tds and hardness qualities comparison of potable water of patiala and around

1978

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Published On: February 24, 2016

International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research ISSN: 2347-1697

Volume 3 Issue 6 February 2016 Reviewed Paper

Abstract

Water is the most precious gift of the nature and one of the substances, essential for sustenance of life. Water was never unsafe as today due to contamination from various sources. Unplanned agricultural activities, deforestation, industrialization, rapid urbanization, depletion and contamination of water resources, problems of wastage and sewage have played a crucial role in weakening of ecosystems on the earth. Elevated concentrations of pollutants in these systems have resulted in bioaccumulation of toxic contaminants and a serious environmental problem, which threatens aquatic environment and human health. The concentration and composition of dissolved constituents in water determine its suitability for use. Over one billion people each year are exposed to unsafe drinking water due to poor source water quality and lack of adequate water treatment. This results in 900 million cases of diarrhea each year. Water pollution is a serious problem in India as almost 70 percent of its surface water resources and a growing percentage of its groundwater reserves are contaminated by biological, toxic, organic and inorganic pollutants. The water quality monitoring results obtained by CPCB during 1995 to 2009 indicate that organic, inorganic and bacterial contamination was critical in the water. The concentration of dissolved constituents in groundwater is comparatively higher than surface water. It is common thinking that the potable water has few numbers of dissolved inorganic constituents but the real picture is quite different, as about 58 elements have been enlisted in the literature. Unsanitary disposal of refuge and garbage, increased use of agricultural pesticides and fertilizers, industrial operations, use of pit

TDS And Hardness Qualities Comparison

Of Potable Water Of Patiala And Around Paper ID IJIFR/ V3/ E6/ 033 Page No. 1978-1987 Subject Area Chemistry

Keywords Environment, Development, Information, Knowledge, Pollution, TDS, Hardness,

Water, Potable, Patiala, Comparison

Dr. Avtar Singh Rahi

Head and Associate Professor,

Department of Chemistry,

Government Post-Graduate College, Ambala Cantt.

Haryana (India)

http://www.ijifr.com/

1979

ISSN: 2347-1697

International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)

Volume - 3, Issue -6, February 2016

Continuous 30th Edition, Page No.:1978-1987

Dr. Avtar Singh Rahi:: TDS And Hardness Qualities Comparison Of Potable Water Of Patiala And Around

latrines and problems with septic tank systems constitute major anthropogenic activities causing groundwater pollution. The water for different purposes has its own requirements for the composition and purity and each body of water has to be analyzed on a regular basis to confirm to suitability. Patiala district is one of the famous princely states of erstwhile Punjab. Patiala presents a beautiful bouquet of life-style even to a casual visitor to the city. Chemicals that are toxic and might be found in drinking water may cause either acute or chronic health effects. TDS and Total hardness qualities of Patiala do not match with other areas but also not with standards. There should be more attention on the analysis and further use of collected data so that the end product of monitoring is information. If the data collected is not utilized in framing strategies and management, then the motive to collect data is lost. Water quality data, today, are in many ways just lying about waiting to be combined, analyzed and interpreted in more meaningful and relevant ways for the public and managers.

1. INTRODUCTION

Water is the most precious gift of the nature and one of the substances, essential for

sustenance of life. Water is considered as one of the nutrients, although it yields no

calories; it enters into structural composition of the cell and is an essential component of

diet (Baloch et al. 2000). Its availability in sufficient quantity and of right quality is a

necessary infrastructure for promoting better quality of life. Our natural environment

supplies us clean drinking water. But while falling as rain, water picks up small amounts

of gases, ions, dust, and particulate matter from the atmosphere. Then, as it flows over or

through the surface layers of the earth, it dissolves and carries with it some of almost

everything it touches, including that which is dumped into it by man. A correct balance

in the sensory, physical, chemical and microbiological qualities of water makes it

suitable for drinking. Water meeting these conditions is termed “Potable” meaning that

it may be consumed in any desirable amount without concern for adverse effects on

health (AWWA 1990). Water is used in both productive and consumptive activities and

contributes to rural and urban livelihoods in complex ways. But, water was never unsafe

as today due to contamination from various sources. Unplanned agricultural activities,

deforestation, industrialization, rapid urbanization, depletion and contamination of water

resources, problems of wastage and sewage have played a crucial role in weakening of

ecosystems on the earth. Human activities have led to accumulation of toxic metals in

the natural environment (Karbassi and Bayati 2005) and the extensive exploitation of

natural resources has led to increased pressure on aquatic ecosystems. Due to an

increased load of contamination the aquatic ecosystems have severely disrupted.

