Population Change and Lifecourse: Strategic Knowledge Cluster Leadership Group: Roderic Beaujot, Paul Bernard, Paul Bélanger, Robert Bourbeau, Monica Boyd, Céline Le Bourdais, Norah Keating, Janice Keefe, Susan McDaniel, Kevin McQuillan, Louise Potvin,

Amélie Quesnel-Vallée, Zenaida R. Ravanera, Byron Spencer, Frank Trovato, Zheng Wu November 20, 2006

1. Summary of Planned Activity Population issues provide an important part of the context within which significant social policy choices are made. Canada is experiencing low fertility, profound changes in family life, slow population growth largely driven by immigration, population aging, and important regional differences in the pace of both population growth and population aging. While the significance of demography is widely acknowledged, understanding of the determinants and consequences of demographic change for individuals and communities is limited. The objective of this proposal is to bring the fruits of demographic and social research to the forefront of discussion of social policy by bringing a demographic perspective into contact with a lifecourse perspective on individual and social change. The lifecourse perspective allows researchers, policymakers, and other stakeholders to see how broad changes in the make-up of our population affect the key decisions that individuals make and the transitions they experience in life. This focus on transitions promises to enrich social policy debate and open the door to innovations that will more effectively address new social challenges faced by individuals and communities. To accomplish this, we propose to bring together two accomplished research clusters that had previously received SSHRC support. The Population Change and Public Policy cluster will join with a group of leading lifecourse researchers who had come together under the heading “Bring the Threads Together: The Contribution of Longitudinal and Lifecourse Approach to Knowledge, Informed Public Debate and Decision-Making.” Our goal is to build collaboration among these two teams, which have pursued separate but complementary objectives, so as to enhance our knowledge and understanding of Canadian society and strengthen the foundation for effective policymaking. Together, the two teams comprise many of Canada’s leading demographers, sociologists, and social policy researchers. Both groups have built strong links to such government agencies as Statistics Canada, the Policy Research Initiative, Human Resources and Social Development Canada, Health Canada, and Citizenship and Immigration Canada. The clusters have worked well together already through their work with the Population, Work and Family Policy Research Collaboration. Together we intend to:

1. Strengthen our links to the public sector to support the development and refinement of evidence-based social policies.

2. Make the results of our work better known inside and outside the academy by promoting broad public discussion of our research through symposia, workshops, and briefings to the media.

3. Promote broader knowledge of Canada and strengthen the basis for future research by building partnerships with international researchers in the area including France’s Institut national d’études démographiques (INED) and the Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute (NIDI).

4. Support the work of Canada’s network of Research Data Centres and work with them to increase data availability and research training.

5. Build for the future by integrating young scholars and students into our cluster and supporting them in their efforts to learn new skills.

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Population Change and Lifecourse: Strategic Knowledge Cluster

Leadership Group: Roderic Beaujot, Paul Bernard, Paul Bélanger, Robert Bourbeau, Monica Boyd, Céline Le Bourdais, Norah Keating, Janice Keefe, Susan McDaniel, Kevin McQuillan, Louise Potvin,

Amélie Quesnel-Vallée, Zenaida R. Ravanera, Byron Spencer, Frank Trovato, Zheng Wu

November 20, 2006

2. Detailed Description 2.1. Knowledge Mobilization The cluster will undertake activities to promote both knowledge creation and evidence-based decision-making, connecting research with policy development. The cluster’s knowledge mobilization activities will be based on four interconnections between the research and policy cycles. (a) Identifying issues that warrant further research. (b) Providing empirically grounded factors to be taken into account in shaping and implementing policies. (c) Reshaping issues in public policy with policymakers informing research. (d) Improving the production and dissemination of data relevant for both fundamental research and social policy. Building on the interconnection between research and policy, the cluster will undertake activities to mobilize Canada’s best researchers to address issues of policy importance in our six domains, facilitate and encourage research access to survey and administrative data files, and bring the fruits of research to the attention of a broader public. Our strategies at achieving these objectives are discussed in the next section. Two other important goals of the cluster are the fostering of interaction between those in the research and policymaking communities, and supporting a new generation of researchers who will extend this work by providing both training and access to needed resources. The means to achieve these goals is laid out in the last section of the proposal, on partnership and involving young scholars. A. National and international exchanges Our cluster brings together researchers from a variety of academic disciplines and from across the country and internationally. A primary goal of the cluster is to stimulate interaction among our researchers and allow them the opportunity to learn from one another and from leading international scholars in our field. To achieve this goal, the cluster will conduct symposia, workshops and roundtables where knowledge is exchanged, where future research directions are explored, and where people get to know one another, thus furthering future dialogue and collaboration. We will create opportunities for more extended interaction among members of the cluster by supporting exchanges that would allow researchers in our cluster to work at another institution. This could entail a junior faculty member spending part of a summer at the research shop of a senior researcher working on similar problems; co-investigators from different institutions working on a funded project to spend some time together; university researchers spending sabbaticals in a government agency like Statistics Canada that has such a program; and university research centers hosting civil servants for sabbaticals. For students, this can take the form of a doctoral student spending time in an apprentice situation, or as a post-doc in a government department.

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We also propose to bring international experts to Canadian institutions for short stays that would allow our members the chance to exchange ideas and findings with leading scholars working on similar issues in different settings. Several countries have built strong research institutes that support research on population change and the lifecourse, most notably France (with its Institut national d’études démographiques), the Netherlands (with its Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute), Germany (with the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research), the Carolina Population Centre with its focus on lifecourse research, Washington’s Population Reference Bureau with its strong reputation for dissemination with a policy focus, and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) with its coordination of the Gender and Generations Survey. Our goal is to learn from their experiences, through short visits to these institutions by established researchers and young scholars, while also making the high quality research being done in this area by Canadian scholars better known around the world. In addition to institutional links, the cluster will be collaborating with individual researchers from other countries, including opportunities for leading researchers to spend short periods at Canadian universities. B. Enhancing Research Infrastructure The establishment of Statistics Canada Research Data Centres has enabled researchers to use data to address questions that dominate the social science research agenda. All files now housed in the RDCs are based on household surveys, and their number will continue to grow but soon we expect the RDCs to house files that are drawn from administrative records – e.g., records of hospital utilization, of encounters with the judicial system, of enrolment in educational systems, of contributions to and receipt of benefits from public pension plans. We are in a period when the amount of information that is available for analysis is growing very rapidly. A fundamental concern of the cluster is to ensure that we as a community of researchers are well positioned to take advantage of the opportunities to ask good research questions and to increase the number of scholars capable of addressing them. As various partner organizations will provide new data bases together with documentation, the cluster would not have to allocate funds to finance their acquisition. In collaboration with the Canadian Labour Research Cluster, we will explore ways in which to add value to such data bases through enhanced documentation. We will organize forums in which researchers would meet with representatives of partner agencies to identify and discuss questions and issues of public concern that might be addressed with existing Statistics Canada data files or with administrative data files. Each forum would focus on an area of potential research interest that fits within the cluster themes – e.g. Family, work and work-life balance, International Migration, Health and Aging, or Education and life-long learning. We will develop courses directed towards the research interests of doctoral students and postdoctoral fellows. The potential for distance learning will be explored; as the RDCs move to a system in which all become part of a secure network it will become possible to hold virtual ‘face-to-face’ meetings or conduct small classes without people having to leave their own RDC. Integral to the course offerings, the cluster would undertake to develop core data files and programs that would facilitate research access. This could include facilitating the development of new software routines, that would, for example, link survey files with other files that provide information for census tracts, and making available fully transportable instructional material relating to the application of many of the fundamental tools that are essential for analysis of these complicated data files.

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C. Knowledge Mobilization Mechanisms for Broad Dissemination As can be seen in the letters of support from partners (Section 6), in the research under Memorandums of Understanding with HRSDC (Section 8.2) and in the Partial List of Research Projects (Section 8.3), the cluster members have recently completed and are undertaking several research projects, many funded through SSHRC’s standard research grants and other programs, the results of which are of interest for policy development and the broader public. Thus, in addition to workshops and symposia that bring together specialists in our interdisciplinary fields, we propose to explore the use of innovative mechanisms to publicize our work more widely, and include users of knowledge in its very creation. This dissemination will occur through academic communities, with stakeholders and service-oriented groups, and with the broader public. (a) The first will include presentation of research results in academic conferences, encouraging the

participation of stakeholders in these conferences, and publications in academic print and e-journals of various disciplines and on public policy.

