report - cbei - penn state
TRANSCRIPT
REPORT
Funded by U.S. DOE CBEI REPORT
Title: Building 661 Integrated Design Process Report - Early Lessons Learned
Report Date: January 2013
Report Author(s): Leslie Billhymer
CBEI was referred to as the Energy Efficiency Buildings HUB at the time this report was developed.
REPORT
Funded by U.S. DOE CBEI REPORT i | P a g e
Report Abstract CBEI performed a major retrofit of their headquarters. This report provides early lessons learned from the integrated design process.
Contact Information for Lead Researcher Name: Leslie Billhymer Institution: University of Pennsylvania Email address: [email protected] Phone number: 215-218-7590
Acknowledgement This material is based upon work supported by the Consortium for Building Energy Innovation (CBEI) sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy under Award Number DE-EE0004261.
Disclaimer This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.
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Balfour Beatty Construction Manager
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Aramark Facilities Services
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Hunt Engineering
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Bryan Hanes Studio
Landscape Architect, Philadelphia, PA
Wilson Consulting Specifications
Consultant, Narbeth, PA
EMS/RADO ID Mechanical/Plumbing
Philadelphia, PA
MC Dean ID Electrical Dulles, VA
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81
FROM [sender’s name]
COPY TO [copy recipients, if any] TM-PM-07(03) C:\Users\232\Desktop\TM-PM-07 Electronic File Transfer Record (CD Comments) (2).doc
ELECTRONIC FILE TRANSFER RECORD
TO Name
[Title]
[Company] [Address Line 1]
[Address Line 2]
[City State ZIP]
V [Telephone]
F [Fax]
DATE [Date]
PROJECT NUMBER [KT Project Number] PROJECT NAME [KT Project Name]
The enclosed electronic files are provided for your convenience and use in the preparation of shop
drawings, subject to the following conditions:
1. These electronic files are not contract documents as that term is used in the Owner-Architect
agreement for the above project. No representation is made to the accuracy or completeness
of these files, and differences may exist between these files and corresponding hard-copy
contract documents. In the event of a discrepancy, the signed or sealed hard copy
construction contract documents shall govern.
2. The use or re-use of these electronic files by you or by others will be at your sole risk and
without liability to KieranTimberlake (KT). You shall indemnify and hold KT, its clients
(including Penn State), consultants and employees harmless against all damages, liabilities,
losses or expenses arising out of or relating to your use of the electronic files.
3. By your use of these electronic files, you are not relieved of your duty to fully comply with
the construction documents, including and without limitation, the need to check, confirm
and coordinate all dimensions and details, take field measurements, verify field conditions
and coordinate your work with that of other contractors for the project.
4. KT takes all reasonable precautions to ensure that electronic data stored on our computer
systems are free from corruption and viruses. However, we will not accept claims for loss or
damage arising from the copying, loading or other using of this data by other parties. We
recommend that you advise users of the data to check for corruption and/or viruses.
5. If during the course of this project you transfer these electronic files to a third party, you
shall obtain their consent to these terms and provide KT with an executed copy by the third
party of this file transfer record.
I have read the above and agree to abide by all the terms and conditions set forth therein. I
furthermore have the authority to execute this agreement on behalf of [insert recipient company
name].
________________________________________________________ _________________
Name Date
____________________________________________________________
Position
82
FROM [sender’s name]
COPY TO [copy recipients, if any]
File - C:\Users\232\Desktop\TM-PM-07 Electronic File Transfer Record (CD Comments) (2).doc
[Identify Electronic files being transferred by file name and date. Make sure that date of electronic
drawing issue by KT is indicated on the drawing file and included in the drawing].
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140
Project: GPIC Building 661 Date: Aug 31, 2012 A3 No._____ Preparer: Amanda Goolsby Collaborators: KT, CVM, BBA, Aramark, BB, A10
661 Roof Structure – Head House BACKGROUND: The team evaluated the options for the roof structure – utilize a precast concrete plank or a Structural Insulated Panel (SIP). The team had previously determined that a precast plank similar to the existing ones is available.
CURRENT CONDITION: At the time of this evaluation the team planned to replace all damaged precast planks in kind and install the required insulation at the exterior across the entire area. This plan was the intent for both the high bay roof and the head house roof.
SUMMARY OF OPTIONS:
Replace Existing Planks (damaged only)
• About 4.75” + insulation (R30), so similar to the SIP thickness
• Risks:o Installing items at roof – Lighting, sprinkler, MEP, etc. – may cause more damage
to the existing planks and create a need to replace more planks (after the initialremoval and roofing have been completed)
o Requires shoring where interior walls are removedo Existing Insulation is not reusable – removal of fully adhered insulation may
cause further damage to panels
• Concerns with using spray foam insulation:o Perlins creating condensationo Schedule concerns due to restrictions in the space when it’s being appliedo Expansion – it’s not clear if the plank turndowns could handle the lateral load
caused by the foam
• Assessment of damage to plankso Can occur once ceilings are demo’do Currently estimate damage on ~10% of plankso There’s indication water may be coming through joints
• Possible that repairs can be made to these planks in lieu of replacement due to limiteddamage and non-exposed ceilings
• Pros: Embodied Energy in planks, low first cost, damage to planks in head house appearsmuch less than that observed in the high bay area
• Cons: Spalling risk/longevity (low risk), infiltration, thermal, load factor
Install new SIPs across entire Head House
• About 8.5” thick
• R30 Panel
• R60 Panelo Use would eliminate need for perimeter heating
• Pros: Energy performance, infiltration, thermal
• Cons: First cost
Use of precast planks would mean use of two different structural systems (head house vs. high bay)
• Pros: Learning opportunity
• Cons: Repeatability
Learning
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661 Roof
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Weighting 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 2Structure
Headhouse: Replace existing plank (damaged
only) + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + - + 0 0 - 0
if cracks are visible, will need to be replaced; will require
shoring where interior walls are removed
Repair Damaged Planks - headhouse + 0 0 0 0 0 0 +
New SIP - headhouse 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 - + 0 + 0
Insulation / Air Barrier
Headhouse: add ext rigid insulation outboard of
planks
minimum target of R30 (5.5-6"). Existing insulation is not
reusable.
Headhouse: Spray foam from the interior
using spray foam from interior for wall insulation. Concern
about condensation at perlins due to break in insulation. Open
or closed cell?
Influence
Collaborative
Environments
Repeatable
Performance Cost Certainty
Time
Reliability
RECOMMENDATION:
The team determined the use of SIPs is not preferred for the head house. The decision of repair vs. replacement of the precast planks still needs to be made.
SIGNOFF (BSC members):
FOLLOW-UP:
CVM and KT to provide further feedback on preference of repair vs. replacement
Project Values
Measurement
Affect on:
Influence
Repeatable Demonstration
Learning
Collaborative Environments
Systems Integration
Cost Certainty
Time Reliability
142
Project: GPIC Building 661 Date: Aug 31, 2012 A3 No._____ Preparer: Amanda Goolsby Collaborators: KT, CVM, BBA, Aramark, BB, A10
661 Roof Structure – High Bay BACKGROUND: The team evaluated the options for the roof structure – utilize a precast concrete plank or a Structural Insulated Panel (SIP). The team had previously determined that a precast plank similar to the existing ones is available and that repairing the existing damaged planks is not preferred.
CURRENT CONDITION: At the time of this evaluation the team planned to replace all damaged precast planks in kind and install the required insulation at the exterior across the entire area. This plan was the intent for both the high bay roof and the head house roof.
SUMMARY OF OPTIONS:
Replace Existing Planks (damaged only)
• About 4.75” + insulation (R30), so similar to the SIP thickness
• Risks:o Installing items at roof – Lighting, sprinkler, MEP, etc. – may cause more damage
to the existing planks and create a need to replace more planks (after the initialremoval and roofing have been completed)
o Requires shoring where interior walls are removedo Existing Insulation is not reusable – removal of fully adhered insulation may
cause further damage to panelso Hairline cracks were observed during the Selective Demo work
• Concerns with using spray foam insulation:o Perlins creating condensationo Challenging detail - spray foam is interior at wall, exterior at roofo Schedule concerns due to restrictions in the space when it’s being appliedo Expansion – it’s not clear if the plank turndowns could handle the lateral load
caused by the foam
• Pros: Embodied Energy in planks, low first cost
• Cons: Spalling risk/longevity, infiltration, thermal, load factor
Install new SIPs across entire High Bay
• About 8.5” thick
• R30 Panel
• R60 Panelo Use would eliminate need for perimeter heating
• Pros: Energy performance, infiltration, thermal
• Cons: First costo The first cost is less of a delta (vs precast) if more than 60% of the high bay area
needs to be replaced.
Learning
Systems
Integration
661 Roof
Team
Lea
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Weighting 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 2Structure
High Bay: Replace existing plank (damaged only) 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 - 0 0 - - - if cracks are visible, will need to be replaced
New SIP - high bay 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 + + 0 + +
Perlin repair (water damaged)
Perlin replacement (water damaged) Requires planks above to be replaced
Perlin repair (fire damaged)
Perlin replacement (fire damaged) Requires planks above to be replaced
Insulation / Air Barrier
High Bay: Insulation as part of R30 SIP
High Bay: Insulation as part of R60 SIP
Influence
Collaborative
Environments
Repeatable
Performance Cost Certainty
Time
Reliability
RECOMMENDATION:
The team determined that the spalling and insulation uncertainties caused significant schedule risks. The cost savings for keeping the planks was not significant enough to offset these risks, so it was determined that SIPs would be used in the high bay area.
SIGNOFF (BSC members):
FOLLOW-UP:
BB, in conjunction with BBA, is to analyze the cost of R30 SIPs vs R60 and the price of the perimeter heating. After this pricing is assembled, the team will determine if there is cost benefit (initial and life cycle) in using R60 panels and deleting the perimeter heating.
Project Values
Measurement
Affect on:
Influence x
Repeatable Demonstration
x
Learning x
Collaborative Environments
x
Systems Integration
x
Cost Certainty x
Time Reliability
x
144
Environmental Design Consultants + Lighting Designers 45 East 20th Street, 4th Floor New York, NY 10003 T +1 (212) 254 4500 atelierten.com
Schematic Design Energy Analysis Greater Philadelphia Innovation Cluster Building 661 April 6, 2012
146
GPIC BLDG 661 SD ENERGY ANALYSIS 3
Table of Contents
Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................................................... 4
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Summary of Results .......................................................................................................................................................... 6
Recommendations and Next Steps ................................................................................................................................ 14
Appendices ..................................................................................................................................................................... 16
148
GPIC BLDG 661 SD ENERGY ANALYSIS 4
Executive Summary Atelier Ten has conducted a whole building energy analysis for Building 661 of the Greater Philadelphia Innovation Cluster (GPIC) renovation project at the Schematic Design (SD) stage. The purpose of this study is to:
- Benchmark the Proposed Design against a reference case, which is in accordance with the minimally compliant ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Appendix G building, in order to assess credits for LEED 2009 EAc1.
- Assess if design meets project goal of being 50% better than a typical comparable building (75th percentile of existing buildings using Energy Star rating system).
- Assess the effectiveness of various potential energy efficiency measures for HVAC, envelope and lighting.
Based on the current design assumptions, the results indicate that the Proposed Design performs 35% better in terms of annual energy consumption and 24% in terms of annual energy cost relative to the ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Baseline. With the addition of optional energy efficiency measures, 44% energy savings and 36% cost savings seem possible.
The Proposed Design and Potential Design would earn [#] or [#], respectively, of [#] possible LEED EA credit 1 points.
The preliminary Energy Star rating is [##], [meeting/ not meeting] the project goals.
Energy efficiency strategies currently incorporated into the Proposed Design include:
Existing windows to be replaced with double glazed low-e argon-filled units with thermally broken frames
Insulation (R-5) added to existing walls
Insulation (R-30) added to existing roof
Daylight dimming controls in perimeter spaces and high bay central space
Occupancy sensors in most spaces
Dedicated outdoor air unit
Passive chilled beams
Demand controlled ventilation for most spaces
Efficient condensing boiler and air-cooled chiller
Variable refrigerant volume system for first floor offices
Displacement ventilation
Various options and alternates were evaluated in order to test their effect on building energy performance. Based on this analysis, Atelier Ten recommends:
Add R-20 insulation to currently un-insulated walls, pending results of upcoming wall moisture and freeze/thawstudies
Increase roof insulation to R-40
Consider triple glazing
Reduce lighting power densities at least 20% below ASHRAE 90.1-2007 maximum allowed
Discuss the feasibility of naturally ventilating high bay area
Add exhaust air energy recovery (enthalpy wheels) to air handling units
Further investigation and discussion with the design team and client is required to determine the feasibility of incorporating these measures.
Detailed assumptions for the analysis, including occupancy and internal loads, envelope construction, typical use schedules, and HVAC parameters, are presented at the end of this report and should be reviewed and confirmed by the design team and client.
149
GPIC BLDG 661 SD ENERGY ANALYSIS 5
Introduction Atelier Ten conducted a Criteria Design (similar to Schematic Design) energy analysis for Building 661 of the Greater Philadelphia Innovation Cluster (GPIC), which is a 2-story building located at the Navy Yard in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The building will be undergoing a complete renovation, with a program consisting of approximately 38,000 ft2 of conditioned area including offices, research spaces, conference rooms, and symposia.
The energy model is based on the March 7, 2012 drawing set and conversations with the design team. The model includes building geometry, construction types, material properties, internal loads, and HVAC systems. Modeling assumptions for operating schedules, set points, lighting power densities, equipment power densities, and HVAC systems and efficiencies were based upon information gathered from the design team.
