Policy WorldPSO, a Related Society of the American Political Science Association,the International Political Science Association, and the International

Studies AssociationThe PSO symbol is the 47th problem of the famous scholar Euclid. Called the Pythagorean Theorem as it was Pythagoras,an Aeonian Greek, who established an academy where the proposition was debated, and central to ancient scholarship,it represents applying knowledge to practical needs. An avocational mathematician and President of the United States,James Garfield, discovered an alternative proof. His son, Harry Garfield, longtime President of Williams College andPresident of the American Political Science Association, once owned the house in Washington now housing the APSA andthe PSO.

http://www.ipsonet.orgPresident

Paul Rich, George Mason University, and Hoover Institution

Vice Presidents: Victoria Basolo, California-Irvine; Guillermo De Los Reyes, Houston; Janet Frantz, Louisiana; DavidMerchant, University of the Americas; Leo Ribuffo, George Washington University; J.P. Singh, Georgetown University

Treasurer: Rex Kallembach, CPA, Kallembach & AssociatesPublications Coordinator: Guillermo De Los Reyes, University of HoustonExecutive Director of the PSO and Registrar for Phi Sigma Omega: David Merchant, University of the Americas(dmerchant@ipsonet.org)Web and Congress Manager: Daniel Gutiérrez, University of the AmericasEditor, Review of Policy Research: J.P. Singh, Georgetown UniversityEditors, Policy Studies Journal: Peter deLeon and Chris Weible, University of Colorado, DenverEditors, Politics & Policy: Emma R. Norman and David Mena, University of the AmericasEditor, Asian Politics & Policy: David Z. Ho, Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityEditor, DOMES, Digest of Middle East Studies: Mohammed M. Aman, University of Wisconsin-MilwaukeeEditors, Crisis & Risk in Public Policy: Hank C. Jenkins-Smith, University of Oklahoma, and Warren Eller, Louisiana StateUniversityEditor, Poverty & Public Policy: Max Skidmore, University of Missouri

Long Range Planning CommitteeCo-chairs: Victoria Basolo, Guillermo De Los Reyes

Internet Planning CommitteeMembers: Francisco Alacantra, Janet Frantz, Daniel Gutiérrez

Representative to the American Association for the Advancement of ScienceJ.P. Singh, Georgetown University

Seymour Martin Lipset Scholars:2004—Michael T. Heaney, University of Florida2008—David Z. Ho and Gang Lin, Shanghai Jiaotong University

Harrell Rodgers Scholars:2005—Gisela Sin, Ph.D. Candidate, University of Michigan2006—Rainbow Murray, Birkbeck, University of London2007—Shantanu Majumder, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, University of London2008—Elias Dinas, European University Institute

Walter E. Beach Fellows:2005—Hajime Sato, University of Tokyo

Mikhail Vishnevskiy, Russian Academy of Sciences2006—Getnet Tamene Casa, City University of Bratislava2006—Heung Soo Sim, Gyeongsang National University2008—Peter Csanyi, Alexander Dubcek University in Trencin

Miroslav Svircevic, Institute for Balkan Studies, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts

Aaron Wildavsky Award Recipients:2004—James G. March, Stanford University

Johan P. Olsen, ARENA, University of Oslo2005—Gosta Esping-Andersen, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain2006—Charles E. Lindblom, Yale University

The Harold D. Lasswell Award Recipients:2004—Suzanne Christine Nielsen, Harvard University2005—Esther N. Mwangi, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research

Thad Williamson, University of Richmond2006—Jonathan Ari Lawrence, Harvard University

The Rex Kallembach Wiley-Blackwell Scholarship:2008—Daniela Dib Argüelles, Universidad de las Américas-Puebla

Michael D. Jones, University of Oklahoma

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08Policy World: PSO Proceedings 1137

The International Council of PSO: Chair: Dr. John Dixon, University of Plymouth; Secretary:Dr. Mark Hyde, University of Plymouth; Dr. Mukul Asher, National University of Singapore; Dr. Jim Bjorkman,Leiden University; Dr. Ian Holliday, City University of Hong Kong; Dr. Hubert Heinelt, Darmstadt University ofTechnology; Dr. Stein Kuhule, University of Bergen; Dr. Chris Landsberg, Centre for Policy Studies, Zambia; Dr. FredLazin, Ben Gurion University of the Negev; Dr. Godfrey Pirotta, University of Malta; Dr. M. Ramesh, The Universityof Sydney; Dr. Christine Rothmayr, University of Geneva; Dr. Diane Stone, Central European University, BudapestLife Members: James Seroka, Auburn; Lilliard Richardson, Missouri; Paul Rich, University of the Americas-Pueblaand Hoover InstitutionPSO Fellow: Nikolaos Zahariadis, University of Alabama, Birmingham

The PSO is represented in China by these offices of the Clarewood Institute:

Shanghai Jiao Tong University1954 Huashan Road

Shanghai, 200030China

Phone 86-21-6293-2097

Clarewood Institute18 Yinghua XijieBeijing, 100029

ChinaPhone 86-010-6444-6828

MEETINGSThe Policy Studies Organization holds concurrent meetings with the Southern Political Science Association

in New Orleans every January, with the Midwest Political Science Association every April in Chicago, and withthe American Political Science Association at its annual meetings in August. Dr. Harrell Rodgers(HRodgers@UH.edu) schedules papers and panels for these events, and welcomes suggestions. DanielGutiérrez may also be contacted at dgutierrezs@ipsonet.org.

