THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education

«Saint-Petersburg State Agrarian University»

Book of Full Papers

of International Scientific

XXXVI CIOSTA & CIGR Section V Conference

ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY

FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS

SAINT PETERSBURG - PUSHKIN

2015

Environmentally Friendly Agriculture and Forestry for Future Generations: Book

of Full Papers of International Scientific XXXVI CIOSTA & CIGR SECTION V

Conference, 26-28 May, 2015, Saint Petersburg, Russia: SPbSAU, 966 p.

The Book includes the full scientific papers presented at XXXVI CIOSTA &

CIGR SECTION V Conference, which cover the challenging issues of further

development of the world agricultural and forestry science and the ways to address

them.

Chief Editor V. D. Popov

Vice Chief Editor V. V. Belyakov

Editorial Board:

Efimov V.A., Selikhovkin A.V., Shirokov S.N., Ovchinnikova E.I., Maksimov

D.A., Levchenko L.V., Smelik V.A., Ruzhev V.A., Korostelev A.A., Lepp N.V.,

Shaytarova O.E., Belinskaya I.V.

© Saint Petersburg State Agrarian University, 2015

ISBN 978-5-85983-257-6

МИНИСТЕРСТВО СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА

РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение

высшего образования

«Санкт-Петербургский государственный аграрный университет»

Сборник научных трудов

Международной научной конференции

XXXVI CIOSTA & CIGR Section V Conference

ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИ ДРУЖЕСТВЕННОЕ СЕЛЬСКОЕ И ЛЕСНОЕ

ХОЗЯЙСТВО ДЛЯ БУДУЩИХ ПОКОЛЕНИЙ

САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГ - ПУШКИН

2015

Экологически дружественное сельское и лесное хозяйство для будущих

поколений: сборник научных трудов международной научной конференции

XXXVI CIOSTA CIGR V Conference- 2015 / СПбГАУ.-СПб., 2015. - 966 с.

Сборник содержит статьи участников конференции. В них рассматриваются

актуальные проблемы развития мировой аграрной и лесотехнической науки

и пути их решения.

Главный редактор В.Д.Попов

Заместитель главного редактора В.В.Беляков

Редакционная коллегия:

Ефимов В.А., Селиховкин А.В., Широков С.Н., Овчинникова Е.И.,

Максимов Д.А., Левченко Л.В., Смелик В.А., Ружьев В.А., Коростелев А.А.,

Лепп Н.В., Шайтарова О.Е., Белинская И.В.

© Санкт-Петербургский государственный аграрный университет, 2015

ISBN 978-5-85983-257-6

Environmentally friendly agriculture and forestry for future generations XXXVI CIOSTA CIGR V Conference 2015

26 – 28 May 2015 Saint Petersburg,

the Russian Federation

RFID identification and traceability of Agnello Sardo lamb

P. Barge1, P. Gay1, P. Piccarolo1, D. Ricauda Aimonino1, C. Tortia1

M. Caria2, G. Chessa2, L. Murgia2, A. Pazzona2, G. Todde2

1 Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, L.go Braccini, 2, 10095, Grugliasco (Turin) 2 Department of AGRARIA, Viale Italia, 39, 07100, Sassari, Italy

e-mail of corresponding author: cristina.tortia@unito.it

Summary

A system for radio frequency identification (RFID) for the traceability of PDO (Protected Designation of Origin) and PGI (Protected Geographical Indication) lamb meat has been proposed, working in a collaborative network in which each stakeholder contributes in collecting information through the whole supply chain. A dual band LF/UHF system for electronic identification was prototyped and tested. Future perspectives of operating in the UHF band in animal identification were analysed.

Key words: RFID, animal identification, traceability, lamb, meat

1. Introduction

The implementation of automatic identification systems for traceability during production, transformation and delivery can increase performances of food supply chain management, simplify traceability controls and labour requirements and give new opportunities for product promotion and protection against counterfeiting. The adoption of RFID technology in meat traceability is advantageous in particular when the product is characterized by a considerable economic value and is vulnerable to the counterfeiting phenomenon (origin labelled meat). As product origin is an important characteristic about which consumers need to be informed (Van Rijswijk & Frewer, 2012), the adoption of a geographical mandatory or voluntary certified traceability system and labelling can lead to a noticeable enhancement of revenues. This is particularly true for ‘Agnello Sardo’ lamb, which is a traditional PGI (European Commission, 2000 and 2001) product of Sardinia (IT) region protected and promoted by local institutions, the Consortium for PGI Agnello di Sardegna. The consortium performs brand protection, valorisation, promotion, development and information activities concerning the Protected Geographical Indication of Sardinian lamb and is looking for the improvement of the product certification by reaching complete traceability of the product along the whole production chain until the consumer, from the stable to the slaughterhouse including portioning phase. An innovative system for identification and traceability of sardinian lambs and their meat based on RFID technologies is presented in this paper.