Atelier Ten created energy models using eQUEST v3.64 (DOE-2.2 simulation engine). These energy models allow for the comparison of relative energy use throughout the year and assist in identifying specific energy demands for heating, cooling, pumps, fans, lighting, equipment, and hot water. The first energy model, referred to as “Baseline Design”, meets the minimum requirements stipulated in Appendix G of ASHRAE 90.1-2007. The second energy model, referred to as “Proposed Design”, represents the current design. Atelier Ten created additional models to evaluate various energy efficiency measures (EEMs) and alternates considered for this project. At the Criteria Design phase, the EEMs are selected to understand the model’s sensitivity or to test items that have space and first cost implications. The scenarios for these models are described below:
- Baseline Design (ASHRAE 90.1-2007 compliant Baseline model) - Proposed Design (Current design based on SD documents and conversations with design team) - Additional Wall Insulation from R-10 through R-40 - Additional Roof Insulation from R-40 to R-50 - Replace proposed double glazing with triple glazing - Reduce lighting power densities by 10%, 20%, and 30% below ASHRAE 90.1-2007 allowed - Assume high bay space is entirely daylit - Add exhaust air energy recovery to air handling units - Use evaporatively cooled condensers for chiller and rooftop unit - Naturally ventilate high bay space - Insulate exterior of wall so mass is exposed to interior - Add thermal mass to spaces - Potential Design: Includes R-20 walls, R-40 roof, triple glazing, 20% LPD reduction, exhaust air energy recovery,
and natural ventilation for high bay space
Ground source heat pumps have not yet been modeled but will be modeled later in the Criteria Design phase.
This report begins with a summary of results and then provides discussion about the major energy drivers in the building. Next, the report discusses the results of the analysis with respect to annual energy and utility cost savings for all the measures listed above. This report concludes with recommendations, list of next steps for the design team, and an appendix with the energy model assumptions.
At this point, the design team should be made aware that the results from this analysis are preliminary and are based on many assumptions. The results will change as the design progresses and based on the information provided in the future. Details regarding assumptions used can be found in the appendix of this report.
Energy models are representations of the designed building and its future operations. Energy modeling is a design optimization tool which predicts the energy performance of a building. The results from the energy model are accurate in terms of comparative evaluations of energy optimization measures assuming that all the other assumptions remain
150
GPIC BLDG 661 SD ENERGY ANALYSIS 6
consistent. However, because energy model results rely on many assumptions about building occupancy patterns, they should not be construed as an absolute prediction of future building energy use.
Summary of Results The energy model estimates various energy uses throughout the year and identifies specific uses for heating, cooling, pumps, fans, lighting, equipment and hot water. Figure 1 summarizes these end uses in terms of annual site energy (million Btus). Based on the modeling assumptions, the Proposed Design shows an annual energy consumption savings of around 35% over an ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Appendix G compliant building.
Heating energy in the Proposed Case is significantly lower compared to the Baseline Building, primarily due to reduced heating loads from the additional wall insulation and improved glazing performance, along with chilled beam hydronic heating, efficient boiler, and demand controlled ventilation. There is a significant reduction in space cooling energy due to improved glazing and chilled beam systems, while fan energy is reduced due to the need to only supply primary ventilation air to the chilled beams and low pressure drop for the variable refrigerant flow fan coil units. Finally, daylight dimming contributes to lighting savings, as well as cooling savings due to reduced internal gains.
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Space Cool Refrigeration
Space Heat Heat Reject.
Vent. Fans Pumps & Aux.
Hot Water Misc. Equip.
Area Lights
34.5%
Annual Site Energy ConsumptionGPIC Bldg 661
Figure 1: Annual Energy Consumption Comparison
151
GPIC BLDG 661 SD ENERGY ANALYSIS 7
The Proposed Design shows an annual energy cost savings of around 24% compared to an ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Appendix G compliant building. Large natural gas savings are achieved through the heating energy reduction, and electricity savings result primarily from cooling and lighting savings. Note that the cost savings percentage (24%) is lower than the energy savings percentage (35%) since most of the energy savings are coming from lower natural gas use, which has a lower cost per unit energy cost than electricity.
$-
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Annual Utility CostGPIC Bldg 661
Figure 2: Annual Energy Cost Comparison
152
GPIC BLDG 661 SD ENERGY ANALYSIS 8
Since space heating remains the dominant energy end use for the building, different levels of wall insulation were tested. In the graph below, the heating energy use decreases significantly between by increasing from R-5 to R-20 insulation. There is a less significant decline in heating energy between R-20 and R-40. Wall insulation levels of approximately R-20 to R-30 are recommended, pending constructability issues and future freeze/thaw analysis.
Figure 3: Relationship between wall insulation and space heating. Proposed Design Case is modeled as R-5. Potential Case is modeled as R-20.
153
GPIC BLDG 661 SD ENERGY ANALYSIS 9
The energy model confirms the design team’s intuition that the building’s energy use is very sensitive to the building envelope’s infiltration rate. In this energy model, the Proposed Design Case and Baseline Case are currently both assume infiltration rate of 0.4 ACH (a very air tight building). In order to take credit for an infiltration rate reduction in the Proposed Design Case, the infiltration rate would need to be measured before and after the renovation. This test may be part of this project’s scope, and would match its research intent, but has yet to be confirmed by GPIC. It should also be noted that the modeling guidelines in ASHRAE do not provide strict guidelines for improvements in infiltration. For reference, in BBA’s load calculations, the typical building’s infiltration rate is 0.8 ACH and the speculative extremely air tight building’s infiltration rate is 0.4 ACH. The graph below shows this infiltration rate reduction would decrease the building’s energy consumption by about 20%, indicating that air tightness is a very important design consideration in this project. The project team should consider blower door tests before and after the renovation to quantify improved air tightness and take credit for it in the energy model.
Figure 4: Relationship between infiltration rate and space heating/cooling.
154
GPIC BLDG 661 SD ENERGY ANALYSIS 10
Energy efficiency measures Atelier Ten evaluated several potential energy efficiency measures and alternates for the project. Results are shown in Figures 5 through 8; the first two graphs are for envelope measures while the second two graphs are for lighting and HVAC measures.
Figure 5: Annual Energy Consumption Comparison (envelope energy efficiency measures).
Figure 6: Annual Energy Cost Comparison (envelope energy efficiency measures)
155
GPIC BLDG 661 SD ENERGY ANALYSIS 11
Figure 7: Annual Energy Consumption Comparison (Lighting/HVAC energy efficiency measures)
Figure 8: Annual Energy Cost Comparison (Lighting/HVAC energy efficiency measures)
156
GPIC BLDG 661 SD ENERGY ANALYSIS 12
Wall Insulation: Based on the results shown in Figure 3 and 5, increasing wall insulation from R-5 to R-20 shows a 3.4% energy savings, and 1.9% cost savings, which is significant. Heating energy is greatly reduced, and cooling and fan energy are somewhat reduced. Wall insulation value of R-20 to 30 is recommended taking into consideration that the energy savings beyond R-20 may or may not outweigh added first cost or constructability issues. Note this is modelled as continuous insulation. If insulation is placed between studs, a lower R-value would be achieved and savings would be reduced.
Roof Insulation: Increasing the Proposed Design’s roof from R-30 to R-40 or R-50 results in 0.7% or 1.1% reduction in energy use, mainly by reducing heating energy. These modest savings will likely not justify the additional first cost and constructability issues.
Triple Glazing: Replacing all double glazed units (including skylights) with triple glazed units increase heating and decreases cooling and fan energy, probably because of the improved SHGC. This results in a minor 0.3% decrease in energy use but notable 1.7% savings in energy cost. Other considerations should influence the glazing selection, including thermal comfort (downdrafts during winter), external shading, and glare. For example, an improved SHGC could also be achieved with an external shading device designed to block summer solar heat gain while admitting winter solar heat gain. The design team should consider that direct passive solar gain may bring glare problems. See Appendix for more info on glazing performance.
Mass Exposed: This EEM moves the wall insulation from interior to exterior to gauge the value of the thermal mass of the existing masonry wall to the intrerior. Cooling and fan energy are slightly reduced for a 0.2% energy use and 0.3% energy cost savings. Based on this analysis, this measure is not recommended, especially due to the potential historic preservation issues with insulating the exterior.
Increased Thermal Mass: This measure shows only 0.1% energy use and cost savings as currently modeld in eQUEST. The limitations in the software allow only an approximation of increased thermal mass by adding dense furniture into the space. Specifically, the model increased the furniture weight from 0.2 lbs/ft2 to 0.4. If this measure is of further interest to the team, energy savings could be tested in different softwares such as the phase change material manufacturer’s Energy Plus model, one of GPIC’s models, or a separate Atelier Ten model.
LPD Reduction: Reducing lighting power density by 20% below ASHRAE 90.1-2007 maximum levels results in a significant energy reduction, both in lighting and cooling, due to lower internal gains. This is recommended and is the current intent of the A10 lighting designers. A 30% LPD reduction is still on the table as a stretch goal.
Daylight high bay space: This EEM replaces the Proposed Design daylighting with a more aggressive daylighting case to test its potential reduction in electric lighting and cooling. In this EEM, high bay work areas are fully daylit (electric lights are scheduled to be only 10% on during daylight hours). The 0.9% energy use and 2.6% energy cost savings are significant and affirm the team’s intuition that daylight is a design driver. The team should continue efforts to design the envelope, shading, interior program layout, and electric lighting to maximize useful daylight levels and electric light dimming.
Heat Recovery: The Baseline and Proposed Design Cases do not have heat recovery, and this EEM adds enthalpy wheel heat recovery in the dedicated outside air system (DOAS) serving Area 1 and Packaged Rooftop Unit serving Area 2. This reduces heating and cooling energy while increasing fan energy. The heat recovery on the DOAS is quite effective, with 2.7% energy use and 1.8% energy cost savings, and is recommended. The heat recovery on the rooftop unit is shows only 0.3% energy use and cost savings, and is recommended as second priority, if the added first cost and space required are not prohibitive. See Appendix for heat recovery performance.
Evaporatively Cooled Condenser: Adding evaporatively cooled condensers to the air-cooled chiller serving Area 1 and packaged rooftop unit serving Area 2 results in a 0.1% energy use and 0.4% energy cost savings. Based on experience, these savings are lower than expected, perhaps because the default DOE2 software chiller is not a good fit for this project. This measure should be tested again in the next phase when specific actual chiller performance is known and modelled.
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GPIC BLDG 661 SD ENERGY ANALYSIS 13
Naturally Ventilate High Bay Space: For operating hours when outdoor air is between 55˚ F and 75˚ F drybulb temperature and less than 0.012 lbda/lb humidity ratio, windows assumed to be open and providing cooling to high bay spaces. The reduced cooling and fan energy result in overall 2.3% annual energy use and 1.8% energy cost savings. This is recommended for further discussion regarding feasibility of operable air inlet and outlet locations and control, acceptable temperature ranges, and night flushing. Potential Case: This case includes R-20 walls, R-40 roof, triple glazing, 20% LPD reduction, exhaust air energy recovery, and natural ventilation for high bay space. This shows 44% energy savings and 36% cost savings are an ambitious yet achievable goal for this project. Energy Star Target Finder Another goal of the SD energy analysis is to assess if design is 50% better than a typical comparable building (75th percentile of existing buildings using Energy Star rating system). This goal was established in the sustainability workshop with the design team and GPIC during the Conceptualization Phase in January 2012. Preliminary Energy Star building 661 Proposed Design rating is likely between 90 and 95, which exceeds the target rating of 75. The current projected rating is excellent, but should be viewed with the understanding it is built upon the current project data and could change based on future project data. The inputs for the Energy Star Target Finder include zip code, program, area, operating hours, workers, number of personal computers, air conditioning, heating, and estimated design energy. For reference, a median existing building of this type has a rating of 50. The EPA provides reference targets that are based on the energy consumption of existing buildings, as collected by the U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration's Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS). Upon completion, if the project meets or exceeds the target rating of 75, the can apply for “Designed to Earn the ENERGY STAR Certification” and then verify actual performance to earn the “Energy Star Label.” For more info on inputs and outputs for the Energy Star Target Finder, please see the Appendix.
Energy Start Target Finder Graph
GPIC Criteria Design Model
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GPIC BLDG 661 SD ENERGY ANALYSIS 14
Recommendations and Next Steps Atelier Ten recommends R-20 to R-30 walls, R-40 roof, 20% to 30% LPD reduction, exhaust air energy recovery, and natural ventilation for the high bay space be considered for inclusion in the design. Further investigation and discussion with the design team and client is required to determine the feasibility of incorporating these measures. Note that results may change as the design progresses and based on the information provided in the future.
The next steps during the current Criteria Design phase (similar to a traditional Schematic Design phase) for the GPIC building 661 are:
- Design team to review the assumptions used in the energy model (attached in the Appendix) - Design team to consider including the recommended measures in the project - Atelier Ten to model ground source heat pumps as an energy efficiency measure for building 661
Balfour Beatty to provide costs for measures requiring further evaluation such as life cycle cost analysis. Those measures will be identified in conversation with the team. During the upcoming Design & Implementation phase (similar to a traditional Design Development phase), open issues that may require more detailed analysis include:
o benchmark CO2 savingso compare triple glazing versus double glazing (possibly with external shading) in terms of first cost, annual
energy cost, replicability, thermal comfort, and glare.o desiccant dehumidification & solar thermal recharge (from UTC analysis)o phase change materials or thermal masso expanded comfort zone with natural ventilatiuono night flushingo direct/indirect evaporative cooling at DOAS and/or rooftop unito removal of perimeter radiationo evaporatively cooled condenser for chiller and rooftop unit using actual chiller equipment performance in
model
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Appendix
Appendix A: General modeling parameters Analysis Tool: eQUEST (DOE 2.2 Engine) v3.64 Weather File: DOE 2.2 TMY2 weather file for Philadelphia, PA ASHRAE Climate Zone: 4A Building Area (as simulated with DOE 2.2): appx. 38,000 gross ft² Number of Floors: 2 above grade, mezzanine Existing Renovation / New Construction: 100% / 0% Principal Heating Source: Hot Water from Condensing Boilers Principal Cooling Source: Chilled Water from Air-cooled Chiller
Three dimensional representation of energy model
Highbay Space
Headhouse
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Appendix B: Building envelope construction
Building Element Proposed Design Baseline Design
Envelope
Exterior Wall Construction
Typical Wall Construction: 8" Brick 1” Airspace 4" CMU 1” continuous rigid insulation (R-5)
Assembly U-Factor: 0.112 Btu/hr-ft2-°F (R-9)
Existing Wall Construction: 8" Brick 1” Airspace 4" CMU
Assembly U-Factor: 0.255 Btu/hr-ft2-°F (R-4)
Roof Construction Typical Roof: R-30 continuous insulation Assembly U-Factor: 0.032 Btu/hr-ft2-°F (R-31)
Existing Roof: Headhouse: R-19 batt insulation (many holes) Assembly U-Factor 0.10 Btu/hr-ft2-ºF (R-10)
Highbay: R-20 insulation above deck Assembly U-Factor 0.048 Btu/hr-ft2-ºF (R-21)
Slab-on-Grade Construction Concrete Slab-on-Grade Assembly F-Factor: 0.73 Btu/hr-ft-°F
ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Appendix G Slab-on-Grade Table 5.5-5 Unheated Slab Assembly F-Factor: 0.73 Btu/hr-ft-ºF
Window-to-Wall Ratio 21% 13%
Glazing Description Typical Glazing: Double glazed units (VE 1-2M with argon) with thermally broken aluminum frame
Existing Glazing: Double glazed units with aluminum frame
Glazing U-Factor Center-of-Glass: 0.25 Btu/hr-ft2-°F Assembly: 0.35 Btu/hr-ft2-°F
Existing Glazing: Assembly: 0.67 Btu/hr-ft2-°F
Glazing SHGC 0.37 Existing Glazing: 0.71
Glazing VLT 70% Existing Glazing: 80%
Infiltration 0.4 ACH 0.4 ACH
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GPIC BLDG 661 SD ENERGY ANALYSIS 17
Appendix C: Building occupancy, lighting power density and equipment load
Building Element Proposed Design Baseline Design
Lighting
Interior Lighting Power Density Same as Baseline Design
ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Compliant (Table 9.6.1) Offices/Labs: 1.1 W/sf Conference Rooms: 1.3 W/sf Symposium, iCon Lab: 1.4 W/sf Mechanical: 1.5 W/sf Storage: 0.8 W/sf Corridors: 0.5 W/sf
Daylighting Controls Continuous daylight dimming controls in perimeter spaces and highbay central area (50 footcandle illuminance target)
None.
