terahertz conference

2006 Gaiacomm International Corp. All rights reserved.

Gaiacomm InternationalGaiacomm International

The Art of Global Wireless Communications4th Annual Terahertz Systems Conference

Washington, DC May 2006

Occam's Razor(All things being equal the simplest explanation is probably the correct one )

Presented by:Judah Ben-Hur

CTOGaiacomm International

DISCLAIMER – LEGAL NOTICEThe content of this document is protected by Copyright (©) Gaiacomm International Corporation, which is the exclusive

property of Gaiacomm International Corporation. Federal protection of trade secrets under 18 USC 1832

The content of this document shall not be copied, published, modified, transmitted, distributed, or in anyway exploited, except as expressly permitted by Gaiacomm International Corporation. Violations hereof will be enforced by law.

Gaiacomm International Corporation reserves the right to change the content of this document .


Gaiacomm International is an American companydeveloping American technology for America!

Gaiacomm InternationalGaiacomm International


4G Global Wireless Communications4G Global Wireless Communicationsof the past!of the past!


ContributorsContributors


(Partial list)

Organizations who contributed:Organizations who contributed:

Department of Defense

NOAA

IBM

Motorola

Sandia Labs

British Telecom

NASA

Boeing

ONR

Raytheon

AT&T

DOE


Scientists who contributed:Scientists who contributed:

William C. Brown, PhysicistWinfried Otto Schumann, German PhysicistNicola Tesla, PhysicistAlbert Einstein, PhysicistMichael Faraday, ScientistJames Clerk Maxwell, MathematicianNathan Stubblefield, Inventor Wireless TelephoneJames H. Rogers, Inventor Underground and Undersea Wireless Communication James Wait, GeophysicistBernard Eastlund, Physicist

(Partial List)


4G Wireless for US military and NATO!4G Wireless for US military and NATO!

Hegemony (one-source)

One Source for Communications SystemGlobal Armed Services provider

Quality in WorkmanshipLow MaintenanceEasy to OperateResults Oriented

Advanced TechnologyLeadership

Price AffordableQuality of Service


The Box!The Box!

In Physics all discoveries are possible!


Scientific Thinking in the Box!Scientific Thinking in the Box!

SOCIETY

Government

Military

Edu

catio

n Business

100 Years 100 Years

100 Years 100 Years

Technology

Information

Limitations


Scientific Thinking Outside the Box!Scientific Thinking Outside the Box!

SOCIETY

Government

Military

Education Business

1000 Years 1000 Years

Technology

Information

NO LIMITATIONS


The Art of Wireless CommunicationsThe Art of Wireless Communications

Discovered Principles:Terahertz and Hertz EM Waves

•Governing Dynamics•Paradigm shift•Serendipity


Scientific DisciplinesScientific Disciplines

SCIENCES APPLIED

•Bioenergenitics•Biophysics•Physics•Quantum Physics•Electromagnetics•Marine Biology•Applied Mathematics•Oceanography

•Telecommunications•Mechanics•Atmospheric Sciences•Geophysics•Plate Tectonics


HertzHertz/Terahertz Interlaced

1Hz 9Hz 1THz 600THz

VLF INFRARED

RCV/Transmit RCV/Transmit

Multiple Channels, Multiple FrequenciesOne Source, Multiple Devices

Hertz signal carries the Terahertz signal.Generating terahertz waves can be done using a modified Gun Oscillator.

Its what you do with the combination of the two signals is what was discovered.


Unteathered CommunicationsUnteathered Communications

Diagram reflecting the basic principles of the discovered Gaiacomm technology.

Using the earth and a (N) layer in the magnetic field for EM Transport.


Maxwell's EquationsMaxwell's Equations

EM waves can be used as a carrier of energy in any form once the frequencies that allow for such are known and applied.


Electromagnetic Spectrum is limitless!Electromagnetic Spectrum is limitless!


