rioting at, 350 abbot, charles, irish chief secretary, 240

INDEX

Abbey Theatre, 443, 544; rioting at, 350

Abbot, Charles, Irish chief secretary, 240

Abercorn restaurant, Belfast, bomb in, 514

Aberdeen, Ishbel, Lady, 8

abortion, in early Ireland, 7; in modernIreland, banned, 428, 530–1;referendum on, 530; see ‘X’ case

Act of Adventurers (1642), 129

Act of Explanation (1665), 134

Act to prevent the further growth of popery(1704), 163, 167, 183

Act of Satisfaction (1653), 129

Act of Settlement (1652), 129

Act of Settlement (1662), 133

Adams, Gerry, republican leader, 511,559–60, 565; and the IRA, 522; andpower-sharing, 480–1; and strength ofhis position, 569; and study of Irishhistory, 569; and talks with John Hume,559, 561; and David Trimble, 569; andvisa to the United States, 562; winsparliamentary seat in West Belfast,526

Addington, Henry, British prime minister,241, 254

Adomnan, and life of Colum Cille, 22

Adrian IV, pope, 38, 41

Adrian, Mollie, and the Easter Rising, 388

Aer Lingus, Irish airline, 493

agrarian disturbances, 199–202, 243,246–9; and Captain Rock, 246, 248,293; Caravats, 246, 247–8, 249; andChurch of Ireland, 202; and Protestantsympathisers, 203; and Rightboys, 201,270; and Rockite movement, 247, 249,252, 293, 314; Shanavests, 193, 246,

247, 248; and Whiteboys, 179, 199,201, 270

Ahern, Bertie, Taoiseach, 551, 565; andTony Blair, 574; investigated, 551; andpeace process talks (1998), 566

Aidan, Irish missionary, 26

AIDS crisis see under contraceptionAiken, Frank, 419, 509; minister of defence,

440; wartime censorship, 462

aislingı poetry, 169

Al Qaeda, attacks in United States, 573

Albert, cardinal archduke, 97

alcohol: attitudes towards in Ireland andBritain, nineteenth century, 310;consumption of during ‘Celtic Tiger’,549; and see whiskey

Alen, Archbishop John, death of, 76

Alen, John, clerk of council, 76

Alexandra College, Dublin, 355

Alfred, king, 26

Algeria, 401

Allen, William, Manchester Martyr, 302

Alliance Party, 515, 573; and talks, 1998,566

Allied Irish Bank, 552

amateur drama societies, twentieth-centuryIreland, 482

America: British colonies in, 89, 141, 146,175; and constitutional issues, 176;embargo on trade with British colonies,176; Ireland and discovery of, 81; andIrish Catholics, 177; Irish opinion and,184; Irish soldiers sent to, 175; and Warof Independence, 361

Amnesty Association, 316; and seeFenianism

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588 / Index

Ancient Order of Hibernians, 369

Andrews, John M., Unionist politician, 439

An Garda Siochana, 421; and see Ireland,Irish Free State

anglicisation of Ireland, 139

Anglo-Irish, 47; mission of, 155

Anglo-Irish Agreement, 1985, 556–8, 559,560, 562, 563, 567; and anti-RUCprotests, 557; and by-election protests,557; and Irish government, 556; keypoints of, 556; and northernnationalists, 556; and MargaretThatcher, 557; and Unionists, 557,559–60; and see Northern Ireland

Anglo-Irish Bank, nationalised, 552

Anglo-Irish Free Trade Agreement (1965),494

Anglo-Irish war see Irish War ofIndependence

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 26

Annagassan, county Louth, Vikings in, 27

annals, Irish, 36, 39; of Lough Ce, 55

Annegray, monastery, 25

Ansbacher (Cayman) Bank, 550; andnon-resident accounts, 551

Antrim, county, 10, 24, 88; de Courcyattack on, 38; excluded from HomeRule, 268, 374

Antrim Town, in 1798 rising, 222, 338

Apprentice Boys of Derry, 134; parade inAugust 1969, 505

Aran Islands, 348

An Argument on behalf of the Catholics ofIreland by T. W. Tone, 207–8

Argyll, Scotland, 24

Ark of the Covenant, 8

Arkle, racehorse, 545

Arklow, county Wicklow, battle in 1798,222

Armada, Spanish, survivors of, 95

Armagh, county, 4, 10; Catholics bearingarms in, 202; massacre in (1641), 115;and partition, 268, 374

Arminianism, 111; see also Laud,archbishop

Army Comrades Association, 444;membership, 444, 445

army in Ireland: 97; anti-army feeling inIreland, 351; in 1914, 376;augmentation of in Ireland, 1767, 173;

and boxing, 432; Catholics in Britisharmy, 262; and Catholic recruitment,170, 177; in Irish Free State, 432; Irishservice in, during First World War, 382;in late sixteenth century, 97; linked withCatholic relief, 178; and military music,432; and ‘mutiny’ in Irish Free State,432; recruitment to, 351; regulars, 249;and show-jumping, 432; in 1641, 117;and Ulster, 374; see also Irish abroad

army, Indian, Irish in, 311

Arras, siege of, 125

Ashbourne, county Meath, militaryengagement at, 1916, 390, 397

Ashbourne, Lord, 332; and Land Act, 1885,326, 337

Ashe, Thomas, and Easter Rising, 390;death on hunger strike, 397, 398

Asquith, H. H., prime minister, 367, 368,373, 384, 399; attack on bysuffragettes, 369; and Curragh ‘mutiny’,432; and militarisation of hisgovernment, 383

Athlone, siege of, 136

Auchinleck, Sir Claude, British general,459

Aud, and gun-running, 386

Aughrim Volunteers, 179; and seeVolunteers of 1778

Aughrim, battle of (1691), 79, 136, 138,154, 169, 237

Augustinian order, 47

Australia, 408; clerical abuse in, 536; asmodel for Ireland, 375, 487

automobiles, in Ireland, 360; number of,360

auxiliaries, British army formation, in IrishWar of Independence, 401–2

‘B’ Specials see Ulster Special ConstabularyBachelor’s Walk, Dublin, shootings at, 372

Bagenal, Sir Henry, 96, 97

Bagenal, Mabel, earl of Tyrone’s wife, 96

Balbriggan, county Dublin, sack of, 402

Balcombe Street IRA gang, 571

Baldwin, Stanley, prime minister, 438

Balfour, Arthur, Irish chief secretary, 358,359–60, 361, 447

Balfour, Gerald, Irish chief secretary, 358,359, 360–1






589 / Index

Balfour’s Land Act, 1891, 326

Balkan wars, 1990s, 571

Ballinamuck, county Longford, battle at,1798, 224

ballrooms in Ireland, 495

Ballygawley, county Tyrone, bomb at,559

Ballykelly, county Londonderry, bomb at,526

Ballymena, county Antrim, battle in 1798,222

Ballymoney, county Antrim, 572; and risingin 1798, 222

Ballynahinch, county Down, in 1798, 226,338

Balmoral, near Belfast, demonstration at,368

Baltic Exchange, IRA bomb at, 561

Baltinglass, Viscount, 93; and revolt, 93

Bandon, county Cork, 135; and William ofOrange, 134

Bangor, county Down, 24, 28; gun-runningat, 371

Banishment Act, 1697, 163

Bank of England, 182

Bank of Ireland, 552; and Irish Parliamenthouse, 240

banking crisis, 2008, 470

Bann River, fishery, 70

Bannaven Taberniae, possible birth-place ofSt Patrick, reputed to be Carlisle,England, 4

Bantry Bay, county Cork, French expeditionsto (1689–90), 211; (1796), 216–18

Banville, John, novelist, 544

Barry, Kevin, IRA volunteer, executed, 402

Bastille, fall of, 206

battle of the Atlantic, 453

Becket, Thomas, murdered, 37, 41

Beckett, J. C., historian, 187

Beckett, Samuel, playwright, 481, 482

Bede, Venerable, 18

Bedford, duke of, lord lieutenant, 161, 172;and Catholic recruitment, 172

beef industry; inquiry into, 549;irregularities in, 550

beef, salted, exports, 141

bee-keeping, in early Ireland, 6

Behan, Brendan, playwright, 480, 481, 482;and Eoin O’Duffy, 445

Beleek, county Fermanagh, 135

Belfast, 24, 141, 339, 542; bombs in (July1972), 514; as Catholic city, 557; andCatholics in, 339; dock strike in (1907),358; election of nationalist lord mayor,557; general labourers in, 358; andindustrialisation, 312; military riot in(1793), 211; and modernisation, 312,469; in nineteenth century, 336–7; andOrangeism, 312; population, 336; andreligious segregation in, 339; andrioting in (1886), 336; sectarianmurders (1922), 423; slum-dwellers innineteenth century, 329

Belfast Agreement see Good FridayAgreement

Belfast city council, 438

Belfast City Hall, 395; protest at, 1985, 557

Belfast Constitutional Compact, 1791, 207

Belfast Independent Labour Party, 357

Belfast Newsletter, 477

Belfast Telegraph, criticises O’Neill, 491

Belgium, invaded, 1940, 453, 462; and seeLouvain

Belsen concentration camp, 463

Benburb, county Tyrone, battle of 1646, 126

Bennett report on RUC, 523

Bennett, Louie, and Constitution of 1937,450

Bentham, Jeremy, political reformer, 257

Beresford, John, Revenue Commissioner,181, 195, 205, 229, 238

Berlin Wall, fall of, 560

Best, George, soccer player, 492

Beveridge report, 460

Bevin, Ernest, British politician, 459

Bibliotheque royale, Paris, 203

Biggar, J. G., Irish parliamentarian, 316, 317

Bilton Hotel, Dublin, 315

Binchy, Daniel A., historian, 13, 14, 31, 33

Bingham, Sir Richard, military governor, 95

Birmingham pub bombing, 521

Birrell, Augustine, Irish chief secretary, 245,366, 384

Bishop’s Bonfire, The, by Sean O’Casey, 481

Bishops’ wars see ScotlandBlack and Tans, British military formation,

401; and see War of IndependenceBlack Death, 55–6, 89; and depopulation as

result of, 55






590 / Index

black oath, in Ulster, 110

Blackrock College, 310

Blair, Tony, prime minister, 1997, 565, 566,574, 576; and Bertie Ahern, 574; andDavid Trimble, 574; and peace talks,1998, 566

Blaney, Neil, Irish government minister: andJack Lynch, 507; sacked, 507

Blaquiere, Sir John, Irish chief secretary, 205

Blaris Moor, county Down, army camp at,219

Bloody Sunday (1921), 402; reprisals, 403

Bloody Sunday (1972), 513, 514, 525

Bloomfield, Kenneth, civil servant, 491

Blueshirts see Army Comrades AssociationBMW cars, in Northern Ireland, 555

boards of guardians, Ireland, 273; in Belfast,437

Bobbio, monastery, 25

Boer War, 351, 361; Irish attitude towards,311

Bogside, battle of, 505, 506

Boland’s mill, in Easter Rising, 387, 388

Boleyn, Anne, 75

Bolingbroke, Henry see Henry IVBolton, sack of, during English Civil War,

127

Bombay Street, Belfast, burned, 505, 525

Bonaparte see NapoleonBonar Law, Andrew, British politician, 368,

373

Bond, Oliver, United Irish arrests in hishouse, 220

Boniface, pope, 25

Book of Invasions, The, 1

boroughs, establishment of, 48

Borrisoleigh, county Tipperary, 246, 248

Boru, Brian, 31, 33

Botanic Gardens, Belfast, demonstration in,1893, 341

Boucicault, Dion, playwright, 309

Boulogne, Irish soldiers in, 86; and see Irishabroad

Boulter, Archbishop Hugh, lord justice, 159

Boundary Commission, 408; and NorthernIreland, 408; and Ulster Unionists, 408,425–6

Bowen Colthurst, Captain J. C., andshooting prisoners, 391

Boycott, Captain Charles, 320

Boyle, Henry, Irish politician, 150, 151,152, 159, 160, 161, 173; and Moneybill dispute, 150

Boyle, Richard, earl of Cork, 95, 107, 109;and wife’s tomb, 111

Boyne Volunteers, 179; and see Volunteersof 1778

Boyne, battle of 1690, 79, 135, 138, 154,237, 338

Boyne, River, 1, 27

Bradford, Revd Robert, Member ofParliament, assassinated, 526

Braganstown, county Louth, massacre at, 59

Breen, Dan, IRA leader, 431

brehon law, 59, 62; and brehons, 7

Brest, French naval base, 216, 220; and seeBantry Bay

Brett, Sergeant Charles, shot by Fenians, 302

Bright, John, clauses in Land Act namedafter, 308

Brighton bomb, 1984, 526

Brigid, Irish saint, 40

Britain and Ireland: Britain and NorthernIreland, 555; as common cultural zone,309–10; and devolution, 555, 563; anddirect rule, 555; and integration, 555;and invasion, 1940, 379; and IrishCatholics, 178; and IRA in NorthernIreland, 522–3; and militaryinvolvement, 555; and role for Dublinin Northern Ireland, 563;travel between, 308; and see NorthernIreland

Britain, at war, 1914, 374; IRA violence in,521; as warfare state, 408

British Broadcasting Corporation(BBC); in Northern Ireland, 492;received in the Republic, 496

British embassy in Dublin, burned 1972, 513

British empire, and Catholics, 169; Irishattitude towards, 376; Irish in defenceof, 311; Irish in, 310–11

British Enkalon, factory, 51

British Israelites, 8

British state, 122, in nineteenth century; andadministrative reform, 314; liberalismof, 265

British Union of Fascists, congratulates deValera, 463

Brittany, civil war in, 212






591 / Index

Brodrick, Alan, Irish politician, 157

Brooke, Sir Alan, British general, 459

Brooke, Sir Basil, later Lord Brookeborough,458, 489, 490, 499

Brookeborough see Brooke, Sir BasilBrooke, Peter, Secretary of State for

Northern Ireland, 560

brothels in Ireland, nineteenth century, 291

brown earl of Ulster, 56

Brown, Ford Madox, artist, 309

Browne, Geoffrey, of Tuam, county Galway,132

Browne, Michael, bishop of Galway; ondanger of cinema, 431

Browne, Dr Noel, minister for health, 477,479

Bruce invasion, 54–5, 57, 60, 96

Brunswick clubs, 264

Buchenwald concentration camp, 463

Buckingham, Lord, lord lieutenant, and the‘Regency rats’, 198

Buckinghamshire, Lord, lord lieutenant,177, 180, 182, 183, 184

Bunreacht na hEireann, 452; seeConstitution of 1937

Bunting, Major Ronald, 502

burial grounds, disputes over, 262

Burke, Edmund, Irish parliamentarian, 145,212

Burke family, 62

Burke, Raphael, Irish politician,investigated, 551

Burke, Richard, secretary to CatholicCommittee, 209

Burke, T. H., assassinated, 325

Burke, Ulick MacWilliam, 86

Burntollet, county Londonderry, 502

Bush, George W., United States president,576

Butcher Boy, The, 544

Butler, Charles, Catholic activist, 237, 256

Butler family, 62

Butler, James, first earl of Ormond, 52, 57,59

Butler, James, fourth earl of Ormond, 61

Butler, James, twelfth earl of Ormond, 123,124, 126, 129, 133; truce with theConfederates, 125

Butler, James, thirteenth earl of Ormond,149

Butler, Piers, earl of Ossory, 75

Butler, Thomas, tenth earl of Ormond, 94

Butt, Isaac, Irish parliamentarian, 270, 304,314–17, 345

butter exports from Ireland, 141

Byrne, Gay, Irish broadcaster, 496

Byrne, Miles, 1798 leader, 224

Byrne’s country (Wicklow), 110

Cahill, Edward, SJ, and Freemasonry, 448

Cahill, Joe, IRA leader, 511, 513, 569

Cairo gang, killed on ‘Bloody Sunday’, 406

Calais, 53, 77

Callaghan, James, British politician, 514

Calpurnius, 4

Calvin, Jean, religious reformer, 83

Camden, earl, lord lieutenant, 227

Cameron Commission, appointed, 503;report, 505

Cameron, Julia Margaret, photographer,309

Campaign for Democracy in Ulster, 499

Campaign for Social Justice, 499

Campbell, William, 204

Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry, Britishpolitician, 344, 366

Canada, and Irish Free State, 408, 426;clerical abuse in, 536; as model forIreland, 375; as model for NorthernIreland, 487

Canary Wharf, London, IRA bomb at, 564

Canterbury, claims jurisdiction over Irishchurch, 35

Captain Moonlight, agrarian insurgent, 323

Caravats see under agrarian disturbancesCarbonari, Italian secret society, 300

Carlingford, county Louth, 65

Carlisle, Lord, lord lieutenant, 177, 184,185, 187

Carlisle, reputed St Patrick’s birth-place, 4

Carlow, 65; 1798 rising in, 221

Carlyle, Thomas, writer, 299

Carmelite order, 47

Carnarvon, Lord, lord lieutenant, 332

Carnew, county Wicklow, 221

Carney, Winifred, and Easter Rising, 388

Carrickfergus, county Antrim, 135; and itscastle, 46; French attack on, 179; andrising in 1798, 222

Carrickshock, county Kilkenny, 271






592 / Index

Carson, Ciaran, poet, 544

Carson, Edward, Sir, Unionist leader, 368,372, 373, 374, 379, 404, 497; entersAsquith’s government, 384; his statueunveiled at Stormont, 435