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Environmentally friendly agriculture and forestry for future generations XXXVI CIOSTA CIGR V Conference 2015

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2. Backgrounds

2.1 Sardinian lamb meat supply chain

In Mediterranean countries sheep and goat farming is more oriented to dairy production, while ovine meat derives traditionally from milk-fed lambs or young fattened lambs (e.g. Italy, Greece, Portugal) (Boyazoglu and Morand-Fehrb, 2001). In Italy, about 45% of the total national sheep population is concentrated in the Sardinia region. Sheep dairy industry is a significant economical sector in this island which counts approximately 3.1 million sheep and 12,630 farms (ISTAT, 2011) that breed and raise ewes principally for the milk used in typical (PDO) cheese productions. Livestock systems are typically based on extensive farming of local sheep breeds, with predominant use of natural grazing and lambing concentrated in late autumn and springtime. Suckling lambs are traditionally slaughtered at the age of 25-30 days and a body weight of 8-11 kg (De Rancourt et al., 2006 ; Nudda et al., 2013). The Protected Geographic Indication (PGI) “Agnello di Sardegna” (approved by CE Reg. N° 138/01, European Commission, 2001) applies to lambs born and reared in Sardinia, obtained from sheep of the Sarda breed or first generation crosses with highly specialised meat breeds. Livestock farms and slaughterhouses that want to join the certification system have to be registered in the Regional PGI Registry. At present 4252 farms (about 35% of total) and 36 slaughterhouses have enrolled in the system, and the lambs certified in 2014 resulted approximately 545,000. Since 2010 the trend has been a steady increase in farm’s enrolment to the PGI system, surely fostered by the economic incentive of 10 € per head certified and marketed. The certification system is managed by the Regional Control Authority (AGRIS) that certifies and monitors all the PGI products, while the Consortium of protection supervises the production and marketing of lambs, as well as the utilization of typical origin marks. Traceability of the “Agnello di Sardegna” supply chain is currently based on batch level, as the legislation in force do not require individual identification when the animals are slaughtered within 12 months age. At breeding farms, each lamb shall be tagged, by the age of 20 days, using a green plastic ear tag where the farm identification code and a PGI progressive number are printed (Fig. 1). At the delivery to the abattoirs, data about the farm and the lot of lambs are recorded in a transport paper document that is delivered to the Veterinary Authority and to the destination slaughterhouse. Starting from this point the documentation throughout the production chain does not allow to retrace the origin of each single lamb because the collective transport of lots coming from different farms. At the slaughterhouse the traceable unit is represented by the transport batch, recording the total number of animal and the number of each different herd present in the batch. After the processing it is unfeasible to uniquely identify the origin of the meat. The use of electronic identification of slaughter lambs (as it is in force in England) is crucial for the implementation of a full traceability program within the PGI “Agnello di Sardegna”. This solution need to be coupled to means for keeping the carcase identity through the slaughtering/packing process so that consumers can trace-back to the live animal and to the premise of animal’s birth.

Fig. 1 – Conventional ear tags for the identification of PGI lambs.

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Environmentally friendly agriculture and forestry for future generations XXXVI CIOSTA CIGR V Conference 2015

