mites (acari) of the karkonosze mountains: a review

43ACARI OF KARKONOSZE MTS

BIOLOGICAL LETT. 2008, 45: 43�57Available online at http://www.biollett.amu.edu.pl

Mites (Acari) of the Karkonosze Mountains: a review

GRZEGORZ GABRY�1,2, JOANNA M¥KOL2,3, JERZY B£OSZYK4

and DARIUSZ J. GWIAZDOWICZ5

1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra,prof. Z. Szafrana 1, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]

2 Department of Zoology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Sciences, Wroc³aw Universityof Environmental and Life Sciences, Ko¿uchowska 5B, 51-631 Wroc³aw, Poland; e-mail:

[email protected] Institute of Natural Sciences, Wroc³aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25,

50-375 Wroc³aw, Poland4 Department of General Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Collegium

Biologicum, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznañ, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] Department of Forest and Environment Protection, Faculty of Forestry, Poznañ University of Life

Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71c, 60-625 Poznañ, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]

(Received on 7 November 2008; Accepted on 3 March 2009)

Abstract: From the Karkonosze Mts (SW Poland), 288 mite species have been reported so far, whichaccount for 9.0% of the Polish acarofauna. The mites represent 5 orders: Mesostigmata (116 species),Ixodida (3), Prostigmata (93), Astigmata (9), and Oribatida (67). The state of knowledge of particulargroups is unequal. According to the literature data, the best-represented orders of mites in the Karkonoszeare: Mesostigmata (14.1% of the Polish fauna), Ixodida (13.0%) and Oribatida (12.5%). Prostigmata(6.3%) were much less studied, and Astigmata (2.6%) were quite neglected. According to ecologicalcriteria, soil mites (predatory, saprophagous, fungivorous) and water mites are the best known. Muchless studied are parasitic, phoretic, and nest mites. Very little is known about mites that feed on storedproducts or are phytophagous (spider mites and eriophyoids).

Keywords: Mesostigmata, Ixodida, Prostigmata, Astigmata, Oribatida, fauna, Karkonosze, Poland

INTRODUCTION

Mites (Acari) are noticeably less known than the other groups of arthropods.It is generally believed that the delay in acarological studies as compared to entomo-logical research is about 100 years. Although more than 40,000 species of mites havebeen described hitherto, they make up only 4�8% of the estimated number of 0.5�1million existing species (WALTER & PROCTOR 1999). Poland belongs to a group ofEuropean countries where the fauna of mites is relatively well known. Up till now,

44 Grzegorz Gabry� et al.

3,201 species of mites have been recorded in Poland (HAITLINGER 1988a, B£ASZAK

et al. 1997, BOGDANOWICZ et al. 2008). However, mite records are not evenly dis-tributed among the individual regions of the country.

The Karkonosze Mts, as well as the remaining parts of the Sudety Mts, havenever been thoroughly studied and no comprehensive review of acarological data fromthat region has ever been made. The most abundant data originate from the Karko-nosze National Park, which has been a subject of numerous faunistic studies. In thepresent work, we focus on the Polish part of the Karkonosze Mts that makes a re-gion according to KONDRACKI (1998).

The main purpose of the present work was to summarize all data that could befound in various published and unpublished sources and to compile a possibly com-plete list of species of mites that occur in this region.

HISTORICAL REVIEW OF ACAROLOGICAL STUDIES IN THE KARKONOSZE

The pioneering acarological study in the Karkonosze (in German called Riesen-gebirge at that time) was carried out by the hydrozoologist OTTO ZACHARIAS (1886)from Jelenia Góra (in German: Hirschberg in Schlesien). He reported the occurrenceof 2 species of water mites (Hydrachnidia): Hygrobates longipalpis (Hermann, 1804)and Lebertia insignis Neuman, 1880 in Ma³y Staw (Kleinen Teich). These specieswere also reported by PAX (1921) who additionally listed 2 other water mites: Sper-chon brevirostris Koenike, 1895 and S. glandulosus Koenike, 1886.

Until the 1960s, the acarofauna of the Karkonosze was seldom studied. Thesources of information from that period are very scarce, i.e., RAFALSKI (1966) reported2 species of oribatid mites (Oribatida) from Szklarska Porêba: Eobrachychthoniusoudemansi van der Hammen, 1952, and Hermannia convexa (C. L. Koch, 1840).

