measuring t.e.i. piraeus' graduates employability
TRANSCRIPT
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Measuring T.E.I. Piraeus’ graduates employability
Maria Kaltsogianni *, Artemios Sigalas ** Christos Tsitsis ***, Eugenia Moulou****, Alexandros Alatsatianos*****, Dr Dimitris Tseles******
*Msc Mechanical Engineer, Coordinator and Education Advisor of Liaison
Office SEC T.E.I. Piraeus, Adjunct teaching stuff in the Electronical Computer Systems Engineering Department of Τ.Ε.Ι. of Piraeus, T.E.I. Piraeus, 250
Thivon & P. Ralli, Aegaleo, [email protected] **Mechanical Engineer, Information Technology Manager & Technical
Support of Liaison Office SEC T.E.I. Piraeus, T.E.I. Piraeus, 250 Thivon & P. Ralli, Aegaleo, [email protected]
***Mechanical Engineer, Quality Assurance Manager & Assistant Coordinator of Liaison Office SEC T.E.I. of Piraeus, Adjunct teaching stuff in the
Mechanical Engineering Department of Τ.Ε.Ι. of Piraeus, T.E.I. Piraeus, 250 Thivon & P. Ralli, Aegaleo, [email protected]
****Automation Engineer, Employment Advisor & Secretariat of Liaison Office SEC T.E.I. Piraeus, T.E.I. Piraeus, 250 Thivon & P. Ralli, Aegaleo,
[email protected] ***** Msc Electronics Communication Engineer, E-magazine administrator of
Liaison Office SEC T.E.I. Piraeus, T.E.I. Piraeus, 250 Thivon & P. Ralli, Aegaleo, [email protected]
****** B‟ Vice – President of Hellenic National Academic Recognition Information Center (NARIC) , Deputy Head of Department of Automation of
T.E.I. of Piraeus, Scientific Director of Liaison Office SEC T.E.I. Piraeus, T.E.I. Piraeus, 250 Thivon & P. Ralli, Aegaleo, [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The Liaison Office of the Technological Educational Institute (T.E.I.) of Piraeus has been in operation since 1993. The employability of higher education graduates is nowadays one of the first priorities in Europe. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of the Graduates‟ Career Path Monitoring Research performed by the Liaison Office SEC TEI of Piraeus in 2008 as well as the results of the same Research which started in 2012 and is still in progress. The existing differentiations in T.E.I. Piraeus graduates‟ attitudes towards employment are to be analyzed for both 2008, 2012 in comparison to the employment statistics at national and European level. Today, within nineteen years of operation, more than 3,464 companies from both the private and the public sector use our Office‟s services in order to fill vacancies and more than 16,188 students and graduates have been included in our databases. More than 18,481 resumes have been forwarded to companies and more than 3,500 students and graduates have found jobs relevant to their qualifications-through L.O.-. These numbers speak eloquently of both the importance of our work in assisting students, especially as they take their first steps entering the job market, and, also, our Institute‟s positive reputation for matching local job market trends to the needs of industry. This picture is enduring even after years of our graduates‟ presence in the job market. Five years after graduation, 93% (per cent) of respondents were employed, 80% (per cent) of who reported working at a job relevant to their qualifications. 82.4% (per cent) of them stated that they were satisfied with
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their present work and 98.8% (per cent) of them declared their belief that their employers were also satisfied with their work and qualifications, to mention but a few of our findings here. Nonetheless, our survey indicates that Liaison Office as an institution still have a long way to go before they become universally recognized as one of the primary resources for those seeking employment. KEY WORDS: Employability, Liaison Office SEC T.E.I. of Piraeus, Survey, Graduate, Career Path Monitoring Research.
1. Introduction
The Liaison Office of the Technological Educational Institute (T.E.I.) of Piraeus has been in operation since 1993. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of the Graduates‟ Career Path Monitoring Research performed by the Liaison Office SEC TEI of Piraeus in 2008 as well as the results of the same Research which started in 2012 and is still in progress. The existing differentiations in T.E.I. Piraeus graduates‟ attitudes towards employment are to be analyzed for both 2008, 2012 in comparison to the employment statistics at national and European level. The first-born data used are based on the conduct of the survey on a large sample of 3116 graduates of our Institute from 1997 till 2001, while the second is based on the survey on an even larger sample of 8208 graduates from 2001 till 2011. The results yielded through thorough statistical analysis focus on two directions: a) the analysis of the main variables portraying graduates‟ activation towards employment after the acquisition of their first degree and b) the detection of the statistically significant effects of graduates‟ main characteristics to the variables describing their employability. The number of fresh university graduates has been increased substantially during the last decade due to the high competitiveness in the labour market and the consequent dire need for specialization. This increase led to the rapid expansion of higher education in all European Union (EU) member countries and especially in our country. Thus, the employability of young graduates has become one of the first priorities in European, national and personal level, and constitutes today one of the main indicators of educational systems efficiency. [7] The employment status of higher education graduates, a certain number of years after obtaining their first degree, has been the main subject of several studies and surveys. The data of the annual average of EU (27 countries) unemployment rate of the population aged 25-64 by level of education-first and second stage of tertiary education (levels 5 & 6)- for 2008 [1] and 2011 [10] show that the lowest rates were observed in Norway (1,3), Czech Republic (1,5), Netherlands (1,6), Austria (1,7), Switzerland (1,8), Romania (1,9) and Norway (1,3), Czech Republic (1,5), Netherlands (1,6), Austria (1,7), Switzerland (1,8), Romania (1,9), Bulgaria (2,1) and Norway (1,6), Austria (2,3), Germany (2,4) Czech Republic (2,6), Switzerland (2,6), Netherlands (2,8) respectively. According to the same data the biggest rates were observed in Croatia (4,1), Italy (4,3), Greece (5,6), Spain (5,8), Portugal (5,8), Turkey (6,5), Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (18,7) and Ireland (7,1), Estonia (7,9), Croatia (8), Portugal (8), Spain (11,7), Greece (12,8), Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (19,5) respectively.