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the Russian Federation

2.2 Electronic identification of lambs: code structure

Animal of ovine and caprine species electronic identification is regulated by the European Commission Regulation (EC) No 21/2004 (European Commission, 2004) and further modifications. Following this Regulation, the radiofrequency devices should be LF and ISO 11784/11785 standard respondent (International Organization for Standardization, 1996 a and b). For lambs slaughtered before the age of 12 months and not intended for intra-Community trade or export to third countries (in the following named “slaughter lambs”) the regulation introduced a simplified identification method by an ear-tag were two-letter country code and the identification code of the holding of birth is reported. The registers and transport documents identify the animals in lots. Recently, some European Countries like France (République Française, 2005) and the United Kingdom (England 2009 and 2014) have mandated the single animal identification of slaughter lambs in 2015 or 2016. Different options of coding were introduced by each country member. The single animal identification allows increasing the traceability detail level enhancing food safety. Nevertheless, the lot of sale is traditionally used in markets and abattoirs as the reference unit for lambs as well as for other animal species (e.g. pigs). At present, passive and read-only, low frequency (134 kHz) transponders compliant to ISO 11784 and ISO 11785 are allowed for animal identification. The ISO 11784 is based on the transmission of a 64-bit code. At European level the code that is nowadays allowed for ovine animals identification is comprehensive of the 4 digit National code respondent to ISO 3166, followed by a unique number determined by the national ovine database of each member state contained in the last 38 bit of the animal code. In Italy the national ovine individual official code contains, in the first three digits, the code of the Province that in Italy is a district comprehensive of different towns and villages. The individual code is reported in the following nine digits code. Then, the reading of the Italian code allows immediately tracing the territory of origin without accessing a database but, to know the holding of birth, the national database has to be accessed. In France the electronic code for animal identification is composed by the ISO 3166 code followed by a six number code, which is univocally attributed to a single farm. The French government, through the EdE (Etablissement départemental de l’Élevage) has divided the Country following a criterion that takes it account, beside to the geographical location, also the number and the size of herds in the different districts. A table links the farm with the geographical correct zone. The six following digits are reserved for the numbering of the single lamb. Analogously, in the UK the flock/herd mark is composed by six digits number followed by an individual ID number composed by a 5 digits code. Both in France as well as in the UK the farm of origin of the animal is then immediately traced without an internet connection both on lot as well as individual basis. The availability of the birth farm code could simplify traceability systems for Agnello Sardo as it links immediately the animal to the farm certified by the Consortium.

2.3 Technical aspects in LF and UHF implementation in meat supply chain traceability

The choice of a RFID system in any supply chain depends on the nature and the number of the living/nonliving item to be identified, the physical constraints due to the environment (e.g. metal or water presence, dirtiness), the needs of dynamic or static reading and other parameters, which can affect the precision in detection. Apart of the type of hardware and software requirements, the choice of the frequency band is crucial. Limits and advantages of the main frequency bands for each supply chain node in the lamb meat supply chain are here discussed. The level of aggregation in RFID based traceability systems is a point of discussion by many authors and supply chain stakeholders (Donnelly et al., 2009). At determined stage of the supply chain, the identification of single items can be difficult or not affordable from an economic point of view, while for other purpose the traceable unit should be the single item. LF systems are

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Environmentally friendly agriculture and forestry for future generations XXXVI CIOSTA CIGR V Conference 2015