Occupancy Sensors
Present in most areas, including offices, lab rooms, conference rooms, storage areas, mechanical rooms (10% LPD credit for spaces with occ sensors)
In areas required by Section 9.4.1.2 (classrooms, break rooms, conference rooms).
Exterior Lighting Power Density Same as Baseline Design ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Compliant
Equipment
Receptacle Equipment Lab rooms / Offices: 1.0 W/sf Conference Rooms: 2.0 W/sf Server: 10 W/sf
Same as Proposed Design
Occupancy
Occupant Density
Lab rooms: 100 sf/person Offices: 120 sf/person Conference areas: 30 sf/person i-Con lab: 60 people Symposium: 114 people
Same as Proposed Design
Building Schedule Normal hours: 7 a.m. – 7 p.m. Monday through Friday Same as Proposed Design
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GPIC BLDG 661 SD ENERGY ANALYSIS 18
Appendix D: Building occupancy, lighting and equipment schedules Typical schedules as percentage of design value is shown below.
Typical Use Schedule Hour Occupancy Lighting Misc. Equipment From To Weekday Weekend Weekday Weekend Weekday Weekend
12:00 AM 1:00 AM 0% 0% 5% 2% 20% 6% 1:00 AM 2:00 AM 0% 0% 5% 2% 20% 6% 2:00 AM 3:00 AM 0% 0% 5% 2% 20% 6% 3:00 AM 4:00 AM 0% 0% 5% 2% 20% 6% 4:00 AM 5:00 AM 1% 0% 8% 2% 21% 6% 5:00 AM 6:00 AM 2% 0% 29% 2% 34% 6% 6:00 AM 7:00 AM 67% 0% 73% 2% 74% 6% 7:00 AM 8:00 AM 85% 0% 87% 2% 87% 6% 8:00 AM 9:00 AM 90% 0% 90% 2% 90% 6% 9:00 AM 10:00 AM 88% 0% 90% 2% 90% 6% 10:00 AM 11:00 AM 75% 0% 90% 2% 90% 6% 11:00 AM 12:00 PM 54% 0% 90% 2% 90% 6% 12:00 PM 1:00 PM 54% 0% 90% 2% 90% 6% 1:00 PM 2:00 PM 75% 0% 90% 2% 90% 6% 2:00 PM 3:00 PM 88% 0% 90% 2% 90% 6% 3:00 PM 4:00 PM 90% 0% 90% 2% 90% 6% 4:00 PM 5:00 PM 89% 0% 89% 2% 90% 6% 5:00 PM 6:00 PM 82% 0% 86% 2% 90% 6% 6:00 PM 7:00 PM 66% 0% 76% 2% 84% 6% 7:00 PM 8:00 PM 29% 0% 48% 2% 49% 6% 8:00 PM 9:00 PM 12% 0% 30% 2% 31% 6% 9:00 PM 10:00 PM 10% 0% 16% 2% 23% 6% 10:00 PM 11:00 PM 10% 0% 10% 2% 20% 6% 11:00 PM 12:00 AM 10% 0% 6% 2% 20% 6%
Note that spaces such as the i-Con Lab and Symposium are assumed to be fully occupied two times per week.
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GPIC BLDG 661 SD ENERGY ANALYSIS 19
Appendix E: HVAC system parameters The building is served by three different system types. Spaces in the high bay area (Area 1) are served by 4-pipe passive chilled beams and a dedicated outdoor air (DOA) unit (mezzanine spaces have underfloor air distribution). Chilled water is provided by an air-cooled chiller and hot water by a condensing boiler. Most spaces in the headhouse (Area 2) are served by a packaged rooftop unit with DX cooling and gas furnace heating, with underfloor air distribution on the second floor. Offices on the first floor of the headhouse (Area 3) are served by variable refrigerant flow fan coil units with natural ventilation.
Design Conditions The chart below show interior space design conditions:
Space Heating temp °F
Cooling temp °F High RH %
Low RH %
General Areas Occupied: 70 Unoccupied: 55
Occupied: 76 Unoccupied: 80
55% 0%
Description of the Proposed Building and Baseline Building System Parameters
The chart below describes the HVAC modeling assumptions for the Proposed and Baseline Building models.
Building Element Proposed Design Baseline Design
Mechanical Systems
Primary HVAC System Type
Area 1 (high bay spaces): Dedicated outdoor air unit supplies outdoor ventilation air to meet latent loads with passive chilled beams providing sensible heating and cooling
ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Appendix G System Type 5: Packaged VAV with reheat One System per Floor
Other HVAC System Type
Area 2 (headhouse): Packaged VAV rooftop unit with DX cooling and gas furnace heating
Area 3 (headhouse offices): Variable refrigerant volume units
System Type 3: Packaged Rooftop Air conditioner Serving server room
Air Distribution Overhead Mixed for most spaces Underfloor air distribution for 2nd floor mezzanine and headhouse spaces
Overhead Mixed
Air-Side Cooling
Minimum Supply Temperature Overhead mixed: 55°F UFAD: 63°F 55°F
Cooling Source Chilled water for chilled beams and DOAS DX cooling for packaged VAV rooftop unit Same as Proposed
Supply Air Temperature Control Reset higher by 5°F under minimum cooling load conditions
Reset higher by 5°F under minimum cooling load conditions
DX Efficiency Area 2 Packaged RTU: 9.3 EER Area 3 VRF system: 3.7 COP 9.3 EER
Air-Side Heating
Maximum Supply Temperature 90°F 90°F
Heat Source
Hot Water for chilled beams and DOAS Gas furnace for packaged VAV rooftop unit
Hot Water
Zone Heating Chilled beams, VRF fan coils VAV terminal reheat
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GPIC BLDG 661 SD ENERGY ANALYSIS 20
Heating Efficiency Gas furnace: 80% VRF system: 4.1 COP 80%
Outdoor Air
Design Ventilation Rates
ASHRAE 62.1-2007 minimum rates: DOAS: 2,500 cfm Area 2 sytem: 2,600 cfm Area 3 system: Naturally ventilated
Same as Proposed Design
Air-side Economizer Cycle Area 2 system has drybulb economizer, high limit 65°F None (not required).
Heat Recovery None. None (not required).
Demand Control Ventilation Carbon dioxide sensors in most spaces modulates outdoor air based on occupancy
Symposium space
Fan Power and Flow
Fan Power AHUs: 5.0” w.g. supply, 2.5” w.g. return VRF Fan coil units: 1.0” w.g. ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Appendix G fan power
Minimum Flow Ratio
Area 1 System: Primary airflow to meet ventilation requirements
Area 2 System: 30%
0.4 cfm/sf
Water-Side Cooling
Chiller Type Air-cooled chiller N/A
Chiller Efficiency 1.0 kW/ton N/A
Chilled Water (CHW) Loop
Low temp loop: 44°F supply / 56°F return Chilled beam loop: 55°F supply / 61°F return
N/A
CHW Loop Temp Reset Parameters Reset up to 54°F based on load Same as Proposed Design
CHW Loop Configuration Variable primary flow Constant primary / variable secondary
Primary CHW Pump Speed Control Variable speed drive Variable speed drive
Water-Side Heating
Boiler Type Condensing Boiler Natural Draft Boiler
Boiler Efficiency 90% 80%
Hot Water Loop 180°F supply / 140°F return 180°F supply / 130°F return
HW Loop Temp Reset Parameters Reset down based on OA temperature Reset down based on OA temperature
HW Loop Configuration Variable primary Variable primary
Domestic Water Heating
DHW Equipment Type Natural gas Same as Proposed Design
DHW Flow 0.4 GPM Same as Proposed Design
DHW Efficiency 80% 80%
Temperature Controls 120°F distribution temperature Same as Proposed Design
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GPIC BLDG 661 SD ENERGY ANALYSIS 21
Appendix F: Utility Rates
Utility rates used in the energy model are listed below.
Electricity (PECO):$0.1108 / kWh $4.96/kW$16.41/month
Natural Gas (Philadelphia Gas Works: $1.22 / therm $18.00/month
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GPIC BLDG 661 SD ENERGY ANALYSIS 22
Appendix G: Energy efficiency measure assumptions Energy Efficiency Measure Description
Wall Insulation Sensitivity Analysis Add varying levels of continuous insulation to inside of existing walls (R-10 through R-40, note that R-5 is assumed for Proposed Design)
Roof Insulation Sensitivity Analysis Add varying levels of continuous insulation to roof (R-40 through R-50, note that R-30 is assumed for Proposed Design)
Triple Glazing Replace all double glazed units with triple glazed units (center-of-glass U-value-0.21, SHGC-0.20, VT-0.63). Includes skylights.
Lighting Power Density Reduction Reduce LPDs by 10%, 20%, and 30% below ASHRAE 90.1-2007 maximums
Daylight Entire High-Bay space Assume work areas are fully daylit (schedule electric lights to be on 10% during daylight hours)
Exhaust Air Energy Recovery Enthalpy wheel heat recovery in DOAS and Packaged Rooftop Unit serving area 2 (75% total effectiveness, 1” w.g. static pressure)
Evaporatively Cooled Condensers Air-cooled chiller and packaged rooftop unit serving Area 2 have evaporatively cooled condensers
Naturally Ventilate High Bay Space For hours when outdoor air is between 55F and 75F drybulb temperature and less than 0.012 lb/lb humidity ratio, windows assumed to be open and providing cooling to high bay spaces
Insulate Exterior of Wall Insulation is placed on the exterior of the wall, exposing the mass to the interior
Increased Thermal Mass Furniture weight in spaces increased from 2 lb/sf to 4 lb/sf
Potential Case Includes R-20 walls, R-40 roof, triple glazing, 20% LPD reduction, exhaust air energy recovery, and naturally ventilated high bay space
Atelier Ten analyst: DTD Report reviewed by: ST/WKM
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GPIC BLDG 661 SD ENERGY ANALYSIS 23
Appendix H: Energy Star Target Finder Assumptions and Results
Input Page
168
AAppendixx F: DeveloAoped DesigAnalysis R
gn & ImplReport, At
lementatioelier 10
on Phase EEnergy
170
Environmental Design Consultants + Lighting Designers
45 East 20th Street, 4th Floor New York, NY 10003 T +1 (212) 254 4500 atelierten.com
Developed Design & Implementation Phase Energy Analysis Report Greater Philadelphia Innovation Cluster Building 661
August 1, 2012
Appendix F: Developed Design & Implementation Phase Energy Analysis Report, Atelier 10
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 3
Table of Contents
Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................................................... 4
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Summary of Results .......................................................................................................................................................... 8
Energy efficiency measures ............................................................................................................................................ 10
Energy Star Target Finder ............................................................................................................................................... 12
Recommendations and Next Steps ................................................................................................................................ 13
Appendix ......................................................................................................................................................................... 14
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 4
Executive Summary Atelier Ten has conducted a whole building energy analysis for Building 661 of the Energy Efficient Buildings Hub (EEB HUB,
formerly GPIC) renovation project at the Detailed Design & Implementation (DD&I) phase. The purpose of this study is to:
- Benchmark the Proposed Design against a reference case, which is in accordance with the minimally
compliant ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Appendix G building, in order to assess credits for LEED for New Construction
2009 EAc1.
- Benchmark the Proposed Design against Pennsylvania State University’s (PSU) requirement for 30% energy
savings compared to ASHRAE 90.1-2007.
- Assess if design meets project goal of being 50% better than a typical comparable building (75th percentile of
existing buildings using Energy Star rating system).
- Assess the effectiveness of various potential energy efficiency measures for HVAC, envelope and lighting.
Based on the current design assumptions, the results indicate that the Proposed Design performs 39.8% better in terms of
annual energy consumption and 27.6% in terms of annual energy cost relative to the ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Baseline. This
meets PSU’s goal. The Proposed Design would earn 10 points of 19 possible LEED EA credit 1 points, but if the project
achieves 28% energy cost savings then 11 points would be earned. The preliminary Energy Star rating is in the range of 89-
92, meeting the project goals of 75 or higher. The Baseline model energy use intensity (EUI) is 67 kBtu/sf-year; the
Proposed Design EUI is 40 kBtu/sf-year.