POLICY STUDIES ORGANIZATION ENDOWMENTSThe Policy Studies Organization established and raises funds for three endowments which are held in

permanent trust by the American, Midwest, and Southern Political Science Associations. The Seymour MartinLipset Fund is for the Library and Centennial Center at APSA headquarters, the Walter Beach Endowmentbrings foreign scholars to the Southern meetings, and the Harrell Rodgers Endowment enables graduatestudents to attend Midwest meetings. Gifts can be sent at any time to the three associations earmarked for thesefunds, as permanent endowment to help people down through the years. They are fully tax exempt. If you havequestions about giving through charitable annuities, remainder trusts or other devices, offering attractive taxbenefits, contact the PSO President, Dr. Paul Rich (rich@hoover.stanford.edu).

Seymour Martin Lipset Endowment at APSAThe Policy Studies Organization established and sponsors the Seymour Martin Lipset Endowment of the

American Political Science Association. The endowment helps to fund the Lipset Library, part of the APSACentennial Center for visiting scholars. The study area offers handsome offices along with computers andmeeting rooms, and the Lipset Library is a much appreciated gathering place. The Lipset EndowmentCommittee is chaired by Larry Diamond of the Hoover Institution and Paul Rich of the Policy StudiesOrganization. Gifts are payable to the APSA earmarked for the Lipset Endowment and are fully tax deductible.Inquiries can be addressed to Dr. Rich at rich@hoover.stanford.edu—or to the PSO office.

Harrell Rodgers Endowment at MPSAThe Policy Studies Organization has established the Harrell Rodgers Endowment with the Midwest

Political Science Association to help students attend the annual Midwest conference. Fellows are invited to PSOfunctions at the conference and their names are permanently inscribed on the Rodgers Plaque at the PSOheadquarters in Washington. Applications as well as contributions to the permanent Rodgers endowment canbe made to the Midwest and are tax exempt.

The Walter E. Beach Endowment at SPSAThe Policy Studies Organization has established the Walter E. Beach Fellows Endowment with the

Southern Political Science Association, to enable foreign scholars to attend the annual meetings of the Southern.Beach Fellows are permanently honored on a plaque in the PSO Washington headquarters. Donations are fullytax deductible and may be sent to the Southern, as well as applications for grants.

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POLICY STUDIES ORGANIZATION AWARDSThe Harold D. Lasswell Award Committee for the best dissertation in public policy, and the

Aaron Wildavsky Award Committee for the best policy book, are joint committees of the PSO andthe American Political Science Association.

The Harold D. Lasswell prize is awarded annually for the best dissertation in the field ofpublic policy. The award is co-sponsored by the Policy Studies Organization and the APSA PublicPolicy Organized Section. It carries a prize of $1,000.

PSO Services to the ProfessionPSO members making sabbatical, overseas study or like plans may obtain a letter of

introduction from PSO headquarters to expedite admission to archives and research facilities. Sowe can do a good job, please provide information about research or like plans and yourexpectations for assistance, and write or email the PSO headquarters.

Occasionally PSO will be asked for the names of faculty to provide evaluations regardingprograms, departments, or individuals applying for promotion or placement. The PSO would begrateful to hear from members with some background in such evaluations. If you would be willingto be listed as an evaluator, kindly send your C.V. to the headquarters, preferably by email.

The Policy Studies Organization warmly welcomes proposals for cooperation in fundingopportunities, foundation proposals, and new projects. The officers will consider seriously anyideas. The society’s journals, book series, Washington offices and other resources are there to beused and we urge those with initiatives and suggestions to contact the President or ExecutiveDirector. We seek your help in being entrepreneurial and innovative.

The PSO website is at http://www.ipsonet.org/ and includes links to policy institutes andgraduate schools. Additional links are welcome and should be sent to David Merchant at theinternational headquarters, dmerchant@ipsonet.org. If you have ideas for improvements to thewebsite, also send them along. The PSO email list sends out material on policy-related matters andif you want to use if for an announcement of a program, summer institute, call for papers or otherevents, just write to David Merchant—and write as well if you wish to add someone to the list orto receive the emails yourself. The links on the website and the use of the email list have producedgood results for our PSO members and you are cordially urged to add your contribution.

The PSO Washington Office is registered with the Federal government for the purpose of J1training visas and so can accept interns from overseas. Of course local students are also welcometo correspond with the office about possible internships, which are handled on an individual basis.Sometimes a joint internship can be considered with related organizations in Washington toprovide a more varied experience. The office also has contacts at the Organization of AmericanStates and can help with placing interns there.

PSO is committed to social responsibility, believing that all organizations should contributepositively to the environment. Publications are printed on recycled paper by union labor, andproducts are purchased from concerns whose employment practices are progressive. We supportdiversity, encourage feedback from all those with whom we deal, and cooperate with Wiley-Blackwell and other partners to donate or provide publications at much reduced cost todeveloping countries. Our officers serve out of a conviction that the policy sciences can helpimprove human life.

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08Policy World: Awards and Services 1139

CONSORTIUM OF STATE, PROVINCIAL AND STUDY ASSOCIATIONSPartners with PSO Publications and Projects

State Officers Conference Date Conference Location

Alabama President: Dr. Thomas Shaw,University of South Alabamatshaw@usouthal.edu

March 21–22,2008

University of SouthAlabama

Georgia President: Chris Grant,Mercer Universitygpsanet@gmail.comProgram Chair: James LaPlant,Valdosta State Universitygpsanet@gmail.com

November13–15, 2008

Doubletree Hotel onBay Street, Savannah, GA

Great Plains President: Mark M. Springer,University of Marymmspringer@umary.eduProgram Chair: Scott Granberg-Rademacker,granbj@mnsu.edu

March 29,2008

University of Mary,Bismarck, ND

Louisiana President: James Vanderleeuw,Lamar Universityjames.vanderleeuw@lamar.eduVice President: John W.Sutherlin, University ofLouisiana at MonroeSutherlin@ulm.edu

February 8–9,2008

University of Louisianaat Monroe

Mississippi President: Dr. Mark F. Griffith,University of West Alabamamgriffith@uwa.edu