Carton, county Kildare, 154

Case of Ireland . . . stated, The, by WilliamMolyneux, 151

Casement, Roger: capture of, 385;execution, 394; humanitarian, 384,394, 396

Casey, Bishop Eamonn, 532, 533

Cashel cathedral, county Tipperary, 74

Castlebar, county Mayo, battle of, 1798,224

castle-building, medieval period, 46

Castlereagh, Lord, chief secretary, 192, 228,229, 233, 234, 235, 236, 240, 241,246

Castlereagh police barracks, records stolenfrom, 574

Castletown, county Kildare, 154

Castleward, county Down, 154

Catherine of Aragon, 75

Cathleen ni Houlihan, by W. B. Yeats andLady Gregory, 350

Catholic Association, 262, 263; and seeCatholic emancipation; O’Connell,Daniel; and Easter Rising, 394

Catholic churchin early modern Ireland, 107, 124;

Catholic power, destruction of, 131;and Counter-Reformation, 84, 107;under Cromwell, 131; and loyalty, 83;in Restoration Ireland, 133

in eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,153, 163–72, 186, 202, 228, 243;Catholic ascendancy, 277; Catholicpriests, castration proposed for, 152;Catholic recovery, 165–8; as chaplainsin prisons, 262; and the ‘colonialpatronage’, 310; family networks, 166;and grievances, 316; and D. P. Moran,352; and nineteenth century practice,304; post-Union, 241–3; and theprofessions, 313; as proportion ofpopulation, 313; Protestant fears of,312; and threat from Europe, 169; andwealth of Ireland, 313; and see Catholicemancipation

in twentieth century, 532; in the 1960s,494–5; in the 1980s, 531–2; in the1990s, 533–6; and abuse in residentialinstitutions, 536; and mass attendance,508; and moral monopoly, 473; andreligious observance, 537; and sexabuse, 473; special position of under1937 Constitution, 508; and vocations,473, 532, 537; see also Ferns, diocese;Ryan report

Catholic Committee, 162, 167, 168, 186,192; (1790s), 209; (1820s), 259; andsee Catholic emancipation

Catholic emancipation, 254–7, 269, 277,294, 310, 314; and Catholic rent, 262;as a national struggle, 242; and seeO’Connell, Daniel

Catholic priests, and state salary, 240

Catholic Relief Acts, 183, 194, 227; (1778),178, 183, 186; (1782), 188; (1792),209; (1793), 209, 254

Catholic Truth Society, 430

Cavan: and Covenant, 374; and partition,374

Cavendish, Lord Frederick, chief secretary,assassinated, 325

Cavendish, political family, 151

CDB see Congested Districts BoardCelestine, pope, 3

Celtic Tiger, 469, 471, 497, 537–46, 552;and alcohol consumption, 549; benefitsnot shared equally, 538; culturalpreconditions for, 541; explanationsfor, 538–41; first mention, 529; andmodernisation, 541; and northernUnionists, 540, 554

Celts, 1, 2–3; see also Gaeilcensorship in Ireland: and Censorship

Board, 430, 443, 495; and Censorshipof Films Act (1923), 428; andCensorship of Publications Act (1929),428; during Emergency, 461–2; and inEurope in 1920s, 429; in United Statesin 1920s, 429

Chamberlain, Joseph, British politician, 334,359

Chamberlain, Neville, British primeminister; and appeasement, 441; and deValera, 441; praised by de Valera, 465;and united Ireland, 454






593 / Index

chancery in Ireland, creation of, 47

Channel Islands, 47, 61

Chaplin, Charlie, actor, 461

Charlemagne, Irish visitors to court of, 26

Charlemont, Lord, 162, 186, 192

Charles I, king of England, 114, 115, 122,123, 124, 126, 133, 453; and crisis ofthree kingdoms, 122; and Old English,108; and Parliament, 111; policies of,110, 111; and the Scots, 111; his seal,142; suspected of popish leanings, 111;and Wentworth, 111

Charles II, king of England, 132

Charles V, emperor, 76

Chequers, talks at, 576

Chernobyl, nuclear accident in, 531–2

Chesterfield, Lord, lord lieutenant, 159

Chichester, Sir Arthur, lord deputy, 102,104, 245

Chichester-Clark, Major James, primeminister of Northern Ireland, 504

chief governor, office of in eighteenthcentury, 146; and see individual lordsdeputies and lords lieutenants

children’s allowance, 489; under FiannaFail, 450; in Northern Ireland,compared to Republic, 487; and seeIreland, Republic of

Chinese, in Ireland, 546

Christian Brothers, Irish, 273, 310

Christianity in early Ireland, 3, 7, 11–13, 33

Christians, in Spain, 51

Chronicle, of Prosper of Aquitaine, 3

church in Ireland: and disestablishment,306, 315, 333, 335; evangelicals in,263; Church of Ireland, 13; enemies ofChrist, term for the English, 97;medieval period, alleged abuses in, 40,41; Presbyterian hostility to, 105; in1830s, 267

Churchill, Lord Randolph, British politician,332, 333, 336–40, 368

Churchill, Winston, prime minister, 442;and attack on Ireland’s neutrality,464–5; praises Northern Ireland, 457;and united Ireland, 454

cinema in Ireland, 191

Cistercian order, 47

Citizen Army, and Easter Rising, 369, 385,387, 388

Civil War, American, 300, 301

civilians, treatment of in wartime Europe,462

Clan na Poblachta, 475; in coalitiongovernment, 1948, 475; and papalencyclicals, 475

Clann na Talmhain, political party, 1950s,475

Clanricard, Ulick, marquis, 110

Clare, county, and Irish civil war, 419; EastClare by-election, 1916, 396

Clare, earl of, lord chancellor, 130, 193,198, 205, 230, 231, 238

Clarence, George, duke of, chief governor,43

Clarke, Austin, poet, 482

Clarke, Mrs Thomas, and Irish Constitutionof 1937, 450

Clarke, Thomas, 369, 383, 385, 394

Cleary, Fr Michael, 533

Clerkenwell prison, explosion at, 304

Clinton, William Jefferson, United Statespresident, 560, 562; and NorthernIreland, 565; visit to Ireland, 1995, 564;2000, 573

Clonard monastery, Belfast, talks at, 576

Clonmacnois, sack of, 31

Clontarf: battle of, 1014, 28, 31, 33; DanielO’Connell meeting at, 275

Clontibret, county Monaghan, battle of,1595, 96; invasion of, 1986, 557

Clotworthy, Sir John, parliamentarian, 112,116

Clyn, Fr John, annalist, 55

Coalisland, county Tyrone, civil rightsmarch in, 501

Coercive Acts, 1774, 176

coign and livery, 62, 85

coinage, Danish, 31; in medieval Ireland, 10

Colclough, John, 192

Cold War, end of, 560

Coleraine, renamed Londonderry, 100;awarded university, 492

Collins, Michael, revolutionary, 406, 407,409, 426; death of, 419, 423; andTreaty, 408, 410, 569

Collins, Thomas, castle spy, 219

Colombia, south America, Sinn Feinmembers arrested in, 574

colonies, military, 89; and see plantations






594 / Index

Colum Cille, 22–4, 26, 28, 40

Columba see Colum CilleColumbanus, 24–6, 28

Columbus, Christopher, 81

commercial propositions see Orde, ThomasCommission for Defective Titles, 98

Commission on Emigration, 1948, 482–3;report of, 482

Committee Room Fifteen, House ofCommons, 343

common law in Ireland, 47

Commonwealth, Ireland leaves, 477, 478,486

communism, collapse of, 1989–90, 560

compensation for improvement, 307; seealso Ulster custom

Confederation of Kilkenny, 121–6; and KingCharles, 123; oath of association, 126;and Supreme Council, 126

Confessio, of St Patrick, 4–5, 11

confiscations, Williamite, 88, 135

confraternities, 304

Congested Districts Board (CDB), 357, 359,361, 366; budget of, 360

Connacht: agrarian disturbances in, 199;divided into counties, 48; lack ofsettlers in, 46; president of, 91;transplantation to, 130

Connaught Telegraph, 318, 320

Connolly, James, socialist revolutionary,357, 358, 385, 387, 391, 394; andBritish empire, 384; and proclamationof 1916, 388

conquest of Ireland, 41, 98

conscription, threat of, during First WorldWar, 382, 383, 385, 386, 398; andCatholic bishops, 398, 399

Conservative Party: Conservative-UnionistParty, 363; and entry into Asquith’sgovernment, 1915, 384; and HomeRule, 332, 358, 359

Constitution of 1782, 156, 186–8, 208, 210,228, 241; assessment, 189, 205–6;British anxiety at, 191; flawed nature of,198; and ‘simple repeal’ of DeclaratoryAct, 190; and see Parliament in Ireland,eighteenth century

Constitution of Great Britain, sectariannature of, 448

Constitution of Irish Free State, 1922, 408

Constitution of Ireland, 1937, 446–52, 541,553; and articles 2 and 3, 447, 531,567, 568; article 44, 447, 448; and Billof Rights, 451; and Cahill, Edward, SJ,447; and Catholic moral code, 448; andChurch of Ireland, 447; andcontraception, 448; Craigavon and,447; and Department of ExternalAffairs, 446; and divorce, 448; andFreemasonry, 448; and Irish News,447; and Jews, 448; and McQuaid,John Charles, 447; and PresbyterianAssembly, 447; proposal to end articles2 and 3, 562; and Senate, 451; strengthsof, 451–2; and Supreme Court, 448,451; and women, 388, 449–51

Constitution of Norway, sectarian nature of,448

Constitution of United States, 447

Contagious Diseases Act, 355; women and,353, 354

Continuity Irish Republican Army, 579; seealso Provisional Irish Republican Army;Real Irish Republican Army

contraception, 428, 429, 472, 509, 529–30;and AIDS crisis, 529; and contraceptivetrain, 508; see also Constitution of 1937

Control of Manufactures Acts, 442

Convention Act (1793), 211, 259

Cooke, Edward, under-secretary, 219, 230,233, 235, 237, 241

Cooke, Henry, Presbyterian leader, 336

Coote, Sir Charles, military commander, 127

Cork City: and Cromwell, 131; sack of, 402;slum-dwellers in, 329

Cork, county, Vikings in, 27; Catholics in,131; and Easter Rising, 390; and Irishcivil war, 419; marked out, 48, 51

Cork, earl of see Boyle, RogerCorn Laws, 205

Cornwallis, marquis, lord lieutenant, 227,228, 231, 234, 235, 239, 240, 241

Coroticus, British general, 4, 26, 31

Coroticus, Letter to, 4, 5, 6, 11

corporation tax, in Ireland, 540

Corry, Isaac, Irish parliamentarian, 235

Cosgrave, W. T., Taoiseach, 406, 419, 420,422, 424, 509; and foreign affairs, 426;government of, and language revival,428; and moral policies of, 431






595 / Index

Costello, Declan, Irish politician, 507

Costello, John A., 475, 486; as Taoiseach,475

Council of Ireland see SunningdaleAgreement

Countess Cathleen, by W. B. Yeats, 350

Country Girls, by Edna O’Brien, 496

county divisions, Ireland, 139

Court of Claims, 133

Court of Wards, 108

Courts of Justice, French, 147

Cowen, Brian, Taoiseach, 551, 552, 553

Craig, James (after 1927 Lord Craigavon),368, 372, 404, 419, 422, 434, 435,436, 440; as populist Unionist, 439;and Ulster Special Constabulary, 436;understanding with Collins, 423

Craig, William, minister for home affairs,501, 502; sacked, 503

Craigavon, new town, 492

crannog, lake-dwellings, 15

Crauford, Colonel Robert, 239

Crawford, Sharman, land reformer, 297

cricket, derided as garrison game, 350; seealso tennis

Crimean War, 287; Irish soldiers in, 311

Crimes Act, 359

Cromwell, Henry, son of Oliver, 132

Cromwell, Oliver, Lord Protector: andconversion of Irish Catholics, 131;Cromwellian Ireland, 128–32;Cromwellian policies, novelty of, 129;death of, 132; and debts of war, 129;and English language, 129; and friars,131; in Ireland, 43, 122, 126–8, 371;and Irish costume, 129; and Irishcustoms 129; and Irish land, 129–31;and law, 129; and population transfer,129; and settlers, 131; as a republican,128; as a Unionist, 128

Cromwell, Thomas, Tudor secretary, 76, 77,78, 80, 86

Crosse and Blackwell, food processors,442

Crossmaglen, county Armagh, 512

Crying Game, The, 544

Cuba, and Ireland, 560

Cullen, Paul, archbishop and cardinal,302–4, 306, 308, 312; and education,310

Culloden Volunteers see Volunteers of 1778,179

Culloden, battle of (1746), 169

Cumann na mBan, 369; and Easter Rising,388

Cumann na nGaedheal, in power, 353, 425,431–3; poor organisation of party, 432;social policies of, 432; and seeCosgrave, W. T.; Irish Free State

Curragh, county Kildare; army base at, 354;‘mutiny’ at, 372

Currie, Austin, civil rights activist, 501; andSunningdale Agreement, 516

Curry, John, Catholic historian, 168

Cusack, Cyril, actor, 481

Cuthbert, Norman, report with K. S. Isles,on Northern Ireland, 491

Czechoslovakia, 452

Dail (lower house of Irish Parliament);debates in Irish language in, 428;hunger-strikers win seats in, 525; andphasing out Dail courts, 421; see alsoIrish Free State; Irish Parliament; IrishRepublic

Dal Cais, dynasty of, 28

Dal Riata, kingdom of, 24

Dalrymple, Sir John, political agent, 178

Daly, James, newspaper editor, 318, 319

Dancing at Lughnasa, by Brian Friel,543

Danes, in East Anglia, 32

Dangan, county Offaly see PhilipstownDark, The, by John McGahern, 496

DATI see Department of Agriculture andTechnical Instruction

Davies, Sir John, coloniser, 43, 52, 60

Davis, Thomas, 277–9, 293, 348, 352; andD. P. Moran, 352

Davitt, Michael, 318–19, 320, 323, 325,329; and John Devoy, 319; and CharlesStewart Parnell, 319

Dawson Bates, Richard, minister for homeaffairs, 437

D-Day, 6 June 1944, allied invasion ofEurope, 454

Deal, Kent, bomb at Marines’ barracks,559

Death of a Naturalist, by Seamus Heaney,493






596 / Index

de Beaumont, Gustave, social investigator,265

de Bermingham, Peter, 48, 59

de Burgh family, 46

de Chastelain, General John, 574;announces end of IRA arsenal, 576; ondecommissioning, 570, 574

Declaration of Arbroath, 54

Declaration of Breda, 132, 133

Declaratory Act, 148, 187; and seeConstitution of 1782; Irish Parliament

de Courcy, John, adventurer, 10, 38, 47, 48,54

Defenders, agrarian society, 202, 215, 237;sent on board naval ships, 219; and seeagrarian disturbances

de Lacy, Hugh, adventurer, 37, 38, 46, 48,53

Delhi, India, Irish in storm of,311

Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), 468, 564,575; set up in 1971, 510; JeffreyDonaldson, 566, 570; overtakesUnionist Party as largest party, 573;and David Trimble, 570; andSunningdale Agreement, 515, 517; andsee Paisley, Reverend Ian

Denmark, invasion of (1940), 457

Department of Agriculture and TechnicalInstruction (DATI), 361, 362

Derrig, Tomas, minister of education, 443;and see Irish language

Derry, 127; burned, 1608, 99; city councilin, 438, 498; civil rights march in,October 1968, 501; civil rights marchin, 1972, 513; denied university, 492;monastery in, 24; police action, 501;renamed Londonderry, 100; sectariantroubles in, 404; siege of 1689, 135,338, 341

Derry, earl bishop of, 192

Desmond, earl of, 73, 91; death of, 93; andholy war, 92; massacre of followers, 93;rising, 93; and Dublin Castle, 91

de Tocqueville, Alexis, social investigator,265

de Valera, Eamon, Irish revolutionary andparliamentarian, 387, 393, 396, 406,409, 431, 483, 568; and 1916 Rising,388, 406; activities in 1920s, 431; andAmerican pressure, 454; and Catholic

bishops, 399; and Constitution of 1922,446; and condolences on Hitler’s death,465; and direct foreign investment, 483;and document no. 2, 409; escape fromLincoln gaol, 406; hatred for, 444; andIRA, 436, 440; on language revival,428; and League of Nations, 426; andmilitary tribunal, 440; and neutrality,453; and partition, 441, 454; refusal onwar criminals, 465; reply to Churchill,464, 465–7; and the Treaty of 1921,409; St Patrick’s day 1943 broadcast byde Valera, 464; takes power 1932, 426;vision of Ireland, 464

Devlin, Bernadette, Member of Parliament,503, 513

devolution see Home RuleDevonshire, duke of, lord lieutenant, 151,

194

Devoy, John, Fenian chief, 313, 316, 319,320, 384

de Wilton, Lord Grey, military governor, 93

Dickens, Charles, novelist, 309

Dickson, Reverend William Steele, UnitedIrishman, 175

Dillon, John, Irish parliamentarian, 343,364, 368, 382, 393, 396, 398

Dillon, John Blake, Young Irelander, 277

direct foreign investment, intwentieth-century Ireland, 469, 483;and see also Celtic Tiger

discoverer see Penal LawsDiscovery of the True Causes why Ireland

has never been subdued, by Sir JohnDavies, 43

Disraeli, Benjamin, British politician, 305,335, 351

Divis Street, Belfast, riot on, 1964, 497; andsee Northern Ireland

divorce; debate on, 472, 531; in earlyIreland, 7; in modern Ireland, banned,428; and see Republic of Ireland