Energy efficiency strategies currently incorporated into the Proposed Design include:
Existing windows to be replaced with double glazed low-e argon-filled units with thermally broken frames
Strategic location of higher performance glazing at skylights and south window
Reasonable window to wall ratio (not over-glazed)
Insulation (R-20) added to existing walls
Insulation (R-30) added to existing roof
Dedicated outdoor air unit with exhaust air energy recovery (enthalpy wheels) & desiccant dehumidification
Passive and active chilled beams
Demand controlled ventilation for most spaces
Efficient condensing boiler and heat recovery chiller
Variable refrigerant volume system for first floor offices
Under floor air delivery with displacement diffusers
Daylight dimming controls in perimeter spaces and high bay central space
Occupancy sensors in most spaces
Approx. 32 % reduction in lighting power densities (LPD)
The following options were evaluated in order to test their effect on building energy performance
Adding external shading to skylights and south windows with VE-12M glass (SHGC: 0.37)
Adding external shading to skylights and south windows with current Solarban 70XL glass (SHGC: 0.27)
Solar collectors for domestic hot water with electric heat backup
Solar collectors for domestic hot water with natural gas backup
Indirect-direct evaporative cooling at DOAS and/or rooftop units
Adding external shading showed modest annual energy savings in the range of 0.5 to 1.0%, which should be considered
alongside factors such as visual comfort, glare, and first cost. The solar hot water provides energy saving of 1.2% and
no significant energy cost saving, the main reason for which is the use of electric heat backup which is more costly than
to natural gas backup. For comparison, using natural gas backup would provide 1% more energy saving and 0.5% more
energy cost saving. Although the savings are modest, the solar hot water system may be included in the proj ect for
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 5
educational purposes. The option of having indirect-direct evaporative cooling at DOAS and rooftop unit’s shows
reduction in energy consumption by 0.8% and increase in energy cost saving by 0.5%, but it is not recommended due to
the higher maintenance effort and cost. Further investigation and discussion with the design team and client is
required to determine the feasibility of incorporating these measures.
The main changes from the Criteria Design phase model issued April 10th to this DD&I phase model are:
Overall wall construction changed from R-9 to R-20
Space temperature set points have been changed from 75˚ to 76˚ F for cooling and 72˚ to 70˚ F for heating
Window to Wall ratio reduced from 21% to 17.5%
Included higher performance glazing (Solarban 70XL) for south windows and skylight
Daylighting in high bay labs from the skylights
Desiccant dehumidification and exhaust air energy recovery added to dedicated outside air unit
Heat recovery chillers
Lighting power density reduced by 32%
Higher equipment power densities (EPD)
Changes in building occupancy, lighting and equipment schedules
Server room equipment schedule upated
The graphs below show the previous Criteria Design phase energy model results compared to the current Detailed
Design & Implementation phase results.
Fig 1 a: Criteria Design vs. Detailed Design & Implementation phase results comparison (energy consumption)
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 6
Fig 1 b: Criteria Design vs. Detailed Design & Implementation phase results comparison (energy cost)
The graphs above show the ASHRAE 90.1 baseline energy consumption has gone up slightly in the Detailed Design &
Implementation phase; this is because of the higher EPD’s considered and the addition of a 24x7 server room
equipment schedule. But in terms of percentage energy and cost savings the Detailed Design & Implementation phase
model is performing better than the Criteria Design phase model, the main contributors are:
Reduced lighting power consumption: Lower LPD’s and daylighting in highbay areas.
Much lower heating energy consumption: Better wall insulation, energy recovery wheel and heat recovery chillers.
Lower cooling energy consumption: Better wall insulation, improved glazing at skylights and south windows.
The increase in cooling temperature set point by 1˚F and the lower heating temperature set point by 2˚F.
Detailed assumptions for the analysis, including occupancy and internal loads, envelope construction, typical use
schedules, and HVAC parameters, are presented at the end of this report and should be reviewed and confirmed by the
design team and client.
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 7
Introduction Atelier Ten conducted a Detailed Design & Implementation phase energy analysis for Building 661 of the Energy Efficient
Buildings Hub, which is a 2-story building located at the Navy Yard in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The building will be
undergoing a complete renovation, with a program consisting of approximately 37,925 ft2 of conditioned area including
offices, research spaces, conference rooms, symposium and i-Con lab.
The energy model is based on the May 31, 2012 drawing set and conversations with the design team. The model includes
building geometry, construction types, material properties, internal loads, and HVAC systems. Modeling assumptions for
operating schedules, set points, lighting power densities, equipment power densities, and HVAC systems and efficiencies
were based upon information gathered from the design team. The results will change as the design progresses and as new
information is provided in the future.
Atelier Ten created the energy models using eQUEST v3.64 (DOE-2.2 simulation engine). These energy models allow for the
comparison of relative energy use throughout the year and assist in identifying specific energy demands for heating,
cooling, pumps, fans, lighting, equipment, and hot water. The first energy model, referred to as “Baseline Design”, meets
the minimum requirements stipulated in Appendix G of ASHRAE 90.1-2007. The second energy model, referred to as
“Proposed Design”, represents the current design. Atelier Ten created additional energy models to evaluate various energy
efficiency measures (EEMs) and design alternates considered for this project. At the Detailed Design & Implementation
phase, the EEMs are selected to understand the model’s sensitivity or to test items that have space and first cost
implications. The scenarios for these models are described below:
Indirect-direct evaporative cooling at DOAS and RTU’s
Decrease wall insulation from R-20 to R-13
Add external shading to skylights and south windows (with VE-12M glazing)
Add external shading to skylights and south windows (with Solarban 70XL)
Add solar hot water (with electric heat backup)
Add solar hot water (with natural gas backup)
Combined performance of all envelope improvements alone for lifecycle cost analysis
This report begins with a summary of results and then provides discussion about the major energy drivers in the building.
Next, the report discusses the results of the analysis with respect to annual energy and utility cost savings for all the
measures listed above. This report concludes with recommendations, list of next steps for the design team, and an
appendix with the energy model assumptions.
Energy models are representations of the designed building and its future operations. Energy modeling is a design
optimization tool which estimates the energy performance of a building. The results from the energy model are accurate in
terms of comparative evaluations of energy optimization measures assuming that all the other assumptions remain
consistent. However, because energy model results rely on many assumptions about building occupancy patterns, they
should not be construed as an absolute prediction of future building energy use.
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 8
Summary of Results The energy model estimates various energy uses throughout the year and identifies specific uses for heating, cooling,
pumps, fans, lighting, equipment and hot water. Figure 2 summarizes these end uses in terms of annual site energy
(million Btus). Based on the modeling assumptions, the Proposed Design shows an annual energy consumption savings
of around 39.8% over an ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Appendix G baseline building.
Heating energy in the Proposed Case is significantly lower compared to the Baseline Building, primarily due to reduced
heating loads from the additional wall and roof insulation and improved glazing performance, heat recovery chiller,
energy recovery wheel, efficient boiler, and demand controlled ventilation. There is a significant reduction in space
cooling energy due to improved glazing, improved envelope insulations, displacement ventilation and chilled beam
systems. On the other hand fan energy has gone up considerably because of higher pressure drops required for the
various air-side system components (enthalpy wheel, DX cooling coil, chilled water cooling coil, dehumidification wheel,
heating coil, reactivation coil) of the DOAS, this is in spite of the fact that the chilled beams and displacement
ventilation contribute toward lower fan power consumption. Finally, daylight dimming contributes to lighting savings, as
well as cooling savings due to reduced internal gains.
Figure 2: Annual Energy Consumption Comparison
The Proposed Design shows an annual energy cost savings of around 27.6% compared to an ASHRAE 90.1-2007
Appendix G baseline building. Large natural gas savings are achieved through the heating energy reduction, and
electricity savings result primarily from cooling and lighting savings. Note that the cost savings percentage (27.6%) is
lower than the energy savings percentage (39.8%), this occurs because most of the energy savings comes from
reduction in natural gas use, and natural gas has a much lower cost per unit energy than electricity.
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 9
Figure 3: Annual Energy Cost Comparison
The annual CO2 emission for the proposed building is 27% less as compared to the baseline, the percentage of CO 2
emission is very similar to the energy cost savings because of the lower CO2 emission rate compared to electricity.
Figure 4: Annual CO2 emission Comparison
En
erg
y C
ost
Inte
nsit
y (
$/sf-
yr)
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 10
In this energy model, the Proposed Design Case and Baseline Case are currently both assume the same infiltration rate
of 0.4 ACH (a very air tight building). In order to take credit for an infiltration rate reduction in the Proposed Design
Case, the infiltration rate would need to be measured before and after the renovation. This test may be part of this
project’s scope, and would match its research intent, but has yet to be confirmed by EEB HUB. It should also be noted
that the modeling guidelines in ASHRAE do not provide strict guidelines for modeling improvements in infiltration.
The project team should consider blower door tests before and after the renovation to quantify improved air tightness
and take credit for it in the energy model.
Energy efficiency measures Atelier Ten evaluated three potential energy efficiency measures and tested two reverse EEM’s for this phase of the
project. Results are shown in Figures 5 and 6.
Figure 5: Annual Energy Consumption Comparison (Energy efficiency measures and alternatives)
Figure 6: Annual Energy Cost Comparison (Energy efficiency measures and alternatives)
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 11
Below is a description of each energy efficiency measure shown in figure 5 and 6. Each energy efficiency measure is added
individually to the Proposed Design case, with the exception of the “All Envelope Improvements” case.
Indirect/direct evaporative cooling: Adding indirect-direct evaporative cooling to the DOAS and RTU’s reduces the cooling
energy consumption, providing 0.8% additional energy saving and 1% additional energy cost saving. Since the entire cooling
energy comes from electricity we can see a higher percentage of cost savings. Although we see good results with this
addition, having an indirect-direct evaporative cooling in the currently designed DOAS system will require increased
maintenance and cleaning so is not recommended.
Decrease total wall assembly from R-20 to R-13: Reducing the total wall assembly from R-20 to R-13 increases energy use by
0.5 % and energy cost by 0.3 %. The higher insulation value is recommended due to accumulated operational cost savings
over the long life of the building and thermal comfort benefits.
External shading on skylights and south windows (with lower performing windows): This EEM added a two foot deep overhang
to the top of the south windows, and skylight external shading as shown on the Criteria Design set. It shows 0.6% energy
savings and 0.5% energy cost savings. There is a minor reduction in cooling energy in spite of the overhangs because of the
poorer SHGC of the glazing Viracon VE 1-2M. The savings are due to reduction in heating energy.
Exterior shading on skylights and south windows (with higher performing windows): This EEM had high performing Solarban
70XL windows instead of Viracon VE 1-2M, it showed 0.4% reduction in energy consumption and 1% energy cost reduction
due to a considerable reduction in cooling energy consumption and increase in heating energy.
Note that cases with external shading show higher lighting power consumption in the energy model, although this may not be
true in operation. Typically, exterior shading allows occupants to leave the interior shades open more often, resulting in
electric lighting savings, a phenomenon which is not captured in this energy model.
Solar Hot Water: This EEM was tested with two different scenarios 1) with electric heat back-up 2) with natural gas back-up.
The electric heat back-up showed no significant energy cost reduction but about 1.2% additional energy savings. The main
reason for this is the electric heating back-up; the higher cost of electricity is off-setting the savings from utilizing solar energy
when it is available. In the second scenario we tested the same EEM with natural gas back-up and found additional 1%
reduction in energy consumption and 0.4% reduction in cost as compared to the Proposed Case. The percentage energy cost
savings is lower than energy savings because the savings is from reduction in natural gas consumption which is less
expensive than electricity. The overall savings are low because the energy cost for domestic hot water is just 1% of the total
building energy cost. This analysis shows that given the current small domestic hot water use, solar hot water is not sufficient
to earn the LEED renewable energy credit, which requires at least 1% energy cost saving from renewable energy source. SHW
may be desirable as a demonstration system.
Envelope Improvements: The EEM was requested during conversation about life cycle analysis, and quantifies the energy
savings from envelope improvements alone. In this EEM, everything is same as baseline except for the improvement to the
envelope (R-20 walls, R-30 roof and better performing glazing). It shows an energy savings of 21.3% and energy cost savings
of 14.4% as compared to the baseline. The envelope improvements contribute to over half of the Proposed Case energy
savings and energy cost savings.
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 12
Energy Star Target Finder
Another goal of the DD&I energy analysis is to assess if design is 50% better than a typical comparable building (75th
percentile of existing buildings using Energy Star rating system). This goal was established in the sustainability
workshop with the design team and EEB HUB during the Conceptualization Phase in January 2012.
Preliminary Energy Star building 661 DD phase Proposed Design rating is in the range of 89 - 92, which is far better
than the target rating of 75. The exact value is sensitive to the inputs like occupancy numbers and building operating
hours, so several scenarios were evaluated to establish a likely range.
Atelier Ten also tested the Energy Star rating for the Baseline Case energy model which, under certain occupancy
conditions met the target rating of 75. This indicates to the team that perhaps the rating target 75 is not ambitious
enough and the teams should discuss increasing the target higher benchmark score.
For reference, a median existing building of this type has a rating of 50. The EPA provides reference targets that are
based on the energy consumption of existing buildings, as collected by the U.S. Department of Energy, Energy
Information Administration's 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS).
Upon completion, if the project meets or exceeds the target rating of 75, they can apply for “Designed to Earn the
ENERGY STAR Certification” and then verify actual performance to earn the “Energy Star Label.”
Please note that the current rating is built upon the current project data and could change based on future project data.
The inputs for the Energy Star Target Finder include zip code, program, area, operating hours, workers, number of
personal computers, air conditioning, heating, and estimated design energy. For more info on inputs and outputs for
the Energy Star Target Finder, please see the Appendix.
Figure 7: Energy Star Target Finder Graph
89 92
72 78
Proposed Design
performance range
Baseline Design
performance range
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 13
Recommendations and Next Steps
Based on the results and analysis the recommendations for this project include:
1. Retain the proposed R-20 walls for the building for continued operational savings over the life of the insulation.
2. Consider visual comfort, glare, and first cost alongside the most energy savings from external shading on the
windows and skylights.
3. Consider including solar hot water as a demonstration system although it would not earn points for the LEED On-
site Renewable Energy credit.
4. Consider a blower door tests before and after the renovation to quantify improved air tightness and take credit
for it in the energy model.
In the next design phase, Atelier Ten will conduct a model to benchmark the final design. Prior to the next model iteration,
KT, BBA, and EEB HUB should discuss and record comments on this model and appendix.
Atelier Ten foresees refinements to several aspects of the model in the next phase, including:
1. Test the impact on varying the number of occupants based on seat count rather than ventilation standards.
2. There is further scope of refinement to the modeled DOAS system, this would require further discussion with the
mechanical engineers to understand the design intent and to make all envisaged savings are captured.
