structural design of cold-worked austenitic stainless steel
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When stainless steel is cold worked, it undergoes substantial strain hardening. This leads to a significant strength enhancement, whilst adequate ductility is still retained. The strength enhancement has not generally been taken into account in the practical design of structural members due to the lack of knowledge of the structural behaviour of material in this condition. This valorisation project has disseminated new design recom-mendations for cold-worked stainless steel from the recently completed ECSC research project Structural design of cold-worked austenitic stainless steel (Contract 7210-PR-318).
The principle deliverables of this project were:
• The third edition of the Design manual for structural stainless steel
• A commentary on the design manual
• Design examples
• A web-based design facility
• Eight seminars across Europe.
The third edition of the Design manual for structural stainless steel was published in seven European languages. It is freely available from Euro Inox both in printed form and as a CD (www.euro-inox.org, [email protected]).
The design manual, the commentary, design examples and web software can be accessed and downloaded at: www.steel-stainless.org/designmanual
The seminars held in eight European countries were well attended and the discussions that took place confirmed great interest in the design manual.
This valorisation project has succeeded in disseminating new design guidance on struc-tural stainless steel to a wide audience of European structural engineers. Valorisation project — Structural design of
cold-worked austenitic stainless steel
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European Commission
Research Fund for Coal and SteelValorisation project — Structural design of
cold-worked austenitic stainless steel
N. Baddoo (1), H. Bouchair (2), G. Zilli (3), M. Pilsl (4), A. Talja (5), E. Real (6), B. Uppfeldt (7), T. Pauly (8)
(1) The Steel Construction Institute — Silwood Park, Ascot SL5 7QN, United Kingdom(2) CUST — Blaise Pascal University — Civil Engineering Department, Rue des Meuniers, BP 206,
F-63174 Aubière cedex(3) CSM — Via di Castel Romano, 100, I-00128 Rome
(4) Rheinisch-Westfalische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen — Institute of Steel Construction, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Straße 1, D-52074 Aachen
(5) VTT — Building Materials & Products, PO Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT(6) Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) — Dept. Ingeniería de la Construcción, Módulo C1 Campus Norte,
C/Jordi Girona, 1-3, E-08034 Barcelona(7) SBI — PO Box 27751, S-115 92 Stockholm
(8) Euro Inox — 241 route d’Arlon, L-1150 Luxembourg
Contract No RFS2-CT-2005-00036 1 July 2005 to 30 June 2006
Final report
Directorate-General for Research
2008 EUR 23199 EN
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FINAL SUMMARY
1. Objectives
The objective of this Valorisation project was to disseminate the technical knowledge and design guidance gained from the ECSC research project Structural Design of Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel (contract 7210-PR-318) through the publication of the Third Edition of the European Design Manual for Structural Stainless Steel.
2. Comparison of planned activities with work accomplished
This dissemination project was carried out in 12 months between July 2005 and June 2006. Despite the short duration of the project, the activities were completed on time in accordance with the project plan. During the course of the project, the partners met twice in Brussels in October 2005 and February 2006.
3. Description of activities
The activities carried out in this project are described below.
Extension and revision of Design Guide The contents of the Second Edition of the European Design Manual for Structural Stainless Steel were extended to cover design guidance for cold worked austenitic stainless steel (Recommendations, Commentary to the Recommendations and design examples). The guidance included material and mechanical properties, durability, structural behaviour and issues relating to fabrication. The Design Manual was also updated to align with the relevant parts of EN 1990, EN 1991 and EN 1993.
New design examples Three new design examples were created to illustrate the application of the design guidance to cold worked austenitic stainless steel and demonstrate how its use can lead to cost-effective solutions.
Commentary The Commentary to the Recommendations in the Design Manual allows the designer to assess the basis of the Recommendations and facilitates the development of revisions as and when new data become available. The Commentary was updated to include the results of test programmes involving cold worked stainless steel. Furthermore it was decided to broaden the scope of the Commentary to include relevant work on structural stainless steel sections carried out in Japan, Hong Kong, Australia and the UK. The list of references was extended to include 161 relevant papers.
Translation, publication and distribution of Design Guide The Third Edition of the Design Manual for Structural Stainless Steel was translated from English into Swedish, Finnish, Italian, French, German and Spanish. Over 11,000 printed copies of the Design Manual were produced. 10,000 CDs containing the Design Manual in the 7 languages were also produced. They were distributed at the national seminars and continue to be distributed free of charge by Euro Inox, members of Euro Inox and the project partners.
Online design facility The scope of the current online design facility for stainless steel structural members (www.steel-stainless.org/software) was extended to cover cold worked austenitic stainless steel. It was also updated to refer to the relevant parts of EN 1993-1.
Seminars Eight seminars were held across Europe in June 2006 to launch the Design Manual. These seminars represented an important opportunity to publicise and explain the contents of the Design Manual and of
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the accompanying electronic resources. The seminars targeted key personnel, who were then able to further disseminate the information throughout their organisations.
3. Exploitation and impact of results
This dissemination project has resulted in a design guide aligned with current European design practice. It is an important publication covering all the key areas of design. Through the seminars and subsequent publicity organised by Euro Inox and its members, large numbers of the Design Manual have been distributed to structural engineers throughout Europe and beyond.
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CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
FINAL SUMMARY 3
1 INTRODUCTION 7
2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES 9
3 WORK PACKAGES 1 AND 2 – REVISED EUROPEAN DESIGN MANUAL 11 3.1 Technical work required to revise the Design Manual 11
3.1.1 Introduction 11 3.1.2 Relationship with Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures 11 3.1.3 Technical areas requiring revision 12 3.1.4 Cold worked stainless steel 12 3.1.5 Structural fire design 15 3.1.6 Additional information 17 3.1.7 Design examples 17 3.1.8 Commentary 18 3.1.9 Quality assurance 18
3.2 Translation 19 3.3 Printing 19 3.4 Distribution 22
4 WORK PACKAGE 3 – ELECTRONIC DISSEMINATION 25 4.1 Online publication of Design Manual 25 4.2 Online design facility 27 4.3 Project CD 32
5 WORK PACKAGE 4 – SEMINARS 33
6 WORK PACKAGE 5 – MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION 35
7 EXPLOITATION AND IMPACT OF RESEARCH RESULTS 37
8 CONCLUSIONS 39
9 LIST OF FIGURES 41
10 LIST OF TABLES 43
11 REFERENCES 45
APPENDIX A REPORTS OF THE NATIONAL SEMINARS 47 A.1 UK Seminar 47 A.2 French Seminar 50 A.3 Italian Seminar 52 A.4 German Seminar 53 A.5 Finnish Seminar 55 A.6 Spanish Seminar 59 A.7 Swedish Seminar 61 A.8 Belgian Seminar 62
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1 INTRODUCTION
The use of stainless steel in construction is growing due to the material’s excellent corrosion resistance, ease of maintenance, attractive appearance, ductility, toughness and fire resistance. Stainless steel is an environmentally-friendly material because it is highly durable and almost 100% recyclable. It does not degrade when reprocessed. Protective coatings, often harmful to the environment, are not needed with stainless steel because of its inherent corrosion resistance, even when located in harsh surroundings.
In recognition of the many desirable properties of stainless steel, a series of research projects to generate design guidance has been carried out over the last 15 years. As a result, European design guidance for structural stainless steel became available, for example in Eurocode 3, Part 1.4 (EN 1993-1-4)1 and in the European Design Manual for Structural Stainless Steel (Second Edition, 2002)2.