Elevated concentrations of pollutants in these systems have resulted in bioaccumulation

of toxic contaminants and a serious environmental problem, which threatens aquatic

environment and human health (Sasmaz et al. 2008). Chemical quality of water is a

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significant factor to evaluate the suitability of water for irrigation (Gupta 1989). The

concentration and composition of dissolved constituents in water determine its

suitability for use. Over one billion people each year are exposed to unsafe drinking

water due to poor source water quality and lack of adequate water treatment. This results

in 900 million cases of diarrhea each year (Rijal and Fujioka 2001). A number of other

diseases correlated with water hardness include nervous system defects, various types of

cancers and prenatal mortality (Stocks 1970). Water pollution is a serious problem in

India as almost 70 percent of its surface water resources and a growing percentage of its

groundwater reserves are contaminated by biological, toxic, organic and inorganic

pollutants. The water quality monitoring results obtained by CPCB during 1995 to 2009

indicate that organic, inorganic and bacterial contamination was critical in the water.

Parikh (2004) estimated a loss about Rs 366 billions, which account for about 3.95

percent of the GDP, due to ill effects of water pollution and poor sanitation facilities.

The use of fiscal instruments (other than the expenditure policy) in the environmental

policy has been limited, even though the need to employ economic and fiscal policy

instruments for the control of pollution and management of natural resources has gained

recognition since the 1990s (Rajaram and Das 2008). There are provisions in law for the

use of levies, cess, fines, and penalties, etc. for polluters, but their implementation and

effectiveness needs strengthening (Kumar and Managi 2010). Collective action

involving all the relevant parties for water pollution abatement (factories, affected

parties and the government) is an institutional alternative for dealing with the problem of

water pollution abatement in industrial estates, especially in India. Murty and Kumar

(2002) specified that the management of environmental resources can no longer be taken

as the responsibility of a single institution like a market or the government. India has

defined wastewater discharge standards for the domestic and industrial sectors, there are

no discharge standards for the pollution emanating from agriculture. Corrections in

fertilizer and pesticide and electricity pricing policies could be an instrument for

addressing the non-point water pollution in India.

2. DISSOLVED CONSTITUENTS

Everyone knows that water sustains life but not everyone knows that water

endanger life as ingestion or exposure to contaminated water can cause several health

hazards. The concentration of dissolved constituents in groundwater is comparatively

higher than surface water. It is common thinking that the potable water has few numbers

of dissolved inorganic constituents but the real picture is quite different, as about 58

elements have been enlisted in the literature. Many factors contribute to the quality of

water. Pollution of surface and groundwater resources occurs through Point and Diffuse

sources. Examples of point source pollution are effluents from industries, sewage-

treatment plants and untreated domestic sewage. The main sources of diffuse pollution

may be anthropogenic activities, such as agricultural applications of fertilizers and

pesticides or of geo-chemical origin, such as natural contamination of groundwater

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sources by fluoride, arsenic and dissolved salts. The impact of anthropogenic activities

has been so extensive that the water bodies have lost their self-purification capacity to a

large extent (Sood et al. 2008). Unsanitary disposal of refuge and garbage, increased use

of agricultural pesticides and fertilizers, industrial operations, use of pit latrines and

problems with septic tank systems constitute major anthropogenic activities causing

groundwater pollution (Baloch et al. 2000; Sichingabula and Nkhuwa 1998; Knox and

Canter 1996; Koppe 1973). Besides anthropogenic activities, groundwater because of

long contact with rocks and mineralized soils, usually contain greater concentrations of

inorganic additives than surface water. In addition to the beneficial nutrients, sewage

water may also contain significant amounts of heavy metals. Soil and plants cannot

accommodate these all harmful entities. These heavy metals may be returned to human

beings and animals through food chain (Gulfraz et al. 1997). The water for different

purposes has its own requirements for the composition and purity and each body of

water has to be analyzed on a regular basis to confirm to suitability.