3. Refine or test HVAC controls.
4. Clarify with IT consultant if server room equipment consumes less energy at night when the building is unoccupied.
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 14
Appendix
Appendix A: General modeling parameters
Analysis Tool: eQUEST (DOE 2.2 Engine) v3.64
Weather File: DOE 2.2 TMY2 weather file for Philadelphia, PA
ASHRAE Climate Zone: 4A
Building Area (as simulated with DOE 2.2): appx. 37,925 gross ft²
Number of Floors: 2 above grade, mezzanine
Existing Renovation / New Construction: 100% / 0%
Principal Heating Source: Hot Water from Condensing Boilers
Principal Cooling Source: Chilled Water from Air-cooled Chiller
Three dimensional representation of the energy model
Highbay Space
Headhouse
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 15
Appendix B: Building envelope construction
Building Element Proposed Design Baseline Design
Envelope
Exterior Wall Construction
Typical Wall Construction:
8" Brick
1” Airspace
4" CMU
R-10 Spay foam insulation between 16” metal
studs
1” continuous insulation
Assembly U-Factor: 0.05 Btu/hr-ft2-°F (R-20)
Existing Wall Construction:
8" Brick
1” Airspace
4" CMU
Assembly U-Factor: 0.255 Btu/hr-ft2-°F (R-4)
Roof Construction
Typical Roof:
R-30 continuous insulation
Assembly U-Factor: 0.032 Btu/hr-ft2-°F (R-30)
Existing Roof:
Headhouse:
R-19 batt insulation (many holes)
Assembly U-Factor 0.10 Btu/hr-ft2-ºF (R-10)
Highbay:
R-20 insulation above deck
Assembly U-Factor 0.048 Btu/hr-ft2-ºF (R-21)
Slab-on-Grade Construction
Concrete Slab-on-Grade
Assembly F-Factor: 0.73 Btu/hr-ft-°F
6” concrete
ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Appendix G Slab-on-Grade
Table 5.5-5
Unheated Slab
Assembly F-Factor: 0.73 Btu/hr-ft-ºF
Window-to-Wall Ratio 17.5% 13%
Glazing Description
(windows and skylights)
Typical Glazing:
Double glazed units (VE 1-2M with argon) with
thermally broken aluminum frame for East,
West and North windows
Solarban 70XL with thermally broken aluminum
frame for South windows and skylight.
Existing Glazing:
Double glazed units with aluminum frame
Glazing U-Factor (windows
and skylights)
VE 1-2M:
Center-of-Glass: 0.25 Btu/hr-ft2-°F
Solarban 70XL:
Center-of-Glass: 0.26 Btu/hr-ft2-°F
Existing Glazing:
Assembly: 0.67 Btu/hr-ft2-°F
Glazing SHGC (windows and
skylights)
VE 1-2 M: 0.37
Solarban 70XL: 0.27
Existing Glazing: 0.71
Glazing VLT (windows and
skylights)
VE 1-2 M: 70 %
Solarban 70XL: 64 % Existing Glazing: 80%
Infiltration 0.4 ACH* 0.4 ACH*
*ACH in eQUEST are not described at a certain air pressure. eQUEST simply models a constant air change rate in the perimeter spaces.
The conditions of this air match the outdoor air properties from the climate file.
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 16
Appendix C: Building occupancy, lighting power density and equipment load
Building Element Proposed Design Baseline Design
Lighting
Interior Lighting Power Density
Offices: 0.7 W/sf
Labs: 0.8 W/sf
Conference Rooms: 1 W/sf
Symposium: 1.1 W/sf
Mechanical: 0.8 W/sf
Storage: 0.5 W/sf
Corridors: 0.5 W/sf
Restroom: 0.8 W/sf
Lobby: 1 W/sf
Lounge: 0.9 W/sf
ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Compliant (Table 9.6.1)
Offices/Labs: 1.1 W/sf
Conference Rooms: 1.3 W/sf
Symposium, iCon Lab: 1.4 W/sf
Mechanical: 1.5 W/sf
Storage: 0.8 W/sf
Corridors: 0.5 W/sf
Daylighting Controls
Continuous daylight dimming controls in
perimeter spaces and highbay central area
Illuminance target:
Office, Labs: 50 fc
Meeting rooms: 40 fc
Telepresence: 100 fc
None.
Occupancy Sensors
Present in most areas, including offices, lab
rooms, conference rooms, storage areas,
mechanical rooms (10% LPD credit for
spaces with occ. sensors)
In areas required by Section 9.4.1.2 (classrooms,
break rooms, conference rooms).
Exterior Lighting Power Density Same as Baseline Design ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Compliant
Equipment
Receptacle Equipment
labs: 1.5 W/sf
offices: 1.5 W/sf
open area in the high bay: 0.25 W/sf
meeting rooms: 2.0 W/sf
Icon lab: 1.5 W/sf
Symposium: 2 W/sf
Server room: 10W/sf
Same as Proposed Design
Occupancy
Occupant Density
Lab rooms: 100 sf/person
Offices: 120 sf/person
Conference areas: 30 sf/person
i-Con lab: 60 people
Symposium: 114 people
Server room:
Same as Proposed Design
Building Schedule See attached occupancy schedules Same as Proposed Design
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 17
Appendix D: Building occupancy, lighting and equipment schedules
The following schedules for occupancy, lighting, and equipment estimate the divers ified occupancy and electric usage
pattern for different types of spaces for every hour of the year. Schedules are described in the form of percentage of
maximum occupancy density (or total occupancy), or percentage of peak lighting and equipment loads in every hour.
Please note the lighting schedules listed are the typical uncontrolled lighting schedules and do not reflect the
application of lighting controls including occupancy sensors and daylight dimming.
Building 661 is not closed on holidays, so there are no holiday schedules listed.
Weekend occupants will only use Area 1 (the high bay space); Areas 2 and 3 (the head house) will be unoccupied on
weekends.
Area 1 Schedule
Hour Occupancy Lighting Misc. Equipment
From To Weekday Weekend Weekday Weekend Weekday Weekend
12:00 AM 1:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
1:00 AM 2:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
2:00 AM 3:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
3:00 AM 4:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
4:00 AM 5:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
5:00 AM 6:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
6:00 AM 7:00 AM 5% 0% 10% 2% 25% 6%
7:00 AM 8:00 AM 25% 0% 27% 2% 50% 6%
8:00 AM 9:00 AM 75% 0% 75% 2% 80% 6%
9:00 AM 10:00 AM 90% 0% 90% 2% 90% 6%
10:00 AM 11:00 AM 85% 5% 90% 10% 90% 6%
11:00 AM 12:00 PM 54% 5% 80% 10% 90% 6%
12:00 PM 1:00 PM 54% 5% 80% 10% 90% 6%
1:00 PM 2:00 PM 75% 5% 90% 10% 90% 6%
2:00 PM 3:00 PM 88% 5% 90% 10% 90% 6%
3:00 PM 4:00 PM 90% 5% 90% 10% 90% 6%
4:00 PM 5:00 PM 89% 5% 89% 10% 90% 6%
5:00 PM 6:00 PM 82% 0% 86% 2% 90% 6%
6:00 PM 7:00 PM 66% 0% 76% 2% 84% 6%
7:00 PM 8:00 PM 29% 0% 35% 2% 49% 6%
8:00 PM 9:00 PM 12% 0% 20% 2% 31% 6%
9:00 PM 10:00 PM 5% 0% 10% 2% 6% 6%
10:00 PM 11:00 PM 2% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
11:00 PM 12:00 AM 2% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
Areas 2 & 3 except Symposium and i-Con Lab
Hour Occupancy Lighting Misc. Equipment
From To Weekday Weekend Weekday Weekend Weekday Weekend
12:00 AM 1:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
1:00 AM 2:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
2:00 AM 3:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
3:00 AM 4:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
4:00 AM 5:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
5:00 AM 6:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 18
Hour Occupancy Lighting Misc. Equipment
From To Weekday Weekend Weekday Weekend Weekday Weekend
6:00 AM 7:00 AM 5% 0% 10% 2% 25% 6%
7:00 AM 8:00 AM 25% 0% 27% 2% 50% 6%
8:00 AM 9:00 AM 75% 0% 75% 2% 90% 6%
9:00 AM 10:00 AM 90% 0% 90% 2% 90% 6%
10:00 AM 11:00 AM 85% 0% 90% 2% 90% 6%
11:00 AM 12:00 PM 54% 0% 80% 2% 90% 6%
12:00 PM 1:00 PM 54% 0% 80% 2% 90% 6%
1:00 PM 2:00 PM 75% 0% 90% 2% 90% 6%
2:00 PM 3:00 PM 88% 0% 90% 2% 90% 6%
3:00 PM 4:00 PM 90% 0% 90% 2% 90% 6%
4:00 PM 5:00 PM 89% 0% 89% 2% 90% 6%
5:00 PM 6:00 PM 82% 0% 86% 2% 90% 6%
6:00 PM 7:00 PM 66% 0% 76% 2% 84% 6%
7:00 PM 8:00 PM 29% 0% 35% 2% 49% 6%
8:00 PM 9:00 PM 12% 0% 20% 2% 31% 6%
9:00 PM 10:00 PM 5% 0% 10% 2% 6% 6%
10:00 PM 11:00 PM 2% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
11:00 PM 12:00 AM 2% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
Note that the Symposium is assumed to be fully occupied two times per week.
Symposium Schedule
Hour Occupancy Lighting Misc. Equipment
From To Weekday
TR
Weekend &
MWF
Weekday
TR
Weekend &
MWF Weekday TR
Weekend &
MWF
12:00 AM 1:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
1:00 AM 2:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
2:00 AM 3:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
3:00 AM 4:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
4:00 AM 5:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
5:00 AM 6:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
6:00 AM 7:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
7:00 AM 8:00 AM 25% 0% 25% 2% 25% 6%
8:00 AM 9:00 AM 90% 0% 90% 2% 45% 6%
9:00 AM 10:00 AM 90% 0% 90% 2% 45% 6%
10:00 AM 11:00 AM 90% 0% 90% 2% 45% 6%
11:00 AM 12:00 PM 90% 0% 80% 2% 45% 6%
12:00 PM 1:00 PM 90% 0% 80% 2% 45% 6%
1:00 PM 2:00 PM 90% 0% 90% 2% 45% 6%
2:00 PM 3:00 PM 90% 0% 90% 2% 45% 6%
3:00 PM 4:00 PM 90% 0% 90% 2% 45% 6%
4:00 PM 5:00 PM 90% 0% 90% 2% 45% 6%
5:00 PM 6:00 PM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
6:00 PM 7:00 PM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
7:00 PM 8:00 PM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
8:00 PM 9:00 PM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
9:00 PM 10:00 PM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
10:00 PM 11:00 PM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
11:00 PM 12:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 19
The i-Con lab is assumed to be fully occupied once per day for 4 hours per day.
i-Con lab Schedule
Hour Occupancy Lighting Misc. Equipment
From To Weekday
MWF
Weekday
TR Weekend
Weekday
MWF
Weekday
TR Weekend
Weekday
MWF Weekday TR Weekend
12:00 AM 1:00 AM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
1:00 AM 2:00 AM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
2:00 AM 3:00 AM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
3:00 AM 4:00 AM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
4:00 AM 5:00 AM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
5:00 AM 6:00 AM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
6:00 AM 7:00 AM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
7:00 AM 8:00 AM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
8:00 AM 9:00 AM 90% 0% 0% 90% 2% 2% 45% 6% 6%
9:00 AM 10:00 AM 90% 0% 0% 90% 2% 2% 45% 6% 6%
10:00 AM 11:00 AM 90% 0% 0% 90% 2% 2% 45% 6% 6%
11:00 AM 12:00 PM 90% 0% 0% 90% 2% 2% 45% 6% 6%
12:00 PM 1:00 PM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
1:00 PM 2:00 PM 0% 90% 0% 2% 90% 2% 6% 45% 6%
2:00 PM 3:00 PM 0% 90% 0% 2% 90% 2% 6% 45% 6%
3:00 PM 4:00 PM 0% 90% 0% 2% 90% 2% 6% 45% 6%
4:00 PM 5:00 PM 0% 90% 0% 2% 90% 2% 6% 45% 6%
5:00 PM 6:00 PM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
6:00 PM 7:00 PM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
7:00 PM 8:00 PM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
8:00 PM 9:00 PM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
9:00 PM 10:00 PM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
10:00 PM 11:00 PM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
11:00 PM 12:00 AM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
Server room operates 24/7 and is served by its own split system. The server room has a very low occuoancy and
Lighting power density.
Server Schedule
Hour Occupancy Lighting Misc. Equipment
From To Weekday Weekend Weekday Weekend Weekday Weekend
12:00 AM 1:00 AM 0% 0% 5% 5% 50% 50%
1:00 AM 2:00 AM 0% 0% 5% 5% 50% 50%
2:00 AM 3:00 AM 0% 0% 5% 5% 50% 50%
3:00 AM 4:00 AM 0% 0% 5% 5% 50% 50%
4:00 AM 5:00 AM 0% 0% 5% 5% 50% 50%
5:00 AM 6:00 AM 0% 0% 5% 5% 50% 50%
6:00 AM 7:00 AM 0% 0% 5% 5% 50% 50%
7:00 AM 8:00 AM 60% 0% 70% 5% 70% 50%
8:00 AM 9:00 AM 80% 0% 90% 5% 70% 50%
9:00 AM 10:00 AM 90% 0% 90% 5% 80% 50%
10:00 AM 11:00 AM 75% 0% 90% 5% 80% 50%
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 20
11:00 AM 12:00 PM 50% 0% 90% 5% 100% 50%
12:00 PM 1:00 PM 50% 0% 90% 5% 100% 50%
1:00 PM 2:00 PM 75% 0% 90% 5% 100% 50%
2:00 PM 3:00 PM 90% 0% 90% 5% 100% 50%
3:00 PM 4:00 PM 90% 0% 90% 5% 100% 50%
4:00 PM 5:00 PM 90% 0% 90% 5% 100% 50%
5:00 PM 6:00 PM 80% 0% 90% 5% 80% 50%
6:00 PM 7:00 PM 60% 0% 90% 5% 80% 50%
7:00 PM 8:00 PM 20% 0% 90% 5% 80% 50%
8:00 PM 9:00 PM 0% 0% 5% 5% 70% 50%
9:00 PM 10:00 PM 0% 0% 5% 5% 70% 50%
10:00 PM 11:00 PM 0% 0% 5% 5% 60% 50%
11:00 PM 12:00 AM 0% 0% 5% 5% 50% 50%
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 21
Appendix E: HVAC system parameters
The building is served by three different system types. Spaces in the high bay area (Area 1) are served by 4-pipe passive
and active chilled beams and a dedicated outdoor air (DOA) unit with desiccant dehumidification and an enthalpy wheel.