Dodds, Nigel, politician, 575

Dominican Convent School, Dublin, 355

Dominican order, 47, 51, 83, 84

Donaghadee, county Down, gun-running at,371

Donaldson, Jeffrey, politician, 571; leavesUnionist Party, 570

Donegal, county; and Covenant, 374; andpartition, 374






597 / Index

Doneraile, county Cork, creamery in,361

Donnybrook Fair, Dublin, excesses at,310

Donoughmore, earl of, landlord, 261

Dorset, duke of, lord lieutenant, 151, 160

Down survey, by William Petty, 130

Down, county, 10; 1798 rising in, 221; deCourcy attack on, 38; and partition,268, 374

Downing Street Declaration, 1993, 561,563; reaction to, 562; and see NorthernIreland

Downing Street, London, IRA attack on,561

Dowth, passage-tomb at, 1

Drake, Sir Francis, coloniser, 88, 89

Drapier’s Letters, by Jonathan Swift, 151

Dreaper, Tom, racehorse trainer, 545

Drennan, William, United Irishman, 194,207, 236

Drogheda, county Louth, 312; Parliamentin, 47; sack of, 127

Dromore, county Down, 135

Druid Theatre Company, Galway, 544

Druids, in early Ireland, 7, 8

Drumcree, county Armagh; Orange paradeat, 563; riots at, 565, 572; and seeGarvaghy Road

Drummond, Thomas, and Ordnance Survey,274, 275

Du Pont factory, 491

Dublin, 48, 141; bombs in, 518; Charles IIproclaimed king in, 133; charter of, 38;city and county marked, 48; clericalabuse in, 535; commuter belt around,538; and Cromwell, 131; Englishsettlers in, 45; fall of (1170), 36; infantmortality in, 434; overcrowding in,434; in the Pale, 65; Parliament in, 47;poverty in, 275; slums in, 329, 434;surrendered to Michael Jones, 125; andtrade with Wales, 35; tuberculosis in,434; Vikings in, 27, 31

Dublin Castle, 8, 48, 132; as centre ofgovernment, 47–8; construction of, 38;counter-insurgency policy in 1790s,218–20; and Easter Rising, 384; andintelligence network, 220; andsurveillance work, 218; in 1641, 93,114

Dublin Corporation, and slums, 357

Dublin Evening Post, 191

Dublin Evening Press, 260

Dublin Housing Action Committee, 494

Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies,443

Dublin Metropolitan Police, 250

Dublin Opinion, 456

Dublin Theatre Festival, and ArchbishopMcQuaid, 482

Dublin University Magazine, 346

Duckett, William, United Irishman, 216

Duffy, Charles Gavan, Young Irelander,277, 278, 280, 297, 298

Dukes, Alan, Fine Gael leader, 529; andTallaght strategy, 529

Dunboyne, county Meath, 225

Dundas, Henry, British politician, 241

Dungan’s Hill, battle of (1647), 126

Dungannon Castle, county Tyrone, 102

Dungannon, county Tyrone; civil rightsmarch in, 499; town council of, 498;Volunteer convention in, 187, 208

Dunlavin, county Wicklow, 221

Dunne, Ben, Irish businessman, 550

Dunraven, Lord, southern Unionist, 341,362

DUP see Democratic Unionist PartyDurrow, monastery at, 24, 31

Dwyer, Michael, insurgent leader in 1798,244

East Anglia, and Danes, 32

East India Company, 202, 514; and Catholicrecruitment, 202

Easter rebellion, 1916 see Easter Rising,1916

Easter Rising, 1916, 298, 377, 379–91, 399,400; aftermath, 396–9; and Asquith,394; begins on Easter Monday, 387; asa Catholic event, 394; expectation ofGerman arms, 385; fiftieth anniversaryof, 494, 499; leaders of, 386–7; militaryrepression after, 396; reactions to,391–3; round-up of suspects following,394; and Sinn Fein, 394, 396; trialsafter, 393–4; and St Stephen’s Green,387; and Unionist opinion, 395

Easter, date of, 11, 26

Eccles Street, Dublin, convent in, 355

‘Economic Development’, 1958, 483






598 / Index

economic war, 379, 441, 444, 446; andgraziers, 442; and see de Valera,Eamon; Irish Free State

Economist, 287; and Ireland’s quality of life,537

Eden, William, later Lord Auckland, chiefsecretary, 184, 185, 238

Education Act, Northern Ireland, 1947, 487,488, 496, 498

Edward I, king, and Ireland, 43, 44, 50, 52

Edward II, king, and Ireland, 42, 43, 54

Edward III, king, and Ireland, 42, 43; andhis ‘great army’, 58; and his son Lioneland Ireland, 58

Edward IV, king, and Ireland, 72, 73

Edward VII, and Ireland, 308, 351, 353,435; as prince of Wales, 439; visitsUlster, 351

Eireannach, word to describe Catholic Irish,142

Elizabeth I, queen: and Ireland, 44, 88, 98,101, 107; Supreme Governor ofChurch, 83

Ely, Irish political family, 194

Emergency, period of Second World War seeSecond World War

emigration: in the 1920s, 425; in 1930s, toBritain, 445; to United States, 442; in1950s, 474, 477, 483; and Catholicism,292, 293; by county, 291; emigrantcharacteristics, 291–3; ending of, 468;fears concerning, 474; femaleemigration in 1930s, 450; handbookon, 431; hatred of England, 293, 294;hostility to Irish, 292; and Irishperformance, 293–4; Irish Presbyterian,175, 289; in nineteenth century, 284–5,330; politics of emigrant, 292, 293;post-war emigrants, 425, 445;remittances, 292; return migration, 292;during Second World War, 474; and seeimmigration

Emmet, Robert, rising of, 244–6, 255,387

Emmet, Thomas Addis, 213

En Attendant Godot, by Samuel Beckett,481

Encumbered Estates Act, 1849, 295–6

England: in 1800, 239; administration in,84; anti-Catholicism, decline of, 145;anti-Catholic rioting in, 297; England in

1641, 122; English nationalism, 239;Norman conquest of, 40; as aProtestant power, 82; subsidies toIreland, 103; Viking attacks on, 32

English attitudes towards Ireland and Irish,236–9, 240, 252–3; and anglicisation ofIreland, 139

English Civil War, 126; and ProtestantIreland, 124

English common law, and Ireland, 52

English friars, and Irish, 51

English kings and Ireland, 42–4; and seeindividual kings and queens

English of Ireland, 44–6, 51, 65; born inIreland, 57; English ‘by blood’, 57

English language in Ireland, spread of, 88,291

English writings on Ireland, 41

Enniskillen Volunteers, 179; and seeVolunteers of 1778

Enniskilleners, military force, 135

Eriugena, Johannes, philosopher, 27

Erne, Lord, estate of, boycotted, 320

Erne, River, 27

Essex, earl of, coloniser, 88, 90

Eucharistic Congress (1932), 435

European Championship, and Irish soccerteam, 545

European Court of Human Rights, 470,532; and homosexuality, 470, 532

European Economic Community, laterEuropean Union, 18, 469, 493, 508;and Britain, 493; and Northern Ireland,541; and structural funds, 470, 509,540

European single market, 539

Ewart-Biggs, Sir Christopher, Britishambassador, assassinated, 522

Fall of Feudalism, by Michael Davitt, 328

Fallon, Kieren, champion jockey, 545

Falls Road, Belfast; curfew on, 1970, 512,514; parade on, 1966, 500

famine of 1840s see Great Faminefamine, in early fourteenth century, 55

farmers, Irish, in nineteenth century, 288–9;and grievances, 316; and politicisation,318

farming, in early Ireland, 6

Farmleigh House, talks at, 576

Farquahar, George, playwright, 237






599 / Index

Farrell, Mairead, on hunger strike, 523

Faughart, battle of (1318), 55, 57

Faulkner, Brian, Unionist leader, 503, 504,507, 512, 516, 517, 569; andinternment, 512, 513; resigns frompower-sharing executive, 503, 518, 540;and Sunningdale Agreement, 516, 569

Fenian cycle of tales, 16

Fenianism, 300–1, 315; and amnesty, 304;in Australia, 301; in Britain, 301; andBritish army, 301; and conspiracy, 301;and Gaelic Athletic Association, 351; inNew Zealand, 301; and prisoners, 302;and recruits to, 300; in United States,301; and Year of Victory, 301

Ferdinand, Archduke Franz, assassinated,374

Ferguson, Sir Samuel, writer, 346

Fermanagh, county, and partition, 268, 374

Ferns, diocese, clerical abuse in, 534

feudal tenure, 46

Fianna Fail, 410, 425, 431, 529, 551; andcultural affairs, 443; and English privycouncil, 440; established 1926, 432;1926–32, 432–3; in government inpostwar years, 475; in government,1951, 475; and governor-general, 440;and health matters in 1950s, 479; andland annuities, 441–2; and ‘oath ofallegiance’, 440; in power, 1932, 433;and self-sufficiency, 440–52; see also deValera, Eamon

Fielding, Henry, novelist, 237

filid (poets) in early Ireland, 17

Final Solution, 463; see also HolocaustFine Gael Party, 425; in 1970s, 507;

established, 445; Fine Gael–Labourcoalitions, 528, 529; in postwar years,475

Fingall, Lord, Catholic peer, 255

Finnish civil war, 378

First World War: and Ireland, 268, 377,379, 439; and German breakthrough,1917, 398; reaction to in Ireland, 379,382–3; and ‘separation money’, 383;and war fever in Britain, 379

fish, salted, exported from Ireland, 141

Fitt, Gerry, 501; and SunningdaleAgreement, 516; wins seat atWestminster, 499

Fitton, Sir Edward, 91, 95

FitzGerald family, 36, 46, 52, 61, 62, 72

FitzGerald, Lord Edward, United Irishman,213, 220, 362

FitzGerald, Garret, 507, 555; and abortionamendment, 530; and ‘constitutionalcrusade’, 531; and Sunningdale, 516; asTaoiseach, 527, 556

FitzGerald, Gerald, eighth earl of Kildare,72, 73–4, 82

FitzGerald, Gerald, ninth earl of Kildare, 74,75, 76; and executions, 77, 80, 112

FitzGerald, James Fitzmaurice, revolt of, 91,92

FitzGerald, James, prime serjeant, 233

FitzGerald, John, first earl of Kildare, 57,73

FitzGerald, Maurice, 246, 248

FitzGerald, Vesey, 264

Fitzgibbon, John see Clare, earl ofFitzgilbert see StrongbowFitzmaurice family, 62

Fitzthomas, Maurice, 56

Fitzwilliam, earl, lord lieutenant, 212, 231

five-point reform plan see under O’Neill,Terence

flaxseed, imported into Ireland, 175

Fleetwood, Charles, Cromwellian governor,132

flight of the earls, 1607, 98; and see O’Neill,Hugh

Flood, Henry, Irish parliamentarian, 174,185, 186, 187, 190, 192

Flood Tribunal see Mahon Tribunalflour, to Ireland, 175

Fontaine, monastery, 25

food shortages, post-Union, 243

football, Gaelic, 350

Ford Motor Company, 442

Ford, Patrick, editor, 319

foreign direct investment, 540; see underLemass

Foreign Office, British, 426

Forster, W. E., chief secretary, 323, 325

Fortune, Fr Sean, abuser, 534

Foster, John, speaker of the Irish Parliament,195, 196, 197, 205, 231–2, 233, 236,242, 488

Four Courts, Dublin, occupation of byanti-Treaty forces, 407; shelled, 407;and see Irish civil war

Fox, Billy, Irish Senator, murdered, 517






600 / Index

Fox, Charles James, British politician, andIreland, 187, 191, 198, 255

fox-hunting, disruption of, 323

France, and Normans, 35; and Edward III,43; and expedition to Ireland, 50;intrigues and parliamentary reform,193; and Ireland, 1790s, 211–12; andIreland in seventeenth century, 81, 82;and Irish, 50; and James II, 134, 135;and Scotland, 101; soldiers, 114; warwith in 1415, 61; war with in 1756,162; at war 1914, 374

Franciscan order, 47, 51, 84, 121

Franco, General Francisco, Spanish dictator,Irishmen fighting for, 445

Franco-Prussian war, 1870, 375

Franklin, Benjamin, American diplomat,176, 177

Free Wales Army, 511

Freeland, General Sir Ian, 512

Freeman’s Journal, 191, 342, 343

French Protestants, 166

Friel, Brian, playwright, 543

Frizzell’s fish shop, Belfast, IRA bomb at,561

Frongoch internment camp, Wales, 394

GAA see Gaelic Athletic AssociationGaeil, a Celtic people, 2–3; links with

Scotland, 56

Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), 350–1,474; and British army, 351; andFenians, 351

Gaelic Ireland, in middle ages, 62–70;advance of, 70; booleying in, 68;colonisation of, 88; frontiers of, 45; andGaelic Ulster, 48; lordships, 45;plantations in, 88; Scots in, 24, 110; insixteenth century, 95; transformationof, 103–4

Gaelic Irish, 51, 83; alleged militarydeficiencies of, 39; antipathy towards,51; barbarism of, 39, 41, 52, 91; andCatholic priests, 65, 346; costume, 41,51, 70; culture, 58; customs, 58, 102,108; degeneracy, fear of among settlers,40, 59, 91; diet, 41, 68; disunion, 39; asenemies, 48, 52; exclusion of, 51–4;fostering, 62, 104; friars, 51; and Gaelictitles, 75, 77; hairstyles, 41, 51, 70;

horse-riding style, 41, 50, 51; andlanguage, 50; learned classes, 65;murder of, 52; music, 41, 58, 59;nomadism, 66; poems of, 53, 62;primitiveness, 39; religious practices,47; resistance to invasion, lack of, 40;sources for, 104; succession in, 65–71;as tenants in Munster, 94; territorialadvances of, 50; threat from, 46;warfare, 48; women, 52, 70

Gaelic League, 346, 428

Gallowglass, Scottish mercenary soldiers,45, 54, 62, 96

Galvin, Patrick, writer, 482

Galway, 110, 130; and Cromwell, 131; and1916 Rising, 390

Gardiner, Luke, Lord Mountjoy, 178, 186

garrison games, 350; and see Gaelic AthleticAssociation; tennis

Garvaghy Road, county Armagh, 563; andsee Drumcree

Gascony, France, Normans and, 40, 43, 47

Gate Theatre, Dublin, 443

Geldof, Bob, and Live Aid concert, 545

General Assembly of Presbyterian Church,497

general electionsBritain: November 1885, 332; 1886, 339;

1906, 365; January 1910, 367; October1910, 367; December 1918, 399; andIrish Parliamentary Party, 399; and SinnFein, 399; and Unionists, 399; British,1974, anti-Sunningdale candidatestriumph at, 517; 2005, 576

Ireland: 1921, 405; June 1922, 407; 1932,433; January, 1948, 475; de Valeraand, 475; 1977, 507, 509

General Post Office, Dublin, in EasterRising, 387

George I, king, 153

George II, king, 256

George III, king, 173, 198, 227, 240, 241,242, 254, 256, 259; death of, 261

George IV, king, 43

George VI, king, coronation of, 431

Gerald of Wales (Giraldus Cambrensis), 36,42, 90, 252; and explanation forsuccess of invasion, 39, 40

Germany; and war, 1914, 374; dictatorshipin, 451; and Easter Rising 388; and






601 / Index

‘German plot’, 398; invasion of, 1945,462; invasion of Ireland, 1940, 379;and settlement in eastern Europe,51

Gibraltar, SAS shootings on, 523

Gilbert, Humphrey, coloniser, 89

Ginkel, General, Williamite soldier, 136

Giraldus Cambrensis see under Gerald ofWales

Gladstone, Herbert, son of W. E. G., 332

Gladstone, William Ewart, prime minister,304–8, 313, 315, 323, 342, 366, 367;and historical view of Parnell, 344; andHome Rule, 332, 333–5, 337, 338, 340;and Irish history, 338; and Land Act,1881, 326; and Parnell, 331; andParnell divorce, 343; as prime minister,1886, 333; as prime minister, 1892,340; retires from politics, 341

Glamorgan, earl of, negotiator, 123, 124

Glasgow, and Ulster, 336

Glenarm, county Antrim, and 1798

rebellion, 222

godless colleges see university questionGodwin, William, philosopher, 257

Going, Major Richard, magistrate, 247, 249

Gonne, Maud, 351, 475

Good Friday Agreement, 1998 (also BelfastAgreement), 447, 566–7; compared toSt Andrews Agreement, 577; andcultural matters, 567; failure of,568–70; and Irish language, 567; andIRA weapons decommissioning, 527,567, 570–1, 575; opposition to earlyrelease of prisoners under terms of, 567;and referendums, 568; and Royal UlsterConstabulary, 567; slow progress onimplementing, 568; and Ulster-Scots,567; and Unionist Party, 567; andUnionists, 567