The austenitic grades most widely used in construction have a minimum specified design strength of around 240 N/mm2. This is significantly lower than that for the common structural carbon steel grades, although the ductility of stainless steel is approximately twice that of these carbon steel grades. This means that to obtain equivalent resistance, a stainless steel section must be thicker than a carbon steel section. This fact, coupled with the higher material cost, puts stainless steel at a considerable disadvantage despite its other superior properties.
Nevertheless, experimental studies have revealed that when stainless steel is cold worked, it undergoes substantial strain hardening. This leads to a significant strength enhancement, whilst adequate ductility is still retained. Eurocode 3, Part 1-4 specifies a number of cold worked levels for stainless steel, e.g. CP350 and CP500 with yield strengths of 350 and 500 N/mm2 respectively, which are taken from the European material standard for stainless steel, EN 100883. For members where design is governed by strength rather than stiffness, the increase in yield strength enables designers to specify a lighter section with a reduced wall thickness or reduced overall dimensions. Rectangular hollow sections made from cold worked material cost about 15% more than sections from material in the softened state. More highly alloyed stainless steels (known as duplex grades) with higher strength are available, though these grades are more expensive and are not as widely available as structural sections.
The strength enhancement due to cold working has not generally been taken into account in practice due to the lack of knowledge of the structural behaviour of material in this condition. However, a recently completed ECSC project studied the behaviour of cold worked stainless steel structural members and connections and developed comprehensive structural design guidance4. In particular, there had been concern about welding cold worked material because of the strength loss arising from annealing during the welding process. Under this project, guidance was validated on the design of welded joints in cold worked material.
This valorisation project seeks to disseminate the technical knowledge that has resulted from the above research project, in a form that will allow engineers to design structural elements made from the cold worked material easily and efficiently. The results impinge on all areas of the design process.
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2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES
The objective of this valorisation project was to disseminate efficiently the technical knowledge and design guidance gained from the ECSC research project Structural Design of Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel (contract 7210-PR-318) through the publication of the Third Edition of the European Design Manual for Structural Stainless Steel.
The overall objective was achieved through the following specific objectives:
• To extend the contents of the Second Edition of the European Design Manual for Structural Stainless Steel2 to cover cold worked austenitic stainless steel and to update the present Design Manual (Recommendations, Commentary to the recommendations and design examples) to refer to the relevant parts of EN 1990, EN 1991 and EN 1993.
• To prepare three new design examples to illustrate the design guidance on cold worked austenitic stainless steel and demonstrate that cold worked austenitic stainless steel can lead to cost-effective solutions.
• To translate the Third Edition of the European Design Manual for Structural Stainless Steel from English into six languages.
• To print and distribute the Third Edition of the European Design Manual for Structural Stainless Steel in seven European languages.
• To produce and distribute a CD containing the Third Edition of the European Design Manual for Structural Stainless Steel in seven European languages. To extend the current online design facility for stainless steel structural members (www.steel-stainless.org/software) to include cold worked austenitic stainless steel.
• To operate national seminars in each partnering country to raise awareness of the advantages of cold worked austenitic stainless steel and stainless steel in general.
The project was divided into six work packages (WP) covering the range of technical and managerial activities necessary for its successful execution. Each work package was divided into several constituent tasks. The work packages are listed in Table 2.1 and the participation of partners within each work package is given in Table 2.2.
Table 2.1 Summary of tasks in each work package
Work package (WP) Objectives
WP 1 Extending and updating 2nd Edition of European Inox Design Manual for Structural Stainless Steel
- Extend Design Manual to cover cold worked material (both Recommendations and Commentary) - Update all references to parts of ENV 1993 to new parts of EN 1993 (including ten design examples)
WP 2 New Design Examples Prepare three new design examples showing realistic applications for cold worked material
WP 3 Translation Translate Recommendations of Design Manual and new design examples into French, German, Swedish, Finnish, Italian and Spanish
WP 4 Dissemination - Print the 3rd Edition of Design Manual - Produce and distribute CDs containing 3rd Edition of Design Manual - Publish 3rd Edition of Design Manual online - Extend online design software
WP 5 Seminars Organise eight seminars across Europe to launch 3rd Edition of Design Manual and disseminate guidance on cold worked material
WP 6 Project co-ordination - manage and co-ordinate the project in order to achieve project objectives within time and budget - prepare output of the project including final report
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Table 2.2 Summary of partner involvement in each work package
Work Package Title 1
SCI 2
Univ BP
3 CSM
4 RWTH
5 VTT
6 UPC
7 SBI
8 Euro Inox
WP 1 Updating 2nd Edition of European Inox Design Manual for Structural Stainless Steel
WP 2 New design examples
WP 3 Translation
WP 4 Dissemination
Task 4.1 Print 3rd Edition of the Design Manual
Task 4.2 Production and distribution of CD containing 3rd
Edition of the Design Manual
Task 4.3 Online publication of the 3rd Edition of the Design Manual
Task 4.4 Extension to online design facility
WP 5 Seminars
WP 6 Project co-ordination
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3 WORK PACKAGES 1 AND 2 – REVISED EUROPEAN DESIGN MANUAL
3.1 Technical work required to revise the Design Manual
3.1.1 Introduction The Design Manual consists of three parts:
• Part I - Recommendations
• Part II - Design Examples
• Part III - Commentary
The Recommendations give the design guidance and essential information needed by designers concerning grade selection, material properties, durability and fabrication. The Design Examples demonstrate the use of the Recommendations. The Commentary explains how the design expressions in the Recommendations were derived and gives background information.
The First Edition of the Design Manual was published in 1994 following a research project carried out between 1989 and 1992. In 2002, the Second Edition was published as part of an ECSC valorisation project5 (contract 7215-PP-056) which disseminated the results of the ECSC research project Development of the use of stainless steel in construction6 (contract 7210-SA/842). The Second Edition was a particularly successful publication with a continuously high demand for paper copies and CDs. In addition to the 6100 initial print run, further print runs totalling 4600 copies were needed to supply demand in Italy and Germany. In total 6000 CDs were distributed in response to requests received between 2002 and 2005. Furthermore, the Design Manual was permanently one of the top 10 most popular resources downloaded from the Steelbiz web site hosted by SCI.
3.1.2 Relationship with Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures ENV 1993-1-47 was published in 1996 and was closely based on the First Edition of the Design Manual. When it came to preparing the Second Edition, the conversion of Eurocode 3 from pre-standard (ENV) to full standard (EN) was underway. However, the Recommendations in the Second Edition were generally based on ENV 1993-1-1, 1-2, 1-3 etc rather than the draft parts of EN 1993-1. A couple of exceptions were made to this rule where new rules in the draft EN 1993-1 were thought to be more appropriate. Nevertheless, throughout this project, progress on the conversion of the parts of ENV 1993-1 was regularly monitored and the latest draft of each EN examined for implications on the design of stainless steel.
By 2005, when the Third Edition was being prepared, almost all of the key parts of EN 1993-1 had been finalised. The opportunity was therefore taken to update the Design Manual to align with the relevant parts of EN 1993-1. These parts are listed below:
EN 1993-1-1 Design of steel structures: General rules and rules for buildings EN 1993-1-2 Design of steel structures: Structural fire design EN 1993-1-3 Design of steel structures: Cold-formed thin gauge members and sheeting EN 1993-1-4 Design of steel structures: Stainless steels EN 1993-1-5 Design of steel structures: Plated structural elements EN 1993-1-8 Design of steel structures: Design of joints EN 1993-1-9 Design of steel structures: Fatigue strength of steel structures EN 1993-1-10 Design of steel structures: Selection of materials for fracture toughness and through
thickness properties
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3.1.3 Technical areas requiring revision Table 3.1 summarises the key areas where the Design Manual was updated. Further details are given in the sections below.