EM principles apply to Hertz and EM principles apply to Hertz and TerahertzTerahertz


InfrasonicInfrasonic

Creatures have been using a global wireless communications protocol for centuries long

before mankind learned to walk!


Transmission ProtocolTransmission Protocol

Carrier:Hz Signal:THz

DC-Shift the Hz signal (modulating signal) interlace it with the THzsignal using a frequency mixer. The amplified signal (n) is fed to the isotropic elements to be broadcasted.

NOTE: The power is concentrated at the carrier frequency. What is generated is a signal side band modulated signal. Thus making both the power and the bandwidth usable.


Gaiacomm Isotropic Antenna:Wireless signal propagation patternGenerated by isotropic antenna elements

Isotropic Antenna


ocean

ELF/THZTransmitter

Isotropic element

oscillator

hardware

1000 meters

LITHOSPHERE

magnetic field

StealthCovertLow RiskOvert

United States of America

Gaiacomm Transmission system


Antenna ElementsAntenna Elements

History has proven that scientific, academic achievement and progress is always contested especially when the current system of science or academics is challenged with competition, replacement or extinction.

This drawing shows the Octahedral antenna element, which is one key of the isotropic antenna array design, this unique form will allow for the 360-degree footprint required to effect 4G global wireless communications. Type of material used is also important in the design.


Physics 101Physics 101

Isotropic Waves•Waves from a point in space are spherical.•Plane waves are easier to analyze.•Isotropic antenna radiates equally in all directions.•Element geometry is unique and is an important variable.•The power P is constant on the spherical surface (4nr2)•The further from the transmitter the amount of power required on the surface of the elements remains the same, which increases the surface area coverage.

•Power Flux Density = E x H


Physics 101Physics 101•Geometrical Loss

•The power P on the isotropic antenna (spherical surface) is constant. There will however be a slight decrease in the power flux density.

•Po = P 4nr2

•Attenuation in free space from the magnetic boundary is calculated by the power density which is the total power divided by the surface area of the isotropic antenna.

•Po = P+ 4nr2

The electric field strength needs to be calculated which will yield the signal strength. The gain achieved by radiating energy in all directions rather than some.

G = PD/P (Isotropic Radiator)Main-lobe / 360 degree spherical

DBI=N


Gaiacomm TransmitterGaiacomm Transmitter

4G WIRELESS SYSTEM

The transmitter is a grounded THz frequency emitter which is in resonance connection with the same antenna element grounded (receiver) which enables energy transmission. The earth holds an electric charge which can be set into resonance. The receiver (resonant circuit) which is tuned to the transmitter’s frequency – the receiver couples to the oscillations which gains it’s signals due to resonance.

Note: Schumann Resonance – between earth and atmosphere = 7.9 Hz – resonance between earth and the magnetic field is 11.8Hz.

Note: Isotropic antenna has a 360 degree vertical and horizontal 3D beam width.


Gaiacomm ReceiverGaiacomm Receiver

4G RECEIVER:Has a tunable filter and an envelope detector which is used to demonstrate the Hz/THz signal. The output will be a signal riding the carrier frequency (Hz). A capacitance circuit is used to undo the (DC Shift, THz/Hz signal) broadcasted by the transmitter and eliminating the carrier frequency by connecting the signal peaks. The output is then fed to a translation device – (DMT) discrete multi-tone modulation is a proposed technique based upon the idea of (FDM) frequency multiplexing where multiple signals are sent out at different frequencies. In short, a form of adaptive modulation.

Adaptive modulation = adapts the transmission mode in accordance with the channel. (constellation size, code rate and power). We have taken into account the Nyquist – Shannon sampling rate which is greater than twice signal bandwidth not the maximum / highest with one exception that the frequency signal does contain a Hz wave. Aliasing is also eliminated due to proper filtering techniques, before and after sampling.

Shannon – Hartley theorem has also been taken into account as a baseline to define an amount of error-free digital data. That can be wirelessly transmitted by a Hz wave. Noise interference can be eliminated also by filters or by matching.