Goodyear factory, 491

Goold, George, merchant, 178

Gordon of Khartoum, mocked, 351

Gore-Booth see MarkieviczGormlaith, and intermarriage, 31

Gort, county Galway, Brazilians in, 546

Gough Barracks, county Armagh, IRA raidon, 481

Government of Ireland: in medieval period,72; in sixteenth century, 92; (in

eighteenth-century century) ‘Heads ofBill’, 148; and additional duties, 144;and Money bill, 144, 150; (innineteenth century) reforms in 1830s,267, 270, 274, 314; civil servants in,362; Irish self-government ruled out,269; (in twentieth-century), 420–4;Cabinet meetings in Irish, 428;inter-Party government, 1949, 477;health service, 471

Government of Ireland Act (1920), 405, 436

government of Netherlands, and famine,288

Gow, Ian, British politician, assassinated,559

Gowran, county Kilkenny, English settlersin, 45

Graces, the see Wentworth, ThomasGraham’s bookmaker’s shop, Belfast,

murder of Catholics in, 561

Graiguemanagh, county Kilkenny, titheprotests at, 270

grammar schools, in Northern Ireland, 555

Grant, Charles, chief secretary, 253

Grattan, Henry, Irish politician, 184, 187,188, 190, 192, 196, 197, 198, 200,230, 233, 236, 258, 261; and ‘Grattan’sParliament’, 334; and D. P. Moran, 352

Gray, David, American envoy to Ireland,454

Gray, Lord Leonard, chief governor, 77, 78,86

Great Depression, late nineteenth century,442

Great Dictator, The, 461

Great Famine, 273, 281–8, 552; andemigration, 289–94; evictions during,286; and food supply, 285, 286; andgenocide, 287; impact, 288–9; politicsafter, 296–302; as punishment fromGod, 285; and relief, 314

great recession, 2008, 470, 552–3; andbankers, 553; and credit crunch, 2007,470; and social welfare payments, 553;and spending, 553; and taxation, 553;and United Kingdom, 554

Great War see First World WarGreece: compared to Ireland, 552; and

structural funds, 541

green, emblem of Ireland, 8






602 / Index

Gregory, Lady, writer, 347, 348, 350, 352,362, 452

Gregory, pope, 92

Grenville, George, British politician, 173,198, 241, 256, 261; as prime minister,256

Grey, Zane, novelist, popularity of, 430

Griffith, Arthur, founder of Sinn Fein, 8,352–3, 358, 365, 396, 406

Grogan, Cornelius, 1798 leader, 224

Guerin, Veronica, journalist, murdered, 549

Guienne, France, 43, 61

Guildford pub bombing, 521

Guinness’s brewery, 356

habeas corpus, 184; suspended, 1797,218

haemophiliacs, inquiry into, 549

Halifax, earl of, lord lieutenant, 154

Hall, Mrs Anna, novelist, 309

Hall, Radclyffe, novelist, 431

Hall-Thompson, Major, minister ofeducation, 488

Hamburg, United Irishmen in, 220

Hamilton, Justice Liam, and Beef Tribunal,550

Hamilton, Phyllis, wife of Fr Cleary, 533

Hanover, elector of, 172; and see George IHarcourt, viceroyalty, 1772–6, 174, 177,

187

Hardwicke, Lord, lord lieutenant, 255

Harland and Wolff, shipbuilders, 336

harp, emblem of Ireland, 8

Harrington, earl of, lord lieutenant, 159

Harvey, Beauchamp Bagenal, 1798 leader,224

Haslingden, near Manchester, 319

Hastings, battle of, 1066, 35

Haughey, Charles J., Taoiseach, 507, 509,527–8, 540; and abortion amendment,530; and contraception, 529; and BenDunne, 531; and federal Ireland, 556;government’s collapse, 528; investigatedby Tribunal, 550; and Jack Lynch, 507;on need for frugality, 510; and NewIreland Forum, 555; and Unionists, 507;and united Ireland, 556; sacked, 507

Hawarden, Gladstone’s house, 342

Hay, Edward, secretary to CatholicCommittee, 261

Hayden, Professor Mary, and Constitutionof 1937, 450

Hayes, Richard, Irish film censor, 461

Healy, T. M., Irish parliamentarian, 343,364

Heaney, Seamus, poet, 492, 544; seventiethbirthday of, 473; wins Nobel prize,544

hearth money, 144

Heath, Edward, prime minister, 512, 517

hedge schools, 273

Hemingway, Ernest, novelist, 482

Hempel, Dr Eduard, German envoy inwartime, 463, 464

Henrietta Maria, queen, 111

Henry I, king, 35, 38

Henry II, king, 35–8, 41, 43, 48, 51, 159;expedition to Ireland, 37; and Ireland37; and Irish church, 35

Henry III, king, 42, 50, 53

Henry IV, king, 43, 61

Henry VI, king, 71, 72

Henry VII, king, 73, 74

Henry VIII, 80, 82–3, 90, 126, 137; as headof church of England and Ireland, 82;policy on Ireland, 74

Henry Tudor see Henry VIIHermon, Sylvia, Unionist politician, 576

Heron, Sir Richard, chief secretary, 177,179, 182, 184

Herzog, Isaac, 463

Heyer, Georgette, novelist, popularity of,430

Hibernian Journal, 191

hibernicus see under lawHiberniores, the Irish, 65

hides, exports, 141

Hiffernan, Joanna, artists’ model, 309

Higgins, Alex, snooker player, 492

Higgins, Francis, informer, 219

high-king, concept of, 24

Highland soldiers in British army, 170

Hillery, Dr Patrick, minister of education,496, 539

Hillsborough Castle, Anglo-Irish Agreementsigned at, 556; talks at, 576

Hillsborough, Lord, British politician, 184

Hisperica famina, 18

Historia Ecclesiastica, 18

History of Ireland (c. 1819), 1






603 / Index

Hitler, Adolf, 430, 443; death of, 463; deValera’s condolences on death, 463–4

Hobsbawm, Philip, poet, 492

Hobson, Bulmer, fianna organiser, 370

Hoche, General Lazare, 216

Holland, invaded, 1940, 453, 462

Holland, Mary, journalist, 542

Holocaust of European Jewry, 448

Holy Year (1950), celebrations, 478

Home Government Association, 308, 314,315

Home Rule, 267, 268, 304, 312, 316, 325,331, 333, 342, 344, 345, 352, 365,366, 377, 394, 395, 399; in 1640s, 122;alleged medieval antecedents, 72;argument of force, 336; and Britishempire, 338; and the conquest ofIreland, 338; and devolution, 341, 362,366; and education, 338; as electioncommitment 1886, 335; and free trade,338; historical case for, 335; HomeRule Act, 1914, 373, 374, 375, 384;Home Rule bill, 1886, 334–5; HomeRule bill, 1893, 341, 364, 373, 448;Home Rule bill, 1912, 367, 368, 370,372–3; Home Rule bills, 352; HomeRule Confederation of Great Britain,317; killing by kindness, 488; andLiberal Party, 344; meaning of, 331;and ‘Parliament’, 334; and Parnell, 335;and the plantation of Ireland, 338;Protestant opposition to, 336–40;rejection, 335; as ‘Rome’ rule, 478; associal revolution, 339; and UlsterProtestants, 335, 337–8, 363–76

Home Rule League, 315

homosexuality in modern Ireland, 472; andsee European Court of Human Rights

Hottentots, Irish compared to, 330

House of Lords, rejects budget, 1909, 367

Household Cavalry, attacked by IRA, 1982,526

Houses of Parliament, attacked by IRA, 521

Howth, county Dublin, and Viking attack,28; gun-running at, 372

Hughes, Brendan, IRA leader, 523

humanism, and Irish reform, 85

Humbert, General Jean, 93, 224, 386

Hume, John, 510, 559, 567; and NobelPeace Prize, 568; and Sunningdale, 516;

and talks with Gerry Adams, 559, 561;and talks with David Trimble, 566

Hundred Years War, 56

hunger strikes, 1980, 523–7; aftermath,554–6; first hunger strike, 523; secondhunger strike, 524; see also ProvisionalIrish Republican Army

Hunt report, into RUC, 505

Huntingdon, John, earl of, 61

hurling, field game, 350

Huxley, Aldous, novelist, 431

Hyde, Douglas, and Gaelic League, 8, 346,450

Hynes, Garry, theatre director, 544

IMA see Irish Medical AssociationImperial Hotel, and Easter Rising, 391

Inchiquin see O’Brien, Murroughindependent companies, 179; and see

Volunteers of 1778

Independent Irish Party, 1850s, 297; alsoknown as Pope’s Brass Band, IrishBrigade

India, republic of, 409

Indian Mutiny, Irish in, 311

Industrial Development Acts, 1945–53, 488

Industrial Development Authority, 483, 540

Industrial Injuries Act, 487

influenza, epidemic in 1320s, 55

Inghinidhe na hEireann, 351

Inishtrahull, county Donegal, 1

institutes of technology, 539

Insurrection Act, 1796, 218

intendants, French governors, 147

internment, 1971, 512, 513, 525;commemoration of, at Belfast City Hall,562; end of, 522; and see NorthernIreland, 1969

invasion of Ireland, 1169, 45, 52; Gaelicreaction to, 35; moral pretext for, 47

Investment in Education, 1965, 496

Invincibles, Fenian splinter group, 325

Iona, monastery on, 22, 23, 24, 26, 28, 31

IRA see Irish Republican ArmyIRB see Irish Republican BrotherhoodIreland, administration, nineteenth-century,

314; housing, 284; treatment of disease,193

Ireland, and federalism, 319

Ireland, culture wars, post-1890, 345–50






604 / Index

Ireland, Department of Agriculture, 456

Ireland, economy, in 1690, 141

Ireland, education in, 267, 273–4;denominated education in, 315; and inEngland, 274; expansion of,twentieth-century, 539; and theprofessions, 496; and the religious life,496; secondary, 496; third level, 496,539

Ireland, in eighteenth century; and ‘Age ofthe Undertakers’, 150; and Americanrevolution, 177, 235; Britishgovernment and Irish Catholics, 178;building in, 144, 154; and Castle party,86, 146, 174; and Catholic numbers,155; threat from, 158; and Catholicquestion, 151; as a colony, 147, 153;and common church problems, 167; asa conquered province, 153; and crucialdecade (1790s), 206; and estateimprovement in, 154; as ‘Golden age’,143; and Hereditary Revenue, 144; and‘imperial consensus’, 152; and judgestenure, 184; and links to America, 175;lord lieutenancy, 146; and residency inIreland, 146, 173; and Money bill, 148,182; and peerage, 153; as ‘Penal era’,143, 166; and pension list, 153; andpolitical conflict, 158–63; and politicalconsciousness, 162; and Presbyterians,158, 162; and Presbyterian emigration,155; and Presbyterian threat, 155; andprison reform 1780s, 193; andProtestant anger, 153; and Protestantanxieties, 202; and Protestant nation,161; and Protestant nationalism, 236;and Protestant Parliament, 163; andProtestant patriotism, 153–7; andRevenue Board, 153; and riots inDublin, 1759, 162; andsectarianisation, 199–205; as a ‘sisterkingdom’, 147; themes, 143; and traderestrictions, 152; and tree-planting, 154

Ireland, Irish Free State, 419; and An GardaSiochana, 421; civil service in, 420; andDepartment of External Affairs, 421;and Department of Finance, 421;economic problems, 424; governmentof, 400, 420; and Irish language, 428;land question in, 328; and Northern

Ireland, compared, 424; and old agepensions, 420; and Royal IrishConstabulary, 421; and socialinsurance, 420; and see Cosgrave, W. T.

Ireland, Republic ofin 1950s, 483–4, 541–2; cultural affairs,

481–2; and growth rates, 539; politics,476–84; social affairs, 477; strikes, 475;unemployment in, 477, 481

in 1960s, 493–7; Catholic church in,494–5; and economy, 528; IRA in, 494;strikes in, 494

in 1970s, 506–10

in 1980s, 527–33

1990–2007: 469; and banks, 538; and carownership, 547; coalition governmentsnormal, 527; compared to 1950s, 528;and consumerism, 547–8; andconstruction industry, 470, 538; andconsumption of alcohol, 548;convergence with Northern Ireland,468; and crime, 549; divergence fromNorthern Ireland, 471; and drug abuse,549; economy of, 577; and emigration,528, 546; expansion of education in,532; and Fianna Fail governments, 538;and foreigners, 546; growth rates, 537;and holidays abroad, 548; andilliteracy, 538; and immigration, 537,546; income levels, 537; interest rates,528; and internet access, 548; andmurder rate, 549; and national debt,528; and poverty, 538; and propertyabroad, 547; and public finances, 540;and race, 546, 547; and road-building,538; and shopping, 547; social change,1998–2010, 546–54; and tribunals,549–51; unemployment, 528, 537; andsee Celtic Tiger

Ireland, family in, position of, 310; fertilitylevels of, 472; size of, 472; illegitimacy,284, 472

Ireland, immigration into, 469; to NorthernIreland, 474; and see under differentnationalities

Ireland, population: c. 1660, 127; (1700),140; celibacy in nineteenth century,284; life expectancy, 357; marriage,289; in nineteenth century, 272, 281–2,284






605 / Index

Ireland, poverty in nineteenth-century, 267,272, 284

Ireland: society in, 15–18; slavery in, 5, 40;in USA, 287, 289

Irish abroad, as exiles in Europe, seventeenthcentury, 142; and Catholic seminarieson continent, 92; and Irish Brigade inFrance (Wild Geese), 152, 170, 178;and Irish Catholic enlistment in foreignarmies, 81, 152; in nineteenth century,313; and see emigration; mercenaries

Irish annals, 53

Irish Blood Transfusion Service Board,investigated, 551

Irish bogs, 44

Irish Brigade see Irish abroadIrish Catholic, 369

Irish Catholic Magazine, 307

Irish Catholics: and British government,158, 162; and English Civil War, 124

Irish Church Act, 1869, 306; and see Churchof Ireland, disestablishment

Irish civil war, 378, 410–19; atrocities in,419; ‘Big Houses’ burnt during, 419;casualties compared to Finland, 378;Irish Convention, 398; and Sinn Fein,398; and southern Unionists, 398; andUlster Unionists, 398

Irish executive, 146; see also governmentIrish Folklore Commission, 443

Irish Free State, house-building in the 1930sin, 442

Irish Girl, The, painting, 309

Irish Historical Studies, 443

Irish Hospitals Sweepstakes, finances of,549

Irish Independent, 369, 433

Irish Labour Party, in coalition government,1948, 475, 477; in 1970s, 507, 508

Irish language, 58, 88; in 1960s, 496; failureof, 428; monoglot speakers of, 310; andnational schools, 427; and NationalUniversity, 346; Old Irish, 16, 18;revival of, 426–8; revival of, as nationalpriority, 493; in schools, 373

Irish Literary Theatre, 350

Irish Manuscripts Commission, 1928, 443

Irish Medical Association (IMA), 477;opposes mother and child scheme, 478,479, 480

Irish militia, 1793, 209, 215, 218, 219, 249

Irish missionaries, 18–27

Irish nation overseas see Irish abroadIrish National Land League, 320–3

Irish National League, 325

Irish National Liberation Army, 521

Irish National Volunteers: and Easter Rising,395; and First World War, 380

Irish neutrality see Second World WarIrish Northern Aid Committee, 522

Irish Parliamentary Party, 331, 365, 367,370, 372, 396, 398; and Catholicchurch, 331; composition of, 365; andconscription, 398; and D. P. Moran,352; and Easter Rising, 395, 396; andFirst World War, 399–400; as newparty, 331; and pay for members, 331;and pledge, 331; withdraws fromWestminster, 398; and see alsoIndependent; Irish Party; Home Rule

Irish People, The, 301

Irish pound, parity with sterling, 421

Irish Press: prosecuted for libel, 433;establishment of, 433; finances of,549

Irish Rebellions, by Sir John Temple, 154

Irish Republican Army (IRA), 378, 401,422; in the 1950s, 480–1; campaign inBritain, 1938–9, 444; and Catholicsupport, 481; and de Valera, 444; andmurder of de Valera, 444; number ofmembers, 444; and ‘OperationHarvest’, 481; raids on British armybases, 481; and see Provisional IrishRepublican Army

Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB), 372,383, 384–5

Irish Revolutionary Brotherhood see IrishRepublican Brotherhood

Irish separatism, 269

Irish societytwentieth century: and Celtic Tiger, 471;

changes in, post-1990, 473–4; clericalabuse, 535–6; conservatism of, 330,482; drug abuse in, 471; andmodernisation, 471; and personalmorality, 472; and secularisation, 473,535

in twenty-first century: crime 471

Irish succession struggles, 53






606 / Index

Irish Times, 433; on emigration, 477; andmother and child scheme, 478; inwartime, 462

Irish Trades Union Congress, 356

Irish Transport and General Workers Union,369

Irish Volunteers (IV) (1913), 369, 372, 375,383, 384, 399, 401, 407; de Valera,president of, 396; and Easter Rising,388, 395; and First World War, 381;called Sinn Fein Volunteers, 384; splitin 1914, 384; and Ulster, 374; and seeIrish National Volunteers

Irish War of Independence, 378, 401–4,406, 419; civilian casualties during,403; and class war, 378; andsectarianism, 378; total casualtiesduring, 404; truce, July 1921, 406–10

