the nature of the state in nepal
TRANSCRIPT
The Nature of the State in Nepal
INDEEWARI KANCHANA GALAGAMA
2015
Table of Contents
Chapter One .......................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 History .................................................................................................................................... 1
Chapter Two .......................................................................................................................................... 3
Methodology and Critical Assessments ............................................................................................... 3
2.1 What is Nature of State ........................................................................................................... 3
2.3 The State of Nepal Today ....................................................................................................... 4
Chapter Three ....................................................................................................................................... 5
State and Society in Nepal .................................................................................................................... 5
3.1 Society and Culture ................................................................................................................. 5
3.2 State and Society ..................................................................................................................... 5
Chapter Four ......................................................................................................................................... 6
State Capacity in Nepal ........................................................................................................................ 6
4.1 What is State Capacity ............................................................................................................ 6
4.1.1 State Fragility ......................................................................................................................... 6
4.2. State Capacity to deliver justice .............................................................................................. 6
4.3 Ensure Human Security .......................................................................................................... 7
4.3.1 Food and Water Security ........................................................................................................ 8
4.4 Provide Basic infrastructure .................................................................................................... 8
4.4.1 Road ....................................................................................................................................... 9
4.4.2 Education ............................................................................................................................... 9
Chapter Five ........................................................................................................................................ 10
Findings ................................................................................................................................................ 10
Chapter Six .......................................................................................................................................... 12
Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 12
References ............................................................................................................................................ 13
1
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 History
The nature of Nepal is unique because of its diverse characteristics of social, political and
economic dimensions. Though it is a small country, it has approximately 103 castes and
ethnic groups together with 123 languages. Its unique because of these multi-ethnic, multi-
linguistic and multi-cultural and also specially multi-party system.
Nepali state transformation can divide into three major categories.
01 The kingdom transformed into a republic
02 Civil conflict transformed into peaceful politics
03 Non-inclusive state ruled by the high-castes transformed into an inclusive democratic
Nepal
Source: Based on International IDEA, 2007
1951 first Nepal attempt for democracy was an armed revolution against the King Rana
regime. On December 1960, King Mahendra took the power and executed democratic rule by
the party less Panchayath (Council) regime. April 1990 multiparty democracy reformed the
results of mass protest of people demand. This was a remarkable achievement in Nepal to
explore democracy. It witnessed by parliamentary elections held in 1991, 1994 and 1999 and
local elections held in 1992 and 1997. But this attempt to sustain democracy has failed by
King Gyanendra. He abused the power through two royal coups in October 2002 and
February 2005. Due to the pressure from King Gyanendra’s dictatorship, political party
aligned with the Communist Party of Nepal (CPN) - Maoist. In April 2006 people have
responded by rallying for Republicans in the street with Jana Andolan II (Democracy
movement) (Hachhethu et al, 2008).
In 21 November 2006 Nepal a decade civil war ended by signing the comprehensive peace
agreement between the Maoists and seven major political parties. 2008 Constitute Assembly
election won by CPN-Maoist and Nepal political system transformed into a representative
democracy (Falch Ashid & Miklian Jason, 2008). In February 11, 2014 Sushil Koirala elected
as Prime Minister of Nepal defeating CPN-Maoist Pushpa Kamal Dahal alias Prachandra.
The CPN-Maoist has renounced armed insurgency and eagerly looking forward to establish
their goal of one party People’ Democracy (Hachhethu et al 2008). Nepali Congress (NC)
and Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist Leninist CPN-UML) wanted to draft the
constitution with two-third majority, but the opposition of Maoists and Madhesi parties
boycotted the entire Constituent Assembly. It is because of the two contradicted opinions
about the federalism. While NC and CPN-UML wanted to draft the constitution giving
priority for administrative viability federal scheme Maoists and Madhesi parties wanted to
2
have it given priority for identity based federal scheme. Still political parties could not able to
deliver a draft of the constitution before the deadline of 22 January 2015 (Jaiswal, 2015).
The newly emerged political parties are more interested in implementing the federal scheme
to the country giving priority for identity recognition. They think it can give a chance for
marginalized people to enjoy their freedom. But Nepali Congress and United Marxist
Leninist want to have a federal scheme which gives priority for administrative viability. The
Maoists and Madhesi demand that the constitution should reflect the Comprehensive Peace
Agreement and the aspiration of the Madhesi movement than their number in the Constitute
Assembly (Jaiswal, 2015).
