studies on some endoparasites of camels in the southeastern area of egypt

SCVMJ, XIII (1) 2008 81

STUDIES ON SOME ENDOPARASITES OF CAMELS

IN THE SOUTHEASTERN AREA OF EGYPT

**Mona A. Mahmoud ; *Amin, M.M.;*Youssef, R.R.;**El-Kattan,

A.;**Azza S. A. Goda and**T.R. Abou El-Naga.

*Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Fac. Of Vet. Med.

Cairo Univ.

**Animal Health Department, Desert Research Center.

ABSTRACT In the present study, a total of 261 camels (185 local and76 imported)

from Halaieb, Shalateen and Abu-Ramad, were subjected to parasitological

examination for determination of the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes

and blood parasites. 41.08% of local and 51.3% of imported camels were found

infested with nematodes. Trichostrongylus spp. was the prevalent one in both

local (20%) and imported camels (36.84%). The other recovered nematodes

were Nematodiru, Trichuris and Strongyloid spp.The blood parasites,

Trypanosoma evansi and Theileria spp. were recorded in 79.4 and 75% of local

and imported camels respectively. Mixed infection of blood parasites and

gastrointestinal nematodes were also found. Spring showed the highest infection

rate of both blood parasites and gastrointestinal nematodes in the study area. In

conclusion, Trypanosoma evansi, Theileria species and gastrointestinal

nematodes constitute large problems affecting camel health and productivity

especially during rainy seasons (Winter and Spring). In brief, the data obtained

proved that imported camels play an important role in the epizootology of

parasitic infection of camels.

INTRODUCTION

Camels play an important

socio-economic role within the pasto-

ral and agricultural system in the dry

and semidry zones of Asia and Africa.

The survival of millions of human

being is dependent on the camel in

such areas. For meat, milk and hair

production and still an important mean

of drought and transportation for large

sectors of pastoral societies (El–

Sawalhy et al., 1996). In 1998, the

total number of camels in Egypt was

135 thousands camels representing

1.1, 0.9 and 0.7% from the total

number of camels in Arabian cou-

ntries, Africa and in the world respect-

82 Mona A. Mahmoud et al.,

ively (Anon, 2000). More than 42

thousands of camels inhabit El-

Shalateen area and the total number of

imported camels from Sudan to Egypt

through El–Shalateen Veterinary qua-

rantine was 91.299 camels in 2001

(Mahran, 2004). Camels in Egypt

annually produce about 20.8, 2.3, 0.62

and 0.09 thousand tons of consumable

milk, meat, hides and fibers respec-

tively (Wardeh, 1992). Due to the few

number of camels raised in Egypt, it is

essential to import camels from other

countries as Sudan, Somalia, Djibouti

and Kenya, thus the occurrence of

exotic diseases at any time could be

expected and also the free movements

of camels throughout the borders leads

to the transmission and spreading of

diseases (Abd El-Aziz, 1996). The area

of the present study (Halaieb, Shalat-

een and Abo-Ramad triangle, Red Sea

Governorate, Egypt) representing the

South Eastern border of Egypt and

considered the major point of entry of

the imported camel from Sudan and

other African countries into Egypt.

The main objective of this

work is to investigate some of endo-

parasites affecting local and imported

camels in the study area.

MATERIAL & METHODS

Study Area:

This region forms a triangular

area reach about 18000 km2, its base is

about 300 km, begins at Halaieb (Lat-

eral line 23º North, Long 36º 45ˉ) and

end at Shalateen (Lateral line 23º 20ˉ,

Long 36º 10ˉ) (El-Shaer, 1999).

Animals:

A total number of 261

dromedary camels (185 local Rashidi

and 76 imported from Sudan) during

the period from August 2003 till

September 2004, were randomly invo-

lved in this study. They were repre-

sented various ages (3–8 years) of

both sexes.