geo\time 2008 2011
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European Union (changing composition) 3,5 5
EU (27 countries) 3,5 5
Euro area (changing composition) 4 5,6
Euro area (17 countries) 4 5,6
Euro area (16 countries) 4 5,6
Norway 1,3 1,6
Czech Republic 1,5 2,6
Netherlands 1,6 2,8
Austria 1,7 2,3
Switzerland 1,8 2,6
Romania 1,9 3,8
Bulgaria 2,1 4,7
Denmark 2,2 5
Luxembourg 2,2 3,5
Hungary 2,3 3,9
United Kingdom 2,3 3,7
Cyprus 2,4 5,8
Lithuania 2,4 5,6
Estonia 2,8 7,9
Ireland 3 7,1
Slovakia 3 5,2
Poland 3,1 4,5
Slovenia 3,1 4,7
Belgium 3,2 3,4
Sweden 3,2 3,9
Germany 3,3 2,4
Finland 3,3 4
Latvia 3,9 6,4
France 4 4,9
Croatia 4,1 8
Italy 4,3 5,2
Greece 5,6 12,8
Spain 5,8 11,7
Portugal 5,8 8
Turkey 6,5 6,8
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 18,7 19,5
Malta : :
Iceland : 4,5
Montenegro : :
Table 1: ANNUAL AVERAGE OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATES OF THE POPULATION
AGED 25-64 BY LEVEL OF EDUCATION- FIRST AND SECOND STAGE OF TERTIARY
EDUCATION (LEVELS 5 AND 6)
As far as the overall unemployment rate is concerned, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia seems to be in the worst EU position for both years. By comparing the results, it becomes clear that countries with high overall unemployment rate have also high graduates unemployment. Furthermore, the current trend in the labour market forces sometimes the fresh European graduates to search for a job that is not vocationally related to their subject of study (hetero-employment). [10]
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Despite the comparatively high graduate‟s unemployment rate in Greece, studies related to their employability were carried out mainly during the last decade; usually at institutional level. However, only a few of them were published. The first published study was carried out by the National Metsovio Technical University (NMTU), revealing that its young graduated engineers enjoy high employment rates, depending however significantly on the specialty. Also, some of university‟s specialties (civil engineers, topographers, architects and computer engineers) are among the ones with the lowest hetero-employment. The fifth published institutional study was carried out by our Institute in 2008 and was addressed to the graduates of the years 1997-2001. The major relevant Greek study was addressed to the graduates of the years 1998 - 2000 of all 18 universities. The results yielded were based on a very large sample of 13580 graduates (22.3% of the total corresponding population). The principal findings can be summarized as follows: whilst 84% of university graduates are employed being “labour incorporated” five to seven years after their graduation, 43% still are not “professionally incorporated”. This lack of professional incorporation is due to unemployment (6.4% of the total sample), to inactivity, i.e. non-active search for employment (9.3%) or principally due to lack of permanent employment (27%; about two thirds of these cases). [13] According to a survey conducted by the National Statistics Office concerning the employment of university graduates, only one out of two finds a job in short term. [15] The rest are unemployed or under-employed, resulting to the fact that 40% of Greek graduates are employed in sectors very different from their educational background, holding the second position after Italy among EU countries in hetero-employment. [13] Another relevant study was conducted by the Horizontal Networking of the Career Offices of the Hellenic TEIs, analyzing the employability characteristics of higher technological education graduates, focusing on the determination of the factors which significantly affect the quality of their transition in the labour market. Original empirical data was collected through a national survey from 6118 graduates of 12 technological educational institutes (TEIs) of Greek higher education, corresponding to nine broader specialties and 51 professions. [9] The findings of the study, concerning employability, indicate that 89% are employed, 7% are unemployed and 4% are inactive. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of the Graduates‟ Career Path Monitoring Research performed by the Liaison Office SEC TEI of Piraeus in 2008 as well as the results of the same Research which started in 2012 and is still in progress. The existing differentiations in T.E.I. Piraeus graduates‟ attitudes towards employment are to be analyzed for both 2008, 2012 in comparison to the employment statistics at national and European level.
2. Objectives and Contribution
The first research was carried out in the second semester of 2007 while the second one has started in 2012 and is still in progress (15%). Graduates‟ employability includes numerous parameters, which define and characterize it. This paper focuses to the analysis of the main employment variables and to the thorough investigation of the factors affecting employability and graduates “attitudes towards the labor market”. Both cases we have chosen to use the empirical - analytical method so as to ensure the ability to investigate possible
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relationships and interactions between key variables and last but not least to draw general conclusions for the entire population surveyed. These are and the main advantages of a quantitative research approach against an equivalent qualitative one. In particular, the quantitative survey research approach we chose to follow in this research belongs to the class of survey research -primarily descriptive but also co relational research. This research has not strictly instrumental character, does not focus only on providing data for decision making concerning the acceptance or modification of curricula, but attempts to enlighten both the process of integration into the labor market, as well as the study environment through the framing views. Regarding its contribution, the results and conclusions of this study can be useful for researchers in the fields of employment and labor market, decision makers in higher education establishments and in the ministries of education and employment, and, most importantly, fresh university graduates for a more efficient professional orientation. The advance of knowledge at international level, especially for countries with similar educational and employment characteristics with Greece, can also be substantial due to the lack of research in employment factor detection.
2.1 The Population of the surveys
The 1st research was carried out among the Graduates from the nine departments of the Institute of the academic years 1997-1998, 1998-1999, 1999-2000, 2000-2001 while the 2nd one is carried out among the Graduates from the ten departments of the Institute of the academic years 2001-2002, 2002-2003, 2003-2004, 2004-2005, 2005-2006, 2006-2007, 2007-2008, 2008-2009, 2009-2010, 2010-2011. The 1st sample consisted of 935 graduates while for the second one we hope at the end to reach the amount of 2462-since we have more academic years. For the moment, concerning the second research, we‟ve reached the 15% of the required sample. The periods were chosen considering a)the percentage of graduates who continue post graduate studies directly after the graduation and during this time does not seek employment b)the years of military service, for males, which in most cases follows the undergraduate study c)the fact that the 1st one was conducted in all TEI for the same years of graduation so that results are comparable while the second one is conducted in the frames of NSRF (National Strategic Reference Framework) and the operational programme education & life long learning, co- financed by Greece & European Union. The main objective, in both cases was to study issues related to the graduates‟ employment statuses (employment/unemployment rate, job satisfaction, length and reasons of unemployment, net monthly earnings etc. along with other qualitative characteristics, such as further education and additional (postgraduates studies‟ attendance) qualifications acquired during and after their graduation.
