct z=roects3 whiLclz Izcrease z-he prdciiy-anidhnc

th i.ncoma - of c!e poor and provide them with essential sevices. e

profects-i-a,t be replcabla, i. th sense, that they can be exandad. to La

aumbrs of peaople. withoit excesi.va fia m or inst:uzioual burde=.

This objetive, zogethea with the Rak's. lo-tar= concern with the environa-

n =ad with the develoament of t=digenous caacity i i develoin nember

cuntries, has ze ed specia. attetio to the a of the

techno.logy used in the prject it finan.ces.

2. The poicy of the World 3ank cocarning the usa of tecbnology is:

(a) thac the technology used iz the projects t. fInances

sLou.Ld be appropriate :o development goals and to Local

(b) hac the Sank, by iselt or L collabccaboraion with ochers,

shtuld promata innovations needed to =aka ava-labla to

developing cauntias tachnology apprpriate to

(c) that 3ank-f4nanlced projecz3 should develøp· Local capacity

ta plan for, selacr, des.gn, tmplement, rna, and, when

necessar7, to adapt and develop appropriate :ecnologies.

3. The appropriateness of a technology depezds on :he objectives

for whicl, and the cLrcumsca=cas under whicli it t use4. T"us tacology

ts appropri.ata or inappropriaza cnly tn the soco-c m conatet of a.

paticula project. The starting pain= is not tha achnoogy, but zamher,

t.he developmenc probl.ems identif±ed, I..a., low productivi.ty; unmloun

and under oloyment; basic c%eds such as healtlh, Warar and educaeak; ak

instiuonl~ capabiliwy to absorb new .echnology, ae.

Mia- Zirsc stam Mowärds. ta tch-o-logy appropriaaa co a.

particiular davelopmanc task is to- Ldenti.fy the purpose wbhict, i= iä to: sarv&

and who tha benef±caries wil be.. :e second. stap, ta to desig tha producr-

or servtca to be: deliÅvred (tha "appropriate product') ta the. Ligh ofa

systaari.c analysis of the overal-L problem. For eza=Le, if the goal of tha.

iavesaent is, to provide storage capacity for a. ocp, the choice between.

storage ar far=, village or regionaL level depends on. an analysis of the

rkating chain. fro producer ta cousumer, The. hrdý step is. to se-Lacr fro

among the alternartve productio. tachniques that one whic . makas the os

ecoUomic usa. of available resources, and producas the desired good or service

ac m social cost. This is the appropriate technology for the particuilar

tas k.

· 5.. Bank-financad prsj acta which. promota the usa of appropriate tech-

2ology are not restricted, to tha provision. of. physical. inputs. They may

instead. prom~ta an improved way of uSing existing. tacjnology =ore eCUnlMy,

or a better institutional or grou organizatinal. pattern which would enabli

farmers, ent=epreneurs or other users of technology to maka better use of

availabla physical rasources and achiave higher productiritty Levels . icroais

ing the tacknological know-how of the target group may be a

aLcernative to ivestments in physical technical inputs, as, for exmala,

when enhancing the tachnological. know-how of far=ers enablas the= co make

the.ir own decisions on which tachnology is "appropriata" for the=..

- 3 -

6. In ost deveL-Ong ounri.es capital ad sceiSticaced skills ari

scare and :late.7ly exensv. ukillad labor is platiul and cheap, and

Une=1c7y=ent i.s a ser-iQus problam. :he raquir-ement =htprjct7nesc

relatively LoV sums per c=ica in ordar tO Za'se the Pr-duc:vt7 of the a

of peovLe in the crunr, Laads dizectly to the requren for cologies

thrat call for lov inpuzs- ad capital and scarze sk±iLls and. =aka full use oft

abunadant .abor, s- that, they can be extended oa a scala cct=a=urate. to the

need. Th. apllas to a. greatar ar lesser extent in all sectcrs of deveoing

ecnmis.

7. T,chnolcg7 used :n dalpin coutr=--es zaed aLsc to ba ap;ropria:a

to the siza and standards af lacal markets, t ah sopistiation of the iaLcal

work force and managerial cadra, to the local enviroment and cultural set-

ting, to lacally aailable raw and semi-fiished mat±aals and capital goods,

and to the present and potentLal capactyt or local planfng, implementation,

operation and control. Finally, a tachnology adopted or developed :oday aust

in a broad sense be appropriate act onLy for coda7's needs, bur also to the

fut=re. However all of these requ:rements may not be compat:bla in practce.

?or xale, tehnologies which save- capital. ay also reqire larer anagerial

cap acity.

8. In smary, we may dstinguish four dimensiona of appropriata-

ness af technolog7 intended to help the poor:

(1) Aorovriataness to Goal. Does the techno1ogysuppor= the goal3 of development policy and inparticular, :he 3al of meeting the meeds of the poor?

(2) AD-orovristaiess of product. Z3 the fZnal productor sarvice elivered useful, accpetabla and afford-abla ta the intended users?

(3) Aooror±ateness of process. Does the produc:onprocass maka economic usa of in:puts?

(4.) Culrural and virenal rovriateness. .he producion processes, z!a products dei.vered.

and :he, instizut:IOnal arr.angemenas compatible wtht.hie local enviromenr and cul:ura: setzig?

Tha 3ank -and "Arrara achnolor"

Standad. Bau project procadues, aa. used as its- p:imar mans of

promoting, appropriaa- echnoloy~ i.n devlopin counties. profeet graara-

rin, tn comoimatioa with. sector studies, mproves undexst-dz. of.- sectcr

ieeds aid. alter=atives for supilying, them. The experanca of national

auchøricas, aud. Bank stai directly casponis:ble, !r the prcject is sulppla-

mnted by- thar ai specialiLze Sank advisors who draw»·c wørldw#de technological

e=zerieuca iz order ca -bring; desig= alrera-ves- to thei atcantcm a= any

stage o- project preparatiom.. BanIr app=a:isals ire.asinIy apply enginerng

and. economLc tasts to insure low-cost ec.hnological solutions ani aa acceptaDle

rate, of raturn. Falowing an extensie avaluation of the appriasaL =echadølogy,

:he. 3ank is cw using stadow. preas =ra systematically to e the trua

value, o i.n.puts and outpurs·, wherz thesa dier substant:Jlly- fro :o= .

markat prices.. In additiou, the Bank i-*, =oving. cowa=d3- a. ew appraLsa.L

ethodology which. aassigns a. highaz weigh. to befits acc=uing ra poorer

peopla.

LO. I each sector for ±which the 3ank land3, there is a cor% of ex-

perienced policy staif who Issue polcy, guidelines to be followed by the

opera:ing sta£f (who were cousultad < hi.=r preparaticn). Poliy papers

l.ka chcsa ou 3.ural Development, Eath, Urbanization, Educar.ioa, Spcyment.

Creation and Small Scale Industrias Development, and Villaga Water Supply,

dea. explIcitly with ways by which achnologies can be especia.Lly adapted to

best meet the aeeds and capabilitias of the poor. The Pol-Cy sta.tf moUitoz

the implementaian of these policies and perform a quality concrol !'Inction

on each project. They review :he approprianess oi the zachmology :3 be

used in each project to ze financed oy the Bank.

11. Researchers = the, varCus secorz tavescigata the eccnomi.zs o :ac-

n.ologies especially suitable to develoing.countries, e.g., Labor-Lirensive

civil works const=ction, alternative. water suppLy or sewerage disposal tech-

noLogies, renewable energy sources, r=al trauspor, ecc. Seminars LI and

papers 'keep Bank stai! inFormed about advances in "appropriate technology"

both inside and outside the 3ank. Bank Advisor7 Staff nainain close contact

vith research studies at all stages and ensure Laptementation of all aspects

of Bank Policy, including the output of "appropriata technolag' research.

12. The Bank's Adviser on Science and Technology is responsible, among

other things, for promoting appropriate technologies through the sectoral

policy departments and through individual project operations. Uis office is

part of a cross-sectoral staff unit, which also promotes improved economic and

financial analysis, more appropriate institutional design, greater environ-

mental and social awareness, including awareness of the role of wmen La dev-

elopmnt. The office of the Science and Technology Adviser maintains frequent

formal and informal liaison with groups coneerned with appropriate technology,

such as the Volunteers in Technical Assistance (76TA) in the U.S., Intermediate

:echnology Development Group in the U.K, Groupe de Recherche sur less Techniques

Rurales (G.R.Z.T.) of Trance, 7olunteers in Asia, in the U.S., etc.) Also Bank

operational, research and policy staff at all Levels, maintain frequent formal

and informal Liaison with these and ocher groups concerned with appropriate

technology.

I/ See Anez for a List of Appropriaca Technology Sessnars.

13. The Bank's organizational structure and. processes have been able to

accommodata new concer=s, such as those towards the use of appropriaca each-

aologies, the assistance to the rural poor, and other aavircmencal, LasCiu-

tionaL- and social. concerns, without basic changes in its modes oi operation.

No odificationt to the 3ank's high standards of economic, financial. or Lnsci-

tutional viabilit7 has been required.

14. In fact,. experience indicates that substantial cost recovery is

normally- necessary ia "new-style" projects aimed at poor people ina deveLoping

countri.es if these projeccs are to reach many peopla and avoid. excessive

recurrenc costs for the countries assisted.' Tor these and other reasons, i

is desirable that the intended beneficiaries be closeLy involved at various

stages ol projec= design, implementation, and. operation. Otherwise, none of

the cost recovery mechanisms. would. be understood, or accepted. and they would

for this reason break down.

15 Through its country economc and industrial work, the Bank also

promotes changes in policies which may- have led to wages im excess o-f produc-

tivity, distorted prices, subsidized capital equipment, overvalued. exchange

races, subsidized interest rates and discriminatory access to credi:, and in,

regulatory measures that may have encouraged undue capital intensity im

investments and inhibited the ability' of small-scale entarprises to functior.

effectively. The Bank includes in its projects activities which increase cte

Borrover's capacity to conceive and carry out projects. The Bank also

supports the creation of local institutions which can do pre-investment

studies and provides for counterpart training on projects so that there Will

be increased capacity for project development.

-7-

. Arooriaca Technology in Soecific Sectors of 3ank Oiperations

A. rban Develorment

?clicc 3ackgroumnd

16. Sank ubanIzation proje:ts Sive slan dwellers an ooportuity to

improve thair existing sheltars by providing %ater supply, sto= dzainage,

sanIzation and other basic amenities.. Using, matarials- and credit made

available by the project, residents may build or iprove chair houses, secture

La tha knowiedge that they have cature to them. The project is designed so

that the beneficiaries can afford the costs.. The recovery of these costs

from the beneficiaries permits the extansioa of this approach am a wide scale

wizhin the countT7.

L7. The following excerpt from the Sector PoLicy Paper 1/ on Housing

illustrazes polic7 towards appropriate tachnology in this sector. Zt provides

Suidelines for upgradng squatter housing which incorporate close participa-

tion of local comunities through self-help and mutual-help methods.

LS. Upgrading of Squatter Housing: "Tanding for squactar housing

upgrading to compLement the sites and services approach was adopted with the

Calcutta bousing ad area development project. This faacure of project desig

can help prevent squatters from being relocated far frs emploment opportuni-

ties, and can provide low-cost housing together wih low-cost access to

employment. It is becoming an increasingl7 important feature of 3ank Group

lending, as in the Indonesian, Jamaican, Tanzanan and Zambian projects.

Squacter housing Laprovenent provides a means of retaining,and inproving

existing housing stock. which might othervise be demolished. At the same

1/ 'ousing: Sector ?olic7 Paer. orLd Banik, May L975.

rima, ir- maintains the access to emloyment and social servtcez of rela:vely

central catos 4or lw-income residents. C:s cs, ipor:ant ontributlon

s to gdve the. Poor sac'urity of caura.

L9. "ZssUes ancountared. in. Che, Toudo distriLt, of Uanjla. lluztara

Che adyntages of ehis, approac.. The inittaL project proosaL woul.4 have-

involved total demoltion of hausing in the area,. and a redelop=anr pattern.

whicA would have accommodatad. less than 307. of. the existing, population of.

apprnxJmey L60,000.. The other fami.LieS would have been resetctled. either on

goet:n land :r chan. 30 kieer away or. ose lan r-T ea

considerabla expense. from Manila. Bay.. The. project. ta. nov- being reormulated.

with Bank Group advica and assistance- so thar: . (1) =ost of the exIsting

structures wv.I. be retained: (2) =ost of the. familJies :hat are temporartl7

disoca:ed wil. be accommodated 4thin the profect a=ca ar dens:tes approxi-

mating »hose cuVrant!y prevaili.ng, but with improved access to services; and

(3) the MucI1 smal-ler "overspilI' populaton. wl. be: settled, nearby.

20. "In squatter area upgrading, the objective is to avoid,, as far as

possibla, the dl ocation. of resident3s when, roads and publ. facilities

are introduced. In most urbaz. fringe areas and in the low-densit7 squatter

settlaeetns of =ost Africa cities, this objective can usual1-y be achleved.

Rowever, most central city slums and squatter areas of Long standing are

densely populatad. It is usua.L1y not possible in these areas to introduce

ser7ices, particularly water supPly and sewage disposal, ithout-removing a

e s truc ur es . Even when removal is kept to a ".lt-i4=n, some families may

have to be rehoused. In such cases, e.ffact:ve area upgrading may require some

-9-

ultstoey ontruco--schas thbreie- to åfiv7e-sccrey -w,al.k up Ceneme1s-o

:he same si:a at least to ,he existing danL7 and avoid -ostl7

relocacios to distant sit-s.

Zi. Self-Rel and futua .41e: "tn boch sizad and services and. squacter

housing upgrading projects, sel-f-help or uttal-help machods liave been appi.ead

eo the constructin of dwellitzg and some c ity faccliw=es. Theae met!cd.

have i some cases also been. employed tz, road formation and rhe laying of

water and sewer pipe,s. To be aftfactive, self-hel. r quiras tecnical as well

The :ange o£ zacbz.nal servicas offered has ,.dened with e periece. Pro jec

beue£ici4aries now raceive guidance tn appliyig for housing, obtaing, citla

and Learning consrcton uethods."

22. Buildi; Mbaterials: "The greater usé of traditional mate:rils and

the adaptation o£ new techniques to ta4itional building methods can Lower

costs, particularl1y i= labor-s=-plus economias. India has scored notabla

successes Ln this regard. Traditional brick and tile making machods, for

example, ma nor be able to xtLUzs =ore than a small fraction of local clays,

but a refzartar7 technlque may do so. Although secodaz7 timbers in =opical

countries may not be su£L.icient.1y durabla for building in ther maural. saca,

they vill wirths:and ci±maca and predators if appropriately :reated. lime,

which is in platiful supply mear many cites, an be used istead of cement

to e£fact ccsC savng:s."

LO -

The Bank Urban PCvert? Proram

3. Recognition of tåa urgency and iportanca of the problmas aszo-

:Lated wtth urban poverty has Lad to a 3ani<.-ide program of projects designad

to increase, access t. basa urtan setces. an4 employmen. opportunitias

for the- urba poor. The progra is, knawa as the Urba:. ?overmy programz.

It. has- as ias cargec group of benef:i-aes al.L urbaa dwellars: wnuse Inaoma L*

ta purctase bas:c food and-other essencial. consumcou ~'e-

(e.g., shelLar, water, transport, etc.) . The program relles heavtly- on. manT

of. the azk^s objectives and. ideas iz ta field of approriate techn.oloy and.

l'as sett Cargets for an amoInc of. Lending wic. wil. specifica«ly ceat some.

cechnologcal criterta. The object:ive is c focus, increasingly o rachnolcgy

which is su.fficiently cheap or simple- to permi. its use in servtcing the

en:Ira groum of urban poor, in a. particulaz contazt, eicher wirl. their consurm-

tlon needs or wirh opportunitras for productive e=.m.oyment. Cr±teria have

beea deve.Loped to he-Lp dstngi.sb. technoiog:as which ara Likaly ro- achieve

rhese- objectJves from thos. wtic.b do noc. The. essent2al aotlon involved-, is

one of spreading consumption or mployment to deprived. groucs- witsil th

resourcas avalle to thcesm.

24. On rhe employmt side, thls means a considerably increased emphasis

on producti.ve employment ar very low Lavels of capita.L itansIty. A simpla

capical labor Criterion has been establisbhed sucih that rhesa projects should

have ratios of.- capit:al to man-Years of amloyment Creatad by the Uroject thaz

are lass mhan a nacional ratio derived from GDI to the total Labor force.

This criterion will influence project design in all types of projets, but its

most important i.fxuenaca 1s axpected to be in the desig of LndustriLal credit

uncdere-kin.gs and industrial projects, where it w.Ilj .aad to uch lower capit.a.

* 11 -

Labor ratios i= some projec:s chaa z!e current average, as vell as a 3reaca

zzrucencraction an small. induscries and assistance :: :-e in-ormal seczor.

On the serice and ;ozsuzption side, the program calls fOr projecc

whose oucpuz meets a demonstrated and unsatifiad demand by the =ban ioor

and. increases supply or Lo&ers cosz or both. Such outputs must be afrodabla

to the target group and LE any subsidy is needed. to ensure this, the race of

subsidy and the insticutional arratgements must be capabla of alliwig

conti=uad exPansion of oucput UntiV all poverty group demands aza sea. Thus,

it -will aoc be enough to show that the consi-ers of a particular projecz:

hap,pen to be ocor, it snat also be deonscraced :hat che cachnology used,

can' be expanded to cover all the urban poor within avaiLable resources.

Types of projects which will be primarily affacted by this critarion include:

Water supply and waste disposal, education, housing, energy, transport and

nutrition and health.

26. These ideas. have been incorporated into the operational routines

of the Bank through the adoption of specific tazgets. About a third of Bank

project lendi!g is =ban related, in the sense that the projects directly

affect now-farm jobs'r provision of uban services. It has been agreed that

in future one third of this (or about 10Z of all the Bank's lending) should

use tachnologies which meet the cricaia just described. I/ I is hoped that

this target can be met by about 1980. The technologies requirad to do so

will often be simple - standpipes versus house connections or local build-

ing techniques versus high technology high-rise or prefabricated housi=g -

I/ It is estimated that about 1/3 of the urban population of borrovingcountries falls vicbIm the txban povery targec group.

but will also iZTolve a search for aav and per%aps cople tachnica.l solu-

tios. or xamla, exstigzechzologsias in sewezaze di-sposal arý Oftzen.

seiher cheap aor avpro-pri.ac u few alternativas have 7e.t been de,eloed.

I:th ~anniacurig secor, a. successful. search for the efiin ani

aprriat capitali saving~ productcs me;hods, requi.red. by a. poic of

capitaJl spreading, will be the major datermn of suess

27. IZ order to prcmte a financin of these t7pes of prcjec.s,

a. specmfc ,anagement inforation S7ste for the urbau povert7 progra= has

nee= esrablished The syste= is. designed to trac ka -aspects. of the projact

fro= the. eaziLese stage of idetficatci (-A%e =Le :cra thaa ian.tntioi

to design tha project accordng: to these zCra can be racdrded) troug.

design, preparation and implaentatio'n.

Illustzative Frolects

(a) India Urbanization ?oiect (Yadras) - Cr. 687-M-

28. Ia. tadia. ta Bank.. defines tlhe rarge group as a.L urban. dwallers

whose per capita £ncome is aLss- than $80 par an=u (a. figura represating

basic utrition anCt service cost3). This work out to a. household ioma

of abont $37 per =onth. About- half the hauseholds of Madras ear lass than.

this and are therefore in the target group..

29. The project provdes a range of basic -infrastrture serTcas

costing an average of $L45 per housaehold ta upgrading and beteen $220

and $I,200 for sites and serv"ces. U1grading costs are rscovered uhrough

aire p.U'rhase pa-,n~ s (65%), pro±its from the 3a.Ie of industral land (25%)

and fro general local revenues (L0). The cost to a family is about $.LI

per month for tenure, imroved roads,-I=roved stor= ad asta -watar daina;e

- 13 -

and ona public spgoc, vubgc l,ain and washi.ng piaces -or aver7 Lo filies.

Asuming 57 of incme is a reasouabl amount to a, a7 l fC1 as eari-g

S2/,onth can atford these niiaservices. In addlvion, sCe educatto and

wa"Uarn servicaes are prnvided in thesa arnas at publc xpense.

30. ?or naw uzban devalapment, the costs are åigher.. Eovever, it. Ls

astimated that about 45% of tha plots zwill be a.f=ordabla and acessibla to

!;m4ljas earning lass than $37/=nth. At th±s level they eacetve tenure,

indiv-dual 7ater su2p7, a wet-Core and var7,. Lavels o bas,- hoUse Co-

strction depending on the prce paid. About 32,000 urban 2oor households.

(23,000 xpgrnadLg and 9,000 sites and servtces-) ill be benefittad b7 the

project - about 30% of the total benefts expectad from the project.

(b) Pert Urbanizatton ?roiect (Tia and ArecuiDa) - La 1283-PY

31. In ?eu, the Bank defines urban poverty incomes as those less than

$330 per capiza per annu= (representing those with Lass than ana thizd the

national average) or about $165 per household per month. The projecr provtdes

urban services in Lima and rcquiipa, including water supply, severga, elec-

trifi±caion, accss roads and so=* welfare. services for deprived, areas of the

tow~s. Diffrential pricin ts being insttued to zake these servtes

avalabla :o the poor and financial7 replucable for the cit7. Specfically

designed for the target group are a pilot schema of sitas and services in Lia

and credi: in Arequipa.

32. The pilot scheme consists of 867 serv4cad plots and superrised

credi: for the construct:ion of dwell l-,x uits (of low-cost st=aw ma.t matartal).

Site developent vould permit the zaxUmi tlit.zaion of selff-helr efforts.

The. proposed Layout is efficient. i l single througa road provides acess-

to afll residencia! areas and conit _acljes - Th', mohasis ji:hi

Che settlement is o pedastr-.an circulatIon vhich combines r%cratinal

andl grae areas. Conity facilltias are grouped to per. itimle use. of

build.ngs. proposed, Pot siza. art 120 m and. 200 m .U ni Costa for

serIced plots of LZ a would. be abour aS$L,ZIZ. C=edits. for corE sIlar

would. =angå fro= aSJL62 to CS$L,L35. with a Z0-rear ortzage at LZ~intares:,

the monthly payments for amortization and for water, severage; and electriciL7

,would range bereaen S/, 740 (US$L) to S/. L,200 (US$27). Wt these =mt1

paymants abour 90% of Lia' populatio2 cou0Ld affard. units wtmi core dwellings

and abour 73~ could afford to bu1ld a. cora dwelling plus a. shop or stora.

33. :. Arequipa the- project involves L,000 indiv-iduall. supervised:

credits. for hcusing costrctiou to per=i= e=amsions from an inixiaL core

of 45 a. These un:s vil. be bult througat natual a-d by, groups of about

20 parvicipant3. Of the total, 500 ndlvidual. supervlsed credits would be

earmarked. for poorar residents of pueblos, jovenes (spontanecus settlamentas)

2.who are expectad to buld care. its of approximatel7 LO-S a. and L:prove

thef in stages as their incomes permit.. The project componen vill be

reach.ing the pocrast I0 in the income distributlon scala.

(c) 7o-er Volta Urban Develov=ent (Ouazadougou and Bobo-Diculasso) .

34. The Bank-financed urban development project in Upper Volta Lis

a parvicularly good example of the ank's approach to appropriata technology

in urban develpment and v-'l. be descriLbed häere in detaiT. The projecc grew

out of a request to the Bank from the Yinistry of ?nbli.c Works, Trasport,

and Town-Flann.g for assistance in the imlaentation of its national urban

- LS -

veoent o 'his Polic7 Jas based on a UD?-fiL=anced pd.Lot project

hich upgraded Liin cd1:itions of 600 fw-income iamilias t= -åe Cissi2

neighbortood of Ua3adouzou, the Caoital of Uoer Volta. the

roject is intanded to ztend the Ciss1n e=eriance t= Ouagadougou and

obo-Diou.lasso, tncreasing the scala tan-fold, whj-,la adding ew. compCnents

and refinin the methods used to provide services to households earnIng

about U3440 per z=th, or US$5 per capita. The project ls designed to gra-

duall7. introduce improved serieas at. costs affordabla co poor households,

'hile at the same time reachIng 100,000 2eole. Lng tn t7o Cowns. phe :otal

cost of the project will be US$L0.S -IIio and che MA loan co the Gover ment

wtll be US$8.2 -±114oU or 907 of total cost cet of taxes. The project is also

iUnked co a proposed DA-financed artisa. and small-scale enterprIse projec=

wh_clh 1s, among other actiivias, generat:g- amplayment in project ceighbor-

hoods.

35. ComOnents: the project has the followtng components:

(i) Squatter Umirading: Servicing of about, L1,000

plots ou 432 hectares with water standpipes,

sto=mwater drainage, earth roads in twio n~hor-

hoods in Ouagadougou (7,000 plats) and one in

Bobo-Dioulasso (4,000 plots);

(I) Sites and Setrces: ?reparatton and sarvicing of

about 1,100 plots with water standpipe3, stor:-

water drainage, eart.h roads on 50 hectares in

Bobo-Diouxlaso and a pIlot project for LOa0

fa--fi es in Gacua;

three additional neighborhoods .of Ouagadoug ot,

nhabted by 40,000 persons;

(in) 3uilding -aterials Loans: Løans !or hou3ing&

(7) Counity Facilities: Cntuction of ne8~ihorhoo

comm ty cnters, markats, rehabilitation of 65

schools aUd. L7 dspensaies. in. the -o i.:Les, a.

pilar- com=Lz7 develo=pent projecc for comme ty

educarciqn, publ..± health, and. woea's; ativties;

(vk) assstance co Municinalit:es of Ouagadouzou and

Bobo-)iouliasso: Techical assistanca for rain±ng

of ma±ntenan.ce personnel, Imoroving: fiaca

managezent and rax collaction, reorganization of

Department of Roads and 3uild:ngs, espansion ot

mnniipal Husing- Ofices; aquipet for ma:iaeanca

activit.:s, 11 garbage tr=cks, azd insecticide

spraying;

(71.) Technical Assistance to Deart=ent of Town ?lna&.:

te chnical assistanca for project executon,

trainng, and preparatiuo of a second projecz;

consultant serrices for detaied engineerin and

construction supe-ricio; ard equi.pment purchase

.or the 2roject lcunit;

- 17 -

(vt.ii) Monitoring and Evaluation: Ä Stud7 avaluating the-

nerformance of project co=cnents dturing and

project extion.

36. A Strate" for as titution Build,inz: Tle desigu of the implemen-

tation of the above coaQnts emphasizes. the nced for a stratay of institu-

tiou buUldng i= the urban. sector. The project has atte=ptad to gtengthen

the instiLtutions Involved. in the management -and provtsion of uban serices

through a select:ve program of insritutonal support, using chni.cal assist-

ance, equipment, and trad.,g where ieeded. The financ:U fraeworc. seeka to

a,Mi za the recurrant exendicures which generally develop fro= urbaz invest-

nent prograas. Znstead, the organ4.~avion of projec= design, execution,

supervislon, and cost recovery is intended to strengthen those Lnstitutions

vhich have speclfically technical, =anagertal, or revenue generating functions.

All of these design decisions are part. of an appropriate technology approach,

i.e., seeklng to develop solutions which do not imply or Lmpose technica.L or

socio-economic consequences beyond what Is needed to what individual institu-

tions can efectively handl.-

37. Phased Intervention and Atraoriate Technolog: The components of

this project were identified by Govermen officials and the Bank team at the

national and locaL Lave-ls as needed to repLI-cata Cssin on a large scale.

Indlvidual components are designed to affect large numbers of people, using

l-cost-Labor intansive nethods, and ephasizing tran~,g and appropriata

.eChnoogy. Following the stratey for n- din, the components

reinforre ona another i= a proc*ss of "phased eventon, ~hch is applled

at several differenc Lvels:

L) t all co~ns c:n be provi4ded t:h infrastrcture iprovemenq i

shor= car, 2) ct selectad n o a. ;gborhoods can be LnclIded,

but some must be 3osrponed for fuai;r oeratoc, ) ithin ahbochoods,

-Iztasructure imrorvemenr3 ur be gradual7 -hased according co their

rgency an.d. si.za of popuilation seved, 4) nfastr1cture standards =usz be-

m- in hene firs- stage, --bi provida for progressiv upgrad s 5) institu-

tional developmat and c=at"-t ==t be gradual building ol initial-uexper±-

ences co develop the basis for further increasing Local capacit7 to plan and.

imlaeen- program, and. 6) ntc all services ca be incLudad i. fEirst phasa

opera:cus, buc, givez savere personnel a. fau andal onLans. is areas

suc.b. as hea.h care and,.primary educatiLon, =ust be postpcaed'to subsequett

phiases. This approach is the ratiouale for tha proposed project. Tha

applicat-o,n. of these principles to the followi.ng aspects of projac desig=

illustraca the character and spirit of- the prcject.

38. The ?roiec: ?rezazation Procesa: Aerial Photoszach,: Projects

dasiLgned -co-upgrade infrastrncture nieaorka. i.z squatter- area requira maps of.

the- settlements. These maps are usually developed fr .- ostlT aera&L photo-

graps. The Govermenc of C7pper VoIta. was cold- by the fir= usually providing

thi servi.ce in francophone Africa that the coat of photographs, developing,

and preparation of hiSh- qua.4t7 maps for- Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso would

be some US$600,GO and zaka eighz uomchs. Thi fige was clearly ou of

proortion with Local resouzes. Instead, the Wtorld 3ank za= encouraged the

Goverment to use a Lass formal and lass costly =et.od: an arcitaecr photo-

gravhed the araas from a hellcopcer, rented hourly, usizg a Goverment camera

h.le the quali1y of the photographs and the aps ware peraps lass than

classical, the maps were suffcient to permi: pral'Inar7 aegineering and they

served their purose. The cost of this altarative was only1 53,000 and some

si4 Monhs wera saved.

39. astIructUre Standards: The aroject has adopted very modest

iafrastucture standards. These- include public scandpipes for water supply

distribution pLaced at 400 mter taarvals, earth roads, earth. drainage canals

(with 20% masoned at points whers needed), and plot layouts using simpla

StIcks. Unit costs of- these plots, including the cost of Land acquisicion,

varies from $Z60 to $538.

40. Consteuction taterials: The project encourages the use of staoilized

earth bricks which ara hand-made in a press developed ta Ghana. The earth

bricks combine water and small amounts of cement (8 or the foundation and 5%

for exterior walls) and are of large size, thereby avoiding the use of large

quantities of mortar. A team of three man can make 400 bricks each day. The

loans for.housing construction and i-pcovements are su:ffce.nt to cover the

cost of one room built of this brick.

41. Costs for Low-Income ?amilies: 7olloving the principle that the

costs of i=provemts i =rban services should be paid by the urban residenta

who benefit from the improvements, the project is designed so that the costs

of infrastructue and construction materials arm Low enough to be affordable

by f1ilias earning US$40 per =onth. The =outhl7 charges for these improve-

menats, including the cost of land, servicas, and an administrative charge for

the -micipalities, varies from 5% to 22% of. mouthly income, depending on the

size of plots, loans, and the particular neighborhood. On the basis of

availabla,vidence, these charges apear a ordabla for h Lcwesr inome

groups in the wc Ctis. a C1cLanghe 10. teinscituzions tnvolved itla

Projecz is to reccvr che char;s n ehorhoods whara here is no pracedat

Cosr c.-recovery.

Assitance o the Munic±ialities· ot GuaSadouszou and 3o*o-DoL<ulassa:

pro "ject has raceived iats majo= e-us from: the% Mino-sty of p

Warka, tt is c.Lar zhat« thr sucessfu.L repllcaticn of the project an i tts

extensiol ito other meighborhcods and Zonms, depends o; the strengthen-

ing of local. nicipalinastitution.s. 'ha 3anak. reta.nad. a muncial tra

couslcant o review rha quip=en, persone=l, and. organizariøn of thL to

in ordar ro davelop a= integratd progra of ra5a. for

staš c tha rachnicaL seri7ces including malntenanea. Tha project. now

includes: 1) tra-n programs i= both =unicipalJties; Z) purchase of the

equipment oeedad i= the vorkshops; and 3) shor--tarm assistanea mla agement

and budgtary prac=ices to improve muni:cipa.L admed tration.

43. Social Servicas: G£vem the very substanalý aeeds in health,

nutriion,. and educatiou im. Uppenr olta, aven in the wo larges= c_(ies, the.

arv. of social ser?Ices requ:tred special attention. The. Ba=k and. the Govern-

=ant agreed that the socI-al servi1ces Component should focua on anvioanental

sanitation and preventive healzh, rather zhan prcvtsion of zaw

curati7e facilities, and sh'ou.ld seek to develop pilot projacts la community

education, women's ac:tvi%ies, and healzh care dalivery. The project includtas

insectiaide spra7-.g, rehabil±tati.on of exs:ing schools and c.linis n che

two ci4:es, a coamunity davelopment fund to finazca the pilot projects, and

construct:on of eihborood co-mit7 canters and oarkats.

A Saniation vestment: The Zo2ona GuiIlv: Durg he graparatiýon.

ot thie proijec-,, a =ajor inLatucue neStme=C was idn'fedw ihad

wide-ran heaalh coneguaoces for the city of -Guagadougou. A lood plai4

o L,400 Iaectares mies i-to a kilcmatar gul7 ;iJch pazas :hrough oua o

che Lar3est. squatter areas i= rhe ci Ths gully channels storwacaz during

:he rai=y season and wi-despread erosico ot. its banks has -occurred, endangering

che surtomazsd±u squattar homes. After the. rais end, stagaut pools are

scattaed :hrzughout che ully, providing breedig ground3 for zaLaria and

other diseasas. Pd0 axpers aszinazad that 50% o .he haalzh probiss of

Guagadougou come from this guly. To el me the staguanz pools and reduce

arosion, che flov of vater througt the gUlyI had ro be channdled more raoid7.

. consulrant angueer vas askad to avaluaca alzarnatve 7 i u-cos: solutions,

including ch±ianging drainage pacters into the gully, carrtg out works nsi.de

:he gully, and reinforc.ing the banks of the Sully with different kinds of

=aterials. The cost of same of these altarnatives were esctmated to be

as high as US$9- m:llion. Tt was decided chat a phased approach shculd be

adoptad, vith same labor-Lntansive earth~erks being carrad out in the

gully i=se.ef, and that 2 of the 4 kilometas o£ gully banks required protec-

t±on. The =st of this soli:on is about ZS$j.3 m4T4om.

45. Planning for che ?uturs: t order to closel follow :he ex=eience

of this project, fuds have been allocated for a local research instittinto

=on4:or and evaluate the perforanca of indivi.duail project comonents. T.is

effor- wil! produca repors dur-ing the execution period of t!he projecz,

chereby forng project Caagers of che int±ial results of thei acti .s

z2 - -

and permiing. changes. La project design where needed. The results-of the

monioring and evaluacion studies will be combined 4ch preparacion st4ies

a second, -rojecZ, which, depending on the prorties of Goverment, w'i.l

exnand eforts izhin Ouagadougou and Bobo-Oioulasso, %hila also extanc-ing

bam to other urtab. centers. The promise of replication-the Message of the

first Cissi. project--should. thus continua, demonstrating that urban. p:oblems

can be effectively Cackled if their solutions are closel tied to theneeds

and. capacities of local. populations.

The- Upper Volta. urban develop=ent project: 'Jas expected ta become

effective on December Z9, L973. The average household. nonttIL7 income in the

project sites ranges f:ro (TISS44 to USS53). 'Residents. of areas to be upgraded-

live in mud huts im. Low-density settlements witout piped. water supply,

garbage collection, waste disposal, stormwater drainage, schools or clinics.

Eouseholds obtain water from. water vendors or from shallow, polluted wells.

The employment- generation. meeds of the project res-idents will be

addressed in the associated. Upper Volta artisan, smal- and median-scala

enterprise- project, (see supplenent to ahis report). This project, wbich

became effective oz July 11, 1978, wiLl provide financing a=:L technical

assistance for artisans and small- and mediu-scale industries-.

The project will assist the Centre 'National de ?erfeczionneent

des Artisans Rurat (CUPAR) in emtanding to urban areas its skills-taning

programs. :n aaso=r7, well digging, brick making, carpentr7, blacksmithing,

and repair of pumps and vehicl.es. Those programs to be developed will be

coordinated with. the progress of infrastructure and shelter construction.

'tTraditional" entarprises (those up to USS3,000 iz assets and

t1 to LO empCloyees) -4.1 be able to borrow fro a. tevoli7ng fund for credit

and credic-in-kind. This fund will provide raw uaeria.Ils and Li=itad credir to

some 1,000 artisans for tbe anufacture and rapair of maLi wagonz and si=pla

ox-drawn and band-drawn plows. The irst subprojects, for areas outside

Quagadougou, should soon be subimItted for approval. e is anticipated that

batmeen L,450 and L,500 jobs will be created. Also, the tra-ning. ad acmical

assistance should allow artisans to double thair rzvenues (zurrentIy estinatad

at lass than USS200 per monch) and Senerate appromnatl7 USs500,000 per annum

in value added.

Thirty-eto "small-scala" enterprises (those with assets bec-een

US$3,000 and US$100,000, employing 11 to 30 wrkars) or "izedi.-scale!' ventures

(with assets of US$100,000-400,000 and 31 to 100 workers) in ManufactUring,

constrctIon and agro-indsutry are to be created or espanded through a line of

credit established by the =Y project. This should provide for 750 additional

jobs in the modern sector at a capital cost of US$5,000 per job and generate

an annual US41,500,000 in value added.

(d) Special 'Note: Botswana Urban Development (7rancistown) - Cr 471-BT

46. A. footmota to this discussiou of appropriate teachnology in arbani-

zation projects: planning, regardless of how good, is a substItuta for

implementation experience. Botswana is a case in paint. The 3ank-assisted

project in Francistown is si-ilar to those just described, coprising sites

and services and inprovements to eisting comunitas. Ahile the overall

project is relatIvely successful, selecting an appropriate sewage disposal

system proved especially probleatic. A watarborne systan was both too

expensIve to be affordable by the target incme roups and required too much

* Z4 -

. amr to be pract1dal i Bots;ana's arid. conditions. Unsuitab.ia ground

conditions rulad our sentic tanks and pic .atinaes i much of he projecr

azaa.

'e7. FiZ3ll7 it was decided to use a saniation t=:e row as a aqua.

priy, which requires. th addiEio of only-, few quarts of zater da!ly to.

maiatim its -satarseal.- The Uzdtad availabl* experience wtth this type

:ha perfoance of indlvidual project components. This effort will prodice

reports during the execution period. of the project, thereby infoing project

of ur-ic appeared generally- favorable.. Uoever, when installed I= Francistovn,

thase =its. proved unacceptable, for reason-s- ranging fr=m technIcaL to social..

The Goverment, with financial assistance fron IMRC, has sub equently under-

takan a research project to. tast various ochar low-cost, conaterborae

systems under actual operating conditions in Botswana. From these tasts,

a different d-y-cell system bas been identified that is cachnically feasible

and appears to meet the critaria of affordability and social acceptability.

A. second. project, curre=17 being processed, will taka- advantage of this

experience. It will also take, advantage of new techniques for the i-aproved

use of traditiona.L building matarials and more economical design of eMR-MI ty

facilities.