Samples:

1- Faecal samples:

A total of 261 faecal samples

were examined using concentration

floatation technique according to (So-

ulsby, 1982) for oviscopical exami-

nation of gastrointestinal nematodes.

2- Blood samples:

Two blood samples for each

camel were collected from the jugular

vein of 261 camels; the first blood

sample was evacuated in 5ml EDTA

containing vaccutainer for blood sm-

ears, the second used for serum collec-

tion to be used latterly in serological

examination. Detection of blood para-

sites using stained smears technique

according to (Coles, 1986).

3- Clinical examination:

Camels were thoroughly exa-

mined according to the methods desc-

ribed by (Higgins, 1986).

4- Serological examination:

Indirect Enzyme Linked Immuno

Sorbent Assay (ELISA):

SCVMJ, XIII (1) 2008 83

Antigens: Crude antigen of Trypanosoma

evansi was supplied by the Molecular

Biology Unit, Faculty of Vet. Medi-

cine, Cairo University, Egypt.

(ELISA) for determination of antib-

odies of Trypanosoma evansi in camel

sera was done according to (Zwey-

garth et al., 1986 and El–Sawalhy

and Ebeid, 1994).

RESULTS

Infected camels with blood and

gastrointestinal parasites showed signs

of illness including, loss of body we-

ight, edema, decreased animal pro-

duction. The overall prevalence rates

for gastrointestinal nematodes was

41.08and 51.3% for local and impo-

rted camels respectively, while the

seasonal prevalence rates were 40.9,

52.2, 34.6 and 50% in Summer, Autu-

mn, Winter and Spring respect-

ively,(Tables 1,2 and 3).

In local camels, (Table 1), the

most prevalent spp. was Trichostr-

ongylus (20%) followed by Nemat-

odirus (12.9%) then Trichuris (1.62%)

and Strongyloid spp. (0.54%). In

imported camels, Trichostrongylus

spp. was recorded in 36.84% of exa-

mined camels followed by Trichuris

spp. (5.26%) (Table 2). Mixed infest-

ations were recorded in 5.9%, and

9.2% of local and imported camels

respectively. The highest rate of mixed

infestation was found in Spring

(13.7%) followed by Autumn (8.9%).

Trichostrongylus spp. was found in all

mixed infestation with other species.

(Table 3).

The prevalence of blood para-

sites (T. evansi and Theleria spp.) was

presented in Tables (4 and 5). The

overall infection rate of local camels

was 79.4%. The highest prevalence

94.5% was recorded in spring. In

imported camels, the overall preva-

lence was 75% with highest in winter

(100%). Mixed infection with gastroi-

ntestinal nematodes and T. evansi was

recorded in 7.5 and 14.4% of local and

imported camels respectively (Table 7).

Table (8) showed that, 63.1% of tested

camels' sera showed antibodies against

T. evansi while the rate of infection was

51.9% using stained blood smears.

DISCUSSION

The conditions under which

camels are usually kept are not con-

ducive to parasite transmission but su-

rprisingly large numbers of helminthes

are known to occur in the camel (El-

Behari, 1985). Internal parasites cons-

titute an important disease problem

that affect the health and productivity

of camel and is often more sound in

areas and in certain seasons of the year

(Majid et al., 1997). It was necessary,

in our study, to investigate the most

prevalent parasites infesting camels.


The clinical signs (signs of

illness including, loss of body weight,

edema, decreased animal production)

appeared on examined animals were

like that recorded by Mourad and El-

Sherif, (2002). The overall prevalence

rate of gastrointestinal nematodes infe-

station was 41.1 and 51.31% in local

and imported camels respectively, a

relatively similar rate was obtained by

Awad, (1996) who recorded 52.0% in

Egypt and (Anwar and Khan 1998)

recorded 42% in Pakistan, while

higher and lower rates were reported

by Sharrif et al., (1998) 84% in

Jordan, El-Salahy et al., (2000) 60%

in Egypt and Kumar et al., (2001)

37.8% in India. Mourad and El-

Sherif, (2002) in Egypt found that,

Trichostrongylus spp. was the most

prevalent one recorded in 20 and

36.84% of local and imported camels

respectively. These findings were in

agreement with Awad, (1996) and

Magzoub et al., (1997).This might be

a result of adaptation and higher resis-

tance of Trichostrongylus larvae to the

hot dry climatic and other enviro-

nmental conditions (El-Salahy et al.,

2000).