Mezzanine spaces in the high bay have under floor air distribution with fan coil units. Chilled water is provided by an air-
cooled heat recovery chiller and hot water by a condensing boiler. Most spaces in the headhouse (Area 2) are served by a
packaged rooftop unit with DX cooling and gas furnace heating, with underfloor air distribution on the second floor. Offices
on the first floor of the headhouse (Area 3) are served by variable refrigerant volume fan coil units with natural ventilation.
Areas 1 and 2 have perimeter radiator hot water heating (fin tube convectors).
Design Conditions
The chart below show interior space design conditions:
Space Heating temp °F Cooling temp °F High RH % Low RH %
General Areas Occupied: 70
Unoccupied: 55
Occupied: 76
Unoccupied: 85
Area 1: occupied &
unoccupied: 50%
Areas 2 and 3: no
maximum RH
0%
Description of the Proposed Building and Baseline Building System Parameters
The chart below describes the HVAC modeling assumptions for the Proposed and Baseline Building models.
Building Element Proposed Design Baseline Design
Mechanical Systems
Primary HVAC System Type
Area 1 (high bay spaces & mezzanine):
Dedicated outdoor air unit with desiccant
dehumidification to meet ventilation
requirements and latent loads.
Area 2 (headhouse): Packaged VAV
rooftop units with DX cooling and gas
furnace heating.
Area 3 (headhouse offices): Variable
refrigerant volume units with natural
ventilation.
ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Appendix G
System Type 5: Packaged VAV with reheat
One System per Floor
Other HVAC System Type
Area 1: Active and passive chilled beams
provide sensible cooling and radiator hot
water heating in high bay areas. Fan coil
units provide heating and sensible
cooling for mezzanine area.
Area 2 (headhouse): Radiator hot water
heating in perimeter zones.
VAV terminal boxes for 1st Floor zones
identified as Area 2
Server rooms: Packaged Variable volume
variable temperature system
System Type 3: Packaged Rooftop Air conditioner
Serving server room
Air Distribution Overhead mixed distribution for most
spaces. Overhead Mixed
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 22
Air distribution from floor diffusers for 2nd
floor mezzanine only.
Under floor air plenum with displacement
diffusers 2nd floor headhouse, iCon lab
and symposium.
Air-Side Cooling
Minimum Supply Temperature
Area 1 including mezzanine: 65˚F
Area 2 second floor: 65˚F
Area 2 first floor: 57˚F 55°F
Cooling Source
Chilled water for chilled beams and
DOAS; DX cooling for packaged VAV
rooftop units
Same as Proposed
Supply Air Temperature Control Reset higher by 5°F under minimum
cooling load conditions
Reset higher by 5°F under minimum cooling load
conditions
DX Efficiency
Area 2 Packaged RTUs: 12 EER
IPLV: 14.5
Area 3 VRF system: 3.7 COP
9.3 EER
Air-Side Heating
Maximum Supply Temperature 85°F 90°F
Heat Source
Hot Water for fin tube convectors at
perimeter and DOAS.
Recovered heat from heat recovery
chillers fed in to the hot water loop for
DOAS post heating coil and VAV terminal
heating coils
Gas furnace for packaged VAV rooftop
unit
Hot Water
Zone Heating
VRV, fan coils, fin tube convectors at
perimeter except single offices VAV terminal reheat
Heating Efficiency
Gas furnace: 80%
VRF system: 4.1 COP (Input to eQuest)*. 80%
Outdoor Air
Design Ventilation Rates
ASHRAE 62.1-2007 minimum rates:
Area 1: DOAS: 4,300 cfm
Area 2 system:
Ventilation Total: 1,450 cfm
RTU 1: 350 cfm
RTU 2: 750 cfm
RTU 3: 350 cfm
Area 3 system: Naturally ventilated
Same as Proposed Design
Air-side Economizer Cycle
Area 2 system has drybulb economizer,
high limit 65°F (includes maintaining
space return humidity setpoints)
None (not required).
Heat Recovery Area 1: 75% latent & sensible
Area 2: 70% latent & sensible None (not required).
Demand Control Ventilation
Carbon dioxide sensors in most spaces
modulates outdoor air based on
occupancy
Symposium space
Fan Power and Flow
Fan Power
DOAS: 7.09” w.g. supply, 3.58” w.g.
return
RTUs: 1.17” w.g.
VRF Fan coil units: 1.0” w.g.
ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Appendix G fan power
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 23
Minimum Flow Ratio (supply VFD fan
reduction limit)
Area 1 System: Primary airflow to meet
ventilation requirements. Lower limit is
30%
Area 2 System: 30%
0.4 cfm/sf
Minimum flow at terminal boxes
from RTU 3 30%
Water-Side Cooling
Chiller Type Air-cooled chiller with heat recovery N/A
Chiller Efficiency
0.3749 EIR for cooling only
0.2132 EIR at heat recovery mode N/A
Chilled Water (CHW) Loop
Low temp loop: 43°F supply / 58°F
return
Plate & frame heat exchangers between
loops
Passive & active chilled beam loop: 60°F
supply / 63°F return
N/A
CHW Loop Temp Reset Parameters
No chiller reset (always at 43)
Chilled beam loop reset up to 60° or
65˚ F based on dewpoint
Same as Proposed Design
CHW Loop Configuration Variable primary flow Constant primary / variable secondary
Primary CHW Pump Speed Control Variable speed drive Variable speed drive
Water-Side Heating
Boiler Type
Condensing Boiler – To DOAS heating
Coil, FCU’s, VAV reheat and fin tube
convectors at perimeter
Natural Draft Boiler
Boiler Efficiency 92% 80%
Hot Water Loop 160°F supply / 110°F return 180°F supply / 130°F return
HW Loop Temp Reset Parameters Reset down based on OA temperature Reset down based on OA temperature
HW Loop Configuration Variable primary Variable primary
Pump description
Primary, secondary VFD pumps on boiler
loops
Domestic Water Heating
DHW Equipment Type Natural gas Same as Proposed Design
DHW Flow 0.4 GPM Same as Proposed Design
DHW Efficiency 80% 80%
Temperature Controls 120°F distribution temperature Same as Proposed Design
*COP of the VRF system reduces with lower O/A temperature
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 24
Appendix F: Utility Rates
Utility rates used in the energy model are listed below. Based on emails received March 16, 2012 and discussion that
these rates are representative for the region.
Electricity (PECO):
$0.1108 / kWh
$4.96/kW
$16.41/month
Natural Gas (Philadelphia Gas Works):
$1.22 / therm
$18.00/month
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 25
Appendix G: Energy efficiency measure assumptions
Energy Efficiency Measure Description
All envelope improvements on baseline
model
This EEM tests the contribution of the envelope improvements
alone. It includes all envelope improvements and the minimally
ASHRAE 90.1-2007 compliant HVAC and lighting systems.
HVAC: Indirect-Direct Evaporative
cooling
This EEM includes indirect-direct evaporative cooling in the
currently designed DOAS and the RTU’s. The indirect-direct
evaporative cooling component is added to the existing DOAS
and RTU’s in the energy model.
Glazing performance/ shading on
skylight & south window
This EEM tests the effectiveness of having external shading on
south windows and skylights. The overhangs on windows are at
parallel to the ground and 2 ft. deep. The shading on the
skylights is in the form of discrete fins parallel to the floor.
This EEM had been tested with two different scenarios,
1. Better performing Solarban 70XL glazing on south
windows and skylights.
2. VE-12 M glazing on south windows and skylights.
Solar hot water
This EEM includes solar hot water for domestic water supply.
The solar collectors considered are of Solene make, “Aurora”
type flat plate type collectors.
No. of collectors: 10
Slope: 40 degrees facing south
This EEM has also been tested with two different scenarios,
1. With Electric heat backup
2. With Natural gas backup
Reduce wall assembly to R-13
This is a reverse EEM to test the difference in savings by
changing the R-20 walls to R-13 walls. In this EEM the overall
wall R-value has been changed from R-20 to R-13.
Atelier Ten analyst: JP
Report reviewed by: MT/WKM
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 26
Appendix H: Energy Star Target Finder Assumptions and Results
Table of different scenarios evaluated in Energy Star Target Finder
Occupancy (Nos) Operating
hours (per
week)
Number of
PC's
EPA energy
performance score
Case 1 200 40 91 89
Case 2 250 40 113 91
Case 3 250 45 113 92
Case 4 150 45 113 91
Case 5 150 40 113 91
Case 6 113 55 107 92
Case 7 150 55 113 93
Sample Input Page
196
Apppendix G: DevelopeAed Design Analysis R
& ImplemReport, At
mentation elier 10
Phase Finnal Energyy
199
Environmental Design Consultants + Lighting Designers 45 East 20th Street, 4th Floor New York, NY 10003 T +1 (212) 254 4500 atelierten.com
Developed Design & Implementation Phase Final Energy Analysis Report Greater Philadelphia Innovation Cluster Building 661 October 11, 2012
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 3
Table of Contents
Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................................................... 4
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Summary of Results .......................................................................................................................................................... 7
Energy Star Target Finder ............................................................................................................................................... 10
Recommendations and Next Steps ................................................................................................................................ 11
Appendix ......................................................................................................................................................................... 12
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 4
Executive Summary Atelier Ten has conducted a whole building energy analysis for Building 661 of the Energy Efficient Buildings Hub (EEB HUB, formerly GPIC) renovation project at the end of Detailed Design & Implementation (DD&I) phase. The purpose of this study is to:
- Benchmark the Proposed Design against a reference case, which is in accordance with the minimally compliant ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Appendix G building, in order to assess credits for LEED for New Construction 2009 EAc1.
- Benchmark the Proposed Design against Pennsylvania State University’s (PSU) requirement for 30% energy savings compared to ASHRAE 90.1-2007.
- Assess if design meets project goal of being 50% better than a typical comparable building (75th percentile of existing buildings using Energy Star rating system).
Based on the current design assumptions, the results indicate that the Proposed Design performs 42.9% better in terms of annual energy consumption and 32.6% in terms of annual energy cost relative to the ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Baseline. This meets PSU’s goal. The Proposed Design would earn 13 points of 19 possible LEED EA credit 1 points. Atelier Ten would like to propose an exceptional (atypical) calculation method to the US Green Building Council (USGBC) to take credit for the building’s improved airtightness. If the infiltration reduction credit is approved by USGBC, it is estimated that the project can achieve up to 38.7% energy cost savings, earning 16 LEED EAc1 points. Note the savings are also dependent on the final envelope tightness to be determined by blower door test results at the end of construction. The project’s current Energy Star rating is in the range of 94-97, meeting the project goals of 75 or higher. The Baseline Design energy use intensity (EUI) is 71 kBtu/sf-year; the Proposed Design EUI is 40 kBtu/sf-year. Energy efficiency strategies currently incorporated into the Proposed Design include:
Existing windows to be replaced with double glazed low-e argon-filled units with thermally broken frames
Strategic location of higher performance glazing at South skylights and high bay south windows
Reasonable window to wall ratio (not over-glazed – 17.8% WWR)
Insulation added to existing walls (overall assembly R-24)
Insulation added to existing roof (overall assembly R-30)
Dedicated outdoor air (DOA) unit with exhaust air energy recovery (enthalpy wheels) & desiccant dehumidification
Passive and active chilled beams
Demand controlled ventilation for most spaces
High efficiency condensing hot water boiler
Efficient condensing domestic hot water boiler
Heat recovery chiller providing regenerative heating and reheat during cooling season
Variable refrigerant volume system for first floor offices
Under floor air delivery with displacement diffusers
Daylight dimming controls in perimeter spaces and high bay central space
Rooms divided in to multiple zones with vacancy sensor lighting control in each zone
Approx. 8.5 % reduction in lighting power densities (LPD)
Manual interior shades below skylight (not considered in energy model)
Trees on East and South side of the building to prevent glare and to act as exterior shade
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 5
The main changes from the preliminary Developed Design and implementation phase model and the current final Developed Design and Implementation model are:
The envelope infiltration rate changed from 0.1 cfm/sf (very air tight building) to 0.4 cfm/sf for Baselineand Proposed Designs. And the actual envelope infiltration rate data has been used for a second baselinebuilding and compared against better target infiltration rates
The current model has a LPD reduction of 8.5% compared to 32% considered in the preliminary model
DX cooling removed from DOA unit (now the system has 100% chilled water cooling)
The revised fan power for RTU’s, FCU’s and VRV’s are lower than the preliminary model
The overall wall construction changed from R-20 to R-24
The current model includes vacancy sensors (represented as a 13% LPD savings) whereas the previous modelrepresented them as occupancy sensors (represented as 10% LPD savings).
Trees have been modeled on the South and East side of the building to account as exterior shades
High performing Solarban 70XL glazing removed from North skylight (existing skylight to remain).
Detailed assumptions for the analysis, including occupancy and internal loads, envelope construction, typical use schedules, and HVAC parameters, are presented at the end of this report and should be reviewed and confirmed by the design team and client.