26 – 28 May 2015 Saint Petersburg,

the Russian Federation

nowadays very helpful and precise for the single head identification of cattle both on-farm as well as in slaughterhouse. As reported in the above chapter, animal mandatory Electronic Identification (EID) is world wide based on LF 134 kHz frequency band. ISO standards 11784 and 11785 compliant technology is nowadays recognized to be successful with a high reading precision on single animal identification at short reading distance both in static as well as in dynamic conditions. Nevertheless, in the case of dynamic identification of little animals as piglets or lambs, tag-to-tag collision, short reading distance and low reading rate strongly reduce the reading efficiency (Escobar Fonseca, J., 2008). In farm facilities, the actual routine operation at lamb selling consists in counting the animals, eventually selecting visually the heads on the basis of lamb weight and registering the whole lot without individual identification. Information is referred to the lot. At this supply chain node, the LF single identification could increase strongly the time employed for loading. The simultaneous identification in dynamic conditions requires the adoption of anti-collision algorithms, which involve multiple interrogation rounds and are more efficient only by higher data transfer rate. At this purpose some authors have envisaged for pig identification the use of systems operating in High Frequency band (13.56 MHz) (Maselyne et al., 2014). Ultra High Frequency (UHF) (860-960 MHz) is recognized as the best frequency band for multiple items identification at high distance in logistics and it has already been deployed in other industrial contexts. As sheep and lambs usually move in groups, if technical limitations will be overcome, UHF systems could be used to detect herd movements. The lamb lot identification could be very easy in loading lambs at transport and an electronic transport document could be generated, dispatched to the abattoir and registered in traceability databases. The authentication of origin of Agnello Sardo could be then registered directly on farm, where, by rules of the consortium of brand protection agreement, only certified lamb can be fattened. In abattoirs, registering the animal lot entering in the plant is requested to create a new slaughter-lot where PGI/not-PGI lambs are distinguished while they are progressively moved through gates toward the stunning zone. After stunning, the new traceable unit is the single lamb, as it will become the selling unit. As in the slaughtering chain the ear is detached the options for carcase traceability is attaching another tag to the meat or hook of the slaughtering line or to applying a first-in first-out queue to determine the exact sequence of stunned animals in the slaughtering plant. The traceability of cut meat is the most critical point as usually meat carcases are split in several off-cuts and the insertion of an identifier is very difficult and dangerous, unless the meat is immediately packed. In the case of protected meat lamb of Agnello Sardo, the problem is solved quite easily as the carcase, which weighs approximately 6/7 kg is sold as a whole or in two halves. The lot data collected through the breeding and transport phases are then linked to be transmitted together with the processing data of single animal for quality certification (weight, carcase quality, etc.) and labelling. In the case of carcase identification along the slaughtering chain another RFID transponder can be used. Information linked to the animal EID can be shared on databases, which could be even geographically distributed and accessed as a collaborative network in real time to share information of different type (mandatory, voluntary, processing parameters, costs) till the consumer. 3. Materials and methods RFID systems operating both in LF as well as UHF frequency band were tested for animal identification. A dual band LF/UHF tag prototype for lamb identification was constructed and tested. A preliminary laboratory technical analysis to assess reading volume and efficiency at both frequencies was conducted. The feasibility of an on-farm and slaughterhouse automatic identification systems was examined. The dual band RFID ear tag was constructed with a LF (134 kHz) combined with a UHF (865 - 868 MHz) EPC Generation 2 Monza 4 embedded tag. LF reading system was composed by a panel antenna (650x850 mm) controlled by its control unit (Edit-ID, Auckland, New Zealand), ISO 11784/11785 compliant.

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Environmentally friendly agriculture and forestry for future generations XXXVI CIOSTA CIGR V Conference 2015

26 – 28 May 2015 Saint Petersburg,

the Russian Federation

In the UHF band, experiments were carried out using a Caen RFID R4300P standalone reader connected to a linear polarized antenna (Caen RFID, model Wantenna X007, 8 dBi gain) and a circular polarized antenna (Caen RFID, model Wantenna X005, 7 dBi gain). LF tag reading range was determined following the methodology reported in Barge et al., 2013, at different tag orientation. In UHF trials, the reader was controlled by a custom C# software, specifically developed to generate interrogations at increasing power levels, ranging from 0 up to 2000 mW with 1 mW steps (Tortia et al., 2012), until the tag is identified. At this purpose, the tag-to-reader-antenna distance was maintained constant at 1 m. The minimum RF power emitted by the reader to activate and correctly read the UHF tag (Pmin) was determined and repeated for six tags of the same type. The choice to operate at fixed distance, modulating power levels instead of measuring the reading distance was adopted on the basis of previous experience where it was observed that moving the tag away from the antenna decreased the accuracy of the measurement. The tag was mounted into a low-density polystyrene support and was maintained in parallel position with respect to the reader antenna and in correspondence to the antenna centre (Fig. 2). Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) was measured as well as is an indication of the power level being received back by the antenna. This index is expressed in arbitrary units; the higher the RSSI number, the stronger the signal.

Fig. 2: Experimental set to determine the minimum power for tag activation (Pmin) of the dual band tag.

Then, both systems were applied for the identification of a small group of lambs at one-month age. Lambs were moved through a corral where both LF and UHF RFID systems were mounted. Dynamic identification performance was registered in dynamic conditions (% of correct tag readings/tags present). Experimental trials on animals were performed at the CISRA, Università degli Studi di Torino, an experimental didactic centre at the Department of Veterinary Science.

4. Results and Discussion

The chart in figure 3 shows reading area of the considered LF ear tag in different orientations (parallel, perpendicular and radial).