New York President: Ed Warzala,Empire State Collegeed.warzala@esc.eduProgram Chair: FrankVanderValk,Frank.VanderValk@esc.edu

April 25–26,2008

The Rockefeller Collegeof Public Affairs andPolicy and the StateUniversity of NewYork at Albany

NorthCarolina

President: Jim Corey,High Point Universityjcorey@triad.rr.comPresident-elect: Frank Trapp,Methodist Universityftrapp@methodist.edu

February 28,2009

Greensboro College

BritishColumbiaPoliticalStudiesAssociation

President: Tracy Summerville,University of Northern BritishColumbiasummervi@unbc.caProgram Chair: Jeremy Rayner,Malaspina University College,rayner@mala.bc.ca

May 2–3, 2008 University College of theFraser Valley, Abbotsford,British Columbia, Canada.Program Chair: Dr. HamishTelford, Department ofPhilosophy and Politics,University College of theFraser Valley, Abbotsford,BC, hamish.telford@ucfv.edu

OhioAssociation ofEconomistsand PoliticalScientists

President: Michael Carroll,Bowling Green State Universitymcarrol@bgnet.bgsu.eduVice President: Dan Coffey,University of Akrondcoffey@uakron.edu

October 2008 University of AkronAkron, OH

RooseveltInstitution

Executive Director: NateLoewentheil, nate.loewentheil@rooseveltinstitution.orgDirector of Operations:Caitlin Howarth,caitlin.howarth@rooseveltinstitution@org

July 2008 Washington, DC

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The Georgia Political Science Association Awards

McBrayer Award and PrizeThe McBrayer Award and an accompanying $500.00 cash prize will be awarded in years when apaper of outstanding scholarship within the discipline is presented in its entirety on the GPSAannual meeting program and subsequently recognized as such at the discretion of the EditorialBoard and Editor-in-Chief of the Proceedings of the GPSA by their decision to bestow theMcBrayer Award.

Please contact Dr. Joe Trachtenberg, Editor-in-Chief, with questions and concerns about the awardat joetrachtenberg@mail.clayton.edu or call (678) 466-4810.

Annual Pajari Undergraduate Paper AwardThe ROGER N. PAJARI Undergraduate Paper Award is awarded annually to the bestundergraduate paper submitted to meet the requirements of an undergraduate political sciencecourse taught in the state of Georgia and nominated by the professor teaching the course. Theawards committee selects the best paper from those submitted each year. The deadline is July 1stof each year. Papers submitted after the deadline will be included in the next year’s competition.All papers must be submitted as an MS Word or PDF document. The winning paper will be postedin the Proceedings of the GPSA.

Professors who wish to nominate exemplary student papers should contact the Chair of the AwardsCommittee at hcline@mgc.edu

Donald T. Wells AwardFor outstanding service to the Georgia Political Science Association.GPSA Members: Please email letters of nomination for the Donald T. Wells Award to the GPSABoard of Directors at hcline@mgc.edu

For more information about these awards granted by the Georgia Political Science Associationplease visit their website http://www.gpsanet.org/

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ROOSEVELT INSTITUTION

The PSO endorses and is represented on the advisory board of The Roosevelt Institution, a student movement forpolicy research and analysis. Please visit their website: http://rooseveltinstitution.org/

Roosevelt Institution Chapters are currently at:

American UniversityAmherst CollegeBates CollegeBrown UniversityClaremont CollegesColumbia UniversityCornell UniversityDuke UniversityGeorgetown UniversityThe George Washington UniversityHarvard UniversityIowa State UniversityKalamazoo CollegeKent State UniversityKenyon CollegeLesley UniversityMarist CollegeMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyMiddlebury CollegeNorthwestern UniversityNew York UniversityOberlin CollegeOhio State UniversityOtis College of Art and DesignPrinceton UniversityRutgers University

Stanford UniversityTexas A&M UniversityTulane UniversityUniversity of California, BerkeleyUniversity of California, DavisUniversity of California, Santa BarbaraUniversity of ChicagoUniversity of GeorgiaUniversity of HartfordThe University of IowaUniversity of MarylandUniversity of MichiganUniversity of North Carolina, Chapel HillUniversity of Nevada at Las VegasUniversity of OregonUniversity of PennsylvaniaUniversity of South CarolinaUniversity of Tennessee-ChattanoogaUniversity of Texas at AustinThe University of Texas at San AntonioUniversity of VirginiaUniversity of Wisconsin—MadisonWashington University in St. LouisWheaton College, MAWhitman CollegeYale College

The Roosevelt Institution advisory board: John Q. Barrett, Jonathan Bendor, Rich Benjamin, John Bunzel, RichardCeleste, Elizabeth Coleman, Larry Diamond, Stephen Elliott, Jim Fearon, Todd Gitlin, Terry Karl, Charles R.Middleton, Robert Reich, Ed Renehan, Paul Rich, Kermit Roosevelt, Richard Rorty, Armin Rosencranz, Carol Shloss,Stephen Swig.

Franklin Roosevelt wrote in 1932, “The country needs and, unless I mistake its temper, the country demands bold,persistent experimentation. It is common sense to take a method and try it. If it fails, admit it frankly and try another.”The Policy Studies Organization is very proud to play at least a small part in the growth of the Roosevelt Institution, astudent led think tank with chapters now on many campuses and an extraordinary roster of senior faculty, government,and business advisers. Taking both the Hyde Park and Oyster Bay Roosevelts as historical mentors, the RooseveltInstitution is doing first class scholarly work. In the three Policy Studies Organization journals, we occasionally presentthe ideas they have put forward for discussion. They are sometimes ingenious, sometimes startling, and alwaysinteresting. These troubled days we need that kind of thinking. Theodore Roosevelt remarked, “Whenever you are askedif you can do a job, tell ‘em,’ Certainly I can! Then get busy and find out how to do it.”