Nepal politics transitioned into three stages such as, monarchy, inclusive democracy and the
transformation of Maoists into politics. The rise in ethnic consciousness demanded in the
political transition process. When take into account those three stages, it is clearly visible that
there were discriminatory characters since the Nepali state has formed, encouraged the
politics of exclusion and power and access to resources limited to only high caste and class
groups. Jana Andolan II has given the opportunity to revise these old fashioned
characteristics of Nepal. The Nepal current situation is transforming to conflict to peaceful
thriving democracy. The call for republic starts during the monarchy period. Under the Rana
regime didn’t practice democracy and people suppressed by his law. Therefore first attempt
to democratize started in 1951 through an armed revolution. Second attempt started in 2006
with Jana Andolan II, rallying for republicanism. After the exit of the monarchy and entry of
the CPN-Maoist to the state was the second stage of CPN-Maoist is transformed into a
legitimate political force. Maoist worked for the anti - monarchy movement in 2006 and they
were successful by doubling their efforts to bring Republicans in Seven-Party Alliance
support. The third stage is called for an inclusive democracy. Maoist believes that it can
happen only by making space for all ethnicities and gender to represent in the country’s
governing bodies. Since the unification of Nepal in 1768 all leaders have tried to forge Nepal
into a homogeneous and a unitary state promoting one language, caste group and religion. As
some of the other groups neglected and excluded in political system they forced for
federalism based on ethnicity. After all these transitional periods now government is
considering for most important and substantial issues of inclusive democracy (Hachhethu et
al, 2008).
3
Chapter Two
Methodology and Critical Assessments
2.1 What is Nature of State
The nature of the state is an issue widely talks in the society with different aspect. When
attempts to define what is stated there are many controversial ideas among academics,
scholars, historians, economists, politicians, anthropologies etc. Nepal has more similar
characteristics of quasi-state. According to Clapham (1998) quasi-states can distinguish as
positive and negative quasi-states. States with ‘positive sovereignty’, government demarcates
their people and territories from others and assure stability and effectiveness of their domestic
political systems. The ‘negative sovereignty’ states are incapable to defend themselves in
military against any industrialized states and they did not control their own territories. Their
domestic political system was weak and unstable. Take into account Clapham’s theory, this
kind of ‘negative quasi-state’ nature can be found in Nepal when look at its governing
process. Nepal is still in the process of drafting the constitution and also they couldn’t protect
their territory from their neighbor countries like India and Tibet.
According to Leftwitch (2011) the concept of modern state started from Europe and its
central point was the transformation of agrarian to industrial society. Therefore, modern
states work for are promoting, organize, protect and sustain industrialism. Twentieth century
the term shifted to defense against external attack, protect internal security, sustain economic
development, etc. As Leftwitch mentioned “successful intervention along any of the strategic
paths has only occurred where the appropriate political coalitions and distributions of power
underpinning the state have allowed rather than hindered growth-promoting institutions and
strategies” (Leftwich, 2011:227-228). The big challenge of modern states is how to establish
democracy and welfare demands. When considering about the Nepal case with my personal
experience it is very hard to find democracy in the state and also social welfares. And also
Nepal is lack of knowledge about how to establish institutes which can work for rapid and
sustainable economic development.
The modern state has brought the complex internal political process and it has caused many
developing countries to stay remain as developing countries. In Asia except China, Korea,
Japan and Thailand all other countries become a victim of the modern state (Leftwitch, 2011).
Indeed Leftwitch mentioned that, to rid of these obstacle modern states, institutions and
organization should set as public not owned or private. But the problem of developing
countries is all public institutions and organizations are controlled political leaders. This is a
very obvious negative point can see in Nepal state. Almost all political leaders are corrupt
and they use public resources for their personal interest and will. The other challenge
Leftwitch (2011) mentioned was difficult to establish their hegemony and maintain
sovereignty with their borders. The sovereignty of Nepal challenged by India, China and
Tibet. Still Nepal cannot make an independent decision as they have a lot of agreement with
India like Kosi agreement in 1954 (Bisht, 2008).