TOTAL SAMPLE DISTRIBUTION OF TEI PIRAEUS GRADUATES FROM 1997-2001 / CAREER PATH MONITORING RESEARCH 2008
DEPARTMENTS
ACADEMIC YEAR
SEX AE* BA* EE* EE* ECSE* TE* A* ME* CE* TOTAL
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1996-1997 M 7 7 2 32 9 15 72
W 1 1 65 2 13 82
T 8 8 2 97 11 28 154
1997-1998 M 8 2 31 20 24 9 9 10 9 122
W 10 14 8 1 13 3 11 4 10 74
T 18 16 39 21 37 12 20 14 19 196
1998-1999 M 7 14 27 21 31 9 9 3 8 129
W 2 31 4 3 3 10 4 4 3 64
T 9 45 31 24 34 19 13 7 11 193
1999-2000 M 16 17 11 17 19 24 14 5 123
W 11 45 3 5 10 24 21 5 124
T 27 62 11 20 24 10 48 35 10 247
2000-2001 M 10 12 7 1 1 13 11 11 66
W 4 9 5 4 1 18 25 13 79
T 14 9 17 11 2 1 31 36 24 145
TOTAL MEN 41 33 81 72 75 21 87 47 67 512
TOTAL WOMEN 27 99 25 12 22 23 122 56 44 423
TOTAL 68 132 106 84 97 44 209 103 111 935
Table 2: TOTAL SAMPLE DISTRIBUTION OF TEI PIRAEUS GRADUATES FROM 1997-2001
Table 1: TOTAL SAMPLE DISTRIBUTION OF TEI
PIRAEUS GRADUATES FROM 1997-2001 /
CAREER PATH MONITORING RESEARCH 2008
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
M W T M W T M W T M W T M W T
1996-1997 1997-1998 1998-1999 1999-2000 2000-2001
AE*
BA*
EE*
EE*
ECSE*
TE*
A*
ME*
CE*
Figure 1: TOTAL SAMPLE DISTRIBUTION OF TEI PIRAEUS GRADUATES
FROM 1997-2001 (CPMR 2008)
DISTRIBUTION OF TEI PIRAEUS GRADUATES FROM 2001-2011 / CAREER PATH MONITORING RESEARCH 2012
DEPARTMENTS
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ACAD
EMIC
YEAR
SEX AE* BA* EE* EE* ECSE* TE* A
*
ME* CE* TM* TOTAL
2001-
2002
M 41 100 56 2 94 11 304
W 11 10 8 7 21 13 70
T 52 110 64 9 115 24 374
2002-
2003
M 23 112 70 14 113 97 429
W 9 18 17 11 19 99 173
T 32 130 87 25 132 196 602
2003-
2004
M 52 121 73 12 25 88 54 425
W 16 21 9 2 17 12 52 129
T 68 142 82 14 42 100 106 554
2004-
2005
M 59 8 87 90 35 8 126 46 459
W 12 15 18 19 5 20 25 58 172
T 71 23 105 109 40 28 151 104 631
2005-
2006
M 15 90 112 90 83 12 106 72 580
W 2 132 8 20 33 17 15 68 295
T 17 222 120 110 116 29 121 140 875
2006-
2007
M 48 105 98 88 99 18 74 69 599
W 17 148 15 10 28 23 15 35 291
T 65 253 113 98 127 41 89 104 890
2007-
2008
M 46 69 46 115 74 9 105 71 535
W 9 131 4 15 21 14 11 73 278
T 55 200 50 130 95 23 116 144 813
2008-
2009
M 60 103 93 34 81 9 97 82 3 559
W 13 133 11 1 22 13 14 79 2 288
T 73 258 104 35 103 22 111 161 5 847
2009-
2010
M 81 101 101 145 95 9 122 112 0 766
W 13 158 9 20 22 20 20 65 3 330
T 94 259 110 165 117 29 142 177 3 1096
2010-
2011
M 91 75 115 49 289 42 161 175 4 1001
W 14 131 11 6 58 69 23 155 23 490
T 105 206 126 65 347 111 184 330 14 1491
TOTAL M 516 551 985 810 768 148 1086 789 7 5660
TOTAL W 116 870 125 135 191 211 175 697 28 2548
T 632 1421 1110 945 959 359 1261 1486 35 8208
Table 3: DISTRIBUTION OF TEI PIRAEUS GRADUATES FROM 2001-2011
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DISTRIBUTION OF TEI PIRAEUS GRADUATES
FROM 2001-2011
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
M W T M W T M W T M W T M W T M W T M W T M W T M W T M W T
2001-
2002
2002-
2003
2003-
2004
2004-
2005
2005-
2006
2006-
2007
2007-
2008
2008-
2009
2009-
2010
2010-
2011
AE*
BA*
EE*
EE*
ECSE*
TE*
A*
ME*
CE*
TM*
Figure 2: DISTRIBUTION OF TEI PIRAEUS GRADUATES FROM 2001-2011
(CPMR 2012)
Distribution of required sample per
department
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
M W T M W T M W T M W T M W T M W T M W T M W T M W T M W T
2001-
2002
2002-
2003
2003-
2004
2004-
2005
2005-
2006
2006-
2007
2007-
2008
2008-
2009
2009-
2010
2010-
2011
AE*
BA*
EE*
EE*
ECSE*
TE*
A*
ME*
CE*
TM*
Figure 3: REQUIRED SAMPLE DISTRIBUTION OF TEI PIRAEUS
GRADUATES FROM 2001-2011 (CPMR 2012)
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REQUIRED TOTAL SAMPLE DISTRIBUTION OF TEI PIRAEUS GRADUATES FROM 2001-2011 / CAREER PATH MONITORING RESEARCH 2012
DEPARTMENTS
ACADEMIC YEAR SEX AE* BA* EE* EE* ECSE* TE* A* ME* CE* TM* TOTAL
2001-2002 M 12 0 30 17 0 1 28 3 0 91
W 3 0 3 2 0 2 6 4 0 21
T 16 0 33 19 0 3 35 7 0 112
2002-2003 M 7 0 34 21 0 4 34 29 0 129
W 3 0 5 5 0 3 6 30 0 52
T 10 0 39 26 0 8 40 59 0 181
2003-2004 M 16 0 36 22 4 8 26 16 0 128
W 5 0 6 3 1 5 4 16 0 39
T 20 0 43 25 4 13 30 32 0 166
2004-2005 M 18 2 26 27 11 2 38 14 0 138
W 4 5 5 6 2 6 8 17 0 52
T 21 7 32 33 12 8 45 31 0 189
2005-2006 M 5 27 34 27 25 4 32 22 0 174
W 1 40 2 6 10 5 5 20 0 89
T 5 67 36 33 35 9 36 42 0 263
2006-2007 M 14 32 29 26 30 5 22 21 0 180
W 5 44 5 3 8 7 5 11 0 87
T 20 76 34 29 38 12 27 31 0 267
2007-2008 M 14 21 14 35 22 3 32 21 0 161
W 3 39 1 5 6 4 3 22 0 83
T 17 60 15 39 29 7 35 43 0 244
2008-2009 M 18 31 28 10 24 3 29 25 1 168
W 4 40 3 0 7 4 4 24 1 86
T 22 77 31 11 31 7 33 48 2 254
2009-2010 M 24 30 30 44 29 3 37 34 0 230
W 4 47 3 6 7 6 6 20 1 99
T 28 78 33 50 35 9 43 53 1 329
2010-2011 M 27 23 35 15 87 13 48 53 1 300
W 4 39 3 2 17 21 7 47 7 147
T 32 62 38 20 104 33 55 99 8 447
TOTAL MEN 155 165 296 243 230 44 326 237 2 1698
TOTAL WOMEN 35 261 38 41 57 63 53 209 8 764
TOTAL 190 426 333 284 288 108 378 446 10 2462
Table 4: REQUIRED TOTAL SAMPLE DISTRIBUTION OF TEI PIRAEUS GRADUATES FROM 2001-2011 / CAREER PATH MONITORING
RESEARCH 2012
10
DISTRIBUTION OF TEI PIRAEUS GRADUATES
FROM 2001-2011
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
AE* BA* EE* EE* ECSE* TE* A* ME* CE* TM*
TOTAL WOMENTOTAL MEN
Figure 4: SAMPLE DISTRIBUTION OF TEI PIRAEUS GRADUATES FROM
2001-2011 TILL NOW (CPMR 2012)