25 -

3. Acroertate TechoLorr in ?.urali Devcment

Poliev 3ack2round:

.3. Mh general approach cakan by -.he ak for zurl development -s se

forth in the l e=cer7c ro= the Sector Policy Eaper on Rura. Der-

Opment. r /

49. Ilementation of luraI Develolment: " ... Thavariet7 of programs

and approaches that have been ezam.ned coU12s that no s±ngla package or

formula is likay to be ethetr necessary. or su;ff.c4ant for effective rural

develoI=et. On the cmnrar7, the at!vzty ix rost likal to Work s -te oOne

that -s calcred to fit a particular, and pro'ably uniqua, se of conditions

of coutry circustances. I nimber of other geueral couclusious are Lsted

below in suary form".

50. "...Tha experience of rral development programs and projects appears

to cof±irm that:

1. It is possible to reach Large numbers of the rural pcorat moderata cost, with reasonabla e=ectatlous of acceptablaeconomlc returns.

2. Tf this is to be done, it involves political Ecommitent toa strategy for =ral development and to the general polciasnecessazr to support such a stragy.

3. Lov-cost dalvery sytems for supplyng inputs on credittes, for providing extansion and markating servtces,and for organizing commaI activti:as are of crucialtmortance in reaching large numbers of the rural poor.Greater use of special financial intar-ediartas, coopera-tives, community groups and fa=ers' associatJous shouldbe explored.

4. It is important to balance overall cancral control ithdecentralized regional and project planLig. 3ural devel-opment projacts require a degree of flexibiLit7 in design andin responding to the lessos of experiance, but flexmbility=ust be withn the 1-mt-s of =LZI= aatonal or regionalstandards and. f±na resourcas.

1/ jural Develcoment Sector ?olie" ?aper World Bank, ?ebruary 1975.

5. Greater eiforts shculd be made to tntagrata projct -anage-maut Lato eCisting and, Lf Cecessar, reformed Certa L andLocal gover=nent organ zations and procedures.

6. :t is imortant to involve Che ural poor in the -1anningand, isolamentation of rural deve.opoent programs.

7. Increased. trainjin i. ecssar7 at. the. local leveL, parvL-cularly- for davelopmnm, managers, regionaL and, projecpla=ners, cooperative* stafib an- e mensio'= agents..

8. •Equitable and adequaca provision. shouUd be made for therecovery of costs in order to provid. funds for addItionaL-r=ral. d~elop~ent projects in other areas-

9. Technical packages have to be davised, appropriana tothe requrements of small far=ers and based, on adantivenaional research.

LO- t= is necessary to Lmprove nowledg- of natonaL resorQcZssLand. provide: an improved flow of disaggregate& information ,as. a basis for real-tt:i oaiona, regional and. rutral project.plannIng.

Ll. Although inreaass. in outpur can be achieved with existingtechnolog7, increases in productivity will require newtechnoloy suitable for use by small. farmers.

51. ach!olo y Poliv0 "A constant flow of- new, field-testal technical

1 owledge· relevant. to smallolder production is pracondit:io= for the coninu:Ig

success of =ost. ruraL developmentz programs. Many of the- poor Uve in a, harsi

environmeir where invesments would. produca Little e=ra incoma untiL techno-

Logical discovezies creata reliab la nev opportunities. Major improvemants in,

production cechnologies and product miLxes must be avolved for arId lands, sae

=ountain regions, areas of Lo-quality soils where shfting culz:vation is

practiced, and rain forest areas. FaLling this, migation 2ay be the onl1y

solution.

32. "Tnappropriata research programs and the inadequacies of adaptive

research and extension have in many cases been ajor facors limiting the

benefits reaching poor farmers. Ona comn problam that is emergng is the

.- 27 -

aLlure to t=ear the subsistance far as a sstam of ctuvation., zecui:Lng a

cc=rehensive acroach to on-fam rechnological inrmvement. Anocher przblem

Ls the lack ot attenziou o factors that are especial7 Iortan" o :ha mall

farer. Thee include risk-reducing nozvations, such as bettar pest- and

weathe-rsstant crops; =ora intenstve research into the so-cällad poor

man'3 crops, including sorzhum, MIllet, cassava, puLses and Upland rica; and

better advrce o s1.l4 improvemens in crp husbandry and sCl and fertil<y

couservation. Although more research has bee= done on sna. farm equioment.

than is genera.ly supposed, the efforts have not been coordinatad cor tha

results subjected to sI=ple production engineering for zanu£acture. One

approach to this problam being pioneered by the Internationa.: Rice Research

Inst:tuta in the ?hili4ppines and other groups involves dzsseminatio.n of

research results and prototpe specifications for Local manufacture."

53. .zeerpts deali=g with technology policy takcn from the ank doci-

ents dealing with agricultural policy are found in an annez to this report.

The Bank Rural Develomment Program

54. The primary objecti:ves of Bank-financed rual developmant pro-

jects are to increase the producivty and henca the inco~e of the rural

poor and to provide the= with basic serTices. A.l rural development pro-

jects are subjected to a rigorous economic analysis during the course of

appraisal :o determne their development imact on the country. This is so

because without growth in output there is, in most dvelopng countrias,

precious lttla income to radistributa. Such ana.l7ss provides a -eans of

detcermJm %hether a project can be sustained by a country over ttme and can

be expected to add to its overall econaomc rwth. However, the 1m=ac= on

- 28 -

growth s =ot :he deterninaut Zor ha 3ank iz selacting one proj c: zar.her

ha an.oher for fiancing. e prcject azpraisals also iant.f7 te Poverty-

Sage rouz an& esim tah projec-: benefit:Ls e=#ecced to acc--ue co !.t. T

e Sliied a.s a rural davloent project, a majority of tchese beui.::s

=Sit accrua directly to the. ove targt group..

h& Znral Develøopmen= ?clic Paper i= Dece=ber Lg9%7 callad. -or a.

substantia-L izczease in Landng for the .agr4cult'ure sector to US$7 biLlic

for the years 1975-79, with aZ leas~ aoa half of this laed-in to be for "niew

s7la!' nrojects which. direct-j benefdit the rural poor. Zhis polic shi±f

toward ruraL development has bee celace:ad, i= the plann2± procass cf. tha

Bank; i..e., the deve.lpen of tha Lending progra, the Bank's, aoucmi= and.

sectCr work, project idenr-fZiatzlon, preparatic and; appraisal. ån .nternal.

unit has bee= set u Vlthin the Bank. to mæonitor progress tCCards the zew

goals..

56. The monitortng system ha3 reported the folown- analyses 3f cth

years L973, 1976, 1977:

TotaL

1975 1976 1977' '75-77

Lnfg for Agr. & &nral Dev.(S il.L±om) $t,858 $1,628 $2,302 $5,788

Landing for Povert7 Oriented?rCjaCrs ($ MLllJon) 980 792 L,452 3,224

Tarm Zam£llass Exectad tøBenefit (m-llon) Z.6 2.6 L.0 LO.2

nviduals (±iio) 13.1 13.1 29.0 59.2

Povery amilies Exected toBene£itr (million) 1. 7 1.3 3.2 6. 7

Individuals (million) 9.9 10.4 13.6 38.9

57. The investments costs per benefitting faily have Ibeen declining

as =oe projects are desiged to beneit: the rual poor. The gross cost

-29-

per di.ectly b enež :in farm faml2 averaged ver all agricul.ure and -. al

develo=ent rojects in 7977 Is abour :SSL,200, as co-ar0d it SSL,00 in

Y76 and :SS1,551 i, 375. The gross costs include subs=an-ial sums or

institucion. bildi:., no-projec:-.rela:ed :echnical assistance and aloance

for expected pr.ca :.=raases. A£ter aT zation of t:ese :Izes, Lvesment

per benefiLtz:g fam±ily in 1'77 was about :SSI50 as compared U $71,L30 in

?T76. The term "directly benfi:ting" is used ti descr±be those f:a,± iles

wose incomes are expected. tcr be significantly and. ieren.tly rai.sed as a

result of rhe project. It is estimated thar as =aay as 6 n±llion additoaL

a per yea i " ben!zitz fo project for saed :nll-

cacion, research projecta and ax=ecnsio projects. Such estimatas do =at

include projects and components aimed at disease conrol, pure 'water, nutrition

educat-io. anz d family pla s. Teither do they includa indirect bene£its from

roads and bettar iarkatin:g systems.

58. In general, an overw-7helmd, nari:7 of borrowing governments are

adopting plans whih focu on projects aimed ar drectly bCenefitting Zhe. poor

within. their countrias. xamples of large nati.ona. comnitments to rural

povert7 programs supported by tha. 3ank are:

3ank CommitmentGv't ?rogr= to date

CoutryPrgra (SS milli4on) (USS illo-n)

Mexico PIDER L,200 230

3razil Polonordeste 700 155

ColoR.hD. ?rogra 400 52

Nigeria Ueg±oual Dev. 500 L31

Iorea . Saeaul (7illage Dev.600 60

Zach of these projects is Lntended to incrase output, and henae raise farmers'

incoms, by løw-cost imprcve~ats to che tecnology used by pooV farmers.

-30 -

59. A umber o£ Ba=k-finaced prcjects tahe rua± development sector

a=% intendad t enabila far-ners to use existing, Local suitabla techno

mor eziiciently, trough a inno7at7e appcoach to casi •heir each-

soogca kowho s tatthy aysae her wn eiioso which. teach-

=clcg. <s auocvrr.ate for che=

60. Savera.L Lrge-scale: 3ank. assi3za projects, Launched iL t'77 (five i

India, one each in 3angladest, Indonesla. and Thx1ad) 1llustrata th:i, innovative

appoach to tha issue& Cf apprcpriate technalogy., These projeczs are desigued

:o Irduce che ia Trang and. VisIr Ex-tenscL Sse L/ ITr7- yLrge areas.

and to ceach uillios. of Zar= fam± i tes. They are a±ming at building· in±iu

tions. spee±å ed i. delivering- know-how c low-cse chnologicaL practices..

61.. 1The lr:z4ig and Visir Systc emphasizas nanagement practias - such

as land preparation, improved seedbed, and .urser7 maintenance, usea oiod se d

(inc.luding appropr4iata imroved variecies), seed treateut, timely operations,

weeding, lproer spacing od 2la=ts - rather ttan increased use of tnputs.

These =anage=eut pract:ices are known to praduce. zesulcs aud tienca cause che-

farmers litzle tLsk. The7y require =ore wor. buz L:tla cash. outlay. .foreover,

!arers ofien cannot get fullI benef.i fro. . purzhased.inputs or more castly,

investeuts (such as tubeels) nti.L their- practi:es have im=rcved.

62. In aeas where yi.elds and management practices have alread7 rached,

high Levels, Training and 71sit e=tansiou serrvIces providg advtce on appro-

priate levels o purhased inputs, starting h .instructious o the careful.

use of the mi..iu quautity of fert:lzer which Will uoticeably increase net

y.alds and incomes. The exzeusion serv4ce ust kno whether inputs will be

f A= exten_sio system developed by Dan:il Benor anda triad successfullydurLng the Last 5 years on pilot and comand azeas in India, Turkey, et-.See tha baoklat by D. 3enor and. J. Earrison, .zricultural Extension. thetrainin2 ar.d Vtst System, focreword by %.. Ucamara, arId Bank May

- 31 -

availabla, and advise thIe fawers where to puchasa tham and at wham pr.Ces,

-here to cb:ain ar-di:, and how redi: and Ziuts i augment their inc=es.

can a1aso iProve the 0tness suPPl7 and czeii 4 gmncies.

6.3. Once extesion has closed the sans be'.-en exii agctua

practJc.es and tha backlog of reseach fndins which have not yet reached

the famers, Lt nust. be linkad to a vigorous researcl progran well-tuned to

tha needs of fa=ers, to provide thm basis for nev ree=madat:ioas.

54. good ustaton of the yraning and 7isit S7stem Ls the 3ank-

-i4anced West Bengal (India) Agrizj.ctural .xtension and Research Project,

a brtef descri:otio of which follow3.

'llIs traive P7ro ject

West 3engal (Indla) Agicultural Extnsion andResearch ?roject - Cr. 69,0-M

65. The est engal AgricUtural Extansion and Rsearch project Ls

intended to reorganize the agr4cultural extansiou ser7ice 3n West 3e:gaL,

which ranks fo=rth tn foodgral production among India's statas. The objec-

2.ve ts to Jntroduce a systen of regUa= far visits by viUage Lavel workers

(7VÅs) intanded to encourage the adoption of improved practlces b7 farmers.

An astentiLal feature of the syste is the fortnghtly tralning of ZWs in

practices to be adopted by farmeri in the nat -jo wek pertod. Thesa rain-

ing sessions ould involve faedback from the 'ZWs to researrhars and an

exchange of tnfoaacion on factors Lmi:Ing produetion.

66. In the past in est Una, emphasis -as placed on ralsing food-

grai= production through use of costl.7 4npuzs, whIrlh benefitced prtmaril7

tha larger farner and bypassed th majority of arginal and small farners.

he present project emphasizas raisln yelds largely tbrough bettar agri-

aultural practcaes, such as seed treatzent, tmely sowing, optIaI plant

populations and needing. This would primarily involve more labor - an asset

most sal farmers bave iz abundance. The main Priorit7 for incraasing

agriciltra.L production lias 1n closing the gap bec-een Cte zreseat practicas

oZ farmers and existing tecMnology by Cr=asfarriag :0 farmers the kow-ho o-

alrad7 provem but simple improvements and zaking bettar use of azisting

iapu=s and, vater . Research is how*var,, aaeded. to ideni.fy a test addit4ona.LL

simple teachnologies. Therefore, under the project, the inrovements- o

present agricultural extension. methods mould be backed by a responsi7e adactive

research orogran. T the Longer tar t bare is need, to expand the area. under

full irrigacion. Considerable potentia. also e=ists for-Lacreasing pro-

duction of aon-focdgrains, La particular sugarcane, potatoes, vegetables. and.

.ruiLs. The rest Bengal project is aimed at building on these opportunmties.

67. The technohlogy package recomended by any individual extension

agent will depend on the time of year, the district, and. even. the individual

farmer being advised. Ferhaps- the best way to cmmun.icate. soma feIng for

the technology being conveyed to farmers in this project is to reproduce

the translation of an, e ntact f== the diary of a West aga.L Village

Mztension Worker. (See Table on next page.)

68. The- =A credit for the Toest Bengal. project amounts of US$111.4 llio.

and is to finance about 30% of project costs. The project seeks to provide

the means for sustained production increases fram 320,000 contact farmers and

through them most of the 4,000,000 farm families In West Bengal. Because of

large auaber of prospective beneficiaries, the cost cer farm family vil1 be

extTee.ly low: assi-Ing only the 320,000 contact farmers to be the diect

beneficiaries, the cost -ould amount to about US$65 per farM family. As nnr

as 2 million families are exected to be benefitted frn the demonstration

work of the contact farmers. Although attributing a precise level at benefic

-33 -

is methodologically difficuL., if by year 7 of the project, 7ields of rice

stata-wi,e increased by only 13 kg per oa, r by less than 2% over the

"withou: project sl:ua:on, the economJc race o2 :eturn of ree ;:rjec

oud b e 50tW.

Tall t-che proj ect =ad e a proisin.g start. 90 of the proposed

4,000 VtUs are in place. They =eet regularly with abour 20,000 of the pro-

jected 320,000 coutact farmers, and, tbrough the, it is estlmatsd :hat they

have coltacc with about. 90% of West Bengal's 4.0 =IIon farm famlies.

Messages :o furers have foc-ssed an low-ntost ctc:nolcges, tuc hae nodifie<

based o df ers abJU i1-.- to izvesz and purchasa '~--uts. Tre is ,

as yet, 11ila quant:tative data on the impacc of the project. L/ There can

be little doube, however, that the project has had a. =arked t=pact on 7ields

and production. ields o£ £aers following extssion advtce show ev±dezce oi

better agricultural practices: weeds are fewer; plant popu.Lation are up;

sowing Is i lines and pests are contzolled. lllustracive of achievements to

date is: (a) the quick identification of loose s=ut disease and the taing of

imediate remedial action to prevent its recurrence, (b) the increase in the

proportion of kharig rice under MTi, fro an alzost constant level of leass

than 10% through the fUrst balf of.tb seventias, to aver 20%, and (c) the

increase in production of Ichari rice, the Stata's major grain crop, whIch has

been more of less static for over a decade - 1977 production was about

700,000 tons above the previous peak of 5.2 lTlion tons in 1973.

Unžforttmataly, more recent-y progrcss has been slow. There are

wo =ajor reasons for this: first, thadevastating flocds which struck

/ In any event, assssing the impact of etnsion s d:UEiriulc becauseinareases in prodution are dua also to Lzcreases in other inputs,such as fertilizer, seed, irrtgaton, and marke ting.

- 34 -

West Entgal during the !.978 lasn ic thani te major Govera ent Me-

occupcacion *ras been wich alleviaring the hadsi aued. by th-e floods, wica a

resu-Lc tha-t :here häave been delays in fýinancia LSa=c,-ions1 andaponeeo

Sample of te Diary al a Village Utensicn Worker(West Sengai)(transiated from thec original)

Name '31 31oc: Mearnai U. Name oi '/VW' Si simai auzan Roy CIQuCluy.HO: Planarlati.Cata: 11.24.73 Iay: Monday FeeI Rakan=ur F.?. Schoci unit: No. 1

Names at contact Suciect cn woricn Problemefarmers training i Mparted mcountered

1. Sti Kumur Kista 1. Recommendation of Nocnavailatility an timeManda fertiliur fa potatces ot irrigation water from

2. St Outal Chandm an tile asict oil- O.V.C.Mandal test resukts.

3. Srd Bicy Chandra 2. Apptitan at 10i1Chatterjee Insec bct!s c before

4. Sr! Hat:u Chandra last Pliu;:Iing nGhos.% po:t,o 'ald3.

3. Si Fair Ciandra 3. Cutt.ng at pctato6. Sri Gobinda Clandr nubers in Ormcer

Pan sizEs keeping7. Si Safai Ciandrm eytes and treltfig Arrangements wefe made

Mandai tlsi in 5% wettai2e tMrougl personal cntact. Sdi AniI Candra Pan mercury before C.I A20 to Prcvaå( upon

plandte. Asistant Engineer,4. Sulecion at seeds. !rrtIation and Water-

seed treatment. ways. for timey reteasspacing and depth ft af water.swing af whect.

Mam s at diher Cher subict Vsit andattönd!ng larmers dlscussed commentS

1. Sti Sanatan Pan 1. Cuttjvain df >un- Attended the training2. Sri Biswanath GPft flowers. program today. The3. Sri Jamini Kanta Pan 2. VEW is requested to4. Si Jadat Chandra attend swing of wieat

Karmakar in sem fieids ta guide5. Si Harendra Candra• thc farmrs in spacing

MaiLk and deptli at sowing.

(signcd A. Choudtury.AEO, Memar 11

Recommendations athigher authoritis

Please advise me farmersto go for Janac in lato-sowing wtieat fields anda4o for prohyiacticspraying of fungicidezn 9otatoes. -

(signad M. RoySMS-l, Sur'dwan

- 36 -

C. AFPpRE2I TZCETLOGT D RIGMAY CONST.UCON

3ackg<round: Bazk Resaarch on Labor-intensive Hijghwa7 Constructi"o.

'Zhiz a broaå.-rngng progra= of work on anpropriata cachnologies

ranging fro infrastuatue desig standarta tn the, vehiclas. which: -Xil use

:ha infrastructure,. the- Bank Transportation Departenc has given art±cular

emphasis to appropriate civil cozstruatia nerhods. Work has been underway

since 1970 under a. major research. and piloc implementation project,. carried

out in. various, countries and. financed In t:s noe recent stages internationally,

on approriata constrction zetlods: in civfl ng.iecring- projects (especill-

irrigatioa sc.hemes and faeder roads).. Twenty-seve= technical memoranda. (ou.

appropriate tools, wheelbarrows, relative costs of haulage by viaa, anima.l. and

machine, etc.), reports on health and nutritiot aspeccs, and. other summary

documents. have been publishad. so far. During- 1978, t'o reference volumes are

er;ectad to be completad: "Tabor-based Const-ruction Machods: Sita Planning

and Management Handbook", and. "labor-based Construction Methods: ?rogra.

P1anning and Management. Handbook". The total. cost- of the work car=ied out by

the Transportation Departent on consnr3uctioU nettods especially suitabla to.

developing countries is expected to exceed $3 million.

70. On the basis of the experience gained during the research phase

of the work, the Bank has been introducing the need for technologies especially

suitable to developing count:.es iL. the construction and naintanance of a

au=ber of Bank-suppor:ed rural roads programs. Ihe cases of the Rural Access

Roads ?rogram in Renya, and of the 7eeder Roads Projecr In Ben!n, discussed

below tn soame detail, are good exaples of the approach taken.

- 37 -

71. As used hare, che term "araro=riam on-struction nethd3" refers :o

nehod3 that =aka effi and =ax:Lmum use of u labor and i use

o: apiza equipment and enerally uZiize thecotzy' s dceszic rssources:

(a) To nobilize for development Large 2umbers o peoplia -o are

ocherwise nem-ployed or underemployed, and co fo :cr soci.:al

organization for futura ,orrka and for anteance of roads

(b) To produce infrastct-ure i=provements Ln z=octe, in-

accessible, ar 4solaczd areas where che :ranspor:a:.on,

opra-zn and =aintan!az oz o rctin cfuine i's

costly and im-onsuing; and

(c) to save foreign ezcange by substicucing human labor

for machines in those activties wtere such a substicutioL

is technlcaly feasible ard econoicaly. iust:fiable.

72. "Appropriate Constrction M=ods" are inroduced slow1y:

a few construction sitas at che beginn±ng, with more being added as a.

suitabla institutional framework is establ!shed. The framework consists of:

(a) Staff trann, so that Local constration agencias

can take on increasing volues of wrk with a 2i=niZu

of echiala.L assistance;

( ) Raoval of adn±istrative, technical and organizatonal

constraints (design specifications, contraccing procadures,

financing arrangements) r.hich preclude the a£ficient use of

unskLlled labor in construction;

*38 -

(c) :nter7entions to ensura that the laborers' healch and autri-

tionaL status is i=;rored or, at least, that it rains

unimpair ad;

(d) De-oment o a. Local ca;abiliC7 for che. anufacture of

good tools and. hardware eeded for the consttuctic work-

73. The Bank recomends- the introduction of appropriate const==tion

mectods when there is a demonstrabl7 abundant labor supply ac a reasonable

wage level; when tba ature of the project is such tha; techaical considera-

tions do ct dictate the use of machines; and when. chese methods promise to be

applicable Ln other works In cha tuture.

74. The sucessfmL introduction of can cechnologies re;Lires commitment

on the ;art of gaver=encs which musm resolve, the techmical, planning and,

adinistrative problms. that are bound, co arise. By the same. cokan, che. Bank

recognizes chac ex=ra efforts are aecessary in project preparation. Arrange-

ments are routinely made for adequaea. staiff to be allocated. -whenever a. project

particularly suitable for appropriate aons:uction methods enters the prepara-

tion process.

tLLlustrative Projects

(a) Kenya Rural Access Roads Programs - Cr. 651-KE, Ln. 1305-;.

75. In 1973, the World Bank and the Kenyan Goverent agreed that the

relatively satisfactor7 status of the country's main highvays indicated that

attention might be shifted to the improvement of short, farm-to-market, rural

roads which -would benefit directLy the poorest people. BeefIts could be

:fold: a change from subsistence to cash crop cultivation, and incmee

distzibution La the foa of wages paid to the local inhabitants who would

ork on road construction and in road maintenance after road completion.

- 39 -

76. Mne Gover=ent of Kanya designed, in 1brary 974, a "lural Acess

Roads Program" (RtIU), gearad rowards cte efficiant usa of unskilled abor in

contrccon Te Uank assisted -itå :t.c necessary .dfiainswih because

of the novelcy of Che technology, required abou= one year of -raa;atory .or.

77. Tha program, tnicia=ad in 1973, ais at the åostruton of aboun

15,000 1m of rural roads over an elght-year period. T;enty-th4rae of Kanya' s

4o Dis:rt s will be alffacrad. In =any of these, rural people have to nulk.

=ore than 15 'a before reaching an all-veather road.

78. The =al= objectives of the progra= are:

(f) "o stimulate increased ca3h crop and Livestock produciton

and bring =ore persons into the narkat economy by providing-

all-eather access to =arknts

(Ii) To provide employment for persons living in the immediate

7icnity of the roads to be improved

(iii) To improve access to social facilities and ser7ices

(iv) To increase local partcipation la planning through

selection at the District level of roads for improvement.

79. The Agency respo'uibla for the prograA is the Ministry of Works.

A new branch has been established to deal with institutio-bilding, staff

train.ng, construcciou standard.3, and work superision. The Ministry's Staff

Tra:nIng Department has provtded raining for the large nuber of personne-

required. Yotoring and evaluatiou of the. program will be undertaken by

special unit to be set up in the Roads Department Plann.ng Uni. Roads

selectad at the local level (by Distr:ct Developnent Comiztees) and are

subjected to an economic and social evaluation by the Ministry of Works, Wuch

requires a mnj=u economiC rate of return of 10 percent, plus substant:ial

social benefit, before approving constructiou.

- 40 -

30. Tha roads are relatively short: up to 10 km in length. The

expecced raffi is Iow: no =ore than 30-40 vehiLes per day.- Taffic coutms

taken during L976-L978 show that vol=gs vary fro= f9ve to zwenty rehicles per

day. CarTiage--ay is 4.0 =..with shouLders of 1..0 -a ach. Consruccion is to

all-jeather standarti and L0-15 :. gravel surfaces. and, appropriata- drainage

ar. -provided.

81. Each con:stuation nit comprises some 170 nskilled laboreks recruit-

ed. at the, village level.. ork. Ls organzed so as to ensure that workers (who.

live at home) do not have. ro walk Lomg distances. to get. to work. Supervision

ts by Ministry of Worka staff.. Average road. Langth. Co. be cnstrucad. by- ear

un.tt is abour 45 1 mer year bu may var with Local. conditions.

82. Under rhe propased ?ourth Natlonal Developnenr Plan (1979-L982), che.

targec of serting up 74 uxits has been Lowered co 42, for which externaL.

resources in th for of boch flnancial and tachnLicaL assistance have been

co=i:tad or agreed in princlple.. The objecc4ve of che program is stil. to

costruct 13,000 'k of roads, but over a. Longer period. of rie, given che

organ.isatiotnal compleXity of administering 74- units. and. th- diffircls w ,

obtalning external f±naming. Seventeen its are currntly operaing In

fifteen, Distriats and 670 km of roads were c=pletad by Ju1- 1978. Besides

the World Bank Group (through Crdit 6541-= of July 9, 1976), the aid agencies

of the United KIgdo, the UnAted Staces, the Ietherlands, De=ark and, Iorway,

as well as Che UND and the ILO, are contributing resources.

83. Seventeen Unirs are curently operating in fiften Distr'cts and 670

k of roads were completed by July 1978. The estimated pattern for phasing in

of new Unlts, and th. a3soclated ost estimates, are showa in the attached table.

84. the indirect costs of Lnstitution-building and central ±±sration

are shown in the attacbed table. Teir impact on rosts er k=. should decrease

DETAILS OF RURAL. ACCS ROAD ItOGItAt

Year (ftscal year) 17/5 17/6 17,j 977 £.a.Aggg

OlirPUT

t:aber of unit« (by end of y 3 .6 7 17

Total KIQ conatrucced gacl y4ar 25 54 192 399 670 -

Equivale~nt annual ad. L. inK%a ge unit 33 25 40 43

COS'TS

Average dtirect contruuction& costsper Wi (KL• 1,530 2,250 1,540 1,560 - 1,640

Averagec dlrocc consteuctto coatVsr Ka la 1975 prtces (K).../ 1,530 2,040 1,270 . 1,170 - 1,350

Averagia conatucciton Cost# powKEtactudinig ovearheiada (Ki) 1,990 2,740 1,980 1,930 - 2,060

1979/ 1980/81 1981/82 Tota, Average

OhiTlilT

luzlbcr of unitt (by end ot year) 30 '42 42 42 42 -

Total Km cooatructed 4ach year 900 1,830 1,940 1,940 6,660 -

Avernge dirgcc conutruction coastpbr ýrm i 1978 prices (V' 1,850 1,850 1,ý850 1,850 - 1,850

oca niot 1includa techn4cal s&atance c06t5.

as more units are established which makes it inportant that Che- 4Z un-ics be

established as soon as cossibla..

35. A Tecnclogy Un!ta the Miiaist: f - orks was set up in January

l976 .ich the- responsiblilit,y for the design and dveLapmeac of "approl)riata

constr=ion mecheds? n be Iz used ib tae 'RuraL- Azcss 1oads. ?rogram. More

specifically, this tacnicaI. assistanca program, which. ended, In Septamber

1978, had the. follovi=g tasks:

a. To establish sound procedures for work planning,

execuion and nitoring and to famiLiarize Zanyan

staff with the relevant proceduress;

b.. :o assist In the training of a large n=ber of sice

super7isory staff (foremen,. gang leaders, etc.) needed

for the. guidance and. control of the =nskilled Laborers;

C. To assist the Special Projects 3ranch it creating a

fully Keanyan capability for tb lau=ching and. operat.on

of new construction Units.

86. ?rogress is being made. on all three- tasks. "Kanyanization' of the

program: is proceeding. slowly although Kenya= counterparts have been appointed

to too positions and should be able to take over completely vithiz. iro or

three years.

87. At the Appraisal stage, the program vielded an economic race of

return exceeding 12% and it has been estimated that, in the Districts -here

the program shall be implemented, it will contribute signicaly to incame

increases for the local population. The program is estimated to generate zore

than 150,000 man-years of =askilled labor emploment and more than 13,000 man-

years of suer7isor7 staff and skilled labor employment.

(b) Benin Feeder ?.oads Pro jcr C:. 7t7-3D -

38. -he general approach used in the Kenya projec: is

i= a somewtac sLar prorjc :. =enin, :hus d-mons:ra.ng ics ')roader appl-

abiliy7 Gn che oear hand. 3en. is zuch poorcr than Kenya (389 G4 2er

capica versus $132 for Kanya in 1973), and has uch smaller vopulation (2.9

Million versus 13.3), and a population distriburion oatter that Lis-dense in

the souch, becoming progressiLvely sparser towards he north. Further=ore, tts

Dublic seccor is much lass sophisticared and less developed han that of

Kanya. For chese reasons, che introduccion of aproprtace construccion

*aeC:ods -i ealn has to be nore gradual chan in Kanya.

89. he vehicle used for this inrroduct:ion as Crdit 17-3D (Eeni_-:

:eeder Rnads Projecr) of June 3, 1977, nich provides for a 3-year program

to:

(i) Improve, and subseguanly uaintain, about 843 km of

:aedar roads, and maintain another 425 '= of previously

improved "Cotton Roads".

(ii) create a specialized Divis1on for Feeder Rnads in the

Miistry of Fquipent.

90. "Instituton-buildinng", a basic prerequisite for tha efaicient

iznoduct:in of appropriate coustruction =ethods, is vestad in the new

Division. A technical assistance team has been 3enin since Anril 1978 to hel p

develop lmannin and superision procedures, trai4n staff, and hel for=ulate a

long-tar plan for feeder road improvement and naintenance. 12e projec:

ut.ilizes ctree types o£ construction bri-ades. lorth of Parakou, -here

population is sparse, a mecbanzad brigade will. be used.

-44

Imere a reasonable supply of labor is avaiable (bet,een ?arakou and Abomey)

a lass mechanized brigade is to be iplayed. ,;here labor is -cad:ly available

(beween bocmey and the coast), a labor-ineansive brigade is to be used and.

orovision has been made for an addicional such brigade to be Launched after

one 7ear.

91. The labor-intensive brigade is expected co improve 45 1s. every

year. Zt L" expected to employ be-asen 215 and 163 =skilled workers,

depending on the mmber of kilometers to be gravelled. Throughout its first

year of operations, careful monicoring of inputs and. outputs -ill allow com-

parisons bec.een "labor-intntsive" ai "mie-n si. sethods, taking

due account of parametars such as differential speeds, foreig'n exchange

costs, and social benefits.

92. The extant to which appropriate construction methods will be used

at a wider scale tn Senia depetds on the success of the Labor-intensivd

brigade in producing a technically acceptable product at a cost compecitivze :

that achieved using equipment.

· 45 -

93. The Sec:or ?olcy Paper on F.ducaiti i/ describes the Bank' s

approach C:o non- aL educaion, and illustrates he cank' s ap-ooac to

appropriate tecnology in zhis sec:or. nhe following a:arge considers

dic=,erent aproaches to and sugescs basi cteia for "he design of rual

education and tr=4ng programs.

94. "odification of :ha Conrent and etchods of .- or=a. Educat:ion

in Rural Areas: The "rralization " of conenroual schools :o increase

h relavance of rura. educaion has been a raaditioalu poi.y respose.

:n zosz Cases, chls has been an ioad aczion unsupporred Jy zbhe creaci.on

zf orcduczive jobs for school leavers. his azplains ;h7 =aAy of the forts

have been unsuccessfu in keeping the school leavers In rural areas, or i

improving ei par:icipacio in r oductve activities. "Rur alization" of

conventIonal SChool3 =ay, however, prove effienr -f conceived not in isola-

:ion, out as 3art of an inagrated policy of rural employment and develo.ment.

This has been successfully tried on a s=all scala in 3ots,¥ana in the Swaneng

Hll and Shashe U-ver Schools, where acadenic subjects have been combined

with practical =a±inrg directly relatad to the creation of new opportunliis

for s'el-employment for scbool leavers.

95. "'an!ormal Scheames as Parallel or Ualrat:ve ?rogras o Fornal

.ducation: All less leve.loped countas have a umber of nonžormal education

and trainn schemaes in rural areas. A recent Bank-sonsored study on non-

formal educa±ion, Attaking Rural Pverty, 2/ shos th. diversiZ7 of :hese

1/ Education: Secor ?olicy ?a-er, World Bank, Dec-mber 197t.

2/ Coomba, Rilip E., wi:h Ahmed,. Manoor. Attacking Rural ?overty. HowNouformal Zduca:on Can Help. ?rtpared for the World 3ank by the .nter-national Councl on Educational Develatoen:. 3altimore and London: '"eJohns Hopkins Universi:y Press, 1974.

programs ta terms of their ptrposes, target GroX:ps, coverage, instizutioralI

characcaristics and educational cchaologies. these schemes are, usuallyrv

nceiied L. Lolaion and, unfortnately, are aot designed as ZCMoents Of

an izzagraced structure. Some schemes, such as che Rural Education Cantars in

Upper 7ola, are close17 linked. with a aationaL s7scam of educazion, as veU

as wich the local econamy, by helping school leavers to age in--secific

economic activities.

96. "7unctional Literacy Programs are anocher emple of efforts in

r-al educatioa. The United. Uatons, ducatiomal, Scientific and Cultural

Organization (Uaesco) has played. a major role in promoting f!=ctional

1tearacy through projects in a runber of coutres (the celd Experimencal

1"iteracy Program). Functional literacy, which teaches reading and ari:hetic

as part of the =aining for skills for a particular job, is essentially a

sound concept, although the results have been mixed. Some projects have

suffered from organization.al problms in relating particular literacy schemes

to ational programs, lack of Zuidance for experientation, delays in evalua-

tion and high costs. Some, however, have been established on more solid

gro=ds. Such is the case in Hali, where the functional literacy program may

become a part of the national educational systim, and is closely Linked wi:h

the groundaut and ocher programs at the national and local levels. These

programs, conducted in the rational Languages, have generated =`terest

and mocivation at the grassroots level. Some preliin.ary estimates indicate

that the cost of producing a literata person is lower than in primary schools.

3razil's experience with the MOBRAL (Mavi=enco 3rasileiro de Alfabetizacao)

project, although mot conGeived as an exclusively "-ral program, provides an

exazmple of a assive, !unctional literacy movent. t is a nationwide scheme

- 47-

nanaged frcm a cenral o2ffce, but relings on ccmmunit.y organizarions and

cca! particpcIon. :n i:s first four rears (1970-73), ICBRJU. has reached.

2ore :han 6 ziion il 1teranes to produce about , 2:1on tarate adu:s at

Low =21: costs..

97. "'The ank study on noru± al. educavion and other sur=eys of rura!

aducaticc and c.tring clearl7 indicate that many rral schemes are limiAted,

and that small-scale operazions have all too often not been Lntegra:ad into

nationwide systems. Uzcoordinatad proliferafion of projects, promoted by

different agencies jih diåerent interests, approaches and =ethods, is a

comou Pecnmenot. These experiments could be 7aluabla sources of in.or avion

in developing rUral educaton., but their contribuion -ould maz LJnited

in the absence of an overall policy. The design of a coherent stratey for

rural education should, therelore, be considered as a prerequisira for

ee49ctive action in this field.

98. "Some basic criterta for the design of rural educat±on and training

programs can be suggested.

(a) They should be ftctional. This means that they mustsarve well ideutified target groups (participantsin particular crop or area developnent projects,health, population, nutrition programs, etc.) andmeet cheir specific needs (Lmpraved production andmanagement adoption of new methods of child care,etc.) . The. Tea Development Authorty in Kenya, forexample, has been efective in combining the örgani-zation and marketing of smallholder tea productIonwith the training of far=ers in all relevant aspectsof tea culltivacion and markating.

(b) ?.ural education zrojects should be designated as artof a total education deliver7 s7ste=. In Colombia,Che S2T (Servicio NacioUal de Aprendzje) programi s responsible for providing raning for skl1ls, oua national. basis, for both adults and adoleseenus. Ltis governed by a council which includes the Ytt=IstrIesof Education and labor, the National. Finn Office,and managment and labor organizations. Educatuon

- 48 -

projects can also bec=ee the focal poeins of coordi-zated action throuh the use of multipurpose centersto serve other acaivicies, such as cooperatives,health and famiL7 panning setices This is bei=gdone ia :anzania a: both he d.iscrict and villagelevels :rough the establishment of Ru-ral TainingCenters and Commnity Educaciom Canters. Teacherscaz also 'e :=alined and, used. as mulcipur-sa agents.

(c) Eduzation in. rural, areas should, be int!gratei withother rural development activities at bocm thenational. and local. levels. Ar the national level,development of a cocnom franework of policy for variousr,ral development activities is essential, raith emphasison making productivity and welfare-oriented activitiescompleentat7. Az the local. level., coordination orlnegraciou is necessary to ensure that. education?rograms are functional and adatted to the needs andopportunities of the local milieu. They may be gearedto other sectoral activities through func:onal iearacyprograms, such as those developed by Unesco in a. auberof countries. They may form coponents of tegratedsuch as ?ACCA (Program on Agricultural Credit andCooperation in Afghanistan) in Afghaistan and theCoilla project in. Bangladesh, which have combinedfunctional literacy, agriculcural. extension, coopera-cive markecing and the provision of agricultural inputsand services.

(d) Rural education projects should be replicable ia carnsof their costs and managerital equirements. For ex-ample, the national vocational craining schemes inColombia and Thailand have reduced costs through the useof nobial training units. The Vocational ladustria.Centers in Northern Ugeria have made use of existingfacilities in the evening and have drawn on the staffof other educational institutions on a part-time basis.