3. LITERATURE SEARCH

Industrial and agricultural activities in urban areas of Punjab (Saxena et al. 2007) have

led to a considerable increase in heavy metal levels in different environmental

compartments, especially in soils over the course of recent decade. Investment in

Industries and agriculture (Molden 2010) has made a positive contribution to livelihood,

food security and poverty reduction, but its negative effects are unforgettable. In the

vicinity of industrial houses in almost all cities of India, surface and ground water is

polluted due to dumping of industrial wastages. Approximately 70% of fresh water is

consumed by agriculture (Baroni et al. 2007). Water pollution is a serious problem as

almost 70% of India’s surface water resources and a growing number of its groundwater reserves have been contaminated by biological, organic and inorganic pollutants (Rao

and Mamatha 2004). Industrial and agricultural activities in urban areas of Punjab

(Saxena et al. 2007) have led to a considerable increase in heavy metal levels in different

environmental compartments, especially in soils over the course of recent decade. TDS

and total hardness was found above the desirable limit by Jadeja et al. (2006) in all the

groundwater samples collected from Dharampur industrial area Porbandar city. Goyal et

al. (1981) indicated that out of total groundwater reservoir in Punjab, 76.5%

groundwater is fit and the rest showing varying degree of salinity. The fit water zone

being the main attraction for the intensive industrialization and urbanization in the state

is polluted by unsatisfactory disposal of industrial waste and lack of proper sewerage

facilities. High concentration of nitrates, cyanides, and trace elements has been reported

in the groundwater samples from Ludhiana town.

A study by Thakur et al. (2008) found level of As, Se, Hg in ground water at

Talwandi Sabo more than the permissible level where as at Chamkaur Sahib the level of

Se were above the permissible level. Similarly, As, Se were also above permissible level

in tap water at Talwandi Sabo whereas as in Chamkaur Sahib only As levels were more

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than the permissible limit in tap water. Ground water quality in the close vicinity of

sewage outlets of Patiala city, Punjab was evaluated by Mittal et al. (1994) for alkalinity,

hardness, sodium, potassium, pH and conductivity. Some of the samples exceeded the

maximum permissible limits of total hardness and sodium content as per

recommendations of World Health Organization. Mittal et al. (1997) evaluated the

ground water quality in Patiala, Punjab. Higher concentrations of various inorganic ions

were observed in the close vicinity of sewers. Leaching of contaminants from the sewers

was the only cause of ground water pollution of that area. Kumar et al. (2005) studied

sensory, physico-chemical and micro-biological parameters of water of Patiala city and

indicated that water samples collected from the different localities and various water

samples were found satisfactory in terms of sensory parameters except samples from

hand pumps. Numerous water samples from various localities and sources failed in

terms of their alkalinity, hardness and total dissolved salts as per the BIS specifications.

According to Central Ground Water Board (2007), Patiala district is mineral poor,

except nitrates of Na, K and Ca. Central Ground Water Board (2008) has found Patiala

district affected by salinity with EC > 3000 μS/cm. Essential metals for humans are Iron,

Copper, Cobalt, Manganese, Zinc, Cromium and their deficiency would result in many

clinical abnormalities (Caussy et al. 2003), but high doses of these essential elements

can also cause toxic effects. Other metals such as Hg, Pb, Cd, and As are not known to

be essential for any animals. The damage that they cause on the cellular level can result

into cancer, mental and nervous disorders and many other diseases. The pollution status

of drinking water systems in the study area is of great environmental and health

concerns. Punjab Pollution Control Board has identified number of sources of pollution

of Ghaggar where industrial units are discharging their toxic waste water into water

streams. Besides industrial units, waste water from various domestic sources is also

discharged into Ghaggar River.