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Raz (1986) has argued that, the state is the political organization of a society, “[i]ts
government, the agent, and the law are the vehicles by which it exercised power” (Raz,
1986:70). Further, he has argued that “[a] state is the political organization of a society; it is
a political system that is a subsystem of a more comprehensive social system” (Raz,
2009:100). Naturally, in the nature of Nepal state, there were certain social functions, but
they were performed by men chosen by all of society which had the right to dismiss these
people at any time and to appoint others. In those distant times relation between people were
regulated by public opinion.
Some people see the state as a traditional institution while others see it as insist on the unique
features of the modern state. It’s very clear that the term of state is not a synonym for
government. When considering about Nepal history during 1815 Nepal lost one third of its
territory signing the Sugauli Treaty. It’s a treaty signed between East India Company and
king of Nepal in 02 December 1815. The reason was to sign this treaty was Anglo-Nepalese
War as a result of border disputes and both party's willingness to expand their territory
(Zuberi, 2013). This is proved that how Nepal state changed with its government change.
Taking account these all kind of notion of the state brings the idea of the state as a historical
actor. Therefore, when defining state it is important to take account the history of how
individual states were formed to understand the logic behind the present day experience of
the states.
2.3 The State of Nepal Today
Renovation of Nepali state which began with Jana Andolan II, has brought notable changes
into the governance sphere. The House of Representatives was reinstated on 24 April 2006,
and G.P. Koirala, the leader of the Nepali Congress Party, was appointed as Prime Minister
on 27 April 2006. The Interim Constitution, proclaimed in January 2007 abolished the
institution of monarchy by a simple majority in the first CA meeting. By second amendment
declared country can be a republic, even before the election of the CA if the king makes any
attempt to defeat the CA election. The remarkable achievement of 2006 declaring the promise
of the election of the CA, the announcement of Nepal as a secular state and allow one third of
the seats in the state reserved for women (Hachchethu et al, 2008).
Ruling Alliance of Nepali Congress and the Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist
Leninist wanted to draft the constitution before 22 January 2015. But, the opposition of
Maoists and Madhesi parties boycotted the constituent assembly and constitution drafting
stuck due to unable to get the two-third majority votes (Jaiswal, 2015).
5
Chapter Three
State and Society in Nepal
3.1 Society and Culture
Nepal is a multi-cultural, multi-lingual, multi-racial and multi-religious society. Nepalese
society basically can divide into three categories; Hill region, Himalayan region and the Terai
region. Hill region has distinct cultural patterns. It is different from the Terai and from the
Himalaya. According to Bhattarai (2014) these divisions have caused Nepal to think about
federalist state. Especially Terai people popularly called as Madhesi wanted to transform
Nepal as ethnicity-based federalist state.
In Nepal, every different type of faces represents their cultural identity. That is why Nepal
society called as a plural culture society. Basically Nepali people believe that their casts and
which group they are, belong decided by birth. It simply means that everything decided by
birth. Therefore, in Nepali society highly prevails clan exogamy and marriage endogamy.
Basically Nepali society can introduce as duty-based society. In contrast, these kinds of
society, people had no self-will and self-interest rather achieve higher order which is more
similar to the Nepal current constitution. It shows the condition of Nepal’s traditional social
life, how combine with its history, culture and religion. When considering about South Asian
countries, people give more priority for accountability of state and society’s duties rather than
their rights to create a peaceful society (Dahal, 1999).
3.2 State and Society
According to Dahal (1999) Pre-modern politics are based on hierarchy, exclusion and
inequality and governed by natural will of citizens. Modern politics are based on inclusion,
equality and participation and governed by the rational will of citizens. When apply this
concept to the Nepal society, it’s hard to distinguish the modern Nepali politics from pre-
modern. It is because they are practicing a mixed political pattern.
The modern Nepal society movement has declined religious based politics and moved to
class based politics (Dahal, 1999). Before introducing democracy to Nepal during the
monarchy periods, king has practiced religion based politics. Hindu were major religion and
other minority religious groups often got threatened due to religious reason. After introducing
democracy, it turned to the class based political base on ethnicity, income, wealth, education,
occupation and also interests.
6
Chapter Four
State Capacity in Nepal
4.1.1 What is State Capacity
Find an answer for what is state capacity is a critical problem. Different political scholars
have given a definition for what is state capacity. While Fukuyama (2013) stated that state
capacity measured by the quality and efficiency of the executive branches and bureaucracies
Rotberg (2003) stated that state with proper basic needs such as, education, health and
security etc. promote for high state capacity.
