Global Practitioner’s Knowledge Exchange on Public Employment Programmes and their Application in Adaptive Social Protection

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment

Guarantee Act’ 2005 (MGNREGA)

PRESENTATION BY – MR. RAGHVENDRA PRATAP SINGH, DIRECTOR (MGNREGA),

MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT, GOVT. OF INDIA

Rural Development Challenges in India

◆Livelihood insecurity for millions living in ruralareas

◆Minimal participation of poor in developmentprograms

◆More dependence on agriculture for livelihood

◆Agriculture is dependent majorly on Rain

◆Environmental degradation & Climate change

Evolution Of Government Responses

◆ Several initiatives taken earlier for providing wage employment

◆ Statutory right to food security through MGNREGA passed by

Parliament in August 2005

◆ Came into force as a program on February 2, 2006

◆ Shared responsibility between government at Centre and State

◆ Implemented in a phased manner.

❖ Phase-I (2006-2007): in 200 most backward districts of the

country

❖ Phase II (2007-2008): 130 more districts added

❖ Phase III (from April 1, 2008): All remaining rural districts of India

Primary Stakeholders

1. Wage seekers

2. Panchayati Raj Institutions (local government), specially the gram panchayat (village counsil)

3. Programme Officer at the block levels (sub divisions of districts)

4. District Programme Coordinator

5. State Government

6. Central Government - Ministry of Rural Development

Process of MGNREGS

*PE – Post Event**RT – Real Time

Universal Rights based Approach

Salient features of the Act

Rights based approach

Universal guarantee;

Demand-driven

Decentralized planning & implementation

Prime role for Village Administration; dedicated cadre for implementation

Quality works and asset management

Technical support for quality asset creation; User group

development

Natural Resource Management

GIS based integrated planning approach and NRM

based livelihoods.

Convergence for comprehensive benefits

With other rural development programmes for better housing,

sanitation, irrigation facilities etc.

Monitoring, Transparency & Accountability

Proactive disclosure through Social Audits, Geo-tagging of

assets, Management Information System etc.

Total Coverage across country

1. District Covered : 6852. Blocks covered : 6,8633. Village councils covered

(Gram Panchayats) : 2,62,840

• 126 million registered households covering 250 million people across 685 districts.

• Thus, the largest wage work programme in the world.

Highlights

Budget outlay of8.226 billion US $ for 2018-19 alone.

Highest budget allocation for a ruraldevelopment programme in India.

Expenditure since inception until2019 (so far) is US $ 71.5 billion.

1 US $ = 71 Indian Rupees

Women form 53 percent of the workforce.

99 percent of wages paid through digitized direct beneficiary transfer mechanisms.

MGNREGA includes 260 permissible works - 181 works are focussed on Natural Resource Management, of which 84 are exclusively related to water.

65 percent of expenditure on NRM related works.

34.1 million assets of the 36 million assets created have been geo-tagged (so far).

‘Mission Water Conservation’ launched by Government of India in 2016 to provide special focus to water stressed and irrigation deprived regions.

Women Participation

Rights Based Approach

◆ Right to a MGNREGA Job Card – Any rural household who is willing to do unskilledmanual work can apply for a Job Card at the Gram Panchayat (local Government),and needs to be provided one within 15 days.

◆ Right to demand work - up to 100 days in a year.

◆ Right to employment - within 15 days of application. Unemployment allowancefrom Day 16.

◆ Right to wages – to receive notified wage rate and within 15 days. Delayedcompensation from Day 16.

◆ Right to obtain work within 5 km radius of his/her residence.

Mandated for 1/3rd women participation; priority inclusion, work allocation forScheduled Caste/ Scheduled Tribe, Persons With Disability, elderly, primitive tribes etc.

Administration and Finance

(In Billion US $)1 US $ = 71 Indian Rupees

Budget Allocation

Year Budget Estimate

2006-07 1.5912007-08 1.6902008-09 2.2532009-10 5.5072010-11 5.6472011-12 5.6342012-13 4.6482013-14 4.6482014-15 4.7892015-16 4.8872016-17 5.4222017-18 6.7612018-19 7.747(so far)

2,22,39

2,22,31

2,53

1,66

2,35 2,35 2,33 2,36

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

FY 2014-2015 FY 2015-2016 FY 2016-2017 FY 2017-2018 FY 2018-2019

Approved Labour Budget Persondays Generated

Persondays Generation against Labour Budget (In Billions)

(so far)

HHs Demanded, Offered and Provided the Employment (HHs in Millions)

57,31 57,1057,17 56,58

51,1649,98

25,00

30,00

35,00

40,00

45,00

50,00

55,00

FY 2017-18 FY 2018-19

Demanded

Offer

Provided

(so far)

Decentralised planning & implementation

◆ All activities including job card application, demand and allocation of work, primary paymentprocessing etc. happens at the Gram Panchayat (Local Government) level.