Mixed infestation was reported

with a prevalence of 5.9 and 9.2% in

local and imported camels respect-

ively. Mixed infestation with 2 or 3

parasites in the same camel was

common (El-Molla et al., 1981;

Magzoub et al., 1997 and Sharrif et

al., 1998). Regarding the seasonal variat-

ions, it is well known that the preval-

ence of gastrointestinal helminthes

may vary widely from region to other

as well as during the various seasons

within the same region (El-Behari,

1985). Similar finding was obtained in

this study. The rate of infestation was

peaked during autumn (52.2%)

followed by spring (50%). while the

lowest one was observed during

Winter (34.6%). Similar results had

been recorded by Awad (1996) who

reported an infection rate 67% in

autumn and 51.1% in spring. In fact,

helminthes infestation is precipitated

by the sever stress brought on by the

long migratory trip in which the ca-

mels are subjected to in the early rainy

season (early weeks of autumn).

During this time, camels are also

weak and have poor nutritional status

besides unsuitable climatic condition

in autumn which favor the mainte-

nance and development of larval

stages, while Winter is not drastically

affect the survival of different stages

of parasites (Awad, 1996, and Agab

and Abbas, 2001).

In the present study, the total

prevalence of blood parasites using

stained blood smear examination was

9.4% in local camels and 75% in

imported camels. The prevalence rate

of Trypanosoma evansi was 23.7 and

SCVMJ, XIII (1) 2008 85

27.6% in local and imported camels

respectively, while Theileria spp. was

76.7 and 67.1% of local and imported

camels respectively.

Mixed infestation with the both

blood parasites was recorded in 21.08,

and 19.73% of local and imported

camels respectively. The variations of

rates of Trypanosoma evansi which

were recorded in Egypt, either higher

rates Mahran, 2004 (11.5%), and

Baraka et al. 2005 (26.6%), or lower

rates of same spp. Fayed et al., 1984

(3.7%) Laila et al., 2001 (4.1%). In

our opinion, these variations may be

attributed to nature of the study area,

climatic condition and animal influen-

ces. Serologically, 63.4% of the exa-mined camels were proved to harbor T. evansi antibodies with sensitivity and specificity 90.4% and 65% respec-tively. This finding was in agreement with that of (Awad, 1996) 55.9% and Shahardar et al., (2004) 62.2% In our opinion, the high infection rate obser-ved in this serological study proved that trypanosomiasis is prevalent in the study area although the test cou-ldn't discriminate between past or cur-rent infection. In addition, the stained blood smears can't able to detect the chronic cases with very low parasit-aemia. Theileria spp. was also recor-ded in high infection rate in the present study (91.3%), this may be attributed to abundance of the vectors as hard ticks (Hayaloma dermodrii). Lower rate was recorded by different authors Abou-Elnga et al., (2004) 44.8% and Mahran, (2004) (6.4%).

Spring was the most favorable season for blood parasites infection during which the prevalence rate of Trypan-osoma evansi and Theileria spp. was 7.9 and 91.3% respectively. These results were in agreement with that reported by Gruvel and Balis, (1965) who found that, the infection with Trypanosoma evansi had a seasonal variation towards the end of rainy season and in the early dry season when the biting insects are more abundent. Also Higgins, (1983) noti-ced that, Surra was a seasonal and regional disease in Arabian region and Saeed et al., (2002) found that, the infection rate of Trypanosomiasis was higher during the period extending from November to May, as well as Mahran, (2004) found that, Theileri-osis was most prevalent during Spring.