Table 3.1 Key technical areas of Design Manual requiring revision
Section Reason for revision
General • Respond to feedback from users - clarify anything unclear or ambiguous
2 Basis of design • Update all information relating to ENV 1993-1-1 and 1993-1-4,
3 Materials: Properties, selection and durability
• Include grade 1.4318 • Add information on cold worked strength classes (method of production,
mechanical properties, applications, grade selection) • Update guidance on grade selection in swimming pools • Add section on stainless steel in soils • Add section on life cycle costing
4 Cross-section design • Update all information relating to ENV 1993-1-1, ENV 1993-1-3, ENV 1993-1-4 and 1993-1-5.
5 Member design • Update all information relating to ENV 1993-1-1, ENV 1993-1-3, ENV 1993-1-4 and ENV 1993-1-5.
• Revise rules for combined loading (axial plus bending)
6 Connections • Update all information relating to ENV 1993-1-8 • Extend guidance on self-tapping screws
7 Fire • Update design approach in line with current best practice
10 Fabrication • Update all information relating to ENV 1090-6 and other welding standards • Extend guidance to cover cold worked material
3.1.4 Cold worked stainless steel General Firstly, the guidance in the Recommendations was extended to include stainless steel in the cold worked condition, i.e. material with considerably higher strength than in the annealed condition. As well as including information on mechanical properties and design strengths, additional guidance on appropriate grade selection, availability, procurement and fabrication was also added, based on the answers to a series of questions circulated to stainless steel producers.
Stainless steels are generally supplied in the annealed (softened) condition and the mechanical properties given in EN 10088 mostly relate to material in this condition. However, austenitic stainless steels (and to a lesser extent duplex steels) develop high mechanical strengths when cold worked. In part this is due to a partial transformation of austenite to martensite. The degree of strength enhancement is affected by chemical composition. Austenite stabilising elements, such as nickel, manganese, carbon and nitrogen tend to lower the rate of strength enhancement.
It is important to remember that welding or certain heat treatments will anneal, or partially anneal, the cold worked material. This will reduce the strength to some extent, but not below the strength in the annealed unwelded state. Deflections may frequently govern the design of cold worked stainless steel rather than strength.
Stainless steel can be cold worked during production of the strip by a temper rolling or stretching process; the former process is more common. EN 10088 specifies five 0,2% proof strength conditions (CP350, 500, 700, 900 and 1100) for cold worked material. Alternatively, the standard allows material to be specified by its tensile strength level (C700, C850, C1000, C1150 and C1300). Table 3.2 gives the strengths associated with these conditions, compared with the cold worked conditions (also known as tempers) given in the American Code8.
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Table 3.2 European and American specifications for strength levels in the cold worked condition for standard austenitic grades
Nominal strength class
0,2% proof strength 1) 2)
(N/mm2) Ultimate tensile strength 3) 4) (N/mm2)
Annealed 210-240 520-750
CP350 350-500 5)
CP500 500-700 5)
CP700 700-900 5)
CP900 900-1100 5)
CP1100 1100-1300 5)
C700 5) 700-850
C850 5) 850-1000
C1000 5) 1000-1150
C1150 5) 1150-1300
EN 10088-2
C1300 5) 1300-1500
Annealed 207 571
1/16 hard 276 552-586
1/4 hard 517 862 SEI/ASCE - 8 - 02
1/2 hard 759 1034
1) Intermediate proof strength values may be agreed 2) The maximum product thickness for each proof strength level decreases with the proof strength
3) Intermediate tensile strength values may be agreed 4) Maximum product thickness for each tensile strength level decreases with the tensile strength. 5) Not specified
Development of guidance on design strengths for cold worked material In general, anisotropy and non-symmetry increase with cold work. Figure 3.1 shows the stress strain curves for stainless steel strip cold worked to strength level C850 (fy=530 N/mm2), derived from tests carried out in the recent ECSC project Structural Design of Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel.
These curves indicate that in the longitudinal (rolling) direction, the strength in compression lies below the strength in tension. This is confirmed in the American design code for stainless steel (Table 3.3).
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400
200
00,005
σ
ε
600
800
1000
0,010 0,015 0,020 0,025 0,030
Longitudinal - tensile
N/mm²
Longitudinal - compressionTransverse - tensileTransverse - compression
Figure 3.1 Stress strain curves for stainless steel strip cold worked to C850
Table 3.3 Specified yield strengths (N/mm2) of stainless steel in the American design code for grades 1.4301 and 1.4401
Direction of stress Annealed 1/16 hard ¼ hard ½ hard
Longitudinal tension 206.9 310.4 517.1 758.5
Transverse tension 206.9 310.4 517.1 758.5
Transverse compression 206.9 310.4 620.7 827.6
Longitudinal compression 193.1 282.8 344.8 448.2
Material standards such as EN 10088 typically quote minimum specified values in the transverse tension direction. Therefore, when designing members where compression is a likely stress condition, it is necessary to factor down the quoted minimum specified 0,2% proof strength unless that strength is guaranteed in tension and compression, transverse and parallel to the rolling direction.
From the recent ECSC project, it was suggested that along the length of a tubular member, the compression strength fyLC is about 85% of the strength in tension fyLT and 78% of the strength in tension transverse to the axis of the tube fyTT, i.e.
For C850 material (fy = 530 N/mm2): LC TT0.78y yf f=
These figures were based on very few test data, but were in agreement with additional test data from the Finnish manufacturer of cold worked rectangular hollow sections, Stalatube.
The American design code addresses this issue of asymmetry by giving lower strengths for material stressed in longitudinal compression (even in the annealed condition), and higher strengths for material stressed in transverse compression. In this code, the longitudinal compression strength reduces relative to the transverse tensile strength as the level of cold working increases. The American code specifies a greater reduction in fyLC relative to fyTT than European data suggests:
For fy = 350 N/mm2: LC TT0.84y yf f=
For fy = 500 N/mm2: LC TT0.68y yf f=
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Following a period of consultation within the Project Team and also with European stainless steel producers, the following approach was adopted:
For cold worked material delivered to a specified 0,2% proof strength (e.g. CP350), the minimum specified 0,2% proof strength in EN 100883 may be taken as the characteristic strength. However, to take into account asymmetry of the cold worked material in those cases where compression in the longitudinal direction is a relevant stress condition (i.e. column behaviour, bending), the characteristic value should be taken as 0.8 × 0.2% proof strength in EN 10088. A higher value may be used if supported by appropriate experimental data.
It should be noted that EN 1993-1-4 does include some guidance on design using cold worked material. However, the Eurocode was finalised before some of the detailed aspects of design in cold worked material had been developed, so the guidance is limited and conservative compared to that in the Third Edition of the Design Manual.
3.1.5 Structural fire design The approach for determining structural fire resistance was updated. The method in the Second Edition of the Design Manual was basically in alignment with the approach in EN 1993-1-2. Compared to the room temperature design approach, for Class 1-3 cross-sections, the Design Manual method used a lower buckling curve (the fire buckling curve derived from test data on carbon steel columns) and a higher material strength (strength at 2% strain). For Class 4 cross-sections it used the fire buckling curve with the 0.2% proof strength.