99. "One of the cri:ical areas in which education and training can

play an iportant role is in dwieloping an affective arganizaional and

aanagerial capacit7 !or rural development. An adequate structure of manage-

ment, at bcch zazionaal and local leveLs, often thwarts the iplementation of

rural programs. These programs req-uir=e the support of a net-ork of nationwide

or regional institutions, such as rural develoment banks and cooperative

tmloms, as well as strong local managers and leaders. Thus, the expansion of

rural development :rograns creates aev training needs. A svecial effort in

- 49 -

aountrias Launching Large-scl a orog--irams. Maecing mantower requireants

iz his field -Till necessitata crash -rogarms oor trainig or upgradin;

the sta.f of credic institutions, adul: aducation-schemas for training Local

Leaders and use of ceachers for zooperative management and acounting rather

than creating completely new institutions"

100. Hinimum Learning Needs: "I recent study 1/ prepared for the Unitad

Nations Chil.d:en's 7und (UNICI) has defined "nia learning meeds" for

indivtduals as a threshold Level, of Learning required for :articipation iz-

economic, social and nolicical activities. 7hese essent±ial Learning :eeds

include funomianal li:aracy and nzteracy (skill. in using nbers), knwliedge

and skills for productive acti7tty, family planning. and health, child care,

nutrition, sanitation and knowledge required for civic participation.. They

can be operationall7 defined as "minimrn learning packages" to be attained by

all, coparable to the ter "poverty line" which refers to m=nias famil7

income. Mizin learning packages would cary according to the Level and

pattern of development and the relative poverty of each cottr7.

101. The main features of the basic education prog-sms for the low-income

co=nties are:

(i) Formal pimay schools are considered only as one part ofa delivery systam designed to reach children and youths inthe earler stages of cheir education. Other parallelprograms such as the rural education centers Ln Upper,Volta,wh4ch serve young ;eople aged 15-20 years, can play anequally important role in providing education at chat level.The use of traditional institutions is also possible,as in auritania, -4here the use of 'oranic schools is beingcols'dered to provide basic education; or L= Ethiopia, wherevillage priests are being -.ained for educational work.

1/ Coombs, Philip . with ?rosser, I.C., and Ahmed, Manzor. .ew laths toTAarning for Rural Children and Youth. New York: atarmational Councilfor Educatlonal. Development, 1973.

- 50 .-

(1) Age of en=ry and lengtå of stud7 should be recUsiderd,both for primary schools and other parallel schemes. Alater start for a shortar Course of study ts seen as a ;ayto reduce costs in. order to broaden Darticination in educa-tion.

(1i.) Ntew and diersižad prngras are desged o taka intoaccount the tar=inal character of Lower Levels of educationor the large uajortr-7 of the articimans.

(iv) Parallel changes are also introduced In teacher tralnIng,through the simpližf±catiol of methods and Localizarion of.contann and recritment.

(v) There are cases where mass media., particularly radio, areused effectively Ln support of bas-c educacio= programs.

(v) n nt where t.ch:'..n. tahs plac in foreign angua;es,cocher tongues are increasingly- accepted as being =oreeficient Learning vehicles for basic education.

102. "Such an approach expressas a =ajor principle of the report of

the Znarnational Comission on the Developmenc of Education, Laarning to Be,

that education should extend over 1i2etimes and not be confined to particular

lavels. This approach will ecessarily 1ead to signfican changes i. other

parts of the educationaL system. It will, first, require a systemacic ejfort

to Link education and work, through relat-ively short, non.ornal, vocational,

adolescent and adult trainln -schames, particularly for traditlonal and

transitional sector. Second, post-elementary aducation will need to be

reiriented in order to march the changes introduced at the basic level."

Construction Standards

103. ConstrucCion szandards and buiLding nechods adoptad for any level o

educational facility should be the nost economical ones appropriate to the

training object'ives planned. The extent to which basic. or prinary educatioon

and adul: trmng faciuities zust be replicable - if a n.i.imu level of

education and adult trainng facilities =ust be replicabla - if a =ini=u

- 51 -

level. of aducation is co be =ade availabla to all - places a partiz.cularly

eavm on -a::izing rzliac on Lcal arias and bidn ech-

.iues cr such acilities (in order to nirhe drainage of oign

exc.ange) and on ±ostering comnity ?artc ihe inrlementation

process.

104. The Bank's rowing ivolvement in the consruction of such basic

educar.ion fac!Llities is leading us to rea.ize rhar, in addition to possible

cost savicns, onsructi.on =ethods based on indigenous resources and cech-

z,iques and on communly zarticipacion, :ay also offar othar benefits. At

the same tine, such methods may have disadvancages -,i-ch have to be akean

:n!o consideration in decer=ining the most cosz effective or'appropriate

a!ltarnative production strategies for the const=rction of simpla educacional

buildings:

(a) Such trade-offs for construction dich otimizesrellance on Local resources =ay incJlude: asbenefits, (t) less demand on foreign exchargeresources, (ii) greater replicabilicy of faciities,(iii) broaden±ng of tha beneficiar7 base, (Iv) in-creased possibilities for locca communties to carrout maintan=ce ueeds and (v) contribution (byexmpla) to the liprovement of. indigenous buldoigtachniques by the cotmu±:iLes - as o±±sec by possible(vi) shorter building ife, (vii) more frequant main-tenance and (ix) ultimately higbar costs for thenstitutions i.itially involved (i.e. as the resul:

of repeated replacemen combined with in.flation).

(b) The potantial benefts of "self-help" type construc-tlon oreracions with local comuity participaioncou.d include: (i) the develo=ent of -reacr self-reliance by a comunit7, (ii) more identiationby it vith its school, (iii) its assumtion of =oreesponsibiitieas, incLuding greater willingness

za maintain facilities and (iv) local molo"enrgenaeration - as against possible drawtacks of(v) the Creation of dual standards ot fac:Iziasand gover=ment servicas (as, say, bet;een r=ral

- 52 -

and uban communitias - with exacerbato, of resenc::ent aboutthe discr-imiator7 rreatment involved and encouragement ofsigjratioto urban areas, (vi) PossIble expmloitation of co-

7uiy labor (vdi) di 44ultias n organizig and :tlamecr-ing cnstruct-iom, and hencm (vIJJi) possi bly loger t anatI.onperiods, ;ith resu.an: cosz increases, and (:I) Iower con-sructiuo standards.

LO5. The ext=an to awich approortate design and. cistcr-rto solutions

can be baed on Indigenous materials and local building capabiities wt:hout

rellance on materials or methodU not Iocally avalable or famillar depends

o= the phystca.L resources and the traditional technology of the, region co=-

cerned as well as on the, type and level of educational actvitas to be-

accommodatad. LccalT customs and the preferences or prejui.dices of clieln

authorites as regards architectural form and standards also 'ave a beartxg

on the mattar. (Ccnservative officials, conditioned by the buldincg styLes to

which they have grown accustomed, are ofte. Loath to accept uncouventional

alter=ativ-ee hlch avvear to the= alien and prtitive-) The develoguenz of

physicaL soLutions appropriate as means of applying the object:ves of parti-

cular educatiou programs are Large.y contingenr or Local investlgations

Vith consideration of such factors.

106. WIth. 3a=Å-essiatad education projects, it. ts one. of the fucti:ons

of the staf arch:tects oi the Bank .dsioa which appraise goveret lon

requests .o initiate such -investigations - on a broad scale, to estabLsh

3uidellnes and lj=i:ations for design. Detailed investigation of the aiter-

.ative cnstructonal OPtions practicabla tn each situati-on are subsequently

caried out by the executive architects (government or private f! s) employed

by borroving governments to design project buildings, but - for purposes,

:itial1y, of project Costing and, ult:matay, of brtefing those eacutive

- 53 -

architects - the 3ank arZhlZects CU tle projec: aZ raial. :eams e a

arorate fom fcntutc nnc oba,sa .;le untcosts izh

coscs -er a or :er sc. :c.) for buidin the ac-omodactlon :iuired f

project inZSCZ::.4i:os. Theya- d0 ahsn the :ba3is of soecoieaino

possible alernarive construction opti.ons (L.e., ranging from the relatively

durabl, LOng-LiJa and na:ntenance-frae but expensive at one axrree to the -

re.latively kshort-lIte but cheap ac the othar). Tha schedules of accmadatin

with overall area and cost limitatons, whic. they prevara in agreeent with

borrowers as :he rasult of such bavstgations, for:h bases of the briefs

Latar przsented by the orrowers to the aeecuive archiecs who prepara

detailed prozosals.

107. 3y financing programs aimed at improv-in the fecvness of a

work force hrcugh job-ralated training, the Bank continually tries to

ident:fy and recommend inavati7e and ccst-effeci've solutions to the problem

o£ nanpower davelopment.

108. Many of the basic objectives of transporration, public uti:tI:ies

and agriculture projects depend on large aumber3 of skJlled and sem£-sil,Jled

workars for their su:ess, and it is the traning ani re-training needs et

these person for tha 3ank is przviding financ±a and tachnical

assistance.

:llustrat±ve ?roiec. -M Salvador Second 'duction ?roecz La L007-2S

109. An eampla cf a Bank education project wich uses Appropriata

achnology in .roject design and construction standards Is zha project in

51 Salvador, wh4ch seems to be succeeding in redin±ng costs at sc"ool build-

ings :zough cm=n.y partiipation and re.liance on local aCerials.and

bu:iding tachniques.

- 34 -

tio. The project Ls intanded to support both soc±al and econoic aims of

the G'verment's polic of developing its humam resources by operig up

cducation. and tralning cpportunitas for both yoUh and aduls i= neglected

wural areas. The loar of US$L7 i is helping to fC2rance the cost of.

establishing 43 mev oas. edticnaC_a= schools, reolac:ng 299 unsu±able facili-

ties,. extendi; L21 e:lsting schools ad. a. related teacher traini=g estab-

1ishment, and organ±zing and equipping the piloc phase of a comprehensive

=on-formal raral tealndng scheme which, together withi necessar7 technical

assistanca, was orgignally estiatad at USS242 sillion equivalen1.

L li. pthe siza a: L:ca~4ot of tha ochlccl h=re bet based z= z.

school mapping. exercise, which waa undertakam as a aeans of distributting

opportunities and resources in cerms of bch equity and etffLcjency, and.

detar±ined catchnen. areas, school age populations and the status of e:x±sting

facilltIas. The school. wi:li provide a total of 56,000 studen places, of

vhich 33,700 wtIl be addi:iona.l and 22,300 replacement, but as all wilI be on

doubl-shift operation they vill cater to doubla these numbers.

112. The schoOls, whichb are intended to serve as ceners also for the

mobile nou-formal. ruraL tra,ns progra. assistad- by the project, are

organized in networks, Aach cosis:ting of thrae t7pes of schoola: =wo

ci.assroonm, grade L-4, schools for L60 enrollaent (30 places); th=ee

classroom, grade L-6 schools for 240 enrollment (120 places); and - as

the core of the network - a grade L-9 school for 400 enrollnent (200 places)

combiLng the facilitias of a three-classroo school wimh a library/ciass-

room, laboratory and workshop block. The dasgn, produced by the School

Construction Unit of :he a =nistry of Educat±on, was based on the use of

siole standardized units arranged to prcvide flexbility and to facilitate

:exnsion. . :ni-. of M- 7- area ser-es either as a classroom -or 41 student

Placas (30 enrollment in doubla shiUta) as a laboratjr7 for 0 student

PLaces, as i Cobied liar/lassroom, or - wnth a val1 CM:ad - as a

=ultl-purPose arCa ser7t=n a 7a=tet7 of formal and non-forna. trainig

4unctIons and com ity activities. A larger i=1t of 70 'ä area is used as

a 20 student place orksho. The gross ara of Contucc.im raSe between

2 21.3 4 aid 2.7 i per student place, dependent on school ype.

L1. The school. bildings are i spLa coscio - :.L7in as a

as uossil o -he .usa of Loca-ly avaiilabe macerial. Walls are either

of brIck or of ordizary plastared concrte block. 3owever, because the

schools are located in a seismic areas, it h.as been found necessary to

incorporate reinforced concreca posts, for vich cemet and steel ust be

importad. Caent. Ls a.so used for floor paving. Roogen s generall-y

of corrugated asbestos tiles and wi=dows are fittad vth re screens and

simple wooden shutters on1ly, except for the windoms to laboratories whiah have

glass, oulvres. TC reception is lmited by topography but, an electrlcal

pover is availabla in the vllages vithin rage, elect:rcal virng will be

installed to operate talavisan recelvers located o revolvIng stands to serve

two c-lassrooms in each school.

L114. Costruction is beng carried out partly by contracts awarded

on the basis of local bidding, but vith such tasks as site clearance and

the prov1si.on of accss ways, water suPP17, drainage systes and site fenc--ng

being handlad by the Local conities, under the direct:on and techical

suppOrt of MCCCO - te gcverment agency in charge od cc=m -47 operations.

- 56 -

?or the first 200 schools comleted, such, "self-elp" operations have ac-

counted for abour 20% of costruction activtties by cost but it is aaw

avpara=17 beccmzg -ora di46icult to organiza zommunit particiation due

perhape :a dffarences of via- between the !inistry of Education and. TOCCO.

Some 7-L0 Local. vorkars are e=ployed for 9-10 zonths on the coustruction of

each school. Although construction costs have ritsem fro= the $63 equi:valenc.

z 2.-per M originaly estimated to about $140 per A, and aLthough inleImentation

lags about Z-L/Z years behind the appraisal schedule, indIcatioas during

the phases of construction already com=lated suggests that a conentional

organization of construction processes would probably have resultad L= evem

greater delays and. higher costs. tz Ls proving increasingly 'di37cult to

obtain competitive bids for the comstructionwork which has to be conracced.

and conventional coust-uction materials are in short suppIy.

LLS. Zxcluding attendant housing, the costs per student place at ent.el7

maw schools wera originally estimated to average about $210 aquivalant for

construction and site development and about $Z40 equivalent including furni-

cure and equipment needs (vith the estimated costs per student served on

double shift operations about half these figures). As the rasult ofC infla-

tion, the total per student place cost is now probably about $500 equiva-

Lent.

116. The basic school curricul provtdes a odest amoun:t of practical

activity (about 2-3 *aours a week) for grades 7, 8 and 9, of an in:reductory,

ore-vocational tye - including basic carpentry, necal-ork and home economics

- as applicable to rural area ocaupations.

117. The mon-formal r -al training competent of the project is a pilot

pro%ran being astablished to serve pockets of povert7 in the noo pocrest

Zegions of the coutry- (San U-Zuel and Morazan) - ih succssful, will

be used as a model Jor rlICazton in other araas. he pro3ram is bei-g

supoorted by the ser7ices V= Tet, ied .T, :h C n.bian sk:.1

traning organizatton., and courses offered are beco=n=3 7ore specii2c 4

response to the feed-back received from the rural con±ztes as regards the.r

Ueeds and Preferences. Such cour=ses inClude 2es tn: construc=Ion, rural

nachanization and electrification, woodwork, matalierk, s1pla road :onstrnc-

tIon and =aintanance, si1ole watar suDply and irigation, anJ- husbandry,

:ool/agricultrural iplement oeration an.d =ai.natnance, eaving, needlewrork,

:ai.oring and dressmaking, cookiLng and cutriti:n, shoe nak4ng and rpar

and rural cooperatives admin:strarton. Courses are held for 2-3 hours in

the eventzgs and vary in durat:on from thtee days to two weeks. .struction

is provided by =obila units which ove with trainng equipment from co-

=u1r to counity, in accordance wtth an establJished :tnerary. 'o data,

there has been rather Ilmitad use of the basic school bu.jdings for these

courses - which- has been at least partl7 dua ro the unwiligness of school

prtnclpa.s to Land their schools for night courses during their own absences

from the premises, .but also students and instrutors smetimes see= to

prefar locat4ons other than schools.

LIS. Over 12,.000 persons are said to have par-icipated in non-formal

rai.=ng coursas in the first year of operation - and, by the mime the

project is cclated, 40,GO0 adults are epected to have be=afitad from

the scheme, at an ortiginally esti.atad cost of about $6 per head. ?arti-

cIpants have prmtJ:ad from improved practices zhey hav% introduced in, the

cvaton of their Land and from e=ployment in I4 1dng trades and road

construction work. The fulI e=tent of benefits and tha efecs which the

-38 -

crainin isaving on producti±on, nem geeain cheus of credic:, the

ýr...acion a ooeraives, i=rovem,ce at village env-:.ronenc, acc. '4i.7 be

ascrta.ed dur4-g au avaluac.iqon axerc3e co be conducced :7 SENA in .rc,

973.-

- 59 -

3. Amrotrace Technoloav in 3ealth Prorams

?jiczs 3ackgroiund

19. 71e ank' o'oJaciIes on 'ealzå ara co raduce the es

and 'ig& costa associatad -zi:b te present of. cial sstn of 'he:n caa.

The 'efor=ed Hea.2h Servce' 1/ ts proposed as a zeans of extandin=g etecive

healch Coverage to the con3rys1de.

L20. The Refor=ed lealth Ser-ice: '... the the official system of health

care ac present 1s :oo-heavy; too =uch is being sven= on doctors and hospitals

in urban areas, vhila coverage in the counmryside is ezec-re!7 Zmied.

Future polcy should corract thLs bias b7 (L) extending the coverage of the

primary health care systa=; (2) tncreasng the responsiveness of ex±sting

health posts and. districn hospitals to the needs of the pri=ary healch worker;

and (3) planning the extension of Primar7 care with the aim of suPPlaumenting

the role played by traditional healers In vtllage society.

121. "To be effective, the health care systam -st be very close -

both geographica.l1y and culturally - co the comuny:7 t: serves, and it

mut enjoy the full. confidence of the co-m-ty. By ident4.'7tng health

proble= close to thelr onset, and by =otivatl=g, supervtsing and educating

indiv-Lduals and families to avoid infection and to seekc approprtata treatent,

the Local prt=ary health workar wculd be Ln a better posicion to epoit the

potential of enviroenta. health measues and modern edical. science chan his

countarpart in the conventonal o ilicial systems of health care. Generally,

the latter lacka the camacy:7 zo penetrace the cc=unty, is not familiar

with local lia st7es, and tends to emphasiza curattie medicine.

J. Health: Sector polieWspaoer, World Bank, £arch 1975

- 60 -

L22. "The commnty health w,orker, under the re.or=ed syit, shoul4

reside in the comit7 he serves and shCulLd comand the respect of the

cmmunicy. Ee should be Integracad ino the eocal societ7 so ca!: he can

iLdentify'ý diýsea-se zihuQmzet-ntacdcnaczs at the healcti poýsce.

Rout:na- periodic housa ists =ay somet:Les be required. to make- suchl assess-

meuts; in othe instances, locaL polical, socia.L or re.ligous instu;ons

may oflar oppor:un:zes for oning surneon Lae ce of c u ha-lthc o.dI-

L". "The healta. vorker ca= be =ale or Zema-Le, a= ald. zraditiona-l healer

or birth attendan, .or a young: primary schooL graduata. The choice should

reflect cultura. atttludas, and. Lte:acy wou-ld uor be an essatial qualifica-

tlin. There would, be comnit7 involvement In selacting the workar ho, in

any- cases, would also hold other employment. He would receive briaf tra±a±ng

L treating some of the =ost c~mn diseases Trainn in lini skLlis

would be very limted; com.Lcated cases would have to be referred CC healzh

centers, district. hospitals or -ossibly tradi-.Zonal healers. The liitazion

on the curarive skills of the healch worker -would be desi.rable to ensure

adequate tima for environental and preventive worwk. lThe "orkar vou.Ld be

taught the fundamantals of maternal and child care, of deliery, and of

ncintoring the growth of young children, part±cularl7 for nu::ýtronal pr-

blams. he vorakr would organize uothercraft sessions for feeding nalnourished

children and the autr:ion aducacion of mochers, provide immmzations, and be

s,onsible for encouraging faily lanning.

124~ r"The worker would also be resposible for organisn comunity

eE=orts in ero=cnmental health, watra supply and san:at:on. A large

iaege of simole oechnologies Is available for ecreta disposal, and pit

- i1 -

Latri.nas cani be aa3ily zanst=ztd ith 1ocal Labor and =atrials and oly a

,r,± of tachnical ass3tance. 1/ oDo o '-azer at Low Qost ith onl17

Lmi:ed ouside technicalz assisance ,s o0te ru cr i t: .s aot

alwa7s feasible :o provide bactar4ologica:l'y sa-j azzr at a irice -hich ca

be a±žorded, and wth equipmelnt ci ca be aintained. ?:anning for Ma=mu

gater qualiy standards ray, in eifact, cd-- much o: che !opulacJlon to

completel.y azn.±roved watar sup2plaa for an inde£.nite period. In such

cases, there might be a trade-off between -jatar quali.y and quantity, aspee-

tal17 sizce for -ieal: z ur7oses s:L=le diluti:on of thýe disease ager is 7ery

important.

L23. "Comuniy-based h'ealth orkers would probably best receive their

traini.ng i stages: perhas ora day ever7 twio weeks for six =ouths i: travel

distances are short; ar a continuous trs±g perdio of two weeks, followed by

an intar,a1 of several totahs, and then possible further training. The

zurziculu= should be caref.ully designed so that it is easy to uderstand and

is of practical use in tars of the exact disease and cultural pactars of

of the Local pQvulati-on. Although ccntinuous cefresher- t'rainng wi.h the same

mataral would alway be requirad, the taachin.g of progressve.Ly more advanced

enrative skills should be related to ucassfi-u perfor2m-a of comuLy

workers in the basic fields of preventive and eviro"mental health. Tdirators

of success could be such =easures as concraception acceptors, t-mmications

performed, Larin.es built., and the sate of te vllage wacer supply. The

radito.al hea.l:h care syste Vill probably coutin.ue ZO be icrant for a

long whle.

1/ For a review of his subact, see agner, 7.G., and Lanoi, J. N. EZataDispaal for &ural Areas and SmaLl com==mities, pp. 17-24 and 139-164.Geneva: WHO, 1958.

Su healh warkers w,ould be uch betzer su:ad, chnolo.i:calZly

and soczally, to tope pach h dasease CICaarn of por co=uniies ha he

lnca.l ph7scian. The healtk worka's 3raa vLrzIa .wouLd be his soc-

acocomic and culra3L or:ig.; - rha same. as rhat z he eop1e- 'ne Ls ser-ic-

n--nd. thus bis capacity to interac~t ith the in a styLe and idica t.hey

uderstand. Zoweve.r, t should be recognized that hisz socioeconomic. or±ii i.s

also tha socca of hLs veakness; 'e ca easily be exploited by dominan groups

i che vilage, and his relatively brie! .ranng zan be swamed by a 1ierime

of :radi±ti or custom. To 'oe etfective, the healrh worker =ust be =onýiored.,

supervtsed and suppcrt2<4 by othe ran.ks i= the hiararchy of :h- heaLth dealivery

L27. "T Zhe imediate superri3iou of these commir7 heal:h workars would, be

provided by au±i.aries. Such au=-liarias would be full-time commity heal'.

promotion wiorkars, ith perhaps 18 morzhs co two years of health trainig in

addition to prmary- or, i possi'ble, idd-la school education. A. subscant:ial

?arr of their t,asm± would be spent on water sumply and sanitationt tachnolcgy,

elementary medical sociology and traditional nadicine. Some. cl{.±lca2. skills

would also be taught, but ir would be mortant to ensue that adequata

emphasis 13 gien to promotion o£ aonmi-ty health rather than to care of

disease on an individual basis.

128. "Two alternatives exist for higher zanag-ent ot this ser7ice.

uder one systm, the super-isory au1Iary would, in turz, reort zo a

"primar7-care =anager-a.L physic.an". Ccoared with a cyical c

docor, such a physician vould have traznng a is Less cl'n4cal and has a

d.fferent emphasis: =icl Less atten:on would be g7e= to he dagenerar±Te

diseases and more to the reatent of inectious diseass comon in deelopin,

A pimar7-care anageril pIhysician -uld be :fi ed to Perfor

amergenc7 surgery -i:h lini:ed equimen. ae -would be bectr trained tha:tc

t7ical :!.aizal docor La pd oloy-the sciance of the causes o. diseases

ia their 3cia-l sectiasg. Yore generally, he would receive educacian 4a

cc=munity health promotion on a continuing basis rather chan in ezisodic

curative health care provided on an individual basis. All chis would involve

a study of Local customs and an acquaintance with mathods of traditional

healers. He vould need to have an elementary failiariZy vich agronomy, the

nucricional value of cro-s and the --jLace of livestock in rural life. Re

should be able to participate in general ef4orts at varal develo;menc and to

discuss health-related improvements with comnity leaders."

The Health ComMonent of Itegrated Rural Develoomenc

is,129. orld Bank policies on lending for health adopcad La Oecember 1974

restrict its operations to low-cost programs designed to i=prove access by

the poor to vital health care services. These operations are further con-

strained to be integral parts of larger projects, particularly in rural and

urban development.

130. In order to minimiz* costs and improve utilization, peripheral

facilities staffed by nouphysicians have been vigorously promoted. Village

health workers--recruited, supported and to some degree, =onitored by the

ccm.ini:y--have been employed as the grassroots contact point with the client

population. Three year's experience in preparing and implemen=ing health

projects clearly indicate the technical faasibility of simplified systems

1/ The World Bank also provides support to health -through its populationprojects. See section on '4ppropriata Technolo%7 ia the PopulationSector' in the Supplementary report on 'Am-ropria:s Technololy and1world Bank Assistance to the Poor' February 979.

-64

our also suglest that iasticutional requi:e-ents (:articularLy chose relaced

logistics, season, ainenance and La-service rainiag) are uch nore

demanding than those zurenl:y used in coniencional health aars systems. L

recen projec:s, t eba Bank has sough: particula1ly Co st=negthen those insci-

tutions needed :o support operacions o Low-cosc. health care system and to

increase counity involvement in the mobilization of resources and the

monitoring of performance.

Illustrative ?roject, Hinas Gerais-Brazil (La-136Z-3R)

131. The Zategraced Rural DeveLopment Project La the state of Minas

Gerais, Brazil, LLuscrates- the present thrusc of. Bank activities in health.

The project's objectives are to increase farm production (and chus izcomes)

by extending the area under cultivacio and raising yields, and to improve

social ser-ices including health and education available to the r-raL popu-

lation. Health activities include: (a) provisions of approximately 275 com-

unity health posts (miaiposts); (b) training of comnity health werkers,

supervisors and physicians; (c) promotion of improved nutrition; and (d)

development of waste disposal and water purification prograns. In order to

ensure that health workers are accountable to the comnities they are eam-

pected to serve, only those villages which have established community health

committees vill be eligible 4or assistance. These co=ittaes are being

oranized by local citizens concerned about health (nost often ceachers,

extansion wcrkers or other conity leaders) acih no overt participation bq

the state or project auchari:ies. Iafor=ation on the opportunity to obtain

a minipost through application by such a comittee is being distributed to

churches, cooperatives, teachers, extensionists, etc., however.

- 65 -

132. The committee is a.pected to identify three qualifiad candidates

:or :he Oosition of i aealth acendant. They in :ur- are to be eva-

Luacad by heal:h auchoricies and the nost suitable is to be selic:ed -or

Living in :he commni:y, 13-33 yea=s of age with a primar aducatin. he

oersons aominated =ust be acceptoable to the comanity and willing to work

full-time, possess an appreciation of local health problemn and score highly

on tests of verbal ability and reasoning. The initial period of training is

vwo to four weeks, durih& which time attendants are orienced to their re-

3onsi'bilicies and provided basic, elementary skills in primar7 health care.

They are then required to retura to their villages to survey health needs and

the subjective priorities of the cC=Mnity; home visits to all families are

required. This survey introduces the worker to the village and reveals

needs for additional training to tailor skills to local needs and custcms.

A highly modular program of training based upon detailed guidelines (or

protocols) is being developed to facilitate modular instruction. It is

planned that workers will be given refresher courses annually, reflecting

training deficiencies and the priorities implied by periodic reviews of

actual activities by supervisors. Upon completion of training, attendants

are able to provide routine prenatal care, education on nutrition and sani-

cacion, scheduled vaccinacions, and very Limited curative and first aid

care. They are authorized to administer a basic Eorclary of drugs, in-

cluding anti-parasital agents, simpla antibiotics, analgesics, oral hydra-

:ion agents, and antidiarrheals; he is prohibited !=am prescribing drug

therapy for chronic disease exespt under specif2ic instructio-s. F iVnally,

he is expected to monitor disease and pregnancy through home visiting and

provide surveillance of ;pecified endemic diseases.

133. Atendants are aided and supported by cCtanity leaders and

organizations as weLL as the .-itlge health committee. The social exten-

sianists, teachers and such arganizacions as the Hocher's Clubs, are enlisted

in promocing aucrition and. sanitaci.n accivities and identi!ying woman and

children. eeding'maternal or child health care. An annual context != select-

ing the most healthy baby in a commnity ("Concurso Beb* Miniposco") s being

established to increase interest in inanc wellare.

134. The village level health system. is supported by 99 health centers

run by the regional public health services. Each health center will have on

!ull implemencacion of the program, a supervisor in charge of monicoring the

activities of the ccmn4cy health worker. Supervisors periladicalLy accompany

the comnity health workers on visits to households, observe treaments as

given, review survey results and monitor the satisfaction of the healch

coittees. The health centers serve as referral ocints for matients who need

more sophisticated care.

135. Conuity health workers are paid by Local county (maicipio)

goverments which in addition have the responsibility of maintaining the

minipost. Drugs ars supplied to the zinipastos by the supporting health

center, which in turn obtain them from the National Pharmacy Service.

-. 67 -

A.Dornvrtats Technolosy in :=dust--

?olicr 3ack:grmund

LS6. carciy of cami:a. in. the davel,oping zoucrias i a zajor co2-

szrainr o the a=anzsion of ampoyrent oprtuniz-y. ?ar= of :he Unk' s

a-roach -o the e=oymcnt questo1 i Co provtåe CeCSar7 ass:stana to

the develcpment of smaLl-scale enterprise, an mpor,tant sourca ot emloyment.

olUcy guideines o a tse of smal.-icala nterprises (Ss) wera o:rasantad

in a Bank paper on E=lo"ment and Devec!cpment of Small Scale Entarprfse.L/

The foo excerts, taken from that pater, set forth genaral poL;cy

"regardl=g :he ipotantial rola of the ank Grup i.m asitning UCs to expaud

the demand for urban labor. Zn =ost =Cs scarci17 of ca.tal is a major

constraiut, so that t varying degrees, depending on speci.fi factmr andow-

ments, amhasis should be placed ou using capital was as widely and ef-fk-

c'antly as possibla so as to expand the demand for Labor. .

L37. "Ti LDC urban areas, manufacturing.s employmeut Is general1y gr-oin

=ch ore slow1y than =anufacturiag output. Capitallabor ratios for .ew

industrlal projects i= tCs frequently involve capital costs per job of

$15,000 or mora, and enta.i Uigh foeign =Change requi.Ceets. T very

fev UCs would the avaUå hiUity of capital suffica, at such coat, to absorb

ore than a fracvion of the increment to the labor forne. 2/ ?ubic polc7

/ vIoovnent and DevelnoOment of Small-Scale 7nterdse, Worid Bank ?aper,L978.

/ The Bank has esti=atad rnughly, for a number of coutrias, at what aver-age cost per Job the growiag labor forcu could be amoloyed, givern the

cmuntry's capi:al cosaints and the stza of its emploneant problem.zamplas, based on preliminary, unadjustad data for a job - deftned

as fiftaen consecnti:ve years of =mloy=en= - ara: India $450; Braz4-l$4,950 and TIdonesia 51,1i0. (ror operat:oual purposes the criterionadoptad to distinguis =rban poverty landLng from other 3ank Landingwould doubla the foreoing figuxtas.

~ust, charefore, ain at stimu.latiýng che creation af iew jobs at much Lower

average aital c , boh manu£a=uri and i other ba ccupation.

138. "Ths lw-cst jb ceato:Leed at ilya redýucti_ono ovEra.L.

ec~oom eficiency -- I.e., L`aer tota.. autput rea:ive co the combinati

capita anLd Labor input, approrraelu aluted. c ties. fr a-

ide range o untres indicate, WIth fz. except:o"s, 'tac efifiiene factot

su~bsitutability is possible, and the diferences can be qu:a subscantI..

. . . Lo-intenste altarnatives are :ICC tnziariabl7 to be prefered --

qualit7 standards, eccncmies of scala, and =anagemant or sk?lle<d 1abor require-

-eats may sometimes t±lt tha balana zward camital-itnsi7a optics -

bu= in virtua.ly all cases, at realist:ic_ opportnit7-cost vage and. intarest

races for LDCs, Labor intensive ar tta=ediata altaratives are economically

se=sible."

L39. 7ar±ous spec4f,ic exa=les of eficienr substituc"oI af abor for

capitalee c:t:ed i the taper, wh:ch weut. cn ro say thaz "adjusterts zeed

co be workd Out on the groud , insofar a3 possibla - by local echnical,

financial or comarcial entities, ar individual arepreneurs and. mechanics

but such local in:tiatives could benefit fro= more efficient intarnatløma.

interchange of tchnologi information."

L40. T.t appears the paper continued, :hat smalll-scala ancerprises (557s)

oitan 3enerata =ore jobs per unlz oi investment chan da larger fis, 1hach

suggests that SSE develovzezt can be an Lportant ca=onent of the ac:ack on

?overty. The small er neurs hemsel,,ves ay ot be poor (e=c"c :hose Li

the informal sector], alrhough rheir proszet_7 is often precarous, but they

prov.de L'ive.l±hood for many ohtz used."

- 9 -

14L. "'t* aisc citezd the ol of SSE :nLr= rn nrernurhpi

training and i veme of echncal skill2.s, as gerrators o saings, as

Surces ostabili7 and c rence to cmui:Ls, as =eans tor r

inzequaiie~s of c disriu:ion 'been ragons and acono.ic grou:s and

as production ssms generally volvingm Lass adverse anvizonental impact.

Other advantages cited are SSa' potentiL to help sze= amg=aton to

polita areas, to utiltze aricuu/agrbusiness/Industrial Lkages zo

increase rural Labor productivtry and :Lcoma, and to nvolv peopla at the

lwes: inca sca.La iz mloy=aut, owmarship, and dehro cugh.

cooceracive and other commniy-based projects. Establishment of outyng

small-,cal.a product:Lon =ni3, to sar?e =akarts of LJiied radi.us or as sub-

coutractors to larger indut-.7, ay also help significantly to reduce i-dus-

tr~i.al. oceta , and cor=epondingly tche =ounting cost of munii ser-

r.ces. These azttrbutes, together wizh the eplaoy,eut craat:on objective,

add up to a powerful case for -makng major efforts, through avpropriata

pubia polcies and inst:tutiounal measures, to enabla SSZs to re.Ll -e their

fufl. potauial. .

L 42. "''hese conidarations have led the Bank (a) to investigata the

potantial for job creatio and other beneftz fro enterprise of different

sizes and degrees of capltal Lutens&t7; and (b) zo seek 2eas to assist,

nacilly and otherw<sa, :hcse at the lwer and of boch scales. The Lat-

tar purpose ca-not be accompIshed by direct Loans from the 3ank, g4ven the

sma.lness and dispersion of the targecad benef'iciar:as, sa it: is necessary

to -work through approriat3e7 organed and oriantad intar=ed:ar7 institu-

tons in thie LCs. Thus cha principal focus . . . .s o. tha usa of intar-

mediari±es."

- 70 •

L.3. . The prcipal :ecommendations of this paper, as endorsed by the

3ank's Sxecuti7e D:rectors, a-re:

(1.)"In ts cuntr ecnomi andindu.tr asczcr ,;ork, an.d

"ULcy, cte Bank sha.uld urg! zøss=nl hecreczion

Of poliCies and regulat0r7 easues tha= have che efec=

o£ (a) enccuraginag =ndue capiLta.l intansty7 in=netmns

and (b) Of inhibiting he ablity of SSE ro fucti0n

efactively and. o exand . .. some- cases these

issues =ay use.uJl ba address.ed : he comte=t,. c-

sideration or- negotiations of DFC/SSE projects."

(7.) "In fuure lading programs the Bank (shouldj i

grti increased emphasis to assisting SSZ, i.cLuding

sola propretocrstips and firms «ith ou7'a -and--ul of

employees. Ths sat ro suggest an u il

small i.s beau:fuI' approach. It will somec.ines

be bec=er to foster projects benefitting bach small

ad.u medium entar=r:ses; dapendi.ng on country ci r-

stances, medium enterprises may ofker greatar' poten-

til for industra.l and service Lnkag5s, labor

producti'ity and employ eut objectives than ce

smallast catagcry. rprses ofeer scale Qf

assecs and employment shouid be ancouzaged t: zhoose

techn.ology appropriat t the relatia factor. propor-

r.ions in their country, where a choice ezists."

- 71 -

(3) SSz co tments could Cise fEo abouc . o :ocal 3ank/

' A Landing throug financial inredi.aies (DFCs) duin

the žscal earsL97-'-76:o-efllwg acireart;

Dca EC sszanding andiazSSZ 1/DFC

L977 735 90 L2.2Z

L978 800 L60 20%

1979 900 22.5 25%

L980 L00 300 30%

L981 L100 330 30%

(4) L add:r.ion, 3an. operancs during F1977ýL zould include:

(a) at least L0 exerien.al projects, tith 3ank assis-

canca toral.l±ag at 1ast $50 =Uillio, iavolving (i)

mew t7pes of i:armeia4r.as and e assiszance,

(ii) eUw approaches sucb as cooperatie programs,

cortage industrias or iaegrazed schemes (with

Minimal average fixadi coat ner job) or (iii) R&D

inizLiatives in deveLoping regiows,

(b) at Last 8 industrial estata projects to support

in part small entarpri.ses, with Bank assis.tanca

oa II.½g ar leasz $60 fifllio-; and

(c) at Leasc a lird of totaL DFC Lending being directed

:nto subprojecz3 for wtich average capictal cast/jab

would be irb.n rh c ycifi gdeies

agreed for :ha Zrban ?overty program L/.

/I This critarion s designed ro &hJghghz he 3ank's zc:one for avoiding%undue use of equipmenr t project design L .abor-surplus ecozoias.:t applias to DFCs ca:ering to medium and Lar; entarprises as wU asfor SSZ; soma of the SE Laud±r may ot satisfy the c"st-per-job guide-Lnes, whereas soma of z!ie couveutional DFC Landing will.

- 72 -

L44. Tha 4oregoizg cbjecrz:ves thus remresen, zscabiished Bank pliC,

and heh inemna o i being act:ivel7 pursued.

~'ecnoleieal nfo,.!tio. Te p2olicy paper cited above% notedi Chac:

145. "The adeqluacy and accessiit oC f cni zach=o.ogy alCtr-

aat:ves laaves auch ro- ba des:rd. Zndustri*4-e& par-erand olm coventional

;escara, lapanse r R=ussia models Cam raka adv.antage of hese respec:va

sources of technology, and of heir promotioval efforts. Zinding or

=ore appropriate eachn4ological solutions Ls hiarder."