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Environmentally friendly agriculture and forestry for future generations XXXVI CIOSTA CIGR V Conference 2015

26 – 28 May 2015 Saint Petersburg,

the Russian Federation

Fig. 3: Reading distance (mm) of the LF RFID ear tag in parallel, perpendicular and radial position with respect to the reader antenna. The ‘zero’ position on the x axis correspond to the reader antenna centre. Combining the shapes of the detection area relative to the different tag-antenna orientation, we identified a rectangular region, we refer as Safe Detection Area (SDA), inside which the tag is likely to be read, with an high degree of confidence (highlighted grey area). The L and H dimension of SDA are respectively equal to 810 and 492 mm. The maximum reading distance (728 mm) is obtained when the tag is in parallel configuration and in correspondence to the antenna centre. This means that in the best case the gate through which the lamb should pass for dynamic identification should be very narrow (approximately 50-60 cm). Moreover, due to the length of the reading area (approximately 1,4 m) and the lamb dimensions, more than one tag could be present in the reading area and null detection could occur. To solve this problem, panel size could be reduced especially for panel width, reducing the size of L , but also the length of H will decrease reducing the detection area and obliging to reduce the width of the passage for lambs. By the UHF systems considered, the reading zone could be modulated varying the TPO (Transmission Power Output) emitted by the reader. The minimum power to activate and correctly read the dual band tag (Pmin , mW) in the UHF frequency band is reported in table 1. Values are listed for each of the six copies of the same prototype. RSSI values are listed as well. Measurement are reported both for circular and linear polarization antennas. Table 1: Pmin and RSSI value of 6 copies of the dual band RFID ear tag prototype. Measurement were made at 1 m fixed tag-to-reader-antenna distance.

Tag # Circular polarization antenna Linear polarization antenna Pmin (mW) RSSI Pmin (mW) RSSI

1 301 27 125 94 2 281 26 102 89 3 243 9 70 65 4 301 10 152 70 5 278 5 79 54 6 300 26 134 83

Mean (st. dev) 284 (20,7) 17 (9,3) 110 (29,4) 76 (14,0) At equal TPO emitted by the reader, the field strength radiating by the two antenna are different as they have a different gain and, consequently, Pmin mean value are higher for circular polarization antenna (284 mW) than linear polarization antenna. Nevertheless value are low if it is considered

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Environmentally friendly agriculture and forestry for future generations XXXVI CIOSTA CIGR V Conference 2015

26 – 28 May 2015 Saint Petersburg,

the Russian Federation

that normally this systems work at 2 W power level. RSSI mean value is lower for circular polarization than for linear polarization antenna. The power needed to correctly read the tag, considered that the employed inlay is of reduced size as inserted in a lamb ear-tag, is appropriate to be implemented in a livestock detection gate for lamb, considered that RF power emitted is highly above admitted power levels. Even if in the case of circular polarization antenna a higher power level has to be employed, better results could be achieved in reading success, as tags on lamb are randomly oriented. Reading rate reduction due to the contact of the inlay with the gum of the ear-tag was negligible. The internal variability in the group of copies of the same prototype was acceptable, considering it has not been optimized for construction and industrialized. The results in term of correct readings on the lamb group by UHF systems were encouraging and an optimal gate configuration was determined assembling couples of antennas.

5. Conclusions

The proposed traceability system provides all the ovine and caprine meat production chain stakeholders with a new and efficient tool for information sharing and transparency improvement together with European, national and regional regulations. The system operates in the perspective of a collaborative network in which each stakeholder transmits and receives the information concerning the production flow. Investments will involve all the production chain, but the system will improve the efficiency in data collection, recording and management, leading to savings of labour times and costs. At farm level, direct costs for electronic identifiers are expected to reduce as the number of tagged lambs increases. Also at the abattoirs, per-head investment costs for readers, computers and software are inversely related to the processing capacity. A differentiation of the sale price when marketing a reliable traced product is crucial to promote the widespread use of these systems. 6. Acknowledgements The authors thank Giovanni Perona, director of CISRA (Università degli Studi di Torino), who make his expertise available for the experimentation together with his staff and students who participated and contributed actively to the experimental activity on lambs. This research has been funded by Regione Autonoma Sardegna (Italy), Mis. 124, PSR 2007-2013, project: C.H.IR.C.A. (acronym), “Definizione di un Sistema Innovativo per l'Identificazione e la Rintracciabilità delle Carni di Agnello Sardo" (title).