However, during the ECSC research project Structural Design of Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel, a new fire design approach was developed which used the room temperature buckling curve and 0.2% proof strength for all cross-sections.
These two approaches to fire resistant design were compared against all available test data from stainless steel fire tests. Generally, the method in the Second Edition of the Design Manual gave slightly more conservative results than the new method, although there is not a huge difference between the design curves (Figure 3.2 and Figure 3.3). (Note: In these Figures the method in the Second Edition is called ‘Euro Inox’, and the new method is called ‘CTICM’.) The Design Manual method is a little more complicated because it involves the evaluation of the stress reduction factor at a total elongation (elastic and plastic) equal to 2% (k2%θ) which implies the knowledge of the actual value of fu, while the new method does not. The new method is not sensitive to fu.
Design curves in EN 1993-1-2 and EN 1994-1-2 were derived by the relevant Project Teams from a ‘mean’ assessment of the predictions against the test data points with no further reliability statistical analysis. Assuming a ‘mean’ assessment gives an acceptable level of safety, the new approach gives an adequately safe prediction of the behaviour of stainless steel columns in fire. It was therefore decided to adopt this approach in this project and the forthcoming Third Edition of the Design Manual for Structural Stainless Steel.
The approach is summarised in Table 3.4. It represents advances in understanding of the behaviour of stainless steel members in fire and is less conservative than the approach in EN 1993-1-2. This is the only part of the Design Manual which deviates from the recommendations in Eurocode 3.
Table 3.4 New approach for fire resistant design
Member Strength and buckling curve for use in design
Columns f0,2proof,θ (all cross-section classes) and the appropriate room temperature buckling curve
Restrained beams f2,θ (class 1-3) and f0,2proof,θ (class 4)
Unrestrained beams f0,2proof,θ (all cross-section classes) and the appropriate room temperature lateral torsional buckling curve
Tension members f2,θ (all cross-section classes)
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Figure 3.2 Column buckling tests at elevated temperature from VTT:
Comparison between Euro Inox method (from 2nd Ed of Design Manual) and new approach (CTICM): grade 1.4301
Figure 3.3 Column buckling tests at elevated temperature from VTT:
Comparison between Euro Inox method (from 2nd Ed of Design Manual) and new approach (CTICM): grade 1.4571
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3.1.6 Additional information To add value to the new edition of the Design Manual, new sections on the durability of stainless steel in soil and life cycle costing were added. Current guidance on grade selection for safety critical load-bearing applications in swimming pool environments was also included.
Sources of information for updating the Recommendations included:
• EN 1993-1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4 and 1-5 9, 10, 11, 1, 12
• New European specifications relating to welding and execution13, 14, 15, 16
• Final Report from ECSC project Structural Design of Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel4
• Recent publications from Euro Inox 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22
• Information from steel producers23
• Independent research from universities24, 25
3.1.7 Design examples In order to illustrate the appropriate use of cold worked stainless steel in structural applications, three new design examples were included in this new edition of the Design Manual. Following discussions at the first project meeting, it was agreed that it was better not to include costings in the design examples because prices change fairly rapidly and the design examples would soon become out of date. However, information on the relative cost of cold worked stainless steel compared to annealed stainless steel was included in the Recommendations.
Realistic and useful design examples in cold worked stainless steel were discussed and the following examples were subsequently developed:
Sheeting for a load-bearing roof in an industrial building This example demonstrated the design of trapezoidal roof sheeting with a Class 4 cross-section subject to bending. A comparison was made between cold worked material (C500) and annealed material. The span of the sheeting from cold worked stainless steel was 3.5m compared to 2.9m in annealed material. Clearly the use of cold worked material in this application enables the number of secondary beams or purlins to be reduced, leading to cost savings.
Hollow section lattice girder in a roof truss, subject to fire A comparison is made in this design example between RHS members made from material in the cold worked condition (CP460) and annealed material. Calculations were performed at the ultimate limit state and at the fire limit state. The example focuses on checking three members: a lower chord member (mainly in tension), a diagonal member (in compression) and an upper chord member (subject to combined axial compression and bending). Figure 3.4 demonstrates the weight savings possible using cold worked stainless steel.
Lipped channel in an exposed floor This example showed the design of a simply supported beam with a lipped channel in an exposed floor made from cold worked stainless steel (CP500). The lateral torsional buckling resistance of the member is checked.
Three partners each completed one new design example and three other partners took responsibility for checking one of the new examples. As with the original 10 examples in the Second Edition, Eurocode symbols and terminology were used throughout.
The ten design examples included in the Second Edition of the Design Manual were also updated to align with the relevant parts of EN 1990, EN 1991 and EN 1993.
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. Span 15m, height in the middle 3,13 m, height at the corner 0,5 m. Strength condition of stainless steel
Lower chord Upper chord Corner vertical Diagonals from left to middle Weight (kg) (NB: Not fully optimised)
Annealed 100x60x4 80x80x5 60x60x5 50x50x3, 50x50x3, 40x40x3, 40x40x3, 40x40x3,40x40x3, 40x40x3
407
Cold Worked 60x40x4, 70x70x4, 60x60x5 40x40x3
307
Figure 3.4 Comparison of designs of hollow section lattice girder in cold worked and annealed stainless steel
3.1.8 Commentary The purpose of the Commentary is to describe how the Recommendations were derived and present the results of relevant test programmes. For further information beyond the scope of the Design Manual, a full set of references is given. The Commentary thus allows the designer to assess the basis of the Recommendations. It also facilitates future revisions as and when new data become available. In this project, the Commentary was updated to include the results of test programmes involving cold worked stainless steel. Furthermore, it was decided to broaden the scope of the Commentary to include relevant work on structural stainless steel sections carried out in Japan, Hong Kong, Australia and the UK over the last few years. This work generally studied the behaviour of cross-sections and columns. The list of references in the Commentary was updated and extended to include a total of 161 relevant papers.
For ease of use, there is a one-to-one correspondence between the Sections in the Commentary and the Sections in the Design Manual, i.e. Section C.2.2 in the Commentary comments on Section 2.2 in the Recommendations.
3.1.9 Quality assurance A first and second draft of the Recommendations was circulated to project partners for their comments. The drafts were also discussed at project meetings. The nominated partners checked the design examples numerically and conceptually.
The Design Manual underwent quality assurance in accordance with SCI quality control procedures. The text was checked to ensure it was clear and comprehensible and was consistent within itself and with other SCI publications. All technical data, particularly ‘safety-critical’ information that could be used directly in the design of a structure, was subject to independent checking for accuracy.
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3.2 Translation Once the Recommendations were completed, they were translated into French, German, Swedish, Finnish, Spanish and Italian. Translation was generally carried out by technical experts.
The design examples were translated into German, French and Italian. The Swedish, Spanish and Finnish language versions of the Design Manual contain the Design Examples in English.
The Commentary has not been translated.
3.3 Printing The Recommendations and design examples have been published in seven languages. Figure 3.5 to Figure 3.11 show the front covers of the printed copies. In total 11,410 copies were printed which included:
• 2000 copies in English
• 1000 copies in French
• 4710 copies in German
• 2000 copies in Italian
• 700 copies in Finnish,
• 400 copies in Spanish
• 600 copies in Swedish
In addition to the paper publication, the Recommendations and design examples, along with the Commentary have been published online (see Section 4.1).
A project CD was produced which contains all the language versions of the Design Manual (see Section 4.3).