4.1.1 State Fragility
States fail because they have gone through internal violence and fail to entrust political goods
to their citizens. When the government lost its legitimacy state itself become illegitimate to
its citizens (Rotberg, 2003). According to the Fragile States Index, 2014 Nepal has ranked at
32 in the category of Fragile Alert zone taking 91 scores out of 120 scores. The report has
used 12 factors to rank countries rating each nation’s security threat, economic implosion,
human rights violations and refugee flows. According to this index Nepal is in the fragile
state Alert zone. Though still, it’s not a fragile state it can fall anytime to fragile states
(Haken Nate et al, 2014)
Same like most common failed state, Nepal also tense an insurgency, civil unrest and
different degree of communal discontent between state and groups within the state.
According to Rotberg (2003) there is no failed state without disharmonies between
communities. And also a heterogeneous array of ethnic, religious, and linguistic interests
contributes more to state failure. In the context of Nepal, these features are clearly visible.
Disharmony between caste groups, ethnicities and religious groups are major ingredients of
Nepal instability.
The other characteristics of failure state are failing to control their borders (Rotberg, 2003).
Nepal has lost its territory to India in 1816. According to the reports prepared by Shrestha
(2006) India has encroached about 59,970 hectares of Nepali territory at 54 points in 21
districts adjoining India in the East, West and South. However, the encroachment by India
in the Kalapani-Limpiyadhura area with 372 sq km (37,800 hectares) is the largest chunk of
Nepalese territory. Having occupied it for many years, India now claims that the area
belongs to India (Thapa, 2009). Though the Nepal still not a failed state there is more
tendencies for Nepal to become fragile state due to the above mentioned problems.
4.2. State Capacity to deliver justice
Before Nepal achieves democracy the justice system was executed under the indigenous
customary practices and religious rules. After democratic achievement in 1950s Nepalese
7
people started to follow the constitution and legal rules made in the West. The Government of
Nepal Act 1948 was the first constitutional instrument that institutionalized some democratic
ideals. Yet, due to the reluctance of the King Rana rulers and freedom struggle launched by
the people this Act was not able to get active. But after the revolution of 1951, the Interim
Government of Nepal Act expanded to incorporate the element of the Personal Liberty,
Check and Balance, Independent Judiciary, Rule of Law and so on (Supreme Court of Nepal,
2008).
The Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007 the basic objectives of the constitution is
substantiates an independent and efficient system of justice viewing for the purpose of
transforming the concept of the rule of law into a living reality. The constitution grants all
powers relating to justice to the court and other judicial institution to be exercised in
Consilience with the constitution, laws and recognized principles of justice (Supreme Court
of Nepal, 2008).
The Constitution provides three layers of Court, which are; Supreme Court, the Court of
Appeal and the District Courts. Supreme Court is the top Court. Except the constitutional
assembly other courts and judicial institutions. Only in some exceptional basic procedures
Criminal court contrast to Civil Court. There are some additional provisions to hear special
type of cases. They are four Revenue Tribunals; one Administrative Court, one Labor Court,
one Debt Recovery tribunal and one Debt recovery Appeal Tribunal. There is another one
special court function under the respective laws. Generally, all these institutions are working
under the judicial control of the Supreme Court (Supreme Court of Nepal, 2008).
Though the Nepal law is stronger in theory, in practice it is very fragile law. Security and
justice provide Nepal to establish peace. However, on-going and emerging security
challenges caused for people to feel insecure. In many places security situation is
deteriorating. In some areas new armed groups are emerging and it’s hard to identify their
motives are criminal or political. Gender-based violence is highly prevails in Nepal. Violence
against women is a serious problem for Nepal as they don’t feel safe to walk alone and
especially domestic violence is highly reported. Political interference also damaged to
security and justice in Nepal. In local level elites and powerful political leaders and people
interfere for free and fair judgment. At the national level, political interference hampered the
free and fair conduct of justice. Poor people have no or less access to justice as they have to
bear the high cost to get the courts, police or lawyers. Therefore, poor people are in struggle
to get access to the formal justice (Antenna Foundation Nepal et al, 2010).