146. "Despita racenly enianced. i=terasc and erfor:s, approriae tach-

aologr infor=-aon rarrals continue o can ill-served sideli..ne for severa

ncoordnaced aid prgrams. The Bank sould e=ilore with octzer inernamionaI

aud aton.al agencias, and. with the uerous privat organizations having

epertise in ch1s field, how :heir resources could be nobil.zed nore- afec-

ti7el7 co appl7 existing technolog i information quikl7 and practical-l7

to specfic LDC sicuat:ons and needs." Such elora:ion, i a 7-tew t

devising an ef4icint pattern of cooperarion and coordina:in and assuring

e±fecive a;plcation oa the resul:ng. intarc-hange, ts act:vel7 in pr:ogzss.

147. "Stl l =r iortant. for the long run w.ll be t2 craata

ar strngthan agencLes In the respecti7e LDCs to inform entre-

preneurs and financial institutions about the avaiabiity of

appropriata zhnzooy far boch production and produc: design

and zo davelcp and adapc suchi cechnology domest4icaly. is igh

i.volv7e zrade asciacioms, aechnology institutes, universities and

productiit7 cantars - and 3ank assistance .hrera such i=stitutions

ate t=adequate. Iarional machan£sms would extand and strengthan

an :rrved internat:ona.Il zetwor-k; and for che= raady arcess to

- 73 -

t=z:ormatiojn alrzady compiled, abour- othýer zelevýant. zounry

sations, could avoid dulication -- ad -ernaps s

furthe aatai.ons."

L 43. Teeaiv eaiiiyand pri4ýori-cy oZ naztional ac: oog

projects in several ccunzras ara being considersd; bu: ini preparatLon

and implementation vill be slow.

Anoroer±.arte Tehncoog in Indusral~ Fro¶ects

L49. The 3ank has ea.arked about 3380 illi=on in loans and czedi.s for

:he su"orz of ar:isan, cottage aud small and adiu size indusr.es in a

roup of 20 d rent o Averaga LIgurws for Cap:aL invaszed per job

:o be cre_ated by the sub-loans are on tha orde of SLO0 zo $400 amng :he

cottage and artisa izdustrias and of 32,000 to $8,000 in smal to nedi:

sLza industries. The upper alitn :he size oi these induscrias vazies among

the ccuias of the groups becween $250,000 and $630,000 of fx.ad assezs.

By couzzast, 3ank experauce suggest3 the average Jnvestent: figuras for the

=oder, small and med:um size industriaL sec-or in these countr-as are

generaIy betveen $10,000 and $20,000 per Job zrearad. Zn addition, =any

of the prejects provide for the organizat:on of technical a3sistane sarz4ces

for r-he small entrapreneurs.

:zdustrial 2states

L50. The 3a=k has provided financzi1 a3sstance for severaU Industri.al

Zstata projec:s whlch have specal. signifizance for med.u and small scale

manu.faczrers, dich arz genera.l.y bor-intnasive in charactar. .arge:

occupants oi esta:as ofmen provida assured markats, technial assistance,

quality ConZrol aud financial support co smallar uimhes, lo c they sub-

con=tact for simpler copoent3 or lass ital-inrensive opera::ous.

- 74 -

zIllustrative Projects

(a) ssistance to ?hilioine Small-Scale Encerrisas

A loan of USS30 million (No. L120-?E) was approved inL May 1975, co

provide fi=ancial assista=ce.to (I) abouc 900 s=aLL- and medium-scale anar-

prises. darou#h the Develoment Bank of the Fhilippines (DB2), and- a. netvork

of financial institions covered by the ndustrial Guarancee and Loa= Fund

(IGL); (ii) about 24 small industrial cooperazives; and (iii) a aetwork of

seven Small Business Advisory Centers to provide operational technica. assis-

tance co entrepreneurs. te was expeccad chac. about 11,000 addiional jobs

would be creaced in the sub-projeccs. cc be financed, as an average capicaL

expenditure of about USS3,300. As of end-1977 about three-f9urths of the

loan amount had been disbursed. Detailed analysis of the initial sub-proj-

ects financed. by DEP and EGLF, which constitute the Major components of the

project, show that i the same commiment patterm should prevail for the

remainder of chair sub-projects, the resultia economic and employment

benefis should substantially aeceed the- appraisal. estimace. For example:

(i) prospective total investment of about.P 408 million, for 910 sub-proj-

acts, would be generated, as against P 315 million for 900 projects. originally

estimated; (ii) some 28,000 new jobs would be created, at an average cost of

$3,650 for DBP clients and $1,350 for IGL, as against 6,5 jobs at p6,500 per

job expected for both inscizutions; 1/ (iii) a samle survey of D37 subo-proj-

acts based on aDpraisal data showed only 9% with economic races of ratur-

below 15% and 73% with 7,R exceeding 30%, of which 13% over 100%.

1/ The figure of 12,000 jobs mentioned in the preceding paragraph includeschose anticipated from che industrial cooperatives component ci theproject, at even lower capital coast. For comparison, the averagecost per job created under DBP's large enterprise financing during asimilar time frae was $16,00.

hrogres adeb DP ittigo SS its L3 =iLliou conat

of loan L2`0-21 (dscribed above) tjas o :apd hat ha 3ank agred to a

reest ro : Gove-nen and 032 co =ake avaia.äbl `or :ha sane p3ur-

3osaes $z25 Milion out of Lian "<o. L190 ?H (S7Z mi 1on) ri ly =ad en

January L976 and ntcnded for lare and madium industr. The Bank readi1y

agreed to this signiuia: t shift of resourcas torard Che small, industrdal

sector.-

(b) AssistancU to a Colombian .iancira

In ?TI975 a ank !oan of S3.3 -ion avivalanrt was nade co the

Corpcracion tnanciara> ?opular (CM?), under which 3500,000 was earmarkad

Zor technical ass1stance subloaus to SUE and the :est was avalabla for

inancing of subprojects. efore approving a second $L5 l redic to

C7? ia Ju=e L977, the Bank undertock a detailed ravtew of the eploy=ent

generation effacts of subprojects funded nder the fir3t loa=. The stud7

covered 235 subloans (averaging $17,900), and showed a strong correlation

betwee. the azsse siae of tihe subloan recipianus and che.investment cost

per job created, wi.h he sma ler flram showing a h4gher potential for em-

ploymeut generation per peso invested tha larger fir=s. Idustres such

as apparel and footwear, rextiles, non-metallic dinerals, and vood and

urUiture also showed ralati7e17 higher emloYent geteration tha, for

example, the chemical indusry. Based on the resu:3 achieved through

7ear-end 1976 and eaer4ence nde= prevtous D7C operatios ini Colobia, total

diract employmen generat4o from the first Loan was expect-d to reacå 2,000

new jobs. Morecver, a -ypical SSE project financed under the loan generated

7.63 jobs at a low average total sub-project cost of abcut $6,900 per direct

-76-

jo' creatad, or $5,I00 if o Iny f±ied asser. zcst was considered. Assum:Lag a

7S year Lifa for each. subrojecz ad an LL. discOunt rara Cil jobs crated,

total in~vestent cosz uer job-year wou.Ld. anouct. to USS890.

The second Loan., of SL3 nilli±on, approved tI L977, will~2 able. Cy?

to a=and it Landin program. for relatively smal. firms (detned as b.avin.g.

total asset3 not exceeig $630,000 aguivalaet). The projacc is e=ected, to

assist 600-700 ezterpr%ses, creating direct emplcy=ct oi 3,000-4,000 new

jobs.

(t) Tarzania industrial 'Estaa Devecrrent ('iorogoro Indusrial Complex

L51. The projact provides. (i) sites and services for three large-scala

factorias (tanery, canvas n:il, shoe factor7) and a small Leather goods

factory, (Ii) iancig ot the shoe and Leather goods faczories, and. (11)

standard factory buildings for renca.l to an. estimatad 25 small-scale fis to

produce rlated inpa--s and downst-rem finished products. In cooperation w

Tanzania's Small Industry Developent 0rganization., it will escabl-1sh a.

regionaJl tachn±ical assstance and training c=ntar. In suort of project

management's orientat:on to appropriata labor-ntansive taechn.ques of produc-

tion, the shoe factory design, costructiou and managemeut contracts were

avarded to the fir= offering the =ost labor-intens:ve product:on altarnatives

(all other qualifi:cations of bidders laaving been evaluarad as approxmAtay

equal) .

(d) Colombia ?ater :mduist- Deeloimenz

L52. 'Jui.izatio= of Lgh-capital tachnology is not coufined to SS7.,

and the 3ank'3 policy is to encourage its use at all Levels o fir siza.

A. case study st5~n"n f-rom research on the economic ipacz of 3ank industri.al

fancing trougu the colIombian f±nan.cieras iltlustra:es chea applicati.on of

- 77 -

approariata tacknology to the aper industr7, more specifically Scott da

Colcmbi, S.A., a Co-moian-o-ued comvany producing paper prodUCts. 7-

1973 :his company, assisted *y a Bank Loan, undar:ook :a expand *:s :a:er

mil.Ing capacty b7 Zout 16,000 lbs -er day and its equipment for conversion

of this expanded output into final orcduccs. The Corporacion Financiara

Nacional, using 3anx resources, provided approximataly 25% of the Cost of

the expansion (about S541 million). Ouring the course of project development

the Govermenc and the financieras sought to save foreign exchange and in-

crease the economic return on the project. The company revieed the project

and agreed :a shift fram use of pulp materials (=ai1ly iported) co -reater

use of wasta :acer). The consequent technical and administrative adjus=ents

resulted i the development of a s=all industry in which large Munbers of

people were engaged in the collection of waste, ewspaper, bond, craft, and

other paper macerials. This shift in technology increased the total salaries

of common laborers whcm Scott employed directly by 140,000, while the -wages

earned by the unskilled paper pickers equalled $500,000 (total value of waste

paper purchased by Scott equalled about $700,000 p.a.). It was estimated that

as many as Z,000 urban poor in the Medellin area were indirectly employed

under the project. Capital cost per direct job created was estimated at

$6,400. :n addition the project provided an average of $250 p.a. to the

esti=ated 2,00C paper pickers (see Supplement Section ,I C for llustratiie

project on assi3tance-to Artisans).

- 78

G. Acorcoritr Technolopr in Bank Forestry Work

PoIevt 3ackc2?ound

133. 'eaia gudelin.es for 3ank forestry activties place par:i-

cular einghasis oi thå. envr:enoanta! and elogial efiacts of restry detrpa-

vIon, and. to r=r L developmen= staragies: thar ±ill help ICw-incoma groups.

The foUwiLng excerp fro the Sector Pclicy ?aper 1/ for Torestry sats forth

Bank poUc7.

134. "Directiotis for the 7uture. . new emohasis t= Bank landing or

foresr7 IPlIes ne ConceOts-, naw- Jackages of tCnolog7, and. new instu-

ioaL approaches to ieet the opoirt-ic:Les and constraints. The f!Uuurer

dlrection of Bank-ssisted.'forestry projects is still evolvtg, and. the

Bank's forestry poicy =ust r=ai flexiLbLa and capable of further adapta-

tion. While approaches in. soe areas are still exer-nental, enough is

alread-y Iown for some conclu:sLons to be drawn on directLats for the future.

":nvronental cosiderations. Bank staff members and =eme-

countr:es must be sensitilve to the enviromental impact of development

projects and strateg:es. ?orest7's rola in conseri.ng soil, in stabil-:aig

sand dunes, t= protacting water catcmuents, and. in providing shade for

Livestock is frequently mre important than its rola in producing tear.

Though ecological. considetations have mot, in the past, been g-ven high

priority within many developing countrtes, awareness of the ecological con-

secuencas of devclopment is groaing rapldly. The Bank can zeiZ.orce thJs

consciousness-rasing" process by Inforng clients of the nider range of

possibla socIal benefi:s and costs from particular projects or development

strategies. ?or instance, in countrtes where tare are mo adequate natural

/ Forestr7: Sector ?oliICT ?amer, World Bank, ?ebruar7 973.

- 79 -

zescurc conseration przgrams and tiuzs, the 3ank i o nc supvorz

rrsented in : he cizuntz:7 and zc under su-;cab-a crtcin(s nntoa

7arks and wildliJe :ees).

1756. "he 3ank wil epand izs support for ri£ors of aural ze-

sourcesi amn client counries. The value of natural. rsource inventries

should be recognized, as exending byond cosderations of :arrow econoi

in~terest; they shou.ld, hereor, Iinclu!.de examination of indigenous- populia-

ion.s, wldlife and flora, ~rers, groundtater, weelan.d and est.a-7 procac-

tio - i shor, all facors rlacad co che clocal scund use of :e

:esour-es i question. !prmental aproachez - alread7 :re± eriad, such

as inclusion of a forestry proeaction progrSm as an inutegaI part of the

Caqueta settlement project :ln Cocombia, and the inclusion of such eleents

as usa of reote sensing imager7 and a revLaw of the status of Land use

plaunig :Ln relaion to forest policy in a projact iLn Kanya - vill be in-

cluded in new projects.

137. "The Bank vill also require its appraisa.l documents for all for-

estry-related proJects to includG an evaluatioU of rhe pereavablea enviro -

nental affects of the projects.

138. ""ural develoment. A najor part of forest degradat:ion today 4s

caused by por farmers seeking a Livelihood :hZough Low-productvity agrI-

culcure. Thesa farmers oftan inhabit marginal areas and lve under unstable

and Inequizable tenure stuarons. :n large pa-rzs of cha world, destrction

of forests can be slcwed or17 as govermnts pUrsu& g:Matly e=panded rura.

development progrms to help t.he rural poor. Conatinued 3ank Lendin on a

- 80 -

Large scale to Lov-i.c=ne groups is an approprian response,Co

dest=ctive devalcpmenc paz:ars. The challenge .s to br4ng about, i. the

golicies c4 developing couz:ias, a change chat will :asult i a Larger share

o rasourcas bein3 allocated -o -. ral afeorastation rosras that have a. vda

impact on the incomes of small farmers-

159. "The 3ank has recently become more acti:ve in this area. Projects:

under preparation include a. wide range of. real atforestation vorks.. Trees

have been planted !n order to halt the spread ofz deserts (sand. d-me stabili-

zation). Theltar belas and =ualwood plantacious, either as.v illage woodlots

or as a far= cron, have been astablishad. Toddar trees, pulprood, and. other

fast-groing industrial wood specias have been planted. Treds have been

planted to stem soil erosion. Nurseries for the production and sala of fruit

and nut trees hava been established. Denuded. water cacchmencs have been. re-

forested. Dry weather -razng Zseres have been procected. Trees, which

imrove the soil, have been planted. Plantations of specializad forest tree

species, such as gu arabic, have been started. Small-scale ra.L foresz

industries - sawmills, joinery vorkshops, etc. - have been. improved or built.

160. "Sufficient experience has been gained to confirm that small. farmers

will respond rapidly to incentives designed to induce tree planting, such as

credit, assured arket outlets, and imoroved atension services. In the case

of a 3ank-assisced project 4= the ?hilippineS, L,000 smaIl farners took advav-

tage of Loans made available in the first two years of the project's oilot

phase, and established, on some 8,500 hectares, fast-growiag albizzia falata

pulpvood plantations. This scheme is aew being greatly expanded im the second

phase of the project.

81. . -

161. "3ak studics of hs aconom:c imacz of Cree far pzcg projcts pro-

vde ncouragn veca :har accept zat"abl 'a,-s of e an be

romsho-.-otaionfuel.wod rDulzwood :-ops. :-'iae crop,s of-fer teZaze

eh prospect of di s n i czpng Patter=; =ra eaffc-:ie Us - s =ade

of marnal farmland; aud far= fam4ly ncomes are roved

There is o'v4ous scope for the World 3auk to e=pand rapidly its liandug

oerations for foresy developmet in those areas z here ecological condi-

c.ons ar% suitabLe aud whare inequi<able Land :anur- sysrems do =ot ac. as

162. "'he social and econcm±c consequences of o: tincIuding ores:ation

vorks i rural developmeut pojects ar! zcw =ch more clearly understood in

rhe 3ank zhan chey were several years ago. tailure to conrai ::he encroach-

=ent of sand dines tn countras to the south of the Sahara, f£r iaample, is

resulting in the lzss of scarc agrcultural Land and enforced mass ration

oi v.llages to new lands further to the south. Tha econcm:c js iation

for the Bank to invest in rulral inrastrcture works, such as the fixacion

of sand dunes aud the etablishbent of shelzar belts, w11 al.so adequataly

taka into account these indirct beneits, in addit.ion to quantifying the

direct value of the wood produced. ?artly in response to the bigher costs

of energy, 3ank investant in :-ral fu.elwood projects is also rapidly In-

creasing (eight projects have aready been financed and 12 =ra are under

rparation). In I:s further work in preparing fuelwood projects, indiract

socia. and ecoonmi consequences cil figure clear1y in projecz j fica-

L63. "?-cbably the most controversial ara of the 3ank's crenr rral

forest"y act:ivt7 Is the conversion of igh hropical forest to areas of

agriultralsetrtlement(eg. the Irazil settlement and Zndonesi.an czans-

mlgar.io projeczs). Th canical basis for suszaied. agr4culural cr=o-

diliclttoenutre prtcto of siduLal foes areas on steeper slopes

and alon; river banks and. to a=sura rac:Ional land. use in areas of. spcnzanaous

settlemen.

L64. ""Whersver possibla, th ank .will eniccurage a phasad approacah o

future setzlement f tropica. forest areas, fclloving a logical sequenca cf

accions that tr"ically mighc izcluda:

L. tificaion of thse areas of troicaL forest that

ara lkaly- to come nder serIcus populatio presure

in the ue:t 25 years, folowed by rheir de=arcac-ilo.

as pctential settlement areas (e.g., as Colombia is

alraady doing rtrg itus "zDCORA" program).

2. aking an inventor7 of ors rsoures to det

teir Location and zhe avai-labla volume of -airketýable

specias of high vale so as to ensure that they are

feJ-led prior to, or during, land settlement, and tha:

mmam± value is added, by establshing savmills neaby.

3. Thorough land use surveys of an area to determine Whi4Ch

sals have gotencial for agricure or Livestock pro-

ducticn, and wtiI.ch shouýld Logicaly be razained under

forest cover ( steever sloves of catchment araas

or forests along river ban.ks).

4. :ntensive rasearch into 7arius agriculture and for-

est" cropping alternatives, incuding agrcforesry

- 83 .-

cmbinations; also research into inensified forest

=aaagement s7scams, aid !ast-srowing !uelwood olan-

:acious. O q be efactive, such research needs to be

started at leas: 1ive -ears, and :reZerabzI a decade,

ahead of planned settlement.

5. Sconomic evaluation of various alternatives for- Land

use settlement to determine what farm size and crop-

ping pattarns are best, to determina infrastructura.

requirements, and to nrenare oroiects or se:lamen

C6. reation of aaro-oriata icizuzions :o admin.star

and impement future settlement schemes and iniciace

the settlement process.

165. "This zodel bears Little vasemblance to vbat is happening today.

The massive spontaneous settlemen: movement3 taking ?lace 4n the trovical

forests of the 3razilian Amazon, :zdonesia, Zvory Coast, and Venezuela,

are proceeding at such a rate (over 15 million hectares each 7ear), thac

only in a small percentage of this aza will it be possible to introduce

a more rational approach to tropical forest land use. Nevertheless, the

Bank's inflence as a development agency could be sinilicant ia the con-

taxt of technical assistance and research, development o settlement insti-

:uticos, and economic research into opti=al I-and settle-ent solutions. The

Bank, theref4ore, willI take staps to concent=ata =ore resources in these

areas*

166. "ndustr1al forestrM 2roiec=s. Though 3ank landing for forestry

has shifted towazd euvironutal and r&raL forast:7 activites, its Landing

portio.Lo n forestr7 -st ze=ai balanced so as to refJlact adequatay tha

Pocenzia.l. of forest industri.es to contribute to ecocomic devel=men.. Crrent

Bank~ ac:ivicy is, therefore, beig directed, in :ar:cular, toward the devel-

o saJ~L-scala rur - forest -Industres suc.h as g savailig,

joinery, and furniture maz.actu.re, and prefabr±cated building c oco.

L67. "Tha Bank. will encourage and'support. resea=rch ancd develoveent into

allar-scale tachnology iL !orest industras, partiularl7 i= the fie.ld o

pulp and paper. I= this field, the chaging ava.labi.ity and price relation-

ships of raw matarials during tha Last five years, together w_:h rha increas-

ngly Large capital requirements. for ig unita, have give. a. shar; imetus

to che develovmet of smallar-scale mills. T the tet. decade, such =ills

should become a rea.lty for a uumbar of develoing toutras.

.68. "In the field of large-scale wood, processing, the Bank will assist

=ajor log-exporting co ries to define appropriata polcies for the develoZ-

=ent of their exorz crade in forest products. Special em=hasi.s ViZ be

given to increasing local processizg of au£actuzed produccs and we'ng

7a-lue added. tz vill advise govermants how to for=ulata incenti4ves for the

estabishment of domestic anufactur4ng facilities. It will be prepared to

help f2nanca the necessary infrascructure (ports, roads, and. ;a:ilways) needad,

to open upi new forest areas for exloitation, and to guide gcver=e=ts on

ssues of coucession polic7. The 3ank will also supoort forest industry

:za.ning programs and will Include tra:ning comonents i its industria

:orestry projec.ts.

169. "-Researh. Through i:s project activity, the 3ank has alread7 given

dIrect support to forestry researth programs in a number of countries, and it

expects to coutinue to do so. ?articulLar ephasis will be given those aspects

that will help the Bank implement more e£ffeczivel7 Its forestry policy objecrtives.

L70. "-n anviromental and ecologca. research-, for xala, par::cular

e=hasis will ba gien to h7d=lcgical studias Ln forest carchment areas,

devel.opment of Low-cosC cac-aent afforestation and sol protection tecn-

ni-Ues, and Land Use on=i: systams using Zaw Machnolog7, such a retoa

sensing inager". Through it assocation mich che Warld eoroloial

Organzation, the Bank willl support stUdi4es of agrrst/clima:ic rela-

C.Qshipg. TC tas proposed that continued econmic researt inta mathods of

quanc:fying forestry's indirect benefi: also be gien hig priorty.

7.. "L. c:s rural forestry progras, tha 3ank vtII strong7 support

raac i -t , sytaatc fi. ldc cr =ras j-Z j 4i:t-a JLcial mrh asi z oa agr:o-

frescy/crop/'iestock combinations, studias of rha zelarive avaiabiy

and cost of alternative fuels tn rural araas, and technological rasearzh

into Low-cost wood buro.ing, ea:ing, and cookiLng systa -ich increased

afficianc7 a combuston.

L72. "As far as forest 4ndu3tr.as ara concerned, the developing coun-

rlas, as alzeady aotad, have certa:Ln tnherent advanzages. They possess

the viorld's main tropical hardvood reserves for which market demand is ris-

Ing. Climatic and ecological conditions in so~e develaplng countries favor

fast-jowing, short-rotat:oan pecica. Costs of wood production are generall7

Lower rhan In tc=erata countries. 3ank-supported research willl assst.

developing councztes to taka full advantage of their favorable posti:on.

?rort7 areas Include fiald tr:Ls1 of fast-Srowtng indust.al plantation

specias, =arkac-oriented rasearc4 Lnto Possible usas of secodary hardwood

3pecies, cntinued rasearc and develoamnt in -he fe.ald of =i::ed tropical

hardvood pulning, and researck into inat:utlonal arlangemens. Bank--supportad

research into tachnology for sma.Ller-scala industrtes (e.g., ther==oechanicaL

pulp) ,ll also be g4ven particular emphasis.

- 86 -

L73. "Is utons. The weakness of forestry isuicas has prcved c

byth Bank. As rural foestr7 is nreasLig7 enchasized, fresh approaches

co rha n uional arragemens f!r forstr develoouent ar meecded. 3az.i

support o fz åoresty institutos will be directadL toward bcoth. -'ccal org± -

ionsthat nanage village forests, and. tho!se that are tneeded to n rural-

based f2rst industrias. Tha Bank seek" to encoutage. closer cooperacio.

becwee: forestry ageucies and other agencies angaged n - he rura. davelo -

nent proces5. .lemens of instituzton buldiag st.ý±.abla for Bank supporz

inC-Lude sector ravtaw ac=ivitias, aimed a cquantif7ing rt-. maeds for m.an-

power tra,i,g and chnical ass:stancz; zha srntnng of foresr ser-

vices and forest development authoriies; assistance to governments in

preparing or revising forest polc:ies, laws, :egulations, Land use plans,

and ccntraczs a.locating foresz concessions, zi-ber salas, and wocd. pro-

sing, assistance in formulating fisca. incentves zc enable daveloping

countries obtain a mora significant share od the benefits fr= forestc7

extaction; and the establishment of credit, education, n and re-

search facilities.

Bank Lendin for ?uelveed

B7. The Bank's avproach to appropriace ec-hnology in the foresr7

sector is illustratad by its suppor to the product:on of -cod for fuel.

175. Fa eszinaces indicate chat abou= 1.5 billion of the wor.Lds -oorar

peopla use non-minerali fuel fohr dcestic needs. :air fuel scurces

comprise Largel7 firewood, augmentad with agriultura residues, forest

- 87 -

Ltter and dung. 3ecause of the aspectad persisten Low icomes ot :hls

3roup and :he an=c.zipa:ad relative ;rice icreases in fossiL fuels, i: 'as

b c=e :casing37 appareant :hat fz:wood ill cont:inue to '-e a main sourZe

o anar z :o a large Propori.on o Ztese ?oorer Peol a :he Or-seeas

fUture. 3esides bei=9 a pria=7 sourta of fuel, ood is also the -r'zcipal

building macar-ial used by many of these peopla. Accordiagi7, the 3ank is

engaged in developing a serias of !talwood projects with member counzrias.

To data, some 16 fuelwod comonents have been financed and a further L

projects are ia zhe seages of idan:ificaio-apraisal.

176. Ahilst the need mo develop Large-scale fuelaood prograns is a

matter of etreme urgency in Many counctries, :here are several comstrai.nts

inhibiting the pace at which fuelecod reforestation can be i=laneataed. n-

portant among these are: non-avalability of land for tree gowing in areas

of excessive land pressure for food production; lack of management control

over land selected for atforestation which has been customart-y used for

zommunal 3razing and is often subject to annual bur=iag to stimulata young

herbage; absence of a sound tecbnical package suitabla for the area; weak

management and etension and the resultant poor responses from beneficiar

farmers in establishing, and more imortanl7, mai1taining fualdwoed plan-

tations.

177. :a resvonse to the urgency of the aeed, several 3overments have

embarkad upon reforestacion programs without paying sufficient attanction to

solvtng the constraints. This has zesul:ed La ver7 poor sur-ival of the

plantations. Since such programs conLy include a proportion of self-

help by the beneficiar7 group, there is the danger that the nomance for

the programs is lost both at the farmer partictpatory Level and -ith1n the

- 88 -

agencies prmocing rhe progams. These failures hi ight the importance

of careful preparation of fuelwaood projects so as to achieve defined objec-

es i:hin Ieast-zosc foulae and the need to design orojeccs : sui.:

Lhe- circstances of s:ecific taret groups (see Sunpplement Section II 1)

178. The Ban!k:-assisted Korea.-ura Zarastr=cture projectc deonstzacas

a successftuL approach to feL,ood, reforestation on privatea lanc based. on:

selected participator7 groups, knovn as Village Forestry Associatiaous- '7A),

accepting accounzabilit7 for naintaining the plantatious; the mobilization

of sef-halp labor; strategic in;uts of =anagement and planting =atria.L

bei = vided by gas::ant. Tha apprach, "hich is intagratea -i: the.

Saemaul 'Hovement (RuraL Self-Eelp), has been developed after some ten years

of -persistant goverment. endeavor to achieve reforestation through "Greening"

progra-s 'which met Wirh on.y llited success.- Steps were taken in 1973 to

ainimize the constraints to the success of the earlier programs; legislation

was strengthened to give closer .anagement authori.7y to the zaverennt's

forest service over private forests, which was particularly directed to

absentee owners; WFAs were strengthened both in authority and technical staff;

and, the extansion wing of the forest service reinforced. A national survey

was made to determine fuelwood requirements by location and establish priori-

ties of action. At the village level, each village has a Sasmaul Committee

which decides on needs and priorities and formuLates requests to District

and CoUnty Committees; Forestry work is the responsibility of the 77A., oper-

ating within the Sa-aul Yovement. The 7FA can o'tain achnical guidance from

both forestars of the 77A Union (-hich articu.lats upwards through district

and coty level to natIona level), or the forest service. Uder the revised

forest Legislation requiring reforestation of steep aca-aricultura. land,

-89-

ost riat owners find it -o their advantage cn have che V7As undar-aka

he planring operacious. The annual plat:ng zaca atzained over 40,j0 ha

i L973 and has,eceeded 30,000 ba '- ih Last -:o yars.

.79. - A~ d erent approach is being *:akan in oth1 pr:2jeczs. r a,

the N?i.geria-i.aiia/Ayanga forestry comoonent conetats on estabi±shing

~uelood planaais on govertmnt land, a.hough flexibili7 is prorded

iz the project ca promote =es ?lanting on pr4wrac lands. This approach has

been :aken because of the degeneQration atou yre =lannations w

wera astab7lished in a area under earir roras. h oact.e7a of e

c=onanr is co stengen he forast ser a saund chnzology Zo

undertake zeLanshmen o£ the fuelwood resourcac basa and, having demon-

strated chis on Sovernment land, subsauently co develo a pri7aca and/or

comin7 fuelwood re.orestacin progra=. In the Fakiszan Eill parai

and tanzania Tranza/Shinyanga rural development projec:s, a olnd of both

gover=menc and r7ate/commnal plantacons will be estabUshed. Zn these

pzojects, also, the emphasis is dlrected c building up che c=ecance a

the forest service in fualwood reforastation whiist ar tha same time phasing

in a grcwing proportion of self-help tree plantng on private Land as cha

technical and sot-i consraints are soved.

180. A sign±ficant feature which bas emer;ed frao our vork wich !uel-

wod Projec:s is Che Large potential sair.ngs in fuelwood which is attain-

abla chrough th introduction ot improved wood stoves; and in bu.ldings,

zhrough si=pla wood preserva:ton schames. Compconents ro z=laent pic

schemes to eplore cts -potanta-l have been. included in he ?akzstan and

Tanzan±zan projects refrred to in phe previous aragraph. t is proposed

to pursue this potantial in future project design.

- 90 -

III. orld Bank Research PrOjCts and Other SCuIdies on AoDr3irate je,hnolo g

131. The World Bank ?eesar- zprogram undartakas, n:ar alia, to

exilo-re policies and ccnology opcions which could help anding oceraciJonz.

Ex=mples of 'orld Bank research projec:s which deal vich vari4ous ascec.s of

the ue of appropriara technolog:is are presentad below. hese. research

projects are in various stages of copletion and work on solna have only

recentl7 begu. Some of the examples are draw from the latest report on

currenr studies. OperaticnaL. as we1l as projecr specific. research exaples

are covered. 1/ These include researcå ficanced from the Bank's dinistra-

civre Budget, szudies on innovarive aspec.s. of design (financial chrough

various =easures), and 'research in support of Bank operationå (usually

icorporated as a componuent of a Bank Projecc and financed by che borrowing

coutcry)

1/ `orld Bank Research ?rogram: Abstracts of Current Studies, Oct, 1977

A. R.esearch on AÅorer.at Tehoo- i Deemn od Geb~an Areas

t. Aoreri.at ecb.nolc zr :ar Sunn-P and ~ast Discosa

'.32.: z.urcent years te 'or:l:i 3ank. has beccme inraigyccucae<e

wit imrovng heoligh= o2 t.he pooreust seg--enzs :Di the oula:io i dev-

eloping countries. This had lad to an emvhasis o nprojects vhnic a=e designed

to increasa the roductivity r enhxanau zhe LLv-Lg ccaditiUs of the urban

and =ual poor dzrectly. To imrove ou understandig of tha Loact of such

projects and :o avolve a comprzhens:ve a=roach for the attack Qn urban and

=ural joverty, the 3ank is uow developing a basie m.eeds szztrag7. 'aar

SUMP7 and sa=arion wll undbcadly *e a =ajor cmonent oE such a zraca-y

because, together with housing, zhay are the services with de greatesc

imd.iae Snpact an. the liig cd±:ions and well-e.ng of the poor in

de"eloping coutris. Ho~ever, currant astimates indicata that it would

cost at leasr $60 bill on to provide watar suppl7 for averyOne in che da"-

aloping world. ?roper vaste disocsal, using conventi-onal techniques, would

cost $200 bill4ou more. Thus one of the prerequisires to msecig the gobal

aeed for watar and sanitation is to deelcp lower cost mathods of providing

adequate serT4cas.

183. The 3ank has e=barkad u"on a -wo year resaarch 5roject to study

appropr.ata cachnolcg7 for watar supply and wasta disposal. The *ozg range

ojective of this research La to enhance th 3anik's abiliy to d.-re=cz the

benei:s of ics water and sani-ta:ion loans to zhe urban and al oor.

ie 4adåate oj.ect±ies are to dater_i=e (1) :he :achnical and eccoomc

esiblity of 'arious ovtions ava.ilabla for warar sup17 and wasta disocsa.

in developng countr.es; (2) the econom:, env±rmntal, and sociologial

- 92 -

aifaczs of the machnologias which pruvide for aotsation of water and. for

reclaation of wastas; and (3) the scope for designn e.enial improvemevts

of a=iscig trediate ccoogies to injrove cheir afic or enhåance

Cheir cransferabily:7 and acceicance.

LM. Twenty-oa zountr-as' have- been- selactad for he evaJuatcion of

existtig tachniologias. COllact e7y thesa countries icluda a vartac7 of

stages of deve.oIment, cultural and institut:onal fors and evomental

condilons. Zield consultants are chosen from developing country speciLa.lists,

and vwo rco ur con lm:icias i eacl councry are 4danriLad Cor åacailad stud.

For tach :achcology scudied ar. rhe coMunir Lave.L, a- :acäical' ava'uati±on

is carred ,ou of the sySta's costrcCtioC and oerao - rsiug standart

cost benefic techniques (including aconomic couversion factors where appro-

priate) aach zachnology's accicmiL feasibility chen is analyzad, and. average

household costs are computed. Special- ephasis is given to the abil11y and.

of consumers ro pay for che syscta,heir real or perceived

imrovemen: in e and L!-7ng condicions, and any obstacles to adaptation

of che technology for other comunttes. Tn add:tIon, =ore compleX relat:o-

silps with other ecnoic sectors such as agriculture and enerv (vhere re-

cIation -hrough fert:IJizar or biogas production is praatic.ed) are xplored.

LS5. As a coplament to the speciftc C±eld studies a detailed bI'Lio-

graDhlc search for Licerature relavant to low cost waste d4zuosal -as carrtad

out by che nternaatlomal Develorment Research Center (IDRC). Over 18,000

iocantiall7 relevant pubticacious salactad by key word inde;ing were rev`iewec».

Lass than Z were of praccical valu for developing country applicati,

and 25 of chose realvant wera unpublished documenrs obtained from prtvata

- 93 -

LirareMs. Thus the publicatiou of this abstracted bibliography is a sig-

nii-cant coutribution Ln Itse14 for dissemiuating i oation on approriate

sania:ion technolog:as for d.eveloing counr:ies.

i.36. A4~1 secand complementary iut to -- e fiel.d sds 4as been the

work of tha ?.oss i uta of Tro:cal. lygiee. äey have undertakan an

avaLuaton of the relatiouship of diffarent -chnologies for vaste disposal to

soec4fic categortes of vater and aste related diseases. ?ralmi yar7 results

from their aallyses suggest that no simpla ramkln of asta dsposal tschno-

logias according to their effcs on comunity heal-h im s possibla. `Miale 3ood

sanitatlon s crta.in.L7 au iportant factor in pro=oving good h7iene, a

sopisticated and c=ensive severage s7ste is 2either a necassar7 nor a suffi-

cient conditou for higå Levels of general health.

187. Ueports from the field studies and other inputs co=platad thus far

indicate that there are =any viabla tecnologiLcal alternatives between the pit

prtvy and the coplete severage system. Evi.ro=ental sani:a:Ion can be

significantl7 improved by the installatLon and proper maintneance of systems

costing three to ten times lass on a per household basis than conventional

saVerage. Water supply s7ste-M for standpipe serviCe Can break the trans-

mission process of most water-related disease at sinficant savi.ngs in

distribution Costs.

2. Overational Research as ?art of Urban ?ro,ects Desigu

138. In almost ever7 project preparation undertakan by the world Bank

soe operattoal research ef fort in asses3i=g local needs and the approprtate-

ness ot existing Light capital :achnologies is involved due to the aring

condi:Jons berween urban ceurres. The projects themselves zay provtde for the

=onitored tri.al of specific technologies; a.g. the rducion o= a pilot

basis of innovative alternat:ve types of severage and vasta d±sposal unitz

- - 94 -

(3`twana, Indonesra) and test Of marketabla b7-Products b7 coosting treat-

uenr and ulacon of bicZas- and fi-ponds (Caixo, AIexandrta and. C,LCutca).

he projects =ay also przvtde ser,vced sitnes and tra_inig !acilities 2or

innovacive pilot prograns by other or:aCzacions (Low :ost handivraft employ-

nnt. and. axpertantal uijd±ng trials, NE2; simiied. odLar crait rainig

on i:e, ILO)

139. Speciflc supportive operational researh has addi:icnall7 been

undartakan, outside of indivtdual project preparatio i a. vartac7 of C-e-lds

4ncluding:

- ha "avalzaognt of for

Costs in site and services projects based 'on altar-

cative ph7sical lay-out typologies and vaz7ng unit

Costs of construction macarta.ls, z.ivtL works, etac.

- the analysis of Cost data relatIng to actua.L sica and

ser,ices and squatter upgrading ?roec.s;

- the analysis of nnovatLve Lov cost urban traffi. nanage--

ment neasures throughi the detailed study of the Singapore

and Bangkok area. Lcensing schemes.

190. In coect:on with the introduction of lov cost dvelIng- solut:oLns

such as sIta and. services projects, and other urban moverty oriaentad projects.

The provision of urban Land and the captmure of surplus values. Creatad has

been inveszi;atad in some depth. Studies have included:

- urban Land tanura problems;

- urban land usa ragulacion;

- urban land bankJng, capture of surplus values and land

- associated Land valua mathodology for projacts.

- 95 -

3. Research on Aåerotria chnolø"o i n. Rural Araas

!. r±t. Arl ur o and Rural De,ve-neni

191. Change in ariltral echnology is w.de1y acczpcad as undamen:.al

zz ar7 stracagy !or i=afl econmic deo , and al World 3an

projects in the agrica:eu sector contain or ralate :o scme for= o zechnclog

change. 3ut the oroblam oz effecvely harnessing nev tec ogical pcssibi-

.Lr.es ro meet the needs of rural develaoment is a bI;h cplex one, invol-

,i,ng far orz than p rovision and financing o az "aropriate" :echnology

package. New tachnoclo disturbs the equiibrium of tha receiving environnan

and can ?recipitaca a chain o coplez hnica, eccno=ic, soci4al, culzuraL,

aud itutoal effcts hat ara ceizher easy1 predi,cable' nor a iecessarti.y

consistent i:h tha ai4s of rural develovmenz. Tachnology change, cherafore,

has to be vimed more wide17 as tha dynuic i nteract.on becween new inzuzs,

nethods, aud s?stems (the "technology"') , and che receiving nvroment. This

suggest3 the ueed for handln.g technolog:ial charge in develcping agrýcultures

within the contex. of a broadly dained "technology poic7" wi: the physical

tachnolog as one instrument in a set of policy choices and interentiLous

designed to met we*1-spec;fIed objecti1ves.