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Figure 3.5 Design Manual: English
Figure 3.6 Design Manual: French
Figure 3.7 Design Manual: Finnish
Figure 3.8 Design Manual: German
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Figure 3.9 Design Manual: Italian
Figure 3.10 Design Manual: Spanish
Figure 3.11 Design Manual: Swedish
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3.4 Distribution Euro Inox undertook the main responsibility for distribution of the Design Manual. In March 2006, using its own database of structural engineers and academic teachers throughout Europe, Euro Inox sent out advance information to 2300 contacts about the forthcoming new edition of the Design Manual and the seminars (Figure 3.12). The contacts were given the opportunity to pre-register for a free copy of the CD to be sent as soon as it become available.
By the end of June 2006, 4100 printed copies had been distributed across Europe. This included a number of copies given to Euro Inox national member associations in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK who distribute the publication as a part of their ongoing technical information service.
The remaining printed copies have become part of the regular literature service of both Euro Inox and its member associations. Euro Inox will also facilitate distribution to EU countries not directly represented in the project. Reprints will be launched when necessary at the cost of the European stainless steel industry to give the publication a long and useful life well beyond the conclusion of this valorisation project.
In terms of media relations, a press release was circulated in the seven languages of the Design Manual and sent out with a review copy of the CD ROM to 94 journal editors.
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Figure 3.12 Announcement of publication and seminars
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4 WORK PACKAGE 3 – ELECTRONIC DISSEMINATION
4.1 Online publication of Design Manual In order to be published online, the Design Manual was marked up and manipulated so that users would be able to access the information they needed as quickly as possible.
The Design Manual is available in all languages from the Euro Inox web site at www.euro-inox.org to be downloaded as a pdf file (Figure 4.1). To encourage people to download the online version of the Design Manual, the publication was announced on the News section of the web site and in an electronic newsletter sent to 1120 registered users. Experience after conclusion of the project shows that the average number of downloads continues to be at a level of about 300 per month.
Figure 4.1 Online version of the publication on the Euro Inox website
A web page devoted to the Design Manual has also been set up at www.steel-stainless.org/designmanual from which all parts of the Design Manual can be downloaded in any language (Figure 4.2).
The Design Manual is also available online as part of the SCI’s Steelbiz web site (www.steelbiz.org).
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Figure 4.2 Web page for Third Edition of the Design Manual for Structural Stainless Steel
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4.2 Online design facility As part of the previous ECSC Valorisation project, an online design facility was developed to provide web-based design software for cold-formed stainless steel members subject to axial tension, bending or axial compression. The design facility is available at www.steel-stainless.org/software . The design facility calculates section properties and member resistances in accordance with the Recommendations in the Design Manual.
The design facility can design any of the following cold-formed structural sections:
• Circular hollow sections,
• Square and rectangular hollow sections,
• Single channels and double channels back to back,
• Single equal angles and double equal angles back to back.
Figure 4.3 shows the homepage of the web site, which contains links at the top of the screen to the online version of the Design Manual and a comprehensive Help file. The user works through the following series of four input screens:
• Loading (Figure 4.4)
• Section geometry (Figure 4.5)
• Member geometry (Figure 4.6)
• Material (Figure 4.7)
Once the user has input all the required information, the following properties and resistances are calculated:
• Section properties (Figure 4.8)
• Member resistance (Figure 4.9)
A Summary tab displays the key section properties and member resistances for that particular analysis.
The user can then print out the results of the analysis, or modify the analysis, for example by changing the section dimensions. The results of each analysis can be saved and displayed under the Summary tab.
Since September 2005, details of users of the software have been collected in a database. In total just under 700 users have registered with the software over the last 18 months. The largest group of users is from the UK (99) but sizeable groups of users also come from Spain (56). Australia (48) and Italy (43). Approximately 40 new users register each month.
Under this project, the software was updated to align with the Third Edition of the Design Manual and extended to include cold worked stainless steel material. For example, in the Material input screen, the user specifies information about the environment of the structural member (e.g. marine, rural etc), and grades with appropriate durability are recommended. Cold worked grades were added to the list of grades offered with appropriate guidance included in the Help file and ‘hover’ help facilities. Circular hollow sections are not yet available in cold worked material so if a user selects this shape of section, then cold worked material is not offered.
Users of the software have an opportunity to give feedback on the software. Recent feedback messages have included:
‘Very useful and easy to use’ a user from Spain
‘I think that the software is very useful. a user from Serbia and Montenegro Engineers can be glad to have something in their home.’
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Figure 4.3 Home page
Figure 4.4 Defining how the member is loaded (Input screen 1)
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Figure 4.5 Defining the section geometry (Input screen 2)
Figure 4.6 Defining the geometry of the member (Input screen 3)
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Figure 4.7 Selecting the grade of stainless steel (Input screen 4)
Figure 4.8 Gross and effective section properties (Output screen 1)
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Figure 4.9 Member resistances (Output screen 2)
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4.3 Project CD A CD was created which contains pdf files of the Recommendations and the design examples in the various languages. A link to the design facility and Commentary is also given. Figure 4.10 shows the cover design for the CD.
On insertion into a computer, a menu page automatically opens up. Prior to production, the master CD was subject to a rigorous testing regime on a variety of operating systems in accordance with SCI’s quality procedures for electronic products.
5000 copies of the CD were initially produced. By the end of June 2006, 900 copies had been distributed. In the autumn of 2006, further targeted distribution activities took place which included contacting nearly 3000 users of the Second Edition of the Design Manual. In response to the high demand, 5000 further copies of the CD were produced in the autumn of 2006. These CDs continue to be distributed on demand free of charge by Euro Inox, the other project partners and member of Euro Inox based in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK.
Figure 4.10 Cover design for Project CD
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5 WORK PACKAGE 4 – SEMINARS
During June 2006, eight seminars were held across Europe to launch the Third Edition of the Design Manual for Structural Stainless Steel. At the seminars, the following topics were covered:
• background and contents of the Design Manual,
• worked examples,
• case studies of applications of stainless steel in construction,
• demonstrations of the web software developed for this project and other electronic design aids.
Opportunities were given to delegates to ask questions, and for a general discussion. All delegates were given a free copy of the Design Manual, as well as other relevant technical literature. The delegates were also asked to fill in a questionnaire about their experiences using stainless steel.
Table 5.1 Dates, venues and numbers of delegates at the seminars
Date Venue Number of delegates
6 June 2006 London, UK 50
8 June 2006 Espoo, Finland 80
15 June 2006 Clemont-Ferrand, France 55
15 June 2006 Stockholm, Sweden 17
21 June 2006 Milan, Italy 115
27 June 2006 Brussels, Belgium 20
28 June 2006 Aachen, Germany 30
29 June 2006 Barcelona, Spain 50
Appendix A contains detailed reports of each of the national seminars.
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6 WORK PACKAGE 5 – MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION
At the start of the project, SCI set up a password-protected project web site for use by the project partners to enable quick and efficient communications throughout the project. Documents and information such as minutes of meetings, contact details and technical reports were posted on the web site.
Two project meetings were held during the project:
• 6 October 2005 in Brussels
• 1 February 2006 in Brussels
At these meetings drafts of the Third Edition of the Design Manual were reviewed and considered. Specific technical issues requiring clarification were examined and proposals made to resolve these issues. The translation, printing and distribution of the Design Manual were discussed. The content and arrangements for the national seminars, and progress against the programme were also discussed.
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7 EXPLOITATION AND IMPACT OF RESEARCH RESULTS
The objective of this Valorisation Project has been to disseminate the results of the recently completed ECSC funded research project Structural Design of Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel (contract 7210-PR-318). The dissemination activities have taken the form of a printed Design Manual in seven languages containing design guidance and design examples, a web-based design facility linking to electronic versions of the Design Manual and a series of seminars across Europe.