◆ The Gram Sabha (Village council) including the community, elected representatives andofficials of the Gram Panchayat approves the annual Labour Budget and recommends worksfor MGNREGA.

◆ Decentralised administration with defined roles:

❖ Mates at every MGNREGA worksite for supervision, and ensuring worksite facilities suchas drinking water, shed, crèche, first aid etc.

❖ Programme Officer at the Block level

❖ District Programme Coordinator

❖ MGNREGA Cell at State Government

❖ Programme Division at Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India

Quality Works and Asset Management

◆ Focus on creation of rural infrastructure for sustainable livelihoods, andenhancing the living conditions in rural areas.

◆ 60:40 wage and material ratio is maintained for works. No contractors ormachinery allowed

◆ Technical cadre on ground for ensuring creation of durable assets:Technical Assistants, Barefoot Technicians, Engineers at Gram Panchayat/cluster/ Block level.

◆ Maintenance of case-record files at every work site including the workestimates, sanctions and worker details.

◆ Creation of user groups and management committees at asset/community level for continued maintenance and management of assets.

260 permissible works under 4 categories

Category A: Public worksrelating to NRM

Category B: Individual assets for vulnerable sections

Category C: Common Infrastructure For NRLM (National Rural Livelihood

Mission) Compliant Self Help Groups

Category D: Rural Infrastructure

Enhanced focus on Natural Resource Management (NRM)

◆ 58% expenditure on NRM(Approx. 5.01 Billion US $).

◆ Out of 260 permissible works, 181 works relate toNRM; 81 are exclusively on water.

◆ Mission Water Conservation launched in 2016mandates 65% expenditure on water relatedworks in 2129 water stressed Blocks.

❖ Water conservation for water managementand drought mitigation: farm ponds, checkdams, structures for ground water recharge,farm ponds, percolation tanks, artificialrecharge of wells through sand filters etc.

Rising Expenditure on NRM Works (In Billion US $)1 US $ = 71 Indian Rupees

4,064,44 4,53

5,01

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

FY 2015-16 FY 2016-17 FY 2017-18 FY 2018-19 (so far)

Fishing activity in a Farm Pond Tamil Nadu

Water Conservation Pond at Village Ramsiej, Block Mawthadraishan, District W. Khasi Hills, Meghalaya

Water Conservation Pond (Johar) at Dilman GP, Sirmour DistrictHimachal Pradesh

Check DamRajasthan

Multi-arch Check DamKarnataka

Check Dam at Village Bakartala, G.P. Panto, Block Jashipur, District Mayurbhanj, Odisha

Irrigation channelArunachal Pradesh

Irrigation canal (locally known as KUHAL) Nahan Gram Panchayat, Sirmour District, Himachal Pradesh

Water channel District West Sikkim, Sikkim

21,40%

33,80%

51,41%

62,27% 66.51%

0,00%

10,00%

20,00%

30,00%

40,00%

50,00%

60,00%

70,00%

FY 14-15 FY 15-16 FY 16-17 FY 17-18 FY 18-19*

% of Works taken-up on Land of Individual Beneficiaries

*(so far)

Irrigation well under Kapildharain Betul, Madhya Pradesh

Transparency and Accountability

Management Information System –NREGASoft

www.nrega.nic.in

Transparency and Accountability

◆ Regular conduct of Social Audit Gram Sabha (localcouncil), and proactive disclosure of all MGNREGA worksrelated information.

◆ www.nrega.nic.in Digitialized Management InformationSystem with modules for every function including fundmanagement, labour budget, staffing, work progress etc.

◆ Every MGNREGA worksite has a Citizen Information Boardpublicly displaying all details of the work, estimated andactual costs, labour: material ratio etc.

◆ A set of 7 registers maintained at every Gram Panchayatincluding details of all workers, works undertaken etc.

◆ Grievance Redressal System and toll-free helplinenumbers activated at State level.

Geo-tagging Assets

Every MGNREGA asset is tagged along with basic information and made available to public through www.nrega.nic.in.

• Optimize Utilization of Resources

• Sound Decision Making

• Holistic GP Planning

GIS DESIGN PLAN

EVOLUTION

GIS Based Planning

GIS assisted integrated NRM planning

◆ A robust tool developed on watershed principles, and is currently based onsix thematic profiles of an area: topography, geomorphology, land use landcover patter, drainage system, contours and lineaments.

◆ Currently used at the Local Government level.

◆ Supports well-informed decision making through correlating spatial andnon-spatial information.

◆ Helps to determine the areas where MGNREGS works need to beimplemented on priority.

◆ Saves cost and time, as holistic information is available on a laptop withinternet connection on real-time basis.