4G RECEIVER-Example Bandwidth of System

Latency and bandwidth are taken into account, thus the latency is low due to the mechanics of the signal processor thus raising the bandwidth transmission rate to any desired speed rate.

Example: The latency probability is around 3ms/s with the bandwidth potential around 1Gb/s. Broadband signal can be wirelessly transmitted through narrow channels as small as desired.

peak

THz(a) THz(b)

bandwidth


Magnetosphere DynamicsMagnetosphere Dynamics

The receiving antenna absorbs all the power passing through the elements. (Effective Area)To calculate path loss we use Friis’ formula. Loss would be in dB distance in km. Frequency in THz, gains in dBi.

Reflection properties of the magnetic field reflect the signal. Diffuse reflection in all directions is achieved because of the angle of incidence.

•Circular polarization•Diffraction of signal allows for non-obstacle black outs (shadow side of obstacles).

Reflected ray

Magnetic Reflection Layer

Angle of Reflection

Angle of Incidence

Incident Ray

Incident Rays



The receiver is designed symmetrically to the transmitter. The receiver has low ohmic loss because it gains its amplitude due to resonance. Which means that the receiver becomes a transmitter as well. Energy is transferred in both direction.

Note: Smart antennas used are base station antennas (isotropic) with a pattern that is not fixed, but adapts to the current ambient radio/weather conditions.

•Large Capacity•Transceiver is complex•Radio resource management is complex•SDMA – Space Division Multiple Access is a possible protocol•Radiating elements (antenna) (N)•Combining / Dividing Network•Control Unit

Modulation is the science of placing intelligence on a carrier convolution. By blending the frequencies, Hz and THz, communications using phase modulation without sidebands becomes possible with zero group delay filters. With no sidebands only a single frequency needs to be transmitted.



Propagation TechniqueEm consists of an oscillating electric and magnetic field in all directions.RF in space are considered transverse Em. Electric field, magnetic field and direction of travel are mutually spherically transverse.Propagation velocity at the speed of light in free space is 3x108 m/s. In dielectric and plasmas the propagation is a bit lower:

U= CEr

P= :Wavelength is:

Where Vp is the phase velocityIs the wavelength

F is the frequency

Ohms Law in space: Z=E/H



Propagation Technique continuedElectric Field strength E (V/m)Magnetic Field strength H (A/m)Power Density Po(W/m2)

Ohm’s Law holds if characteristic impedance Z of medium is used:

Power DensityPo = E2

Z=H2Z=EH



•The velocity of the surface wave along the earth’s circumference from pole to pole is Vo = the wave velocity through the earth along the diameter 2r is at the speed of light in space – (vacuum)

Vo = lo = m -----> Vo = C mC 2rE 2 2

The speed of the wave through the earth at C. The main longitudinal wave is NHz. Producing a forward and backward wave front the signal applied must lat about 0.08J seconds which will create a standing wave.


4G Dynamics4G Dynamics

•We take into account the curvature of the earth, effects of the ground, obstacles in path from transmitter to receiver and effects of the atmosphere at all layers.•We use a combination of ground wave and magnetic fields to carry the signal. Low frequencies at 9Hz and below.

•Isotropic radiator / transmitter / receiver•The refraction of the THz wave on the magnetic field coupled with ground wave dynamics allows for global communications – not relying on multiple “hops” •D, E, THz(a), THz(b), D and F layers are not used for refraction – up to 1000 km. The ions of the magnetic field causes the signal to bend more. Solar radiation will not effect the signal.

•The optimum working frequency (OWF) is 95% of MUF.•Maximum usable frequency (MUF) NTHZ•Critical Frequency = NTHZ.


Acronyms DefinedAcronyms Defined

P = Electric charge position dependentJ = Position dependent density of electric currentNo + Eo = constants determined experimentallys*V is the divergence of a vector field.r*V is the curl of a vector field.M = Magnetization i = electric circuitE = Electrical Field 2 = partialH = Magnetic Field t = timeD = Electric displacement B = Magnetic InductionE = Electric permeability Mm = Magnetic MonopoleMo = permeability J = Current DensityC = Speed of lightAe = Aether --------- implies invariant: unaltered by a transformation.