Over 11,000 printed copies of the Design Manual and 10,000 CDs were produced. By the end of June 2006, over 4000 printed copies and 900 CDs had been distributed. This includes distribution at the national seminars and also by Euro Inox, its members and the project partners. The remaining printed copies and CDs have become part of the regular literature service of both Euro Inox and its national member associations, which ensures continuing dissemination. From there, the publications and CDs also go into the EU countries which were not directly represented in the project. Reprints will be launched, when necessary, at the cost of the European stainless steel industry to give the publication a long useful life well beyond the conclusion of this Valorisation Project.
The large number of requests received by Euro Inox for the Design Manual and the high rate of downloads of the online version of the Design Manual has resulted in the information being widely disseminated across Europe. Considering the numbers, it appears that excellent coverage of the target audience of structural engineers was achieved.
The seminars were generally well attended, with very positive feedback received from the delegates. The delegates at the seminars were required to fill in a questionnaire about their experiences designing stainless steel structures. The results of the questionnaire have been analysed and the information will be used to improve the design resources available to engineers and architects using stainless steel.
The guidance on the use of cold worked stainless steel in the Design Manual enables more economic design than currently contained in EN 1993-1-4. It is hoped that when the time comes for EN 1993-1-4 to be revised, the design rules for cold worked material can be updated to align with the Design Manual.
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8 CONCLUSIONS
This Valorisation Project has disseminated the new design recommendations from the recently completed ECSC research project Structural Design of Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel (contract 7210-PR-318). The principle deliverables were:
• The Third Edition of the Design Manual for Structural Stainless Steel, printed in seven European languages and also available on CD and online,
• Design examples,
• Web-based design facility,
• Eight seminars across Europe.
The publication of the Design Manual has generated much interest; for example, Euro Inox had distributed over 4000 printed copies and 900 CDs by the end of June 2006. In addition, the national partners have distributed the Design Manual to structural engineers in their respective countries. The seminars held in eight European countries were well attended and the discussions that took place confirmed the interest in the publication. Feedback from users of the design facility has been very positive.
This Valorisation Project has succeeded in disseminating new design guidance on structural stainless steel to a wide European audience of structural engineers.
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9 LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE NO Figure 3.1 Stress strain curves for stainless steel strip cold worked to C850 14 Figure 3.2 Column buckling tests at elevated temperature from VTT: Comparison between
Euro Inox method (from 2nd Ed of Design Manual) and new approach (CTICM): grade 1.4301 16
Figure 3.3 Column buckling tests at elevated temperature from VTT: Comparison between Euro Inox method (from 2nd Ed of Design Manual) and new approach (CTICM): grade 1.4571 16
Figure 3.4 Comparison of designs of hollow section lattice girder in cold worked and annealed stainless steel 18
Figure 3.5 Design Manual: English 20 Figure 3.6 Design Manual: French 20 Figure 3.7 Design Manual: Finnish 20 Figure 3.8 Design Manual: German 20 Figure 3.9 Design Manual: Italian 21 Figure 3.10 Design Manual: Spanish 21 Figure 3.11 Design Manual: Swedish 21 Figure 3.12 Announcement of publication and seminars 23 Figure 4.1 Online version of the publication on the Euro Inox website 25 Figure 4.2 Web page for Third Edition of the Design Manual for Structural Stainless Steel 26 Figure 4.3 Home page 28 Figure 4.4 Defining how the member is loaded (Input screen 1) 28 Figure 4.5 Defining the section geometry (Input screen 2) 29 Figure 4.6 Defining the geometry of the member (Input screen 3) 29 Figure 4.7 Selecting the grade of stainless steel (Input screen 4) 30 Figure 4.8 Gross and effective section properties (Output screen 1) 30 Figure 4.9 Member resistances (Output screen 2) 31 Figure 4.10 Cover design for Project CD 32
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10 LIST OF TABLES
PAGE NO Table 2.1 Summary of tasks in each work package 9 Table 2.2 Summary of partner involvement in each work package 10 Table 3.1 Key technical areas of Design Manual requiring revision 12 Table 3.2 European and American specifications for strength levels in the cold worked
condition for standard austenitic grades 13 Table 3.3 Specified yield strengths (N/mm2) of stainless steel in the American design code
for grades 1.4301 and 1.4401 14 Table 3.4 New approach for fire resistant design 15 Table 5.1 Dates, venues and numbers of delegates at the seminars 33
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11 REFERENCES
1. EN 1993-1-4: Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures. General Rules. Part 1-4 Supplementary rules for stainless steels CEN, 2006
2. Design Manual for Structural Stainless Steel Second Edition, Euro Inox and The Steel Construction Institute, 2002
3. EN 10088: Stainless steels EN 10088-1:2005: List of stainless steels EN 10088-2:2005: Technical delivery conditions for sheet, plate and strip of corrosion resisting steels for general purposes, EN 10088-3:2005: Technical delivery conditions for semi-finished products, bars, rods, wire, sections and bright products of corrosion resisting steels for general purposes
4. Structural design of cold worked austenitic stainless steel Contract 7210-PA/PB/PC/PD/PE/PF/PG/318 Final report, Directorate-General for Research, European Commission, to be published in 2006
5. Valorisation Project: Development of the use of stainless steel in construction Final report, Directorate-General for Research, European Commission, Technical Steel Research EUR 21134 EN, 2004
6. Development of the use of stainless steel in construction Final report, Directorate-General for Research, European Commission, Technical Steel Research EUR 20030 EN, 2001
7. ENV 1993-1-4: 1996 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures. General Rules. Supplementary rules for stainless steels CEN, 1996
8. SEI/ASCE - 8 - 02: Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Structural Members, American Society of Civil Engineers, 2002.
9. EN 1993-1-1:2005 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings CEN 2005
10. EN 1993-1-2:2005 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures – Part -1-2: General rules – Structural fire design CEN 2005
11. EN 1993-1-3:2006 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures – Part 1-3: General rules – Supplementary rules for cold formed members and sheeting CEN, 2006
12. EN 1993-1-5:2006 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures – Part 1-5: Plated structural elements CEN, 2006
13. EN ISO 15609-1:2004 Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials. Welding procedure specification. Arc welding CEN, 2004
14. EN 287-1:2004 Qualification test of welders. Fusion welding. Steels CEN, 2004
15. prEN 1090 – 2 Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures. Technical requirements for the execution of steel structures, April 2005.
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16. prEN 1090 – 1 Steel and aluminium structural components. : General delivery conditions, September 2004.