(b) The second will take place in policy circles, with policy makers, non-governmental organizations, and other service-oriented groups. These could include big events like the PWFC Symposium, roundtables of researchers and stakeholders, and print and internet materials such as research briefs, policy issues series, and newsletters targeted to stakeholders.

(c) The third would be public dissemination of results through various means of communication involving different media and modes of dissemination. We will get advice from specialists in communications and recruit students with interests and abilities in media, information and dissemination. We will identify a list of media contacts that regularly treat issues related to our research, invite them to conferences and symposia, and provide them with regular updates on our work. The research committees will hold focused seminars with persons from the media. We will also use news releases, lists of “facts and fallacies” on topics of the day, and a web site that can become a “go to” resource for media specialists.

In order to reach as broad an audience as possible, the cluster will make use of the resources of communications offices in the universities, knowledge transfer and information offices of the Research Data Centres (RDCs), and means of dissemination provided by government and non-profit agencies (such as the “What's new" section of Perspectives of Labour and Income, Policy Research Initiative’s Horizons, and Vanier Institute of the Family’s Transition). The internet will be both a means of dissemination of results and a way of coordinating activities of the network. The current website http://www.ssc.uwo.ca/sociology/popchange/ will be re-designed and will continue to be an essential tool; other internet tools such as e-group and inter-active presentations will be used when they are deemed workable and effective. 2.2. Knowledge Impacts The research cycle involves three stages: research questions arise and are conceptualized using appropriate theories and frameworks, data are gathered and analyzed leading to results, and on the basis of the results, original questions are reformulated or new ones are raised. Similarly, the policy cycle starts with issues on which some evidence is brought to bear, policies are enacted to address the original issues, and these policies bring a need for evaluation and raising further issues. The cluster’s knowledge impact activities will be based on four interconnections between the two cycles. (a) The ongoing sharing of knowledge between specialists, coming from various domains in universities and in governments, can help identify issues, some of which are already on the agenda and

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others not, which warrant further research. (b) Results from research of cluster members could provide empirically grounded lists of factors to be taken into account in shaping and implementing policies. (c) Through various interchanges between researchers and partners, the concepts of the social sciences could play a very significant role in reshaping issues in public policy, while the vocabulary of policymakers could inform research. (d) Continuing communication between researchers and policymakers would help to improve the production and dissemination of data relevant for both fundamental research and social policy. These activities have started, especially through our participation in the work of the Policy Research Initiative and, in particular, the Population, Work, and Family Policy Research Collaboration (PWFC). Our members have been key participants in the activities of PWFC, providing both research studies and serving as speakers at symposia (See Section 8.4). As seen in the letters from partners, and the section of the proposal on building partnerships, there is interest to extend these exchanges. The cluster’s knowledge impacts lie with the importance of population change, the analytic power of a life course perspective, and the specific research themes that are particularly pertinent to social, health and economic policy. A. Population Change Virtually all wealthy societies are now experiencing slow population growth while several are already experiencing population decline. Immigration is coming to play an increasingly important role in many of these societies. As a result, populations are both aging and becoming more ethnically diverse. Moreover, the growing importance of migration means that some regions will continue to grow while others may face significant decline. The scenarios from the 2001 Census are very different from those of the 1961 Census, which was the effective knowledge base for establishing Canada’s major social programs. At that time, there was particular concern about the significant pocket of poverty represented by the elderly, and much confidence that the country could well afford pension and health programs that would especially benefit this disadvantaged population. This was also a time when gender models largely assumed breadwinner families, and marriages were assumed to be stable. Persons with French mother tongue had significant income disadvantages, whereas, recent immigrants were doing well. In effect, policy discussions surrounding aging include structural adjustments not only to pension systems, but to labour markets, education, health and fiscal systems. How does the society accommodate itself to an aging population, in terms of regenerating the labour force, pensions, health care and social services, while ensuring that inter-generational transfers do not disadvantage the young? Among the key questions scholars from the cluster address are:

• Will an aging population threaten the ability to sustain a high standard of living and an effective social safety net in the various parts of the country?

• How are patterns of both internal and international migration influencing the demographic make-up of Canadian provinces and communities?

• Will increasing diversity increase inequality and threaten social cohesion? • What challenges are presented by the trends and disparities in mortality and health status for

current social policies and institutions? • How will regions and communities with low fertility and limited immigration adapt to aging

populations and possible demographic decline? • How do education and lifelong learning need to adapt to the changing demographics of aging,

immigration, and labour force entry and exit?

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B. Lifecourse The lifecourse perspective has proved particularly useful as a lens to examine these complex changes, as well as the ensuing policy challenges (Bernard, 2006). The lifecourse framework is based on the simple, and yet powerful intuition that life unfolds in transitions through time, as a recurring interaction between different types of resources. It allows for analysis of family and household issues such as changes in network membership and the unfolding effects of interdependencies within families and between generations. Individual resources such as physical and mental health across the lifecycle interact with family and demographic change. These ideas have opened significant opportunities for social science research over the last three decades. Causality is now increasingly examined with longitudinal data becoming widely available. And, thanks to advances in interdisciplinary dialogue, we increasingly conceptualize research issues in ways that make room for the complex interactions among the economic, educational, health and networks dimensions of people’s lives.

• In the first place, life is longitudinal: individuals, as human agents, build their future on the basis of the constraints and opportunities provided by their past. At each stage of their lives, they examine their circumstances, using whatever information, ideas and beliefs life has made available to them. They then adopt a course of action in order to maintain or alter this situation.

• In the second place, life is multifaceted: as mentioned in the PRI document of 2004, “A Life-Course Approach to Social Policy Analysis”, individuals contribute to, and derive resources from various institutions with which they are in contact: family, communities, markets, and the State. These resources include income, health, education and literacy, social relations.

• Thirdly, linked lives mean that the life-course of individuals is profoundly affected by what happens in the life-course of their family members, and vice versa.

• Finally, lives unfold in local and regional, societal, as well as historical contexts. Individuals are embedded not only in families, but also in communities, which can offer various levels of opportunities and of support.

C. Major areas of research The areas listed below highlight substantive questions that interest cluster members who are from various disciplines in the social and health sciences. There is an emphasis throughout on equity and cohesion over gender, generations, space and population groups, and on comparative research, across Canada, and with other countries. These cross-cutting themes enhance the policy relevance of the research, where questions of inequality and cohesion are particularly significant, and where comparisons and the findings of various disciplines enhance the value of the analyses. 1. Family, work and work-life balance Work in this area focuses on young families with particular reference to forming relationships, having children and establishing a secure economic basis for family life (Rosenfeld, 2006; Gauthier et al., 2006). The lifecourse perspective is especially helpful in this regard in that it highlights differential sequencing of events associated with family and work. Paid work may impinge upon family responsibilities and, not surprisingly, growing numbers of workers feel stressed as they attempt to juggle work and family responsibilities (McDaniel, 2003b; Phipps et al., 2001). The de-institutionalization of conjugal and family life raises important legal and social issues in terms of the rights and responsibilities

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of partners at separation and of parents toward children (Beaujot, 2000; Beaujot et al., 2005; Le Bourdais and Lapierre-Adamcyk, 2004) and of responsibilities of adult children to aging parents (Lashewicz et al., forthcoming) . 2. Immigrants and Migrants: Opportunity Structures, Cohesion and Contexts Both international and internal migrations are accentuating specific places of destination, and consequently there are considerable discrepancies in population growth over space. Areas that involve more departures than arrivals are typically older in age structure, smaller communities and less prosperous (Trovato, 1988). To what extent are the opportunity structures of immigrants affected by the relative numbers of arrivals. Can we assess the sustainability of a continuation over the long term of past levels of immigration? If economic questions are at the origin of migration patterns, social questions play important roles in the perpetuation of the movement (Massey et al., 1993; Boyd, 1989). Migrants are linked by family and other networks, and various institutions including intermediaries and humanitarian organizations play roles in terms of information, assistance and the accumulation of social capital. Particular attention needs to be paid to trends over length of residence, and over generations (Boyd, 2002; Aydemir, Chen, and Corak, 2005; Taylor and Krahn, 2005). 3. Labour force, aging and life course flexibility The situation is also changing considerably with regard to labour market questions. As the baby boom, and women, entered the labour market, there was no shortage of supply. However, these were one-time phenomena that cannot be repeated. With labour supply no longer as abundant, the Canadian Occupational Projection System produces results that expect the situation to change to a situation of shortage in some ten years, with shortages in specific occupations in the short-term (Halliwell, 2004). The slower growing labour force implies a need to maximize the human resource potential of all elements of the population. In the theme of “Population aging and life-course flexibility,” the Policy Research Initiative (2004; Hicks, 2003; Osberg, 2005) has emphasized flexibility in labour force involvement as a means to allow for work/life balance, reproduction, caring, and the extension of the work life. In effect, retirement decisions must be examined as the convergence over the lifecourse of processes related to family, work experience, health, and wealth (Keating, 2005; McDaniel, 2003a; 2003c). We need to further examine how policy can help provide flexibility in life course choices, and promote age-adapted workplaces and flexible work arrangements. 4. Health: mortality, morbidity and the changing nature of the elderly population Despite decades of universal health insurance coverage, most developed countries are still faced with glaring health inequalities that are not reducible to lifestyle and health behaviours, and that bear a strong relationship with many social determinants (Buckley et al., 2006a, 2006b; Trovato and Heyen, 2006; Trovato and Lalu, forthcoming). This situation has been deemed of such concern to researchers and policymakers alike that limiting these inequalities has been put at the forefront of the agenda of many governing bodies. Social inequalities in health are generated by the accumulation of vulnerabilities and risks that begin at conception and that may be compounded or mitigated by intervening life experiences (Robine et al., 2006). These inequalities are also thought to be the product of multigenerational processes that combine genetic and social risks (Quesnel-Vallée 2004; Quesnel-Vallée and Taylor 2006; Wu, Penning, and Schimmele, 2005; Wu and Schimmele, 2005). Research in a lifecourse framework, can inform social