Irish Women’s Liberation Movement, 508

Irish Women’s Suffrage Federation, 369

Irish woods, 44

Irish World, 319

Irish Yeomanry (1796), 218, 242, 249

Irish-Ireland, and D. P. Moran, 352; inwartime, 464

Irishtown, county Mayo, meeting in, 320

Islamic headscarf, controversy over, 547

Isles, K. S., report with Cuthbert, N., onNorthern Ireland, 491

Isodore of Seville, 2

Italy, Normans and, 35, 40; abortion in,530; compared to Ireland, 552;dictatorship in, 451; divorce in, 530

ITGU see Irish Transport and GeneralWorkers Union

IV see Irish Volunteers

Jackson, Revd William, French agent, 211,212

Jacob’s factory, in Easter Rising, 387

Jacobite tunes, in agrarian disturbances, 201

Jacobite wars, 1688–91, 163, 204; risings inScotland, 170

James I, king, 98, 101, 108

James II, king, 43, 134–7, 167, 340;accession of, 154; his ‘Catholickedesigne’, 170

Japanese war in Far East, 462

Jesuits see Society of JesusJews, 166; in England, 241, 254

John XXIII, pope, 489, 497

John, king of England, and Ireland, 38, 42,43, 48, 51

John Paul II, papal visit of, 530

Johnston, William, of Ballykilbeg, 341

Jones, Michael, parliamentary commander,125, 126

Jordan, Neil, film director, 544

Joyce, James, writer, 344, 481, 482

Joyce, William, Lord Haw-Haw,propagandist, 462

Julianstown, county Louth, battle in, 1641,114

justiciar, office of, 47, 50

Katyn, massacre at, 462

Kavanagh, Patrick, poet, 482

Keenan, Brian, hostage, 569

Kells, monastery in, 29

Kelly, Gerry, IRA leader, 569

Kelly, James, Irish army officer, 507

Kennedy, Edward, Senator, 560

Kennedy, Geraldine, journalist, 542

Kennedy, John F., president of United States,490

Keogh, John, and Catholic Committee, 186

Keogh, Mathew, 1798 leader, 224

Keogh, William, Irish parliamentarian, 298

Kerry, county marked out, 48; and Irish civilwar, 419

Kiely, Benedict, novelist, 482

Kildare, county, 57; 1798 rising in, 81, 221;in the Pale, 65

Kildare Place Society, 273

Kildare, family, 70, 71, 80; ascendancy of,72; and see under FitzGerald

Kildare, Thomas, earl of, ‘Silken Thomas’,76

Kilkenny, 57, 121; Confederation of, 83;Irish victory at, 1173, 39; Parliamentheld in, 47, 58; Statutes of, 58–9, 62

Kilkenny, county, Whiteboys in, 200

Killala, county Mayo, 93

Killarney, county Kerry, as tourist resort,309

Killeen, Michael, Industrial DevelopmentAuthority chief, 540

Kilmainham prison, 331; and treaty, 325

Kilmichael, county Cork, ambush at, 403

Kilwarden, Lord, judge, 244

Kincora boys’ home, 535; and BritishIntelligence service (MI5), 535






607 / Index

King, Archbishop William, 154

King’s county, 87; and see OffalyKing’s Own Scottish Borderers, and

Bachelor’s Walk shootings, 372

kings of England: attitude towards Ireland,49; ‘king’s party’, in sixteenth centuryIreland, 86

Kingship Act (1541), 80, 86, 138, 514

kingship of Ireland, 52, 77, 78

Kinsale, battle of 1601, 94; James II departsfrom, 136; Spanish army at, 97

Kitchener, Lord, 382, 383; and Irishregiments, 381

Knowth, passage-tomb at, 1

La Touche, James Digges, 158; bankingfirm, 182

La Vendee, civil war in, 212

Labour government in Britain in 1945, 485

labour movement in late nineteenth-centuryIreland, 353, 356–8

labourer, landless, in nineteenth century, 288

Ladies’ Land League, 325, 369

Laggan army, in Ulster, 125, 371

Lake, General Gerard, 222

Lally, Mick, actor, 544

Lalor, James Fintan, land reformer, 296, 319

Land Acts: 1870, 306–7, 314, 315, 316;(1881), 323, 337; (1896), 359; 362;(1909), 366

land annuities, and de Valera, 441–2; seealso economic war

Land Commission, in twentieth century, 328

Land League, 318, 323, 325, 326, 340, 396;suppression of, 325

Land question: nineteenth century, 247,248, 294–6, 330, 333; ‘No rentmanifesto’ 325, 329; Restorationperiod, 133; three ‘Fs’, 297, 323; andrevolution, 325, 329, 330

Land War, 1880, 270, 318, 320, 328; andpoor harvests, 317–25; response toLand War, 271

landlords, Irish: absentee, 295; Catholic,307; and the Great Famine, 294, 295,318

landownership in Ireland, Gaeliclandowning, 101; by Catholics, 130; innineteenth century, 267; by Protestants,132; in Restoration period, 135, 140

Larcom, Thomas, civil administrator, 274

Larkin, James, union organiser, 356, 357,358

Larkin, Michael, Manchester Martyr, 302

Larne, county Antrim, and 1798 rising, 222;and gun-running at, 371

Late Late Show, Irish television broadcast,496

Latin, in early Ireland, 18

Latvians, in Ireland, 546

Laud, William, archbishop of Canterbury,111; and Laudianism, 110, 111

law: in early Ireland, 6, 16–17; in medievalIreland, 47

Lawless, Valentine, United Irishman, 216

Lawlor, Liam, Irish politician, investigated,551

Leader, The, 351

League of Nations, 426, 452; andcensorship, 429; and see de Valera,Eamon

League of North and South, 297

Lecale, county Down, 70

Lecky, W. E. H., historian, and Irish HomeRule, 335, 337

Leeds Castle, talks at, 2004, 575

Leenane Trilogy, by Martin McDonagh, 544

Legion of Mary, 430

Lehman Brothers, collapse of, 552

Leinster, 24

Leinster, duke of, 194

Leinster, king of see under StrongbowLemass, Sean, Taoiseach, 475, 483; and

direct foreign investment, 483;economic policies of, 493–4; andIndustrial Development Authority, 483;resigns, 506; and term ‘six counties’,493; visits O’Neill, 493

lesbians in modern Ireland, 472

Lever Brothers, soap manufacturers, 442

Lever, Charles, novelist, 309

Lewis, George Cornwall, administrator,252

Lexington, and outbreak of American Warof Independence, 401

Leyden, Irish visitors to, 26

Liberal Party, and nationalism, 399

Liberal Unionists, 361

Liberty Hall, in 1916, 386; destroyed inEaster Rising, 391

Library of Ireland, 278

Libya, and IRA, 560






608 / Index

Liege, Irish visitors to, 27

Life of Colum Cille, 22

Liffey, River, 27

Limerick, 48; county marked out, 48; andIrish civil war, 419; siege of, 136; treatyof, 137, 186; Vikings in, 27

Lindisfarne, 24, 28

Lindsay Tribunal, 551

linen, 141; in Northern Ireland, 424

liquor interest in Ireland, and Moran, 352

Lisbon referendum, 2008–9, 551

List, Frederick, 352

literacy, in nineteenth century, 274; spreadof, 318; and threatening letters, 323

literature in Ireland: in English language;seen as a threat, 430–1; in Irishlanguage, 430; in the lordship, 61; andMoran, 352

Lithuanians, in Ireland, 546

Live Aid concert, 1985, 545

Liverpool, Irish vote in, 332

Liverpool, Lord, prime minister, 260

Livestock: Cattle Acts, 1660s, 176; cattle, inearly Ireland, 6, 15; cattle export, 139,141; cattle-houghing, 243;cattle-raiding, 68; in medieval Ireland,40; outbreak of plague, 55; sheep, 6

Lloyd George, David, British politician, 366,394, 395, 398, 408

local government in 1830s, 267; anddemocracy, 360; and grand juries, 360;infant mortality, 357; and landed class,360; law and order, 267; LocalGovernment (Ireland) Act, 1898, 356,360, 362

lock-out, Dublin, 1913, 369, 391

Lockwood report, 1965, 491

Londonderry, county, and partition, 268,374; see also Derry

Long Kesh prison, 523; and see also Mazeprison

Longley, Michael, 544

long march, People’s Democracy, 1969, 502;see also Terence O’Neill

longphort, Viking base, 27, 28

Lord of the Dance, 545

lordship of Ireland, 1177, 38

Loreto convent school, Dublin, 355

Lough Erne, base for flying boats, 460

Lough Mask, county Mayo, 320

Loughgall, massacre in, 1641, 115; SASshootings in, 559

Louis XIV, king of France, 134

Louth, county marked out, 48; in the Pale,65

Louvain Library, German attack on, 391;destruction of, 391, 410

Lover, Samuel, novelist, 309

Lowry, Michael, Irish politician,investigated, 550

Loyola, Ignatius, 83

Lucas, Charles, agitator, 158, 162

Lucas, Frederick, Irish parliamentarian, 297

Ludlow, General, Cromwellian commander,127

Lughnasa, festival of, 8

lunacy, treatment of, 205

Luxeuil, monastery, 25

Lynch, Jack, Taoiseach, 506; and arms forNorthern Ireland, 507; on BloodySunday, 513; and election victory, 507;and see Haughey, Charles J.

Lynch, Liam, anti-Treaty IRA, killed April1923, 419

Lynch, Patrick, economist, 496

Lynn, Dr Kathleen, and 1916 Rising, 388

Mac Crimthainn, Feidlimid, Munster king,31

mac Flaind, Blathmacc, abbot, 28

Mac Murchadha, Aoife, 36, 37

Mac Murchadha, Art Mor, 60

Mac Murchadha, Diarmait, 35–7, 74

Mac Murchadha (MacMorrogh) dynasty, 52

mac Neill, Loegaire, 8

Mac Sweeney family, 70

MacBride, Sean, Irish politician, 475, 478

MacCartan family, 54

MacDermott family, 56

MacDermott, Sean, leader of Easter Rising,370, 387

MacDonagh, Thomas, leader of EasterRising, 383

MacDonnell, Sir Antony, civil servant,362–3

MacDonnells of the islands, 101

MacEntee, Sean, Irish minister of finance,453

MacLiammoir, Micheal, actor, 443

Maclise, Daniel, painter, 309






609 / Index

MacManus, Thomas Bellew, YoungIrelander, 298; funeral, 301, 309

Macmillan, Harold, prime minister, 477,571

MacNally, Leonard, informer, 220

MacNeice, Louis, poet, 460, 466

MacNeill, Eoin, 385, 386, 387

MacStiofain, Sean, IRA leader, 511

Mael Shechnaill dynasty, 52

Magan, Francis, informer, 220

Magdalene asylums, 536

Magdalene Sisters, film by Peter Mullan, 536

Maguire family of Fermanagh, 96, 98

Maguire, Frank, Member of Parliament, 524

Maguire, Lord, 1641 conspirator, 114

Maguire, Rory, 1641 conspirator, 107, 117

Mahon Tribunal, 551

Mahon, Derek, poet, 544

Mahon, Major Denis, assassinated, 294

Major, John, British prime minister, 559,561; and failing government of, 564,565; and IRA ceasefire, 563; and IRAdecommissioning, 564; and need forreferendum in Northern Ireland, 564;and support of Ulster Unionists, 564

Malby, Sir Nicholas, military governor, 95

Mallin, Michael, and Easter Rising, 388

Mallon, Seamus, 571; on Good FridayAgreement, 567; and power-sharingexecutive with David Trimble, 571;takes office as deputy first minister, 573

Mallow, county Cork, sack of, 402

Malone, Anthony, Irish politician, 162

Malvern Street, Belfast, murder in, 500

Man–Booker prize, and Irish authors, 544

Manchester, England, and Fenians, 302;bomb in, 1996, 565; Irish in, 329, 332;and Manchester Martyrs, 302

Mandelson, Peter, Secretary of State forNorthern Ireland, 573

Manhattan, New York, Irish in, 329

Mansion House, Dublin; declaration ofindependence in, 400; ParliamentaryParty meeting in, 398; and LabourParty, 398; Irish and Sinn Fein, 398

mantle, Gaelic cloak, 70; see Gaelic Irishmanuscripts, early Irish, 27

Markievicz, Constance (nee Gore-Booth),revolutionary, 344, 370, 396; andEaster Rising, 388

Marlborough, duke of, lord lieutenant, 332

Marshall, Richard, administrator, 46, 54

Marston Moor, battle of 1644, 123

martial law, sixteenth-century, 93, 95, 104

Martyn, Edward, 350

martyrs, in early Irish church, 3

Mary of Modena, wife of James II, 134

Mary, queen, 87

Mary, wife of William of Orange, 134

Maryborough, later Port Laoise, 88

Maryfield, near Belfast, Irish civil servantsin, 556

Massachusetts, British colony, 101

Mater Hospital, Belfast, remains outsideNational Health Service, 487

Mathew, Theobald, temperance apostle,310

Matthew, Sir Robert, and report onNorthern Ireland, 491

Maudling, Reginald, British politician, 513,522

Maxwell, General Sir John, 391

Maynooth Castle, county Kildare, 76

Maynooth see St Patrick’s CollegeMayo, county, 130

Maze prison, 523; see also Long KeshMcAleese, Mary, as president, 472, 542

McAteer, Eddie, northern nationalist leader,492

McCabe, Patrick, novelist, 544

McCafferty, Nell, journalist, 542

McCann, Donal, actor, 544

McCartney, Robert, murdered, 576, 579

McCaughey, Sean, IRA leader, 475

McCoy, A. P., champion jockey, 545

McCracken Tribunal, 550; report, 550

McCracken, Henry Joy, 215, 222, 338, 355;captured, 222

McCracken, Mary-Ann, philanthropist, 355

McDonagh, Martin, playwright, 544

McGahern, John, novelist, 496, 544

McGee, Mrs Mary, and contraception, 509

McGinley, Sean, actor, 544

McGuckian, Medbh, poet, 544

McGuinness, Frank, playwright, 543

McGuinness, Martin, 468, 559, 565, 569; asdeputy first minister, 578; andpower-sharing, 577; and DavidTrimble, 569

McKenna, Siobhan, actor, 544






610 / Index

McQuaid, John Charles, archbishop, 477,494–5, 496; and emigration, 483; andpublic meetings, 495; and TrinityCollege Dublin, 478, 495; andUniversity College Dublin, 495

Meath, county, in the Pale, 65; 1798

rebellion in, 221

Medb, queen, 6

medieval Ireland: intermarriage in, 58;settlers in, 40, 42

Melbourne, Australia, Irish in, 329

Melbourne, Lord, British politician, 270,274

Mercedes cars, in Northern Ireland, 555

mercenaries, 45, 57, 135; Irish swordsmen,125; at Smerwick, 92; in twelfth-centuryIreland, 35, 36; and see Irish abroad

Mesopotamia, part of Turkish empire, 401

Methodists, 241; in England, 254

Michelin factory, county Antrim, 491

Military Reconnaissance Force, 520

militia, Irish, 195, 197

Milner, Bishop John, 256

Ministry of all the Talents, 1807, Britishgovernment and Ireland, 256

Mitchel, John, writer and revolutionary,277, 279, 286, 287, 293, 316

Mitchell, George, and IRAdecommissioning, 564

Mitchelstown, county Cork, 359

Molyneaux, James, Ulster Unionist leader,554, 555, 563

Molyneux, William, political theorist, 151,152, 159

Monaghan militia, 210, 219

Monaghan Town, bombs in, 518

Monaghan, county, and Covenant, 374; andpartition, 374

Mona Lisa, 544

monasteries, 11–13, 20; attacked byVikings, 28; dissolution of in Ireland,82; and monastic lands, 124

monks, in early Ireland, 17; disputes overtonsure, 13; and see Gaelic Irish

Montague, John, poet, 544

Montgomery, Sir Bernard, British general,459

Moore, George, novelist, 8

Moors, in Spain, 51

Moran, D. P., polemicist, 351–2, 358, 537

Morning Post, 309

Morrison, Danny, Sinn Fein spokesman, 526

Morrison, Fynes, Tudor traveller, 81

Morrison, Van, musician, 492

Mortimer, earl of March, 59, 60

mother and child scheme, 478–80, 537;Catholic bishops’ objections to, 478;and Unionists, 486; and see Irish FreeState; Browne, Dr Noel

Mountbatten, earl, assassinated in 1979,522

Mountjoy, Lord, British general, 97

Mountmorres, Viscount, assassinated, 323

Mountnorris, Lord, charged, 109

Mowlam, Margaret ‘Mo’, Secretary of Statefor Northern Ireland, 472, 573

Muirchu, author of life of St Patrick, 10

Mulcahy, Richard, minister for defence,419, 432

Muldoon, Paul, poet, 544

Mullaghmast, massacre at, 88, 90

Mullan, Marie, actor, 544

Mullan, Peter, producer, 536

Mullingar, county Westmeath, 65

multinational companies, 539, 540; and seeCeltic Tiger

municipal corporation reform: England,271; Ireland, 271–2; and see localgovernment

Munro, Henry, and 1798 rising, 222, 338

Munro, Robert, Scottish general, 125, 126

Munster, English in, 94

Munster, plantation, 80, 91; undertakers in,94

Munster, president of, 91

Murphy, Annie, and Eamon Casey, 533

Murphy, by Samuel Beckett, 481

Murphy, Fr John, 1798 leader, 224

Murphy, Tom, playwright, 543

Murphy, William Martin, 369; and EasterRising, 391

Musgrave, Sir Richard, 226, 252, 255

Mussolini, Benito, Italian dictator, 443

Mutiny Act, Irish, 184, 188

My Fight for Irish Freedom, by Dan Breen,431

Napoleon Bonaparte, 220, 254, 261; in Irishfolklore, 258

Naseby, battle of 1645, 123, 124

Nation, 274, 278

National Assets Management Agency, 552






611 / Index

National Assistance Act, 487

National Brotherhood of St Patrick, 301

National Congress, 193

National Convention, 192

National Council of Civil Liberties, 499

National Council, of Arthur Griffith, 353

National Guard see Volunteers of 1778,National Insurance Act, 1946, 487

National Library of Ireland, 361

National Museum of Ireland, 361

national schools, 274

National University of Ireland, 366

Nationalist Convention, 1916; andpartition, 395

Nationalist Party in Northern Ireland, 489

NatWest Tower, London, IRA bomb at,561

naval intelligence, and 1916, 384, 385

Navigation Acts, 175

Ne Temere decree, 373, 374

Neave, Airey, assassinated, 521

Neilson, Samuel, United Irishman, 213

Nelson’s pillar, blown up, 494

Netherlands, revolt in, 92, 97

neutrality see Second World War;Emergency

Neville–Percy feud, 65

new departure, 319; and see Land WarNew English, 95, 106; composition, 106;

numbers, 107; and Parliament, 108;social origins, 106; weaknesses of,107–8; and Wentworth, 109

New Ireland Forum, 1983, 555; and seeHaughey, Charles J.