In the 1970s, monographs and detailed catalogues of Polish mites appeared.BAZAN-STRZELECKA (1972) listed 30 species of water mites from the Western Sude-ty, but with no detailed data on the microregions. In other publications there are precisedata on localities, therefore we know which species occurred in the Karkonosze. Thefollowing taxa were found in the Karkonosze according to the information publishedin monographs and catalogues: Zerconidae (B£ASZAK 1974), Oribatida (NIEDBA£A

1976, OLSZANOWSKI 1996, OLSZANOWSKI et al. 1996), Uropodina (B£OSZYK 1980a,1983, 1999), Labidostommatidae (B£OSZYK 1980b), Bdellidae (MICHOCKA 1987),Erythraeidae (GABRY� 1990), Ixodida (SIUDA 1993), Microtrombidiidae (GABRY�

1996), and Trombidiidae (M¥KOL 2005).Interesting data on ectoparasites of mammals and insects are given by HAITLIN-

GER (1982, 1986a, b, 1987, 1988a, b, c, 1989, 1992, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2006a,b, 2007). He carried out extensive acarological studies in mountainous areas and foundseveral interesting species of Mesostigmata, Prostigmata, and Astigmata in theKarkonosze. The occurrence of T. improvisus Kaliszewski, 1993 in the Karkonoszewas mentioned in the key to Palaearctic species of the genus Tarsonemus (KALISZE-WSKI 1993). Valuable zoogeographical information on arachnids, including mites, inthe Karkonosze is provided by WIKTOR (1985).

Until the end of the 1980s, the studies on mites in the Karkonosze were gener-ally faunistic and were carried out mainly for the preparation of monographs, cata-


logues, and parasitological studies. Only in the 1990s, the first studies devoted tothe fauna of Polish national parks (B£OSZYK 1991, GWIAZDOWICZ & SKORUPSKI 1996,WI�NIEWSKI 1996, B£OSZYK & OLSZANOWSKI 1998) or exclusively to mites of theKarkonosze (BIESIADKA & CICHOCKA 1992, 1993, B£OSZYK 1995a, b, CHRISTIAN

2000, GWIAZDOWICZ & BIERNACIK 2000, GWIAZDOWICZ 2002a, b, 2003, 2004) werecarried out.

RESULTS

So far, 288 species of mites have been recorded from the Karkonosze, whichaccount for 9.0% of the Polish fauna of mites. They belong to all 5 orders that areknown from Poland: Mesostigmata (= Gamasida, 116 species out of 824 in Poland),Ixodida (= Metastigmata, 3 out of 23), Prostigmata (= Actinedida, 93 out of 1,479),Astigmata (= Acaridida, 9 out of 339) and Oribatida (= Cryptostigmata, 67 out of 536).

According to the literature data, the best-represented orders of mites in theKarkonosze are: Mesostigmata (14.1% of Polish fauna), Ixodida (13.0%) and Oriba-tida (12.5%). Prostigmata (6.3%) were much less studied, and Astigmata (2.6%) werequite neglected. However, one must bear in mind that the state of knowledge of mitesis unequal also within orders. For example, within Prostigmata, Hydrachnidia (14.2%of Polish fauna) are the best studied, while the phytophagous Tetranychoidea andEriophyoidea have not been reported from the Karkonosze up till now. SKORACKA

et al. in 2005 (after BOCZEK 1964) listed Cecidophyopsis ribis (Westwood, 1869) inJelenia Góra. This species is very widely distributed in Poland, therefore its occur-rence in the Karkonosze is very likely.

The acarological studies usually deal with a given type of habitat (e.g., watermites) or refer to the biology of a group (e.g., parasitic mites). According to thesecriteria, it might be stated that the best-known mites are soil mites (predatory,saprophagous, fungivorous) and water mites. Much less-studied are parasitic, phoretic,and nest mites. We know very little about mites that feed on stored products or arephytophagous (e.g. spider mites and eriophyoids).

REVIEW OF SPECIES

The review of species contains lists of species of mites found in the Karkono-sze up till now, divided into orders (B£ASZAK 2000).