A PSO BOOK SERIES ON ASIA FROM LEXINGTON BOOKSChallenges Facing Chinese Political Development

Lexington Books Series Editor: Professor Sujian GuoSan Francisco State University, USA

In an attempt to reflect the rapidly changing political environment of the People’s Republic of China, Professor SujianGuo has assembled a book series to present specialized areas of research in current Chinese political studies.Incorporating theoretical, empirical, and policy research on contemporary Chinese politics both domestically andinternationally, this series contemplates the Chinese past, present, and future by utilizing interdisciplinary perspectivesto approach issues related to Chinese politics, economy, culture, social development, reform, the military, legal system,and foreign relations.

Books in the Series:

Harmonious World and China’s New Foreign PolicySujian Guo and Jean-Marc F. Blanchard

ISBN 0-7391-2603-2

China in Search of a Harmonious SocietySujian Guo and Baogang Guo

ISBN 0-7391-2623-7; 0-7391-2624-5

Challenges Facing Chinese Political DevelopmentSujian Guo and Baogang Guo

ISBN 0-7391-2094-8; 0-7391-2095-6

New Dimensions of Chinese Foreign PolicySujian Guo and Shiping Hua

ISBN 0-7391-1876-5; 0-7391-1877-3

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Parliamentary DebateThe Policy Studies Organization sponsors parliamentary debates at conferences. There is a Speakerof the House and the opposing parties with prime minister and shadow prime minister, as well asfront and back benches who face each other as at Westminster. This enables participation by thosewho otherwise would just be listening to panels, and has proved quite popular and highly interesting.It also introduces students to a form of democracy which is sometimes neglected in American politicalscience discussion. For information about these Parliamentary Debates, please contact PSOheadquarters. We are always eager to assist with these timely debates at conferences, big and small.

Support by PSO Journals of the United Nations Millennium Development program of 2015.

The PSO is making available its journals free of charge to FAO, WHO and UNEP as one of a number ofprograms in which PSO participates to make publications accessible in regions where they wouldotherwise be impossible to access. This agenda for worldwide dissemination is part of HINARI-AGORA-OARE strategic plans in cooperation with the United Kingdom’[d573] Department for InternationalDevelopment and the National Academy of Sciences in Washington.

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The Dupont Summit.The New Administration Tackles Science and Technology:

Priorities for Discovery and Advance.

December 5th, 2008, at the Carnegie Institution ofWashington.

Abstracts for discussion

Policy Studies Organizationwww.ipsonet.org

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CAUTION ON GENETIC ENGINEERINGDEVELOPMENTS IN VIEW OF UNCERTAINTIES

OF MODERN FUNDAMENTAL SCIENCESimon BerkovichGeorge Washington University

The fundamental enigma of science is the drastic difference between the dead andliving matter. Functioning of biological systems is primarily a problem ofinformation control rather than that of physics and chemistry. Apparently, theamount of information associated with Life and Mind overwhelms thediversification of the material world. The required information processing powerfor biological systems can come from the informational infrastructure underlyingthe material world as considered in [1]. The suggested model of the physicalUniverse presents a high-tech version of similar prior low-tech attempts. With theproliferation of the Internet it becomes clear that employing outside facilities forinformation processing offers definite technical advantages.

According to [1] DNA is not a blueprint for a biological organism but a pseudo-random number (PRN) that provides a unique ID number responsible for thebiological individuality of an organism. The PRNs enables biological cells to interactby sharing the common holographic storage and bandwidth resources in a CodeDivision Multiple Access (CDMA) mode. The differences in the behavior of deadand living matter results from differences in the sizes of molecules involved, whichaffect PRN lengths. A short PRN can pick up only noisy background, while alengthy PRN can sustain a robust information exchange.

The presented scheme of biological information processsing is in irreconci-lable conflict with modern cosmology. The accelerating ripping apart cosmos isnot an appropriate setting for such a scheme. At this time, the controversiesof fundamental physics becomes glaring in various aspects (see, e.g. [2,3]).Remarkably, one of the recent confusing findings of the anisotropy the CosmicMicrowave Background has been predicted several years before in the frameworkof our model [4]. Cosmological events that had taken place billions year ago seemsinconsequential for the affairs of nowadays society. However, the allegedmisinterpretation of the obtained results impairs our understanding of Life.

The achievements of biotechnology enable massive manipulations with geneticstructures. The outcomes of these experimentations can interfere with regularcourse of natural biological processes. Evidently, significant consequences can beforeseen from both standpoints of either conventional science or extracorporealbiological information processing. However, in the latter case, Life as a collectiveeffect would be more vulnerable.

In a long run, genetic manipulations are associated with irreversible changes inthe information content of the infrastructure of the physical world. This mechanismexplicates incidents of epigenetic inheritance. Under these conditions geneticmanipulations can increase useless items and introduce indeterminate cross-

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references leading to gradual degradation of the very fabric of Life. The ensuingeffects on biological processes would be disturbing because their causes-transformations in the infrastructure of the physical Universe—could not be tracedas having occurred far remotely in space and time.

In a short run, immediate actions of the surmised mechanism of biologicalcontrol can be put under experimental scrutiny. Many malfunctions of a humanorganism considered as “molecular” diseases are in fact “information” diseases,which result from disruption in the supply of control signals. The essence of thesuggested concept is emphatically highlighted by a prediction that cultivating aclone in entire isolation can curtail the lifespan of the donor. A striking example ofthe “Internet-style” biological operations presents the networks of bacteria: thereare observations showing a buildup of resistance to antibiotics in the absence of atraceable exposure. Synthetic DNA can produce irregular interactions betweenorganisms. To some extent the undesirable consequences of the given situation canbe contained, yet in certain circumstances this may be problematic.