New Model Army, 128, 371

New Ross, county Wexford, battle at 1798,222

New Unionism, 356

Newcastle, duke of, chief minister, 150,160

Newcastle, Irish vote in, 332

Newell, Edward John, informer, 219

Newgrange, passage-tomb at, 1

Newry, county Down, 312; RUC stationbombed, 526

News of the World, 429

newssheets, in the 1640s, 125

Newtownbarry, county Wexford, battle at1798, 222, 271

Newtownbutler, county Fermanagh, battleat, 135

Nı Dhomhnaill, Nuala, poet, 544

Nicaragua, 560

Nice referendum, 2001, 551

Nicholls, George, administrator,274

NICRA see Northern Ireland Civil RightsAssociation

Nightingale, Florence, nurse, 311

Nobel Peace Prize, to John Hume and DavidTrimble, 568

Nore, naval base, 216

Normans, and invasion of England, 33; andNorth Africa, 35

North Carolina, emigrants in, 175

North Cork militia, 221

North, Lord, British prime minister, 182,185, 186, 191

Northern Bank, Belfast, robbed, 576

Northern Ireland1920–39: achievements of, 439;

beginnings, 404; and Britishgovernment, 424; and British treasury,422; and Catholic minority, 405, 439;common economic problems, north andsouth, 424; complacency ofgovernments, 436; and discrimination,437; and divisions within Unionism,437; economy of, 435–6; engineeringin, 424; and Free State, compared, 424;government of, 436; growth in Catholicpopulation, 439; and Home Rulegovernment, 436; in interwar period,434–40; and Irish civil war, 423; lack ofcontested elections, 434; militarisationof police, 423; murder rate in, 436;outdoor relief riots, 437; Parliament of,404; and partition, 437; politics ininterwar period, 419, 422, 435;primacy of constitutional question, 424;Protestants and Catholics in civilservice, 438; schools in, 435; sectariandisturbances in, 1920, 378; sectariannature of state, 438–9; sectarian riotingin, 1922, 419; and sectarian rioting,438; sectarian troubles, Derry, 1920,404; ship-building in, 424; and siegementality, 436; social welfare in, 439;spending on education in, 435; teachersin Northern Ireland, salaries paid byIrish Free State, 425; andunemployment, 424, 437






612 / Index

Northern Ireland (cont.)1939–69: American soldiers in, 460;

Churchill’s praise for Northern Ireland,465; and community relations duringthe War, 460–1; and communityrelations in 1960s, 491–2; andconscription, 458; criticism of welfarestate, 487; economic growth in,post-1945, 477, 484; female workers inwartime, 459; and German air-raids,458; Harland and Wolff, inefficienciesat during wartime, 458, 459; andhousing, 488; ministry of development,491; Northern Ireland Labour Partyboosted, 460, 465; politics in postwar,469, 484–9; and recruitment to Britisharmed forces, 458; and Second WorldWar, 457–60, 465, 486; strategicimportance, 460; and ‘swinging sixties’,492–3; unemployment benefit inNorthen Ireland, compared to Republic,487; and welfare state, 465, 485, 486,487, 488–9; see also Emergency

1969–2010: in the 1980s, 555; agriculturein, 424; and American model, 499, 501;anti-discrimination measures in, 557;and beginnings of Troubles, 469, 474,497–506; Catholics, 485, 489, 557,579; Catholic assertiveness of in 1960s,498; and Catholic middle class, 498;casualties, 519–20; causes of Troubles,506; 1970–73, 510–14; 1973–80,519–20; civil disturbances, reports,505–6; civil disturbances in, 1969, 504;and demand for civil rights in, 498;discrimination against Catholics, 498;dissident IRA shootings in, 2009, 565;economic modernisation in, 469;economy in 1990s, 469; emergence ofCatholic middle class, 498; extraditionof suspects to, 517; fair employmentlegislation in, 557; frameworkdocuments for, 1995, 564; gun-runninginto, 507, 573; jury trials, halted, 523;loyalist murder gangs in, 559; murdersin (1990–4), 520, 561; negotiations,1992–8, 561–2; and one man one vote,500; paramilitary violence, 555; patternof violence, 520–1; Police Service ofNorthern Ireland replaces RUC, 573;

power-sharing government, 468, 469,474; 2007, 516, 565, 566, 578–9;Protestants in, 579; road traffic deathsand casualties compared, 522; siegementality among Unionists, 506;support from some Labour Members ofParliament, 499; unemployment in,484; Unionist attitude towards civilrights, 499, 500; and war-weariness,561; and see Anglo-Irish Agreement;Downing Street Declaration; GoodFriday Agreement; O’Neill, Terence;Paisley, Ian; Provisional IRA; StAndrews Agreement; SunningdaleAgreement

Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association(NICRA), 500, 501

Northern Ireland Housing Trust, 1945, 487

Northern Ireland Labour Party, 489,490

Northern Star, 210, 211

Northington, Lord, lord lieutenant, 192

Norton, Caroline, artists’ model, 309

Norway, and Ireland, 31; invasion of, 457

Nugent conspiracy, 93

Nugent, Ciaran, IRA prisoner, 523

nuns, in nineteenth-century Ireland, 355

O Briain, Tadhg, 70

O Conaill, Daithı, IRA leader, 511

O Conchobair dynasty, 52

O Conchobair, Ruadhrı, 35, 37

O Domhnall, Aodh Rua, 70

O Neill, Conn, earl of Tyrone, 86

O Neill, Domhnal, 60

O Neill, Domnall, 52; and Edward Bruce,54

O Neill, dynasty, 8, 10, 24, 31, 52, 54,61, 70

O Neill, Enrı, 70, 71; women in his camp,70

O Neill, Niall (father and son), 60

O Ruairc, Tigernan, 35

O’Brien, Dr Conor Cruise, 508; andcensorship, 509

O’Brien, Edna, writer, 496, 544

O’Brien, Flann, writer, 444

O’Brien, Gay, cameraman, 501

O’Brien, John, author, 483

O’Brien, Michael, Manchester Martyr, 302






613 / Index

O’Brien, Morrogh, Lord Inchiquin, 86, 125

O’Brien, Vincent, racehorse trainer, 545

O’Brien, William, Irish parliamentarian,343, 365

O’Brien, William Smith, Young Irelander,277, 298

O’Byrne family, 61

O’Cahan family, 54

O’Callaghan, Sean, IRA informer, 570

O’Casey, Sean, playwright, 431, 481

O’Connell, Daniel, the Liberator, 8, 132,166, 209, 249, 253, 257, 263, 267,268, 270, 272, 274, 280, 293, 304,336, 345, 352, 368; and bias of judges,262; and Catholic emancipation,257–66; and Clare election, 262, 264,524; in folklore, 258; and monstermeetings, 275; and D. P. Moran, 352;and repeal, 268–70, 274, 275, 445;significance of victory, 1829, 264–6;testing the Union, 269; and the Union,235; and Waterford election, 263; andsee Young Ireland

O’Connell family of Derrynane, countyKerry, 166

O’Connell Street (officially Sackville Streetuntil 1924, but commonly calledO’Connell Street for decades beforethen); destruction of, in Easter Rising,391

O’Connor family, 56, 87, 88; massacre of,48

O’Connor, Arthur, United Irishman, 213

O’Connor, Cathal Croderg, 53

O’Connor, Frank, writer, 410, 482

O’Connor, Roderick, 203

O’Conor, Charles, Catholic writer, 168, 188

O’Devany, Bishop Cornelius, executed, 104

O’Doherty, Sir Cahir, 99

O’Donnell family (O Domhnaill), 54, 96, 98

O’Donnell, F. H., Irish parliamentarian, 317

O’Donnell, Hugh, 96, 100, 105

O’Donnell, Peadar, socialist writer, 441

O’Duffy, Eoin, 444; and de Valera, 445; asBlueshirt leader, 398; as GardaCommissioner, 440

O’Faolain, Nuala, journalist, 542

O’Faolain, Sean, writer, 410, 482

O’Farrell, Elizabeth, and Easter Rising,388

O’Gorman, Chevalier, 203

O’Hagan, Thomas, lord chancellor, 308

O’Higgins, Kevin, 420, 434; assassinated,432

O’Kelly family, 56

O’Leary, Arthur, 204

O’Mahony, John, Fenian, 300

O’Malley, Donogh, 496, 539; andexpansion of education, 497

O’Malley, Ernie, writer, 410

O’More family, 87, 88

O’Neill, Captain Terence, prime minister,490–1, 492; broadcast, 502, 503; andCatholics, 490; and his critics, 490;criticised, 494; and economicmodernisation, 491; and five-pointreform plan, 503; meeting with Lemass,492; meets Lynch, 506; opposition to,500; and proposal to drain LoughNeagh, 491; resigns, 503; visits conventschool, 491; and wartime service, 490

O’Neill, Hugh, baron of Dungannon, earl ofTyrone 2, 95, 100, 105, 117; attainder,108; and militarisation, 96; andrebellion, 97–8; (reasons for, 96–7);surrender, 97

O’Neill, Owen Roe, Irish general, 114, 125,126, 127

O’Neill, Sir Phelim, 1641 conspirator, 114,117

O’Neill, Shane, 86, 87, 95

O’Nolan, Brian (a.k.a. Myles na gGopaleen,Flann O Brian), 482

O’Reilly, Philip, 1641 rebel, 117

O’Shea, Katherine, Parnell’s lover, 343

O’Shea, Captain William, 343

Oak Boys, agrarian insurgents in countyArmagh, 190; see also agrariandisturbances, Defenders; Whiteboys

Observant Friars, 84

Observe the Sons of Ulster Marchingtowards the Somme, by FrankMcGuinness, 543

Octennial Act see Irish ParliamentOffaly, Lord see earl of KildareOfficial Irish Republican Army, origins, 511;

see also Provisional Irish RepublicanArmy

Ogle, George, Orangeman, 192, 194

oil crisis, 1974, 509; 1979, 510, 528






614 / Index

Old Age Pensions Act, 1908, 366; in IrishFree State, 433

Old English in Ireland, 82, 83, 91, 92, 94,106, 108, 124; and land, 106; andnative Irish, 122; Old English in 1641,114; of Pale, 105, 108; and plantations,88; resistance to Protestantism, 83–4;threatened with plantation, 108; andwealth, 108; and Wentworth, 110

Old Protestants, New English post-1660,130, 132, 133

Omagh, county Tyrone, Real IRA bomb in,572

One man, one vote see Northern Ireland;O’Neill, Terence

Operation Demetrius see internment, 1971

Operation Harvest see Irish RepublicanArmy

Orange Order, 192, 202, 218–19, 231, 242,312, 338, 340, 363, 490, 506, 554–6;in 1798, 226; and ‘boycott’, 320; andDrumcree, 572; and Home Rule crisis,1912, 368

Orde, Thomas, chief secretary, 193, 195–8

Ordnance Survey, 275

Organisation for Economic Cooperation andDevelopment, 537

Ormond see ButlerOulart, county Wexford, battle of, 221

Oxford, council at 1177, 38

Pacific war, 462

paganism, in early Ireland, 7–8, 28

Paine, Tom, pamphleteer, 210

Paisley, Reverend Dr Ian R. K., 468, 489,500, 502, 503, 506, 555, 564, 571,573, 574, 576; and Tony Blair, 574;and Derry march, 501; and Drumcree,563; as first minister, 578; and GoodFriday Agreement, 568, 575; and IRAceasefire, 563; and IRAdecommissioning, 564; at Leeds Castletalks, 2004, 575; and O’Neill/Lemassmeetings, 492, 497; opposes TerenceO’Neill, 497–8; and Paisleyism, 498;and Protestant working classes, 497; onsharing power with Republicans, 575,577; support for, 497; on DavidTrimble, 570; and Ulster Unionist Party,577; and Ulster workers’ strike, 518

Pale, 50; English in Ireland in, 85; Irishadvance into, 122; as Land of Peace, 65;and royal government, 92

Palladius, 3, 5; and Pelagian heresy, 3

papacy, weakness of in eighteenth century,169

Parachute Regiment, 513; attack onheadquarters, 514

parish missions, 304

parlements, French, 147

Parliament Act, 1911, 367

Parliament, in England, 123

Parliament in Ireland: medieval and earlymodern period, 50; 1460, 72; 1530s,47, 82; 1613, 108; 1635–6, 106, 110;and Cromwell, 131, 132; (1689);‘Patriot’, 135; tradition of, 47

Parliament in Ireland, eighteenth century,143–7; and army, 177; and Catholics,145; and Church of Ireland, 145;compared to other assemblies, 144,145; composition of, 83; constituencies,145; and Constitution, 82, 145;electoral system, 144; and Englishattitudes to, 155–6; fear of Catholicism,145; and foreign affairs, 146; formalsubordination, 147; and government,146; House of Commons, 144; Houseof Lords, 144; and informalsubordination, 147, 189; Irish bills toLondon, 205; and king of Ireland, 146;and legislative independence, 151, 188;and legislative subordination, 152;libertarian rhetoric, 145; management,148; and Money bill dispute, 160–1;and Octennial Act, 1768, 191;parliamentary reform, 151, 190–5, 197;Parliamentary Reform Convention,1783, 408; political culture, 145; andPoynings’ law, 135, 147–8, 152, 184,185, 188; and powers, 145; andPresbyterians, 145; pride in empire,145; qualifications for membership,145; Regency crisis, 198–9; separationof executive from Parliament, 148;sovereignty, 146; subordinate, 147;undertakers, 146, 159–62; voting,145

Parliament, nineteenth century: franchise in1830s, 267, 318; Irish Members of






615 / Index

Parliament withdraw from, 319; andIrish question, 314; Irish representationin, 254, 294; Irish vote in British cities,332; obstruction in, 317; secret ballot,1872, 318

Parnell divorce, and Catholic bishops, 343;and Irish-American newspapers343

Parnell, Anna, 325

Parnell, Charles Stewart, Irishparliamentarian, 314, 316–45;ascendancy of, 342, 350, 368, 396; atbay, 1891, 344; and Catholic church,331; and Conservative Party, 1885–6,332–3; death of, 319, 343, 353, 363;fall of, 342–4; and land question, 319;meets Davitt, 319; in prison, 325; andsee Land League; Land War; HomeRule

Parnell, Mrs Katherine see O’Shea,Katherine

Parnell, Sir John, Irish politician, 233

partition, 1920, 341, 373, 378, 395, 404,425, 514; end of, as national priority,493; to be permanent, 404; proposed,1920, 404

Party Processions Act, 312

paruchiae, monastic federations, 11;parochial system, 47

Pastorini, purported prophet, 247, 248,263

Patrick, Ireland’s patron saint, 3–11, 27, 40;cult of, 10–11; Ireland in time of, 5–8;possibility of more than one, 444; andsee St Patrick’s day

Patriot Parliament of 1689, 122

Patten report into RUC, 573

patterns, religious stations, 7, 304

payments to politicians, inquiry into,549

Payne, Fr Ivan, abuser, 534

PD see People’s DemocracyPeace Preservation Act, 1814, 250

Pearce, Sir Edward Lovett, architect,144

Pearse, Patrick, revolutionary, 16, 370, 383,385, 387, 396; and Proclamation of1916, 388; surrenders, 390

Peel, Sir Robert, prime minister, 247–8, 249,250, 251, 252, 263, 264, 267, 269,

274, 285; and Catholic bishops, 277,306; as chief secretary, 260; andIreland, 1840s, 275–7; and repeal, 275

Peelers see under police in IrelandPembroke, earl of see under StrongbowPenal Laws, 140, 141, 152, 163, 186, 188,