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policies that would mitigate the downward spiral of these processes of cumulative disadvantage (Bourque and Quesnel-Vallée 2006;Keating, et al., 2006). Aging brings an increase in the number of persons living with disabilities (Rozanova et al., 2006; Bourbeau and Desjardins, 2006; Denton et al., 2005). These trends bring a changed composition of the elderly population over cohorts and projected increases in the costs of caring and associated social services (Légaré, 2005). This also raises questions of the mix of formal and informal care, along with the possibilities of informal care in the context of family change (Fast et al., 2004; Keating et al, 2003). 5. Education and life-long learning Lifelong learning is a complex process expressed in preschool informal learning, through levels of achievements in initial education, and in different forms of learning practices during adult lifecourse, which implies possibilities of improvement or degradation over time (Bélanger 1994). It is, therefore, increasingly important to figure out how formal and informal learning processes evolve under various circumstances, at different periods of time and across contexts. While the initial education levels of Canadians have come to surpass those of the OECD countries (OECD, 2005), this differentiation and its contributing factors need to be taken into account to identify the conditions of cumulative educational process across life phases and contexts, including the continuing development of human capital, so as to improve productivity, raise the level of health literacy, and enhance the civic skills that will be required for informed and reflexive participation in increasingly heterogeneous communities. 6. Income and inequality Compared to the situation in the 1960s when Canada’s major social programs were being established, there are major changes in the population groups most subject to disadvantage, and in the potential for dependents to be supported through families. Hatfield (2004) identified five groups that are most vulnerable to economic hardship: lone parents, unattached persons aged 45-64, recent immigrants, persons with work-limiting disabilities and off-reserve aboriginal populations. Each of these groups is growing as a function of demographic trends. It is now well known, among policy makers as well as among researchers, that individuals and families enter and exit poverty under very different circumstances (Morissette and Zhang, 2005). These situations obviously call for different policy interventions: income transfers might be enough to help people through temporary difficulties, but a more structural approach is needed in the case of chronic poverty. Moreover, poverty cannot be reduced to a simple lack of income: it also involves, both as causes and as consequences, a myriad of interconnected factors such as health, education, employment, family situation, and social capital. Evidence from other countries (as well as Canadian evidence limited by the short panels of longitudinal data available) indicates clearly that chronic low-income has larger negative implications for health status than transitory poverty (see Phipps and Curtis, 2003). In addition, it appears that experiencing poverty earlier in life is more negative than experiencing it later (Duncan and Brooks-Gunn, 1997). 2.3. Cluster Participants, Governance, and Budget A. List of Cluster Members The list of cluster members shown in Section 8.1 comprises 77 persons from 29 universities across the regions of Canada, in the disciplines of demography, sociology, economics, epidemiology, and geography. Included in the list are members who, over the past two years, have actively participated in the cluster activities such as its planning workshop in London, Ontario in February 2005, the PWFC Symposium, and the in the HRSDC’s call for proposals, or who have indicated their intention to

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continue to be part of the cluster. The members include top-notch scholars who have several years of research experience with the various issues that relate to population change and the lifecourse, and young scholars who are starting to make their mark in the research field. In its current form, this list is limited to researchers from the academic sector, but researchers from the public and non-profit sectors will be systematically included. The cluster is also open to the inclusion of others, especially students and young scholars, who would be interested to take part in its knowledge mobilization and knowledge impact activities. Below is a short summary of the academic and leadership qualities of the Director (Principal Applicant) co-applicants, other persons closely associated with the formation of the cluster who will serve roles on the various committee, and project coordinator. Roderic Beaujot (University of Western Ontario, Principal Applicant) is Professor of Sociology and Director of Western’s Population Studies Centre, Academic Director of Western’s Research Data Centre, Chair of Statistics Canada’s Advisory Committee on Demographic Statistics and Studies, and member of the leadership team of the PWFC. He has been President of both the Canadian Population Society (2000-02) and the Federation of Canadian Demographers (1987-90). He was a member of the Canadian Delegation to the International Conference on Population and Development (Cairo, 1994), founding Board member of Action Canada for Population and Development (1997-2002), and Board Chair of the Southwest Region Health Information Partnership (2000-01). He has been the director of the Population Change and Public Policy Cluster since its inception in 2004. Through his Presidency of the Federation of Canadian Demographers during the Review of Demography and its Implications for Economic and Social Policy, and in Population Change in Canada: The Challenges of Policy Adaptation, Beaujot brought together questions of population change and policy. His Earning and Caring in Canadian Families, which received the Porter Award from the Canadian Sociology and Anthropology Association, is also a synthesis of research regarding families and work. He was principal investigator of research projects that involved several researchers, namely, a SSHRC strategic research project on “Family Transformation and Social Cohesion” and a Health Canada Policy Research Program grant on “Family, Community, and Health in the Context of Economic Change.” As seen, for instance, in the partner support letter from Health Canada, Beaujot has been strongly appreciated both for the insight of his research, and for his ability to bring this research into policy discussions. After directing research centers on education and work, Paul Bélanger (Univesité du Québec a Montréal) became director of the UNESCO Institute for Education. He is now professor at UQAM and director of the interdisciplinary research center on lifelong learning. Author and co-author of Lifelong Learning (Kluwer, 1995), Shifting Patterns in Adult Education Participation (Pergamon, 1997), Transitions toward LLL: social indicators (Tokyo, 1998), Transnational Analysis of Adult Learning Policies (UNESCO, 1999) and Participation à l’éducation des adultes (CIRDEP, 2004), he is a specialist in the sociology of lifelong learning. Paul Bernard (Univesité de Montréal, Co-applicant) has been extensively involved in policy relevant research over the last two decades, including most recently his role as Director of the Lifecourse cluster, and member of the leadership team of the PWFC. He is a member of the National Statistics Council. He has closely collaborated with the Policy Research Initiative, and with Human Resources and Social Development Canada, leading a Working Group to examine the opportunity and feasibility of a Canadian household panel survey. He is on the Board of the Social Research and Demonstration Corporation, and the Board of Governors of the Council of Canadian Academies. He plays similar roles