2.2 Research Methodology As already mentioned the common methodology, that has been developed, gives the possibility to conduct comparative results per school or department compared to the absorption of graduates of the Institute in labor market. For the realization of the research the most suitable method of primary data collection was considered the poll through interview with the use of a short and easy to understand, structured questionnaire -that had been developed in the context of the pilot study funded by the Horizontal Networking of the Career Offices of the Hellenic TEIs- with minor changes. In the 1st case phone interviews took place while in the 2nd case the questionnaires were developed as “Google doc” and answered online. The primary data collection was derived from the databases of the Liaison Office and archives of graduates, which are observed by the TEI Piraeus‟ secretariats. Regarding the sampling method, we selected in both cases “the method of stratified random sampling” which aims to cover, as representative as possible, the population under consideration while the simple random sampling can not guarantee the representativeness, for example the "sex" in our sample, which is very important factor in the study's conclusions. So according to the above the stratification of the sample drawn up based on the Department and the Sex of graduates who in the sample are represented by the same percentage as the population that participates. So for the sampling were drawn up tables per academic year, Faculty and Department for all graduates of the series of graduation. The tables below show the distribution of questionnaires by department, gender and year of graduation. We have tried for reasons of representativeness that the sample comprises the 30% of the population and it is weighted per academic year, School and Gender. The tools used for the statistical analysis were SPSS (the
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Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), as well as using MS-Excel for data visualization. Graduates‟ responses were analyzed by means of both descriptive and inferential statistics. As the paper focuses on reporting the general findings at an institutional level, and on the detection of the existing relationships between the variables involved, emphasis has been given to the descriptive statistics. The X2 test has been used for the examination of the statistical dependence between two variables.
TILL NOW SAMPLE DISTRIBUTION OF TEI PIRAEUS GRADUATES FROM 2001-2011 / CAREER PATH MONITORING RESEARCH 2012
DISTRIBUTION PER YEAR 1. DISTRIBUTION PER DEPARTMENT TILL NOW
ACADEMIC YEAR SAMPLE AE* BA* EE* EE* ECSE* TE* A* ME* CE* TM* TOTAL %
2001-2002 12 51 68 11 40 31 5 26 44 74 5 355 15%
2002-2003 5 2. DIFFERENCE TO BE ACHIEVED
2003-2004 4 AE* BA* EE* EE* ECSE* TE* A* ME* CE* TM*
2004-2005 10 139 358 322 244 257 103 334 372 5 2107 85%
2005-2006 12 3.TOTAL DISTRIBUTION PER DEPARTMENT REQUIRED
2006-2007 17 AE* BA* EE* EE* ECSE* TE* A* ME* CE* TM*
2007-2008 36 190 426 333 284 288 108 378 446 10 2462 100%
2008-2009 45
2009-2010 214
2010-2011
TOTAL 355
DISTRIBUTION PER SEX
MEN 221
WOMEN 134
TOTAL 355
Table 5: TILL NOW SAMPLE DISTRIBUTION OF TEI PIRAEUS GRADUATES FROM 2001-2011 / CPMR 2012
1698
764
2462
5660
2548
8208
221 134 355
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
MEN WOMEN TOTAL
Required Sample
Total Population
Sample til l now (15%)
Figure 5: COMPINED DISTRIBUTION (CPMR 2012)
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2.3 Questionnaire Structure
The questionnaire used consists of closed, pre-coded questions and is divided in three major parts: 1) personal and demographic issues of the respondents (11 questions); 2) educational issues (22 questions); and 3) employment issues and the incorporation of the graduates in the labor market (43 questions). Through the structured questionnaire that was used, are investigated key elements and individual quality elements. More specifically: most importantly element is being researched is the current professional status of the graduates (at time of survey), based on the population sample, which has a position in the labor market. Complementary are investigated the unemployment and inactivity of the population - target. Qualitative survey data Besides of the main objective which is no other than the employment rate, the surveys give a qualitative dimension of the results. So answers and in other qualitative characteristics related to:
Graduate training elements Employment data for the graduating Characteristics related to the process of acquiring employment Characteristics of unemployment - inactivity
The investigation of the above qualitative characteristics contribute to export significant conclusions that answer questions about: • effectiveness of the procedure that the graduate selects to find a job, • job opportunities per business sector or geographical area, • the connection of education in relation to the labor market needs, • the unemployment rate in relation to the two sexes, • the adequacy of the content of the education in relation to the labor market needs. 3. Analysis and Results
Graduates’ responses were analyzed through descriptive and analytical statistical techniques with emphasis to the identification of the factors affecting significantly employability. This section is divided in two parts; demographic & educational information and some main employment issues of graduates. 3.1 Demographic and Educational Information This section includes the results of research relating to personal information of graduates who participated in the surveys as well as data related to education
The variables that were included in the statistical analysis are: gender, marital status, duration of studies, degree grade, postgraduate education, and knowledge of foreign languages etc. According to the results of the surveys, men constitute the majority (58%, 62%) in the examined samples, whereas women comprise 42%, 38% of the graduates in the years 1997- 2001 and 2001-2011 respectively. Further details are given in the tables and charts of descriptive statistics. Figures show the percentages of men and women
13
graduates that included in the sample. From the figures it is clear that both sexes were represented with about 60% male and 40% female.