4. STUDIED QUALITIES

Patiala district is one of the famous princely states of erstwhile Punjab. Patiala

presents a beautiful bouquet of life-style even to a casual visitor to the city. The district

is occupied by Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain of Quaternary age and falls in Ghaggar

basin. Forming the south-eastern part of the state, it lies between 29°49’ and 30°47’ north latitude, 75°58’ and 76°54' east longitude. The stage of ground water development

ranges between 149% (Ghanaur ) to 409% (Patran).The net ground water resource of

Patiala district have been estimated to be 1490.83 MCM and the gross ground water

draft of the district is 2911.65 MCM leaving behind a shortfall of 1443.30 MCM. It is

predominantly a rural district, where an overwhelming 65% lived in rural areas.

Agriculture is the single most important economic activity in the district. 81% of

geographical area out of 3290 square kilometers in Patiala district is cultivable. 93% of

the area is irrigated through tube-wells and 3% by canals. Though the people of Patiala

District depend mainly on agriculture for earning their livelihood, it is also fast emerging

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as an important industrial growth centre on the industrial map of the state. Besides

traditional goods, high quality and sophisticated items are now produced including small

cutting tools, industrial cables, power cables, electrical goods, milkfood, vanaspati ghee,

biscuits, horlicks, bicycles and agriculture implements including harvester combines and

threshers, milk products, pesticides, diesel component workshop etc.

As water travels, the soil, the air and the human’s involvement decide the final water profile. From source to destination, various water soluble solids change the

composition of water. Hardness in water is caused by dissolved calcium and to a lesser

extent, by magnesium. Hard water is slightly alkaline in nature. Hardness above 200 can

result in scale deposition and below 100 leads to low buffering capacity. The hardness in

water is derived largely from contact with the soil and rock formations. In general, hard

waters originate in areas where top soil is thick and lime stone formations are present.

Soft waters originate in areas where the top soil is thin and lime stone formations are

sparse or absent. Rain water as it falls upon the earth is incapable of dissolving the solids

found in natural waters. The ability for the rain water to dissolve is gained in the soil

where CO2 is released by the bacterial action. The dissolved CO2 in rain water is

sufficiently acidic to attack the insoluble carbonates in the soil and lime stone

formations converting them to soluble bicarbonates. Since lime stone is not pure

carbonate, but includes impurities such as sulphates, chlorides and silicates, these

materials become exposed to the solvent action of water as the carbonates are dissolved

and they pass into solution too. The total hardness is conventionally expressed in mg/L

units as calcium carbonate, even if it is due to calcium sulphate, magnesium carbonate or

any other polyvalent metal salt. Hard water consumes soap before lather will form,

deposits soap on bathtubs and forms scale in boilers, water heaters and pipes. Waters of

hardness less than 60 mg/L are termed soft; 61 to 120 mg/L moderately hard; 121 to 180

mg/L hard; and more than 180 mg/L very hard.

TDS stands for Total Dissolved Solids, refers to the amount of organic and

inorganic dissolved substances that may be found in water such as minerals, metals and

salts. Essentially, it is everything present in water other than pure H2O and suspended

solids. Water with high TDS is of inferior potability and may induce an unfavorable

physiological response to the body of consumer (Basheer et al. 1996). The concentration

of total soluble inorganic content of a water sample can be measured by evaporating a

known volume of the water sample to dryness and finding the weight of the solid. A

much simpler and quicker way of determining the dissolved solids is by the conductivity

cell method. Total dissolved solids concentrations are useful for comparison to

established water-quality standards.

TDS ≈ [Ca2+ + Mg

2+ + Na

+ + K

+ + Cl

- + SO4

2- + HCO3

- + CO3

2-]

The acceptable value of TDS in water is 500mg/L. Water with more than 1000

mg/L of dissolved solids may contain minerals which impart a distinctive taste. Water

with more than 2000 mg/L dissolved solids is generally too salty to drink.