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in Quebec, having been appointed to the Board of the government-sponsored Centre de recherche sur la pauvreté et l’exclusion sociale. Robert Bourbeau (Université de Montréal) is Professor of Demography and Chair of the Department of Demography. His research on oldest-old mortality and longevity is well known in Canada and in many countries through his collaboration with the Human Mortality Database (a project with University of California – Berkeley and Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research). He has elaborated a Canadian HMD available on the web to researchers, policy makers and to the public in general (www.bdlc.umontreal.ca). This database gives many possibilities for research on mortality in Canadian provinces and territories. Monica Boyd, FRSC (University of Toronto) and Canada Research Chair, is an expert in the fields of changing family, gender inequality, international migration (with foci on policy, on immigrant integration and on immigrant women) and ethnic stratification. Social inequality is a core theme in her research. Her current research projects are on immigrant inequality in the labour force, the migration of high skilled labor and related re-accreditation difficulties, the social construction of ethnicity, and the socio-economic achievements of immigrant offspring. Céline Le Bourdais (McGill University, Co-applicant) holds a Canada Research Chair in Social Statistics and Family Change. An expert in family demography, she was among the first scholars in Canada to adopt a life course perspective to study family dynamics with Statistics Canada longitudinal surveys. She was the founding director of the Centre interuniversitaire d'études démographiques (CIED), and was co-principal investigator (with Paul Bernard) of the FCI major grant that led to the creation of the Canadian Network of Research Data Centres (RDC). Since its creation in 2000, Céline Le Bourdais has been the director of the Quebec Inter-University Centre for Social Statistics (QICSS), comprised of seven Quebec universities. Since 1999 she has taught in the QICSS Summer School that she has developed with colleagues from INRS and Université de Montréal. Norah Keating (University of Alberta) is professor and co-director of Research on Aging, Policies and Practice (RAPP) in the Department of Human Ecology. Dr. Keating is a family scholar and gerontologist whose expertise is in later life families and care to older adults. She is senior author of the book, Eldercare in Canada that provided the first national picture of the extent of care to seniors. She has contributed to our understanding of the structure of families, the implications for care of the elderly and adults with disability, and mapping the family lifecourse. Her team has more than 60 scholars from around the world in social and health sciences and across all career stages, the mentorship environment of which has been described as 'graduate student nirvana' by a SSHRC review team. Janice Keefe (Mount St. Vincent University) is a Professor of Family Studies and Gerontology, the Lena Isabel Jodrey Chair in Gerontology, and Director of the Nova Scotia Centre on Aging. She holds a Canada Research Chair in Aging and Caregiving Policy, and is developing the Maritime Data Centre for Aging Research and Policy Analysis. Her research program spans issues of rural aging, continuing care policy and caregiving, analyzes original and Statistics Canada survey data and is funded by national and international funding agencies. She is a member of Advisory Boards for CIHR's Institute of Aging Advisory Board and Statistics Canada Demography Division. Susan McDaniel, FRSC (University of Windsor, Co-applicant), specializes in family changes and challenges, demographic aging, social policy, gender, and life course. She also does research on the social contexts of innovation and the social impacts of science and technology. Her current research is on social engagement of persons in mid-life, and on innovation contexts in universities. A constant in

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her research is the quest for how individuals negotiate social structural constraints. She has played numerous leadership and advisory roles, including being a member of the National Statistics Council, the Scientific Advisory Committee of the Council of Canadian Academies, and most recently as an advisor on demographic futures to the PMO for the G8 Summit. Kevin McQuillan (University of Western Ontario, Co-applicant) works on issues of fertility and family change in both historical and contemporary settings. He represented the Population cluster at a high-level policy roundtable organized by PRI in September 2005, and he was chair and rapporteur of the December 2005 Social Development Canada Expert Roundtable on Challenges for Canadian Families. His article "When does religion influence fertility," was published in Population and Development Review and is being widely cited. With Zenaida Ravanera, he co-edited Canada's Changing Families: Implications for Individuals and Society, as the lasting contribution of a SSHRC strategic research grant on “Family Transformation and Social Cohesion.” He has been Chair of the Department of Sociology, member of Western’s Board of Directors, and Academic Colleague at the Council of Ontario Universities. Louise Potvin (Université de Montréal) is Professor at the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, holding a Canada Research Chair in Community Approaches and Health Inequalities. Since 1994 she has analyzed and written on current practices in the evaluation of heath promotion, concluding that the medico-epidemiological evaluation model presents problems in studying health promotion programs. She has especially studied the role of various community considerations in the health of individuals, including the longitudinal links between poverty, development and health. Amélie Quesnel-Vallée (McGill University, Co-applicant) is a medical sociologist and a social demographer with postdoctoral training in social epidemiology. She holds a Fonds de la recherche en santé du Québec new investigator award. Her research examines the contribution of social policies to the development of social inequalities in health over the lifecourse. In 2005, she received the American Sociological Association Dissertation Award for her Fulbright and SSHRC-funded doctoral research on status attainment, health insurance and socioeconomic inequalities in health in the U.S. With a 5-year grant from the CIHR, she studies the contribution of private health insurance to the social inequalities in health in four OECD countries. Zenaida R. Ravanera (University of Western Ontario, Co-ordinator) is a demographer whose research on the life courses of Canadians focuses on timing and trajectories of family life events. Her MBA and managerial experience have been useful in helping coordinate large research projects - a SSHRC strategic project, and a Health Canada program grant – and the Population Change and Public Policy Cluster. She is also Information Officer of Western’s Research Data Centre. As indicated above, she co-edited with K. McQuillan and contributed three chapters in Canada’s Changing Families: Implications for Individuals and Society (University of Toronto Press, 2006) Byron Spencer (McMaster University, Co-applicant) is Professor of Economics and Director of the Statistics Canada Research Data Centre at McMaster. His current research interests, pursued as part of the Social and Economic Dimensions of an Aging Population (SEDAP) Research Program, are concerned mostly with analysis of the economic aspects of population aging, including the impacts on public health care and social security systems. As a demographer/sociologist, the strength of Frank Trovato (University of Alberta) lies in his ability to interface sociological theory with demographic methods to study Canadian policy-relevant demographic phenomena, including: narrowing sex differences in life expectancy; immigrant mortality

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differentials; suicide and other life-threatening behaviours; and the social demography of racial, immigrant and ethnic groups. Zheng Wu (University of Victoria, Co-applicant) a trained demographer, specializes in survey designs, statistical analysis, and statistical/mathematical modeling. His research areas include family demography, social gerontology, and medical sociology. His work has appeared in top journals of family, demography, gerontology, and medical sociology. He is currently Vice-President of the Canadian Population Society, and chair of the Department of Sociology of the University of Victoria. B. Building Partnerships Through the participation in the February 2005 SSHRC Knowledge Forum, the Policy Research Initiative invited the clusters on population, lifecourse and labour market to form the Population, Work and Family Policy Research Collaboration, which has also included HRSDC and Statistics Canada. As seen in the partner support letter from the PRI, this structure has already established highly effective patterns of mutually-supportive and forward-looking collaboration, including roundtables, high-level seminars, advisory committees, and an annual national symposium (see symposium program in Section 8.4). As indicated by the PRI, “the overall resources mobilized for the directly-organized events exceed $500,000, excluding substantial amounts of staff time and other non-financial contributions.” The PRI was particularly supportive of the merging of the two clusters, “to become a force majeure in demographic and life course research.” The partnership with Human Resources and Social Development Canada is also well established. In effect, HRSDC has extensively supported the research agenda of the cluster, first through a series of research contracts, and now through two Memorandums of Understanding developed through the clusters for 17 projects over the next two years, in support of “the Departments policy research priorities relating to families, seniors and the life course” (see partner support letter). Section 8.2 lists the projects developed under the MOU’s for research programs entitled "Earning, Caring and Public Policy," and “Life Course as a Policy Lens”. Funds for student researchers and activities for knowledge sharing and dissemination are included in these agreements. We have previous association with Health Canada as a partner in a SSHRC strategic research grant on “Family Transformation and Social Cohesion” and a research grant on “The family, community and health in the context of economic change” funded through the Health Policy Research Program. As seen in the partner support letter from Health Canada, there has been much appreciation of the “designed-in” approach taken in the SSHRC strategic grant, of our participation in the Department’s Health Policy Research Bulletin, and Health Policy Forum, and an explicit interest in research on “people, place and health … [including] internal migration at various lifecourse stages and the consequential impacts on health status at the level of place – the composition effect – as well as on the fiscal implications of marked interprovincial variation in the relative sizes of working age and dependent populations.” With Statistics Canada, there has been the strong association with the Research Data Centres that have been highly successful in their missions of increasing access to research data and enhancing training in the use of these data. The RDC network is giving more priority to its knowledge transfer mission, through the employment of a Knowledge Transfer Officer and the establishment of a SSHRC/RDC repository. The cluster has also facilitated training in the use of “Lifepaths” (a micro-simulation model that simulates outcomes over the life course) and its use in research conducted by cluster members (see the partners support letter from the Director Generals for Socio-Economic Analysis and Social and Demographic Statistics).