4.3 Ensure Human Security
According to Shin-Wha Lee (2004:07) “ […] human security underlines the complex links,
often ignored or underestimated, between disarmament, human rights and development”. In
1994 UNDP published its Human Development Report and payed attention for human
security through research and expert meetings in order to sustain human security at the core
of political agendas not only national level but also international level (Shin-Wha Lee, 2004).
8
“Therefore, in addressing human security, a comprehensive view is required of all threats to
human survival and dignity, with special emphasis on the promotion of human rights, social
development, and environmentally sound and sustainable development, as well as the
elimination of violence, social strife, terrorism, state atrocities and genocide, and
discrimination of all kinds” (Shin-Wha Lee, 2004:11).
The central challenge for Nepalese leadership is to retain poor and middle class into political
parties and integrate non-class based social movements of women, peace, Dalits, ecologists,
professionals and students into its ideology and address deep rooted multi-causal conflict
integrated within the development of society (Dahal, 2005).
A welfare state treats its people as children, socializes the costs of their well-being and
promotes their rights expecting loyalties in return. Government plays legitimate role in
providing social support to the poor, eliminating vulnerability of the economic uncertainty of
the market. However, weaker state caused for great inequality in the societies. However, after
signing the Comprehensive Peace Agreement still insecurity in the Nepal society remains
high. According to International Alert, 2009 report the ongoing levels of insecurity also
reflect retrenched grievances, often manifested in gender, ethnic and caste divisions, which
the peace process has been unable to address (Watson Charlotte and Crozier Rebecca, 2009).
4.3.1 Food and Water Security
Nepal suffered from severe scarcity of drinking water and food insecurity. Food insecurity
somehow directly linked to armed conflict. In the context of Nepal, these two main basic
needs are highly politicized. The situation of food security is more vulnerable in the areas of
far-western and eastern hills and mountains. (WFP, 2014). The armed conflict between state
and CPN-Maoist was an obstacle to coping and delivering mechanism for food and water
insecurity due to its side effects of social tension, livelihood insecurity and renovated political
system.
Though the Nepal basically introduces as an agricultural society consider about household
daily food consumption, they still do not get a sufficient balance food dish. The issues for
insufficient food is not always because of natural or income issues. According to Khatri
(2012) The Nepalese people suffer from food insecurity because of their inability to afford
food; poor utilization of food and resources used for making alcohol and other purposes.
4.4 Provide Basic infrastructure
Nepal is a developing country with its low per capita GDP of US$ 320, 80% of its population
live in the rural areas and 30% of the people live below the poverty line. The major challenge
for the government of Nepal is to provide adequate infrastructure to these remote and scatted
settlements (Sitaula, 2010).
Infrastructure development in Nepal does not have a long history. Though the government of
Nepal was trying to increase access to education, transportation, communication, health
9
services, electricity and other kind of services, Nepal remains as the poorest country with its
biggest challenge of poverty reduction.
4.4.1 Road
Road development in Nepal started after 1950. As Nepal does not have other ways of
transformation except limited air service its plays vital role in the country. Therefore, the road
infrastructure is a significant element of socioeconomic development in Nepal. Donors like
India, China, Switzerland and Germany fund road development which is the best way to help
in Nepal development. Therefore, donors supported by shaping the road network of Nepal to
present status. Based on past experience one can keep hoping that poverty reduction will be a
reality through adequate, safe and advanced road network (Sitaula, 2010).
4.4.2 Education
The modern education system in Nepal started in 1951. During the Rana regime there were
only 9000 pupils in primary, 1700 in secondary school and a little over one hundred in two
undergraduate colleges. There were no university and also adult education stood at a bare 5%
(Mathema, 2007). With the rapid improvement of past decades, the Nepal literacy rate
increased. The literacy rate has increased from 23% in 1981 to 54% in 2001. 45% of the
populations are unable to read and write (Sitaula, 2010).
Though the access to education has increased, still there is the highest responsibility to
increase access to education, specially enhance rural areas education. Most of the time in
rural areas as its dominant by men when a girl gets failing, she simply pushes out from the
class. These areas equity to education is very low due to patriarchy society. Some of the
reasons behinds Nepal illiteracy are; poverty, inaccessibility, lack of teachers to the rural
areas, parents illiteracy, etc. Though the Nepal primary education is free still parents have to
care other kind of indirect costs (Sitaula, 2010).