273; and Catholic commercial wealth,166, 167; and Catholic interest in land,166; and Catholic laity, 164; andCatholic priests, 167; and conversions,164, 167; and ‘Discoverers’, 164; andlandowning, 164; and provision ofchurch service in Gaelic, 164

Pennsylvania, emigrants in, 175

Pentonville prison, and execution ofCasement, 394

People’s Budget, 1909, 366, 367

People’s Democracy (PD), 502; and seeNorthern Ireland

Perceval, Spencer, prime minister, 260

peregrinatio, early Irish pilgrimage, 23, 25

Perrot, Sir John, Irish governor, 90

Perry, Anthony, 1798 leader, 224

Petty, William, surveyor, 127, 130

philanthropy, in nineteenth-century Ireland,355

Philip II, king of Spain, 91, 92, 97

Philipstown (Dangan), county Offaly, 88

Phineas Finn, by Anthony Trollope, 309

Phoenix Park, murders in, 342; see alsoInvincibles

Pictland, 24; see also ScotlandPike Theatre Club, 481

Pilgrimage of Grace, Tudor rebellion, 82

pilgrimage: in early Ireland, 7; in nineteenthcentury, 304; and see Catholicism,practices, and peregrinatio

Pill Lane, Dublin, destruction of mass housein, 164

pirates, in Dublin Bay, 109

Pitt, William, prime minister, 156, 193, 195,197, 212, 240, 241, 254, 255; andConstitution of 1782, 205; and Union,227, 228

plan of campaign, 359; and see landquestion

planning in Dublin, inquiry into, 549

plantation in Leix/Offaly, 87–8

plantation, Munster, 94; native Irish on,94






616 / Index

plantations, 85; attractions of, 89; andCromwell, 129; and Ireland, 89; bymassacre, 88; need for capital, 99; andOld English, 107, 110; religiouselement, 84, 90; social purpose, 89;threatened in Connacht, 108, 110

plantation of Ulster, 90, 99–103, 105–6,121–6, 296, 337, 338, 341, 491; anddeserving Irish, 100; and economy, 105;inquiries into, 103; and Londonmerchant companies, 99, 100, 101,109; and migration into Ulster, 1620s,104; military force in plantation areas,104; native Irish, 99; and native Irishreaction to plantation, 104–5; privateenterprise in Antrim and Down, 101;and Scots, 114; servitors in, 100; settlerpopulation, 88, 100, 101, 154; terms,103; undertakers in, 100, 101, 103

Playboy of the Western World, The, byJ. M. Synge, 544

Plunket, Lord, Irish lord chancellor, 258;and Catholic Relief bills, 261, 262

Plunkett, Sir Horace, improver, 361

Plunkett, James, writer, 482

Plunkett, Joseph, and Easter Rising, 383

poets, in early Ireland, 7

Poland, 265, 452

Poles, in Ireland, 546; in Millstreet, countyCork, 546

Police Service of Northern Ireland seeNorthern Ireland

police, in Ireland, 249, 251; Catholicmembers of, in nineteenth century,313

Pollock, Hugh, deputy prime minister,Northern Ireland, 438

Pollock, Joseph, reformer, 186

polygamy, in early Ireland, 7

Ponsonby family, 159

Ponsonby, Brabazon, earl of Bessborough,151

Ponsonby, John, Irish politician, 150, 151,152, 174, 194, 198, 230

Poor Law Act, Ireland, 272–3, 285; andwomen, 356

Port Laoise, county Leix see MaryboroughPortadown, Orange parade in, 1986, 558

Portland, duke of, British politician, 187,191

Portlaoise prison, 475

Portobello barracks, and Easter Rising,391

Portugal: compared to Ireland, 552; king of,172; neutrality of, 466; structuralfunds, 541

potato, cultivation of, 139–40, 247, 248,282, 284; and Europe, 282; and potatoblight in Ireland, 282

Potitus, 4

Powell, Enoch, Unionist politician, 563

Powell, Jonathan, British politician, 568,578

power-sharing see under Northern IrelandPoynings, Sir Edward, 73; and Poynings’

law, 74; and see Ireland; Parliament ineighteenth century

Presbyterians in Ireland, restrictions on, 183;and Catholics, 203; in England, 241,254

Present State of the Church of Ireland, The,by Bishop Woodward, 203

presidencies, provincial, 91

president of Ireland, office of, 448; fearsconcerning, 448; and see Constitutionof 1937

Preston, Thomas, general, 126

prince of Wales, later George IV, 198, 256;and Catholics, 259

princes of Wales see under individual kingsPrior, James, Northern Ireland Secretary of

State, 524

prison war see hunger strikesProgramme for Economic Expansion, 483

Progressive Democrats, 527

Pro-life Amendment Campaign, 530; and seeabortion

proportional representation, 420; andConstitution of 1937, 451; in NorthernIreland, 422, 423

Prosper of Aquitaine, 3

Protestant ascendancy, 132, 201, 204, 271,274; O’Connell and, 258

Protestant evangelism, post-Union, 255

Protestant reformation, 84; Protestant, andloyal, 83; Protestant services, penaltiesfor non-attendance, 108; recusant fines,108

Protestant Telegraph, 1966, 498

Protestant Volunteer Corps, 498






617 / Index

Protestants in Irish Free State, decline of in1920s, 434

Protestants: as colonists, 156, 157; andD. P. Moran, 352; and Providence,155

provincial press, 318

Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA),500, 507, 512; and Army Council, 468,511, 579; after Bloody Sunday, 514;and British army, 511; and ceasefire,1975, 520; and ceasefire, 1994, 562–3;and ceasefire, 1997, 565; and contactswith British government, 521; andelections in 1982, 526; emergence of,510; and fund-raising in USA, 560; andinformers, 521; and MI6, 521; andmilitary stalemate, 521; origins of,510–11; and political strategy, 525–6;and post-ceasefire strategy, 564; andprison war, 523, 525, 526; and RealIRA, 569; and Sunningdale, 515, 516,517; and tactics in 1970s, 521; andDavid Trimble, 570; and weaponsdecommissioning, 569, 572

provisions trade in eighteenth-centuryIreland, 175

Public Record Office of Ireland, destroyed1922, 391, 410

Public Security Act, 440

Pym, John, puritan radical, 112, 116

Quakers in England, 241

Quare Fellow, The, by Brendan Behan,481

Queen Elizabeth Bridge, Belfast, controversyover, 497

Queen Elizabeth, attack on, 521

Queen’s county, 87; and see LeixQueen’s University, Belfast, 366, 501

Quigley, Fr James, United Irishman,216

Quinn family, deaths of children, 572

Quinn, Paul, murdered, 579

Radio Teilifıs Eireann (RTE), 496;headquarters bombed, 504

railways, in Ireland, 275

Raleigh, Walter, coloniser, 89

rath see ringfortRathangan, county Meath, 225

Rathlin Island, Viking attack on, 27;massacre on, 88, 90

Rea, Stephen, actor, 544

Reagan, Ronald, United States president,560; and visit to Galway, 532; and seeIrish Republican Army

Real Irish Republican Army, 572, 579

Redesdale, Lord, lord chancellor, 251, 255

Redmond, George, Dublin city manager,investigated, 551

Redmond, John, Irish parliamentarian, 270,365, 367, 368, 374, 379, 381, 382,384, 391, 395, 396, 398, 453, 563; andEaster Rising, 395; as recruitingsergeant, 399

Redmond, William, brother of John, 396

Rees, Merlyn, Secretary of State forNorthern Ireland; and Ulster workers’strike, 518

Reformation, Henrician, 86; perceived asEnglish, 84

Regency Buck, by Georgette Heyer, 431

regional technical colleges, 539

Regium Donum, 183

Regnans in Excelsis (1570), papal bull, 83

religion in Ireland, 140; attitudes towards, inIreland and Britain, 310; Cromwell,129; evangelical in nineteenth century,311; post-Union, 247, 249; revivals,311; wakes, 304

religious houses in Ireland, 47

Remembrance Day Service, IRA bomb at,559

Remonstrance of 1317, 52, 54

republic proclaimed in 1916, 377, 388; Irishdiaspora and, 388; wording ofproclamation, 388; and see EasterRising

Republican Labour Party, 499

Republican Sinn Fein, 559

republicanism, 206

Restoration Ireland, innocent papists, 133

Restorick, Private Stephen, shot 1997, 565

Reynolds, Albert, Taoiseach, 534, 561, 565;and beef tribunal, 550

Richard II, king, 42, 43, 60, 61

Richard III, king, 71, 73

Richelieu, cardinal, 114

Richmond, duke of, lord lieutenant, 259

Rightboys see under agrarian disturbances






618 / Index

ringforts, 15

Rinuccini, Archbishop Giovanni, 122, 126,302

rising (1598), 94, 95

rising (1641), 112–21; legacy, 115;massacres, 115; as people’s rising, 115;segregation in plantation area, 104,122, 154, 168, 204, 227, 338, 340,341; sermons on, 154

rising (1798), 8, 93, 122, 298, 338;commemoration of, and D. P. Moran,352; course, 221–7; and courts martial,219; failure of, 224–5; lack ofcoordination, 93; outbreak, 220–1;sectarianism, 225–6

rising (1803), 298, 302, 386; and seeEmmet, Robert

rising (1848), 298–300; and WidowMcCormick’s cabbage patch, 298; andsee Young Ireland

rising (1867), 301–2, 386, 388; and seeFenianism

Rising, Easter 1916 see Easter RisingRiverdance, 545

Robinson, Mary, 508; elected president,542; as president, 472

Robinson, Peter, 575; as first minister, 578;and power-sharing, 577

Roche, Sir Boyle, 440

Rockingham, earl of, British politician, 187

Rockites see under agrarian disturbancesRome, 13, 18, 27; empire of, 5

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, United Statespresident, death of, 463

Roscommon, county, 110, 130

Rose Tattoo, by Tennessee Williams, shutdown, 482

Rosebery, earl of, British politician, 341

Rossa, Jeremiah O’Donovan, Fenian, 313–14

Rowan, Archibald Hamilton, UnitedIrishman, 211

Rowntree and Mackintosh, sweetmanufacturers, 442

Royal Irish Academy, 346

Royal Irish Constabulary, 401

Royal Irish Rifles, 520; and see UlsterDefence Regiment

Royal Navy, and Ireland, 314–17; andBritain, 216

Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), 438, 510,573; and IRA, 526

RTE see Radio Teilifis EireannRUC see Royal Ulster Constabularyrugby, derided, 350

rum, imported into Ireland, 175

Russell, Bertrand, philosopher, 431

Russell, T. W., Unionist 339, 363

Russell, Thomas, United Irishman, 244

Russell, W. H., Times correspondent, 311

Russia, 466; invasion of, 462; and League ofNations, 466; mobilisation for war,1914, 374

Ryan Commission report, 2009, 536; publicreaction to, 536

Ryan, James, and Catholics, 255

Ryan, Mary, portrait of, 309

Ryanair, airline, 548

Sackville Street (O’Connell Street), Dublin,victory parade along, anticipated, 375

Sackville, Lord George, chief secretary, 160,161

sacramental test, 145, 148, 152, 183; andsee Penal Laws

Sadleir, John, Irish politician, 298

Safeguarding of Employment Act, 1947, 487

St Patrick see under PatrickSt Patrick’s day, 10, 11; Irish Volunteers

exercise (1916), 385

Saintfield, county Down, in 1798, 338

Salisbury, Lord, British politician, 329, 332,333, 340, 341; in office, 336

San Giuseppi, Sebastiano de, mercenary,92

Sands, Bobby, 447, 525, 526, 527; onhunger strike,524; wins election, 524

sanitation, improvement in, 193

Saratoga, New York, battle at, 1778, 177

Sartre, Jean Paul, writer, 482

SAS see Special Air ServiceSaxons, 2

Scarman report, 505

Sceilg Mhichıl, and Vikings, 28

Schomberg, Marshal, 135

Scotland, Irish missionaries to, 22; in 1641,83, 125; and Bishops’ wars 1638, 122;and Cromwell, 126; and English CivilWar, 123, 124; and France, 101;monasteries in, 24; and Normans, 35;and opposition to Charles I, 114; royalvisits to, 43; and Ulster, 105






619 / Index

Scots-Irish, in North America, 175

Scotti, Irish raiders, 4, 5

Scottish Department of Agriculture, 456

Scottus, Sedulius, 27

script, early Irish, 18

Scullabogue, county Wexford in 1798 rising,224, 226

Scully, Denys, Catholic activist, 236, 258,261

SDLP see Social and Democratic LabourParty

secession, in United States, 269

Second World War, 1939–45 (Emergency):American entry into, 454; censorshipduring Emergency, 461–2; and deValera, 452; and diplomatic isolationafter, 465; and food for Britain, 453;impact on the two Irelands, 464, 465–7;intelligence cooperation, 455; andIreland, 377, 452–7, 461–4, 465–7,474, 475, 509; Irish civilians working inGreat Britain, 456–7; and Irisheconomy, 466; Irish female workers toGreat Britain, 459; Irish government’sattitude towards, 456; Irish labour toBritain, 453; and Irish members ofBritish armed forces, 456–7; Irish radioin wartime, 462; and IRA, 461; andIrish surpluses, 466; and neutrality,377, 442, 452, 455, 485, 486; andturf-cutting, 466; see also NorthernIreland

sermons, 304

Seven Years’ War, 1756–63, 261; and IrishCatholics, 169, 170, 172

shamrock, emblem of Ireland, 8, 11

Shanavests see under agrarian disturbancesShankill Butchers, loyalist murder gang, 519

Shannon hydroelectric scheme, 425

Shannon, Lord, Irish politician, 174, 194

Shannon, River, 27

Sharman, William, reformer, 193

Sheehy, Fr Nicholas, 200; his executionerkilled, 200

Sheehy-Skeffington, Francis, husband ofHannah, murdered, 391, 393, 396

Sheehy-Skeffington, Hannah, 355–6, 358,391; and Constitution of 1937, 450

Sheil, Richard Lalor, Catholic activist, 262

Shelburne, Lord, British politician, 175, 187

Shergar, racehorse, 545

Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, playwright, 237

Short and Harland, aircraft manufacturers,459; strikes, and see Northern Ireland

Short Brothers, aircraft manufacturers, 493

Sicily, Normans in, 35, 40

Sidney, Lord Deputy, 92

Sikhs, in An Garda Siochana, controversyover, 547

Silken Thomas see Kildare, earl ofSimnel, Lambert, impostor, 73, 74

Simpson, Alan, producer, 481; arrested,482

Sinclair, Betty, and civil rights, 501

Sinn Fein: in 1970s, 510; Ard Fheis (1998),571; broadcasting ban on, lifted, 562;after Easter Rising, 396; electoralvictory (1918), 406, 517; and GoodFriday Agreement, 567; and Irishgovernment, 555; and IRAdecommissioning, 564; in NorthernIreland, 353, 400, 468, 489, 517, 554;offices raided at Stormont, 574;organises on all-Ireland basis, 527;policy on taking seats in Dail, 559; andtalks (1998), 566; and see Adams,Gerry; Provisional IRA

Sisters of Mercy, in Crimea, 311

six counties, 482; see also Northern IrelandSixth of George I see Declaratory ActSkeffington, William ‘Gunner’, 75

Skibbereen Eagle, 25

Slane, Irish victory at 1176, 39

Slav resistance to German settlement, 51

slave-owners, compensation for, 286

Sligo, 110; and William of Orange, 134

Sloan, Thomas H., radical Unionist, 358

smallpox, outbreak of, 55

Smerwick, massacre at, 90, 92, 93

Smith, John alias ‘William Bird’, castle spy,219

Smith, Sir Thomas, coloniser, 88

Smithfield, London, burnings in, 237

Smyth, Fr Brendan, abuser, 533–4

Smyth, Lt Col. G. B., murdered, 402

soccer team, Republic of Ireland, 545

Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP),554, 568, 569; and IRAdecommissioning, 564; and rise of SinnFein, 527; set up in 1970, 510, 514






620 / Index

Society of Jesus, 83, 84; and Cromwell, 131

Soloheadbeg, county Tipperary, ambush at,401

Somme, battle of, 1916, 395

‘Song of Dermot and the earl’, 39

South Africa, and Irish Free State, 426; asmodel for Ireland, 375

south America, Irish missionaries in, 532

South Dublin Union, in Easter Rising, 387

South Korea, compared to Ireland, 552

South Staffordshire regiment, and EasterRising, 391

Spain: and Ireland, 81, 82; Irish origins in,97; Christians and Moors in, 2, 51,451; and Civil War, 378; early linkswith Ireland, 1–2; and Irish soldiers,114; Normans and, 35; sends assistancefor FitzMaurice, 92; Spanish expeditionto Ireland, 50; Spanish pilgrims toIreland, 81; and structural funds, 541

Special Air Service (SAS), 520, 555; andIRA, 526; shootings in Gibraltar, 559;shootings in Loughgall, county Armagh,559

special category status, for prisoners inNorthern Ireland, 523; and see hungerstrikes

Special Powers Act, Northern Ireland, 423,437; demand for repeal, 500

Special Relief Commission, 1840s, 285

Spender, Sir Wilfrid, civil servant, 436,439

Spenser, Edmund, poet, 93, 252

Spithead, naval base, 216

St Andrews, Scotland, talks at, 577;Agreement, 2006, 447, 568, 575–8; andsee Northern Ireland