17. Euro Inox (ed.), Tables of Technical Properties, Materials and Applications Series, Volume 5, Luxembourg: Euro Inox, 2005 Also available as an interactive online database at www.euro-inox.org
18. Euro Inox (ed.) Stainless steel for structural automotive applications - properties and case studies Luxembourg, Euro Inox, 3nd Edition 2006 (CD ROM)
19. Van Hecke, B The forming potential of stainless steel Materials and Applications Series, Volume 8 Luxembourg, Euro Inox, 2006
20. The life cycle costing of stainless steel International Chromium Development Association, Euro Inox and Southern Africa Stainless Steel Development Association, 2005 (CD ROM)
21. Baddoo, N R Erection and installation of stainless steel components, Building Series, Volume 10, Luxembourg,: Euro Inox, 2006
22. Crookes, R Pickling and passivating stainless steel, Materials and Applications Series, Volume 4 Luxembourg:, Euro Inox, 2004
23. Tero Taulavuori, Pasi Aspegren, Jukka Säynäjäkangas, Jussi Salmén, Pentti Karjalainen The anisotropic behaviour of the nitrogen alloyed stainless steel grade 1.4318 High Nitrogen Steels 2004 – Ostend, Belgium, September 19-22, 2004
24. Greiner, R Proposal for buckling rules in EN 1993-1-4 ECCS/TC8-2005-005 Committee Document University of Graz, March 2005
25. Ashraf, M, Gardner, L. and Nethercot, D. A. Strength enhancement of the corner regions of stainless steel cross-sections. Journal of Constructional Steel Research. 61(1). 37-52, 2005
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APPENDIX A REPORTS OF THE NATIONAL SEMINARS
A.1 UK Seminar The seminar was held on 6 June 2006 at Imperial College, London. This was considered to be a suitable venue because it was familiar to the target audience of structural engineers as well as being conveniently centrally located. Publicity leaflets were sent out to structural engineers on the SCI database and also to people who had previously purchased an SCI stainless steel publication. The seminar details were also posted onto the SCI web site. Contacts from Outokumpu in Sheffield were sent invitations. The British Stainless Steel Association advertised the Seminar amongst their members. Personal invitations were also sent to contacts made through SCI’s and BSSA’s advisory services, and also to members of SCI’s Masonry Support Information Group. Altogether more than 3500 invitations were sent out by email, fax and post.
Seminar Invitation
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Programme: Designing in stainless steel Chairman: Thomas Pauly (Euro Inox)
10.00 Registration
10.30 Welcome and introduction Thomas Pauly Euro Inox
10.35 Introduction to stainless steel - properties, specification and product forms
Anders Olsson Outokumpu
11.20 Architectural and structural applications of stainless steel Graham Gedge Arup
12.05 Cold worked high strength stainless steel Anders Olsson Outokumpu
12.20 Introduction to designing structural stainless steel Nancy Baddoo SCI
12.40 Structural design of stainless steel Leroy Gardner Imperial College
Lunch
14.00 Structural behaviour of cold worked high strength stainless steel Fire resistance of stainless steel
Leroy Gardner Imperial College
14.30 Fabricating stainless steel Nancy Baddoo SCI
14.45 Environmental issues and life cycle costing Nancy Baddoo SCI
15.05 Demonstration of online design aids Nancy Baddoo SCI
15.30 Close A total of 50 delegates attended (made up of 19 structural engineers, 10 manufacturers and 21 students and lecturers). All delegates were given a free copy of the Design Manual, as well as the PowerPoint slides of the presentations and some other technical literature about stainless steel from SCI and Euro Inox.
A number of questions were received from the audience following the presentations. Topics included:
• Availability and range of sizes of structural sections
• Surface finishes on cold worked material
• Price and price variations due to the material surcharge
• Design to Eurocode 3
The presentation of the electronic design aids generated much interest. In addition to the design facility developed during this project, the electronic advisory service on the British Stainless Steel Association web site and the computer aided learning module Stainless SteelCAL were both demonstrated.
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Figure A.1 50 delegates attended the UK Seminar
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A.2 French Seminar CUST organized the French seminar which was held on 15 June 2006 at Blaise Pascal University, in Clermont-Ferrand.
The marketing of the seminar was arranged in cooperation with OTUA (French technical advisory bureau for steel users). The focus group was architects, engineers, teachers, construction companies and steel construction fabricators. The seminar was marketed through the home page of CUST and OTUA. Also the email lists of CUST and OTUA were used in publicizing the seminar.
The presentations were made available from the Civil Engineering Department (CUST, email: [email protected]). During the seminar, the new design handbook was delivered to the participants.
In all 59 participants were registered and 55 attended the seminar. The number of participants was distributed as follows:
• Steel makers and users : 28%
• Design and control offices (Engineers and Architects): 24 %
• Universities, high schools, research institutes: 41 %
• Others (inc. associations): 7 %
Programme: Structures en acier inoxydable : de la conception à la réalisation
9h30 Accueil des participants
10h00-10h15 Introduction : Joëlle PONTET (OTUA)
10h15-10h45 Règles de base pour le choix des inox et précautions pour le soudage et l’entretien -
Gilles DAVEINE – Consultant – OTUA
10h45-11h15 Influence de l’écrouissage sur les caractéristiques mécaniques
Pierre Olivier SANTACREU – UGINE ALZ – Groupe ARCELOR
11h15-11h45 Soudabilité des inox écrouis Joël CLAEYS – UGINE ALZ – Groupe ARCELOR
11h45-12h15 Les inox Duplex Anne-Sophie SEILLIEZ & Bruno VINCENT- Industeel – Groupe ARCELOR
12h15-12h45 Structures en acier inoxydable – Intérêt et spécificités Mitsu EDWARDS – RFR
12h45-13h15 EuroInox et IdInox : outils d’aide à la vulgarisation technique des aciers inoxydables
Benoit VanHecke (EuroInox) et Doat Frédérique (Id-Inox)
Déjeuner sur place
14h30-15h00 Structures en acier inoxydable – Point de vue du concepteur Marc MALINOWSKI – Groupe ALTO
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15h00-15h30 Structures en acier inoxydable – Point de vue du constructeur Jean-Pierre TAHAY – VIRY S.A.
15h30-1600 Calcul des sections et des barres & Comportement au feu Jean-Pierre MUZEAU - CUST
16h00-16h30 Assemblages et essais Hamid BOUCHAIR – CUST
16h30-17h15 Questions – Réponses - Conclusion
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A.3 Italian Seminar CSM organised the Italian national seminar which was held on 21 June 2006 at the cultural circle “I Navigli” in Milan. The arrangement of the seminar was developed in cooperation with Centro Inox, the Italian stainless steel producers association for promotion. The focus group was architects, consulting engineers and design companies. The seminar was marketed through the magazine “Inossidabile” published by Centro Inox and also a paper invitation was sent to 1000 engineers, architects and companies involved in steel construction.
The programme of the seminar is shown below. The seminar was free of charge and the new design handbook was delivered to the participants.
183 participants were registered and 115 attended the seminar. The number of participants was distributed as follows:
• Design companies (architects and engineers): 73%
• Industry (final steel products): 17%
• Universities, high schools, research institutes: 4%
• Public administrations 3%
• Associations and information 3%
Programme
17.00 Registration of participants
Chairman of the seminar eng. Fausto Capelli Director of Centro Inox, Milan
17.30 Italian trends in the market of stainless steel buildings and infrastructures.
eng. Fausto Capelli (Director of Centro Inox, Milan)
17.45 Interactive and multilanguages education: the role of Euro Inox
eng. Benoit Van Hecke (Euro Inox Technical Director)
18.15 3rd edition of the Design Manual: overview dr. Massimo Barteri (CSM Senior Researcher, Terni)
18.45 3rd edition of the Design Manual: news eng. Giuliana Zilli (CSM Researcher, Rome)
19.15 Discussion and closing the seminar
19.30 Cocktails
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A.4 German Seminar RWTH organised the German seminar. It was held on Wednesday 28 June 2006 at zmb – Zentrum Metallische Bauweisen in Aachen.
The marketing of the seminar was arranged in co-operation with “Informationsstelle Edelstahl Rostfrei, Düsseldorf”. The focus group was architects, consultant engineers, steel construction companies, universities and other experts who were identified as target audience. The seminar was advertised by email and invitations were also sent through the post. The programme of the seminar is shown below. The seminar was free of charge and the design book was delivered to the participants.