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Other partnerships are at an earlier stage of development. There is potential to participate in research and exchanges associated with immigration levels and immigrant integration, through the Research and Evaluation Branch at Citizenship and Immigration (see partner support letter). We intend to explore partnership with other groups including provincial governments, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector. The cluster’s Advisory Council will provide a formal means of involvement of the partners as a group, which will be a forum for consultations on research questions, data, training, exchanges and knowledge transfer. Given members of the cluster have association with various agencies, such as the Vanier Institute of the Family, Canadian Policy Research Network, the Quebec Ministère de la Famille, des Aînés et de la Condition féminine, the Ontario Ministries on Children and Youth and Community and Social Services, and the PEI’s Senior’s Secretariat, to name a few. C. Involving Young Scholars The cluster seeks to attract and integrate young researchers in its activities, in order to form a new generation of researchers to continue and extend research on population change and lifecourse, and to bring this knowledge to bear on policy questions. This is already taking place in the training and knowledge dissemination activities that have been described. For instance, with funding support of the Policy Research Initiative, graduate students have started training on LifePaths, Statistics Canada’s micro-simulation program. Several young scholars and students have participated in the symposiums of the Population, Work, and Family Policy Research Collaboration (PWFC), including having their research highlighted in poster sessions. To produce cutting-edge research, young researchers need to learn the most recent techniques of analysis, to develop familiarity with increasingly complex data sets, and to interact with persons from the policy sector. On the basis of short-duration competitive fellowships, the cluster will support student participation in courses offered at universities other than their home base, and at summer schools in Canada and abroad (Institute for Social Research at York University; The Quebec Inter-University Centre for Social Statistics (QICSS) Summer School in Montreal, McMaster’s MEDS projection program, Statistics Canada’s LifePaths, University of Michigan’s Summer Program in Quantitative Methods; Stanford’s Formal Demography Workshop). Many of our members have already participated in such courses as both instructors and students and we will continue to support these activities in the future. The cluster will also support receptor capacity through the participation of students and young scholars in such occasions as the summer policy school in Victoria. Further, we propose to use the cluster’s resources to facilitate the participation of graduate students and young academics in exchanges, work placements, research assistantships and post-doctoral positions. Statistics Canada presents opportunities for doctoral or post-doc fellowships, and other agencies welcome the opportunity to bring senior students into their research and policy branches. D. Governance 1. Formal Organization The formal organization of the cluster will bring together researchers from academic, non-profit and public sectors, stakeholders, and international experts. This will be accomplished through a Leadership Group, an Advisory Council and Research Committees. The Leadership Group and the Advisory Council will overlap in some of their meetings in order to maximize the interaction across academic and policy sectors. The procedure for selection of members of these bodies, including rotation, the tenure of

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office, and other procedural matters will be developed by the Executive Committee for discussion and adoption by the network members. Leadership Group – This group will start with the eight persons who are co-applicants for this competition: Roderic Beaujot, Paul Bernard, Susan McDaniel, Kevin McQuillan, Céline Le Bourdais, Byron Spencer, Zheng Wu and Amélie Quesnel-Vallée. This group will have overall responsibility for the direction and activities of the cluster. An Executive Committee of four persons (Beaujot, Bernard, McDaniel and McQuillan) will have operational responsibility. Advisory Council – This group is only partially formed, but it will include other academics like Raymond Currie of the National Coordinating Committee of Research Data Centers, researchers from the public sector, like Garnett Picot of Statistics Canada, stakeholders like Terrance Hunsley of the PRI, Peter Hicks of HRSDC, Mark Wheeler of Health Canada, Elizabeth Ruddick of CIC, Jean-Pierre Voyer, and François Héran of INED and Frans Willekens of NIDI, as well as representatives from students and the private and non-profit sectors. Research Committees – These will be formed as needed, and they will be responsible for coordinating research and knowledge mobilization in a given area. The committees will include both academic researchers and public sector representatives. The persons whose qualities were described above will serve on these committees, as will other members of the cluster. The previous cluster on Population Change and Public Policy had started the following research committees but these will need to be revisited in the combined cluster: Low Fertility; Internal Migration, Community Resilience, and Family and Kinship; Immigration; Social Participation and Integration; and Aging, Health, Retirement, and Morbidity. Administrative Office – The office will provide administrative and logistic support to the network, the Leadership Group, the Committees, and the Advisory Council. Among its tasks will be the facilitation of research cycle activities with special focus on knowledge mobilization. As Coordinator, Zenaida Ravanera will be responsible for the administrative office. Persons with specialized abilities in communications and other personnel (some of whom would be students in training) will be employed as consultants or assistants for knowledge mobilization, and for other activities such as organization of workshops and conferences.

2. Long Term Viability, and Transparency and Evaluation The cluster requires a long-term plan for its development into an effective “virtual” institute. For the purposes of planning the organization and funding for the cluster, we envision a 15 year time frame. The cluster has been in operation for the past two years engaging in activities with partners, mainly the Human Resources and Social Development Canada and the Policy Research Initiative, and Statistics Canada. However, these activities were done by two separate clusters, with minimal budget obtained from SSHRC, the University of Western Ontario and Université de Montréal. In the event that this proposal is funded, the cluster’s immediate focus will involve organizing the network’s structure, forming the Advisory Council, constituting research committees and hiring administrative staff. This will include the development of a knowledge mobilization master plan, including internet-based facilities such as an inter-active website as a tool for network co-ordination and research dissemination. SSHRC funds for the first seven years will provide a means to establish the cluster but from the outset we will work toward the long-term viability of the cluster. For planning convenience, the funding requirement could be thought of in terms of four components: administrative, research, dissemination,

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and training. At the very least, the cluster needs to secure funding for its administrative cost. This would assume that (a) research would be funded from other sources (including SSHRC’s research grants and contracts from various ministries), the output from which would then be disseminated through the cluster; (b) for dissemination, some funds could be obtained for workshops and conferences (such as from SSHRC’s Aid to Research Workshops and Conferences in Canada); and (c) for training there are sources at SSHRC and in universities. The network will explore the possibility of endowment and other sources to fund the cluster’s annual budget beyond the 7 years covered by this proposal. We will explore the possibility of including the Cluster as recipient of Western’s fund-raising campaigns. The relationship with partners, both public and private, will include exploration of funding for research and dissemination, and an overhead that could be used to support the administration of the cluster. The cluster will aim at transparency in its operation through a number of ways. Its website, initially used for dissemination of research output and coordination of network activities, will also be made interactive (through, for example, the use of feedback forms) so that opinions by network members, users of its research outputs and other viewers can be readily received. At the start of the project and every year thereafter, the Leadership group will plan the objectives and activities for the year, assess the cluster’s strengths and weaknesses, and revisit performance indicators to be used for annual evaluation. The performance indicators will include both quantitative and qualitative measures. Quantitative indicators will include such items as number of students trained, researchers mobilized in exchanges, research studies featured for wider knowledge mobilization, and amount of funds leveraged. The leadership group will also develop qualitative measures to capture the impact of knowledge mobilization. These will be summarized in annual reports which will highlight the cluster’s activities, use of funds, and accomplishments for the year. 3. References: Aydemir, Abdurrahman, Chen, Wen-Hao and Corak, Miles. 2005. “Intergenerational earnings mobility among the children of Canadian immigrants.” Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper Series. Catalogue no. 11F0019MIE – No. 267. Beaujot, Roderic. 2000. Earning and Caring in Canadian Families. Toronto: Broadview. Beaujot, Roderic, Zenaida Ravanera and Thomas Burch. 2005. “Toward an SDC (Social Development Canada) Family Research Framework.” Lead paper presented at Social Development Canada Expert Roundtable on Challenges for Canadian Families, Ottawa, 1-2 December 2005. Bélanger, P. (1994). “Lifelong Learning: The Dialectics of ‘Lifelong Education’” International Review of Education, 40 (3-5) : 353-381. Bernard, Paul (2006) The Lifecourse Paradigm in Research and in Policy, First Symposium of the Population, Work and Family Collaboration, Ottawa, March, http://policyresearch.gc.ca/doclib/LC/PS_LC_Bernard_200603_e.pdf. Bourbeau, Robert and Bertrand Desjardins. 2006. « Mortality at Extreme Ages and Data Quality: The Canadian experience ». Dans: Human Longevity, Individual Life Duration and the Growth of the Oldest-Old Population, J.M. Robine et al (eds), Springer (International Studies in Population, vol. 3),.