Figure 6: GENDER (CPMR 2008)
Figure 7: GENDER (CPMR 2012)
Table 6,7 show the detailed breakdown of surveys‟ participants per
departments.
DEPARTMENT
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE %
AUTOMATION ENGINEERING 68 7,4
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 132 14,3
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 106 11,6
ELECTRONICAL ENGINEERING 84 9,3
ELECTRONIC COMPUTER SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
97 10,6
TEXTILE ENGINEERING 44 4,8
ACCOUNTING 209 22,9
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 103 9,1
CIVIL ENGINEERING 111 10,0
TOTAL 935 100,0
Table 6: DISTRIBUTION OF GRADUATES PER DEPARTMENT (CPMR
2008)
DEPARTMENT FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE %
AUTOMATION ENGINNEER 51 14
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 68 19
14
ELECTRICAL ENGINNEER 11 3
ELECTRONIC ENGINNEER 40 11
ELECTRONICAL COMPUTER SYSTEMS ENGINNEER
31 9
TEXTILE ENGINNEER 5 1
ACCOUNTING 26 7
MECHANICAL ENGINNEER 44 12
CIVIL ENGINNEER 74 21
TOURISM MANAGEMENT 5 1
Table 7: DISTRIBUTION OF GRADUATES PER DEPARTMENT (CPMR
2012)
Graphical representation of the above data we see in Figure 8,9.
Figure 8: DISTRIBUTION OF GRADUATES (CPMR 2008)
15
Distribution of sample per department till now
51
68
11
40
31
5
26
44
74
5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
f
Automation Enginneer
Business Administration
Electrical Enginneer
Electronic Enginneer
Electronical Computer Systems Enginneer
Textile Enginneer
Accounting
Mechanical Enginneer
Civil Enginneer
Tourism Management
Figure 9: DISTRIBUTION OF GRADUATES (CPMR 2012)
Table 8,9 shows the distribution of graduates of the sample compared to the
year of their graduation while drawing of this breakdown is performed in
Figure 5,6. The academic years 1997 to 2000 show the highest concentration
of ratios in the first case. About 17% of those who participated in the survey
graduated before 1997 while 14% of them after 2000. In the second case the
academic years 2008 to 2010 show the highest concentration of ratios, till
now, at the 15% of progress.
ACADEMIC YEAR FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE %
1996- 1997 154 16,8
1997 - 1998 196 21,5
1998 - 1999 193 21,1
1999 - 2000 247 27,1
2000-2001 145 13,5
Total 935 100,0
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Table 8: DISTRIBUTION OF GRADUATES PER ACADEMIC YEAR OF
GRADUATION TILL NOW (CPMR 2008)
ACADEMIC YEAR
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE %
2001-2002 12 3
2002-2003 5 1
2003-2004 5 1
2004-2005 10 3
2005-2006 12 3
2006-2007 17 5
2007-2008 36 10
2008-2009 45 13
2009-2010 214 60
2010-2011
Total 355 100,0
Table 9: DISTRIBUTION OF GRADUATES PER ACADEMIC YEAR OF
GRADUATION (CPMR 2012)
Figure 10: DISTRIBUTION OF GRADUATES PER ACADEMIC YEAR OF
GRADUATION (CPMR 2008)
17
Distribution of sample per year till now
125 5
10 1217
3645
214
0
50
100
150
200
250
f
2001-2002
2002-2003
2003-2004
2004-2005
2005-2006
2006-2007
2007-2008
2008-2009
2009-2010
Figure 11: DISTRIBUTION OF GRADUATES PER ACADEMIC YEAR OF
GRADUATION (CPMR 2012)
Regarding the Postgraduate Studies‟ Attendance Table 10,11 show that a
large percentage of the graduates participating in the survey, namely the
83.1% have not performed postgraduate studies. Of those who have attended
a postgraduate program the higher rates of preference collect the programs,
of TEI Piraeus with 4.4%, and the Universities of Great Britain with 4.5% in
the first case while for the second case 75% have not performed postgraduate
studies. Of those who have attended a postgraduate program the higher rates
of preference collect the programs of abroad 6%, of TEI Piraeus with 6%, and
of the Universities with 9%.
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE %
HAVE NOT PERFORMED GRADUATE STUDIES 761 83,1
ΤΕΙ PIRAEUS
40 4,4
OTHER ΤΕΙ
4 0,4
UNIVERSITY
34 3,7
13 1,4
18
TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
OTHER
12 1,3
GREAT BRITAIN
41 4,5
FINLAND
1 0,1
FRANCE
1 0,1
GERMANY
1 0,1
SPAIN
1 0,1
IRELAND
1 0,1
SWITZERLAND
1 0,1
ITALY
1 0,1
HOLLAND
1 0,1
SWEDEN
1 0,1
CANADA
1 0,1
USA
1 0,1
HAVE NOT ANSWERED 19 2,0
TOTAL
935 100,0
Table 10: POSTGRADUATE STUDIES ATTENDANCE (CPMR 2008)
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE %
YES IN GREECE (TEI PIRAEUS) 22 6
YES IN GREECE (OTHER TEI) 1 0
YES GREECE (UNIVERSITY) 33 9
YES GREECE (ANOTHER) 9 3
YES ABROAD 23 6
HAVE NOT PERFORMED GRADUATE STUDIES
267 75
Table 11: POSTGRADUATE STUDIES ATTENDANCE (CPMR 2012)
3.2 Main Employment Issues Seven to eleven years after graduation, nearly nine out of ten graduates (93%) were employed at the time of the first survey. However, nearly seven out of ten graduates (63%) are employed at the time of the second survey. Nearly 75%, 55% are employed and 14%, 8% are self-employed respectively in each case. Unemployed graduates come up to 4.6%, 34% and inactive ones come up to 2.4%, 2%.
19
Figure 12: EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF GRADUATES (CPMR 2008)
Distribution of sample per
employment status till now194
30
120
8
0
50
100
150
200
250
f
Employed
Self-employed
Unemployed
Idle
Figure 13: EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF GRADUATES (CPMR 2012)
Figures 14,15 present the ways used by the participating graduates for finding their present work position. The most important channels comprise the use of acquaintances, media announcements and the compulsory six-month practical training. On the opposite, some statutory channels, such as, competitions, the Greek Manpower Employment Organization, and other procedures do not seem to be popular or efficient channels for getting a working position; The institutional Career Offices in total, they are used by the graduates in a larger scale in comparison to OAED. It is interesting to find out that 32,5% of the graduates declared the use of competitions in 2008 while the same channel rate diminished to 3% in 2012, obviously affected by the fiscal austerity government policy in public sector.