From the above findings, it could be concluded that, blood para-sites including Trypanosome evansi and Theileria species and gastroint-estinal nematodes constitute the large problems affecting camel health and productivity, especially during rainy seasons (Winter and Spring). In brief, the data obtained proved that, impor-ted camels play an important role in the epizootology of parasitic diseases of camels. Our final recommendation is to replace the Veterinary quarantine from El-Shalateen city to the border line between Egypt and Sudan in order to give the chance for applying the restricted control measures when any epizootic suspected to be occurring.


Table (1): Seasonal dynamics of gastrointestinal nematodes infesting

local camels in Halaieb,Shalateen and Abo-Ramad triangle.

Season

Number

of

examined

camels

Single infestation

Mixed

infestations

Total

infestation

(single+mixed)

Nemato-

dirus

spp.

Tricho-

strongylus

spp.

Trichuris

spp.

Strongyloid

spp.

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

Summer 37 12 32.43 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2.70 13 35.13

Autumn 52 2 3.84 20 38.46 2 3.84 0 0 5 9.61 29 55.76

Winter 59 9 15.25 6 10.16 1 1.69 1 1.69 1 1.69 18 30.50

Spring 37 1 2.70 11 29.72 0 0 0 0 4 10.81 16 43.24

Total 185 24 12.97 37 20 3 1.62 1 0.54 11 5.94 76 41.08

No. = Number.

Table (2): Seasonal dynamics of gastrointestinal nematodes infest imported

camels in Halaieb, Shalateen and Abo-Ramad triangle.

Season

Number

of

examined

camels

Single infestation

Mixed

infestations

Total

infestation

(single+mixed)

Nemato-

dirus

spp.

Trich-

ostrongylus

spp.

Trichuris

spp.

Strongyloid

spp.

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

Summer 24 0 0 11 45.83 1 4.16 0 0 0 0 12 50

Autumn 15 0 0 5 33.33 0 0 0 0 1 6.66 6 40

Winter 16 0 0 5 31.25 1 6.25 0 0 2 12.5 8 50

Spring 21 0 0 7 33.33 2 9.52 0 0 4 19.04 13 61. 90

Total 76 0 0 28 36.84 4 5.26 0 0 7 9.21 39 51.31

No. = Number.

SCVMJ, XIII (1) 2008 87

Table (3): Seasonal dynamics of gastrointestinal nematodes infesting local

and imported camels in Halaieb, Shalateen and Abo-Ramad

triangle.

Season

Number

of

examined

camels

Single infestation Mixed

infestations

Total

infestation

(single+mixed) Nemato-

dirus spp.

Trichostron-

gylus spp.

Trichuris

spp.

Strongyloid

spp.

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

Summer 61 12 19.67 11 18.03 1 1.63 0 0 1 1.63 25 40.98

Autumn 67 2 2.98 25 37.31 2 2.98 0 0 6 8.95 35 52.23

Winter 75 9 12 11 14.66 2 2.66 1 1.33 3 4 26 34.66

Spring 58 1 1.72 18 31.03 2 3.44 0 0 8 13.79 29 50

Total 261 24 9.19 65 24.90 7 2.68 1 0.38 18 6.89 115 44.06

No. = Number

Table (4): Seasonal dynamics of blood parasites infesting local camels using

stained blood smears examination.

NO. = Number of positive.

Season Season

Number

of examined

camels

Single infestation Mixed

infestations

Total

infestation

single+mixed

Trypano-

soma evansi

Theileria

Spp.

No. % No. % No. % No. %

Summer 37 1 2.70 19 51.35 3 8.10 23 62.16

Autumn 52 0 0 31 59.61 7 13.46 38 73.07

Winter 59 3 5.08 32 54.23 16 27.11 51 86.44

Spring 37 1 2.70 21 56.75 13 35.13 35 94.59

Total 185 5 2.70 103 55.67 39 21.08 147 79.45


Table (5): Seasonal dynamics of blood parasites infesting imported camels

using stained blood smears examination.