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Bourque, M. and A. Quesnel-Vallée. 2006 “La contribution des politiques familiales à l’état de santé des parents : une évidence ? ” Lien social et politique. 55. Boyd, Monica. 1989. “Family and personal networks in international migration: Recent developments and new agendas.” International Migration Review 23: 638-670. Boyd, Monica. 2002. “Educational attainments of immigrant offspring: Success or segmented assimilation?” International Migration Review 36: 1037-1060. Buckley, Neil J., Frank T. Denton, A. Leslie Robb, and Byron G Spencer. 2004. "The Transition from Good to Poor Health: An Econometric Study of the Older Population," Journal of Health Economics, Vol. 23, pp. 1013-1034. Buckley, Neil J., Frank T. Denton, A. Leslie Robb, and Byron G Spencer. 2004. "Healthy Aging at Older Ages: Are Income and Education Important?" Canadian Journal on Aging, Vol. 23, Supplement 1, pp. S155-S169. Denton, Frank T., Christine H. Feaver, and Byron G Spencer. 2005. "Time Series Analysis and Stochastic Forecasting: An Econometric Study of Mortality and Life Expectancy," Journal of Population Economics, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 203-227. Duncan, G. and J. Brooks-Gunn. 1997. The Consequences of Growing Up Poor. New York: Russell Sage. Fast, J., Keating, N., Otfinowski, P., & Derksen, L. 2004. Characteristics of family/friend care networks of frail seniors. Canadian Journal on Aging, 23(1), 5-19. Gauthier, Anne H., Chu, Cyrus C. Y. and Tuljapurkar, Shripad (Editors). 2006. Allocating public and private resources across generations: Riding the age waves. Springer. Halliwell, Cliff. 2004. “Future needs of the Canadian labour market.” Paper presented at Policy Research Initiative Conference on Exploring New Approaches to Social Policy, December 2004, available at: http://policyresearch.gc.ca/doclib/DecConf/Cliff_Halliwel_E.pdf Hatfield, Michael. 2004. “Vulnerability to persistent low income.” Horizons, 7(2): 19-26. Hicks, Peter. 2003. “New policy research on population aging and life-course flexibility.” Horizons 6 (2): 3-6. Keating, N. 2005. Perspectives on healthy aging. Canadian Journal on Aging, 24(1), 3-8. Keating, N., Dosman, D., Yoshino, S., Stadnyk, R., Swindle, J., Otfinowski, P., & Fast, J. 2006. Through a family lens: Caregiving to adults. Final report to Human Resources and Skills Development Canada. Edmonton: Authors. Keating, N., Otfinowski, P., Wenger, G. C., Fast, J., & Derksen, L. 2003. Understanding the caring capacity of informal networks of frail seniors: A case for care networks. Ageing and Society, 23(1), 115-127.

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Lashewicz, B., Manning, G., Hall, M., Keating, N. (in press). Equity matters: Doing fairness in the context of family caregiving. Canadian Journal on Aging. Le Bourdais, Céline and Évelyne Lapierre-Adamcyk (coll. P. Pacaut). 2004. “Changes in Conjugal Life in Canada – Is Cohabitation Progressively Replacing Marriage ? ”, Journal of Marriage and Family 66 (4): 929-942. Massey, Douglas S., Joaquin Arango, Graeme Hugo, Ali Kouaouch, Adela Pellegrino and J. Edward Taylor. 1994. “Theories of international migration: A review and appraisal” Population and Development Review 19 (3): 431-465. McDaniel, Susan A. 2003a. “Politiques sociales, changements économiques et démographiques et vieillissement de la population canadienne : leurs interactions ,” Cahiers québécois de Démographie, 32(1):1-29. McDaniel, Susan A. 2003b. “Hidden in the Household: Now it’s Men in Mid-Life,” Ageing International, 28(4):326-344. McDaniel, Susan A. 2003c. “Toward Disentangling Policy Implications of Economic and Demographic Changes in Canada’s Aging Population,” Canadian Public Policy/ Analysee de Politiques 29(4):491-510. Morissette, Rene and Zhang, Xuelin. 2005. “Escaping low earnings.” Perspectives on Labour and Income, 17 (2): 37-44. OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2005. Education at a Glance 1996. Paris: OECD. Osberg, Lars. 2005. “Work and well-being in an aging society.” Canadian Public Policy, 31 (4): 413-420. Phipps, S. and L. Curtis. 2003. Social transfers and the health status of mothers in Norway and Canada. Social Science and Medicine 58:12 2499-2507. Phipps, S., P. Burton and L. Lethbridge. 2001. “In and out of the labour market : long-term income consequences of child-related interruptions to women's paid work.” Canadian Journal of Economics, 34(2) : 411-29. Policy Research Initiative. 2004. “Population aging and life-course flexibility: The pivotal role of increased choice in the retirement decision.” PRI: Discussion Paper. Quesnel-Vallée, Amélie. 2004 “Is It Really Worse to Have Public Insurance Than to Have No Insurance At All? Health Insurance and Adult Health in the United States.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 45(4): 276-292. Quesnel-Vallée, A. and Taylor, M. 2006. “Pathways from parental education to adult trajectories of depressive symptoms”. American Journal of Epidemiology. 163(Suppl):S70

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Robine, Jean-Marie, Crimmins, Eileen, M. and Yi, Zeng. (Editors). 2006. Human longevity, individual life duration, and the growth of the oldest-old population. Springer. Rosenfeld, Michael J. 2006. “Young adulthood as a factor in social change in the United States.” Population and Development Review, 32(1): 27-51. Rozanova, Julia, Herbert C. Northcott & Susan A. McDaniel. 2006. “Seniors and portrayals of intra-generational and inter-generational inequality in the Globe and Mail,” Canadian Journal on Aging 25(4). Taylor, Alison and Krahn, Harvey. 2005. “Aiming high: Educational aspirations of visible minority immigrant youth.” Canadian Social Trends, 79: 8-12. Trovato, Frank. 1988. “The Interurban Mobility of the Foreign Born in Canada, 1976-81”. International Migration Review 22 (3): 59-86. Trovato, Frank and Nils Heyen. 2006. “A Varied Pattern of Change of the Sex Differential in Survival in the G7 Countries.” Journal of Biosocial Science 38 (3): 301-401. Trovato, Frank and N. M. Lalu. 2007. “From Divergence to Convergence: The Sex Differential in Life Expectancy in Canada.” Canadian Review of Sociology (forthcoming). Wu, Zheng, Margaret J. Penning, and Christoph M. Schimmele. 2005. “Immigrant Status and Unmet Health Needs.” Canadian Journal of Public Health 96(5), 369-373. Wu, Zheng and Christoph M. Schimmele. 2005. “Racial/Ethnic Variation in Functional and Self-Reported Health.” American Journal of Public Health 95(4), 710-716. 6. Letters of Support from Partners Terrance Hunsley, Senior Projects Director, Policy Research Initiative Peter Hicks, Executive Director, Strategic analysis, Audit and Evaluation Branch, Human Resources and Social Development Canada Garnett Picot, Director General, Socio-Economic Analysis, and Rosemary Bender, Director General, Social and Demographic Statistics, Statistics Canada Mark Wheeler, Assistant Director, Policy Coordination Division, Health Canada Elizabeth Ruddick, Director General, Research and Evaluation Branch, Citizenship and Immigration Canada Brian Timney, Dean, Faculty of Social Science, University of Western Ontario Ted Hewitt, Vice-President for Research, University of Western Ontario

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8. Supporting Documents Section 8.1: List of Cluster Members Atlantic: • Acadia University: Sociology – Muhammad, Ali • Dalhousie University: Economics - Osberg, Lars; Phipps, Shelley • Mount St. Vincent University: Family Studies and Gerontology – Keefe, Janice • University of New Brunswick: Education - Willms, Doug • University of Prince Edward Island: Sociology and Anthropology – Bell, Bernice; Richards, Judy

Lynn Quebec: • INRS-Centre Urbanisation, culture et société: Laplante, Benoît; Guend, Hani; Ledent, Jacques; • McGill University: Sociology – Hamplova, Dana; Le Bourdais, Céline; Sandberg, John;

Epidemiology/Sociology - Quesnel-Vallée, Amélie • Université Laval: Sociologie - Fleury, Charles • Université de Montréal: Démographie - Bourbeau, Robert; Desjardins, Bertrand; Dillon, Lisa; Juby,

Heather; Lapierre-Adamcyk, Evelyne; Lardoux, Solene; Legaré, Jacques; LeGrand, Thomas; Sociologie – Bernard, Paul; Carpentier, Normand; Moulin, Stéphane; Médecine sociale et préventive – Potvin, Louise; Administration et fondements de l'éducation - Murdoch, Jake

• Université du Québec à Montréal: Sciences économiques - Lefebvre, Pierre; Éducation et formation spécialisées - Bélanger, Paul

• Concordia University : Sociology and Anthropology – Gauvreau, Danielle Ontario: • Lakehead University: Sociology – Jianye Liu • McMaster University: Economics - Denton, Frank; Dooley, Martin; Spencer, Byron • Nipissing University: Sociology - Hall, David • Queen’s University: Sociology - Gyimah, Stephen; Krull, Catherine • Université d’Ottawa: Sociologie et d'anthropologie - Gaudet, Stéphanie • University of Toronto: Geography - Bourne, Larry; Sociology - Boyd, Monica; Fong, Eric; Jones,