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 6
Introduction Atelier Ten conducted a Detailed Design & Implementation (DD&I) phase energy analysis for Building 661 of the Energy Efficient Buildings Hub, which is a 2-story building located at the Navy Yard in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The building will be undergoing a complete renovation, with a program consisting of approximately 37,925 ft2 of conditioned area including offices, research spaces, conference rooms, symposium and i-Con lab. The energy model is based on the August 03, 2012 drawing set and conversations with the design team. The model includes building geometry, construction types, material properties, internal loads, and HVAC systems. Modeling assumptions for operating schedules, set points, lighting power densities, equipment power densities, and HVAC systems and efficiencies were based upon information gathered from the design team. The results will change as the design progresses and as new information is provided in the future. Atelier Ten created the energy models using eQUEST v3.64 (DOE-2.2 simulation engine). These energy models allow for the comparison of relative energy use throughout the year and assist in identifying specific energy demands for heating, cooling, pumps, fans, lighting, equipment, and hot water. The first energy model, referred to as “Baseline Design”, meets the minimum requirements stipulated in Appendix G of ASHRAE 90.1-2007. The second energy model, referred to as “Proposed Design”, represents the current design. Atelier Ten created these two models to compare the energy performance of the current design against the ASHRAE baseline building. This report begins with a summary of results and then provides discussion about the major energy drivers in the building. Next, the report discusses the results of the analysis with respect to annual energy and utility cost savings for all the measures listed above. This report concludes with recommendations, list of next steps for the design team, and an appendix with the energy model assumptions. Energy models are representations of the designed building and its future operations. Energy modeling is a design optimization tool which estimates the energy performance of a building. The results from the energy model are accurate in terms of comparative evaluations of energy optimization measures assuming that all the other assumptions remain consistent. However, because energy model results rely on many assumptions about building occupancy patterns, they should not be construed as an absolute prediction of future building energy use.
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 7
Summary of Results The energy model estimates various energy uses throughout the year and identifies specific uses for heating, cooling, pumps, fans, lighting, equipment and hot water. Figure 1 summarizes these end uses in terms of annual site energy (million Btus). Based on the modeling assumptions, the Proposed Design shows an annual energy consumption savings of around 42.9% over an ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Appendix G baseline building.
Heating energy in the Proposed Design is significantly lower compared to the Baseline Design, primarily due to reduced heating loads from the additional wall and roof insulation, heat recovery chiller, energy recovery wheel, high efficiency condensing boilers, and demand controlled ventilation. There is a significant reduction in space cooling energy due to improved glazing, improved envelope insulations, high efficiency chiller and displacement ventilation. The chilled beam systems further reduces the cooling energy needs because of the lower conditioned outside air requirement and higher chilled water temperature supplied to the beams. The fan energy has also gone down because of the lower fan power consumption at the RTU’s, FCU’s, VRV units and the chilled beam systems. Finally, daylight dimming contributes to lighting savings, as well as cooling savings due to reduced internal heat gains.
Figure 1: Annual Energy Consumption Comparison
The Proposed Design shows an annual energy cost savings of around 32.6% compared to an ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Appendix G baseline building. Large electricity savings result primarily from cooling, fan energy and lighting energy reduction and natural gas savings are achieved through the heating energy reduction. Note that the cost savings percentage (32.6%) is lower than the energy savings percentage (42.9%), this occurs because most of the energy savings comes from reduction in natural gas use, and natural gas has a much lower cost per unit energy than electricity.
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 8
Figure 2: Annual Energy Cost Comparison
The annual CO2 emission for the proposed building is 33% less as compared to the baseline, the percentage of CO2 emission is very similar to the energy cost savings because of the lower CO2 emission rate of natural gas compared to electricity.
Figure 3: Annual CO2 emission Comparison
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 9
In the preliminary DD&I energy model, the Proposed Design and Baseline Design were both assumed to have the same infiltration rate of 0.4 ACH (a very air tight building, close to 0.1 cfm/sf). Based on the blower door test conducted on September 13, 2012, the building envelope air leakage rate (0.6 cfm/sf at 75PA pressure differential) was applied to the Baseline Design in the graphs below. The following graphs (Figures 4 and 5) estimate the annual energy and energy cost savings with varying envelope infiltration rates applied to the Proposed Design. As seen from the results the project can achieve more than 50% annual energy savings and 38% energy cost savings by having a very air tight envelope.
Figure 4: Annual Energy Consumption Comparison (with varying infiltration rates)
Figure 5: Annual Energy Cost Comparison (with varying infiltration rates)
It should also be noted that Appendix G does not have a standard energy modeling method for claiming credit for infiltration right now. An exception calculation could be submitted to claim credit for a reduced air leakage rate, but would be subject to approval from USGBC. In order to claim any credit a post construction infiltration test would need to be conducted so that energy savings could be based on the difference between the measured pre and post air leakage rates.
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 10
Energy Star Target Finder
Another goal of the DD&I energy analysis is to assess whether the design is 50% better than a comparable building in the Energy Star database (75th percentile of existing buildings using Energy Star rating system). This goal was established in the sustainability workshop with the design team and EEB HUB during the Conceptualization Phase in January 2012. Based on this model, building 661 Proposed Design rating is in the range of 94 - 97, which is far better than the target rating of 75. The exact value is sensitive to the building occupancy and operating hours, so several scenarios were evaluated to establish a likely range. Atelier Ten also tested the Energy Star rating for the Baseline Case energy model which ranged from 74 to 81. This indicates to the team that perhaps the rating target 75 is not ambitious enough and the teams should discuss increasing the target to a higher benchmark score. For reference, a median existing building of this type has a rating of 50. The EPA provides reference targets that are based on the energy consumption of existing buildings, as collected by the U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration's 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS). Upon completion, if the project meets or exceeds the target rating of 75, the client can apply for “Designed to Earn the ENERGY STAR Certification” and then upon verification of actual performance earn the “Energy Star Label.” Please note that the rating is based upon the current project data and could change based on future changes in the project data. The inputs for the Energy Star Target Finder include zip code, program, area, operating hours, workers, number of personal computers, air conditioning, heating, and estimated design energy. For more info on inputs and outputs for the Energy Star Target Finder, please see the Appendix.
Figure 7: Energy Star Target Finder Graph
94 97
74 81
Proposed Design performance range
Baseline Design performance range
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 11
Recommendations and Next Steps
The project is currently on track to meet its energy goals. An additional blower door test after the renovation is recommended to quantify the improvement in air tightness and take credit for it in the energy model. During the construction phase, Atelier Ten will complete a final energy model to document LEED EA credit 1.
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 12
Appendix
Appendix A: General modeling parameters Analysis Tool: eQUEST (DOE 2.2 Engine) v3.64 Weather File: DOE 2.2 TMY2 weather file for Philadelphia, PA ASHRAE Climate Zone: 4A Building Area (as simulated with DOE 2.2): appx. 37,925 gross ft² Number of Floors: 2 above grade, mezzanine Existing Renovation / New Construction: 100% / 0% Principal Heating Source: Hot Water from Condensing Boilers Principal Cooling Source: Chilled Water from Air-cooled Chiller
Three dimensional representation of the energy model
Highbay Space
Headhouse
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 13
Appendix B: Building envelope construction
Building Element Proposed Design Baseline Design
Envelope
Exterior Wall Construction
Typical Wall Construction: Existing wall (8” CMU) 1” Airspace1” Continuous insulation R-15 Spay insulation Air gap with metal studs Gypsum board
Assembly U-Factor: 0.0423 Btu/hr-ft2-°F (R-24)
Existing Wall Construction: 8" Brick 1” Airspace 4" CMU
Assembly U-Factor: 0.255 Btu/hr-ft2-°F (R-4)
Roof Construction
Typical Roof: Metal roof assembly Continuous spray insulation
Assembly U-Factor: 0.032 Btu/hr-ft2-°F (R-30)
Existing Roof: Headhouse: R-19 batt insulation (many holes) Assembly U-Factor 0.10 Btu/hr-ft2-ºF (R-10)
Highbay: R-20 insulation above deck Assembly U-Factor 0.048 Btu/hr-ft2-ºF (R-21)
Slab-on-Grade Construction
Concrete Slab-on-Grade Assembly F-Factor: 0.73 Btu/hr-ft-°F 6” concrete
ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Appendix G Slab-on-Grade Table 5.5-5 Unheated Slab Assembly F-Factor: 0.73 Btu/hr-ft-ºF
Window-to-Wall Ratio 17.25% 13%
Glazing Description (windows and skylights)
Typical Glazing: Double glazed units (VE 1-2M with argon) with thermally broken aluminum frame for East, West and North windows, and South head house windows.
Solarban 70XL with thermally broken aluminum frame for South high bay windows and skylights.
Existing Glazing: Double glazed units with aluminum frame (head house) Glass block at North high bay space Single glazed unit at south skylight
Glazing U-Factor (windows and skylights)
VE 1-2M: Assembly: 0.32 Btu/hr-ft2-°F
Solarban 70XL: Assembly: 0.27 Btu/hr-ft2-°F
South Skylight: Assembly: 0.36 Btu/ hr-ft2-°F
North Skylight: ᘀ� 卨� as Baseline
Existing Glazing: Assembly: 0.67 Btu/hr-ft2-°F
Existing Skylight: Assembly: 0.57 Btu/ hr-ft2-°F
Glazing SHGC (windows and skylights)
VE 1-2 M: 0.37 (COG)
Solarban 70XL: 0.3 (COG)
Existing Glazing: 0.71
Glazing VLT (windows and skylights)
VE 1-2 M: 70 %
Solarban 70XL: 64 % Existing Glazing: 80%
Infiltration 0.3 cfm75/ft2 * Converted to eQuest input of 0.0712 cfm/ft2 *
0.6 cfm75/ft2* based on the blower door test data Converted to eQuest input of 0.1424 cfm/ft2
*Air leakage rate of the building envelope at 75 pa pressure differential converted to eQuest input of peak infiltration as afunction of floor area
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 14
Appendix C: Building occupancy, lighting power density and equipment load
Building Element Proposed Design Baseline Design
Lighting
Interior Lighting Power Density
Offices: 2.48 W/sqft Labs: 1.32 W/sqft Conference Rooms: 1.3 W/sf Symposium/Icon Lab: 1.05 W/sf Mechanical: 0.8 W/sf Storage: 0.5 W/sf Corridors: 0.44 W/sf Restroom: 1.37 W/sf Lobby: 0.65 W/sf Lounge: 1.56 W/sf
ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Compliant (Table 9.6.1) Offices: 1.1 W/sqft Labs: 1.1 W/sqft Conference Rooms: 1.3 W/sf Symposium/Icon Lab: 1.4 W/sf Mechanical: 1.5 W/sf Storage: 0.5 W/sf Corridors: 0.5 W/sf Restroom: 0.9 W/sf Lobby: 1.3 W/sf Lounge: 1.1 W/sf
Daylighting Controls
Continuous daylight dimming controls in perimeter spaces and highbay central area
Illuminance target: Office, Labs: 50 fc Meeting rooms: 40 fc Telepresence: 100 fc
None.
Vacancy / Occupancy Sensors
Vacancy Sensors present in most areas, including offices, lab rooms, conference rooms, Lobbies and Mechanical rooms
Occupancy sensors present in rest rooms, , storage areas and mechanical rooms
13% LPD credit for spaces with vacancy sensors (based on results from Washington State University OCCSENS study)
10% LPD credit for spaces with occ. sensors)
In areas required by Section 9.4.1.2 (classrooms, break rooms, conference rooms).
Exterior Lighting Power Density Same as Baseline Design ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Compliant
Equipment
Receptacle Equipment
labs: 1.5 W/sf offices: 1.5 W/sf Open area in the high bay: 0.25 W/sf meeting rooms: 2.0 W/sf Icon lab: 1.5 W/sf Symposium: 2 W/sf Server room: 10W/sf
Same as Proposed Design
Occupancy
Occupant Density
Lab rooms: 100 sf/person Offices: 120 sf/person Conference areas: 30 sf/person i-Con lab: 60 people Symposium: 114 people Server room: 500 sf/person
Same as Proposed Design
Building Schedule See attached occupancy schedules Same as Proposed Design
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 15
Appendix D: Building occupancy, lighting and equipment schedules
The following schedules for occupancy, lighting, and equipment estimate the diversified occupancy and electric usage pattern for different types of spaces for every hour of the year. Schedules are described in the form of percentage of maximum occupancy density (or total occupancy), or percentage of peak lighting and equipment loads in every hour. Please note the lighting schedules listed are the typical uncontrolled lighting schedules and do not reflect the application of lighting controls including occupancy sensors and daylight dimming.
Building 661 is not closed on holidays, so there are no holiday schedules listed.