MESOSTIGMATA (= GAMASIDA)

Mesostigmata are generally free-living mites: soil predators, saprophagous andfungivorous mites, or ectoparasites of invertebrates and vertebrates. Hitherto, 116species of Mesostigmata have been recorded from the Karkonosze (Table 1). Mem-bers of the suborders Gamasina and Uropodina predominated, although some speci-mens of Antennophorina and Microgyniina have also been found (B£ASZAK 1974,B£OSZYK 1980a, 1983, 1991, 1995a, b, 1999, HAITLINGER 1982, 1986a, 1987, 1988b, c,1989, 1999, 2006a, b, 2007, KIE£CZEWSKI & WI�NIEWSKI 1983, WIKTOR 1985,GWIAZDOWICZ & SKORUPSKI 1996, WI�NIEWSKI 1996, CHRISTIAN 2000, GWIAZDO-WICZ & BIERNACIK 2000, GWIAZDOWICZ 2002a, b, 2003, 2004). It may be concluded


that the species diversity of mites of the Karkonosze is poor in comparison with othermountainous areas, e.g. the Tatry, Pieniny, and Bieszczady Mts, where many morespecies were recorded. B£OSZYK (1995a) states that the scarceness of Uropodinaspecies in the Karkonosze is caused by a combination of biotic, abiotic, and anthro-pogenic factors. According to that author, the distribution of mites in the Karko-nosze is limited mainly by natural geographic ranges of some species, insufficientdiversity of habitats, and significant acidification of soils.

Table 1. List of Mesostigmata recorded from the Karkonosze Mts

Higher taxon Family (subfamily) Genus (subgenus) Species

Antennophorina Celaenopsidae Celaenopsis Berlese, 1886 C. badius C. L. Koch, 1839Microgyniina Microgyniidae Microseius Trägårdh, 1942 M. truncicola Trägårdh, 1942Gamasina Epicriidae Epicrius Canestrini E. resinae Karg, 1971

et Fanzago, 1887Zerconidae Mixozercon Hala�kova, 1963 M. sellnicki (Schweizer, 1948)

Parazercon Trägårdh, 1931 P. radiatus (Berlese, 1914)Prozercon Sellnick, 1943 P. fimbriatus (C. L. Koch, 1839)

P. kochi Sellnick, 1943P. traegardhi (Halbert, 1923)

Zercon C. L. Koch, 1836 Z. curiosus Trägårdh, 1910Z. gurensis Mihelèiè, 1962Z. peltatus peltatus C. L. Koch, 1836Z. triangularis C. L. Koch, 1836Z. vacuus C. L. Koch, 1839

Parasitidae Parasitus Latreille, 1795 P. beta Oudemans et Voigts, 1904(Parasitinae) P. fimetorum (Berlese, 1904)

P. loricatus (Wankel, 1861)Poecilochirus G.et R. Canestrini, 1882 P. carabi G. et R. Canestrini, 1882

(= P. necrophori Vitzthum, 1930)Porrhostaspis Müller, 1859 P. lunulata Müller, 1859Vulgarogamasus Tichomirov, V. kraepelini (Berlese, 1904)1969 V. remberti (Oudemans, 1912)

(Pergamasinae) Holoparasitus Oudemans, 1936 H. calcaratus (C. L. Koch, 1839)Leptogamasus Trägårdh, 1936 L. cristulifer (Athias-Henriot, 1967)

L. obessus (Holzmann, 1955)L. parvulus (Berlese, 1903)L. suecicus Trägårdh, 1936

Paragamasus Hull, 1918 P. (P.) alpestris (Berlese, 1903)P. (P.) integer (Bhattacharyya, 1963)

Paragamasus (Anidogamasus) P. (A.) crassicornutus Willmann, 1954Athias-Henriot, 1971 P. (A.) homopodoides Athias-Henriot,

1967P. (A.) misellus (Berlese, 1903)P. (A.) neoruncatellus (Schweizer,1961) s. Micherdziñski, 1969P. (A.) rostriforceps Athias-Henriot,1967P. (A.) siculiger (Athias-Henriot,1967)


P. (A.) runcatellus (Berlese, 1903)s. Karg, 1971P. (A.) runciger (Berlese, 1903)P. (A.) vagabundus Karg, 1968

Paragamasus (Beogamasus) P. (B.) puerilis Karg, 1963Athias-Henriot, 1971Pergamasus Berlese, 1903 s. P. (P.) brevicornis Berlese, 1903Athias-Henriot, 1971 P. (P.) crassipes (Linnaeus, 1758)

s. Micherdziñski, 1969P. (P.) mediocris Berlese, 1904s. Karg, 1971P. (P.) ruehmi Willmann, 1938 � onlyone locality in Poland (Gwiazdowiczand Biernacik 2000).