Rajouri, J & K

Una, H & PDehradun, Uttrakhand

Sahibzada AjitSingh Nagar,

Punjab

Rae Bareli, Uttar

PradeshSirohi, Rajasthan

Narmada, Rajpola, Gujarat

Ujjain, MP

Gaya, Bihar

East District, Sikkim

Papumpare, Arunachal Pradesh

LakhimpurAssam

Kohima, Nagaland

Imphal Manipur

East Khasi Hills, Meghalaya

Aizawal,Mizoram

West Tripura, Tripura

Hoogly, West Bengal

Khurda, Odisha

Bastar, Jagdalpur,

Chhattisgarh

Nagpur , Maharashtra

Nalgonda, Telangana

Panji, Goa

Anathpuram, Andhra Pradesh

ChikkaballapuraKarnataka

ChikkaballapuraKarnataka

Puducherry

Pallakad, Kerala

Ranchi, Jharkhand

30 GIS Facility Centre’s to be Established in

FY 2018-19 Under

MGNREGS

e-Saksham

e-Saksham

◆ A Massive Open Online Course to capacitate MGNREGAtechnical functionaries on GIS based planning approach.

◆ 6 Modules, 17 Video Sessions in English & Hindi

◆ Total Duration : 2:20 hours

◆ Available through a website and android mobile application

◆ Every module includes a FAQ session for immediate doubtclarifications, and an e-mail based helpline system for furthertechnical handholding.

◆ Every participant will have the opportunity to attempt a quiz atthe end of each module to assess their understanding.

◆ A discussion forum for enhancing the scope for learning andsharing knowledge.

Estimates - Before SECURE Implementation

Difficult to Replicate

Non-standard

Record keeping

Accountability

SECURE – Digital Estimation

TIME EFFICIENT PROCESS ONLINE APPROVAL

EASILY TRACEABLEINCREASED TRANSPARENCY &

ACCOUNTABILITY

Convergence for Comprehensive Benefits

Convergence with other rural development programmes for better housing,sanitation, irrigation facilities etc.

◆ Prime Minister’s Irrigation Programme (PMKSY), Integrated WatershedManagement Programme (IWMP), Command Area Development & WaterManagement (CAD&WM) for supporting agriculture;

◆ Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) for housing;

◆ Swacchh Bharat Mission for sanitation;

◆ Ministry of Water Resources for artificial recharge

◆ Ministry of Textile for sericulture

◆ Ministry of Commerce for rubber plantation

◆SAKSHAM: Technical Personnel

◆SECURE: Technical Personnel

◆GeoMGNREGA: Block and GP Personnel

◆Social Audit: Resource persons & women SHG members

◆BFT: MGNREGA Beneficiary

◆GIS based Planning

Capacity Building

◆ SAKSHAM capacity building programme has been launched to train technical resourcepersons on INRM planning and use of geo-information for planning.

◆ Bare Foot Technicians (BFT): The Ministry has initiated BFT Project, wherein a youth fromthe MGNREGA worker household/ Mate/ Supervisor are identified and provided 90 days oftechnical training on basic civil engineering concepts.

◆ 4-day residential Social Audit SHG-VRP Training Program: The objective of the SHG-VRPtraining programme is to create a community cadre of SHG members for effective conduct ofsocial audits at the Gram Panchayat level as Village Resource Persons.

◆ SECURE: For standardizing the process of preparing appropriate work estimates based onthe prevailing SOR, a software “SECURE” has been developed and field functionaries arebeing trained to make use of the software.

Capacity Building

Bare Foot technicians during their field class

Bare Foot technicians during their field class

Bare Foot technicians during their field class - Manipur

Saksham BTRT Training ODISHA

Social Audit VRP TrainingTAMIL NADU

Way Ahead

◆ GIS Based Integrated Planning made compulsory for 2 GPS in every block.

◆ Integrating MGNREGA and Agriculture for doubling farmer’s income by2022.

◆ Enhancing Climate Resilience through MGNREGA under a co-benefitsapproach.

◆ Improving Ground Water Management and Recharge in water-stressedareas.

◆ River Rejuvenation

◆ Rural Haats

◆ Moving from 100 days of wage work to 365 days of Sustainable Livelihood.

THANK YOU!

GIS Based Integrated Planning

Identified

GP

Identified GP MapState

District

Block

Rs. 3,796 National Average per HH exp

Rs 38.52 lakhs Projected Expenditure

Gram Panchayat

Avg. Exp. in

Last 3 Years

PastPonds

59Current Ponds

Illustrative Pictures

Major Work Identified

Total No. of Works Expenditure

• Masonry Check Dams on Morwa River 10

• Desilting of ponds 16

• NADEP/Vermicompost Pits112

• Cattle-Shed/Goat-Shed197

• Soak Pits227

Proposed Plan for

KASIDAHA GRAM PANCHAYAT

Individual WorksExpenditure Rs. 168 Lakh

Legend

Cattle Shed

Soak Pit

NRM works Expenditure – Rs. 254 Lakh