References

1. Berkovich, S. “On the “Barcode” Functionality of DNA, or the Phenomenon of Life in the PhysicalUniverse”, Dorrance Publishing Co, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, 2003 (a shorter version is at http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0111093)

2. Smolin, L. “A Crisis in Fundamental Physics”, Update, New York Academy of Sciences Magazine, pp.10-14, January/February 2006

3. Michael J. Disney, “Modern Cosmology: Science of Folktale?” American Scientist, pp. 383-385,September-October 2007

4. Berkovich, S. “Prediction of the Virgo axis anisotropy: the CMB radiation illuminates the nature of things”(http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0509743)

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THE ARCTIC: UNITED STATES POLICYOPPORTUNITIES & CHALLENGES IN A

DYNAMICALLY CHANGING REGIONScott BorgersonVisiting Fellow for Ocean GovernanceCouncil on Foreign Relations

Mead TreadwellU.S. Arctic Research Commission

Malcolm Williams, Captain, USCG (ret)USCG Office of Strategic AnalysisU.S. Coast Guard Academy

Historically, U.S. Arctic policy was driven primarily by scientific interests and goals.Global warming is transforming the Arctic, generating new environmental,commercial, and national security opportunities and challenges in the regionaffecting U.S. interests and those of other Arctic nations. From questions ofsovereignty, the impacts on indigenous peoples, natural resource exploration anddevelopment, expanded commercial shipping, to real dangers of catastrophicenvironmental incidents, U.S. and multilateral policy frameworks and governanceregimes must evolve to balance emerging national and international interests in theArctic. The proposed panel will explore and debate the emerging U.S. interests inthe Arctic and the opportunities and challenges facing American policymakers inthe context of evolving domestic and international Arctic policy. The discussion willinclude the application to the Arctic of legal regimes established under the Law ofthe Sea Convention, and implications of the United States decision not to accedeto that Convention to date; the U.S. ability to project a presence in the Arctic, andthe implications of a diminishing U.S. icebreaker capacity; and issues related tosovereignty, including potential implications of current jurisdictional disputes in theArctic. In particular, discussion will focus on identifying the range of policydimensions and considerations that should shape the evolution of US Arctic policyto meet national interests.

A CRISIS FOR ACADEMIC SCIENCEToby CarlsonPennsylvania State University

Money is trumping creativity in academic science. My talk will further expand onthis issue previously treated in two published articles in the Bulletin of the American

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Meteorology Society (May, 2006; http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0477/87/5/pdf/i1520-0477-87-5-567.pdf) and at the annual meeting of Heads and Chairs inBoulder, CO in October, 2006 (http://www.met.psu.edu/dept/faculty/carlsonfiles/present_headsandchairs_oct12new.pdf) As I stated in these presentations, thefailure rate for proposals submitted by academic scientists has reached such lowlevels that faculty members are required to spend virtually all their time writingproposals, while leaving the creative thinking to grad students and post docs scienceby proxy. Further exacerbating the problem is the increased importance placedby academic administrators in considering salary, tenure and promotion, on theamounts of money brought in by grants. As universities become more likebusinesses, a debilitating stress, both mentally and physically, is being placed mostseverely on young faculty, who, under pressure, must neglect their teaching (andmost everything else) in their frantic search for funding. The biggest loser howeveris the quality of scientific output.

My presentation will further address the excesses caused by the current modeof funding in academia. Increasing funding, the traditional panacea is not thesolution; it could actually worsen the crisis. Therefore, I will conclude by suggestingan alternate approach to relieving the stress on young faculty while improvingscientific creativity.

BIOFUELS POLICY THROUGH THE LENS OFSOCIAL SCIENCES

Marcia DavittVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Alternative energy policy since the 2005 Energy Policy Act, particularly with regardto biofuels, has proceeded on the basis of unexamined assumptions that haveresulted in unanticipated problems. While the best of intentions may have informedthe act’s composition, it seems that some of the incentives were formulated withoutdue consideration for all the complexities involved. In fact, it appears that overlysimplistic linear cause-effect assumptions undergird particular incentives forbiofuels promotion.

Using a social-sciences perspective as a lens through which to examine theunforeseen consequences of beneficial policy intentions, I provide insight into thelessons we can derive by tracing the historical trajectory of the policy. Furthermore,I note how it has shaped subsequent decisions and actions, both within the nationand globally. The legislation aimed at switching the nation’s transportationinfrastructure to biofuels is informed by a number of assumptions, the followingthree which I will address by elucidating the associated problems, and delineatingmissing critical variables:

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• Significant reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will be effected.• The rural economy will be stimulated through the provision of many new

employment opportunities.• The lives of the farming community will be enhanced.

The social-sciences perspective offers a different angle than other frameworksby examining the non-technical—cultural, economic, institutional, historical—aspects of federal biomass policy. This perspective sheds light on infrastructuralissues, such as path dependency that may serve as impediments to more resilient,more beneficial, and more viable policies over the longer term. For example, the2005 Energy Policy Act encompasses incentives in the form of the Renewable FuelsStandard and the Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax Credit (VEETC) that haveresulted in significant market demand for corn-based ethanol. Unfortunately, thesedecisions were made without first conducting a comprehensive environmentalimpact assessment (EIA). The EIA would have revealed impacts—soil erosion,water-quality degradation, increased atmospheric ozone, potential diversion ofacreage from the Conservation Reservation Program (CRP)—that would potentiallyoutweigh many of the most commonly cited gains.

This increasing demand in corn-based ethanol shapes agricultural practiceswhich in their turn exacerbate nitrogen, phosphorous and pesticide run-off into thenation’s waterways. Furthermore, the popular notion that a significant reduction inGHG will be effected by the transition to biofuels does not take into considerationeither the emissions resulting from their production or the increase in atmosphericozone resulting from the use of low-blend ethanol fuels. These environmental issuesdemonstrate the complications arising from ‘improvements’ that serve merely asadd-ons to an existing infrastructure without adequate examination of theinfrastructure itself.