Macrochelidae Geholaspis Berlese, 1918 G. longispinosus (Kramer, 1876)G. mandibularis (Berlese, 1904)G. pauperior (Berlese, 1918)G. ponticus Bregetova et Koroleva,1960

Macrocheles Latreille, 1829 M. glaber (Müller, 1860)M. montanus (Willmann, 1951)M. tridentinus (G. et R. Canestrini,

1882)Eviphididae Alliphis Halbert, 1923 A. siculus (Oudemans, 1905)

Eviphis Berlese, 1903 E. ostrinus (C. L. Koch, 1836)Iphidosoma Berlese, 1892 I. physogastris Karg, 1971

Ascidae(Ascinae) Lasioseius Berlese, 1916 L. ometes (Oudemans, 1903)

(L. thermophilus Willmann, 1942 �species description based on femalesfound at thermal springs in JanskéLáznì in Czech Karkonosze; untilnow, it is the only one locality in theworld; males and juvenile instarsremain unknown)

Hoploseius Berlese, 1914 H. mariae Gwiazdowicz, 2002Proctolaelaps Berlese, 1923 P. fiseri (Sam�inak, 1960)

P. hystrix (Vitzthum, 1923)P. pygmaeus (Müller, 1860)

Neojordensia Evans, 1957 N. levis (Oudemans et Voigts, 1904)(Arctoseiinae) Arctoseius Thor, 1930 A. cetratus (Sellnick, 1940)

A. magnanalis Evans, 1958A. semiscissus (Berlese, 1892)A. venustulus (Berlese, 1916)

(Platyseinae) Cheiroseius Berlese, 1916 C. necorniger (Oudemans, 1903)Platyseius Berlese, 1916 P. italicus (Berlese, 1905)

Laelapidae Eulaelaps Berlese, 1903 E. stabularis (C. L. Koch, 1839)(Haemogamasinae)Haemogamasus Berlese, 1889 H. horridus Michael, 1892

H. nidi Michael, 1892(Laelapinae) Hyperlaelaps Zachvatkin, 1948 H. microti (Ewing, 1933)

Hypoaspis Canestrini, 1884Hypoaspis (Alloparasitus) H. (A.) oblonga (Halbert, 1915)Berlese, 1920



Hypoaspis (Geolaelaps) H. (G.) aculeifer (Canestrini, 1883)Trägårdh, 1952 H. (G.) brevipilis Hirschmann,

Bernhard, Greim et Götz, 1996

Hypoaspis (Laelaspis) H. (L.) heselhausi Oudemans, 1912Berlese, 1903Hypoaspis (Holostaspis) H. (H.) forcipata Willmann, 1955Kolenati, 1858Laelaps C. L. Koch, 1836 L. agilis C. L. Koch, 1836

L. clethrionomydis Lange, 1955L. hilaris C. L. Koch, 1836L. pavlovskyi Zachvatkin, 1948

(Myonyssinae) Myonyssus Tiraboschi, 1904 M. ingricus Bregetova, 1956(Hirstionyssinae) Hirstionyssus Fonseca, 1948 H. isabellinus (Oudemans, 1913)

H. soricis (Turk, 1945)H. sunci Wang, 1962

Macronyssidae Steatonyssus Kolenati, 1858 S. spinosus Willmann, 1936(Ornithonyssinae)Veigaiaiidae Veigaia Oudemans, 1905 V. cervus (Kramer, 1876)

V. kochi (Trägårdh, 1901)V. mollis Karg, 1971V. nemorensis (C. L. Koch, 1839)V. propinqua Willmann, 1956V. transisalae (Oudemans, 1902)

Rhodacaridae Cyrtolaelaps Berlese, 1887 C. minor Willmann, 1952(Ologamasinae) C. mucronatus (G. et R. Canestrini,

1881)Euryparasitus Oudemans, 1902 E. emarginatus (C. L. Koch, 1839)Gamasellus Berlese, 1892 G. montanus (Willmann, 1936)

Pachylaelapidae Pachylaelaps Berlese, 1886 P. (P.) bellicosus Berlese, 1920P. (P.) furcifer Oudemans, 1903P. (P.) longisetis Halbert, 1915P. (P.) pectinifer (G. et R. Canestrini,1882)

Pachylaelaps (Olopachys) P. (O.) suecicus Sellnick, 1950Berlese, 1910

Uropodina Trachytidae Trachytes Michael, 1894 T. aegrota (C. L. Koch, 1841)T. irenae Pecina, 1970T. minima Trägårdh, 1910T. montana Willmann, 1953T. pauperior (Berlese, 1916)

