the birth of late antiquity: riegl and strzygowski in 1901

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The Birth of Late Antiquity: Riegl and Strzygowski in 1901 Jas Elsner Introduction 1901 saw the publication of two ground-breaking books which between them established the history of late antique art as an academic discipline. They were Alois Riegl's fundamental contribution to art history, Spa È tro È mische Kunst- industrie, or Late Roman Art Industry (perhaps better translated as Late Roman Arts and Crafts) and Josef Strzygowski's Orient oder Rom. Together, these books set up the categories and methods by which the development of Roman art and the rise of medieval art would be studied for almost the rest of the century. Indeed, Riegl has been credited as having introduced the term Spa È tantike (`late antique') into archaeological studies. 1 The two books together ± and the fierce polemic between their authors in the years that followed ± were effectively the spring- board for the modern discipline of late-antique art history. 2 One might say, however, that despite its influence, Riegl's book especially resembles Chekhov's play The Cherry Orchard. This was the first great masterpiece of twentieth- century theatre, but it is really the work of a nineteenth-century thinker, whose most important book for our purposes happens to have strayed across the line past 1900. 2001 saw the death of Ernst Gombrich (b. 1909), the greatest surviving representative of pre-World War II Austro-German Kunstgeschichte, a man who (like Riegl) really belonged to the century before that in which he died. Gombrich was born after Riegl's death in 1905, but his work was profoundly informed by the need to negotiate the aftermath of the art-historical contributions of 1901 ± not just the specific importance of late-antique art, 3 but also the methodological problems of Riegl's theoretical concept of Kunstwollen. 4 Indeed, one of Gombrich's first seminars as a student in Vienna turned into an attack on Riegl's first book, Stilfragen, 5 while some of his first published work cut his critical teeth against Spa È tro È mische Kunstindustrie and its followers ± inaugurating what would be a life-long and yet partly affectionate battle with the legacy of Riegl. 6 Like others with whom I shall be concerned (notably Ernst Kitzinger), Gombrich himself, Riegl and Strzygowski were all natives of Vienna or practised their art history there. If this paper is a genuflection to a significant Art History ISSN 0141-6790 Vol. 25 No. 3 June 2002 pp. 358±379 358 ß Association of Art Historians 2002. Published by Blackwell Publishers, 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA.

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