192. Such au ørientaton has gained greing acceptance in industrial

settings o daveloved countrias, but in agruicture has tece:ved scanr

atz:nton. Tha ai.m of :h.3 study is :o begin. to correct chls deEi-cency

by coustructinýg the bas-ic frameworkz for a wider analys!s of :achnological

change, using coucepts embodied in he "syst s approach." Th study -rill

44rst ea e a number of past :achuology-annge projects to idantify -heir

pr:mär7 and secondary effacts aud their rala=ion to the tahnolog package,

L.:s iol=aentaciou, and suzls. ill alsø a±1ao hvaw th leraruz :L an

atemcac draw cogeth-er. che fýaczcors chugtco inf;luence chie atcure, 'ýaca,

-. and a=tenc. o absorptiona ofcw ehnlgyi arcuc and ee li:.

easures hat ng a t heSse fac:ors. The f!al sytiesis ochese

findins siuld maka. 1t posaibla. to 'structure a. outlln, =odel chat: -otcays

tecnologia c g n agrcuure as a. proess c tachnolog- generati.on,

selction, adaptation, adotion, and diffusion, interac:in th noutehnical

factors to yeld- a var4aer of possibla adju=seu- paths.

L93. Zt.Ls hoped hat this projacc will provide a. cheas:ve back;:cund

for eta idntfiation of azas for emiri:a stdy, and oz:er a: nora apro-

oriate malytical framework for (L.) design±g appropri.a:e fara technology

packages; (2) learnng to manage the transfýe of ecologies; and. (3) tdenti-

f7tag guidellnes for the escablishment of a policy for the generation a=d

managememt of tcnologi change as a continuing crocass. Thais study -should

also contribute to rte design of futurs research in :t -cac=lgy feld. It

is epectad thac the cur=ent advocacy of policies based on "approprifatz

tachnology" wi..L be placad in a zore useful perspectve.

Z. Raising the Productivity of Sma.1 ?ars

194. The World Bank needs to obtain better in£oratiou on the potantial

of small farmers Ln daveloping contre.as for incraasifng heir produc=:iv-7

aud icome levels, and the rasources, far 57ng systems, and insiutions

reouired to realize this potautia.L. Ac praseni, very LIttle Is known about

che %umber of sall far=s l- deve1oig cou:caies, chei resour5 aud iroduc-

tiv7t7 situatious, and heir potantial for g="h. Such knowladge is, however,

necassary for a general assessent of zhei ocantia.l conrbution zo economic

-'97-

develotmenc and to the :Lprovemen: of the weliare of .oW-i=come far famlijs.

4.is als essenti-al to :h design of eneral agriclture and :rl develoenst

projeacts.

.9. . study i.s car of a .ar,er 2rogram being Carried ta iz -. oDera-

cion wt rthz e 7ood and Aricultura Orgaiation (-A:) :o obta_in bas4ic .for-

nat.on on small-farer development potential throughout che -developi=g world.

focusing ou the deve.lopment of small far=s in Tanzania, i seCk3:

(a) To ident:fy the constraints ot. !mproved production andincome for smaLl 2arers in Ta-ania.

(b) To iden=ify methods used by small far=ers in he jastto overcme zonstrai.ns on income growth and development.

(c) To assess the potancial of small farmers for i=rovedproduction and inco=e, if addi:ional inputs such asfertilizer, insecticides, irrtgat.on, improved seeds,and mahanization were availabla to :hem.

The methodology involves several staps. Based on soil, clinatic and/or

cropping pattarm.s, agr"ecologcal :ones are first dellneatad. 1 rand=

sa=le of fars vithin each zona then provides data on farn resources, pro-

duction characteristics, and sociologc.al data ralated to farm development.

the data are analyed by fztting product:iou fctcions and datarmininLg optilm-

fa=m plans through linear programing and the interpretation of farmer atti-

tudes and objectives. On the basis of these analyses, recoendat:ons are to

be advanced aboaut appropriate stratag:as for produc:on, resource organiza:ion,

iformation systems, credit arrangnents, and general governmenz support

or small larns in 7arious agro-ecolog:ca2l zones.

1.96. 7he output of the project will conis of a report on :he nerhodo-

logy and findings, cogecher vi:h recomandations fir further rasearch in

other count=ias on small-far=ar development. problas and potential.

- 98 -

3. A rrata ecnolo for Az:riculiural ?ouction

197. A proposed agriculr.al research rojec i 3,angladesh vill supporz

Cha develovment of appropriate agricultural :echnology. !our ±illion 'k

(approximately US5S3,000) tjill suppor: ch-e activi:ies of an a.propri2a

A fchno1og5y Cel v4:hbi2 the 3angladesh AgricuL:.uraL Rasearchx

Counci.

L93. Areas of study wil be:

(I) improved grai storage methods

(Ii) rec7clin of aZicturaXL wasts

(Iv) development of an improved small rica hular

Zhe pproriate Technology cea is presenty- working on:

(I) bullock-drawr. seed drlls

(41) the use of riae hulls as fuel

(Lii) jte-reinforced p2.astic bins for- grain storage

(iv) pedal-overated. mills for grain

(v) hand-operated seed spreadar'

4.. Colombia Rural Enerz7 StudT

199. Rural energy bas berome a major- development problen sinca the

oil cris±s. gon-<ommercial fuels such as fuel"od, agriculcural asza

and anial dung, wtiu±c are aew otten the onLy energy resources avaijlaols

.u :ura- areas, are becoming increasingLy inuf±i7ient to meet rismng rural

anergy demand for domestic ccosuion and 3roduczion. loraover, Large scala

rural use of these fuels is causing widaspread deforasaon and arnsin.

.00. As parz of 3auk's eior: in cack.ling the uiral ener;y oroblem,

a Rura.L Ener7 Plannng Sxarcise was iLitiad in Coombia in May, 1977.

Zhe obectiLe o cis exarcise' is :o deveoe= and cast a rural enerzy PI-fn.g

- 99 -

app2r0ach :or idatifynLg, r aud leting bankable raa ergy

?rojects. These projeczs would invol ie C leasc-zsc a f digenous

rueeable~ aud aoz-r.newabLa en_erg7 s to eec di.rnt :yces of

energy deaAnd for c omstic osunrzias and pr:duceion, ver a saacta

ple,,g horizou.

201. The earcize has as oue of I:s objecives chat. :his apSrach should

be developed by ind±genous profassionals aud -nsutins w:1 the paricipa-

riai of. :heir ural com=2.i". ra- rela, ,herafore, ts to Lbe iiad to

ideutifying, vith GoQer=ent supporz, -hese professioals and iiu s,

and przvdig them with technca. assistance conducti.ng thea exerci.se.

202. In kaeing w:Lrh :te above object.ves, the Cla mia exerise has

been or3auized i: cwo phiases: Phase 1 Lnvclves quai:cazve stud<as I=

selacted rural areas by Colombian professionala to gai= an overall uder-

stauding of the rural energ problem from the demand, suvp7, stutional

and ,echnology aspeczs. ?hase I Itnvol7es detailed quz:a,_t7e studies for

develoing a zural euergy planning methodology, prearatino of zura.l eergy

plans on the bas's of tthis methodology, and conducting pilot projects In

selacted regloms :o tas. institutional and infrastruccura requirements

for fuLl scala rural energy projects.

203. During ?hase Z, which ended in December L977, che 3ank assisted

the G,o-verat in. organizing a Colombian lural Ener-y Group coUsisting of

Colomban professionals from various governmeut in=st:tu:ons. The Grouz

conductad, vith 3ank tach:ical assiszance, ac£mnation of tha overall

ural euer3y probla n. Colombia which i:ncludad. an - case study of

a rural regiou (Antoquia) iz Westar Col=bia. The Group 'as prepared

a ell-dcumen'ed, hig-Squalt.y LBO paga report rhat -prese=zs a cprehes=ie

- 100 -

analysis3 of the rola of energyi rura l development an-d prooses r"co=mnda-

tions for systematcally ackn the roblem.

20a. TheG:oupj's reomndcos rcu a frmation ci a pýemar.ent

acencal Rural :-,zrwyUi thý,at ail r-ani-zz andcodiaeegol ra

energy g3o=aconisin ot :regionaluieste and instiýtutionus. 17a..

egiona.L groups will daveløp ragional rural ene=5y plans with thea

to of r l comu:tias. Tha Catral U:t -,ill alsc org:ea and. promcta

resea=rch, developmenz and tasting of rural en.ergy equlment suc.L as, icro-

n-yd-=curbizes, bic<gas, solaz heacers, idls,rrgeaon./

35. c a ofered to a s.l a C bia e

these recomandations in Phase T. of tie exercie. 3ania has Aso suggesced 1/

tha. Phlase Zi søuld. Lead to a chird overatonal phae (Phiase I), involvig

the i=plementatou of a. cational rural ererg orogra. The orogram zould

include zura.L energy projects in several regions of Colombia, development

and production of rural eerg equipment, tr±eg of local professonals,

or;anizaton of regional and aational rural energ Isttutions. .hie 3an

has also offered financial support for this progr%m because it would provida

e cen eergy resources for the economLc and so4al deve.Lopmenc of larg

masses of rural poor In Colombia.

206. Subject to the Colombian Government's Interest and approval, ?Iiase

I is e=mectad to commence In March 1978, ex-aud over a period of o.e aud

f Some CoIombian LZsti:utions have already dereloped such ecu4ment-.The proposed. Cetral Rural Enary Ui ui: 1 coord nae hese insti:ut*ins

wi. rural people wo will usa heir equi;eU, goverrnment organizationschat w i finance aquipmen daveloment aud ut.Jil-zat:on, and industrasthat will uideraka the.r cocmercial production.

2/ The 3ank's suggestion to the ColombLan Goveet for Phase I are g,venin a recant Bak n qo report wich discusses Bank role in 'hase : aud proposeddirc-t:ions for future wor! in the exercise.

- 101. -

a hal4 to two yea=s, ad ILM4nate in the prevaratio, of the a l ruaralc

energy pregra. Brcausa the progr'a w.l be developed by i=digenous pro-

fessiotals and institrtio=s, wih cte par-.Icipazio of r=ral communias,

and by tilizin indigeunus material and huau rsoircas, there is "~r

reason to =mect tha. th:e vcology l/ hat ui.L be geraed and used ia :ha

resulti;g projecz, will be appropriate t= every se=s.

5. Alter=at±ve Ezér3 SuZel' for lur.al Areas: 3olivta AdatationS tudies

207. Over 60% of 3olivta's 3.6 million people lve i. the diffcult

rural zond:Lr!os of the ALtiplano, where, des-ita average daiy temperazues.

belcw LO degrees C, theza is a. very lov race of power consmton and the

majorit7 of :he people depend eon c-omrcial energy sourcs for cookin

ptroses otnl7. ?uels used in the ho=e are rhose =ost read.ly avaiLabla,

usuall7 couzisting of dried an dung, grass 'nocs, scrub tiigs and. roots,

and firewood. CurraUtl.y, an£.&I dung. is the single =ost L=øorta saurce of

argy for household consumption in rhese aras, but. mon-comarcal resourcas

in the rural areas are inadequata co met household requiremants, proriding

ol7 for i:dred cooking and no haatlng duing the harsb. zLntar =ouths.

Also, the use of dried ani>e dung to genarata nrSy el44mates its use as

fer:ilizer. .Alernatve sources of euergy for use in rural are.as are thus of

critical importance.

208. Solar energy is a potanially usabla resourea in the ALtiano,

and the Government placas high prioricy on its exnloitaion and develomenc.

The A.L:plano receives high levels of sola= energy, rangizg from= abcur 4c0

1/ TachnOlogy here imiUes both hardware (rural energy equi ant) andsoftwara (rural nargy plannn methodology).

cal/cm Iday in the inter monttLs, to more tha= 600 Cal/= /day i. suer,

well above the -Jm= limits for the econcoic operation of solar energ7r

devteas. The phystcal canditioS of the Altiplano, at an average alcivude of

zore tham 13,000 feet above sea lavel and. with an average od 2,500 sunhoxs

per anu,. thu aka the rego . especiaLl7y sumitable for the Use of solar

energy as one od the substLitutes- for convent:onaJ. energy..

209. A Bani-sposored rural development project wi. s-pend US$165,000

over a. four-year period in helping a Ioca. institutlon to adapt and develop

Low-cost energ deviuies for heacjng, cooking, pumping, food drying and.

greenhouse agrclj.tue. Firs: practicaL applicatos, are :peczed to be

operaring by 1980.

6. Stud of Alternatives for the Gambla

210. The Gambia infrastructe. and tourism projec= (Credit NC.- 602-<n

datad Januar7 12, L976) incldes f=Uds to finance a 4aasibil1ty study for.

a steam cower plant fired by grounmdn shells. Tha study wilj. investgate

the possiLbility of bu=ning the groundnu shells as an altarnative to imported

oil. for generatdng electri pover. The: Gambia's groundnut produc:on an=~lly

yields an average of 40,000 tons of sheLls wbhicÄ are largely burned as reiUsa.

209. Tn Marrh 1977, the consltants to the Gabia Utiliias Corporation

(the Cron Agents of 7.K.) submittad an interi= report o the feasib4iity of

a groundnut-fired plant. The interi report did -ot cocain dezinttive

canclusions and a fina. report from the cosultants s excectad by March 1973,

The coansultants have been askad to provide in their flna.l report information

on the availability and cost of collect:on, :ran.sortat:on and procassing of

the proposed f uel and a detailcd, analysis of the comparative costs of gener-

ati±ng e.Lec:tucity with alternative fuels (ol and groundnu shells) :n variots

-103 -

&ssuptPions about the costs t aach fEal and af- :he l±kaly costs of. th

capital plan (and c=ital changes) required for aac. altarnatt7e.

ziz. This analysis shou.d provide the basis for zacc=medatc0s on

vdether devemlopng a å,.facility to ile ground=.nt sells zo genrace electric

power in the Gamh:ia ts l y *c e c ally and ecnomically faas:bi.a.

7. Alternative Zner"y Sourc, for the Thumbu ValleY of Neval.

21J3. The raubu development plan, which ae out of t-ha first urism

project in Nepal, 1/ ioulid intr4uce on a limited scaLa a lernative eanergy

sources to substituta for f:iwood, cha daind for which is leadn-±s to

progressive denudation of te staep sLopes o£ NevaL's , y=n region aud the

izvrs3ibl lss ci Cha thin. Layor resource to -Scil n these aeas.

Trekking tourists represenz a major sourra of. ncoam and emoloyment for

tLhe Sherpas and other peopla· LIrng in the iumbu 7alay and acess corridor,

and a source oi forign exchange eargs for Nepal, and the levalese GCovern-

=ant wishes to rtaln and expand. such ourism=. The couriss add substaa-

tially, hovever, to the already excessive use by- te lccal residents of

firewood and the acLical dama&e w.ll coutr±nda unlass alterative energy

sourats are developed for cooking aad heating. The develcpment pLan protosed

by tlhe study would prcvida for use of solar energy--utlzng prototype.

flatplate solar collctors-to produce heat and hot water for te tekMen

lOdges and ca-_tas. Min-hy7dro and w-n-d generators would also ,rovide

pover for coking, ligh4ing, pumps and radio ccmnicacions. A reioresation

coonent is included and forts are a.Iraady under way in the fel.d tc

identify speclas o: tres and. bushes whlch wilJl grmw relatively rapidly

In te high h±L and to develop nurserias to propagata them. 7V.ilage

L/ MÅAL Touris ?rojact (Cr. 29L-M:?).

- 104 -

woodlcts wculd be develcmed specifica.Ly C prcviLda fireood, fr i.dividuaL

settlemns.

2L4. The fL=clng oi this projact is =t tncluded in the 1orld ank

Landing p for Nepa., but, It. t: hoped that the e Gover=nmn

-il. find other resource& to car- it out

- 105-

C.- teseazch tn A.rovtate Technølor, u Fouao aud -asources

1. Ecnmc ojf Educational Radio

215. In 1975, the Educaion Depa=a.nt oi the World 3a=k iniiated

a revaew oi eperie-ce with educatinal a Th±a revav, vhose resulrs

have recently been pubi shed, generated. severa.L cc=lusi.os re.lavant to

educational. lenk±zo poi4-cyfo th World£ tank*

1. Rado cn b* e, prog e it c=a, tc imprcve

tha qualtry of t rti-CoU at thu eementary lavel.

2. R.adio, combined ccz -c udenc* =arer-al3 and

casona.l face-to-face instru.con, can be a lo-

cost altarnative to traditonal ma= c£roviding

secatdary and higher aducatløo'. Used i. ch4s way for

"'distanica Learning," radio appears capabla cf providing

access to education to hirhero excluded> group.

3. There appear. to be fav instances whera- use of edua-

tional. televsion is superior to radio (with the possibla

e=aption o£ the use of =edia to create schools ,here

nouæ had previously existed).

216. These in±dings are of direc= operationaL ralevance. Tha study

also idantiad cwo areas in which. add:tional research ,mould be beneficial.

The fIrst is researc:h ca Che eccnomics Of radio for distance .aarning.

De.spite a widespraad i.mpressio that dsana3ce Learning s zuch 1ass expensive

(and almost as effctive) as »radiioaol instrucio, lztle eirical fior-

=ation exists ot cost and chst-affetivenes.- Ta seecud -esearch area

idanti.fied by the study is the impacz of i-school radio on student d:ropout

106-

and retetition ratas. f radio realLced in even a mnodest reduction In repa-

tiion ratas, it could more than pay for Itself. hrough reducig costs per

graduate.

217. The present researct study will be conducted through a c=ber

of descriptive and case studies of proects in Brazdl, srael, Kanya, and

thm Republ.c of Korea. ha case studites wul provida ifoatic on csts and.

effecti:veness of distanC learning for a. Wide range of experience: prepara-

tion of aduLtå for equivaLency eainat:ons at the beginnin secotdary, level

in Brazil; unlversi7 instr±ton in Israel; teachar Lran=ng in Uanya; and

secondar7 educacioa in Korea. The second. aspect of the project wi.l consisr

of an indepth em-Ination of- the osr eIactIveness of- the Nicaraga. Radio

M,athematics ?rojec:.. Statistical deaeminants. and economin consequaces of

changes in, dropout andt repeti:ion rates, with particular emphasis on the impact

of int'oducing radio, vill be exam-ed (see supplementary report, Section I.3

for update on 'Eadio for Education and Development').

D. Research in A-norceriate Technology In Eishway Construction

1. Substitution of Labor and Eatiment in Civt1 Construetion

213. Ralattvely abundant labox supplias in many developing contries

are ~rected to maka labor-intensive techni4quas more appropriata for civi

cnsteon wrks, includng d=as, irrigation channels, and .roads . Th:S

research project is the fourth phase of a continuing study of rhe. substi-

of Labor for equipment in cit1l construction (see Section II-C

above). The study is expected to assist in the formulation of pragmatic

guidelines for the plannng, evaluatlon, and onitioring of Labor-intensive

c147t1 coustrut:oLn vroject3 in the developing world.

. 107

219. hPase I, rcmleted in October 1971, estab1i3heid »he achnical

feasibility of faccor substitution for a wide range of consructi:on act:v:ties,

but also aotad .rid varia:ons in the productiviy rates reportad iz cha

litaraur concerni.g both labor and eqipme.

220. ?hase 1I, coplated :n Cctober 1973, was primarily intanded co

collect fied data on the socia.L, physiLcal, and -anagerial paraetars whh

were found to be of critial jmportance :a epla±hing labor-apital produc-

ti#i<y variation. Observations were carried out on £7 road, da, and trriga-

on. sitas In ndia and Indone3ia. 2e pri pa conclusion .as thac, as

tr.adiionally practiced, labor-intenive methods are not Cpetit1ve 'it±h

moder-equipen methods for mos: sets of factor prices. Yet, the creation of

-roduti:ve. e=loymen=. opporuni.ties. reans an impcrtant objective of econ.±

development.

Z21. ?hase II, complatad in August 1976, focused on tha development,

deaonstration, and implementatio= of improved labor-intensive technologies

suitabla for econawes with abundant and lo w-ost labor. Development and

de!onstration -,ork, caried out larZel7 in :ndia, produced enc=ouaging resu.ts.

Under well-onrolled conditions, It has been possible t= achive sIgn±£eant

gains in labor product7it7 trough tb uz:Ization of imprcved organization

and management procediures, :ha Introduct:on of !proved zools and hardware,

and che upgrading of che autritionaL and healch status of the workars.

7akUi:g into account the cost of aqu.pment based operations, whch has been

steadily increasing sin.ca tba Phase I fi.eld studies began, improved zechno-

logies of an "interediate" nature have been found, for a nmber a constr-

cion ac ivities, :o be c=petitt7e wit.h equipment-Lntanstve nethods.

-108 -

222. Current work o the study is focused on the impleatation o:.

tmproved techniques of a multisite progra scala, rather than oz axert-

mentatiou =nder "pilot sita" conditions. Systamatic work is being Carried out

tz the Conte== of wo evPanding .. ruraL road. projgrms - in Kanya. since Jamuary

L976 and. :n Eonduras sinca, AprI' L976. .n bott, canes, the work ia larely

concentratad ou:

(a) Orgai-acoaL and 2uagement issues (at the program.aa weL as at the sIta level).

(b) Tprovmenats iz stme plannIng, operatlons,. and. control.

(c) Tra'ung of sita superv.try staff.

223. Curr~n work aso includes ivestigatons to- detarmLina Labor supply

characterist:cs under diffarent conditions, to develop =ore azfEecttve means of

interventton for the Lmprovement of the =utritional and health status of the

wcrke=3, and Co, devtse more approprtata toolj and hadware that could contr±-

buta futher to increases 4. labor productivty.

224. Research. work has progressed deLiberataly fro an investigation of

detail1- (labor producrtvty7 easurements at the :ask and acttvity levels,

experd=entatiou vith alternative tool and hardware designs) through ana.yses

of general and speci±fic parmeters on vari output (soil hardness, los

heghts, c.4mae, qua1lity of supervLsio.), and Ls now concerned w.th issucs

that have a direct beartng upon the afficienr. ilizaton of casual Labor

(adamn±ration, manaement, financng, and trainjng). Amtantlon :s, there-

fore, Ielng focusad on wider problams whIch, if overlockad, would theaan to

invalidata labor-based constz:ction formulae that, vtewed in isolation, oight,

appear eczui.cally sensible.

- 109

223. The experIene g2±id f=o= the Study af Labor and Capital Substi-

tuio llbesumaizd ntwo vohinfi. A Sita Plar.:Lg3 and äianagspfeet

landbook is intandad to assist _gineers or suervisors ic charge of Iabor-

iUtensve cOstr-ction s1=s to OrgaMiza the IMork acCordjng to gven speCi-

.ficatious, vizhln a gven ttme schedule and budget,. and withdn the polic7

restrictions Laid down by the authority responsibla for the program. A ?rogra=

?Ialning and anagement Bandbook (empected coaltion date October 173) is

designad to assist persons deallng with the pIannLs. and. =anaement of labor-

=ntensive programs.. It rill be concernad vith progra incptlon,. design and

evaluation, anagement control, !Iuann arrxnmenz, staii trenis, and

progrm onitorng.

226. Apart from the resources allocated to it by the World Bank, the

research is supported fi nacially by the gcvernns of De=ark, ?i.Land,

?ederal Rapublic of Gerany, Japan, Norway,. Svedan, Unl=ed Kingdom, and Unted

States.

E. Resear-h in A orogriate TechnaloS; in Industr

1. Small-Scale 2nterorise

ZZ7. ThIs study s~ems fr= the growing real l tion that, lf emplayment

opportni.t:es and. improved or cheaper goods and. serTices are bcing. sought

for the poor, small-scala antarprises may represent i .eglectad potential.

which shoUd be exploiced. Rcwever, ther. s Uttla systemattc ncwladge

about the aature of this potential; the purpose of thi.s study is to star to

rmedy that def±i.nC. Phasa of the studT WIll consst of several parts:

(a) a raviaw of the Literature, (b) case-studeas of expriences in selacted

counCr:es, and (c) a Mer of survys of se.C:Cd industras in urban and

-ILO-

ual areas, eploring ýn dapth the characteristics Od the entarpri>ses and

the ecoucm£c anviromenz in whiLch they ceprata. SubSeque2t phases vill

depend on the outCome of the first phase. T.n Colubia, the study will focus

cn tha sourts fo" i= wich sa.l sca.la indus:ras d.raw the.r echnolc%;:al

nacw.ledge.. It w4i. alåa. onider the pattarn by- whICh. thes«- ndatr.s.

assimil ata and Master tha acqu-ied. nowladge. The secaors zhat haveý been.

chosen are agriLcultuaL mahinery and tools; pups and compressors; i=d

ctokars and ovens-

Z. incroprate Industrial Tehoo-

28. Racent studias of capital-Labor substItucion in manufacturing

industris indicata that substantia scope exfsts for choosing1 faQtor

proortous i the production of the commod:ties exam±ed., althaugh Lt

appears that the techn:ques chosen are frequently at soc-ially appropi.ate

and sometimes do not m ani.za production costs.

229. The obJ ective of zhis study Is to Ldentfy and assess the pcl.ry

instrumnts available to st-l.intta the adopcon of ore appropriata techn.ques.

Tha result wll- be to stata ttwse paocy conclusions that. may- be. rached o.

the basis of available ev.denca and, to outlina an genda for further research,

whara aedad, to suppo= t tative policy prciptions. ?olcy optious for

operational depar-ments of the World 3auk. as well as for developing contrzies

will be covered.

220. The :esearch will begin with an in-depth reviaw of existing Dicro

studias and other re.Levanz work, _<n order :o sumariza what Ls known about che

scope for factor substitution in dLfferen types of industries and the raasons

,jh7 eisng aporopri-ate techniquas have mot been chosen. Among the questions

ro be addressed subsequntly are the fo1lowng:

- LIl -

(i') What are. the causa ces of adotin appropriar

ahiues embod;ad n 4x 1ment, 9articular7

for employ~ent, labor produc.tiv:7ty, ad incomø ds-

(Lii) ECU ser:Lous ara ,he pssibla technical s to

adopting wa~ would otherwise be approprbeaa. ecnques?

- Such coustaint:s includa variat:ion in producz desig

an quality, lack of sk4lLd labor, di22aarnt±il 9ame-

=at requirements stmfn from cha ac:aristic of

alternative techniques and ?roblpms ncounared Ln

intallat:io of -aintenance of used. and 'ind!geneusly

produced equipment?

(ili) Wheres technical co=stra:n=s d-o =t ea=laiLn the ap?arene

wide-spread adcption of inappropriat tacsn4ques, wh.at Ls

the aplanatiou? Sera, actantion will be directad :oward

the otivatioas of producers iu selact:ing equipmenz,

possibla disortio s ia ralative factor prices, -Lack o

informatiLom ccnarning the ava2abiLity of diffarenr. ypes

of equipent, and other poesibilitis.

In 1ighr of th answers, policy optios will be- forzuLatd and 7hare possibla,

judgents will. be reachad an hov polic instr-ents can effact::Lel e7nc=urage

the use of techn4ques clhat promise Lcreased e=pley=ent at an adaquata wage.

?olicy opzious for internatial lending agencies will focus ou =atods of

expanding sourz:s of supply and facilitating tte marhaticg of 5quipme. Chat

embody mora labo -intenive t?niques. Fr'posals for poic;y action by

daveloping cumtias wi'll also be presenzad.

- 112 -.

3. Scove for Caital-Labor Substituton t= the echanical EZwtier-L. Industry

231. The Develao=ent Rsearch C:uter has czuduced. to investigatos

o4 pIamf" mathodclogy i= the r cha:LaL annering industias. Thesa have

demlstrae he feasibiliy oi :Ioezenting umerically sol'b.le process

analy3iz =dels of echanical egine g actities. The present study

ezzeida this, methodology to permit' the specficati.on of:atrnative productica.

:achniLques and the incorporationa of product differentiation. t anaLyzts the

scoe for capita--L-Laboc sbst,tution in. machacal erginerga activiti and

che extent of subst:turlon betweet LocaLLy produced. and impotted nachanca.

engineerig· products.-

Z32. Tha first part of this study :i- cocerAed with aLarnati.ve nroduc-

tioa techniques fo-r given product specifications. Tha Cradirioaa.L approac.

c£ econometric production function analysis is aot =ployed. Insatad,

re avoid mbignities that arise through aggregation, process analysis =odels

based oa engieering data ara constructad for four products: a. specifi odal

each of an electric motor, a. water pump, distribut:on ransfo=rm, and bicyc1e

233. EacI product Li decomposed iýnto its componants and subassenbl.as.

The produti:on of each copone:at aud each aasmbly stage is fIuther broken

down io a sequence of proces stages, i.e., elemantary operations perfor=ad

joitly by labor and a sigla piece of equipment. Altarnatve taechiques,

described by 'e gieers' estimatas, are then anumeratad at each procass stage.

Zor g.ven faczor pr-Ices, including the cost of capital and wages for difer

skill lavels, cost I,9nation determi=es the optimal tech=qua for each

ndvidua. process stage at a partcular scala oi output. 3y varyin-g factor

prices and output scala, it is possibla to constrc: am ioquanmt map for

each procass stage; these =avs may zhen be aggregated to the cpoet,

subassembly, or final product Level.

- 11.3 -

234. This approach may be used to analyze the sensitivity of optial

production tachniques to fac=or prices, economies of scale, joint production

and output mix, the seqantial nature of production, and the degee of capacit7

utillation. :nitial results indicate that there is substantial scope for

capital-labor substitut1on in the production of these.gocds. The optimal

choice of tachmique appears note sensitive to the. scala of output than to

factor prices, vich highly Labor-intensive techniques being chosen ar Low

scale and hIgh17 mechanized tachmiques- at hi4h scales. Yorsover, turns to

scale are not constant bet-een d4f2erent output levels, the elasticity of cost

with respect to scale varying acoocuQon!=ally betaen aarl1y zsro and one

along output expansion paths. ?Ossibilities for sharing equiment among

process stages appear significantly to affect optial tect:lique choices,

with greater sharing generally leading to the choice- of =ore =echanized

techniques and ubstantially reduced costs. Labor skill substitution and

the consequences of labor indivisibility are also being analyzed.

Z35. The second part of this. study is concerned with substitution betveen

domestically produced and izported textile-weaving macbner7 In the Rapublic

of Korea. This part of the Study is also highly disaggregated in order to

isolate the. effects of labor skill differentials, Lidividual machine

characteristics, learning by doing, depreciation and obsolescence, fit

organization, and product differentiation. Engineering production fu=ctions

are esti-ated econometrically from plant data at the man-machine level in

order to establish relationships bet-een imputs and outputs. In turn, the

str-acture of prices for differentiated material inputs and outputs is deter-

mined using hedonic regression techniques, so that the tacas of zarka

structure and certain governent incant4ve policies may be i3olaced.

- 114 -

236. Techiaue choices are Ivestigated by sti=ltleol. to obtain the

present value of the strs of net reveias associatad with. partIcula

machines and product Mi1. - Rasultg conf:rm that subst=antial scope for

capital-Labor substitution exists Ln mextile weavi-ng, dependnin o= the Ciegree

of automazion. ?or most product 21xes, domastically produced machinery is

optmali, if shadow prtces are. uaed. and perfect copet:Ltiou fs. assid'ed. O the

other hand, producers hare La any casaes actua-ly chose m=re hlghl7 automata

Lmported machlar7 because of incentives grantad by the governaen,. includig;

access to sUpplars' credir at lower 1ntarst ratas, accalaratad, depreciation,

ad. tariff-ea . timports of machine"r7. Gover=menr incenttves tn the produc-

markat appear to have altared tha mix of products being =ade. the hypothei.

that producers are profit ffmd-z ers, is testad and. ot found to be itvalid..

4. Eo=ent Imoacr of Tidustrial Investment

237. This research project e=plores conceptual andL empirical iSsues

i= =easurdng the direct and indirect eploymeut effacts of Industria. ivest-

ment. It discusses the. approprtate measurement of factor intensiy. !=play-

ment ffects are calculated for diffarent industry branches tn cagories of

Comtrias, varying by- incom* level, through util.izatlon of Input-<utput

tables.

5. Transfer of Technoloi to S-a1l and Medium Industr

238. This proposed study would seek to provide the basLä for designing an

tmroved intaratLonal. mechanism to faclitats access by induztrial entrepre-

neurs and managers in LDCs, to reliabla informat:cn about :echnolog±ca.

altarnatives to help 3u4de their inves=ent decisions. The study -ould tesz

the need and demand of industrial subsectors in representattve LDCs, for

technological information for a vide spect=u of international sour ces; and

the potentia.l contribution of such information to sound investment dec:sios

and the development of !ndigenous tactnology.

- L15 --

ANNES: A.DD ITIONAL EIC32PTS DEALIG WTB AP?OPRT Au TECENLOGT

A. Agicultre:zxcer=ts fro= Sector ?CCo L ?cIPaer oAriultural Credi L/

3. Rural Developmen: Zxc"rpts from Sector Policy ?aper onDevelopment of Rual .ndustry. 21

C. Rurat Nofarm Activities: Excerpts from World 3ank Paperon 3ural Enterprise and Non farm Ativi:ies. 3/

. Wcrld 3ank Rsearch and, Study reLaced. pubLicacions

a) Substirution of Laor and Capical in CiviL Csruction;

b) Apprpriate ach:oLogy for Wazer Supply and Wasta Dis-

posal.

/I Agriculcuzal Credi: Sector ?olicy Paper, WoLd 3ank, .ay 1975.

21 Rural Develpmen: Secto ?oLiCy ?aber, World 3ank, ceruary L973.

3/ bural Etprise and «oln ?ar= Z=ploy=nt, World 3ank ?aper, January L373.

- E6 -~

?age l of 2

-ARICLTtRAL DEVELOpMET

SThe 3ank aims to utilize and t=prove all channels available for

provtding credit facillties to the mall-scala farmers, an hence improving. his

access- t tachnology. Tbe followng emcarpt from 2a Sector ?oiJ.cy Paper on

Agricultural Credl= describes for tha Bamk1 approacb.

Constraints on the Role of Credit in Develovment

Z. ''Credit - that is, money - can b.y Ltself row nothing. To eXpand

production., borrowed funds. must be spent by- farers on pysical Lnputs -

ferti.lizer, seeds, pestic_ides, labor. -the surplus, output aust them be trans-

ported to market and. sold to domestic or foreign consmers. 12is is a cample

process. Credit puts in the fir=ers' hands. f=nds that can be used. to purchase

productive inputs, but whathar this will. be done or aot depends upon eachn.o-

logy, markets, infrastructue, information and att:tudes.

3. "n most developing cout:ries, growth rates in. agric.ultural output

have been the slowest of all. ajor sectors: fara producton, generallj,

has been ncreasing by less than 3% per year. TIis has been coupled with. a

lov level of. capital formation in the COuntrysi. ManyM credit progras are

predicatad on the assumption that, in large part, a. shortage of fimds is

respousibla for the slow rates of invesmen. and growrh in agrLiul-ure,

particularl7 in the rase of sMal1l farmer3. The factors, which are essential

compleents of credi in promocng agricultural development, are identified in

the following seccion.

Limitad ADtlicabilit7 of New Technology

4. 'There ar- eany opporrtunitias for purting credIt to produc-tive

use in griculture. They range fro= =erel7 spreading fertilIJzer where

-U7-

ANEZ A.?age 2 ož 2

none %as used. befor, to Utilizing tha norm advanced. clem=ents Of the teehno-

Log7 a$sociatd with the "green revalution," inclzuding zulti2l cropping. Bu

the lattar are o2tan limited to farers in specifiC regions or to areas ith

part-Cicular naturLaL endorents. Although dra,matc incrases in rfalds Wera

ikerienced after the sccassful introducrion of new technolog7 i= some areas

af the world t the L960s, the applicability of these practices has been

geographUcally liItad. Through 1970-71, apart from exico, the "green

revolution' was hghl y Concentrated tn asia--outh and West Asia for wheat,

and South and East Asia for rice. SmalI qantities of the hgr-ldng

varieties of wheat -ere also rased in North Ažrtca. and of rice in LAtin

.nerica. In fact, outside Yexico, 86% of the total area planted to the new

varteti.es of wheac was in India and Pakdstan. The production of high-yielding

rice was not quixte so couentrated, but 60% of the land planted to the

new varieties was in TnAa.

5. "he Mintroductiou of hgh-yielding and/or ±ultple-cropping :ech-

niques is presentl7 ljited to IrTigated and high rain£all areas with =ild

temperatures, which probably do not represen =ra than 30% of the world's

potential arable land. For many other areas, tt 1s possible to develop-

yTield-PraserTtng, rather than ytald-inreasing, technologies. 3u= nore basic

research is urgently needed to open new tec=ncal' hor4zons for agriculture in

developing countrdes."

-118 -

Page L of 3

MIST I1 RURAL DE=EOP%M=

. XThis acerpt fo the Sector Policy PaPer on aural DeveloPMet

describes the Bank's approach to promoting rual indistry.

2. "The major issues- involved have been covere earlier - name!7

the need. to integrata such programs. ith programs. of r=al-developent-

and with particular projects, and choosing appropriate design standards

suited to rural conditions. The Lacter is a serious problem for a, amber of

these serices, and, in some cases, pending further technical development,

extension of facilities, to villages. vill remaim prohibitively expensiv. One

reason for the neglect of the small-scale. system suitable for the ruraL areas

is the convenience and lower =mit cost of preparing and appraisinI projects

for Larger undertakings that are better suiLtad. to the urban enviroment or, in

the case of transport, for interuzban connec-tions. Eare too, however, recent

research indicates some promising aew approaches calculated to reduce diff±-

culties in the fuure.

3. "The promotion of rural indusry in the context of ruraL development

merits special attention. Tn many counries, existing village cralts are

disap-pearing rapidly, while modernization of agriculture creates a demand. for

new inputs and consumer goods which could often be produced locally. If these

to trends can be combined through relevant planning and support measures, the.

outcome might be modernized local industrial structures, geared co serving tha.

rural areas and with linkages to national Ladustry as well. Such rural

industry could provide employment, increase incomes, slow naral-urban migra-

cion, increase the supply a! goods and Jervices CZ farmers at lower cost

and generally stimulata further rural and-regional develo=ent.

-7 129 -AMR3

Pa.ge 2. of 3

"Mpausiona of ruzral industr7 a: an. earl7 stage of agricultural

development nay, in the long run, permit a =ore rationale spatia. distribution

of industria and economic ac-:i'iy than niht othertise occur. juch or rural

industr7 is likaly to be located in mar.ar towns. That would generally be a

core deslrable fo= oi urbanzation than the expansion of a.Lready Large urban

centers. dernizazion of agri<culture creates a d-nA wtich has great

potential for ptLLing certain categorias of industries into rural Cowns.

These industries are, Ja genera.l, small; and their interacto-n with zedLu and

large entertizes is, in the long run, essent:ial.. Consequantly some urban-

based Industry can be decentalized, vith little or o ecanmi sacrtllce, in

order to achiave better interac tion and -ora balanced distribtion of indus-

trial activt7. At the same time, with an ndustrial Inase to provide for

continuing expansion and develo=ent, such regional centers can serve to

attract and retaain professional and technical skills that otherwise tend to

retain professional and technical skills that o cher!wise tand to· concentrace in

the major cities..