Polyaspidae Polyaspinus Berlese, 1916 P. cylindricus Berlese, 1916P. schweizeri (Hutu, 1976)

Trematuridae Nenteria Oudemans, 1915 N. breviunguiculata (Willmann,1949)

Trichouropoda Berlese, 1916 T. obscura (C. L. Koch, 1836)T. ovalis (C. L. Koch, 1839)

Urodinychidae Dinychus Berlese, 1916 D. inermis (C. L. Koch, 1841)D. perforatus (Kramer, 1882)

Urodiaspis Berlese, 1916 U. tecta (Kramer, 1876)Uroobovella Berlese, 1905 U. vinicolora (Vitzthum, 1926)

Uropodidae Discourella Berlese, 1910 D. cordieri (Berlese, 1916)



Uropoda Latreille, 1806 U. (U.) minima (Kramer, 1882)U. (U.) misella (Berlese, 1916)

Uropoda (Cilliba) von Heyden, U. (C.) cassidea (Hermann, 1804)1826 U. (C.) sellnicki Hirschmann

et Zirngiebl-Nicol, 1969

Uropoda (Phaulodinychus) U. (P.) splendida (Kramer, 1882)Berlese, 1903

IXODIDA (= METASTIGMATA)

The ticks are exclusively parasitic on higher vertebrates. The data on ticks(Ixodida) of the Karkonosze come from the monograph by SIUDA (1993), who re-ported 3 species of Ixodidae, basing on an extensive literature review (Table 2).

Table 2. List of Ixodida recorded from the Karkonosze Mts

Higher taxon Family Genus (subgenus) Species

Ixodina Ixodidae Ixodes Latreille, 1795 I. (I.) ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758)Ixodes (Exopalpiger) Schulze, 1935 I. (E.) trianguliceps Birula, 1895Ixodes (Pholeoixodes) Schulze, 1942 I. (P.) hexagonus Leach, 1815

PROSTIGMATA (= ACTINEDIDA)

Prostigmata represent almost all feeding habits and ecological groups, includ-ing water mites (Hydrachnidia). As it is typical of the majority of Parasitengona, manyof them have complicated life cycles, which include parasitic heteromorphic larvaeand active free-living predatory or saprophagous deutonymphs and adults. A largegroup of Prostigmata consists of phytophagous mites: spider mites (Tetranychoidea)and eriophyoid mites (Eriophyoidea). However, these groups were not reported fromthe Karkonosze.

So far, 93 species of Prostigmata have been found in the Karkonosze (Table3), including 63 species of water mites (ZACHARIAS 1886, PAX 1921, BAZAN-STRZELECKA 1972, B£OSZYK 1980b, 1995b, WIKTOR 1985, HAITLINGER 1986a, 1987,1988a, 1989, 1992, 1995, 1998, 2002, 2006a, b, 2007, MICHOCKA 1987, GABRY�

1990, 1996, BIESIADKA & CICHOCKA 1992, 1993, KALISZEWSKI 1993, GABRY� &M¥KOL 1997). BIESIADKA & CICHOCKA (1992, 1993) reported 62 water mite spe-cies. They did not confirm the occurrence of Lebertia insignia Neuman, 1880 thatwas listed by ZACHARIAS (1886), PAX (1921), BAZAN-STRZELECKA (1972), andWIKTOR (1985).



Table 3. List of Prostigmata recorded from the Karkonosze Mts


Labidostommatina Labidostommatidae Labidostomma Kramer, 1889 L. denticulata (Schrank, 1776)L. luteum Kramer, 1889

Eupodina Bdellidae Bdella Latreille, 1795 B. strandi (Berlese, 1923)(Bdellinae)(Odontoscirinae) Bdellodes Oudemans, 1937 B. lapidaria (Kramer, 1881)(Spinibdellinae) Biscirus Thor, 1927 B. silvaticus (Kramer, 1881)

Heterostigmatina Pygmephoridae Pygmephorus Kramer, 1877 P. forcipatus Willmann, 1952P. soricis Krczal, 1959P. spinosus Kramer, 1877P. stammeri Krczal, 1959

Tarsonemidae Tarsonemus Canestrini T. improvisus Kaliszewski, 1993et Fanzago, 1876

Raphignathina Myobiidae Amorphacarus Ewing, 1938 A. elongatus (Poppe, 1896)Protomyobia Ewing, 1938 P. onoi Jameson et Dusbábek,

1971P. claparedei (Poppe, 1896)