20
Figure 14: CHANNELS FOR FINDING CURRENT POSITION (CPMR 2008)
Figure 14,15 show the distribution of modes for finding current position of the
participants. The "Family Friendly Environment" appears first with a
percentage of 33.7%, and the third "Advertisement" at the rate of 18.6%.
Finding work through participation in "Competitions" in government or wider
public sector comes second with 32.5% percentage. In ways of finding a job
involved with smaller proportions Liaison Office, with 3.4%, the " Practice "
with 5.1%, and with 1.4% OAED (Manpower Employment Organization.
Ways of job finding
1
8
1
2017
2 14
0
5
10
15
20
25
From
the L
iaiso
n Offi
ce o
f t..
Thro
ugh P
ract
ice
By OAED
from
Ad/ v
ia in
tern
et
From
my f
riends o
r fam
ily ..
.
Thro
ugh P
ublic Te
nder (
ASEP)
Compet
ition th
rough
anoth
er
Anoth
er pro
cedu
re
Figure 15: CHANNELS FOR FINDING CURRENT POSITION (CPMR 2012)
21
Almost 37% of the employed graduates are highly or very highly (25%) satisfied with the content of their present job. Only 21% of them appeared to express medium dissatisfaction, having reported minimal (12%) or little (5.5%) satisfaction. The percentages of satisfaction changed quite a bit in the second research.
Figure 16: SATISFACTION FROM CURRENT POSITION (CPMR 2008)
Job Satisfaction
87
1211
16
1 - Not at all 2 3 4 5 - Very much
Figure 17: SATISFACTION FROM CURRENT POSITION (CPMR 2012)
22
Figure 18: NET MONTHLY EARNINGS (CPMR 2008)
Concerning the net monthly earnings the one quarter of the graduates did not wish to answer to the question. Of those who responded, in Figure 18 we see that almost the one quarter of them (24%) a salary from 801 to 1100 euros per month net earnings, while 8.8% received a salary less than 800 euros. As a whole these two percentages (32.8%) represent a significant percentage, almost one third of graduates with low wages despite the long history in the labor market. For the analysis of graduates‟ wages in 2012, the net monthly payment was split in nine categories (less than €500, €501 to €800, €801 to €1100, €1101 to €1301, €1301 to €1500, €1501 to €1900, €1901 to €2500and over €2501.
4
1618
6
4
10
23
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Up to
500
euro
From
501 to
800
euro
From
801 to
1101
euro
From
1101 to
1301
euro
From
1301 to
1500
From
1501 to
1900
euro
From
1901 to
2500
euros
From
2501
euro
and up
No
answer
Figure 19: NET MONTHLY EARNINGS (CPMR 2012)
23
The majority 18% earns between € 800 and € 1101. Nearly 16% has small earnings (under €800), and only a few (1%) over €1500. The degree of satisfaction with one‟s monthly salary is significantly lower compared with the satisfaction with one‟s present position. Only 22.1% of the graduates appear to be highly or very highly 11.4%) satisfied with their salary, a 46.6% percentage reports modest satisfaction, while remaining 17.3% appears to be dissatisfied. In 2012, respectively, the degree of satisfaction with one‟s monthly salary ranges between 9% and 5% with the same nominal scale (Not at all to very much).
Figure 20: NET MONTHLY EARNINGS SATISFACTION (CPMR 2008)
Figure 21: TIME OF UNEMPLOYMENT (CPMR 2008)
24
The majority of the graduates (42.9) in 2008 declared mean waiting time for getting one‟s first work position, regardless of the fact whether one has changed jobs over time, is 6 months.
Time of Unemployment
158 11 7
0
20
40
60
80
100
Up to 6
months
From 6 to 12
months
From 12 to 24
months
More than 24
months
percent
Figure 22: TIME OF UNEMPLOYMENT (CPMR 2012)
The majority of our graduates (15%) also in 2012, declared mean waiting time for getting one‟s first work position, is up to6 months. It‟s very optimistic & positive, that only 7%-compared to almost 24% (2008)- declared mean waiting time for getting one‟s first work position, more than 24 months despite the economic crisis and the Greek ascended unemployment rate.
Figure 23: REASONS OF UNEMPLOYMENT (CPMR 2008)
25
Reasons of Unemployment in Greece
21
62 3 4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
percent
There is high unemployment in the general field of study
There are no satisfactory procedures to promote labormarket
Incorrect / Inadequate Professional Orientation
You need to get more specialization through training /education
Need flexitime or part time due to other familycommitments
You belong in a special category (vulnerable social group)
Other reasons
Figure 24: REASONS OF UNEMPLOYMENT (CPMR 2012)
Figure 23 shows the reasons for which, the graduates, believe that are unemployed in 2008. Among them, the general unemployment and the lack of satisfactory promotion procedures in the labor market have the highest rates, 27.3% and 13.6% respectively. The lack of specialization in the cumulative percentage of 25%, is the third major cause of unemployment. In 2012, the principal reason for the lack of employment appears to be the existing high unemployment in the field of study, being reported by over one third (21%) of the unemployed respondents, followed by the lack of efficient procedures for approaching the labor market (6%). Moreover, some secondary reasons, such as inadequate professional orientation, lack of required specialization, and inability to follow a full-time job have been reported too (by 2%, 3%, and 0% of the respondents respectively). Nearly a fifth of the unemployed graduates (4%) reported other, no specified, reasons.