It is clear that education in Nepal is more political when consider its current system. Most of
the time elites do not involve with public education for their children. The child who studies
in the public schools are those who has a poor economic background. Therefore, those elites
and politicians pay less attention for public schools since they have a choice of private
school. But due to these public schools, abundance many poor girls and boys stop their
education and it does the negative impact on the creation of a national cultural and social
cohesion in the society (Sitaula, 2010).
Taking to account above all mentioned information the capacity of Nepal is more fragile and
it requires transforming as a state where parliament continues to legislate, executive develops
political leaderships, the free and fair judiciary and society participation in public topics
(Dahal, 2005)
10
Chapter Five
Findings
Nepal has chosen decentralized reform, focusing on improving public service and enhancing
more accountable and responsive governance. These various decentralization reforms involve
political, administrative and fiscal components. On the political side, local governments need
to have a mechanism for responsive and accountable to their local residents and elected local
representatives (Roy Kelly et al, 2011).
Transition from Unitary to Federal Government Structure in Nepal.
Source: Stock Taking of Fiscal Decentralization Policies: Consolidated Report, 2011.
According to above figure Nepal has to shift to new federal structure from its current
structure. The current structure of Nepal has two kinds of government, which are central
government and local government of DDCs (District Development Committee) and VDCs
(Village Development Committees). The possible federal structure for Nepal can be federal
government, devolved provincial government and devolved rural and urban government. This
is what Nepali Congress suggested for Nepal to go to federalist state. But, Maoist and
Madhesi have different ideology about federalism as they are focused on identity-based
federalism. Today federalism has introduced to Nepal to build inclusive nation eliminating all
kind of discrimination against caste, ethnicity and all kind of social hierarchy. Indeed to
address all the grievances of the poor, marginalized, suppressed and oppressed Nepalese.
Current Structure Transition Plan Possible Federal Structure
Cen
tral D
evolv
ed –
Local
VDC
s Municipalitie
s
DDC
Devolved Provincial Government
Deconcentrated Administrative
Units
Devolved
Rural
Governments
Devolved Urban
Governments
Central
Government Federal Government
11
Hachhethu (2008) sought the opinions of Nepal’s citizens, including its political elite, on
issues relating to the three major components needed for restructuring the Nepali state. Those
were; end of monarchical rule, the transformation of the CPN-Maoist and the need for
inclusive democracy. These data highlights that person's perception about democracy is
positive and they accept this system is suitable for Nepal. In 2015 Nepal drew a secular
constitution which divided Nepal to seven-province federal structure which replaces 75
administrative districts (Manandhar Prabin, 2015). Though then there is no threat of
implementing federal structure to Nepal people have fear of accepting it due to some reasons.
Some of them are, scholars believe on that integrated provinces can contribute massively for
local government to become more powerful and independent than going for federalism, local
government can contribute better for economic enhancement and reduce youth
unemployment, and the best suite mechanism for Nepal economic and security is divide
Nepal territory to mountains, hills and Terai. Moreover, people think Nepal is a very small
country and there is nothing to separate as two peripheries.
12
Chapter Six
Conclusion
The nature of the state in Nepal can be categorized as a federal state. Nepal has moved
unitary government to a federal government structure. The main causes for Nepal to shift to
the federalism changed attitude and behaviour of central offices and provide adequate
financial, human and physical resources at the local levels. During the king monarchy
peoples of Nepal has not enjoyed at least their basic human rights. Many people live far from
the capital city had no access to education, health or security. Every facility centralized to the
elite and politicians. Therefor majority of people were suppressed by the king’s rule and his
autocratic power and it leads to Nepal to start a civil war and federalization.
Nepal became a weak state not because of its unfortunate. Its institutional fragilities and
structural flaws caused for its failure. It is specially the mistake done by unsuccessful and
autocratic leaders. By Promoting governance Nepal can expand its state capacity. Effective
governance can balance public, private and civil society. Until Nepal able to maintain
sufficient welfare and incentives for its all inhabitants, it will not able to achieve political and
economic development. Nepal has strong history being a Hindu country. Therefore, it is hard
for government to make Nepal as a secular country. It is because Nepali society strongly
combined with religious practice. Therefore, Nepal should remain as inclusive state and
inclusive development while Nepal restructure as a federal state. Paying high attention to root
causes of the violent conflict can achieve stable political system and economic growth
together with enhancement of social condition.
13
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