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5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION From ancient time onwards history has spoken a lot on the role and importance

of water in religious, cultural and socioeconomic traditions. Approach to water for

everyone and anytime, is not feasible and easy because it is not uniformly and evenly

distributed. Water quality is the combination of properties of water that are manifested

in relation to human, other living creatures, items and substances. The contamination of

natural water with domestic/ industrial/ agricultural/ human/ livestock waste and pasture

runoff may result in an increased risk of disease transmission to humans (Geldreich

1991). The major causes of water pollution are discharges of untreated domestic sewage

and untreated industrial wastes in to the surface water bodies and on land, increasing use

of fertilizer, pesticides and dumping of organic and inorganic wastes in to water.

Diarrheal disease from contaminated water continues to be a serious problem in

developing countries and also in developed countries (Grant 1997). Chemicals that are

toxic and might be found in drinking water may cause either acute or chronic health

effects. They are more likely to cause chronic health effects, effects that occur after

exposure to small amounts of a chemical over a long period. Examples of chronic health

effects include cancer, birth defects, organ damage, disorders of the nervous system, and

damage to the immune system. The possible health effects of a contaminant in drinking

water differ widely, depending on whether a person consumes the water over a long

period, briefly, or intermittently. In assessing the quality of drinking-water, consumers

rely principally upon their senses. Sampling area is mostly affected by agricultural and

other anthropogenic activities besides effects of dumping industrial wastes into the land

or nearby water source. The data compared is collected from the various literature

studied by researchers.

Table 1: Comparison of Water Quality Assessment of Patiala and Surroundings

Study Area pH TDS Total Hardness

WHO/BIS Acceptable Limit 7.0 - 8.5 500 100 – 200

Patiala, CGWB1 7.1 – 8.3 - 35 - 657

Patiala City, Punjab2 7.8 - 8.3 682 – 852 271 – 668

Patiala Groundwater3 7.6 – 8.5 330 - 2870 102 - 490

Patiala Rural (average)4 7.6 – 8.2 717 - 987 259 - 481

Rupnagar, Punjab5 8.5 - 8.5 807 - 1000 452 - 498

Muktsar, Punjab6 7.0 – 8.4 517 - 4640 168 - 984

Chandigarh Domestic7 6.4 - 7.2 400 – 650 200 – 350

Chandigarh Industrial7 6.3 - 7.1 500 – 1100 275 – 400

Chandigarh Aquifers8 7.5 - 7.6 281 – 391 186 – 267

Parwanoo9 7.3 - 8.3 234 – 330 130 – 176

Ghaggar River10

7.3 - 8.6 212 - 1052 150 - 381

Source: 1CGWB (2013),

2Kumar et al. (2005),

3Water Quality Assessment

Authority (2008), 4Rahi (2011),

5Sahoo et al. (2014),

6Sharma (2014),

7Kaur and

Malik (2012), 8Sidhu et al. (2013),

9Aggarwal and Arora (2012),

10Kundu (2012)

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6. CONCLUSION

The data observed by various researchers indicate poor situation of Patiala. TDS

and Total hardness qualities of Patiala do not match with other areas but also not with

standards. Central Groundwater Board has also carried out studies for chemical quality

of ground water in the area. The ground water of the district is alkaline in nature. The

EC in the area ranges from 687 to 4100 μS/cm. Nitrate values ranges between 0.40 to 200 mg/L and fluoride concentration ranges from 0.20 to 2.8 mg/L. At few places high

fluoride and nitrate have been observed, thus the ground water in these places is harmful

for human consumption.

The ultimate goal of monitoring is to provide information and not data. In the

past, many monitoring programmes have been characterized by the "data rich,

information poor syndrome" (Ward et al. 1986). There should be more attention on the

analysis and further use of collected data so that the end product of monitoring is

information. If the data collected is not utilized in framing strategies and management,

then the motive to collect data is lost. Recent developments in computing hardware and

software have made it possible for a broader public to use data more effectively and

obtain almost instantaneously results of simple data analysis. These technological and

scientific improvements in recent years have not been institutionalized in many

monitoring programs. Water quality data, today, are in many ways just lying about

waiting to be combined, analyzed and interpreted in more meaningful and relevant ways

for the public and managers. Strong pressure exerted by human activities on freshwater

resources (Saeijs and van Berkel 1995) has led to increased demands on policy and

decision makers to develop well fundamental strategies and solutions.

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tds and hardness qualities comparison of potable water of patiala and around

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