"Apart from the lnkages with agrcuture itseLf, there are other

Jportant cross-sectoral requirements fot rural industry. Thus, at some

stage the v±illages =ust have access to electricty for productive purposes.

It is equal17 essential to develo- the camacit7 to design' and naUfacure

simple producer goods appropriate for small-scala 71llage industry. The

rese-rair of cotantial skills - technical and en=repreneurtal - in the

rural areas is often arze. Wthout special tfforts, however, :o upgrade

the ski.s, to improve tools, to diversify production, to open. ut markets

and to changa the autlook of the artisans, this important asset threatans to

A-=2 3Page 3 ot 3

disappear. In a ir.=stancas, :the mechanizatiom of agritultre reqUires

small pmps and -o=ors (up to 20 or 25 horsepower), as well as the ser'?ices of

zractor drivers, tubeweLI operators, tractor and small-notor nechanics, and

people sk:Illed in =aztainxn and repairi-g. Mechanical equipent. Rral hoes

need. basi. frnitue and. improved. Utcet utansil3. Such requirements are

either not f£UfUled or are rec from the citias. tt would seen nat=U :o

tipgrade the skils and oranization af villlage blacksmths, carpentars,

sho-makars, weavers and potters-, sa that. they could assume new -anufacturing

and service roles iz codernLiz±ng ral comunities. This Ind of suport

should. be part of an intagrated. plan to aoderniza and develop ruraL comm-

ties.

6. "Thus, in the same 4ay that agricultural extension services are

consldered essential. for introduction of new technology and development of

agriculture, industriaL extension should also be seen as a necessary element

in developing rural industry.. Essential charac.taristics of such an atansiont

service are mobility and relevanca to rnraL industries in ueeting local

d=mads. Ån. ~mportant aspect of any such program must be the development and

support of the exLstlng industrial struture in order to capitalIza on the

base of techn-ical and entre neurlal skills which today exist in villages,

market cowns and urban centers. Development of rrL indutistries requires a

national1y supported program to provdde inputs like credit, raw =aterials and

equipment, electicity, trainig for cacnical and =anagertal sk.ils, and

efforts for research, development and engineering. Provision of sucn a

package is, in princple, facilitated by lining efforts -ith a rural

develorment program. Indeed, the general lack of rural development planing

cannot be tore clearl- illustrated chan by tha »aainess of current efforts

to promote. rural industry."

ANNlEZ CPage 1

3. Rural lonian Activities

The Bank supports rural on. frn activities th=ough pvert7-or4inacd

r4ral development projects; social and economic rural Lz!a.t-ucture projects;

and agro-indusial and maketing projects. The Bank i.s zoving ahead vith the

development of mew and ore direct for:s of assistance. The folloving ezcerpt

La taken fro a recent World Bank Paper on '3Ural Znterprise and No d-far

Smployment i. t eznines the relevance- of development assistance in this

sector.

"nevelooment Asistance for 'Ion-far= Activi:ies:

Tnrastructure. 3y providing social, and economic infrastructure

to r=ral areas. and tovus, a. substantial i=pacc on. the. daveloment of local

nonfar= activities will take place. small manfactrers, ser7ices, shops,

and crop-ercssin terprises, for ct=ple, are aong the primary bene-

ficiaries of rural electriRication. Rural roads enable many coutarm activi-

ties. to move to towns, widen their markets, and improve their access to raw

=aterials, labor, public utilities., and comecial and marketing services.

&ural roads also help families have greater access to education, health, and

social services, all of which are mov ea.sily and comnIy provided in CoVns

and villages. The existence of a. groving confa= sector in developing

agricultural regions adds to the demands placed on rural infrastructure,

and is an important factor to be considered whea invesme=n programs for

infrastructure are being drawn up.

1/ 'bural interprise and Sc-fazn Emplo7ment' A, World 3ank Paper,Januar7 1978.

- 22. -

ANE C?age Z

e 'rganization of, fnaeing for, and appropriate tacholgy to be

used in rural infastrr have been subjects of a nuber of pzevLotusly

published Bank s:Udies. ne. paint that emerges from this body of ork is thac

in2r3t==ar- of higa qualit7 is. not needed er just.fied in every instance;

costs can be cut substantially by simpliyn. Lt or reducng· ir; quali.t,>

enabling a more extansive progr= to be considered. Exaples 1-&lude using

small diesel ar tydr generator3 instead of supplies of elecriity from the

grid; standpipes instead. of piped wacer; mobile clinics rachar than hospitals;

and Lower-grade roads rahar than highvays. Futher, major improvmeuts.

in the case of electricity and roads, and faci es for education, haalth,

and sociaL serv-ces, can be onc aaed in the larger towns and vllages -

the "ncdal. polnts" - of a region. Conceaation cuts costs, whla still.

permiczLng te rural popuLation improved accass to education, health, and

so'ial servi±ces; ncentatica of infrastructuraL fac.ilities also encouages

:he conenration of nonfarm activities and, Leads_to extarnal. econ.omaes and.

economies of scala. Maus, the design of inarastructre can be flexihle,

2ermit:ing costs to tbe reduced and coverage -widened."

"Vocational training. The etent to which manial and business skills

are acquired or upgraded is on a the most 1vortant faatures or rrl nonfarm

acivities. 'ost of the d-and for skflled labor sces frm tradiional

activities chat change =nder the ifluence of =odernizacian, such as building,

carpentry, netalwork, and cai.loring; ar in aczitaas thL cacer co zewl7

developed demands, such as repair shops, baic.ng, and fnrnitura maki.g. In

addition, most small-scale entrepreneurs need to acquire elementar7 caercial.2

skills. It Was notad earl:ar that substantial tra±nng is rovided by the

- 1.23 -

ANNEI CPage 3

enterprises themselves, through apprenticeships and through people ".earning-

by-doing" as hired Laborers.

n developi=g rural regions, it is appropriate to consider whethe=

and how vocaional. =alndn programs may complement the training provided by

local. anter7rijes.. 7ocational trainng programs can ra.isa the standards and

conditions of training, artclaly in the ne-w cralts and trades; they

encourage innovation; and thay provide basiz instction on properties of

matarials, and on workshop and business principles, racord keeping, and

markating. Ptograms can be designed so as to etend =-aining - and, thus, n.ew

earmings opport=nities - to selected taret 3roups; and to ccmbine the purposes

of the programs rith those of adult literacy and. nerazy programs, making a

wider variat7y of educationa. atd, traInIng op;ortunities available to both

adults and youths.

The fiancial and adkinistrative costs of vocational training pro-

grams are high, as there are many demands that are placed on the institutions

responsible for developing and implementing them. Several urban and rural

regions may aeed vocational craining programs, but there might be money

available for only a few. tn addition, the developnent of a program within a

region usual7 has. to be decided within the national as well as the regional

context. To improve the coverage and reduce the costs of rural vocational

training programs, several alternatives can be coutemplacad: establishen,:

of permanent or mobile training centers; implemantation of self-help schemes,

based on the provisiou of L=truct:on and equipment, but using locally

prnvided buildings and materials; full-can or ar-tea courses; and a range

of f±n.andcL arngements ixvolving mixture of subsidies and local contribu-

tions."

- 1L,4 -

Fage 4

'Services for research and technical asslstance. Rasearch :ito

"appropr-ata" tachnolo7 for small-scaLe entarprises and agrcultue has

received extensive attent-onf t the literature o2 development policy and

financial. suppor in tha rural development programs of severaL countries. 121e

research bears dxectLy on ruraL. nonfa= activtties ta thar thay may- be. usaers

of the "appropriata' techn:ques, or mufacuera of thet (for agriLtuze).

Ta destrability of research is not =uch of an, Lssue. What ts

ac issue ts whether the research Ls relevant and useful. Mach of the. research

is now done in urban-based insti.tutes, and it has been. suggestad that much of

it .muld best. be dane in rural areas - in agricultura. research stations,. for

example, or in regional. radmng centers for etenson workeLs, cocperative

leaders, and. project managers. The suggestion is based on the belief that

research tn rural, areas .uld be mora accountabla and that there would be a.

mara extensive questioning of resulas; that. the research would be mora sensi-

tive,o locaL problms; that more feedback fro the users, the extension.

agent, and the project and cooperative managers would result.; and that it

would be better to use tranug centers and agriculturaL research sations as

vehicles for field tasting and demonsatioU. In view of the extent to which

the results are potantiaLly relevant for rural areas and towns, these sugges-

tions are worth considering wherever fancially and adNraively feasible..

Agricultural extension services serve to in=oduc new tachnologies

and farning practices; it has been suggested that nonfar= extension services

might ser7e a simil1ar pur-pose with respect to nonfarn acti7ities. Analysis of

a ==mber of gover=ent progra-s, however, has shown that nvaion and the

upgrading of skills and techiaques in nonfarm activitries are =ore appropriataLy

MiE Cpag e 5

aomplished through vocational ra±inn programs, I/ Noufara extension

progras need to be considered for quite dlfierent purposes, Wich are =are

adLinistrative and ad7isory in natue·:

- They can promota trading activity> by provting assistance to

cooperati.ves and individuaL businesses in identdfytng arkets

or organizations that 'ilL. purchase in bulk for Larer markats.

S RaLatad to this, tbay can provide assistanca to coperatves and

individual. buinesses in obtamnEn credit for ives=ent and

Worcing captaL.

Sch ass±stance 13 often prov!ded in connection wih rual 1andi-

crafts, as L= mndia and Iran. Therpe has been =uch less exerLence, however,

with regard ro the other kinds of nonfarm ac.tivit:ies d;.isued in this paper.

Nolnfarm extexnsion. services do, however, rmertc cosideration and analysis in

sittarions wthere. sigificant pcs4ibilities exist for widening a region' s

trading acti-7ty, or whara they cmight be needed to implement or lmprove credt

and banking progras.

Apart fr= helping Ixprove trade and operLnng up accesa to credit.,

the experience vi.th bandiLcrafts suggests that extension agents assisti.ng

nonfarz activities --ould probably have to udertaka anuber of secondarw

(though nevertheless important) duties. These ould include, for instance,

Zroviding assistance to a region's representatjves in applying for infra-

strue'.ral. projects and vocational raining serrtces; providing clarical. and

1/ A discussion can be found in a recent Bank publication.: hilip E.Coombs with Manzoor Ahmed, Attacing lural ?overty: How No±ormalEducation Can elp, ed. B. 3. Israel. (alimore and London: The JohnsHopki.ns Uiversr.7 ?rass, 1971).

- 25 -

A2TNI~ CPage 6

adin14tratiLe.T help to.cooperatives; ac tively encouraging ivest=ena aA the

acqustrion of Uew skills; and, sometimes, complementing vocational =raiLng

progras by encouraging buslnesses to use improved equipment. and produc:tion

nertods or to maka. new prod.ucts for locaL or outside =arkats., With thi-

possibla exception o -regions of subsistence and "semisubsistence" agricuL-

t=%, it seema nreasonable to add such ducies = those of tte agricultral

extension agents. Also, as tn handicrafts, a =ultiavel adInstrative

structure would probably be zeeded to provida bureauc=acic support and ialson.

with specializedi institutions in ccerca and =anufacturtng. Traling courses.

for prospective extension agents dealing with. ona= act:Lvities are another

mattar requiring detai.ed attention. Several countries have reported negative

experiences with technical assistance for nonia= activities; chese experiences

can probabl7 be avoided by basing the training provided on an analysis of the,

needS of small encar2ises."

?age 1

?Ublications related to 'World Bank Research ?roiects and Studies

(a) Research on Substitution of Labor and Zquizment in.Civil Constr-uction: Stud'-relatad Publications: 1971-L978

(1) Remorts an Phases t and 11

Study of the-Substitution of Labor and Equioment in Road,Construction,Phase 1: FIna-1 Revort (Z3RD, October 1971) out of print

Study of the Substitution of Labor and Equioment in Civil Construction,Phase II: FInal Reort (13R.D, Stat! Working .aper No. L72, January1974.).. out of. print

Study of the Substitution of Labor and ami;ent in Road Construction,?hase 1I: Tachnical Raport No. 1 (3RD, Februa7 1975) out of ri=.

Iron Deficiency AneMia and the Productivit7 of Adult Malas in Indonesia(13RD, Statz Working Paper No. 175, April 1974)

Some AsDects of Unskilled Labor Markets for Civil Construction in Zndia:Observations Based on Field Investigations (13RD, Staff orking PaperNo. 23, Naoveber 1975).

(ii) Technical Memoranda on Phase III

Technical. Memorandu No. 1

Comparison of Alternative Design Wheelbar'ows for laulage in Civil. ConstructionTasksJanuary 1975

AL coparison is made of productivit7 In haulage of-dilfferent designof wheelbarrovs. Two-wheel and one-wheel barrows, solid tired vs. pneumaticrubber tired ba=rows, and ball-bearing vs. bushed bearing wheels for barrowsarm investigated. Om the basis of 6 weeks of trials, it is concluded that alight-weight, single-wheel barrow with a scooter-tire and ball-bearing whee.s,is the most economical type of wheelbarrow for earth haulage. (Sea alsoTechnical Memorandum No. 13 (October 1975)).

Technical Memorandum No. 2Lncreasing Output of Manual Excavation by Work Raor3anization: An EZxampleof Passing ?lace Construction on a Mountain Road January 1975

The Paper deoustrates the need for proper or3anization of labor-intensive tasks of civil construction. It is shown that for ecavation andhauling activities, labor productivity can be increased two to thmee fold with(i) proper work organization, (i) incentive payment mecteds, and (iii) properselection and Maintanance of hand tools.

- 123 -

aNZ DPage Z

Woria was carrlad ou on a passng place construction on a 2unta.2road in Uorther% India. Using the improved orgnization and work procedures,output per man-tnur for excavation and haulage of earth was increased. fr,o0.11 cubic alerars to 0.28 cubia meters.

Tachnical Memorandt No. 3Compariso. of DZfarenz Uades of Eau.Lage i. EarthworksJune 1975

A compar:son is ade of the economics of- earthmoving usingdifferent combinations of labor and capital. The range of alarnativesvaries from entirely fabor-imtens:ve methods to fully equipment-intetsIvetethods. Intarmediate technoligics are introduced based on the usage ofbetter modes of manual haulage and with the use of anl-als. The inter-mediate technologies are found to be generaly econmical for uskilled. laborwage ratas of $0.75 per day, or less. Equipment-inten:sive %ethods. are fon4. rnbe' optimal for wage. rates of over $1.00 per day.. The craditional.& labor-intan-sive nethods are not found to be efficient- under any- asstaptions of wagerates.

Techn.ical Memorandum No. 4ffect, of Health and Nutrition Status of Road Construction Works In

Northern India on Productivit:yJanuary 1975

A pilot study was conductad to assess the health and nutririon.status of a opulaton of road cnst-rcton workers in the mou=tainous regionof Northern India. CJnical, dietary and blochemicaL analyses were car-:edout for a sampla of 198 workars belonging to to discinct groups. In addition,the output of workers in. haulage was neasured over a period of six weeks. A.number of health and niutitional dežiciancaes era observed. Among these nTeravitamins i and 3 comple, calories, fats, ser= folic acid and red cellfolata. SIgnficant variations t work output were observed. Output of onepopulation Labor was positively correlated with homatocritia levels, bu= nosuch corralatiou existad for the other populat:ion. For both groups, outputwas strongly correlated vith height, weight and ar circumference. 3wever,beca-use of several limitations of data., it was not possibla to relatad workournut to any of the other healt:h and nu=titlon variables. It is beltavedthat these effacts would be discernjUble in an inter7ention study In whichLnter7ention ts undertaken to correct one or zore deficiencies. Future workis planned in this diection.

Technical Memorandu No. 5Comparison of Eand-Laid and Machine-Laid Road SurfacesZebruar7 1975

A. comparison is made of the quallty of hand-Laid with machine-laidroad surfaces on a surfacing project in Ind!a. The machine-la,d surface wasfound to be markadly superior with a rideabillty ratio of 2.5. Densities ofasphaltic concreta for the t-o mechads were similar. Enwever, the cost of

129 -

Page 3

band-la4d surface -4as csideraby Lower than that of the paver-laid surface=der Zadian conditions. It should be acted that the sur±acing by lhand wascarried out usi=g labor imo had to training ia the opera"ion and to did octemploy even elemear7 tools. 1: is felt that the qalit of hald-laid,surface could be significantly i=prved. by makizg a fa si=la changes.%uture -ork is planzed in chis area.

7echnieal Yfemorandon No. 6iaulage with Lift of carials: Liftiag Sand by Rope,,ayFebrary 1975

In labor-inten-sive haulage activities, labor productlvity i3sreduced substantial-7 if the materials have to be lifted over more than acertain height. This paper describes an. xperiment La which sand was to behauled over a distanCa of 100 metars and a lift of a mtetars. Ianual pro-ductivity was increased three-fold by the introduction of a ropeway arrange-ment wbich ;as manual77 operated. Applications of such = arrangenant arepossible in constructia of embanlennts and in haulage of excavated materialsfrom cana.l beds.

Technical Memorandum No. 7?roductivity Raes of Earthoving Machines'lay 1975

This ?aper attempts to arrive at soma agree=ent as to what couldbe considered as "average" productivizy of machines ased for earth haulage.It studies the productivities of four basic machines - bull-dozers, motorizedscrapers, towed scrapers, and front-end loaders - !rom various sources andunder varying conditions. By comparing the various sources of productivityand the Way machine productivity is affected by both the mechanica.L and thejob condition characteristics, the paper recomends some adjustment factorschat could be used to calculate machine productivities of Catarpillar equignent

A "Suppleent to Technical MAnorandum No. 7" was publishedin August 1975.

Technical Memorandun No. 8A. Field Yanual for the Collection of Productivity Data from CivilConstruction ProjectsJuL 1975

The collection of productivity data. is che.first (and last) stepin any systematic procedure for choosing the "appropriate" technology to carryour a zarticular civil construction project. This =anual describes a systemfor productivity data collection that is simple and concise enough for fielduse. It is specifically designed for applicacion to labor-intensive construe-tion projects.

-*130-

.ANNEM DPage 4

Technical Memorand=n No. 93eport of First Road Demonstrarion, ProjeccAugust 1975

A, suahar7 is given of obser7atioas and measurements takan duringone const-uction season (1974) for a. mountain road project ia north-wesitrndia. 7a addition to recording overall productivities for the season' swark, experizents and/or studies were made of the uain operations, incIudingearthworks (forzation cutt:ing), aggregater production, the- transporcation, ofmaterials, the laying of sub-basa and base layers, and surfacing work. t:was concluded that measurable improvements i productvit7 of labor-ina:ensivetasks was achieved by, the re-organization of work procedures and/or the useo-f modified or new eq%dpen.

Technical Hemorandum No. 10A- System of Deriving 3,ental Charges for Construction Equipment.August 1975

This paper investigates the requirements and aims of costingprocedures for plant and equipaent on civil engineering projects withoarticular reference to developing ccuntries. Various existing systemsof eqnipment rental charges are azanined. and a particular systen is recom-mended for use by public ;orks authorities in developing couctries. Methodsfor derivation of thea various elements of the charging system are described.in detaJl.

Technical .emorandm Io. 11A-Licarature Review of the Ergoucmes of Labor-lntensive Civtl ConstructionAugust 1975

This is a su=mary report of a literature study of the ergonomicsof Labor-intensive civil, construction casks. Some examples of potentialuses of the subject are included in the appendices. The conclusion isreached that further work is necessary to raka full use of this science.

Technical Memorand= 'To. 12aaulage by geadbaskats, Shoulder Yokes and Other Manual Load-Carrying MethodsOctober 1975

This memorandum describes the use of headbaskats, shoulder yokesand other manual Load-carr7ing nethods traditionally used in civil constructiz..:a addition, relationships for estimating productivity using headbaskacs arepresented, based on a sinle theoretical .ork cycle "calibrated" by using theresults of -roduction studies currently available. -An illustrac1ve azzapleis also given snowing how the cost of headbaskat haulage can be calculatedby the using the productivity data presented.

MINEX DPage 3

Tachnical fe=orandL: 'o. L3The Use of iheelbarrow tz Civil ConsructionOctober 1973

This YAmorandum desc:ibes :ba characteristics of whelbarroma,the mecbanics of their use, various aspects of their design and features ofwheelbarrov working, all ith particular reference to the task of haulage Incivi-construction. T= addition, relationsdips for estinating productivit7using wheelbar-tows are presented, based on a simple work cycle that has beencalibrated by using the results of productivity s-tudias currently available.

An earlier Memorandtm (No. 1) dealt -with some limited erperientswith whaelbarrows. This Manoranda describes mew wrk 4hich is complementaryto chose exPeriments.

Technical Memorandum No. 14aardware ResearcI Summar7October 1975

This Mienorauum outlines the investigatious into the iald. of hard-ware made I= the Study to date. A sumar7 is given of the scope of futurework plzaned, or needed, in constr=ction hardware research for labour-intensiveand intermediate tec.hologias, primarily in connection with tasks related toearthworks.

Technical Memorandum No. 15The Planning and Control of Production, Productivity and Costs in Civ.ilConstru=tion Projectctober 1975

The plann and efficient control of production, productivity andcosts in a civil construction project is the major task of aite management.This Memorandua briefly discusses planning and describes a control system7hich should assist site managers to -alke sound decisions based on measure-ments and should assist pianners to have more reliable data for future projects.The system described is c=plennary to and compatible with the Hanual for?roductviry Da:a Collection, already issued as Technical -e=orand= No. 3 ofthis series. It is specifically designed for use La labour-intansive constru-tion projects.

*132-

ANNE DPase 6

technical Memorand= !To. 16Laver CranesOctober 1975

ThUs meorand= dascribes the testing of two tyes of manually-powered lever cranes on a canal excavation site im Indouesia. Traditiall4ysoil is moved by headbaskets on such. sites and this iolves the haularslifting their ow bod7eghr as. well. as their payload whenwarkdng over a.rising grade.. It was fil that by Lifting the Load. alone some i=provemen= Inproductivizy could be obtained. The reporr shows that LL lever cranes areused for this haulage activitty several factors combine to reduce the produc-tivity markadly below than for headbaska; haulage and concludes that mually-powered lever cranes appear to have Little application. i' civil constgruction,except for a. very few special. circumstances.

Tachnical Meorandum No. 17CompactionDecember 1975

This paper reviews the techniques applicable to compaction on labor-intensive projects. Zt does not purport to be a treatise on compaction, butdiscusses the on-going processes as aoted'by observers in various countriesand exaines the results of an intervention study carried out on a canal.construction project in Tndouesia where the productivity of various types ofsimale aquipment, powered by animals or hmans, was massured.

Technical hemorandum Ro. 18Spreading Activities im, Civil CnstructionDecember 1975

Spreading is a coon but frequently minor activity in civilconstruction. During the study observatlons have been made of on-goingmethods in earthwrks and pavement construction, including surfacing. Thismemorandum smarises the results of these observatious and concludes that fornon-bitrinous materials there is a relationship becreen the productivity(expressed as output per man-hour, etc.) and the layer thickness. It alsoappears that spreading bituminous materials requires Less effort than thatmeeded for aon-bituminous materials of similar thickness.

Technical Memorandum To. 19zcavacionFeoruary 1976

The activity of excavacian is basic to all. civil ngineeri.gprojects to a greater or lesser exaent. This paper presents excavationdata !ram sites in ladia and rndonesia largaly fr observations of co-goingwork, but im some instances intar7entoin techmiques, such as pre-ripping byplough, ware applied. :t is found that in many cases the excavation activityis tneztricably connected with the loading activity and that in generalLabor- intansive mezhods are very similar in cost zo, and often somewhat

- 133 -

ANNET DPage 7

cheaper than, equipment-iztensi%ve methods. The use of tracIkad or wheelednachines for excavation alone is subst2nIcially more ex=ensi'7e than manual.excavation.

Technical Xamor.andu Jo. 20 .Loading and UzLnloading ActivitiasTebrar7 1976

The Loading and unloading of matarials into or fr== vehicles andother aq uiment are activities which occu= on. all civil coust-.,ction projects.During the study observations have been made of manual. loading and -nloadingof a variaty of equipment using hand tools. This menoranda summarises theresults of these. observations. A full. statistical. analysis of the data showathat. productivity is sigificantly affectad by the payment method beiag usedand the level of supervision.

acbnIcal 'emorandu= No. 21A Literature Raview of the %'Mark Cut;ut of Animals with ?arttaular Reference totheir Ise in Civil Constuction.February 1976

This i, a summary report of a literature study of the work outPut ofanimal and the factors which affect animal productivity. it is intended as acompleentary ==orand=n to Tecnical Meorandon No. 11 on human ergonomics,and should be read in conjunction with it. The couclusion is reached thatfurther wvork is necessary and that special attention should be paid to thework of animals when used on civ7il construction casks and to aarticularproblems this ;ork may cause.

Technica.l Hemorand= No. 22Eaulage Using Aerial RapewaysJune 1976

This paper discusses the results of experimental field studias withropeways, and outlines the scope for using aerial ropemays in labor-intensiveconstruction work. Zt is shown that in appropriate circumstances a si=pleropevay installation can give significant reduction in umit cost of haulagecompared with manual load carr7ing.

(Note: Part of the technical material. in this paper formed the subject of aprevious memorandum in this series (No. 6) entitled 'Raulage with LLf6

Materials, Lifting Sand by Ropeway'.)

Technical Mmorandum 'o. 23The Use of 3ail. Syscems La Civil Construction

This neorandim describes the methods of assessing the suitabilityof rail systems for haulage work in civil colstrction and describes varioustypes of systems used experimental'7 for such Wrk La Mdia.

ANE DPage 8

Technical iemorandum 'o. 24The Use of Agricultural Tractor/Trailar CmbinartionsJune 1976

This meorand=n describes the use of agricult:ural tractors to baulcoustruction materials in trailers, explains the probles in thei= use anddiscusses ways of overcoming these problms. Various options are analyzed:,such as: :he choice betmeeu car- acrL fouz-wheeled trailers, tipring trailersand ballAsting of the tractor. A. large portion of the menorandt is devotedto the question of load transfer ftom =aile= to tractor and to the marzner in.which this affects the traction available to the tractor. The paper gives a.numerical. guide to the selection of appropriate combinations of tractor andtra.ler size for a given haul rouna surface and gradient, followed by anaxplanacion of how to calculate. the tnLubers of laborers and trailers required.Detailed instructions for calculating productivity and uni costs are given,and the relative aerita, in. cost terms, of tack. afd tractor/trailer haulageare discussed. The memorandu ends with a. review of other implenents availablefor use in conjunction, with tractors, such, as. rippers, graders and. rollers.

Technical Hemorandum '*o. 25Aggregate ?roductionJune 1976

Aggregacas are extensively used in civil consrction and the cost oftheir production is often a significant part of the total project cost. fsuitable aggregates can be gathered (with or without screening) from sourcesclose to the site, then this will probably be the cheapest method of production.However, it is usually necessary to cxush or break quarried rock and/orcollected boulders to produce aggregate of an acceptable size, shape and,strength. These tasks are caried out by mechanical. crushers or by labor-intensive methods using hammers. Although a crushing plant can be highlyautomated, a significant number of laborers can be employed with smal'-scaleequipment for such activities as loading and hauling to stockpiles.

This memorandu discusses aggregate production with particular rear-ence to labor-intensive and semi-labor-intansive methods, and. gives tmeresults of field obser7ations of productivity. As a result of these obser7a-tions it is concluded that for handbreaking of stone the size, shape andconstruction of the hammer is important, and more attention meeds to be givento the steel used for the hammer head. Ta addition, there appears to be arelationshlp beteen manpower required for manual breaking and the size ofproduct, reduction factor, and hardness of the rock being processed.

Cost comparisaus at a daily- wage rate of US.0.5 suggest that thereIs a break-even aggregate size between 15 and Z5 =m. above which manual breai4ngis generally cheaper than using crushers. At that wage rate and for 1975 costs,the cost of producing aggregates are, typically, about TJS$C.1 per coone for150 m. output size, US$0.8 per tone for 50 on. size and US$2.0 per conne _'or1.5 a. size.

- 135 -

ANE DPage 9

Technical Memorandum No. Z6The Relationship of Xunition and Eaalth to orker ?toducti,ity in aKnyaMay 1977

ndrturion was shove to be ccmmon in 231 road workars sur7eyedLa highland and coastal areas of Kanya. Using low Paighc for he4ht asavidenc,e of underucrition, it was shown that this is sigaificantly7 corelataedwith Lower wrkar product:vity. An intervention with 700 ==a calarias perday for 3 co 4 weeks (average 25 dayv) reversed this trend. It lad to signLfi-cant gains ia weight, in arm circumference and in skinfold thic.ess. Theintervention therefore had a. positive lapact on autritional status of theworkars, as compared to a sacharine placebo, but because of time constraints,showed no effect on increased worker productivity. An-ia was very cammon inthe coastal areas. Zt was associated with aarasitic infaections sarasiticinfections pa=ticularly with hookwor:ms i the iatestinal tract, and withuzinary schistosomiasis. 3oth of these parasites cause a loss of blood andtherefore of iron. orker producivi.ty as signiacantly correlated withhemog.lobin levels. An inter7enrion with iron (600 mg. ferrous sulphate)resulted i= a rise. Ina hemoglobin and in hematocxiC Levels, and a small Increase

.in worker productivity, as c.ompared to grous gven. vitamin C tablets. .Theinterventions to supply appromnaely 700 =tra calories and to provide regulariron therapy- were found to be acceptable azd feasible.

Clearly the provisiom of food at -rk_- to the Laborers ;orking on theRur.al Access Roads -ould be beneficial to them. It would be eapected to improvetheir health and arutitional status, to reverse the Peight loss that they aresuffering, and it could, be expected over time to icarese worcer productivity.There is a need for a. =ial of different foods and alternate delivery systemsfor workar feeding. Coversely, in areas of Kenya where ane-ia may be coon,the regular use of iron tablets by workers is likely to have a beneficialeffect on both health and worker productivity. Similarly the treament ofcommon parasitic diseases such as hookworm and schistosomiasis will improvehealth, reduce the prevalence of ancia, and probab 17 increase productivity.Sowever, treatment of these parasitic diseases is only a temporary controlmeasure. Ta the long == appropriate public health measures in the cammityare needed to control these diseases.

Technical Memorandum No. 27aaulage Using Anizals in Civil ConstructionTebruary 1978

This memorandtm describes the traditional nethods of haulage usinga-minals obserYed during the study in -idia. The results of the analysis ofproduct.vity data are presented and discussed.

Cost analysis shows that nder certain conditions, ani=als can becopetitive with other haulage modes. 7or distances over 150 m. animalsare cheaper than fom of manual haulage for the wage rates and costs typicalof that region. At long distances the advantage of animals over mechanisedtransport is that they are less dependent on a good haul =oure condition.

- 136 -

-ANNE DPage 10

Pack animals may =ork on steeper grades and rougher routes than carts. Ztshould be moted thaz a considerable degree of skill and &ncwLedge is :equiredto work effectively with animals.

Lechnical Memorandum No. 28Hand Tools for Earthworks and Stone 3reakingFebruary 1978

This meorandum describes hand tools used. In the excavating and.Loading activities in, Labor-inensive earthorks and hand haers suitablefor stone breaking. Guidance is offered on the selection.of appropriacteearthworking tools for various soil conditions and Working methods. Thedesirable features of design, materials and construction of the tools arediscussed. Wherever possible, reference is made to national. standard. speci;-fications and simple mechanical tests in line with such specifications arerecomended.

Zt has to be emphasized that the practice of providing thecheapest cools available for manual wrkers is false economy and. onlytends to increase labor costs because of low labor productivlity. It isfor chis reason that manufacturing standards for the tools which are to beused are very necessary.

(b) Research on Axprnoriate Techuolog7 for Water Supolv and ;aste Disposal.

(i) "Appropriate Technologies for Water Supply and Sanitation in DevelopingCountries" Publication Series:

Vol L. Appropriate Sanitation Alternatives: A. Technical andZconomic Appraisal

VoL 1. Appropriate Sanitation Alternatives: A Field Manual

Vol III Realth Aspects of Excreca and Sullage Management: A Stateof the Art Review and Annonated 3ibliography.

Vol r7 Low Cost Technology Options for Sanitation: A. State of theArt leview and Annotated 3ibliography 11

701 7 Socio-Cultural Aspects of Water Supply and Excreta Disposal

VoL V! Country Studies in Apropriate Sanitation Aternatives

7o1 77 Low Cost Desi&n for Water Distribution.

1/ ?--pared by International Develotment Research Cantre (.D.L.C.) incooveration with the World Bank. ?ublication is available 6:m

DRC Box 8500, Ottwa, Canada K19 19.

-137-

ANE D

Page 1U

(ii) Addi onazl papers C=sltng from parallal research activitias:

(a) Mcasuement of the Realth Uenefis of Invcstmenzs in loaterSupply, World Eank, PUN 20, Jan. 1976

(b) Nightsoil Co=posting, Uorld 3ank, ?.a. Uaport No. US lla, 1973

(c) A End-?=p for ural Areas of DevelopIng Countrtes, orld Bank,?.C. Raport No. RES 9(a), 1978

(d) Development of ?VC Vel Screens for local Fabration, WorldBank, .. Raport No. RZ3 L4, 1978

(e) Tsting of 'Aoodbeari.ngs for Hand ?mps, World 3ank, ?.4. SaportNo . 3S 13, 1978

- 1.38 -

A=NE E.Pa.ge L

A. Aorara teTehnology Seminar. Series

The Office of the Science and Technology Adviser sponsors aregular "Appropriate Technology Seminar" series to introduce promisingcopics to Bank staff. Featured speakers have inciuded. Bank staff membiersas well as i-vited specialists fr the "Appropriate Technology" comunity.Over 12 seminars have- been giveu in~che 1977-78 fiscal year. A Lise ofseminars is as follows:

June 30, 1977 Dr. X. Jequier, (OEC)"New 3sues in Appropriata TechnoLogy".

September 23, 1977 T. Spingh, (C2S Education Depart=enc)"Appropriate Technology in Tanzanian Agr.cultue"

Occover 7, 1977 Ms. 0. Julius, (C2S Energy, Watar and. Tele-conicat.ions Department)"Appropriaa TechnoLogy in Wacer Supply and.

Wasta Dispoav

November 7, 1977 M,s. T. Sato, (East Asia and ?acific CountryPrograms) and C. Canemark, (C2S TransportationDepartment)

"Appropriace TechnoLog7 in Rural Tranportation"

November 3, 1977 .. Lal, (International. Insti:ute of TrCpical-Agriicuue)

"No-Fill Frig

November 11, 1977 R. McCUlagh, (Rodale Press)"pedal Pover - Its Applications in Developing

Countries"

December 20, 1977 J. Courtney (Cps Urban Departent) and R. Slingsby(Consultant, Office of Science and Technology)"Appropriace Technology in 3Uilding Construction

- Experiences from Ghana, 3otsvana, Rwanda"

January 10, 1978 7.7. Bhatt (Develoment !conmics Depart-ent)"äppropriate Far= Technolog7: The Rote of

Financial Insicucions in Developmen:Indegenous Tachnology - Case Study of theSwaraj Tractor"

January 17, 1978 E. Nadeau"The Nadeau Locm - A Loc= for Cottage and Small-

scala Industries"

-39-

?age 2

ebrmaxy 28, 1978 Dr. N. Vieteyer, (National Academy of Sclencas)"New Crops or por peopla"

arch 21, 1978 Dr. N. Seldeman (Iastitute for tcal Self Rmliance)and .L Sf air-Yoi=s (2s griculcture Depar=ment)

"Solid Waste cyling"

April 27, 1978 Dr. G. Friend, (Office of ppropriaze Techoloy,Ca.lifo rnia)

"M.upean S0n U Far :acology

May 8, 1978 Dr. Bela Mody (Institute for Comic-ati.onsR.asearch, Standford University)

TTha Indan Sa-ellite Inst:rutional Televti0son.Experiment , (5SIE)"

July ZI, 1978 ?LE1T (Non ?rmfic, cbaritabla reliaf organization, j...A.)"Cmunicarions and Prmar7 Hesalrå Serices"

July 31, 1978 F. Arbab ("umdacion para la Aplicacion z la Esenanza

de Las ciencias, (FUNDAEC), Colombia)"Rnral Engineering Education Program"

September 28, 1978 S. Blake, (Wind ergy- Systems, T.S.A.)"Wind Electric Generationt

November 13, 1973 Mr. P. Martotra, (Sociata pour la Development du"Petrola V0rt")

"anufacture of Ethyl Alcohol: Some Considerarionsin the use oi Agrtcultural Raw Matertals toProducea Mor Fuel in Developing Countries"

December 12, 1978 E. Bown (Natual Resources and Energy Unit,East-West Center, gbuolula)

" Nätwori of Energy Pollcy Rasearch Institutionsfor the Asia-?acific Regio"

January 4-, 1979 WOLD series from WGER (Public) T.7., 3ostot"The Nguba ConnectLon"

Februar7 8, l979 J. Domiguez-jrosa (Fconomic Develoment :nsti:ute)"VillagePoychcs

Other Departments have sonsored aing seminars for Bank staif.The folowing series of seminars was sponsored by the nåust=iaL Develoenzand Fine Deparenct:

Febroary 18, 1977 lr. George 'c.:obie, IG"Appropriate Technologies for Smal. Industries in

Developing Countr4es"

- 140 -

Fage .3

March 30, 1973 Mr. Richard Norse, zast-west Canter"Entrepreneu~rship Develoment"

April 20, 1977 ,r. Laurin 3. Zart (foc=erly SBA)" a Soa.l I :ndute.as rhrough Zquit7

?a:ic4.pa.tLot ai Guarata Sehameg"

Juna 13, 1977 r Joseph. E Stepanek"An novati7e Approach to a. Small Industr

Developent Strategf'

Junel116/17, 1977 Mr=. Yap Uia Han, Centre. foer Management andInduariaL- Developent, Rotterdam, Nacherlands

"'Tha ?vision of TechnicaL SerTicas -or RalJ.ScaLa Industzias"

"?h7sical Fa.iias for SmaLl Entrprises"

July 19, 1977 'r. Robert Hltz, 7ederatiLon intra=tioule deiPet:tes et \oyennes Z.treprises I.dustriaLelles(FI2M)

"Government Poýlicias in RealatLa co SaallIndustry Develoment'

Sepcember 14, 1977 Yiessrs. J. Lvttsk7-and. C. Gadersea"InustialEstates - Concepts andIplenao"

Aar~uriat& Technology and

Wcrld Bank Assistane to he ?ar:

A~ Suapplementary Zapot on Small.-Scale Industy

Zdures a.ery, oplaiots Zo~, ad

zh coc=.., Dev&lopme=z :n=C:=Zf

Can=ral ?-rzjde-:.S Sea.:*; rLdý ?.a=nk

7oer-= 1979

Page No.