St Benedict, rule of, 26

St Etienne, French politician, 208–9

St Germain-en-Laye, Stuart court at, 167

St Leger, Anthony, Irish governor, 86–7, 91

St Patrick’s cathedral, established, 38; tombin, 109

St Patrick’s College, Maynooth, seminary,212, 277; and Emmet’s rising, 244

St Ruth, French commander, 137

Stamp Act, 176

State of the Protestants of Ireland, byWilliam King, 154

Statute of Westminster, 1931, 426

Statutes of Kilkenny see Kilkennystaves, to Ireland, 175

Steinbeck, John, novelist, 482

Stephen, king of England, 35

Stephens, James, Fenian, 298, 300, 301

Stewart, Sir Robert, 125

Stone, Andrew, 150

Stone, Archbishop George, 150–1, 152, 158,159, 161, 173

Stormont, Northern Ireland Parliament,435; fall of, 513; Sinn Fein officesraided, 574; suspended, 514; and seeNorthern Ireland

Strafford, earl of see Thomas WentworthStrangford, county Down, 88

Strongbow, Richard Fitzgilbert, earl ofPembroke, 35–7

Stuart monarchy, and Ireland, 123; and theRegency crisis, 198; Stuart cause, endof, 145, 169

Stuart, Charles, the young Pretender, 170

Stuart, Francis, broadcaster, in Berlin, 462

student protests: in Paris, 502; in the UnitedStates, 502

Sunday Pictorial, criticises NorthernIreland’s war effort, 459

Sunday Times, and in-depth interrogationreport, 513

Sunningdale, Berkshire, 516, 554;Agreement, 514–19, 567; Assemblyelections under, 515; and Council ofIreland, 516; and Irish Department ofExternal Affairs, 516; and the IRA 567;reasons for failure, 516–17; significanceof, 518–19; (for Unionists, 519); andsee Northern Ireland

supergrass trials see prison warSupreme Court: and abortion, 531; and

contraception, 509; and homosexuality,532

surrender and regrant, 85, 86, 87

Surrey, earl of, 74

Sussex, lord deputy, 90

Swanzy, district inspector, shot dead, 402

Sweden, and death of Hitler, 463

Swift, Carolyn, producer, 481

Swift, Jonathan, satirist, 151, 152, 159, 163

Switzerland, and death of Hitler, 463

Sykes, Richard, British ambassador,assassinated, 521






621 / Index

Synge, John Millington, playwright, 347,348, 352, 544

syphilis, fear of, in Irish Free State, 430; andIrish women, 430

Taiwan, compared to Ireland, 552

Talbot family, 62

Talbot, Richard, earl of Tyrconnell, 134

tallow, exports, 141

Tan war see Irish War of IndependenceTandy, George, son of Napper Tandy, 194

Tara Hill, O’Connell meeting at, 276

Tara, county Meath, 8, 10, 37; broochfound at, 8

Taylor, Denis, snooker player, 545

Teebane, county Tyrone, murder ofProtestant workmen at, 561

Tehran, street in, named after Bobby Sands,525

Temple, Sir John, polemicist, 154, 252

Templepatrick, county Antrim, agrariantrouble in, 200

Tenant League, 1850s, 297, 298

tenant right see Ulster customtennis, derided as garrison game, 350

Terenure College, Dublin, 310

Thatcher, Margaret, prime minister, 554,555, 556, 559; and Brighton bomb,526; and the hunger strikes, 524, 525;the ‘Iron Lady’, 556; and RonaldReagan, 560; rejects New IrelandForum, 556; and rise of Sinn Fein. 527;see also Downing Street Agreement

Them, band, 492

Thirty Years’ War, and Ireland, 121

Thomond, earl of, 95

Thurles, Irish victory at 1174, 39

Thurot, Francois, lands at Carrickfergus,179

Tiger economies in Far East, 537

Times Literary Supplement, 430

Times, The, London, 237, 287, 342; on Irishneutrality, 452

Tipperary, county, 48, 57; and EasterRising, 390; Whiteboys in, 200

Tiptoft, Sir John, 72, 73

Tırechan, life of Patrick, 10

tithe, 199–201, 240, 267, 270–1; titheproctor, 200

tithe war, 270

Tod, Isabella, philanthropist, 355, 358

Toibın, Colm, novelist, 544

Toibın, Niall, actor, 544

Tone, Matilda, 354

Tone, Theobald Wolfe, revolutionary, 207,210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216–18, 224,352, 354, 516; anniversary of death of,499; and Irish involvement in Britishwars, 453; and Moran, 352

Toomebridge, county Derry, and rising in1798, 222

Tories, political group, 149

Tory democracy, 1880s, 333

Tower of London, 77

townlands in Ireland, 139

Townshend, Charles, British politician, 176

Townshend, Lord, 86, 174; and viceroyaltyin Ireland, 172–4

trade unionism, and Protestant workers, 369

transhumance see booleyingtreaty of 1921, 378, 404, 406, 408, 410; and

Catholic bishops, 410; those in favour,those opposed to, 361, 410

treaty ports, 408, 441; return of, 452, 454,541

Trevelyan, Charles, civil servant, 287

tribunals in Ireland see Republic of IrelandTrim, county Meath, castle in, 46;

O’Connell meeting at, 275

Trimble, David, Unionist leader, 563–4,574, 575; and Balcombe Street gang,572; and Tony Blair, 574; and critics inUlster Unionist Party, 570; anddevolution, 563; and Drumcree, 563,572; and fate of Brian Faulkner, 569;and Good Friday Agreement, 567; andIRA ceasefire, 562, 563; and IRAweapons decommissioning, 564, 571,575; and Nobel Peace Prize, 568; andstudy of Irish history, 569; takes officeas first minister, 573; and talks withJohn Hume, 566; talks on NorthernIreland, 566; and Ulster UnionistCouncil, 517; weakness of his position,569–70

Trimleston, Lord, Catholic peer, 172

Trinity College Dublin, 83, 346; ban onCatholics attending, 508

Trollope, Anthony, novelist, 309

Troubles see Northern Ireland






622 / Index

Troy, Archbishop Thomas, 178, 186, 234,255, 256

Tsar of Russia, 25

tuatha, small kingdoms, 15

tuberculosis, prevalence of, 478

Tullahoge, county Tyrone, O’Neillinauguration chair at, 98

turasanna, religious practices, 7

Turner, Samuel, Castle spy, 220

Tyrconnell see TalbotTyrone, county and partition, 374

Tyrone, earl of, see O’Neill, Conn, andO’Neill, Hugh

U2, 545; concert in Belfast, 568

Ua Brian see under O BriainUa Conchobair see under O ConchobairUDR see Ulster Defence RegimentUı Neill see under O NeillUlster Army Council, 517

Ulster Constitution Defence Committee, 498

Ulster Convention, 1893, 341

Ulster Covenant, 371, 374

Ulster custom, 296, 297, 307; andcompensation, 297

Ulster Defence Association, 510, 520

Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR), 510; andcollusion with loyalists, 520; andnumbers killed, 520

Ulster Division 36th, 380, 500; and seeUlster Volunteer Force

Ulster Hall, Belfast, Unionist meeting in,341

Ulster plantation see under plantation ofUlster

Ulster Protestant League, 434, 435

Ulster resistance, 557

Ulster Special Constabulary, ‘B’ Specials,419, 423, 435, 502, 510; demand fordisbandment, 435, 500

Ulster Unionist Council, 341, 363; andpartition, 395

Ulster Unionist Party: and Catholics, 499;and devolution, 554; fragmentation of,510, 514; and integration, 554; motherand child scheme, 478; overtaken byDUP, 573; and Sunningdale, 516; andsee Trimble, David; Northern Ireland

Ulster Unionists 361, 374; and Boer War,351; and British army, 337; and Easter

Rising, 388; entry into Asquith’sgovernment, 1915, 384; and theirhistory as epic, 135, 341; and HomeRule, 379, 405; and Home Rule crisis,1912, 367, 400; and Irish Unionism,336; and Liberal Party, 399; as peopleapart, 341–2; and Presbyterian farmers,337; and southern Unionism, 337;strength of, 339–40; Ulsterisation ofUnionism, 341; Unionist–nationalistrivalry, 358; and threat from otherUnionists, 423; weakness of, 338–9,340; and see Trimble, David; Paisley,Ian

Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) (1913), 372,374, 375, 407, 423; early armeddrilling, 368; and First World War,371–2, 380, 381, 395–6; andgun-running, 371; organisation, 371

Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) (1966), 498,510

Ulster Workers’ Council (UWC), 518

Ulster workers’ strike, 1974, 458, 518

Ulster, earl of, 43

undertakers, parliamentary see underIreland, Parliament in eighteenthcentury

Union flag, controversy over, 488

union, Anglo-Irish in 1650s, 128

Union, Act of, 1800, 146, 197, 227–35, 267,311, 323, 334, 345, 514; and 1798

rising, 228; in 1870, 314; and Belfast,234; and Catholics, 234–5; and Churchof Ireland, 306; and Connacht, 234;and corruption, 232, 233, 234; anddecline of Protestants, 252; and Dublin,233; and empire, 228; and IrishProtestants, 294, 311–12; and Munster,234; and nationality, 247, 249;opposition to, 230–2; as a penal law,262; and Scotland, 229; setback for1799, 232; support for, 229–30; termsof, 232

Union, Protestant opposition to 1800, 312

United Britons, radical reformers, 216

United Irish League, 326, 365

United Irishman, 352

United Irishmen, Society of, 194; andCatholics, 208–9; and Defenders, 213;and politicisation, 213; supposed legacy






623 / Index

of, 337; swearing in, 213; see alsorising, 1798

United Kingdom Permit Office in Dublin,456

United Nations Convention on HumanRights, 489

United States of America, and Britain:clerical abuse in, 536; dispute between,301; economy of, 540; and neutrality inSecond World War, 453; and NorthernIreland, 560, 565; recession in, 552,554; and southern states of, 289; and‘terrorism’, after September 2001, 574

University College Galway, later NationalUniversity of Ireland, Galway, 532

University of Ulster, IRA attack at, 521

university question, 279, 362, 366; andeducation for men, 355; post-1960,473

Ussher, James, archbishop of Armagh, 13

UVF see Ulster Volunteer ForceUWC see Ulster Workers’ Council

Vallancey, Charles, linguist, 203

Vanguard Unionist Party, 517

Vanishing Irish, The, book by John O’Brien,483, 539

Vatican Council, 494

veto, controversy, 256, 257, 258, 263

Victoria Cross, Irish award-winners, 311,456

Victoria, Queen, visits to Ireland, 309;derided as Famine Queen, 351; andVictorian values, 310

Vietnam, 401

Vikings, 27–33, 135; and Comgall, 28;impact of, 33; and intermarriage withIrish, 31, 32; memory of, 33; and trade,31; warfare and, 33

Vinegar Hill, battle of, 1798, 223

Virginia, colony, 101

virgins of Christ, 4, 6, 7

Volunteers of 1778, 179–88, 206, 210, 211,371; and ‘A Free Trade’, 181–2; inArmagh, 186; and Catholics, 202;Catholic companies, 181; Catholicrelief, 181; and Catholic threat, 181;Derry Catholics, 181; in Dundalk, 185;an independent body, 180; in Kilkenny,186; and military democracy, 180; and

paramilitary tradition, 190; in Newry,184; and parliamentary reform, 85; aProtestant body, 179, 180; as riotpolice, 179; see also Constitution of1782; and individual companies

Waiting for Godot, play by Samuel Beckett,481

Wakefield, battle of, 1460, 72

Wales, English in, 62; legal system in, 52;links to Dublin, 35; and Normans, 35,36; royal visits to, 43

Walker, William, radical Unionist, 357,363

Wall Street crash (1929), 437

Wall, Maureen, historian, 165

Walmsley, Bishop Charles, 247, 248; seealso Pastorini

Walpole, Robert, government of, 152

War of Austrian Succession, 170

war, in medieval Ireland, 47, 62; withFrance, 178, 209, 386; outbreak of,September 1939, 442; in twentiethcentury Ireland, 377–8

Warbeck, Perkin, impostor, 73

Warburton, George, magistrate, 253

Ward, Peter, murder of, 500

warfare, Irish, 40, 41, 46; and kerne, Irishfoot soldiers, 59; see also Gallowglass;Irish abroad

Warrenpoint, county Down, paratrooperskilled at, 1979, 522

Warrington, England, IRA bomb in, 561

Wars of the Roses, 71

wars of the three kingdoms, 122

Warwick, earl of, 73

Washington, George, American president,175

Waterford, Vikings in, 27; county markedout, 48; early modern, 131; election in,1826, 263; fall of 1170, 36; medieval,57; Richard II lands in, 60; Volunteersin, 179, 180

Weld, Dermot, racehorse trainer, 545

Wellesley, Sir Arthur, 250; and seeWellington, duke of

Wellesley-Pole, William, chief secretary,151, 259

Wellington, duke of, prime minister, 239,264, 381






624 / Index

Wentworth, Thomas, earl of Strafford, lorddeputy, 80, 109–11, 122, 124, 129; allyof Laud, 111; and the Graces, 110; andIrish army, 112, 114; and ‘popisharmy’, 112; his trial and execution, 112

West Britons, term of derision forAnglo-Irish, 236

West Indies, 141, 146, 236; transportationsto, 131

west of Ireland, in Irish imagination, 328

West of the Pecos, by Zane Grey, 431

West, Harry, defeated in election, 524

Westmeath, earl of, 1641 conspirator, 130

Westmorland, Lord, lord lieutenant, 206

Weston Park, talks at, 576

Wexford, Vikings in, 27; fall of 1170, 36,57; 1798 rising in, 221, 222, 226; sackof, 127; settlement patterns in, 130;strike in, 1911, 369

Wharton, earl of, lord lieutenant, 149

wheat, imported into Ireland, 175

Whelehan, Harry, Irish lawyer, 534

Whigs, political group, 149; government ofin 1830s, 270; principles of, 149

whiskey, 70, 71

Whistle in the Dark, by Tom Murphy, 543

Whitaker, T. K., civil servant, 483

Whitby, Council of, 26

Whiteboys see under agrarian disturbancesWhitworth, Lord, lord lieutentant, 246, 261

Whyte, John, academic, 495

Wickham, William, chief secretary, 245, 384

Wicklow, 65; 1798 rising in, 221

Widgery, Lord, report on Bloody Sunday,514

Wild Geese see Irish abroadWilde, Oscar, playwright, 26

Wilfrid, Bishop, 31

Willcocks, Richard, magistrate, 253

William I, king of England, 34, 35, 44

William Bird, 219; see Smith, JohnWilliam of Orange, later William III, 33, 43,

134, 135, 154, 182, 213; and hisfriends, 153

William of Windsor, justiciar, 59

Wilson, Field Marshal, Sir Henry,assassinated, 407

Wilson, Harold, prime minister, 458, 502,517; reports on Northern Ireland, 458;and Ulster workers’ strike, 518

Wilson, Thomas, report on NorthernIreland, 491

Windsor, Treaty of 1175, 37, 38

wine, imports, 141

Wogan, John, justiciar, 50

Wolfe Tone Society, 499

women and jury service, 451

women in Northern Ireland, 472

Women: in early Ireland, 6–7; as Cabinetministers, 472; in early modern Ireland,70; as emigrants, 348, 354; in Irish FreeState, 430; as teachers, 451; local, 273;in nineteenth-century Ireland, 353–6;in paid work, 353; position of, inIreland and Britain, 310; position of, in1990s, 542; in postwar Ireland, 472;as presidents of the Republic, 472;and university education, 355; andvotes, 356; votes for, 365, 369;and see Constitution of 1937

Women’s Coalition, 472, 573; and talks,1998, 566

Women’s Graduate Association, andConstitution of 1937, 450

Wood, William, speculator, 151; andWood’s halfpence, 153

Woodenbridge, county Wicklow,Redmond’s speech at, 375, 376, 454

woods in Ireland, 139

Woodward, Bishop Richard, 203

Woollen Act 1699, 151, 152, 153

workhouses, in Ireland, 272

World Cup, 1990 and Ireland, 545

World Trade Centre, attacked, 2001, 573

Wyndham, George, chief secretary, 341,358, 360, 361–3; and Land Act, 1903,326; and land purchase, 362;resignation of, 341

Wyndham, William, on union, 235

‘X’ case 531; see also abortion

Yeats, Jack Butler, artist, 309

Yeats, John Butler (father of W. B. Y.),309

Yeats, William Butler, poet, 8, 16, 309, 344,347, 348, 350, 352, 358, 362, 431,473, 536, 544; and D. P. Moran, 352;and Nobel prize, 433; and support forBlueshirts, 445






625 / Index

Yellow Ford, battle of, 1598, 97

Yelverton, Barry, Irish politician, 188

York, James duke of, 134; see alsoJames II

York, Vikings in, 31; and outbreak ofEnglish Civil War, 122

Yorkshire, bus bomb in, 517

Yorktown, Virginia, 185

Young Ireland, 275, 277, 345; andnationalism, 278; and O’Connell,279–80; and religion, 278; and quarrelwith O’Connell, 279–80






rioting at, 350 abbot, charles, irish chief secretary, 240

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