In short, my presentation will focus on nontechnical factors that policymakersoften overlook as they draft legislation. I anticipate that studies such as this one willaid policymakers as they continue to find ways to wean the United States from itsdependence on fossil fuels.

CONSERVATION GENETICS AND THE FUTUREOF EXTINCTION

Amy FletcherUniversity of Canterbury

Biotechnologies such as DNA bar-coding, cloning and ancient DNA analysis cancontribute to wildlife preservation and environmental policy. However, while theanalysis of the ethical, legal and social implications of genomics in such fields ashuman health and agriculture proliferates, the field of conservation genetics has not

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received comparable attention. Amid the current biodiversity crisis and the threatof mass extinctions caused by anthropogenic factors such as industrialization,poaching and over-population, conservation genetics could provide the tools toensure the survival of species and ecosystems.

However, as conservation genetics moves from the lab into the mainstream,numerous policy questions arise. This presentation explores the tension—betweenexperts, between practitioners, policy-makers and the public, and betweennumerous environmental policy stakeholders—created by the use of advancedbiotechnology in a field dominated by habitat and ecosystem-based models. It asks:

• Does advanced biotechnology threaten contemporary environmentalism?• Which species should be priorities for research and preservation in this high-

cost, high-tech way? Who should decide this, and based on what criteria?• How does the availability of biotechnological tools shape our understanding of

the biodiversity crisis and the natural world we hope to save?• Why are some stakeholders so opposed to using biotechnology in conservation?• Finally, what are the realistic outer limits of such tools with respect to the more

optimistic calls to “conquer extinction”?

This presentation combines brief, straightforward discussion of newconservation tools such as cloning, frozen zoos, and DNA bar-coding with real-world examples of projects, such as Pleistocene Park, the Quagga Project, and theWoolly Mammoth Project, that seek in some form or another to restore lostecosystems or animals. The presentation will introduce these tools to a public policyaudience, place them within the context of the biodiversity crisis, and suggest waysthat environmental policy at the federal level can adopt best practice with respect tousing advanced biotechnologies in wildlife and ecosystem management.

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STEM CELL RESEARCH POLICY IN A NEWADMINISTRATION

James FossettRockefeller Institute of Government

Sean PhilpottChief Science and Ethical OfficerProgram for Appropriate Technology in Health

Bonnie SteinbockSUNY-Albany

Amy CampbellSUNY Upstate Medical Center

It is widely expected that a new administration, regardless of who is electedPresident, will produce significant changes in federal stem cell research policy. TheBush Administration has limited federal support to a small number of stem cell linescreated before 2001, with the President vetoing two separate bills to expand thenumber of lines eligible for federal funding. Both presidential candidates haveendorsed expanding the number of stem cell lines for which federal researchsupport is available, and many expect a significant increase in federal support forstem cell research. The discovery of new techniques for producing stem cells haveled some to claim that these methods eliminate or lessen the need for politicallycontroversial embryonic stem cells in the development of therapies.

This presentation will examine the scientific, policy, ethical and legal issues thata new Administration will confront in setting federal stem cell policy. Whileconclusions vary, our overall argument is there may be less change in federal policy,at least in the short run, than many are expecting. New techniques for making stemcells, while promising, are not yet major sources of stem cells for researchers. Whileboth candidates seem likely to broaden the range of stem cell lines eligible forfederal funding, neither candidate has declared an interest in removing otherrestrictions on federal funding nor proposed significant increases in federal supportfor stem cell research. Whoever is elected President will confront shooting wars inIraq and Afghanistan, significant economic difficulties, campaign promises toaddress health care access and cost, and a very large budget deficit. Major federalstem cell initiatives seem unlikely under these circumstances. State governmentsand private foundations, which have been more substantial funders of embryonicstem cell research than the federal government, are likely to be the major drivers ofstem cell policy over the short to medium run.

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COMPETITIVENESS, INNOVATION, ANDDIVERSIFYING THE SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY,

ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS LABORFORCES IN THE UNITED STATES

Cheryl LeggonGeorgia Institute of Technology

Science, technology, and innovation are the drivers of economies worldwide. Humanresources are the drivers of science, technology, and innovation. Nations can ill affordto squander their human resources. Over the past three decades in the United States(US), concern has increased over the adequacy of its human resource base in thefields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)—in terms ofboth quantity and quality. Several studies commissioned by the United Statesgovernment have warned that the country is losing its competitive edge in aknowledge-based economy and raised concerns about the future competitiveness ofthe US STEM workforce—especially the need for an expanded talent pool. The twolargest racial/ethnic minority groups in the US—Hispanics and African Americans—are severely under represented among STEM workers in the US. By bringing avariety of perspectives to the STEM workforce, individuals from diverse racial andethnic backgrounds infuse both vitality and creativity into the scientific andengineering enterprise and enhance the United States’ competitive position in theglobal economy. It is imperative that the US identify, nurture, and cultivate STEMtalent among all of its citizens in order to strengthen its ability to compete in the globaleconomy. Rather than being viewed as a separate, stand-alone issue, diversifyingthe nation’s STEM workforce must be viewed as an integral component in apolicy response to issues concerning national innovation and competitiveness. Thepaper draws on literature from various sources—including government and blueribbon commission reports—to systematically examine ways in which policy cansimultaneously enhance science, technology, innovation and competitiveness whilediversifying the science and engineering workforce in terms of race, ethnicity andgender.