I. Appropriate Techoloy in Spec:ific Sectors of 3an1 Operations.... 1(continuad for previously treated sectors) -

A. Indutry (Artisans and Small-Scalft Idusry). . ...... 1a. IlUstative Project: Uppe= volca Artisan,

Small ad Mdim-Scal* E=terprise Pojet........ 1

3. 3ural EducatIOU ......................

a. Illustrative Project: Uanya IT Zducatio= j(Asaista=c* to Craft Training Canters)

b. Researth =n 'Radio for Iducatiou ad Developme' ..... 6

C. Intoductio. of Morc Efficient Wood 3uring.Stovesinto, ?crestry7 rojecz31 ................... 7

a-c esgnn Wood Based Energy5. Projects.................... 7

II. Appropriata Technolog7 in the. Population Sector ................ 11

. ?5licy Backgrmund Gleaching the Villages) .............. U.

b. The Uk ?cpulätion prmg== .............. 2

C. I1lustrive ?roject: T-way Radio C*nnm.mca-tion Pilot Study Cmponent of the proposedBa=gladesh 2nd ?opulatiu Project ................. 17

IIi±. ApPropr-iata Technology il% ZCO=omi= Develo~-tn InstitUte Co=les. 20

a.. Background and TrainIing App=roah ....................... 2o(DI' s Traizing Approach)

1. Appropriate Technology :ontent of Courses ............. 23

Itroduction

Selectad zanples of the 'Warid Bank's use of approcriata technolog3

to alleviata poverty problems im its davelopi=g member countries bave been

presented in tva earliar raparts.

"Appropriate Techology in erd Bank Activities", July 1976, describes

efforts of :be Ban.k to assess, to evaluaca, and when aecessary to prmots

cacnological innovacious appropriaza to developing cntries.

"Appropriate Technology and 7orld Bank Assistance to the Poor", tch

1978 (updated Tebruary, 1979) preseuts an operational definUmon of appro-

prilata tacology, presents relevant eaerpts fr= sector docuents and

describes. procedures used in the ank to insure that appropriate tacolog7

is used in ank-financed projects im specifir sectors (including ubanization,

rural development, high=ay costrtction, eduation, health, industry and

torestry). Also presented in that report &ar sumaries on research projects

f1manced by the Bank.

his. supplamentar7 report atands the lattar report to cover opera-

tions relacin to the use of appropriata mchnology in the population sector

and projects which illustrate dilffarent aspects of t!e use of appropriate

tactnoloS7 != lzdust=r (artisans and smal-scals Indiustr7), -ral education,

and forest ener3.

The report concludes -4th a description. of courses Siven != the

=2aning progran of the Scoomic Develo=mn Ztrae (Z.D.I.) which focus on

the appropriate choica and transfer of tachnology.

A briag s2a is Presented o Cha 3ank. fzacg& study ca 'Mu:lc

fior Uca10o1 azd DevelO=ent.' . l Als0, at* reSULts 01 . zComPlate4 stdyo

C!a "TechnQog fM r nraL DveloPment' has beeu remently puhlIshad as a. World

Bank Stalt WorkzZ 2.aper. 2/ . descitpcI o£ bort stidUSma pr~setgcL 1.n

"Ap ±a taTaholOgy and World. 3ank AsstacL ä. tha Pa=".

,Spai= P, Jaizcu. D., MX-A=, E. (Edå) `2dio :or 'duca=-4c and Devco-m-nt: Ca4e SZadlcs" 7o1ez L a=d 2, Wo*rld 3a-k Sta:E- ?eda aper NO.266, 1977.

2/ Mc:zzer=e, J. ?. "Tectnology !or RUlral Devclocnen=" *Srid Banlk Staȣ--Weciag Pper o. 25,L978.

IAk. Amroriata Technology in Indust. (cen' d)

(Illust-ative Upt-ect:) Goer Valta Art±san, Sma1_i and yediumScale

Enterorise Pro iect

The orld Bamk is providing a al and tachfc2i assistanre

(Crc-759-UV, $4,o milleou) to elyen generation need3 L mall and

wediur-scale etarprises in upper Volta. The project becam* effective in

July 1973.

The project has thref ajor components:

L) credIt for =odern sector, small an&t medl=-scala entarpr±s-s and

tecbaAc assistance to the local fnancIal. inteedlary, Banque Iat4onal

de Dvelppan (3D);

2) technical assistancc to the = protion and follow- p agecy, the

Offica de ?rooo des rnterprises Voltaques (OL7);

3) Credir- in-kind and extansion servtces ta artisans through the Centre

Nationala da P?erfae.ionemeent des Artsan aurau (=UA).

Althaugh thm fUrst to cponenCs citad above are together epected

to bave Important ePloyment ration ad institution buildinL-g effe:ts, it is

the Lat=ar cmponent. (=oitng to $82O,000 or 1=Z of the total credr amount)

whUch is based wholly on. provisan of d enous tcnol-ogc.

ArtLsan Tarer Cro: The- tazget group of recipints is rural

and =ba art4sans. Although litria L=cm data are ava-labla, a==21 ic=e

per art±san, .s hjgåly nljkty to cced $400 equivalen = r year. Liing

and wcrk£=g conditions are larely stabiTizad brck structzrcs with open

air workshops. Electr.ciy is nocnally unavaabJ.e. Average inves=en7 cost

per about L,300 is projected. Indirect employent and incom level. eidfac:s

bave =ot been calanlazad owin ta tha paulrty of data. Art4a productou

vill be bricks, f= im=pl=nt, WoOdea u4an34is a=d probably patter7.

Tactical assistLac prvidad at=Ua= icluda bas s.kill =a<"Jm, acaoun>

1ng for ltraas,, n ad4ce an& (Zb%ut tta =bil adw4so=y tma azi

AEOA direct marating.

CS7ÅC:FAR mas establishad 2. 1971 wir-I suport fr=a MD2 a=d

aSAID ta prov-lde t=lcalew tr£=-Lng ta -uraL artilan. Susqety,CUMML

set · . bila advisory sa7ae (SAC) ta surv4 the prgrs~s, of L:a

rduatas ad to provda then Lit cr"di-inkLd. Anotrh subaidLay

(ARCCHA) produces locally desgne agricultra ime?--: (plas and. waos

I's -nca, suppcrz serves t= e=a CMRA s s*rias to a lager mber

cf rwcJpientz. A=Lka e=etajned at cEJAI. durtn the course of S:udy7, =aka.

heo tools ad lan= ta fabricat- ass piacas for 2h

AuCm!Å agriazlur Implemen. The 71fe is well 1ngratad, pr=vidån

acal assisansc, a&vce om. apprapra tachnologias, credi and ar-katng-

hulp. The $820,000 fr DA provides for th. purbase- of rav matariLs for

the crcdlt-!n-kL=d prvgr!m, inx_c~e exct-sin serrtaes ta rae=l. =ore

ar.Isas i= -,ta bush a=d prevtousl7 ntzuchd rba= egihborhocds, and

tactcal assistanc.

As of De-ember 1, 1978, eendle,rs bad been ad* to r=c=%L

:ta Ci a hial assistazca ts= and for te purchase of tba 1nitial

stock of natarial for te pndt-i-g . Mie tirst artisanal

subloan recuestz are =-epetad soon.

-. 3-•

3. (1) lural lducaion (Conltinued f=om Chaoter II. D. in a te)

.I= tha rural areas of several developing Co=tres, jobs are

increasing at far too slow a rata to absorb all the. school laavers, and the

zeed for appropriata tr14xl for yoth is urgent. The Bank has provided

uport to educational program dexi~ t= creata oppcrt=utiles for employ-

ment witbi= rural c~muitias. Cnm such program, the Yourh DeVelopment

?rogra of Uanya, aims at provdng Spcfic forms of tr1nng and sIl

development programs within a. satting relevan to local needs. tie- delJvery

syst= is base< r o raft Tr.lig Canars (fomerly lnow as Villae oly-

tachnIcs) . Other ±-4 1 programs are the CO=ity Educaion Cantars and

IraL taZI Canitars that exist at both the d1is=tr and villae level

in TIall-I 2, and Tcaional usal. Cantars i= Nrthern Nigerta. Miese

proras are functional (for wl-ildentfed taret groupg), fo= a= ineall

part of other rural development actiLties, and are replIcabla in that their

costs and manaertal requiremnts and in tha abillty of tha. coMC7 to pay for

them.

Tllustrative Project: Ken" Fourth Education ?ro ject: Craft TranIn Center

The Youth Dvelopnent ?rogra of Zna wa is i ated in 1971 to

f!nd an effecttve sol=Uon for yo=Ä nm~plcymenr and uder-n=ployMent i=

rual areas of the cot.7 Th:e cbjeciIvei of th* progrm, as daw up by the

Youth Develop=ent Div1son of the Minist7 of Sousin and Social Ser7ices,

vere:

(1) To belp prImary sctaol leavers :o develop sk.l.s and

arcudes which lead them to inccme ear. acuc=s

n ru.ral areas; and

(Ii) Ta balp P= r schal leaverz cm lear = use their.

sills and to develop thefffl~-1 rUs t which

thay live.

M=mr- are C===ntl 194 ruraL l-o tringcn ar rC=C's

Wih eack Qaztz g t, abu 80-WC =raiees.. The C -' catar locaL tenscires

to ral cat inin t s-tanig _1 in agro-business, arny

masonry,'- auto-mechzna, lctricity, home economics, ta.Lortng and metaL

wort. Az present otly abont Z-34 of pr±ary schcoL leavers benefi fro

ha Gveranz of TAnyw requested aå£=stana from. th 7orld 3anc

to eand the CTC progr. . repart by az inarnatcinaL study ta spoasrmd

by M2D, 21 1ni'9tad. that the Cantar play a. usell-L Il iL tranng prLt

Scbol leavers for =ZL emtployment. 2:e qualIZy and ef:fctiveness of the

Cantars were attbutad prdmar:I to:

(a) tnir prc±:to g=wah aras, and

(b) the availabiit of equipemet and cool.s.

Tha Bank has 1cluded a c=penent (des£gned as a pilat program) i=

the ?ourth Education ?roject to assist wth equipnenz and tools an tocarr

out an asssment of the progr= i prepation for possible futrce =aJor

progrs. Te najor subcr;c-nents are:

UI Couan: of corses i=clude carenry (consrcion of rotis and woodenpars of buldings) , zetal-åc (elding and fabrica±ion of aetal produar.ssuch as gates, hoes and chartoal stzves), camiln raw hi.des and leather-work (-k.g and rmpaJring bags, shoes, breases and walts), cand s-imla buin=ess ac:oniting (incldmng touch 7yig).

2/ TORAD-llorMCan. Agenc or 1nt2rar=ona DeveL0-en' (th assista.the Znsttura for Develäoment Studies, Kanya).

(I) Provision of equLment and :ools to about 30 CTC' s:

Abou. 10 of the 30 Cs WL be selacted frm reoate areas.

Traiees ar epected o taka active part In Cohsactin the orksho-ps

(Subc=ponent cost: US$361,400).

(±i) Era=sion of the Zare= Centre for Zesear=h and zraln£ng:

The 1arn Can= has tha objective of Jdentifyng lccal .mrk oppar-

t=;tias and of4er to a limitad n=ber of rainees finanaL loa=s .m support

ini:aL phas.s of tha:r emlyment (or sel-ployet). (osirs by tha

Cantar's staff to trees duriig i:&r ini2ial stages of employent are made

regularly and have bee fo=u of considerzal valua tn givig practLcal

ass:stance and advice as -qal as providng a. valuable feedback of i=£oa-

tion to the Cantra.. Otler object7es of t!: Cantre ar the develøpment o

wcrk program for tb CTC inst=tors, tba- developmenz and. cvalå..atio o

eperimental work progra and the training and coamseing of tachaical staft.

The Cautre is well staffed a=d reeives support from several 7o1=tar7 agences

amd intarnatonal rel.giocus ranations (Subcopoent cost _1: USS65,600).

(il) Evaluatio a:nd assessment of the 30 CTC's (controi. grou):

I h pct of improve aeq nt an he efectvenss of aning

±ill be assessed on ie control group of 30 selectad CTC, nder the suzer=i-

sion of the Tarez Can=pe for Zeseazca ari ns. ZLis 1i e=pec=ad t

prov.de Input int preparation work on possible fure ajor prCgrms in

support of the Yuth Developent proigra. A rogra for =od±tarn and

evaluatng he Cenres wi be reviewed by IA. i additiou evaluation aa

wi.l assess be. guali.y of pr!ene inst:ccors and istructor training progams,

an edctvess of t:e sc!eme in meetig partcuar needs of -men.

L/ Ci.s cost covers assistance to the Iarsn. Care to en.abla he±p.lement subccuponent (L±.i).

(.) Rad-o for Educaro and Develooent

7n 1973, the Ucat±oia Deartent L:ttatad a tu47 desIgS o

l=ProvC its noatio bae o= the role ck radio duca and deloe=

Mmforta. he scudy bad cm pats. he p=ros of Che firt part -ja-s brU:g-

Lura one place, i= a. CC = fomat, a ==hcr of recently C=vleted. casi sdies

o. radlo's use for 1L-schocL educt:ion, for fomaL out-o

for ~fo=al edua±ion, a=d for 1=tarctive davcloea1rn MU..T

resulzs of Cra frt part of ths ztudy appear l= . Spaja, D. Jami<son: ad Z

M2Anany (7ds.) 'adLo for eduaro and develo=meu: case :studes" Tolmes 1_

=d2 okrld Bazk Statt WodrW ?per Sa. .66, May 1977.

Bria2y, tba sudy conluded that radlc has & generi. ntappd

po=a2.a for develoent comm!tn.. Th«e ex-43t3 a L~rge ber of

cass w~ee this potantial has beem frosratad, by zba cous,,r. s ttar opera%a

bath t and outside the mcdi. Tha study- fond on tha wtole, homver,

=are comntes could zore deeply emzlolr the oppr:iias raio providen.

The 1mportaz fnding i.s that developing con s should maka: -.catar use of

rhi.s old resouca o accplish some ot thr n=v developaeur ask. Eduar-

t:otnal radio is, thåretorn, i= =n p a4 approprtata r g technology in

the LDs.

-. 7-

C. It:roducti.on of .More Efficient Wood Burin S~tees, into Forestry proisects

Tha Bank 1s In=aduing components on lnnovatve taclnology abied

at ceonserin existing wood resources into forstry project prearation work.

These projer.: c.m-panenc3 il help to prom~ta ch inducto o£ Lzprcved

woodstove deasig intz rral areas. pro jects Ln 3urndL, Rwanda, MAlavi,

a-nT i, igeria, INIger, 7pper 7ala, .Nepal, Zdia, 3angladesh, 2akist.an,

and hilppine are epectad to clude Chese ccmpoaents. Some consideratious

for project design on wood bazed enery are outlined in tha follovin5 excerpt

from a 3ank paper en±tiled "'Wood as an Energy Sourca". 1/

Design£ng Weood 3ased Z=ergy ?rofects

"T. * . . an' ef£ectie foreast energy project or progr= willl

include o only c=ponents which directl7 lead to creat:on of additional

f,alwod resui-cas, but alsa com ats wh£clh will- ensure more effici4ent us

of energy other rban wood, conserva emjo: ood. :esourcaz and wfich wil

provi4de farer5 with a viable altarnative to their present dependence on

animal dmig or crop residues as -a s±ificant sourca of fu=l for heating and

cooking ." ..

" tBecausa of tta close =tar-relatz<onshlp beir^en forest=y, foddar

and food production, rural forestry progrms teed to be integratad wharever

possible with agricltral or rural develo-=ent project:s. The perceived

aeeda of .ral peopla, partcularly those living i rota areas, usual-ly

include roads, water supplas, heal.th 3s schools, Lmpr=ved seed, fer-

c:L N , access to cred:t, and agrculural etansion services and, under-

szandaby, t!ese shor tar= eeds will, to *hem, ofieu be of higher prioriy

chan long ca= al orestat:ion or soil poserao gra. skar%, ua-l

L/ "The Ganging Zmphas±s in World 3ank ?ores-tr Landing: A simmar7 ofrecant exeriencs and proole areas", J.S. Spears, 'oZzid 3ank 7orestryAdviser, Presentad in Oczzber 1978 3 103rd Anual eetn of Cbe AmerizanForestry Association.

forestry programs wilu be most lkely7 to Succ=ed In areas where an a

approach is being akan. to rn=aL devcLoent; where these otter perIeived

tueeds are bejng ae. and where fornstry is 1cluded a3 pt of an overalL

development package.

*ie,th*. above provis.,. chn. compc~ns o a. wcl l acmecL Inresc

ener proJ:ec: =gtz fT e: -

1. Dstrc level. fue od surveys amed az estizating loca.242ds and assassing ta volue of fuL rescurces alraadyava£lable etber as =a al forss, hoestead planns.and shruhs or hedgernw =es and qanjifying ta siza. o2add.tnaL planZng progras needed to fU]_ tha =Lcner gap

Z. Sociological rescarch ac the villagc level aied az-denifying people' s tert7ed needs and porities and

decanjng ay and :eans of reinforng ilage levelsupid for rral forestry develo=en. progr=ms.

3. Land use sveys aj=ed at delneatng toe La a lands=ore sutabla mn foresy than to ag tU aL prduct:on.

4.. Dearcatio. and. proteLian Cro f:i= and g- - of v-ilageWOod.1ots and techniCal assistanca for prParation of Management proposals for prot=tIon of those area needed to supp7-vIllage frel and fcdder requi eents.

5. Costrcont ot a ae=rk of forest accesg trcks and farestmursertes at the vilUage leveL and production o£ an assredsuppl7 oE seeds or secdlings of Cui:, tut, fuelaocd, pole,l=mber or fodder producing speclas for planting e-ither Invi.lalge moedlots alo- enm1ent3, roadsides, in. hedger=ws,or arond homestads by prtrata faers.

6. EstabLiLstent of exansion servtces at the vt.2lag levelor as an intagral part of dis:cit lavel a orrural develo=ment agencies backed un by rural forsty

education cmpagns and forcszry :njn- rogrms.

7. Strngthning of boch cn al gnveren: and discie: level:orestry serices whch nay Imly, in some cses, r-rentatIon

o organ4 zat±oral sr ct=re to ensure gratar enmpasis on =r21,as opPOsd to indus=all.y or±an:=d, forastr davelomen-t.

3 Banng of professional fores'ry gaduacas, rangers a=drestrs in rural forestry concepts and :chiqiues and

: of -e rv ning fac -li.s werc appropriaca.

9. Itiation of pilot credit progr=s for establishent of treefars by small farmers residing close to established urban arindustriaL :arkat ou.Lets in situations where rees can playa. signifIcant rola as a cash rop.

10. Rsearch into fast growIng ree seciaes, into the technicalproblems and potantial ecoomic benefits of agro-forestryCroP Combinations and Other alled foresc=7 research prObl=s.

11. TaclIn2 ass:stane or- Credit progrs aimed at introductionod innovatory taclaogy such as =ore effic.ant wood buringstoves, simpla sawmiiLug and other ood-=orking nachineryappropriate for village use and i=proveent 1n wood prese"-a-tiou tachniques, all of wh.ch can lead to significant reduetionsi= vod usage and thareby ease. th press=re for develonent ofnew resources.

12. nans±n= of altarnative rural energ7 s"stams at the Iouseholdor vllage level, such as biogas, solar enry, smaLL scalehydroelertr:ia r wind powar generators.

13. Techin1 assistance ar credit in2anced progr=s ained. atIntrodutian of more efficient insulation and heat conserva-tion Iz the ho=e.

14. Eatablsent of cbaroal burnn operations Includ!Lgnduction. of ore e.ffic£ent charcoal ki.ns and, where neassary,Improvement of access, and tansportation systs between forsetand =aket canters.

15. hrough associated agricul=ure ar rural development progras,encourage=ent of production of on-far fodder supplies whichwiU mak it possible for the mall. far=er to stall faed hislvestock and to conserve farmyard. Manure for usa n the farm.

16. Allied t= the abave, rangt tnprovent progras in Zpland areas(e..g. atilizing of. pastares), roatianal grazing and aunialhusbandr7 improvement which wi.l heLp i= the lo9er t--s torelieve graz,; pressure on forest areas.

17. Int=odution. through agricult=re ar r=ral development progræsof cash rops which wLll provide the farmer with. some assuredincoma durn±g the period i.t takes to establ'sh new fuelwoodrasoces. Of articular interest from the forestry point ofview are incme producng tree crops and scope for =ntroducing,for eample, resin tapping, produccion of gs, 0ulti4ation ofsilk, bee-.aeping, production of bark for ø,nng ex act andfru< and nut bear-ng =ops.

- 10 -

"T.= additicn ca thkese1 prozjec-.. neets h Bank a in:,tasgraL

atof the prjec developme pcass is usig its estry n o

as a ans of helping ~e gvernMents tz intrduce lagisLat:ive chans,

*ich would help to ensue that the bjecives of :ral fersr poe

ar chieved as zpidly as possibla.. Tyil, hese ig addtss issuas-

Of land wner3bi? -an u ad e patte=rs, land use practi-es. or ra=ati4n Znd.

c=> rsource c e=vaticn. y isse i.3 likly to be a centraL gvernnu

commcset t decentrumet~ owneship of forest resources so as to enable

indivi-dual-s, vill-age o= distri-ct lavet.isiutcst par-tizipata iz the

cwnership, anagement and. develc;pmez of locaL wcd' ".su-e:s. Wihcut such.

individual or colec:ive coitmen az the village level, lare scala ral

f%restr7 preg---s are =nlikelT tc makm -uch pvzress."

- LI -

11. Aooroariate Technology in the ?ooulation Sector

Patic. 3.ac1cround

3ak population. projects are designed to assist developing coun-

Cries to slow dcwM population growth to permi a fasear iprovement of their

productivit7 and Living standards.-

The following excerpts from a recent paper on World Bank Landing

Policies and ?rocedures in the Population Sector / illustrates the general

approach in this sector. It emphasizes the teed- for i=ovat7e approaches to

provide adequate services at a cost ad level of -sophistication within the

reach of the majority of people in developing countries.

"Ieaching the Villages. Village-level distribution systems =st be

regarded as eztensions of the health system's peri;heral static inita (ruxal

health posts, or simple- maternal and child heal-ch or =idwifer7 centes), which

provide super7isioZ, the resupply of meeded supplies, and referral poiats for

the few clients who develop complications. Consequently, it is usually aot

feasible to extend the governent health Mezrk, or to promote conitybased

distribution, without also extending the ework of peripheral facilities in

the szs areas (i.e., it is rarely possible to exend services and supervision

very far by relying on mobile. services and remate, infrequent supervision).

Thus whether the gover=ent's stratey is based o a "top down" ex:ension of

existi=g health n6tIT!s or the introduction of new "Tottcm up" village-based

services, systam design must cmee to terms with the kind of official health-

delivery systen to be deveLoped i the Aoutry. A great deal of aztition -s

1/ World 3ank Landi:g PoLicies and ?rncedures i the. ?ozulation Sector,The World 3ank, November 1977.

- 12 -

curentl. 7 being given to the~ seach for low-cost s'tes, using ple 3trL-

cres ad reLatieLT l alified paramedial per~el iahour w i ual

health sytems canct be viable iu =et developing ccutries. Eve-n where

offiia.l ac:iendas are flezible enugh wo acapt innovacive ideas, Wl-'

desgned lo%-oat systems wilL at n ica. as int=ded unless: cu-sy

probles c= be verczme - weak field supervti.. and poor logisti=r syst~s

for drugs and other supplies. Clear responsibilities, cbiliyd, good b.asi

and folow-p tain y, and a. c'ascading, of supervisia hrugout :e systec

are essential the etffecti7e supe=Tiio of pe=peal unizs. Th ava:iL-

abilit7 of drugs and other supplies, imcortant to building eC£idenca Ln the

system, depends partl7 on, a good logistics syste and parly on =ney t3

finn prncueenz. Because the'eten=ion o health-care systemS is e=.en-

sive (alrhough a=t as e=pensive as education syitas), mhe 3,ank puts greac

emdasis = n o- achiving tow 1 .apizal an od3erig ezg s ts but alsa e am

exaination of factrs -- such as site seLectiot eritaria, staff mraining, amid

Smcd su=ervisic. - which affact the tilizatia of faciliies. The foregcing

factors are ang those that have the greatest inIuee on the czIt of rural

health-deliver7 systems."

The Bank peculation Program

1. The World 3aUk entered the popularion field in 1969 as a result.

of its concer that :te eurrent high :ates of ppulation growch arc sa ou0

huting te social and ecc£ic deveLoen:t of is ember countries.

A of Oc=ober 1978, wer = ere L6 Bark piulation projec.s i 12

countrias for a total ank cc = ent. of USS214.5 iLlion out of ::cal oject

e:2 3C s5L5.7 cillion, or 42 pertenc; of :e saig '3 e

percen is. providad bp the gver:nts :_e~selves, and 19 percsn3 2 y occer

- L.3 -

donors. The loan in the populatio saector constituta about I percant of

Bant loans in the period 70-78. By F.1983, i.t is anzicipated there may be a

total of five or si= nav population projects a year, compared to Cao or rhree

Ln each of the past fi3cal years; thij could costiute about 2 percent c

total Bank tending.

The population projects financed by the Bank have helped support

mational papulation programs. To data, they have included support in five

functional aeas: nanagent (about 7 percent of total project costs), ser-

vica delivery (43 percent), training (28 percenn), infomation, education

and comuicati= (IEC) (10 pecent), and :esearch and evaluaicn (7 per-

cent).

D All Bank populiticn projects t data· have been based upon the use

of nationa. health syste=. as the pzimry can eL. for the deli7ery of fmi1y

gseries. Te approach has- been to integata fnily p7anning wit:

the delivery of primary health servces, especially marernal and child healh

services (XCE). Insofar as these projects have strengthened the publicr heal:h

in£rastruct=ues of the bor.zwin :n:is, rhe7 have ser"ed to i=tve health

in geneal2 as vell as to zeduce fertiiy. Tie bulk of the proceeds of the

Bank's loans for population projects bas been applied to the provision of

health cetars, matan=it7 ni,.s, vehiles, and training ini:uions. the

=ain st=ategies of the Bank's suppot to health thouh i3 population proj-

acts are to reach more remot oral1 areas, imopzve the .ual-i:y of seriCes

provided, and to mhasize preentite or primary rater 12 han c.raive health

care.

•14 •

Aba==.t20s-id oi rte 34a's-I populaia ;=oj ezz. -- Enan"cing lias gCZýw

into"harwar in he sape ofe burildinm M for1 C=heå deliver 0 2aml

scdzarz; i is likly t -

Z:Zem abstt a suhczaniaL pc:i. of 3ank populain V=acing bec.aue.

bar.-ct Cbtain N cin fIr ir. f:=c Orher saus as easily as5 3v

other c=aUy f poizents.a. . .Costru~11o. isaull ftr e =24"a4 C= and small ==Ii l 'åmalt'

clinica. The Sai,eC= ragc5 the d«sign a=d. =-ICtm-CViLa ofsmle uctc

buildizgz, the %=* Qot Ucal C=*CU-l:im biM d ,ia=d- Iccalcosrcinsa-

dards t g a ta Ctai= of- dasig= ad sarIal.s 303= ac tåtese facili:iew

includc mdicaL eqi~m and. uiC urc, p=rhaeåi Iccally-. g awailåbla.

Måder an i uative a CGCoac i= a prject =w being prcassed, ahcu= 1100.

Udmily elreC=n~e*s vill be buila i= cl0:34 =Operari1= vith%oa- en

=iza unit iZ4 =ut: cbtai= c=srcinmtrasad Zahar läc3lly. ULoca

buildir4 acniue ae also bin 2sed i a-Tu£a pe i a

tbuild 180 atild =ntion =atrs.ad in the phCpie,fr te c=-

strC io of 34ar=;gr Esaith ~.saios

an poulaionprojec:, ha"" Linldeå nicreaingZ =m=un cc

s~o"t f r asl.ftw ac:ivi.:i&s, i= cudia%g p=- s = allovi

crased .s co p med pal per a l :o daliver healz./famly pLazn ser-

vics, geaer tuse of rC aczlvizici, ad s o resea=å, enizvr-

m: ad cvalza'ion4 Cofprgm.

aftal:t s=ria i 7 devcivpi::g c!5=c-ie3 Iave *rdDiull een

basd nzh* "vesza-rs" =odel, =Zhsiig caive ca--c, a=d 'å.- eeV-cil

ahZ.a C'_iyi4lre ranaes s eu: mjrt ci e PV:111a-

tion reidiz ia :==3.ares, as ct eense-red 7iz tte V-r:e C-C se--"ices

- 13 -

they need the most. ý1e recent ephasis in health delivery syscens 'as been

Ca push servicqe "dovn" and "out", i.a., "downwazds" in the hierarchy of

madical ad paaedical ocupaioal groups and "outwards" r.the static

servicf deliver7 pain=a to point3 Ccser to the people. De ephas-is has

also been u pr viding basic health serv-ices, or "primary" (preventive)

healzth servi.ces, includin:g family Pla=ning. To imýplement these nev stra=a-

-ies, new categories of paraedical and ccmit7 wrker3 are being created

to work ib: the eanding uet-,rks of rural healzh facilities and in their

owa villages. For sucåh e=ension efforts to be successf-l, ajor nev train

ing prcgrm =ust be developed. Bank projects include caustructcm and

equipping of trai=ing censer, preparatiou of nev. c icula and teaching

=aterials, and fellomhips.-

As. national progras -ove- from "UppLy" 0rientation (e=i eshasis

n provisio of family plaing services) to a "deand" rienation (cr=aing

an envionment coduive to acceptanca of f=mi1y planning 3ervices), at:en:ion

is being focused au more =ivatially-vriented tC activities, and, in the

1ous -un, adoptio= of strategies and promotion of stuctural changes in the

social and elcnoia st=ucu, that vill create a zew, smallar, ifily size

norm. 3ank projec:s supporz the use of ditioal and =oden edia to

deliver the fily pLanning message, rangig from puppet shows and folk dancCs

in Indconesia, to support for =obile =C van in 2!alaysia, ard production of

televisiou programs in the Pbilippines. A =ajor challenge i.s to zelaza cui-

zurall7 relevant azPrcaches yically suirad to faca-to-face encounters with

=ori ezici-ent audiovisual aids and mass zedia: in Iuara, a tradi:icnal styr.a

of banter has been ada cied for a very popular radio 'roadcasr. on health and

faily ?laning. Another imort ant trend is greaar user inven in the

delsig of =C materials: in te Ihilippines, =u1al groups have ac:i7eL7 par-

cicipaced i= the develop1n=o flipehats using ideas. and =alogias derived.

tåa the lcal way of lifä (e.g. fishing). Typica17, a c =rehensi7e popu-

latin ""ennzations prog3va=, because Ct dif!_Ie:in Waudie=cs =d czt'=u=,

Will requ1i-- a cang of -------az-i= :ecä=ol3gy. varicuz; praa-:ical czusid-

erations (suh as avaLlab-iliy eleczricit, pT-iiste=c of ccessary

softwarl for a given udi=, and availabilicy of servici=g and spare pats)

also play a cronial r=la.

CUrenT, prject reseaz%å c~neuts focs o. rpics design-ed ur

provide =aion aplicable- = st.fngthe=in prog% ageen, ad on

soca-eonoic cusdertics afecingfamly izedecis3io=s. Pilor- projeci.-s

:et new service deliverr patterns, raini:g techniquas, =C activtiec, etc.

T 3anglade:s, for pLe, =del faes and coPrative es have been

used as atange age=.5 Ur fmilT pa" , .and a reral -omeus f,=eti.UaL U:-

eracy program Qsed to increase aceptane. of f£mjl playi-. I. Malaysia .

Intensive I=ur Denstr-atio is designed r demostra-e the effacc3 of various

he accepta oi faiLy plann, thus facilica=ing the development,

of l2-ta= populatin policies fot 2he ecty. A hom* visiting o

pa=t of tro sucessive projects nL Egy, is designed to use hcme visitors to

make the ccmuity, and in partic-lar all eligibla others, awar of the ceed

.or better mater=al and child heal:'Jfnily planni=g care and of how Chis need

ca= be =.c. åk ccmui:7 =c=ntive scheme i= .a Bank-,ia,nced prcjec: :i lndn-

nesia will test whetter the pro.o and accapc.a=ca of the sall faily norn

can3 be tsterd y he a -cLicatioon of rewards f r cm==-:7

- 17 -

?Opulation projects are 3upportiag an increasing %=mber of studies

intended to better .identi 7 factors in socai"econoic deve,lo=en- which =ay

impact cu lertili:y. In Malýaysia a study milaal7za theine-laosip

betw4ee sectoral develop=en interrentio and dmgraphic chae. I Za=ya

and Bangladesh studies are being dae au the determinants of frtiliry. In

3angiadesi, a, ev of the afect of ezisting national lavs on poulation

growth is being conducted in order to identif7 pro- or ani-natal biases.

In Egypt, a Raearth and Developmnt Unit is being eitablished to strengthen

tiearch o= ways of abtaining =re effctive ccopexatio= fom co=mni.y Laad-

er3, t-aditical birt. aztecdas, and other part-tia co iy Wrker in

~CHJ/family planning.

The 3ank also suppcrts the develoinent of ef!ective• monitoring a=d

evaluatio systes for populatio projects. Such systes provide in£omation

essential to progra anagers ithin each country in dete=minia; the status

od project act.ivities in such asas s faiypl ing ser7ice deliver7 ard.

to -ake prcra adjiutents when aecessary. Such oniroring and evaluation

systems are desigued by those withi. each country .ho will use thea, in scme

cases with Bank technical assistanca.

An eap* of 3ank sutport to 'innovative' use 0 lov cost tach-

nologies for the delivery of f!ily pla aing nd heal. se-r-ces to -=al

:ouni.ties is the prozosed pilot study described belov.

Ilustrative ?--Ject: :--av radio c=muication »ilot study comccnent ofthe croosed Ban;iades3i Secoud ?ocvulation ?ojec=

Te 3ank has included in the proposed second population projecz

(being processed intar=aly) a pilot schee rquestead by tha Govermnt

of 3angljdesh -o axare the fasibility of usiZ Lov os- .w-vay rad4io

plai g fieldworkers in Banladesh, mia piloc scheme was intedd. to

detemine whether twoc-way radio sytm ca effectively sere as a vi.tal

Cc--=----- tion Uink betwee= Maernal ad. Ch.ild Eat/aiy7aigfed

e d thc healt. ners. whichz ae locatad at the ha aveL (r=kal

districs i. 3anglades. ae subdivide.o~ ha'coverig abouc 200,00(1

zialdark a=e c=t : o 4 --. heaLc! :entars beza3e ot ditane

(usually about 10 miles) ad. Lack -i raliabie. ta1m. m iai. fom c!

=anspctt i= tiese floO-Prr.e ashlands ae fall bc4azs an a . C :eSe

ar- virtually =nusabte' in the d:r seazoa when the wa Level r-cedes. mere .

are usually to talephwae comui icn links in these aeas, roads are poor

and public tranpat e=r ely Ladequat. Me t-w-way radia syst= will help

the health cantar staff --- i ara with fialdwrar2 and pe=mit fieldworke=3

to consult the canta=3 for advice =d services, more o£ta=.

MI pilot. project -Jill be limie to three thanas ad Vill inolve

54 fieldwkars wc.kin with ei thana health centerz. It will te3

equiamet reliabili=y i the givi~ condi:io=s nd e=Line the placant ad

oioo c^ouent3 of the starious (i.e., tansCeiver nit, antamae,

power supply) so as to dae- the risk of phyical abuse cf equi=oenr due

to envonmenal agens, vandalis= and theft. A søla= bat:ary charger ill

be castead =der the field condi:ious.

2e s7t ,ill be designed to i maintenance requirens.

ZI addiCio, :he prcjecz ,ill assist in oraii the -ecessary tehniian

:traii and assis:ance -porm so that an. effec:ive local. maintenance sch.e

- 1.9 -.

becomes operational prior to the installation of the pilot syses. : addi-

tion to a 14-ay orientation training proan, trainees will spend a 3-=nth

period as a-plenticas to technical consultants duzring the installatian of the

systm in the field. bdular maincenamce schemes will be set up in parallel

with the training progra. Mhe pwoject will praooa the tzse and development

of Local equipment repair services to take caze of unservieable units. Zle-

trouics fim in Dacca may eventually take up the local ma=iuture of equip-

ant.

20

II. Amoetrata Tachnlo7 in Ecnomc Develoment Istituta Courses;

3ackgoid and Tra±n±s Anroach

'Thia =D as esablshed in 1955 as a "Staff oile t pmrld,

rinn for se=-or oet4is of develong coutas. .e bea

on r bansis, w nrtl supa provided by tha 7-or:i ad

Ra~ažlle:r ?ctmdaf4z= fnr the r:setre co2urse". In may 1957, thuL

E=xr4-ve Directzzz v<itad to establlzh the Inst:ta as a pe= ent acti:71:y

øl World an.

Tha Instnta graW o of: a ng b?- % ba %Ld 3ank

cf te need fo-r morm, et.:i=zan ecnomi..r -mngenen= iti is cevelcMixtg;

counres and o h :he almosn toum-z.staur opprtun:is f0r id-ear-er

rainig in this f1 d ..

Three bas4z de- adens were ade whizh set t!a pattar= that the.

IZtira st4ll folws. Ca was that the 7orLd 3ani shauld orgniza

its own program ater rha -aka ar-.ngeents -wi:h soms established educa-

?.±onal insttuio tz pravfde the .±e . The Zank' s r justifica-

:.oa for engaging i tareinh la tbat its e:peran ad the sipec4al knwledgt

of its staf. provide a basis for Lns:ton chat otbar =stitutons do at

second prncipa, rlatlad co tla fi.rst ad mada possib!a yt

eennc tin witha 3h ank, -Jas attet b g,whlbsi,shudate

same tim be pactcl and ac sc bat i: uld be geared :o e n

meeds of--- particiaing zs I . as :bat c!:a c%se shauld a± at

3c bdiýes and simla istttinsdiec= cocerneed with.L th i=:aio

-21-

äA tba Institu=e seres as a staff collee for ta1ng fc

from daveloping =enbar countrias, it: bas to taka an overall vtav of their

=294-S- needs - not on17 tbse associatad vith World Bank Group operations.

e.verthless, vith tha broadenig scop of operat:ios, traL1 that f!t3 t:s

operational naeds is coing ino closr Ceoncidenca vith the general tra±fIng

needs of developing =omber counrlas.

In recent. yeas ta Instituta bas greatly epanded its progran in

Washington and In the member conres of tha World Bank.. It coperatas with

regonal and national trad"4 instiutio1s Ln giving courses for offCiC:als

from Cotn as saring a c== lini±stic, cultural, or geographic backgro=d.

It also works with :ralnln istttans in indtLitidulJe counIries to organI

mational courses for theaL offc.aals.

Mach of tho Ist«tura.'s r ow. takes place In tt* mber

contris, 11 wherae. Coursa are given. eitter for oationals of ona com=r

(national resources) or for regional. groupings of countres (regloval

courses). The Institua also occasionally gives short s as or work-

shops in Wsh.ngton on particular subjects such as teachJng =ethods and

cuicu~lum designu.

1 EDI tentatively plans to provtde teaching asistcanc durdng the ne=tCrrent fMscal year In Bangladesh, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Traq, Libya,

Pakistan, Romania, Sudan, Syria, 7e:enuela and Zaire aong ocherCmun=ies.

.WV's Tra-i.ns Amvrmach _1. The value of ZD. zraiig derives

LargeL7 fr= tha fact thar thIsuts an itoagral part of ha r Bankh.