Radfordia Ewing, 1938Radfordia (Microtimyobia) R. (M.) lemnina (Koch, 1841)Fain et Lukoschus, 1976

Parasitengona Calyptostomatidae Calyptostoma Cambridge, C. velutinus (Mueller, 1776)Trombidia 1875(= Parasitengona Erythraeidae Leptus Latreille, 1796 L. nemorum (C. L. Koch, 1836)terrestria) L. holmiae Southcott, 1992

(= L. phalangii (De Geer, 1778)s. Gabry� = L. ignotus (Oudemans,1903) s. Haitlinger = L. beroniFain, 1991 s. Haitlinger, 2002)

Abrolophus Berlese, 1891 A. crassitarsus (Schweizer, 1951)Trombiculidae Hirsutiella Schluger H. zachvatkini (Schluger, 1948)

et Vysotzkaja, 1970Neotrombicula Hirst, 1915 N. autumnalis (Shaw, 1790)

N. inopinata (Oudemans, 1909)Trombidiidae Trombidium Fabricius, 1775 T. holosericeum (Linnaeus, 1758)

Allothrombium Berlese, 1903 A. fuliginosum (Hermann, 1804)Podothrombium Berlese, 1910 P. kordulae Haitlinger, 1995

P. spinosum Feider, 1955P. strandi Berlese, 1910P. tymoni Haitlinger, 1994

Microtrombidiidae Dactylothrombium Feider, D. pulcherrimum (Haller, 1882)1952Campylothrombium Krausse, C. clavatum (George, 1909)1916Ettmuelleria Oudemans, 1911 E. kasjani Haitlinger, 1998 �

locus typicus: Szklarska PorêbaHydrachnidia Eylaidae Eylais Latreille, 1796 E. mutila Koenike, 1897(= Parasitengona Hydryphantidae Thyas C. L. Koch, 1836 T. pachystoma Koenike, 1914aquatica) Sperchonidae Sperchon Kramer, 1877 S. brevirostris Koenike, 1895

S. glandulosus Koenike, 1886S. mutilus Koenike, 1895S. resupinus Viets, 1922


S. squamosus Kramer, 1879S. thienemanni Koenike, 1907

Teutoniidae Teutonia Koenike, 1889 T. cometes (C. L. Koch, 1837)Lebertiidae Lebertia Neuman, 1880 L. densa Koenike, 1902

L. dubia Thor, 1889L. fimbriata Thor, 1899L. insignis Neuman, 1880L. lineata Thor, 1906L. porosa Thor, 1900L. rivulorum Viets, 1933L. rufibes Koenike, 1902L. selebrosa Koenike, 1908L. slovenica Láska, 1954L. stigmatifera Thor, 1900L. tuberosa Thor, 1914L. violacea Viets, 1921L. zschokkei Koenike, 1902

Oxidae Oxus Kramer, 1877 O. setosus (Koenike, 1898)Torrenticolidae Torrenticola Piersig, 1866 T. amplexa (Koenike, 1908)

T. anomala (C. L. Koch, 1837)T. barsica (Szalay, 1933)T. dudichi (Szalay, 1933)T. elliptica Maglio, 1909

Limnesiidae Limnesia C. L. Koch, 1836 L. koenikei Piersig, 1894L. maculata (O. F. Müller, 1776)L. undulata (O. F. Müller, 1776)

Hygrobatidae Hygrobates C. L. Koch, 1837 H. calliger Piersig, 1896H. fluviatilis (Ström, 1768)H. foreli (Lebert, 1874)H. longipalpis (Hermann, 1804)H. nigromaculatus Lebert, 1871H. norvegicus (Thor, 1897)

Atractides C. L. Koch, 1837 A. adnatus (Lundblad, 1956)A. fonticolus (Viets, 1920)A. longus (Walter, 1947)A. nodipalpis (Thor, 1899)A. tener (Thor, 1899)

Neumania Lebert, 1879 N. deltoides (Piersig, 1894)N. spinipes (O. F. Müller, 1776)

Feltridae Feltria Koenike, 1892 F. minuta Koenike, 1892F. piersigi Walter, 1922

Pionidae Forelia Haller, 1882 F. variegator (C. L. Koch, 1837)Piona C. L. Koch, 1842 P. neumani (Koenike, 1883)Wettina Piersig, 1892 W. podagrica (C. L. Koch, 1837)Tiphys C. L. Koch, 1836 T. ensifer (Koenike, 1895)