Charles; Reitz, Jeffrey; Social Work - McDonald, Lynn • University of Western Ontario: Sociology - Abada, Teresa; Balakrishnan, T.R.; Beaujot, Roderic;

Gagnon, Alain; McMullin, Julie; McQuillan, Kevin; Rajulton, Fernando; Ravanera, Zenaida; Shuey, Kim; Wilson, Andrea; King’s College - Kerr, Don

• University of Waterloo: Sociology - Cooke, Martin • University of Windsor: Sociology - McDaniel, Susan • York University: Sociology – Gazso, Amber; Simmons, Alan Prairies: • University of Alberta: Sociology –Haan, Michael; Strohschein, Lisa; Trovato, Frank; Home

Economics –Dosman, Donna; Fast, Janet; Keating, Norah • University of Calgary: Sociology - Godley, Jenny; Wanner, Richard • University of Manitoba: Community Health Sciences - Forget, Evelyn • University of Saskatchewan: College of Commerce - Venne, Rosemary • University of Winnipeg: Family Social Sciences - Duncan, Karen British Columbia: • Simon Fraser University: Gerontology – Wister, Andrew • University of British Columbia: Economics – Lemieux, Thomas • University of Victoria: Sociology - Burch, Thomas K.; Jansson, Mikael; Wu, Zheng; Economics -

Mosk, Carl

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Section 8.2: Memorandum of Understanding with Human Resources and Social Development Canada A. Research Program: Earning, Caring, and Public Policy MOU with University of Western Ontario This research program will pay particular attention to the family context of people’s lives, diversity, labour market integration and life course transitions, including the situation of immigrants and the housing transitions of the elderly. 1. Integration of Canadian Immigrants by Teresa Abada and Zenaida Ravanera, University of Western Ontario. This examines the integration of immigrants in Canadian society with respect to three dimensions: economic inclusion and parity, social recognition and belonging, and political or civic participation. 2. Models of earning and caring by Roderic Beaujot, University of Western Ontario; Don Kerr, King’s College, UWO; and Jianye Liu, Lakehead University. This study examines the differentiation across family models associated with the sharing of earning and caring from 1986 to 2005. 3. Family Structures and Social Capital by Zenaida R. Ravanera, F. Rajulton, and R. Beaujot, University of Western Ontario. This analyzes the relationship between family structures and social capital, and the effects on outcomes of social capital. 4. Work Arrangements & Work-Family Balance by Karen A. Duncan and Ruth E. Berry, University of Manitoba. This examines the relationships among work arrangements, time in household work, and satisfaction with work-family balance from 1998 to 2005. 5. What Shapes the Dwelling-Type Choices by Michael Haan, University of Alberta; and Thomas Perks, University of Lethbridge. This seeks to isolate the determinants of dwelling type differences and to determine the level of preparedness of Canada’s current infrastructure for projected demand shifts. 6. Les trajectoires d’insertion dans le marché du travail et de formation de la famille des générations de jeunes Canadiens, 1976-2006 by Benoît Laplante, INRS- Centre Urbanization, culture et société. This aims to compare the labour market integration trajectories and the family formation trajectories of young men and women aged 20-24 of successive generations from 1976 to 2004. 7. La diversification de la structure et de la composition des familles au Canada by É. Lapierre-Adamcyk, Université de Montréal; et Céline Le Bourdais, McGill University. This will document the diversification of family structures (intact families, blended families, single-parent, common-law vs. married) and associated living conditions from 1984 to 2001. 8. Social Inclusion of the Oldest-Old: Toward Supportive Housing Policies by Judy Lynn Richards, Universtiy of Prince Edward Island. This examines community care and housing of the oldest-old, focusing on what works and does not work between them and informal caregivers to keep the oldest-old at home. 9. Social Support and Healthy Aging among Canada’s Oldest Old by Zheng Wu, University of Victoria. This adopts a micro-level approach for examining whether social support influences well-being among Canada’s oldest old. 10. Determinants of Family Formation: Analysis of Transitions and Trajectories Using the SLID Longitudinal Panels by Rajulton Fernando, University of Western Ontario; T. K. Burch, University of Victoria; and Z. R. Ravanera, University of Western Ontario. This examines young Canadians’ transitions to cohabitation, marriage, and parenthood; the trajectories through these events, and how these are influenced by education, work status, and income.

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Section 8.2 (Cont’d): Memorandum of Understanding with Human Resources and Social Development Canada B. Research Program: Lifecourse as a Policy Lens MOU with Université de Montréal

This research program will examine a number of different policy-relevant issues, using the four principles of lifecourse analysis: life is longitudinal, life is multi-faceted, lives are linked, and lives unfold in social contexts. A synthetic paper will incorporate the various findings into an improved research and policy lifecourse framework.

1. “Flexicurity: Labour Market Flexibility and Socioeconomic Security in a Lifecourse Perspective” by Paul Bernard, Université de Montréal. A cross country study of different models of social/economic policy with an emphasis on flexicurity, using aggregate national data.

2. “Aboriginal Inequality and the Lifecourse” by Martin Cooke, University of Waterloo. A comparison of the timing of life course transitions of Aboriginal people with the rest of population, using the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics.

3. “Is social participation endangered in Canada? A Lifecourse perspective” by Stéphanie Gaudet, University of Ottawa. An analysis of trends in different types of social participation using the General Social Survey on Time Use for 1992, 1998 and 2005.

4. “Housing Instability and Eviction Prevention for Vulnerable Groups” by Lynn McDonald and Laura Cleghorn, University of Toronto. A study of households in Ontario facing eviction, using administrative files and in-depth interviews.

5. “Occupations and the Lifecourse: Analysis from the 1971-2001 Canadian Censuses” by Michael Ornstein, York University. A study of change in occupational structures using Census data, 1971-2001.

6. “Interlocking trajectories of social support and mental health: A life course approach to spousal bereavement” by Lisa Strohschein, University of Alberta. A longitudinal study of effects of spousal bereavement focusing on social support/integration, using the Population Health Survey, 1994-2002.

7. “Lifecourse as a policy lens: Synthesis Paper” by Susan McDaniel and Paul Bernard. A paper that draws out the contribution of a life-course perspective to the topics covered in the set of research projects that make up this research program.

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Section 8.3: Partial List of Research Projects of Cluster Members Current, Recently Completed, and Recent Applications of members who responded to survey as of November, 2006 (Excludes Projects with HRSDC already listed in Section 8.2)

• Beaujot, Roderic. Gender, interpresonal risk and childbearing (with Z.R. Ravanera and D.

Hall). SSHRC, 2001-2006. Family and work: models of earning and caring (with Z. R. Ravanera, SSHRC application). Family Transformation and Social Cohesion (with 10 other investigators as co-applicants). SSHRC 2000-2006. Population Change and Public Policy Cluster (with 7 other co-applicants). SSHRC Cluster Design 2004-2005 and SSHRC Interim Grant 2005-2006.

• Bernard, Paul. A scoping review of the literature about the effects of place on social inequalities of health. Instituts canadiens de recherche en santé, 2006-2007. Responsable de l’axe longitudinal et parcours de vie du Réseau de recherche en santé des populations du Québec (sous la direction de Gilles Paradis). Direction de la santé publique de Montréal-Centre et Département d’épidémiologie de l’Université McGill FRSQ, 2005-2009. Participation sociale des Canadiens et parcours de vie (sous la direction de Stéphanie Gaudet) CRSHC, 2005-2008. Bringing All Threads Together: Planning the Future of Longitudinal and Lifecourse Research in Canada (with 15 other investigators). CRSHC, 2004-2005. Les régimes de genre et les provinces canadiennes, Institut de la statistique du Québec, 2003-2004 et 2006-2007.

• Bignami, Simona. Perdus, mais pas oubliés: attrition dans l'Étude Longitudinale des enfants du Québec (ÉLDEQ), 1998-2004. FQRSC 2006-2009. The relevance of survey attrition for comparative panel research on child health and development'. CRSH, 2006-2009.

• Bourbeau, Robert. Longévité et mortalité au Canada : analyse régionale et perspectives pour le 21e siècle. CRSH, 2003-2007.

• Boyd, Monica. Socio-Economic Integration, Acculturation and Intermarriage of Immigrant Offspring. SSHRC, 2004-2007. Canada Research Chair in Equity and Health. SSHRC, 2001-2008.