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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND THE NEWPRESIDENT: SECURITY, PROSPERITY AND

STABILITY IN THE 21ST CENTURYRobert McCreightGeorge Washington University

This presentation outlines the major security issues associated with advances inscience and technology in the global community and urges the new President todevote energy and resources towards several ambitious goals which during theperiod 2009-2019 will be crucial for the prosperity and stability of the United Statesin the new century. These goals are: (1) create special academic and businesscommission to examine the risks and threats posed by dual-use science andtechnology for the new century; (2) establish a public-private sector committee todevise a strategy and ten-year program within the United States for enriching theapplication of science and technology towards education, public health andenvironmental stability; (3) launch a ’Manhattan Project’ involving the best minds inacademia, business and government to identify and develop new reliable energysources which can power the national economy for 200 years;

(4) partner with Congress, academia and business to create a National Scienceand Technology Advisory Service composed of 15,000 graduate students indifferent areas of science and technology whose graduate education is fully fundedby the US government and who render four years of national service to thegovernment in exchange for their scholarship support; and (5) launch aninternational forum on the future of science and technology in conjunction with theUN to focus on applications of science and technology towards disease reduction,crop production, energy development, nonproliferation, disaster response andpreparedness programs, and education. The paper calls on the new President toseek bipartisan solutions and strategies which will harness public, corporate andacademic resources for sustained programs that advance science and technologyand which encourage strong dialogues between the public and scientific experts onthe role and evolution of technology in advancing the best aspects of human societyand civilization.

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ADDRESSING WATER POLICY IN THE NEWADMINISTRATION

Sarah MichaelsFaculty Fellow, Public Policy CenterUniversity of Nebraska-Lincoln

Robert M. HirschAssociate DirectorWater, U.S. Geological Survey

Stephen ParkerDirectorWater Science & Technology BoardNational Research Council

Leonard A. ShabmanResident ScholarResources for the Future

From differing perspectives, panelists in this presentation will provide theirassessments of the most pressing water and water-related policy issues that confrontthe new presidential administration. Importantly, they will identify opportunitiesfor federal leadership in addressing these issues.

The wide-ranging ramifications of water related concerns play out throughoutthe world. Most fundamentally, the international community, including the UnitedStates, is confronted by the failure to provide universal access to safe and affordablewater and sanitation, a basic human need. Another example is concern over thepotential for water-related disputes to spark or intensify hostilities in alreadytroubled parts of the globe.

Much of the session will focus on vital water policy issues in the United States.For example, many of the assumptions underpinning how we approach waterresources management are being challenged by mounting concerns about climatechange. Infrastructure planning, design and operation need to reflect what is beinglearned about a changing climate. Other challenges, such as addressing waterproblems that are a function of destroying aquatic ecosystems and improving theefficiency of water uses also loom large. The consequences of decisions about waterresources management in the United States impact how Americans live and will live.Water related functions, such as providing flood protection, reflect some ofgovernment’s most enduring obligations and are also the basis for some of the mostsearing critiques of its activities.

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INTELLIGENTLY DESIGNING DELIBERATIVEHEALTH CARE FORUMS: DEWEY’S

METAPHYSICS, COGNITIVE SCIENCE ANDA BRAZILIAN EXAMPLE

Shane RalstonPennsylvania State University

Public policy scholars agree that those persons (or agencies) vested with theauthority to establish health care priorities should elicit public input before makingrationing decisions. The two most common approaches are (i) consultation and (ii)deliberation. Though deliberation has obvious advantages over consultation, itfalters in the face of the objection that ordinary citizens lack the cognitive resourcesfor the extended, rigorous inquiry required of them in undertaking the priority-setting task. To overcome this objection, I propose that deliberative forums forhealth care rationing should be designed so that they imitate the natural patternof human experience. The experience of deliberation should encompass bothprolonged periods of less-demanding cognitive activity, in which citizens passivelyreceive information, and briefer periods of more-demanding cognitive activity, inwhich they engage in active problem-solving. In arguing for this thesis, I rely on twotheoretical sources and one practical case study, in the following order: (i) JohnDewey’s metaphysics of experience, (ii) cognitive science research on schemas andframes, and (iii) the Health Care Council in São Paulo, Brazil.

SCIENCE BEYOND THE CLASSROOMFrank SpringNational DirectorRoyal Society of Arts in the US

The presentation’s content would derive from the RSA project ‘Science Beyond theClassroom’, chaired by RSA Fellows Dr. Cecily Selby of New York University andDr. Alan Friedman, former director and CEO of the New York Hall of Science. Theproject brings science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) professionalstogether to discuss public engagement with science and methods to encouragescientific literacy.

The first step for Science Beyond the Classroom was a roundtable hosted by theRoyal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (RSA)on July 30th brought together a group of innovative professionals from a diverserange of fields to discuss creative approaches to continuing science educationbeyond the traditional means of classrooms and museums. The participants were adistinguished array of 30 scientific and educational luminaries, including Dr. Neil

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deGrasse Tyson (Nova), Dr. Brian Greene (Columbia University) and Ira Flatow(National Public Radio).

Among the subjects discussed was the problem of gatekeepers, most notably themedia, who block science from public learning because they often see STEMlearning as lacking in glamour. The roundtable therefore highlighted moreattractive approaches to science that better engage the general public.

A key observation was the success of STEM learning through a more tangible orvisual experience. The participants advocated that science can be conveyed throughpublic art projects, stories or intense visuals such as animation; for example, Nova’suse of animation to communicate abstract scientific concepts in a simpler format.While this overt appeal to the public may at times gloss over scientific details, thegeneral ideas behind it are more comprehensible, drawing people into furtherstudies. The roundtable resolved that more engaging methods of teaching widenthe learning audience, thereby increasing access and sparking interest where itpreviously lay dormant.

Participants also sought to increase science’s appeal to students, overcoming theperception that STEM fields are large, intimidating and vague. One solutionoffered was that by teaching science through more specific topics, students couldconnect their learning with more real ideas; Dr. Tyson observed that the lay-populace might express little interest in ‘science’, but are fascinated by more specificsubjects such as stars, volcanoes, and the human brain. As a practical example, onecompany runs a program bringing Nobel Prize-winning scientists and astronautsinto classrooms, thereby presenting the real people and stories behind the science.By relating science to students’ lives and making it a more practical choice ofprofession, students are further engaged.