The number of participants was 30, made up of:
• 50% consultant engineers
• 20% scientists from universities
• 13% industrial delegates
• 11% architects
• 6% others
Programme
10:30 – 11:00 Welcome and introduction, Design aids – structural use of stainless steel
Dipl.-Ing. Mascha Pilsl, Lehrstuhl für Stahlbau und Leichtmetallbau, RWTH Aachen
11:00 – 11:30 Structural use of stainless steel Dr. Hans-Peter Wilbert, Informationsstelle Edelstahl Rostfrei (ISER), Düsseldorf
11:30 – 12:00 Design philosophie of Eurocodes Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gerhard Sedlacek, Lehrstuhl für Stahlbau und Leichtmetallbau, RWTH Aachen Dipl.-Ing. Heiko Stangenberg, Lehrstuhl für Stahlbau und Leichtmetallbau, RWTH Aachen
12:00 – 12:45 Lunchbreak
12:45 – 13:15 access steel – Eurocodes made easy Dr.-Ing. Christian Müller, Lehrstuhl für Stahlbau und Leichtmetallbau, RWTH Aachen
13:15 – 13:45 Stainless steel… anyhow risk of corrosion? Dipl.-Ing. Anke Hempsch, Institut für Eisenhüttenkunde, RWTH Aachen
13:45 – 14:15 Break
14:15 – 14:45 Fire design of stainless steel Dr.-Ing. Christoph Heinemeyer, Lehrstuhl für Stahlbau und Leichtmetallbau, RWTH Aachen
14:45 – 15:15 Tribunal des Grands Instances, Bordeaux – A filigree load carrying facade construction through application of cold worked stainless steel
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Markus Feldmann, Lehrstuhl für Stahlbau und Leichtmetallbau, RWTH Aachen Dipl.-Ing. Mascha Pilsl, Lehrstuhl für Stahlbau und Leichtmetallbau, RWTH Aachen
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Figure A.2 Welcome and introduction presented by Mascha Pilsl
Figure A.3 Structural use of stainless steel presented by Dr. Hans-Peter Wilbert
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A.5 Finnish Seminar VTT organised the Finnish which was held on 8 June 2006 at the Head Offices of Outokumpu in Espoo. An article about the seminar will be published by FCSA in The Steel Construction Magazine in August 2006.
The marketing of the seminar was arranged in co-operation with Outokumpu Stainless Oy and Finnish Steel Construction Association (FCSA). The focus group was architects, consulting engineers, construction companies and steel construction fabricators. The seminar was marketed through the home page of FCSA and through the Steel News (monthly short information letter of FCSA). Also the email lists of FCSA and The Steel Construction Magazine were utilised in marketing.
The programme of the seminar is shown below. The presentations are available from the websites of FCSA (http://www.fcsa.fi). The seminar was free of charge and the new design handbook was delivered to the participants.
In all 97 participants were registered and 80 attended the seminar. The number of participants was distributed as follows:
• Industry: 38%
• Consulting engineers: 36%
• Universities, high schools, research institutes: 13%
• Architects: 4%
• Others (inc. associations): 9%
Programme
12.30 Registration and coffee
Chairman of the seminar Research Director Eero Rättyä Outokumpu Tornio Works
13.00 Opening the seminar Chief Executive Officer Juha Rantanen Outokumpu Oyj
13.15 New edition of European Design Manual Senior Research Scientist Asko Talja VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland
14.00 Grades and properties of stainless steels Research Manager Tero Taulavuori Outokumpu Tornio Works
14.30 Present state of Eurocodes Chief Research Scientist Jouko Kouhi VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland
15.00 Coffee break
15.30 Fire resistant stainless steel structures in buildings
Service Manager Tiina Ala-Outinen VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland
16.00 WinRami design software for stainless hollow section structures
Development Manager Pekka Yrjölä Stalatube Oy
16.30 The use of stainless steel in buildings Architect Kimmo Lintula K2S ARCHITECTS LTD.
17.15 Discussion and closing the seminar
17.30 Cocktails
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Seminar invitation
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Photographs from the seminar
Asko Talja, Senior Research Scientist from VTT, presented the new edition of European Design Manual
Kimmo Lintula, Architect from K2S ARCHITECTS LTD, presented the use of stainless steel in buildings
Jouko Kouhi, Chief Research Scientist from VTT, presented the present state of Eurocodes
Tiina Ala-Outinen, Service Manager from VTT, presented fire design of stainless steel structures in buildings
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Figure A.4 About 80 participants attended the Finnish seminar
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A.6 Spanish Seminar UPC organised the Spanish Seminar in Barcelona which was held on 29 June 2006 at the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya in Barcelona. The seminar was advertised in the following way:
• 5000 flyers were sent to the Spanish Association of Civil Engineers in the main Spanish cities
• Information about the Seminar was posted on some web home pages: Institution of Civil Engineers, Architects Institution, Structuralia, ASCEM (Steel Construction Association), APTA, UPC.
• Some invitations were sent from UPC to interested Departments of different Schools (Civil Engineering, Construction Engineering, Industrial Engineering and Architecture)
The Programme of the Seminar is shown below. The presentations are available from the web site www.upc-ec.es/metalicas. The Seminar was free of charge and the new Design Manual was delivered to the participants. The attendance at the seminar was high. There were people from consultancies, industry, research associations, students, among others. The number of participants registered was 67 and the number of attendant people was 50 as follows:
• Students: 19 %
• Architects: 10 %
• Industrial engineers: 46 %
• Consulting engineers: 16 %
• Public administration: 9 %
Many delegates showed significant interest in the Design Manual and some of them asked about how to apply the Design Manual to design civil engineering structures such as footbridges and bridges. Likewise, some delegates asked about the correlation between the content of the Manual and the EN 1993-1-4. They were also interested in the time schedule of the conversion of the ENV’s into EN’s. Lastly, some questions related to the cost and maintenance of the stainless steel were discussed. In general, the reaction of all delegates was positive towards the Manual.
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Seminar invitation
60
A.7 Swedish Seminar The Swedish seminar was held on 15 June 2006 in cooperation with Outokumpu Stainless. Over 600 architects, consulting engineers, construction companies and steel fabricators were personally invited by e-mail. An advert was also published in the largest steel construction magazine in Sweden, Nyheter om Stålbyggnad as well as on the SBI website. In total 17 people from all the above professions attended the seminar. The seminar was free of charge and one copy of the Third Edition of Euro Inox Design Manual for Structural Stainless Steel was handed out to the attendees.
Seminar invitation
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A.8 Belgian Seminar The Belgian seminar was held on 27 June 2006 in Brussels. Mail shots and email circulars advertised the seminar. In total 31 people registered with a slightly lower number attending. The audience included academics, steel producers, designers and manufacturers. The seminar was free of charge and one copy of the Third Edition of Euro Inox Design Manual for Structural Stainless Steel was handed out to the attendees.
Programme
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European Commission
EUR 23199 — Valorisation project — Structural design of cold-worked austenitic stainless steel
N. Baddoo, H. Bouchair, G. Zilli, M. Pilsl, A. Talja, E. Real, B. Uppfeldt, T. Paul
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
2008 — 62 pp. — 21 × 29.7 cm
Research Fund for Coal and Steel series
ISBN 978-92-79-08178-1
ISSN 1018-5593
Price (excluding VAT) in Luxembourg: EUR 20