7. References

Barge P., Gay P., Merlino V., Tortia C., 2013. - RFID technologies for livestock management and meat supply chain traceability, Canadian Journal of Animal Science, [93], 23-33. Doi: 10.4141/CJAS2012-029. Boyazoglu J., Morand-Fehr P. 2001. Mediterranean dairy sheep and goat products and their quality A critical review. Small Ruminant Research 40:1-11 De Rancourt M., Fois N., Lavin M.P., E. Tchakerian E., Vallerand F., 2006. Mediterranean sheep and goats production: An uncertain future. Small Ruminant Research 62:167–179 Donnelly, K. A., Karlsen K. M., Olsen P. (2009) The importance of transformations for traceability – A case study of lamb and lamb products. Meat science, 83, 68–73. England – 2009 - The sheep and goats (records, identification and movement order, Statutory instruments. Animals, England, Animal health, 3219, 2009, 2/12/2009.

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the Russian Federation

England - 2014 -The Sheep and Goats (Records, Identification and Movement) (England) (Amendment) Order 2014. Animals, England, Animal health, 331, 2014, 13/2/2014. Escobar Fonseca J., Gay P., Piccarolo P., Ricauda Aimonino D., Tortia C. (2008). Information technology for meat supply chain traceability. International Conference “Innovation Technology to Empower Safety, Health and Welfare in Agriculture and Agro-food Systems”, Ragusa, 15-17 September. European Commission (2001): Regulation (EC) No 138/2001 of 24 January 2001 supplementing the Annex to Regulation (EC) No 2400/96 on the entry of certain names in the "Register of protected designations of origin and protected geographical indications" provided for in Council Regulation (EEC) No 2081/92 on the protection of geographical indications and designations of origin for agricultural products and foodstuffs. Official Journal of European Committee L23/17, 25/1/2001. European Commission - 2004 - Regulation (EC) No 21/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council 17 December establishing a system for the identification and registration of ovine and caprine animals and amending Regulation (EC) No 1782/2003 and Directives 92/102/EEC and 64/432/EEC. Hammer, N., Adrion, F., Jezierny, D., Gallmann, E., Jungbluth, T. (2015). Methodology of a dynamic test bench to test ultra-high-frequency transponder ear tags in motion Computers and electronics in agriculture, 113, 81-92 International Organization for Standardization - ISO Standard 3166-1: Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions. Part 1 Country codes. International Organization for Standardization – 1996a - ISO Standard 11785:1996: Radio frequency identification of animals – Technical concept. International Organization for Standardization – 1996b - ISO Standard 11784:1996 Radio frequency identification of animals – Code structure. ISTAT, 2011. 6° Censimento generale dell’agricoltura: dati provvisori. Available at website http://censimentoagricoltura.istat.it/index.php?id=73 Maselyne, J., Saeys, W., De Ketelaere, B., Mertens K., Vangeyte J., Hessel E.F., Millet S., Van Nuffel, A. (2014) Validation of a High Frequency Radio Frequency Identification (HF RFID) system for registering feeding patterns of growing-finishing pigs. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 102 , 10–18 Nudda A., 2013. Influence of Outdoor and Indoor Rearing System of Suckling Lambs on Fatty Acid Profile and Lipid Oxidation of Raw and Cooked Meat. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 12(4) République Française – Ministère de l’Agriculture et de la pêche – 2005 - Arrêté du 19 décembre 2005 relatif à l’identification des animaux des espèces ovine et caprine, Journal Officiel del la République Française RF n°299 du 24 décembre 2005 pag 19937, texte n° 62, modified in 2014, accessible at http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=CEFF5F765B4ACA13E6669FA4C7DCB218.tpdjo08v_2?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000633936&dateTexte=20141229. Tortia C., Barge P., Gay P., Merlino V., Serale S., Gandini C. (2012) Key technological factors for successful RFID systems application in food supply chain management. Proceedings of the International Conference of Agricultural Engineering - CIGR Ageng, Valencia, 8-12/7/2012 Geyseco

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van Rijswijk W., Frewer L.J., Menozzi D., Faioli G. , 2008. Consumer perceptions of traceability: A cross-national comparison of the associated benefits. Food Quality and Preference, [19], 452–464. doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2008.02.001

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