T. pistillifer (Koenike, 1908)Aturidae Brachypoda Lebert, 1879 B. versicolor (O. F. Müller, 1776)

Ljania Thor, 1898 L. bipapillata Thor, 1898Arrenuridae Arrenurus Dugès, 1843 A. albator (O. F. Müller, 1776)

A. conicus Piersig, 1894A. crassicaudatus Kramer, 1875A. cuspidator (O. F. Müller, 1776)



A. cuspidifer Piersig, 1896A. cylindratus Piersig, 1896A. globator (O. F. Müller, 1776)A. latus Barrois et Moniez, 1878A. tubulator (O. F. Müller, 1776)

ASTIGMATA (= ACARIDIDA)

Astigmata embrace a variety of ecological groups of mites. Some of them livein stores and feed on stored products, others live in the soil or are parasites of mam-mals or birds (so-called �feather mites� that live on and in feather barbs). Nine spe-cies of parasitic Astigmata were found in the Karkonosze (HAITLINGER 1986a, b, 1989,2006a, b, 2007) (Table 4).

Table 4. List of Astigmata recorded from the Karkonosze Mts

Higher taxon

Family Genus (subgenus) Species

Acaridia Glycyphagidae Glycyphagus Hering, 1838 G. hypuadei (C. L. Koch, 1841)

G. ornatus Kramer, 1881

Labidophorus Kramer, 1877 L. talpae Kramer, 1877 Xenoryctes Zachvatkin, 1941 X. krameri (Michael, 1886)

Orycteroxenus Zachvatkin, 1941 O. soricis (Oudemans, 1915)

Psoroptidia Myocoptidae Myocoptes Claparede, 1869 M. japonensis Radford, 1955 (= Myocoptes jamesoni Radford, 1955 = Myocoptes glareoli Samšinak, 1957)

Listrophoridae Afrolistrophorus Fain, 1970 A. apodemi Fain, 1970

Listrophorus Pagenstecher, 1861 L. brevipes Dubinina, 1968 Anoetidae Prowichmannia Radford, 1950 P. spinifera (Michael, 1901)


ORIBATIDA (= CRYPTOSTIGMATA)

The oribatid mites (Oribatida) make one of the best-known groups of soil mites.In the Karkonosze, they are represented by 67 species (RAFALSKI 1966, NIEDBA£A

1976, WIKTOR 1985, OLSZANOWSKI 1996, OLSZANOWSKI et al. 1996, B£OSZYK &OLSZANOWSKI 1998 (Table 5).


Table 5. List of Oribatida recorded from the Karkonosze Mts


Archoribatida Brachychthoniidae Eobrachychthonius Jacot, E. latior (Berlese, 1910)= Macropylina 1936

E. oudemansi van derHammen, 1952

Brachychochthonius B. immaculatus Forsslund, 1942Jacot, 1938

B. jugatus Jacot, 1938f. suecica Forsslund, 1942B. zelawaiensis (Sellnick, 1928)

Verachthonius Moritz, 1976 V. laticeps (Strenzke, 1951)Liochthonius van der L. hystricinus (Forsslund, 1942)Hammen, 1959

L. lapponicus Trägårdh, 1910L. muscorum Forsslund, 1964L. perpusillus (Berlese, 1910)L. propinquus Niedba³a, 1972L. sellnicki (Thor, 1930)L. tuxeni (Forsslund, 1957)

Hypochthoniidae Hypochthonius C. L. Koch, H. luteus Oudemans, 19171836

H. rufulus C. L. Koch, 1836Phthiracaridae Phthiracarus Perty, 1841 P. clavatus Parry, 1979

P. compressus Jacot, 1930P. globosus (C. L. Koch, 1841)P. longulus (C. L. Koch, 1841)P. nitens (Nicolet, 1855)P. opacus Niedba³a, 1986P. spadix Niedba³a, 1983

Steganacaridae Atropacarus Ewing, 1917 A. (A.) csiszarae (Baloghet Mahunka, 1979)A. (A.) striculus (C. L. Koch, 1836)

Nothridae Nothrus C. L. Koch, 1836 N. anauniensis Canestriniet Fanzago, 1876N. borussicus (Sellnick, 1928)N. palustris C. L. Koch, 1839N. pratensis (Sellnick, 1928)N. silvestris Nicolet, 1855

Camisiidae Camisia von Heyden, 1826 C. biurus (C. L. Koch, 1839)C. horrida (Hermann, 1804)C. invenusta (Michael, 1888)C. segnis (Hermann, 1804)C. solhoeyi Colloff, 1993C. spinifer (C. L. Koch, 1836)