Mathematical SolutionsMathematical Solutions

Invariant Equations of Electrodynamics

Based on the equations by Maxwell, Gauss, Faraday, Stokes, Lorentz, Ampere, Tesla and Einstein: we have come up with solutions to explain the phenomenon of wireless communications employing a layer of the electromagnetic field of the earth..

We have found that these equations are monotonic in nature. (Derivative does not change)

We have also taken into account the anthropogenic factors that affect our planet. (effect that human beings have on the natural world.)

Gauss Law: Static Electric Field: E = P/Eo

B = 0 all magnetic fields are generated from electric current. No point source Of the magnetic field.



Faraday’s Law: Changing magnetic field produces electric fields.

Ampere’s Law: Static magnetic field – (electric currents are source)

x E = -dB/2t

xB = oJ+ oEo E/ t



Electromagnetic Radiation Is wavelength oscillations of the electric and magnetic field.

*E=O*B=OxE= - B/ t*B= oEo E/ t

Directional derivatives of the E and B fields must oscillate in phase, must be mutually perpendicular and perpendicular to the direction of the propagation.Partial electromagnetic equations:

*B* *E=O P/Eo = O*B= -dB/ foJ+ oEo E/ T = *B = O*B=O . .. *B = AE === Mm


Technology that works the first time and within Technology that works the first time and within budget!budget!

Revolution / Evolution / Stagnation

Science can either evolve through trial and error, through creating a revolution through abrupt change or remain constant by stagnation.

Communication technology has not changed in over 50 years since the Pentagon (Armed Services) embarked on a mission to improve and develop a communication protocol that would guarantee military superiority over any other.


Submarine CommunicationsSubmarine Communications

Does it really work?


Current Communications Protocols:

Directional-Based RFCommunications

AttenuationIssues

Antiquated Technologies


Terahertz TechnologyTerahertz Technology

Future Vision:

Universal Communications…

Wirelessly with noRestrictions.

Antiquated Technology


Electrostriction used as a Electrostriction used as a Weapon of Mass DestructionWeapon of Mass Destruction

The majority of the communication systems today are based on our recognizable senses such as sight and sound. Scientists have designed and developed hardware based on these two primary attributes. What Gaiacomm International has done is to go beyond those attributes and design technology that relies entirely on global senses.

Gaiacomm International has based it’s communications system on the senses that we are not aware of but exist globally.

By understanding the principles of electrostriction one can use the benefit of terahertz radiation to insight atoms in the atmosphere to collide and release energy that could be focused in an area desired. The results would be a flash-burn (Ignition) of the oxygen atoms and other specific atoms to completely destroy a target. A weapon of mass destruction.Reference: United States Patent 4,686,605 Eastlund August 11, 1987


Mobile Ad-Hoc NetworkMobile Ad-Hoc Network Layered System• GIP - Gaiacomm Initiation

Protocol• Full Service Signal Protocol• Access Network• Core Network

− Optical Switch− Packet Switch

LegendBSPeer-to-Peer Ad-Hoc NetworkDRSubs are Distributed Repeaters

DISTRIBUTEDREPEATER

DISTRIBUTEDREPEATER

DISTRIBUTEDREPEATER

DISTRIBUTEDREPEATER


Gaiacomm Submarine Gaiacomm Submarine CommunicationsCommunications

Layered System• GIP - Gaiacomm Initiation



LegendBSBase StationDRSubs become Distributed Repeaters

DISTRIBUTEDREPEATER

DISTRIBUTEDREPEATER

DISTRIBUTEDREPEATER

DISTRIBUTEDREPEATER

Base Station

3000 miles

8000 miles

Communication at any depth and any location globally!


Terahertz Technology for Submarines

GAIACOMM Global Submarine Network TechnologyThe technology that Gaiacomm International Corporation (GIC)

will employ will be based on Terahertz technology.