4. Conclusions of CPMR 2008 & 2012
From the data gathered from the study we can draw the following conclusions. The department of graduation affects both in the relativity of employment to the subject area, the level of remuneration and in level of satisfaction of graduates from their work. More specifically, higher employment (freelancer) rates exhibit in Textiles and Automation department, which is understood within the framework of the specific characteristics distinguishing to these two
26
departments. Regarding the Textiles department, it is well known, the crisis that the industry passes with the closure of many textile industries in the country or their transportation north. On the other hand, on the Automation department the data obtained from the survey does not allow us to draw any safe conclusions on this specific situation that presents the profile of graduates. However, the fact that this department is among the most recently established departments in the country, that still has not vested professional rights, that many times the object of knowledge is outweighed by other engineers and by the fact that in Greek economy, high technology displays difficulties could constitute an interpretation of this phenomenon. Despite the high rates of employment (freelancer) the graduates of Textile department appears to have the highest rates in satisfaction with their work in relation to the other departments of the institution. And in this case, the insights from this study does not allow us to draw any conclusions that could explain this contradiction, it is nevertheless recorded by the Liaison Office of the Institution, the shift of the department graduates from the secondary to the tertiary field of production. A great percentage of graduates, the 93.9% of the sample, during the conducting of research was working and actually, at high rates, their work was relevant to their studies. Without steady employment we found the 2.1%. Employee (freelancer) appears the one seventh which comes mainly, as already mentioned, from the Department of Textiles. Self-employed stated a small percentage, the 0.4% of the sample, and of them the vast majority (92.1%) stated happy with his choice. For their company the graduates mainly made use of their own funds at a rate that exceeding 51%. Graduates found employment mainly through friendly / family environment and of those the highest percentage comes from the Department of Civil Engineering. The employees appear to have high mobility in the labor market (74.7%). A great proportion (82.4%) of graduates appears satisfied from his work, but not from remuneration. For this reason, mainly, seeks at proportion of 45.7%, for another job. More satisfied appears the graduates of Civil Engineering Department, while the department with the lowest rate of satisfaction from the net monthly remuneration appears to be the department of Business Administration. Among the respondents, unemployed stated a small proportion, 4.6%, and in fact the majority, 93.3%, has worked after obtaining his degree. Long-term unemployment (above 24 months) stated about a quarter of them. Among the unemployed the majority, six out of ten are women. Inactive stated 2.4% of participants. Nearly seven out of ten of them are women and they stay outside the labor market for family reasons. This group of graduates presents however high rates of special skills, such as knowledge of English and computer use. The continuation of studies at postgraduate level did not appear from the data of research, to consist common practice for graduates. A small percentage of them, 16.9% stated that it carried out a postgraduate program. However the correlation of the survey data showed that over the years, and certainly since the change in the legal framework for education with the law 2916/2001, this picture begins to reverse. From the postgraduate programs, that have been attended by the graduates, these of TEI of Piraeus compete in popularity the programs of the UK, the country which has been and continues to be traditionally the most popular destination for graduates for continuing their studies, leaving third in the series the programs of other Greek Universities. Among the graduates
27
these with higher grades, better knowledge of English language and the highest incomes were the ones that were facilitated to continue their studies at postgraduate level. The vast majority of graduates know English and computer use at levels 96.3% and 98.6% respectively. These percentages although are remarkably high, are only documenting the response of alumni to the minimum requirements of a modern globalized economy. In the same context we can interpret and high rates, 53.7%, that shows the acquisition of additional education / training. Monitoring a training program appears more popular among unemployed and inactive graduates of the sample. As far as the Career Path Monitoring Research of 2012 is concerned, it‟s still premature to present the analytic conclusions because:
the survey has not yet ended the statistical processes including correlations have not yet been
done. However, taking into consideration:
the figures 25,26,27 the ascending annual unemployment rates at three levels (the
institutional, the higher technological educational and the national) that in Greece, though accurate data on unemployment is hard to
come by, there is no doubt about the fact that today the country is faced with a high unemployment rate
and last but not combining them in order to enable comparison, we can easily realize, that, our institute still holds on to the positive statistics of employment issues despite the general situation. It is clear, that, our graduates‟ employability is far more beyond the national unemployment rate both for 2008 and 2012.
TEI PIRAEUS 2012 GCPMR
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Employed Unemployed Inactive
TEI PIRAEUS 2012 GCPMR
Figure 25: EMPLOYMENT STATUS (CPMR 2012)
28
Higher Technological Education Graduates Employment Status
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Employed Unemployed Inactive
2008
Figure 25: EMPLOYMENT STATUS (HTE CPMR 2012)
Employment Status
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Employed Unemployed Inactive
%
2008
2012
TEI PIRAEUS 2008 GCPMR
GREEK TEI'S 2008 GCPMR
TEI PIRAEUS 2012 GCPMR
Figure 26: EMPLOYMENT STATUSES
29
Employment Status
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Employed Unemployed Inactive
%
2008
2012
TEI PIRAEUS 2008 GCPMR
GREEK TEI'S 2008 GCPMR
TEI PIRAEUS 2012 GCPMR
Figure 27: EMPLOYMENT STATUSES
The two studies have some limitations. Firstly, all data have been collected using questionnaires opening up the possibility of response set consistencies. Secondly, all data have been collected at one point in time, that is, the study is cross-sectional. This implies that further research is needed in order to address the issue of causality. Research using multi-wave designs can provide more specific information about the stability and change of the variables, and about cross-lagged (i.e. over time) relationships than our cross-sectional approach. Thirdly, further research is needed to investigate the robustness of our findings, and to determine the extent to which our findings are generalized to other Institutes especially for 2012. Nevertheless, we think that our results are noteworthy and provide good challenges for future research and cross-validation. To conclude, in both cases 2008, 2012, a practical implication is made clear and comprises of the initial selection of a promising bachelor specialty, the acquisition of an honors degree, as well as the continuation of studies at a postgraduate level. These are three well-suggested actions higher technological education students should take into account in order to increase their chances of a more favorable entrance and position in the highly competitive Greek labour market.
5. Discussion and conclusions: Graduates and the Greek Labor Market
The demand for higher education graduates in Greece was always very high. Aiming to meet this demand, the Greek state has proceeded over the last fifteen years, the rapid expansion of higher education by establishing new educational units across the country. The result was a rapid increase in the supply of graduates, of old and new specialties. But often expressed doubts as to its ability to absorb these graduates in the labor market. So the question of the prospects in the labor market for young graduates as well as for young
30
people in general is at the center of public debate in recent years in Greece. The debate revolves around two main axes. Chart 1 show the evolution of the general unemployment rate in the period 1977-2009 for the whole workforce of Greece and for men and women separately. The trend has had fluctuations, but is clearly increasing, and it is obvious that the impact of the economic crisis during the period from 2008 onwards. In all of its years, the unemployment rate for women was more than double the unemployment rate of men. Figures 29 and 30 show the evolution of unemployment rates by age group, separately for men and women. Both men and women have an inverse relationship between age and unemployment, and unemployment rates in the age groups 15-19 and 20-24 are disproportionately higher than those in older age groups. In connection to the previous chapter on follow-up study of graduates, we observe that although the trend in unemployment is spectacular for all levels of the country's workforce, however employment rates for graduates of Higher Education are held at reasonable levels considering the proportion by the end of the year after their graduation.