Heminothrus Berlese, 1913 H. capillatus (Berlese, 1914)H. humicolus (Forsslund, 1955)H. longisetosus Willmann, 1925H. peltifer (C. L. Koch, 1839)H. targionii (Berlese, 1885)H. thori (Berlese, 1904)


Trhypochthoniidae Trhypochthonius Berlese, T. tectorum (Berlese, 1896)1904

Nanhermanniidae Nanhermannia Berlese, 1913 N. comitalis Berlese, 1916N. nanus (Nicolet, 1855)

Hermanniidae Hermannia Nicolet, 1855 H. convexa (C. L. Koch, 1840)H. gibba (C. L. Koch, 1839)

Euoribatida Cepheidae Cepheus C. L. Koch, 1836 C. dentatus (Michael, 1888)= Brachypylina C. grandis Sitnikova, 1975

C. latus C. L. Koch, 1836Carabodidae Carabodes C. L. Koch, 1835 C. femoralis (Nicolet, 1855)

C. labyrinthicus (Michael, 1879)C. marginatus (Michael, 1879)C. minusculus (Berlese, 1923)C. ornatus �torkan, 1925C. rugosior Berlese, 1916C. tenuis (Forsslund, 1953)

Odontocepheus Berlese, 1913 O. elongatus (Michael, 1879)Tectocepheidae Tectocepheus Berlese, 1913 T. velatus (Michael, 1880)Cymbaeremaeidae Cymbaeremaeus Berlese, 1896 C. cymba (Nicolet, 1855)Oribatulidae Liebstadia Oudemans, 1906 L. humerata Sellnick, 1929

Paraleius Travé, 1960 P. leontonychus (Berlese, 1910)Ceratozetidae Edwardzetes Berlese, 1914 E. edwardsi (Nicolet, 1855)

Fuscozetes Sellnick, 1928 F. setosus (C. L. Koch, 1841)Melanozetes Hull, 1916 M. meridianus Sellnick, 1928Oromurcia Thor, 1930 O. sudetica Willmann, 1939Sphaerozetes Berlese, 1885 S. piriformis (Nicolet, 1855)

Oribatellidae Oribatella Banks, 1895 O. calcarata (C. L. Koch, 1836)

SYNOPSIS

The Karkonosze Mts, just like the whole Sudety Mts, have a relatively limitedspecies list of Mesostigmata as compared to the Carpathian Mts (B£OSZYK 1995a,GWIAZDOWICZ 2003). Degradation of the soil environment in the Karkonosze hadundoubtedly a detrimental effect on species diversity of soil mites. Some groups ofmites, e.g., Labidostommatina and Uropodina, are exceptionally sensitive to unfa-vourable changes in the environment (B£OSZYK 1995a, b). The research programmeBank of Invertebrate Fauna in 1992�1996 did not confirm the presence of 2 former-ly occurring species: Trachytes minima and T. montana. This may indicate theirextinction or, which is more likely, a drastic decline in their population sizes. TheUropodina in the western part of the Karkonosze Mts (the most degraded part of therange of Karkonosze) are clearly less abundant and less diverse than in the other partsof the mountains (B£OSZYK 1995a, b). It is very likely that this phenomenon is typi-cal of other groups of soil animals, too.

As for the oribatid mites, the differences in relation to the Carpathians are lesspronounced. The high diversity of habitats in the Karkonosze probably compensatesfor the environmental degradation and the diversity of oribatids is relatively high.



The number of species in the Karkonosze is similar to that in the Gorce NationalPark that is less anthropogenically transformed than the Karkonosze Mts (B£OSZYK

& OLSZANOWSKI 1998). Another explanation is that Oribatida are less sensitive toenvironmental degradation than other mites.

More research on Ixodida, Prostigmata (excluding Hydrachnidia), and Astig-mata is required to establish whether there are any changes in their species spectrumin the Karkonosze Mts.

Acknowledgements: We would like to express sincere thanks to Prof. EUGENIUSZ BIESIADKA and Dr.ZIEMOWIT OLSZANOWSKI for valuable comments and help in completing the bibliographic data. Theprogramme Bank of Invertebrate Fauna in the Karkonosze Mts was possible thanks to financial supportfrom the Management of the Karkonosze National Park and the Nature Conservation Officer in Jelenia Góra.

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mites (acari) of the karkonosze mountains: a review

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