Se Season Season

Number

of examined

camels

Single infestation

Mixed

infestations

Total

infestation

(single+mix

ed)

Trypano-

soma

evansi

Theileria

Spp.

No. % No. % No. % No. %

Summer 24 1 4.16 14 58.33 3 12.5 18 75

Autumn 15 2 13.33 1 6.66 0 0 3 20

Winter 16 2 12.5 9 56.25 5 31.25 16 100

Spring 21 1 4.76 12 57.14 7 33.33 20 95.23

Total 76 6 7.89 36 47.36 15 19.73 57 75


Table (6): Seasonal dynamics of blood parasites infesting local and impo-

rted camels using stained blood smears examination.

Season

Number

Of examined

Camels

Single infestation

Mixed

infestations

Total infestation

(single+mixed)

Trypano-

soma

evansi

Theileria

Spp.

No. % No. % No. % No. %

Summer 61 2 3.27 33 54.09 6 9.83 41 67.21

Autumn 67 2 2.98 32 47.76 7 10.44 41 61.19

Winter 75 5 6.66 41 54.66 21 28 67 89.33

Spring 58 2 3.44 33 56.89 20 34.48 55 94.82

Total 261 11 4.21 139 53.25 54 20.68 204 78.16


SCVMJ, XIII (1) 2008 89

Table (7): Mixed infestation with gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) and

Trypanosoma evansi among camels. Item Number

of examined

camels

Mixed infestation with

GIN. and Trypanosoma evansi

NO. %

Local 185 14 7.56

Imported 76 11 14.47

Total 261 25 9.57

GIN = gastrointestinal nematodes NO. = Number of positive.

Table (8): Comparative results between stained blood smears and indirect

ELISA for diagnosis of Trypanosona evansi in camels.

Item

Stained blood smears

(parasitological method)

Total

positive negative

ELISA positive 57 21 78

negative 6 39 45

Total 63 60 123

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الملخص العربى

فىى مطقةىة المثلىال حاليى ( جمل مستورد 66جمل محلي و 281)جمال 162اجريت هذة الدراسة على

فوجىد أن , اجراء فحوص لقفيليات الدم وقفيليىات امماىاءعلى هىذة الجمىالوقد تم , والشالتين وأبو رماد

وتىم %. 12,15و الجمىال المسىتوردة% 82,18طسبة االصابة بالقفيليات الداخليىة فىى الجمىال المحليىة

التوصل الى أن جطس التريكوسىتروطجيلس كىان مىن أكثىر القفيليىات اصىابة فىى كىال مىن الجمىال المحليىة

يليهىىىا االصىىىابة بكىىىال مىىىن الطيمىىىاتوديرس وجىىىطس , %56,88مىىىال المسىىىتوردة بطسىىىبة والج% 11بطسىىىبة

وأوضىحت الدراسىة الىى أن االصىابة بتريباطوسىوما ايفىاطلاي والثيليريىا .تركيوريس ثم جطس ستروطجيلويد

كما وجدت اصابات ملدوجة . فى الجمال المستوردة% 61فى الجمال المحلية و% 8,,6كاطت بطسبة

واثبتت الدراسة أن اعلى مادل لالصابة كان فى موسم الربيى وذلى . الدم وقفيليات االمااء من قفيليات

والخالصىىة أن كىىال مىىن التريباطوسىىوما ايفىىاطلاي والثيليريىىا وقفيليىىات االماىىاء تسىىب . فىىى مطقةىىة البحىىال

قىد اثبتىت و. مشاكل صحية واطتاجية كثيرة للجمال فى هذة المطاقق وخاصة فىى موسىمى الشىتاء والربيى

. الدراسة أن الجمال المستوردة تلا دورا هاما فى طةل الادوي للجمال المحلية

studies on some endoparasites of camels in the southeastern area of egypt

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