Figure 28: Percentage % unemployment by gender: Greece, 1977-2009
Figure 29: Percentage % unemployment rate by age group: Greece, 1983-2008
31
Figure 30: Percentage % unemployment rate by age group: Greece, 1983-2008
32
Figure 31: Percentages % unemployment rates by education level
In Figure 31, the members of the sample participating in the workforce divided into two groups according to the years that have passed since graduation: up to five or six and more. It seems clear that for all educational levels, the unemployment rate is significantly higher for recent than for older graduates. In general, unemployment rates of tertiary graduates are lower than those of graduates of lower levels of the education system, both for recent and for older graduates. The differences between high school graduates and post-secondary education graduates are negligible in the case of women, while in men the estimated unemployment rate of graduates in post-secondary education is appreciably higher than those of high school students during the first 5-6 years after graduation, but afterwards the differences are small. Regarding higher education graduates, for both men and women, the estimated unemployment rate for a given number of years after graduation is lower implying that the studies supplied and obtained simultaneously with work experience unemployment rates despite the economic crisis are diminishing.
33
Figure 32: Estimated Percentages % unemployment rates by education level: men
Figure 33: Estimated Percentages % unemployment rates by level of education: women
6. Conclusions
Regarding further relevant work, this type of research should be repeated frequently for the identification of any changes in the landscape of graduates‟ employment. Nowadays, the successful transition of graduates from university
34
into the world of work is one of the most important priorities of all involved stakeholders: governments, institutions of higher education, and individuals, as well as researchers. From a global perspective, economic and social developments are increasingly driven by the advancement and application of knowledge. The potential of working organizations to perform optimally in global markets depends on employees‟ capability to develop, cultivate, and maintain fundamental qualifications. However, being an expert and maintaining one‟s expertise is by no means an easy task. Nowadays, job qualifications are continuously changing at an ever-increasing rate. The qualifications that are required for a job are becoming increasingly complex while, simultaneously, the „half life‟ of these qualifications is becoming shorter. Employees who are able to survive and satisfy the current needs are the ones with not only the most up-to-date knowledge and skills, but also the capability to continuously build up the new expertise requirements. As it is hard to predict changing labour market requirements, achieving flexibility in functioning seems to be the key criterion that enables an employee to stay „in the race‟ [16]. This implies that the quality criteria as regards education in general and higher technological education in particular, because of the high speed of technological changes, is fundamental for the success of the knowledge economy and society in all nations. [19]. Yet, the potential of higher education systems to fulfil this responsibility in countries with (relatively) weak economies, such as Greece, is frequently thwarted by long-standing problems of finance, efficiency, equity, quality and unemployment. There is a serious lack of research on the relationship between higher (technological) education and transition success to the labour market [16] even though this is a basic issue on the public debates‟ agenda more frequently. Therefore, the aim should be- after the determination of the possible predictors for higher technological education graduates‟ labour market entrance success- its achievement.
Acknowledgements TEI Piraeus‟ Departments, Liaison Office, Structure of Employment and Career and Horizontal Networking of the Career Offices of the Hellenic TEIs. References [1]. EUROSTAT, “Graduates‟ unemployment in all EU countries (ages 25-64)”, 2012.
[2]. Hellenic Statistical Authority, “Labour Force Survey (Employment)”, Athens, 2012.
[3]. Mitrakos T., Tsaklogou P., Xolezas I., “Ptyxiouxoi kai agora ergasias: anergia, misthoi kai
idiotikes apodoseis tis ekpaideysis stin Ellada”, Athens, 2012.
[4]. TEI Piraeus‟ Liaison Office Research Team, “TEI of Piraeus‟ Graduates Career Path
Monitoring Research”, Aigaleo, 2012.
[5]. Kostoglou, V., Garmpis, A., Koilias, C.and van den Heijden, B., “Predictors of higher
technological education graduates “labor market entrance success”, European Journal of
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[6]. Koilias, C., Kostoglou, V., Garmpis, A. and van den Hiejden, B., “The incorporation of
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[7]. Kostoglou V., Adamidis P., “Analyzing the employability of higher education graduates
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Technological Educational Institute of Crete”, Proceedings of the 6th NHIBE 2009 Conference
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(New Horizons in Industry, Business and Education), Santorini, Greece. G.M. Papadourakis
and I. Lazaridis (Eds.), ISBN 978-960- 88785-8-7 TEI of Crete, August 2009, pp. 78-83.
[9]. Horizontal Networking of the Career Offices of the Hellenic TEIs, “Meleti Parakolouthisis
Apofoiton TEI (1997-2001)” TEI of Athens, Career Office, 2009
[10]. EUROSTAT, “Graduates‟ unemployment in all EU countries (ages 25-64)”, 2008.
[11]. Hellenic Statistical Authority, “Labour Force Survey (Employment)”, Athens, 2008.
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[13]. Karamesini M.,”The absorbtion of university graduates in the labour market”, Athens,
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[14]. Newspaper “TA NEA”, 2007
[15]. E-Paideia.net, 2006 [16]. Van der Heijde, C.M., and B.I.J.M. Van der Heijden, “A competence-based and multidimensional operationalization and measurement of employability”, Human Resource Management 45: 449_76, 2006.
[17]. Horizontal Networking of the Career Offices of the Hellenic TEIs, “Ekponisi Meletis gia tin
anaptixi diktiou parakolouthisis Apofoiton TEI” TEI of Athens, Career Office, 2004 [18]. Van der Heijden, B.I.J.M., “The development and psychometric evaluation of a multidimensional measurement instrument of professional expertise “High Ability Studies”, The Journal of the European Council for high ability 11, no. 1: 9_39, 2000.
[19]. World Bank, “Annual review of development effectiveness. Washington, DC: World
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[20]. Watt G., “Supporting Employability: Guides to Good Practice in Employment, Counseling
and Guidance”, Office for Official Publications of the European Commission, Luxembourg
(1998)
Abbreviations: Career Path Monitoring Research 2012: CPMR 2012
Horizontal Networking of the Career Offices of the Hellenic TEIs: HNCOHT
*Department of Automation Engineering: AE
*Department of Business Administration : BA
*Department of Electrical Engineering: EE
*Department of Electronic Engineering : EE
*Department of Electronical Computer Systems Engineering: ECSE
*Department of Textiles Engineering : TE
*Department of Accounting : A
*Department of Mechanical Engineering: ME
*Department of Civil Engineering: CE
*Department of Tourism Management : TM