The GAIACOMM system has the following components:1. 4G THz Base Station Frame2. 4G THz Repeater Frame3. 4G THz 3D Isotropic Antenna Array4. 4G THz 3D Element Controller 5. 4G THz System Manager (software)

DistributedRepeater

BaseStation

DistributedRepeater

DistributedRepeater

DistributedRepeater

IP MultimediaSubsystem


GAIACOMM

Global 4G Network Technology

Tomorrow’s Wireless Today!

GAIACOMM 4G WIRELESS 4G WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMCOMMUNICATION SYSTEM


GAIACOMM 4G WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

GAIACOMM Global 4G Network TechnologyThe technology that Gaiacomm International Corporation (GIC)

will employ will be based on Terahertz technology.

The GAIACOMM system has the following components:1. 4G THz Base Station Frame2. 4G THz Repeater Frame3. 4G THz 3D Isotropic Antenna Array4. 4G THz 3D Element Controller 5. 4G THz System Manager (software)

The various elements that will make up the system will be of the highest quality of workmanship and design backed by a support group that will guarantee results of the technology deployed.

DistributedRepeater

BaseStation

DistributedRepeater

DistributedRepeater

DistributedRepeater



GAIACOMM WIRELESS GAIACOMM WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMCOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

DistributedRepeater

BaseStation

DistributedRepeater

DistributedRepeater

DistributedRepeater


Layered System• GIP - Gaiacomm Initiation



LegendBSBase StationDRDistributed Repeaters


Straightforward network design and easy to expandThe Base Station HUB (BSH) will have a radiated coverage of a minimum of 1500 radial surface miles up to and including 1.5 million radial surface miles per BSH. The Distributive repeaters will cover the required area within the borders of the state. Any existing fiber optic transport lines will be utilized to complete any last mile obstacles. The open areas within the state’s borders can be reached via wireless without any land connections.

Upgradeable to higher bandwidthsThe Gaiacomm system, Global Wireless Communications (GWC), accesses a frequency range that is not in any commercial use for broadband communications, and therefore is not subject to traditional International governing standards or regulations which would control the output or outcome.

Initial bandwidths will exceed 10mbps for handheld devices, 100mbps for fixed CPE units and larger vehicle units. GAIACOMM already has plans to be able to upgrade our system via firmware upgrades so that we can deliver 100mbps to handhelds and 10gbps for fixed CPE units.

GWC uses the terahertz band for the information carrier and the low frequency band below 9 hertz as the overall carrier. This allows for the global and non line of sight broadcast. The methodology of infrasonic communications is what the overall communications system is based upon. At this point, there are no limits to the amount of bandwidth available due to the nature of the overall design of the system.



Definition of 4G IP core network (no circuit routing, only switching) Decentralized/Nodal (pushes intelligence away from

center) Greater spectral efficiency than 3G Significantly lower cost per bit of data than 3G Latencies comparable to wired network Native IP support User experience that is roughly equivalent to consumer

fiber access

Comparison of 3G and 4G 3G

Back compatible to 2G Circuit and packet switched networks Combination of existing & evolved equipment Data rate (384 Kbps)

4G 4G defined as: a cellular-mobile all-IP broadband

network Regular 3G (W-CDMA) is not all-IP (and not

broadband) Broadband defined as: enough capacity to enable

flat rate service offering. Flat rate is the key compared to, e.g., GPRS and/or

3G Extend 3G Capacity by one order of magnitude Entirely packet switched networks All network elements are digital Higher bandwidth (up to 100Tbps) Global service coverage

Why Terahertz 4G? Lower cost to implement than existing 3G solutions Low cost per bit than existing 3G solutions Stronger performance than 3G Ability to offer differentiated services Fewer base stations than 3G Separation from 3G skepticism

GAIACOMM 4G WIRELESS GAIACOMM 4G WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMCOMMUNICATION SYSTEM



Requirements of a 4G System:

Higher bit rates than 3G (20 Mbps < peak < 200 Mbps)Higher spectral efficiency and lower cost per bit than 3GAir interface and MAC optimized for IP traffic (IPv6, QoS)Adaptive modulation/coding with power control, hybrid ARQ

MIMO Enabled cell arrays for multiple signal propagation

OFDM, FLASH-OFDM promising for signal processing

4G wireless will use multiple frequencies, low RF for transport and high RF for data delivery.