• Burch, Thomas. Regional Variations in Cohabitation (with Z.Wu). SSHRC. Life Courses of Canadians: The Impact of Globalization, Culture and Class (with R. Fernando and Z. Ravanera) SSHRC, 2004-2007.

• Cooke, Martin. Social Participation of Canadians across the Life Course (with Stephanie Gaudet as PI). SSHRC, 2005-2008. Aboriginal Disadvantage over the Life Course SSHRC application. Measuring the Well-Being of Aboriginal Peoples in Canada. INAC.

• Dooley, Martin. Inter-generational Transmission of Socio-economic Status (with Paul Contoyannis and Michael Boyle). SSHRC, 2005-2008. Transitions To and Choice of University, (with Abigail Payne and Les Robb). CESC-SSHRC 2004-2006.

• Dosman, Donna. Hidden Costs and Invisible Contributions (with Janet Fast and Norah Keating). SSHRC–MCRI. Productive Activity in Later Life (with Janet Fast). SSHRC.

• Fast, Janet. Hidden Costs, Invisible Contributions: The Marginalization of 'Dependent' Adults. SSHRC, participating institutions, partners and the Lupina Foundation.

• Fernando, Rajulton. Life Courses of Canadians: The Impact of Globalization, Culture and Class (with T.K. Burch and Z. Ravanera). SSHRC, 2004-2007.

• Fong, Eric. Impact of the New Economy on Economic and Social Integration of Immigrant. SSHRC, 2003-2005.

• Forget, Evelyn L. Long-term consequences of a Canadian Guaranteed Annual Income Experiment. CIHR. Alternative Funding Mechanisms for Canadian Health Care. CIHR. Financial analysis of First Nations Health in Manitoba. Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs. Medical relocation among First nations in Manitoba. Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs. Needs-

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Based Funding of Regional Health Authorities. MB Health. Health and Social Consequences of public policy. CIHR/SSHRC application.

• Gauvreau, Danielle. Youth Transitions in Industrializing Montreal, 1840-1900. SSHRC to 2007. Histoire de Montréal. INRS-Culture et société.

• Gazso, Amber. Intergenerational Poverty Among Aboriginal Families: A Lifecourse Perspective.

• Haan, Michael. The Sources of Early Differentiation in the Immigrant Housing Market: Insights from the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada. SSHRC. Assessing Climate Change Vulnerability in Alberta: An Empirical Investigation of the Social Dimensions (with D. Davidson, PI). Alberta Environment. The Place of Place: Location and Immigrant Economic Wellbeing in Canada. SSHRC. Is Recent Immigrant Clustering in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver Part of the Reason Behind Declining Immigrant Neighbourhood Quality? Killam.

• Jansson, Mikael. Do Street-Involved Youth become Street-Involved Adults? (with C. Benoit). BC Child and Youth Health Research Network (YHRNet), 2006 – 2007. Developmental Patterns in the Epidemiology of Injuries Among Children and Youth (with G Barnes, PI; B. Leadbeater and W. Mitic). Mikael Smith Foundation for Health Research 2003 - 2006. Work, Health and Health Care Access in the U.S. and Canada (with C. Benoit and Bill Mccarthy, Co-PI; B.Leadbeater) CIHR 2003 – 2006. The Impact of Stigma on Marginalized Populations' Work, Health and Access to Services (with C. Benoit, PI; B. Leadbeater and B. McCarthy. CIHR, 2001 – 2006. Healthy Youth Survey (with C. Benoit, PI; N. Galambos) CIHR, 2001 - 2006. Risky Business: Experiences of Street Youth (with C. Benoit as Co-PIs). CIHR.

• Keating, Norah. The interplay of risk factors associated with negative outcomes among family caregivers: A synthesis of the literature. HRSDC, 2006-2007. Through a family lens: Caregiving to adults. SDC, 2005-06.

• Keefe, Janice. Planning for Canadian Human Resource Needs in Chronic Home Care for the Elderly: Projections to 2031. CIHR, 2006-2009. Social Isolation in Canada. BC Ministry of Health, 2005-2007. Population Aging and Policy Initiatives in Canada and China: A Collaborative Working Seminar and Comparative Research Development Initiative. SSHRC, 2006-2007. Proposal Development funds for Planning for Canadian Human Resource Needs in Chronic Home Care for the Elderly: Projections to 2031. Nova Scotia Health Research Foundation, 2006. The Social Economy and Sustainability: Innovations in Bridging, Bonding and Capacity Building. SSHRC, 2005-2010. When Caregiving Results in Involuntary Retirement: Well-being in the Later Years. Nova Scotia Health Research Foundation. 2005-2008. Assessing the Impacts of Cognitive Impairment on the Use of Formal and Informal Networks by Elderly Canadians. Alzheimer Society of Canada, 2005-2007. Projecting the Housing Needs of Aging Atlantic Canadians (with D. Shiner, PI) SSHRC-CURA, 2005-2009. From Research to Practice: Assessing Caregivers of Persons with Alzheimer Disease, an Evaluative Study. The Alzheimer Association, 2003-2006. Hidden Costs/Invisible Contributions: The Marginalization of ‘Dependent Adults’ (with Fast, J., PI) SSHRC, 2003-2008. Healthy Balance: A Community Alliance for Health Research on Women’s Unpaid Caregiving, (with Neumann, B. & Amaratunga, C., PIs). CIHR, 2001-2006.

• Krull, Catherine. Generations, Women and Development. SSHRC and ARC (Queens), ongoing. Carework/paid work integration; Canadian Family Policy. 2006 SSHRC and ARC (Queens) applications.

• Laplante, Benoit. Action de l'État et fécondité. Étude empirique des facteurs individuels liés aux politiques de soutien à la fécondité dans un État démocratique. CRSH. Étude exploratoire des parcours d’emploi en lien avec l’apparition des premières lésions chez les jeunes de 16 à 24 ans. IRSST

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• Le Bourdais, Celine. Trajectoires familiales en changement : Quelques passages clés dans la vie des individus. SSHRC, 2003-2007. Canada Research Chair on Social Statistics and Family Change. SSHRC.

• Ledent, Jacques. Size and composition of French citizens in Quebec and Canada. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of France. Trajectories and performance of Black pupils in Quebec secondary schools. Immigration et métropoles, and the Quebec Ministry of Education, Leisure and Sport.

• Lefebvre, Pierre. Empirical analysis of public policy promoting investments in children and reducing social inequalities in development. FQRSC, CRSHC.

• LeGrand, Thomas. Study of immigrant youth from Sub-Saharan Africa to Montreal (with A.Gagnon and N. Mondain). Comparative analysis of family living arrangements and new family building behaviors among immigrant and non-immigrant youth in Australia and Canada (with A. Evans, S. Khoo and P. McDonald). Australian Government.

• McDaniel, Susan. Social Participation of Canadians across the Life Course (with Stephanie Gaudet as Principal Investigator, and Paul Bernard, Pierre Turcotte, and Jean-Pierre Voyer as Co-Investigators. SSHRC 2005-2008.

• McQuillan, Kevin. Religion and Demographic Behaviour. SSHRC 2006-2008. • Osberg, Lars. Further development of the Index of Economic Well-Being: the Economic Security

component. The allocation of leisure time & the matching problem of finding 'somebody to play with'. Basic needs and economic development.

• Quesnel-Vallée, Amélie. Health disparities: Intergenerational dynamics and evidence-based assessment strategies (with John Lynch as PI). CIHR. 2006-2011. Private health insurance as a contributing factor to socioeconomic inequities in health: Cross-national comparisons of Canada, Germany, the U.K. and the U (with Mélanie Bourque and Paula Holland), CIHR, 2005-2010. La contribution de l’assurance-maladie au développement des inégalités sociales en santé au cours de la vie. Fonds de la recherche en santé du Québec, 2005-2008.

• Trovato, Frank. New Canadian Children and Youth Study: National Update and Extension (with collaborators from other universities). CIHR ongoing.

• Wanner, Richard. The Economic and Demographic Impact of Immigration. Prairie Centre of Excellence for Research on Immigration and Integration and SSHRC, 2005-2007. On the Move: A Comparative Examination of Policy Addressing Health Care Provider Migration in Canada, the U.S., the U.K., and Australia. CIHR, 2006-2009. Immigration Policy and the Economic Integration of Immigrants in 23 Countries. Unfunded.

• Wu, Zheng. Marital and Nonmarital Union Transitions and Children's Behavior. SSHRC. Regional Variations in Cohabitation (with T.K. Burch). SSHRC. The effects of ethnic neighbourhood and mental health, a grant to develop a proposal. Michael Smith Foundation (Development Grant).