Assciatilonz WIth a= operat2ng orgz .tioQ. conveys a se-se of realley to I's

Coures tha=, as expeiece oi :ha pad. 20 years .c..el y demnstrats,

=aDnr- be achievedi an acad-i oa ar vhly auonoo tkaching 4ns,-1;:t4=o..

This La !mportan snid= S the selec-tio by =D of the tooLs of

anaLys1s to =mn=2t o its participantz and i= preservnlg the stai from

scholaticim.-

I - n is desigd to i=ove tha qualt of econmL cieci-

5io2W i the dvelopi.n- contrias by aii ther offiials in shar full-

time courses to mprove ther e MJC judmt an to apply the tactniques

of ecoomic aasys and manageeur to projects, sectors or na=lotal economies.

Iz ts, of coure, vtrtualy !possible to quat the bene±its specifical7

attbutabla to ecoom~a= maenent.. ow!.ver, considered l= cebi=ation, with

other inuangb.e scres of progrsa, such. as tpcatoloy an eduaton, the

Combjed effat of thse. s la v.ta02 devloment.

The Instcnta bas develated an etfective pedagoy. This bas been

stiularad by the shoR=ing of couSes to arond t:m couths, and by tha fact

thlt 60^of D' s art,1c.Mt have bad o eosure to ctaaretlcal econcmics.

MDIs comelld to 1a3ch by posing proble=s, la ha fo= of Cases, hel=ing

par-.ipants drav the ecoomIc. !npllcatons in the proc-ss of solving the

probles. Ths approach has -eqT:ed the Isti.:ta to pretaxe ost of 4ts

_U T for Deveomenc - a remor- of :he Itld 3azk's TCoci Develoe -ment u.a, Jue 1973.

The- Istituza' s caacbng method is to have the particpants lear=

by dcing, by working cut exerceas and case. studies of progressivel7 increasing

coplexity tbat sinmulata the taska of project preparat:i and analysi, sa-

times cc=ludng w*ith actul project peparat:ou ar appraisal in cha ±ield.

(Faild wrshap in M=ber Coun4r.s are conductad to permit the application

of what bas been praLctfed in the classro). ce eases also illustata

aspects of eccnomc analysi i= a way that makes it possi1le for man-

ecoCnMdsts, who frc the rater prcpcrt:o cf prticipans, to obtzl a

clear SSp of eConIC Cocepts in a brief period. Howvér, this methd

cons=mas very lage anomts of projecz ma"t=ral, and the. Ist:ute's accass

to thm World 3ank's project wrk and doc=entation (cl=uding pest evalua:Lo

studies) i an ind£spesable basis for its pedagogy."

Atorýnr.ae Technology Content of Courses

ED COUr385 foCu (Courses are given for tWp to 25 particpants) L/

ca isue:s drectly relaad to chw appropriata choice and tansfer of techno-

logy in var7<ng degrees of depth depetding om cha couta=t of appl:cat.4o. 2e

Core of each EI couse consists of a dihsssion of project evaluat.i tech-

:iquets, wich a great mphasis ;laad on detar .±s tha real scacit7 values

of the factors of prodution. ad tha teed to consider alterative design and

ecnaca so=luons. ea, as Most deve.opng Conries 2izd hese-l-es in

situatons of capitaJl scarcty and labor abidanc, the .project evaluaton

=ec2odol.ogy caught by =l, result3 in cases which sggS s of labor-

intatsi7e neth:ods of producton is appropriata.

/ Abou= a dozaen courses are gI7e= aacye in 7ashigton. or suhcourses ?te Instita provdes avel ots frm thr home co=triesto Washingtz: nd return; accommdation n A rid Sank apar--ents; andcther Livng and t-ave! e7e=se!s.

24-

Duing a core participants may bear eposed tote'Saao

theAr' trogh isussonsa:saioa=, fLaud tr-ips, and =aSP- stuzdies a-, vmll ai-

foral nstucton s t crtaraon wbhich tz a choi0ýce 0£ :Pachnolcgy. Iz

geaL, pae t3 are enca;ged =o adopt solu±in tat are ec=citally

±am4tat7veL7 and social.y suirabl& : their =vroz nt. 7mive of tha =Z

coursae i= 7a3nt=:= hae speci.fic sesaio= o= 'selactio 4 a;prorata

tacholoy n genraloutin f tesecoursas' /, including a Uast cf

selected course read41! i as fo.lws:

us or i c==ed wiLth the =eza=azti,. avaltion, f n

and im-plementaca of1 prejectsr. i= the food.c and fiber inusas m=

=pics include fi=n£ald andeczmc pzo-jert appraisaL tecniqus, industra.L

develo=ent policias and arkating anaLysis. Cosideration is gV-eu = pr0ò-

lm ca ag-didstries enountr n tz tha defintio of devqlo"-

=mrn- pcl.cias fr b th agr.cuLtraL sec=r. 1e ag-indusr sessions are

suppleentad 'ihpl=rnt visirs amd case studias which fcus on spe< t tach-

ologiceal hoices.

2. Tdustr

TIs couse deals a wih the apraisal o rj s in t

sectzr. Topics covered Li.nluda dee-a ou of optýaia scala ad r

breakaven and sesity analyss projecz cosz est:iaras an f-ýcn,

/ `cn=h Dev e nstite, Cs ?-o and Gneral nnt(1978-L979), March 1973.

- 25 -

demand forecasr, project scheduling and. analysis' of the impact of i.ndvidual

lndustr±ial ;roJ ects. on a coutry's elconoy. TCrough. appication o apprasal

toos. n "ctin" itutios, artcapnt aenouaged -= e=plo=eter

nati.7es and select optal soluions for industia investent propcsals.

s =r indusr7 and agro-i-mdustry iclude:

Straetan, ?aul. "Tchology Gape Betveen Ech and ? a=r C ts." Chapter22 of The Frontiers ot Develomnt Studles, pp. 381-400. %ew York: Joba7iley & Sons, 1972.

Staart, ?rances. "t rade ard. Technology." Chapter 7 of Trade Strategies forDevelovment, edited by aul Streaten, pp. 23I-263. ,ew York: Join Wley &Sans, 1973.

Ter, C. ?etar; Tmas, John .; WeUls, Lomis Z..;. ad v=rawetz. The Choiceof Technology in Develoving Cout=ies (Some CautIoary Tales). Canter forInter=atiC=al Mafis, Saard U7ersity, 1973.

Taele, t. F. "Tc ogal Issu=s in Agro--ndusrial Pjects - 3ce ?-ceasz-ing." =Z CT-433. Vabigto, D.C. Copyright (c) 1976 by IME.

Ti"mr, C. "CoIce of Tachnique i Rce I in :ava." laprint - Septemberý1974. T Series o ork3hop Raporti, Samar Ra=orts and Rap=ints by .e

AgICULural Develovment COuncil, Inc., New York.

Taele, T. 7. "laturn =n Laboiling Eercisa." =t Case Study and ZzCxciseSeries No. I-5222-?, Washigtøn, D.C. Sconomic Development Zsatit=a, CQpy-rtght (c) 1976 by 3D.

Taele, T. 1. "taze vs. Small Re Mills Zzarcise." ZZI Case Study andZzere-se Series No. =-5223-, Washingtzn, D.C. Za=mic Develo=mnt :nst-

tua. Copyrights (c) 1976 by DE.

T.eele, 7* vs. N .dMatea:C:s1 zandling in 5 3rageZzerCse." EID Case Stmdy and xercs.e Series 50. -5224-, Wa4hingo, D.C.

Z.cnmic Development Instituta. CzpyrIghts 8c) 1976 by :3D.

3. Transvortatio

The objectves of ti course are three±oLd: :st, to demou aa

and gi7e 7ractice i= the applcAtion of cost-benefit- »,ec2:nique-s t3 =rans=r:

Projecl evaluation; secczd, to Illust-ate wa"s o nuig sound mana~e=n

of projec:s :rmhe projec-t i4den:ication trou project ileentation

- 25 -

päa~-s and ohr,: r ncu tt*rlainsi bet-men =rJe== pLanning,

ranaport pelta-7 abjeciv7es and sc vider arionaL gcals as rcgU=a. dee-

o=ginr., employment, geneation, and stdmular-oc:Co locaL m=mu:hp

In ha ranporatin po jc==ousm, spmciz akoLga r

daa.lz vlth iz. dapitk d=a th=aaatePiz is* dis:1ad la- 4s=n addician!j

n gna, sassi i wh ; h selaczu= of apprcpraa- ay arCsZs

(a.. raiLsar diesuaa vs-. elecriic1:a or jer ai:rf as esaared with.

pisun p~md a or - L as agaLsc Labar

intansive maina-ca). Ma lansm nf of ttssa sassiaz L th Lab

t,an-±ve taholg ca rad an enne oasl.7 eapitl-nasv ehooy

taresng.L7,whil :labZrca"v3 C for ad åaieae is. accep.te

bypts as approprUat, 1s val=, i= ts- CtO aC read41y

=maied. 14 zad ,=4 maarials diUAýud for te sassios (TaZCCint

mada Sos. I ttrugt 23, 'Torld 3a-k Stud7 of tha Sub:st:=a of tabor

. UraDeeamnZea=Cr (sm i=±rLC s ~) r.p~r y:~3~ oz

Oa of h dt st ve caractaristis ofl _.m tan enm4v"o=t is

ta spatia eene rtioU of a-:vities. g industr, trade or r

par Cant be ccusiderld L2 Laala&o fr oa aother. 1a coursa, 1hnre-

foru, gies special emphas en e undersa s of ' ntcracticu morg

d.fdarsnt sectors in an gra ara. ta tauas for promoting :he enue

and soc4 objecTes of =:a= develcimen t g s

selcicQ of pUblic. nvescen progra axl -- avtagd : :ta curse. M:

orgtani=ztial and 2aagma~c grbla= ý47Cold in sjacrIng thr. "-ordýatacd

ZbaIx- sc-'=:±oc=:£ csdered.

- 17 -

The session on appropriate techology is based n. presentaticas in

this report, 'Appropriat TeChno1og7 in ;orld ank ctvties' i/ and relatad

matardals (e.g., Sias and Ser"ices Prjecs 2/).

5. lural Develcoment (Frenrc.h course)

Ths course dealj wi:h pra-tical tachniques in invesmnz analys1s

as applied to probleas of agricultural production and other as-pects of rural

development. ?rincipal topics nclude identification, preparion and

economic and f-ncial analysis of rural development projects. Broader -

questions about the contet in whch invesment poicies are fonulated and

mpleentad are also o-Ined.. 12* course stresaes projecta wilc bene21:

large n=bers of farmers at- small cost per benef£car7 and also e=plores tha

lnarrelationshipn berwen agriculture (ncludlng livestock) and :-ral ser-

vices such as cred14«, roads, labor-inten:sive publ.c works and. ural publc

menties.

21e readjngs for th ?rench 3ra1 Development course are ostl7

translati.ons'of the Engl-4.sh documents. hey are as follows:

Pfefffar-an , GUy. "aes er achinLes en Afriqua." Ztralr de Finances etDeveloppaent D-o. 1, pp. 16-19, mars 1974.

Mploj et Developpment: Une etude c=paratve du role des progrmes deravau= publics. Banque Mondiale, avTJ1 1975.

Ste'art, F. et Streetan, 2. "Tas con.fl-i.s entre las object:is de producttonec las objectifs d'emploi dans las pay en voia de daveloppmen."

Gonot, Mierre F. Ces pour le ransfer technologiqua, acut 1975.

/ 'Apropriat Technol.ogy in. World 3an. .cti±izies, Jul7 1976.

2/ "Stas and erces ?-ojec:a." A orld Bank Paer. AprtI 1974.

ta reUd"3s for tta m.glish lual Developent Couses are:

Pro jecr DesIgn and prepar=o

Am=rtate Tecoogy and Wcrld. Bank ASIstanc v3 te eaoor.Can=ra -ero jeczs Sta222, World. Bank. YMartå 2S, 1978.

2laM=R for a= Z=rizarto Syten. Attas, Georg1a: Amertca _ässociaticx lor Vocaiona.l. Instrutonal Yateals, 1271.

vvre Water for Artd T.agds: Fromising Tecnolog:ies and Researghéjrtunå=Zors. W: MaIonaL Acadey of Sclee, L974.

Rura.l 3oads:

substttn= of tabor and :-cui-ment i= CIvU Constr=ction. I t=dyproposal. and progrssa of . Wabig=on: Transpor-.azio & Urtanfrojects Depar=ent of rte I.ED, 1974.

Itereatioal Agrcultural Researth:

C,ona tve Grouu on Research.. New Yort:CGLIL Sacr2tariaz, Ju1y 29, 1977.

6. Water Stly anld 4astewater Discosal

Tis cmuse ts Cocrem wth th preparation and. apprasal of

,unicipal-vater supply and varstarer dl3pcsal projects, and it4h astects

of pro ject ad operations management of publiL uiy entrprtses :n ts

secor. Tij course coce atas ot 1ssuas such as project benft-.cost

optietion ecnoic-echica =ade-,oE',s, accounting and ft'zz=UI Plå=-

ng ma i and~ economc anal7s and rata p e rMasais

of %ar and 4astewatsr disosal to :ta urta= envtment and socio-e-oucic

asmects are explored. The course 3 aot i,t3ded o rovide =stuoo

engineerng tcn4q4es, %or does ir deal wich the uses of zater fo r -

:ion develomen-t.

3as%lts and findings of the 3ank's resear:h study ca

Techologies for Water Supp1 and Sanitation n D.velopi=g Countrias" will be

incorparated into the course (see Section I and Annex D i= nain t=--.)

About 20 percent of tha time in othar coures 1/ 1s used for dis-

cussion of specLi tecanologies. ?or exaple, in the agrculural projects

coua, :ha tacnologias on ard lands are discissed in depth. ReadLng

materi.als for the sessians inc.lude:

?l:aning for an I gtion-Sstem, SCil ConserTatiLon Servce of U.S. Depar=ent

of ågricuL=e, Je 1971.

Report of tha Co=ultative Group on Internatinal AgricuLtural Rasearch (CGA).

L/ Other courses include Development 3Lk±, Fro jec: t .aagee, Rua

Cr dit?r j c t , o platon nd evel ome_nt , Urational Zc o==.mic Yanagent ,ducconProjecs, P Leo 3 dck Develo=enrt P oa. oeP anda:

Railay roject ?tparaion., Ivlato and Maaeen.

January 1980

Apropriate Technology and Worjd BAnk Assitanc.to the Poor - A SuRolementarv Reocrt

Z. Intriduction

1. Three projecits, which illustrate recent Bank strategy for alleviat-

ing rural and urban poverty (i.e., increasing productivity and income od the

poor, and providin; them with essential services) are presented in this

sa;plementar7 report.

2. They d=e=trate rFplicable project designs which are contributing

towards the development of indigenous capacity to maintain sustained develop-

ment in the specified tarZet areas.

3. Also included in this report is a short -sum-=7 on ccmponetrs

of recentl1y approved Bank project3 which are designed to promote the avelop-

ment and productive use of renewable sources of ener7.

Proiact TxamIes

a) Ullustrative ?roject oa Tntegrated Rural Development:Paraiba RD Proiect, Brazil

4. A good Zaple of- an integrated ra. dev%pme=t project is the

Paraiba Rural Development Project (1n 1537-BR) whlch became effective in 1978.

The project iz the third in a series of Bank supported projects which ?re part

of the continuing "0LOMORZESTM ruraL development program for Northeast Brazil.

5. The target group includes about 7,400 small fa--ers in the 3rejo

area of Paraiba State. A socio-economic srvey conducted qrng proje-t ore-

par2ttion La 1976 esti=ated :he area's pop;ulation at 137,000, or so-ue 21,200

amilies. Populaci . density, in the -. -ticipalitias that make up Brejo,

3isa very high at 118 per km

6. Earnings and incomes in the area are derived mainly from agricul-

tural production. Thera are an estimated 12,200 farms in the region, of which

71Z are owner operators, 25% landless (tenant) farmers and 41 are lar,te

landowners (mostly absentee landlords). About 73% of the farmers own less.

thaz 10 ha and account for only 18= of total .farm land. Tenants and. 3hare-

croppers, who number about 3,100, ear considerably less than US$380 each per

year, while agriLcultural laborers earn less than US$200 per annum each. Two

thirds of the cropped. land. is devoted to subsistence crops, mainly manice and

beans. Cash crops (e.g. sugar cane, citrus, banana, sisal, cotton. and potato)

occupy the raining farm land.. The small-scale producirs have had little. or

zo access to extension, credit, inputs and marksting services, and. geit con-

sistently lbw yields.

7. About 1,200 small-scale non-farn enterprises will also be assisted

through the project. 'Non-farm enterprises provide an, important sourza of

employment and income in the area. Small farmers and the landless obtain a

high. proportion of theiz secondary earnings from. part-time employment in

non-farm enterprises. Overall, more than 70% of the household-s are estimated

to have incomes less than US$380 and about 35%. are within the absolute poor

Category.

8. The illiteracy rate,.especially among the higher age groups t.s high

(70: among males and 60% among females). School attendance in 1975 was only

32%. Other services in the rural areas (e.g. health) are very poor.

9. The project, which was prepared by the Brazilian Government wi:h

assistance from the orld Bank, is aimed at improviag the productivity and

Living condt-ons of about 7,400 small farmers and 1,200 small-scale mon-farm

-3-

enterprises in the area. it features the improvement of production services

and iafrastructure such as agricultural and off-farm extension, training,

adaptive research and farm trials, marketing and storage, cedit, feeder roads

and a range of social services. The project will also assist in building up

the capabilities of the implementing agencies to enable then to carry out a

sustained develovment effort over the longer term. The total cost of the

project is US$67.3 million. The World Bank Loan amounts to 35% of the project

cost.

Prolect Comoonents: The project comprises the following four major components

in addition to a project administration component:

A. Agricultural ?roduction Services

10. (1) Reorientation of Rural extension Services: the extension ser-

vice staff will be expanded (from 8 to 60) to work primarily with small farmers

in the Brajo area. The Extension workers will be supported by Subject 1atter

Specialist Credit Officers, and Social Extension Agents. A comprehensive

preservice traiins progza will be instituted over the five year period for

all extension staff personnel at a cost of US$73,540.

(ii) A4aptive Acricultural Research and Farm Trials: a series of

adaptive research projects and field. level experiments on local crops will be

impleented. This will run parallel with a soil conservatica program by local

research stations. US$0.44 million will be spent over the period 1978-83.

(iii) Reorzanization of Marketin% and Storage ?aciltties: a metwork

of about 50 marketing centers will be established at the village level to

provide smalLfarmers with access to basic services (such as z4nimarkets for

purchasing produce, ;arehouses for temporarily storing produce en route to

-4-

larger marketz, and retail. stores for procuring åar= inputs). The necwork

will be set up such that each producer would have a markating center wi:hia

a axit of 4 k= from his farm. A total of US$1.34 =:ilion åill be spent on

this sub-component.

B. Non..Fars production Services

11. (i) Extension and Technical Assistance: US$0.77 ilion I hLLe

spent on extension staff who wi.l be rcruited and t=ained to- provide advisory

serJces. and t al ass±stance in management to non-far= enterprises. The

eztension agents wll also assist the enterprises in obtaining credit for

wotking and inves=ent capital needs.

Ci1) Research, Demonstratton and Traininz: A research and demonstra-

tio= center will be establs.hed at a. cost of US$0.28 milliou to 'dent.f, test

and demotrate new 1=inda of products and production technlquas approprtate.

for smal.-scale enterprises in the area. The center vill also work with

the enterprises to Lmprova upono existing products and productiou techniqTues.

12. Local institutes for industry and comerce wil be given support

for organizing tralning courses for artisans. 36 training courses Will be

given per year. Other courses will. be destgned to provide training in manual,

business and other ralated skills to entrepreneurs and employees of SSEs-.

C. Credit Fac±lities

13. (1) Agricultural Credit will be ade available to small farmers to

encourage them to better handle thair development and to increase productivtiry.

Short ter= cradit wiLl. be given for working capital needs for short cycle

crops; and medlu and. long-term credi will be available for investmencs 4n

permanent erops and for land purchase by landless farers.

(ii) Loans for Non-Farm Enterorises will be made to promote in-

creased output and employment opportunities. They will include loans for

working capital (up to US$1,000 each. for odernization and expansion (up

to US$2,700) and up to US$6,700 for the establishment of new enterprises.

D. Infrastructure and Comunit= Services

14. (i) Literac7 training. About 70 literacy instructors will be

trained and supplied with teaching and other materials at a cost of US$14,000

for that purpose. About 8,200 illteratze target group farmers are expected

to benefit froz literac7 training courses. Also educational facilities in

74 rual prinary schools, catering for about 10,360 pupils, will be improved

at a cost of US$30,000 per school.

(ii) Health and Sanitation.25 Health posts and 25 si=ple water

supply schemes j/ vil.l be established in the project area. to meet mini=n

daily demand of 30 litres per capita. More health workers will be trained.

The total =mponent cost is estimated at US$0.89 million.

(iii) Nutrition and Social Extension.14 social extension workers

will be supported. in an effort to promce antrition improvements through

commnity izvolvement (i.e. through organizations such as mother's clubs and

youth clubs). The workers will organize activities on nutrition education,

house gardening, home economics and improved food preparatic. About US$12,000

will be provided for training purposes.

I/ The average cost of each scheme, which is projected to serve over 120households, is US$27,700.

*6 -

Monitorinx and Evaluating the Tmoact of the ?ro1ect

15. A. organizational structure and a system of coordinating mechan.sms

was set up to monitor the progress of the project, which is the most compte-

bensive rural development project in Paraiba State. About 4Z of total project

costs are allocated. for project administration.

16. A, system of annual operating plans, a progress reportini and moni-

taring system and a project evaluation system are included as principal.

management. tools for project adminstration. The impact of the project's.

various components will, at miimm, be evaluated in tems of area cultt-

vated, production, employment and farmer incomes in the target group.

Other changes iL the conditions of living, as reflected by improved diet3,

health and literacy lave-ls, will be included for evaluation purposes. For

example, key indicators. to evaluate the. autrition and social extension

component would include the percentage change in the number of mothers who

breastleed their babies, the incidence of second and. third degree malntrition,

and the number of home gardens established.

17. Progress during the project's first year of implementation has been

encouraging. 34 agriculture extensionists have been recruited, together 'ith

4 subject matter specialists, 4. credit specialists and regional coordinators

to bring extension staff up to the ta=get level. The impact of extension is

expected to grow as the extensionists gain experience with target group

farmers. A. total of 1,476 3mal.l agricultural producers had been contacted

by Juy 1979. 82 field trials have been ecmpleted with encouraging results.

Some trials, for example, have demonstrated that 10 tons/ha of organic (barnyarc)

manure is quite adequate for potato crops and is comparable with direct

-7..

application of nitrogen. Previously 1 tons/ha of manure was applied. 4

minimarkets have been completed and are expected to be in use during this

year's potato harvest.

18. Very good progress has been made In small-scale non-farm enterprises.

3y March 1979 extnsion agents had contacted over 298 SSEs (218 existing

enterprises aud80 new units). Loans amounting to US$0.48 million have been

approved,out of which US$0.18 million has been released to 64 entrepreneurs.

90 jobs have been created in 26 new industries and a further 133 are expected

to be created in the near future. The average investent per new employee is

approxi=atel1y $295. Forty-siz of the approved loans have been for improvements

in existing SSEs. The Research and Demonstration Center has also been set up.

19. Other achievements of the first year of implementation include

the construction of 8 health miniposts (2 in operation) and renovation. of 6

miniposts and training of 86 health. workers. 10 health centers are also in

operation. Social extension efforts and yielding good results. These are

evident from the active participation of farmers in comity groups (Nucleas

de Integracao Rural), and the participation of nearly 1000 families ia programs

that promote home gardening, mother's clubs and youth groups. 23 Nucleas de

Intagracao Rural groups have been formed. 1.9 Mothers' clubs and 13 Youth

clubs have also been formed. Also about 600 home gardens have been developed

by target group families. 106 literacq instructors have been t:ained for the

nonformal education program and 9 artisan training ceniters have been estab-

lished in the area.

20. Overall progress after project start-up has been satisfactory. A

Special EvaluatLon Unit, consisting of a rural ec=oomist, sociologist and a

general economist, will monitor the impact of the project on a cnctinuing

basis. The project has benefitted from experiences gained i. the initial

mini-um package rural development approach used in the Rio Grande Do Norte

Project (La 1195-BR), and the second more comprehensive Ceara Project

(I. 14Z8-BR). These projects demonstrated a successful strategy for imple-

Menting rural development projects. and has led to its replicationin. 3ther,

areas in the Northeast of BraziL. The Latest project, the Sergipe project

(7779),which is the sixth bank supported project under the POLONORDESTE

program, is based on this concept and strategy.

b) Illustrative Protect on Integrated Area igogradna: Campina GrandeSub-oralect of the Brazil Medium-Sized Cities Project.

21. The Campina Grande sub-project of the Brazil- Medium-Sized. Cities

Project, provides a good example of integrated. area upgrading. This stib-

project. includes a component to upgrade three squatter settlement areas

(favelas), four low-income. housing areas, and a sites and services area to

house people from Eavelas in central areas or dislocated by other project

components. Also included are a transportation component, assistance to small

business, a food distribuion system and a component to relocate auto repair

shops from the central area in an industrial park on the periphery of the

city.

22. Surveys carried out in 1977 and 1978 indicatai that the tertiary

sector provided 78% of employment, of which 60% was in comerce, and that the

secondary sector provided employment for the remalning 22: of the economicall1

active population. Unemployment in 1978 was estimated at 5.2Z, while 45.6% of

the working population was underemployed. The situation is much vmrse in the

favelas,where unemployment is estimated at over 45.

-9-

23. Iacome tn Brasil is expressed ta terms -of -±n±ai salariss. Tn

covmber 1979, oana min.a salary for Campi=a Grande was euIvalent to US$70.86

per month. Ia Campla: Grande, 1978 statistics Indicate that 56% of the popula-

vuon earnles than three zI= salar-es and 13%.- earn Less than one mi9=Me

salary. mire minta=a salaries is equivalent to the cut-off level for the

3ak's definitzta of "relative poverty.

Z4. Ta the fou major low-incme areas. (populartion 108,033), 29% of the

houses were considered to be of low standard and 87 substandardL. Meanwhila,

aU of the 3,069 houses in the f2avelas ware clasaified as substandard.

25. Inafrastrnture provsiom Ls seriously deftcient in tthe poor areas and

especially sa n the favelas. T the four lo~-income areas oly 69% have piped

vater supply, 6~ have. p4ed sever connections. and 59% are served b7 septir

tanks or pit latriLas. Tare- is: = sever netvark In the favela arCas. where

only 27 of hase have vater connections azd 5.7% hav seprir tanks or pit

Larines. Sto watar dalnage systs sere o2ly 19%. of the low-incom areas

amd Ldss than. t. of the thee sqatter areas..

26. Ta , -com. and3 qmatter area* are pOrly served by countty

facilitims. hey have no hospial or health po'ts, no public squares or

parks, hld care centers pzoviUa for lass than 1% of ttie Chldren and thera

is a deficit of 32. classroos.

2T. Th Campina Grande subproject will include ccpanents to lipgrade

three favelas and four "poor are«.", Ihes componets Inc-Inde:

(f) etens±io of water supply serv4ces, to over 34,000. peopla

(23.350 i. of natcwr extensions,. 19 standpipes and

4,145 hons connac:rons) at a =ir of US$3.53 -IIJon;

11 71c reUed ntvesents for each coponent reflect the relat4vely high costof Opertlons in Brazi1 Uawever, the affordah 4 l'ty for the various co=-pCants was assessed aczardjzg to Brzzý.L Svvermenv stndards (see para. 37).

* 10 -

(ii) installation of 6,800 m. of storm drainage sewers and channels

at a cost of US$O.79 million to improve drainage facilities

serving over 5,150 people.

(iii) provision, of elecric:ty services (16,060 n. of network extension

and. 6,109 house, connections) to about 53,000 people at a cost of

US$O.85 million.

(iv) upgrading transportation facilities (19,630 of road psving,

5Z bus. shelters,, and. 64 road, si&ns) which serve over 90,000

bus passengers at a cost of US$1.79 million.

(v) provision of co=m=ity facilities includin& 5 public squares

(TS40.3S million) expansion of prine educat4on facilities

by constructing 6 schools to handle about 2400 new places (US$0.37

Mll4ion), construction of 5 health posts (US*0.2 million)

and Z child care centers (US$65,800).

Tu addition, 6746 connections 'nvolving 23460 m. of netorki

extensions) will be made to existing severs in three of the four "oor areas."

Also- included in the subproject is a sites and services component

ahich will provide 305 serviced lots in Area !Tcva. Famil1as ta this area,

and in the favelas will have a choice between six housing altermattves.

A. total of 1499 units will be constructad. The alternatives consist of a p:.t

latrine and washbasin, a pit latrine, basin, bath, and soakaway, a small house

with pit latrine and two types of fully plumbed houses with septic systems.

28. These alternatives, and the aumber of families selecting to take

each option, were established th=ough the involvement of local community

representative groups. As a result of these meetings, a 'self-build' scheme

was devised in order to reduce construction costs and avoid importing labor

from outside. The plan is to pay local unemployed workers with etperience in

construction to build the units with the rest of the community acting as their

assistants. A construction association will be formed to recruit and pay the

workers and a bank of building materials will be set up in each area.

29. The local -nicipality has had good experience in the construction

of law-cost housing with the proposed construction methods. They are based on

the favela technology of Lath and mnd walls, finished with plaster and white-

wash. aowaver, the method is greatly improved by constructing the walls on

foundations of stone or hand-made bricks to avoid wood/earth contact. The

alectrical and plumbing installations are dasigned to be si=ple to construct

and maintaIn. The plans are designed to allow for future expansion and

odification by the inhabitants. The bathroom will be built of hand-made

baked bricks as the lath and mud technique is moc suicad to wet areas.

30. The. housing project will provide employment for the brickmakers,

the joiners and the carters, all of.whoz are included in employment component

which provides technical and financial assistance to small businesses. The

car-trs will be used to transport the materials to the housing sites which are

inaccessible to larger veh.iclas.

31. All of the urban in:astruc=--scomponents including housing are ex-

pected to have a high poverty impact,with 100Z of benefits going to the urban

poor, except transport which is estimated at 70%. A total of US$1.34 Million

- 12 -

will be provided for the creation of activity centers I/ which provide tech-

nical assistance to small inforzal sector f!rms. This is expected to create 700

jobs at an average cost per job (including technical assistance and. credit) of

US $700.

32. The affordability of the various, components was assessed, according

to Brazilian government standards. Monthly, charges for water and sanitation

will be a maximu of 5.7% of one minimum salary, less. than the 7% allowable

under Brazilian law and the alectricity tariff will represent 3Z of one

minimt- salary. A special effort was made iL the sites and services, and. sl=r

upgrading components to make the facilities affodable to the very poor.

This provided the rationalaefor the mse of standpipes, pitlatrines and ineapen--

sive self-build construction methods. The costs of the cheapesc alternatives

offered for land tenure. and services vere based. on the Brazilian National

Rousing Bank rules that total. housing costs should not exceed 9Z of total.

famly income.

c) Illustrative Prolect on Ron-formal Education: Youth Brigades Commonentof First Education Prolect in Botswana

33. The Youth Brigades component of the Botswana First Education Projecz

provides a good e=mple of Bank support to a no-formal education program. that

is not only maklng a substantial contribution to the development of zanpower

needs of the Rural Sector, but also demounstrating productive use of appro-

priate "low cost" technologies in local communities in Botswana.

1/ Activity Canters assist mall lirms by offering work space, machines forhourly rental, faclIties for marketing products and procuring raw mate-rials in additIon to training progzms.

- 13 -

34. The Botswana Youth Brigades have, since their intoduction in 1965,

made steady progress towards providing training for primary schooL leavers

in skills required for wage earning emp..oymen. The target group of this

component of the Botswana Governments non-formal education progran is the

63,000 (48,000 in 1976) rural youth who ccist in the mon-monetized sector.

this segment of the population comprises about '72% of the 14-13 are group in

the country (70% in 1976). They canot be absorbed in the modern sector

labor market. Other alternatives for ne-f!ormal education in Botswana include

The Botswana Extension College, several community based programs for Botswana

women and a multi-purpose educational center. The Kalahari Miltipu-yose Educa

tional. Canter was established as another component of the -irs Educational

project.

35. There were 12 Brigade Centers in 1976, with 66 individual 3rgades I/

Each Brigade could provide training, for 30 trainees per anua. These centers

originated through local inltiative and are governed by a Board made up of

interested local residents. ?articipation in. the Brigade system is voluntary

and it takes each trainee up to Z-3 years preparation to take the appropriate

government trade test. i is given in several skills including weavIng,

farming, motor mechan"cs, forestry, ear;entry, building construction, and

dress making. A trainee is released for employment after passing that trade

test.

36. Recurrent costs for brigades (approximately US630 p.a. per trainee)

are partially recovered by productive work in real work situations. 50% of

the trainees' time is devoted to production. Althourh the 3rigades are not

1/ Several Brigades in a locality join, far admnistrative purposes, in aBrigade cencer.

-14-

ander direct Goverment control, they are not self-supporting at this stage of

development and consequently they receive direct assistance from Governmeat in

the for:. of training subsidies (presently about US$292 p .a. per trainee) and.

development capital. AddtionAl support was provided to the 3rigade system

through the Bank assisted first education project.

37. The Youth Brigade component of the first Bank-financead iducatio

project in Btzwana included two features that were necessary for the continuei

development of the Brigade system:

(i) Establishment of a National 3rigade Development Canter at

Gaborone to serve as. the admistratve and accounting center

for the Brigade novenent and also to serve as a. training

center for instructors and 'administrators. The center,

which was to be known as Bridec-Gaborone,. was to create

for 50 training places (32 available boarding places).

The total estIzated cost for the facility was about

- US$206,000.

(ii) establishment of 3 new Brigade Canters to provide places for

about 400 trainees (144 boarding places). The cost of the

new centers was estimated at US$716,000 and for ecpansion

of existing centers by creatIng 600 addItioal training

places (240 boarding places) was US$1,Z51,000.

38. The National Brigade Coordinating Comittee was responsible for

selecting the locaticus !or selecting the locations tor the new Brigade

centers and for selecting specificatons for the improvement of existing

centers.

- 15 -

39. The project became effective in October 1976 and progress during

implementation has been satisfactory. About 80% of physical implementation is

complete. The new centers are being self-constructed by the Youth Brigades

and are. ex;ected to be completed in late 1980. Instructional facilities and

program-ing plans have been developed in 11 Centers. 1,370 of the .projected

1,500 places have been provided. There are now 16 Brigade Canters with

facilities for placing 80 trainees p.a. (about 5% of the total annual primary

school output).

40. A number of other reviews 1/ have highlighted some.achievements of

the Brigade system. L% 1976, a tracer study was made of the trainees who

had completed courses in 1965. Of the 1,300 who had completed training,

450 responded to the questionnaire. 83% of then had foumd work within three

months and IZ. within six months after completion of training. 80% of those

employed were in jobs directly related to the skills they bad acquired. The

income of about 50% of those finding jobs was higher than that for.secondary

school leavers. 50% of those with jobs remained in rural areas.

41. The 3rigades have not only been successfuLLyintegrated into theiz

local communities but they have also contributed to the diversification of

rural productive activities. Some achievements include the development and

application of appropriate low cost technologies (e.g., hand tools, maschotelya

plov etc.) to their productlre activities. Their training has been relevant

1/ The most recent. evaluation is "non-formal Educational Work: ..'A GeneralPerspective and the Case of the Botswana Brigades" by X. Muc4vara.Ph.D. Dissertation, Rarvard School of Z4ucation, 1978.

to the needs of rural communities. There are to trade test resul:s or empl.oy-

ment data to measure the impact of the project component since the new trainees

(about 1,370) have not yet completed the training cycle of tvo to three years.

Eowever, the passing rate of Brigade graduates in the 1978 trade tests was 75%.

42. Although the Brigade system continues to show encouraging prox'ress,

it needs further strengthening in its manaaerial ttd evaluative aspects.

Operational procedures have been developed for the admi-istratioz of the

Brigades, and a more comprehensive evaluation system is being developed for

the Youth Brigades.

43. The Bank is continuing its support for Touth Brigades through a

second eduction project for Botswana. The proposed project will assist i= the

establishment of seven new Brigade Canters in rural, areas- In addition, nine

new Agricultural Brigades will be established and special emphasis will be

given to the provision of adequate mana-erial and evaluative support.

IlI. .enewable 7nerzT in Bank ?rolects

44. A. short list of components included in recent Bank projects. to

promote the development and productive use of renewable sources of energy.,

is given below. This is not an exhaustive list. Several other forestry

pro4ects, for example, have components that are designed to promote the use

of more efficient wood burning stoves.

A. Fuelwood Conservation (introduction of more efficient wood stoves)

India The ?laninn- Research and Action Institute, which has bee= irvolved

in the design of more efficient -oodburning stoves for cooking, will

vork with local Village Forest Committees and the Project mplementa-

tion Unit on a component of the U.P. Social Forestry Project (TZ79)

to construct and demonstrate the staves in about LOO vill.ages in

the Uttar Pradesh area.

- L7 -.

Mali, Burundi Forestr7.?rojects for Maal (FY78) and Burundi (FY79) will

include surveys of energy use patterns, and promote the use of

more efftcient woodburnng stoves for cooking and charcoal kilas

among the rural population.

3. Small Rvdro and Wind

Arentina (small hydro). Studies (through feasibility) of potential use

of small hydr* plants in isolated areas in Yacyreta loan (FY80).

Costa Rica (sza-1l hydro and wind). Survey of hydro and wind potential

around isolated load centers in Power LV loan (M79).

Iepal The Nepal RD Project (7Y76) includes a 10 Icra mini-hydro scheme

estimated to cost HR250,000. The plant is currently (Dec. 1979)

under construction and will provide Ughting and power for the

Project Garlang Cheese/Butte= factory- (based on yak milk produced

in, the project's target area) and its staff quarters.

C. Biomass ?-ocessins Bvroduct Utilization and FeasibilIty Studies

Cameroon (Rice Husks). Equipment to use rice husks as a fuel to generate

pover is being purchased for a rics mill with an Agriculture

credit (M-79).

Barbados (Bagasse). 2:ovision for study of use of ba-asse, in excess of

sugar mills' requirements to produce power for sale to the grid

is expected to be included i= Power IV loan (FT30).

- 18 -

D. Passive Solar

Bolivia The standard school design developed in the U1Ra. ural Development

Project (FT78) is intended to take advantage df solar heat and

light with double glazing and translucent- panels in the roof over

each room. One such school. has, been completed and. four others

are to be ready by Harch 1980. Two prototype "village styJLa"

houses incorporating passive solar innovations (different adobe

mi, dark roof, and insulated floor) ha7e been built.

The Project also includes funds to assist a. local instIctuion

adapt and develop low-cost solar devices for heating, cooking,

pumping, food, drying and green house agriculture in a semi-arid,,

high-altitude area with high levels of insolation and extreme

scartities of traditional fuels.

E. -Biozas

India The Second Calcutta Urban Developmeant Project (TY78) providas for

a-large buffalo/vaste treatment/fish far.ng complex. that will.

provide biogas from up to 50 tons per day of dung. The gas will

be used to generate electricity for chilling milk as well as

operating the plant.