FROM CLONING TO STEM CELL RESEARCH:LOOKING TO THE LABORATORY OF

THE STATESBonnie StabileGeorge Mason University

In the decade following the birth of Dolly the sheep in 1997, fifteen states passedlaws to contend with the controversial issue of human cloning. An examination ofthe evolution undergone by successive cloning laws implemented over the course ofthis decade should inform the thinking of policymakers considering how best tocraft policies regarding stem cell research, whether at the state or federal level, inthe changing policy climate brought about by a new presidential administration.This examination of the rhetoric regarding cloning in the press and relatedlegislation shows that while such laws were originally conceptualized as cloning

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bans, they have since come to be characterized as stem cell support measures. Withthe ascendance of references to stem cell research, the use of the word “cloning” inreference to “somatic cell nuclear transfer” has declined. Legislative initiatives andnewspaper articles alike have come to focus more on the potential benefits of stemcell research—both medical and economic – than on the once feared consequencesof human cloning. This rhetorical shift, among other factors, suggests thatsuccessful passage of stem cell legislation will be more likely than ever before oncea new administration is in place.

ANTIAMERICANISM AND CYBER ATTACKS IN21ST CENTURY SOUTH KOREA

Min Suh SonJohns Hopkins University

Recently in May 2008, tens of thousands of South Koreans took to the streets fortwo months to protest the import of US beef. The demonstrations escalated towhere the Seoul riot police deployed water cannons on the agitated crowds.Though they were denouncing the import of US beef over fears of Mad Cow disease(Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease, CJC), in fact, these protesters represented the generaldissatisfaction with the newly elected ROK President Myung-bak Lee and hisconservative administration.

By May 2nd, an online petition to impeach the president over this issue hadalready garnered 418,000 signatures. The gradual proliferation of cyber attacksagainst local government websites and the hacking of the Korean homepage ofMcDonalds embodied a new technological era of digital protest in a form that wasfirst notably launched in the 2002 Winter Olympics. In that case, the decision tostrip the gold medal from Korean speed skater Kim Dong-sung in favor of ApoloOhno resulted in an unprecedented digital outcry that managed to shut downseveral US servers through DOS (Denial of Service) attacks from South Korea.

This presentation will examine the development and impact of online socialnetworking in Korea as an increasingly popular method of public mobilization,(mis)information and political participation. I will also address the issues of anti-Americanism as well as the general use of digital technology in society, politics andgovernment in Korea. At a time when Seoul represents one of the most denselypopulated cities and one of the most digitally networked societies in the world, it iscrucial for Americans to understand the role of technology in Korean politics todayand how digital technology will shape the future of American-Korean relations.

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AGING, TECHNOLOGY AND HEALTHKate TulenkoHealth SpecialistWorld Bank

Andrew J. CarleDirectorAssisted Living/Senior Housing AdministrationGeorge Mason University

Linda BarrettResearcherAmerican Association for Retired Persons

There are currently 70 million Americans over 65 years old. This number willdouble over the next twenty years as the 78 million strong Baby Boom generationenters their golden years. The fastest growing part of the US population is the “veryold”, those over 85 years old. The rapidly aging population and the cost of theirhealth needs has the potential to bankrupt the US faster than $140 per gallon oil orwar expenses and the US has done very little to address the issue. Not only is it aconcern for the government but also for private sector. People over 65 will controlover 50% of the discretionary spending and businesses that can meet theirtechnology needs will tap into a huge market.

Whichever new administration enters the Whitehouse in January 2009 willneed to examine how existing and new technologies can be harnessed to enableseniors to manage their own health and live more independently in their owncommunities. This panel will examine the challenges and opportunities available tothe next administration in aging, technology, and health.

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LEARNING FROM OTHERS: WHAT SOUTHKOREAN TECHNOLOGY USE CAN TEACH

THE U.S.Eric Thomas WeberUniversity of Mississippi

I have recently traveled to South Korea, where Seoul National University hostedthe XXII World Congress of Philosophy, the first time the congress has been hostedin Asia. I was astonished by the pervasive use of many of the latest technologicaladvancements. Among the most impressive changes were environmental. Themethods employed in hotels and at the University for minimizing unnecessaryconsumption of electricity were exemplary. Given the great need America has nowfor developing its economy, and preferably in a way that does not easily lend itselfto outsourcing, South Korea can serve as a model for change implemented throughthe development and manufacturing of advanced technological tools forenvironmental sustainability and waste reduction. On the other side, Americanshave let the governmental incentives for a number of environmentally preferableproducts run out, and have not lead the way in the propagation of new renewableenergy source technologies.

In this presentation, I will list some of the many ways that America can learnfrom South Korean ingenuity with respect to the economy, job creation andsustainable environmental developments. The next section will examine theimportance of vision as a component of leadership, for which the city of Seoul willserve as a case study. The purpose of this second section is to examine thephilosophical elements of intelligent leadership, revealing the problem ofcompartmentalizing problems, which must be rethought as co-dependent facets ofthe tasks of creating and implementing a social vision. Seoul, South Korea, hasexhibited soaring success at least in part given the substantive, complex vision thatits leadership has assembled for the city. As a representative of one of the pooreststates in the U.S., Mississippi, I will conclude with some suggested steps thatMississippi can take in emulating the clear and artfully crafted vision which theleaders of Seoul have employed in fashioning an exceptionally intelligent set ofpolicies and a thriving city and nation.

More information about the Dupont Summit available at the conference section ofour website at www.iponet.org

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Dupont Summit 2008: Learning from Others 1159