Weekend occupants will only use Area 1 (the high bay space); Areas 2 and 3 (the head house) will be unoccupied on weekends. Area 1 Schedule
Hour Occupancy Lighting Misc. Equipment
From To Weekday Weekend Weekday Weekend Weekday Weekend
12:00 AM 1:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
1:00 AM 2:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
2:00 AM 3:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
3:00 AM 4:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
4:00 AM 5:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
5:00 AM 6:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
6:00 AM 7:00 AM 5% 0% 10% 2% 25% 6%
7:00 AM 8:00 AM 25% 0% 27% 2% 50% 6%
8:00 AM 9:00 AM 75% 0% 75% 2% 80% 6%
9:00 AM 10:00 AM 90% 0% 90% 2% 90% 6%
10:00 AM 11:00 AM 85% 5% 90% 10% 90% 6%
11:00 AM 12:00 PM 54% 5% 80% 10% 90% 6%
12:00 PM 1:00 PM 54% 5% 80% 10% 90% 6%
1:00 PM 2:00 PM 75% 5% 90% 10% 90% 6%
2:00 PM 3:00 PM 88% 5% 90% 10% 90% 6%
3:00 PM 4:00 PM 90% 5% 90% 10% 90% 6%
4:00 PM 5:00 PM 89% 5% 89% 10% 90% 6%
5:00 PM 6:00 PM 82% 0% 86% 2% 90% 6%
6:00 PM 7:00 PM 66% 0% 76% 2% 84% 6%
7:00 PM 8:00 PM 29% 0% 35% 2% 49% 6%
8:00 PM 9:00 PM 12% 0% 20% 2% 31% 6%
9:00 PM 10:00 PM 5% 0% 10% 2% 6% 6%
10:00 PM 11:00 PM 2% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
11:00 PM 12:00 AM 2% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
Areas 2 & 3 except Symposium and i-Con Lab Hour Occupancy Lighting Misc. Equipment
From To Weekday Weekend Weekday Weekend Weekday Weekend
12:00 AM 1:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
1:00 AM 2:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
2:00 AM 3:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
3:00 AM 4:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
4:00 AM 5:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 16
Hour Occupancy Lighting Misc. Equipment
From To Weekday Weekend Weekday Weekend Weekday Weekend
5:00 AM 6:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
6:00 AM 7:00 AM 5% 0% 10% 2% 25% 6%
7:00 AM 8:00 AM 25% 0% 27% 2% 50% 6%
8:00 AM 9:00 AM 75% 0% 75% 2% 90% 6%
9:00 AM 10:00 AM 90% 0% 90% 2% 90% 6%
10:00 AM 11:00 AM 85% 0% 90% 2% 90% 6%
11:00 AM 12:00 PM 54% 0% 80% 2% 90% 6%
12:00 PM 1:00 PM 54% 0% 80% 2% 90% 6%
1:00 PM 2:00 PM 75% 0% 90% 2% 90% 6%
2:00 PM 3:00 PM 88% 0% 90% 2% 90% 6%
3:00 PM 4:00 PM 90% 0% 90% 2% 90% 6%
4:00 PM 5:00 PM 89% 0% 89% 2% 90% 6%
5:00 PM 6:00 PM 82% 0% 86% 2% 90% 6%
6:00 PM 7:00 PM 66% 0% 76% 2% 84% 6%
7:00 PM 8:00 PM 29% 0% 35% 2% 49% 6%
8:00 PM 9:00 PM 12% 0% 20% 2% 31% 6%
9:00 PM 10:00 PM 5% 0% 10% 2% 6% 6%
10:00 PM 11:00 PM 2% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
11:00 PM 12:00 AM 2% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
Note that the Symposium is assumed to be fully occupied two times per week. Symposium Schedule
Hour Occupancy Lighting Misc. Equipment
From To Weekday TR
Weekend & MWF
Weekday TR
Weekend & MWF
Weekday TR Weekend & MWF
12:00 AM 1:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
1:00 AM 2:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
2:00 AM 3:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
3:00 AM 4:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
4:00 AM 5:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
5:00 AM 6:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
6:00 AM 7:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
7:00 AM 8:00 AM 25% 0% 25% 2% 25% 6%
8:00 AM 9:00 AM 90% 0% 90% 2% 45% 6%
9:00 AM 10:00 AM 90% 0% 90% 2% 45% 6%
10:00 AM 11:00 AM 90% 0% 90% 2% 45% 6%
11:00 AM 12:00 PM 90% 0% 80% 2% 45% 6%
12:00 PM 1:00 PM 90% 0% 80% 2% 45% 6%
1:00 PM 2:00 PM 90% 0% 90% 2% 45% 6%
2:00 PM 3:00 PM 90% 0% 90% 2% 45% 6%
3:00 PM 4:00 PM 90% 0% 90% 2% 45% 6%
4:00 PM 5:00 PM 90% 0% 90% 2% 45% 6%
5:00 PM 6:00 PM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
6:00 PM 7:00 PM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
7:00 PM 8:00 PM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
8:00 PM 9:00 PM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
9:00 PM 10:00 PM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
10:00 PM 11:00 PM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
11:00 PM 12:00 AM 0% 0% 2% 2% 6% 6%
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The i-Con lab is assumed to be fully occupied once per day for 4 hours per day. i-Con lab Schedule
Hour Occupancy Lighting Misc. Equipment
From ToWeekday MWF
Weekday TR
Weekend Weekday MWF
Weekday TR
Weekend Weekday MWF
Weekday TR Weekend
12:00 AM 1:00 AM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
1:00 AM 2:00 AM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
2:00 AM 3:00 AM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
3:00 AM 4:00 AM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
4:00 AM 5:00 AM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
5:00 AM 6:00 AM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
6:00 AM 7:00 AM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
7:00 AM 8:00 AM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
8:00 AM 9:00 AM 90% 0% 0% 90% 2% 2% 45% 6% 6%
9:00 AM 10:00 AM 90% 0% 0% 90% 2% 2% 45% 6% 6%
10:00 AM 11:00 AM 90% 0% 0% 90% 2% 2% 45% 6% 6%
11:00 AM 12:00 PM 90% 0% 0% 90% 2% 2% 45% 6% 6%
12:00 PM 1:00 PM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
1:00 PM 2:00 PM 0% 90% 0% 2% 90% 2% 6% 45% 6%
2:00 PM 3:00 PM 0% 90% 0% 2% 90% 2% 6% 45% 6%
3:00 PM 4:00 PM 0% 90% 0% 2% 90% 2% 6% 45% 6%
4:00 PM 5:00 PM 0% 90% 0% 2% 90% 2% 6% 45% 6%
5:00 PM 6:00 PM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
6:00 PM 7:00 PM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
7:00 PM 8:00 PM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
8:00 PM 9:00 PM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
9:00 PM 10:00 PM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
10:00 PM 11:00 PM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
11:00 PM 12:00 AM 0% 0% 0% 2% 2% 2% 6% 6% 6%
Server room operates 24/7 and is served by its own split system. The server room has a very low occuoancy and Lighting power density.
Server Schedule
Hour Occupancy Lighting Misc. Equipment
From To Weekday Weekend Weekday Weekend Weekday Weekend
12:00 AM 1:00 AM 0% 0% 5% 5% 50% 50%
1:00 AM 2:00 AM 0% 0% 5% 5% 50% 50%
2:00 AM 3:00 AM 0% 0% 5% 5% 50% 50%
3:00 AM 4:00 AM 0% 0% 5% 5% 50% 50%
4:00 AM 5:00 AM 0% 0% 5% 5% 50% 50%
5:00 AM 6:00 AM 0% 0% 5% 5% 50% 50%
6:00 AM 7:00 AM 0% 0% 5% 5% 50% 50%
7:00 AM 8:00 AM 60% 0% 70% 5% 70% 50%
8:00 AM 9:00 AM 80% 0% 90% 5% 70% 50%
9:00 AM 10:00 AM 90% 0% 90% 5% 80% 50%
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 18
10:00 AM 11:00 AM 75% 0% 90% 5% 80% 50%
11:00 AM 12:00 PM 50% 0% 90% 5% 100% 50%
12:00 PM 1:00 PM 50% 0% 90% 5% 100% 50%
1:00 PM 2:00 PM 75% 0% 90% 5% 100% 50%
2:00 PM 3:00 PM 90% 0% 90% 5% 100% 50%
3:00 PM 4:00 PM 90% 0% 90% 5% 100% 50%
4:00 PM 5:00 PM 90% 0% 90% 5% 100% 50%
5:00 PM 6:00 PM 80% 0% 90% 5% 80% 50%
6:00 PM 7:00 PM 60% 0% 90% 5% 80% 50%
7:00 PM 8:00 PM 20% 0% 90% 5% 80% 50%
8:00 PM 9:00 PM 0% 0% 5% 5% 70% 50%
9:00 PM 10:00 PM 0% 0% 5% 5% 70% 50%
10:00 PM 11:00 PM 0% 0% 5% 5% 60% 50%
11:00 PM 12:00 AM 0% 0% 5% 5% 50% 50%
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 19
Appendix E: HVAC system parameters The building is served by three different system types. Spaces in the high bay area (Area 1) are served by 2-pipe passive and active chilled beams and a dedicated outdoor air (DOAS) unit with desiccant dehumidification and an enthalpy wheel. Mezzanine spaces in the high bay have under floor air distribution with fan coil units. Chilled water is provided by an air-cooled heat recovery chiller and hot water by a condensing boiler. Most spaces in the headhouse (Area 2) are served by a packaged rooftop units with DX cooling and gas furnace heating, with underfloor air distribution on the second floor. Offices on the first floor of the headhouse (Area 3) are served by variable refrigerant volume fan coil units with natural ventilation. Areas 1 and 2 have perimeter radiator hot water heating (fin tube convectors). Design Conditions The chart below show interior space design conditions:
Space Heating temp °F Cooling temp °F High RH % Low RH %
General Areas Occupied: 70 Unoccupied: 55
Occupied: 76 Unoccupied: 85
Area 1: occupied & unoccupied: 50% Areas 2 and 3: no maximum RH
0%
Description of the Proposed Building and Baseline Building System Parameters The chart below describes the HVAC modeling assumptions for the Proposed and Baseline Building models.
Building Element Proposed Design Baseline Design
Mechanical Systems
Primary HVAC System Type
Area 1 (high bay spaces & mezzanine): Dedicated outdoor air unit with desiccant dehumidification to meet ventilation requirements and latent loads. Area 2 (headhouse): Packaged VAV rooftop units with DX cooling and gas furnace heating. Area 3 (headhouse offices): Variable refrigerant volume units with natural ventilation.
ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Appendix G System Type 5: Packaged VAV with reheat One System per Floor
Other HVAC System Type
Area 1: Active and passive chilled beams provide sensible cooling and radiator hot water heating in high bay areas. (Note the bleacher area has a fan power box instead of chilled beam in that location only). Fan coil units provide heating and sensible cooling for mezzanine area. Area 2 (headhouse): Radiator hot water heating in perimeter zones. VAV terminal boxes for 1st Floor zones identified as Area 2 Server rooms: Packaged Variable volume
System Type 3: Packaged Rooftop Air conditioner Serving server room
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 20
variable temperature system
Air Distribution
Overhead mixed distribution for most spaces. Air distribution from floor diffusers for 2nd floor mezzanine only. Under floor air plenum with displacement diffusers 2nd floor headhouse, iCon lab and symposium.
Overhead Mixed
Air-Side Cooling
Minimum Supply Temperature
Area 1 including mezzanine: 65˚F Area 2 second floor: 65˚F (coming off of cooling coil at 55 F with hot gas reheat to 65F) Area 2 first floor: 57˚F
55°F
Cooling Source Chilled water for chilled beams and DOAS; DX cooling for packaged VAV rooftop units
Same as Proposed
Supply Air Temperature Control Reset the fan speed based on room temperature
Reset higher by 5°F under minimum cooling load conditions
DX Efficiency
Area 2 Packaged RTUs: 12 EER Area 3 VRF system: 4 COP Server room systems: 16 SEER Elevator machine room cooling: 16 SEER
9.3 EER
Air-Side Heating
Maximum Supply Temperature 85°F 90°F
Heat Source
Hot Water for fin tube convectors at perimeter and DOAS.
Recovered heat from heat recovery chillers fed in to the hot water loop for DOAS post heating coil and VAV terminal heating coils Gas furnace for packaged VAV rooftop units
Hot Water
Zone Heating VRV, fan coils, fin tube convectors at perimeter except single offices VAV terminal reheat
Heating Efficiency Gas furnace: 80% VRF system: 3.5 COP
80%
Outdoor Air
Design Ventilation Rates
ASHRAE 62.1-2007 minimum rates: Area 1: DOAS: 4,300 cfm Area 2 system: Ventilation Total: 1,470 cfm RTU 1: 350 cfm RTU 2: 750 cfm RTU 3: 370 cfm Area 3 system: Naturally ventilated
Same as Proposed Design
Air-side Economizer Cycle
Area 1 DOAS does not have economizer Area 2 systems (RTUs) has drybulb economizer, high limit 65°F (includes maintaining space return humidity setpoints)
None (not required).
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 21
Heat Recovery Area 1: 75% latent & sensible Area 2: 68% latent, 73% sensible
None
Demand Control Ventilation
Carbon dioxide sensors in most spaces modulates outdoor air based on occupancy
Symposium space
Fan Power and Flow
Fan Power
DOAS: 0.001356 kW/cfm supply, 0.000703 kW/cfm return RTU 1: 0.000689 kW/cfm RTU 2: 0.000676 kW/cfm RTU 3: 0.000617 kW/cfm VRV: 0.1” w.g. Fan coil units: 0.166 bhp each Exhaust fans: Skylight fans (turn on at 81F): 0.1” w.g. AV rack in ICON lab:0.1“ w.g.
ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Appendix G fan power 0.000702 kW/cfm
Minimum Flow Ratio (supply VFD fan reduction limit)
Area 1 System: Primary airflow to meet ventilation requirements. Lower limit is 30% Area 2 System: 30%
0.4 cfm/sf
Minimum flow at terminal boxes from RTU 3 30%
Water-Side Cooling
Chiller Type Air-cooled chiller with heat recovery N/A
Chiller Efficiency 0.3749 EIR for cooling only 0.2132 EIR at heat recovery mode
N/A
Chilled Water (CHW) Loop
Low temp loop: 43°F supply / 57°F return Plate & frame heat exchangers between loops Passive & active chilled beam loop: 60°F supply / 63°F return
N/A
CHW Loop Temp Reset Parameters
No chiller reset (always at 43) Chilled beam loop reset up to 60° or 65˚ F based on dewpoint
Same as Proposed Design
CHW Loop Configuration Variable primary flow Constant primary / variable secondary
Primary CHW Pump Speed Control Variable speed drive Variable speed drive
Water-Side Heating
Boiler Type
Condensing Boiler – To DOAS heating Coil, FCU’s, VAV reheat and fin tube convectors at perimeter
Natural Draft Boiler
Boiler Efficiency 96% 80%
Hot Water Loop 160°F supply / 110°F return 180°F supply / 130°F return
HW Loop Temp Reset Parameters Reset down based on OA temperature Reset down based on OA temperature
HW Loop Configuration Variable primary Variable primary
Pump description Primary, secondary VFD pumps on boiler
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 22
loops
Domestic Water Heating
DHW Equipment Type Natural gas Same as Proposed Design
DHW Flow 0.4 GPM Same as Proposed Design
DHW Efficiency 90% 80%
Temperature Controls 120°F distribution temperature Same as Proposed Design
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 23
Appendix F: Utility Rates Utility rates used in the energy model are listed below. Based on emails received March 16, 2012 and discussion that these rates are representative for the region. Electricity (PECO):
$0.1108 / kWh $4.96/kW $16.41/month Natural Gas (Philadelphia Gas Works): $1.22 / therm $18.00/month Atelier Ten analyst: JP Report reviewed by: MT/WKM
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EEB HUB BLDG 661 DD&I ENERGY ANALYSIS 24
Appendix H: Energy Star Target Finder Assumptions and Results
Table of different scenarios evaluated in Energy Star Target Finder
Occupancy (Nos)
Operating hours (per week)
Number of PC's
EPA energy performance score
Case 1 200 40 91 96
Case 2 250 40 113 94
Case 3 250 45 113 97
Case 4 150 45 113 94
Case 5 150 40 113 94
Case 6 113 55 107 95
Case 7 150 55 113 95
Sample Input Page
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