Must support RF fingerprinting for location applications.


Data Rate

Macrocell,High Mobility

Microcell,Limited Mobility

Fixed Access

64kbps 2Mbps 200Mbps

P-MP (LMDS)Milli-wave LAN

2G2G

WLAN

4G4G3G3G

Domain of 4G extends beyond 1G, 2G, and 3G> 2 Mbps in a wide-area mobile system (> 20 Mbps peak)

4G is not necessarily defined by the bit rate, but by a significant advance in system capability beyond what can be achieved with 3G

Could coexist with 2G and 3GCoverage

Area, Mobility

Gaiacomm



WirelessOptical

SwitchWire

less

Optical

Switch

Wireless

Optical

Switch

WirelessOptical

Switch

DistributedRepeater

BaseStation

DistributedRepeater

DistributedRepeater

DistributedRepeater

NC NC

Fiber Optic RingTo Buildings


SystemOverview



The Base station characteristics:

Base Station ComponentsBase Station Components RF SPECIFICATIONS

Operating Frequency Range 1 to 29 terahertzModulation Modes Per GAIA 3 protocol, 100 terabits per sec.Launch Time Delay Programmable, .001 mSEncoder Clock Stability +/- 0.1 ppmSub-Channel Spacing 1 Hz or 9 HzModulation Bandwidth 10 to 50 TeraHZNumber of Sub-Channels One to EightPower Amplifier up to 40Mw Frequency Accuracy +/- .001 Hz Frequency Offset Range +/- 1 HzFrequency Offset Resolution 1 HzAmplifier Power Level Options N watts

Base Station



NETWORK & PROTOCOL SPECIFICATIONS Transmitter Protocol Gaia1 Network Interface Protocol Gaia1 Command & Control Protocol Gaia1 Software Download Protocol Gaia1

POWER SPECIFICATIONS Sub-Systems with Battery Backup Controller operation Input Voltage TBD AC Input Connection TBD Input power consumption TBD AC Input Connection TBD

Note: Gaia1, 2, 3, 4 and 0 are protocols that are protected Trade Secret source code. The hardware and software modules are governed by the source code architecture. This limits the internal specifications to be disclosed on the overall network and its components.



ESCSE

SC

S

ES

CS

ESCS

Cable &Fiber

Intelligent OpticalTransport & Switching

CorporateData

BroadbandAccess

Mobile

4GHandset

ESCSPSN

Internet

ES

CS

Key Benefits• Transport Capacity

1.5 Billion Per Second• Photonic Switching• Shift Functions to Optical

Layer• Mobility — Mobile IP• Packet Switched

Network PSN

LegendESCSEnhanced Service & Connection ServersPSNPacket Switched Network

Architecture



Transmitter&

Filters

SourceCode

Processor

Amplifiers&

Drivers

Processors[GAIA1]

Antenna

Omni

4G Terahertz Transmission Protocol



We pride ourselves in the knowledge that our pursuit of technological excellence is matched by a technology that has been honored by the industry with the top technological award for 2004.

The judges in this endeavor are the recognized world leaders in assessing technological advancements.

This award was presented to GIC on September 22, 2004 in Las Vegas at an international conference of our peers.


David H. Horne, Jr. - Co-Founder, Chairman of the Board, President, CEO

Dan J. Thomas, Jr. - Co-Founder, Executive Vice-President, COO

Judah Ben-Hur - Founder, CTO, Physicist

Gaiacomm International Contacts

www.gaiacomminternational.com


QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?

Thank you.

terahertz conference

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