Eesti merovingi- ja

Eesti Arheoloogia Ajakiri 1997 I 26-83 kasitle vaheseid k kohalike n-o juh

Marika Magi

EESTI MEROVINGI-1 JA VIIKINGIAEGSED RINNANOELAD - VOORAPARASED JA OMAD

Artiklis kasilletakse Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsete ehten6elte tiipoloogiat Vaatluse alia on voetud rongaspeaga kolmnurkpeaga ja varasemad kaksikri stpeaga noelad mille dateeringut ja tiipoloogilist arengut on varasemaga vorreldes lUpsustatud Vaimaluse piires kasitletakse ka ehten6elte kaodmisviisi

Marika Magi Ajaloo Instiluudi arheoloogiasektor Riiiitli 6 Tallinn EE 0001 Eesti

Merovingiaega (600-800) ja viikingiaega (800-1050) on Eesti esiajaloos kasitletud kui suhteliselt leiuhihje perioode ning kohaliku kultuuri tousu on nahtud aUes alates II sajandist Neid ajajarke pole vaadeldud eraldi vaid suuremate perioodide (keskmise ja noorema rauaaja) osana Selle aja esemete dateeringud on iildiseJt laiad ebamaarased ning sageli Ecsti naabermaadest hilisemad Lahtuvalt 1930 aastate lopul algllse saanud hilinemisteooriast tuligi rahvusvahelised esemevormid siin hilisemaks dateerida mis moistagi nihutas kogu kronoloogiat (Magi-Lougas 1995b)

Olen oma varasemates artiklites esitanud Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsetest leidudest kaevorude ja omamenditud hoburaudsoJgede uue tiipoloogia (MagishyLougas 1994 1995a) Materiaalne kultuur on siisteem mille osad on omavahel tihedalt seotud seetottu jatkan teema kasitlemist jargmise Eestis laialt kasutusel oJnud esemevormi - ehtenoeltega

Kaesolevas taos on analiiiisitud 253 merovingi- voi viikingiaega kuuluvat Eesti ehtenoela (lisa) Tegemist on rinnanoeltega pealiniku kinnitamiseks moeldud Iinikunoelad ilmusid matustesse alles paris perioodi lopu Artikkel ei

Eesti keskmise ja noorema rauaaja detailne kronoloogia on vee I laplikult valja selgitamata Siinkohal nagu ka oma varasemates Wades olen nimetanud 7-8 saJandit mane naabermaa eeskujul merovingiajaks Kas ja kuivard see termin end 6igustab peaks selguma edaspidise uurimistoo kaigus

Eesti meroving lenud rongaspeaga uurimus Ema Aris (1930) Merovingi kompleksist eseme vaatse hipoloogia

perioodi piires on Kustin Saaremaa ( Kustin ja Selirand kasitleva lildmono

I

vaid viitamisi liT Saaremaaks kuivol lilejaanud Eestiga tublisti juurde tulnu

Ehtenoelte tUpol muutustele ning nOI uurimistoos esitanlH

1 MOlfoloogilis ning keti kinnitamis sel olnud n6eltel voi

2 Nagu olen niH 1995a) voib eseme iseloomlllikud miner

ditud rinnanoeltes ni ka mingi ajastu eSt sajandi lopu ja II s iseloomulikud suure guga kaunistamine

Eesti merovingishylevinud seisukohale senud p61etusmatuse ja 11 sajandi algu 1995b) Too arhiivid v6i oletatavaid leiukc

~EGSED

JAOMAD

te tupoloogiat Vaatluse kristpcaga noelad mi lie Istatud Vltiimaluse pi ires

n EE 0001 Eesti

on Eesti esiajaloos J kultuuri tousu on tdeldud craldi vaid a Selle aja esemete ~esti naabermaadest lemistcooriast tuligi s moistagi nihutas

~ ja viikingiaegsetest e ttipoloogia (MagishyIe osad on omavahel ~estis laialt kasutusel

iikingiaega kuuluvat liniku kinnitamiseks )di lopul Artikkel ei

iplikull valja selgitamata sajandit monc naabermaa peaks sclglllna edaspidise

27Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - voorapiirased ja omad

kasitle vaheseid kindlaid importnoelu vaid puuab esitada pildi noelte peamiste kohalike n-o juhtvormide arengust ning omavahelistest seostest

Varasem uurimislugu

Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaja ehtenoeltest on arheoloogid koige enam kasitshylenud rongaspeaga ning vaikesi kolmnurkpeaga naelu Esimestest ilmus vaike uurimus Ema Aristelt (1938) viimaseid on aga liigitanud Marta Schmiedehelm (1930) Merovingi- ja viikingiaja noelu on leitud kahjuks enamasti uhisest kompleksist esemetega mis ei voimalda tapsemat dateerimist mistattu adekshyvaatse ttipoloogia valjatootamine on olnud kullaltki keeruline Siin kasitletava perioodi piires on teinud seda Aame Michael Tallgren (1925) hiljem aga Aita Kustin Saaremaa (1962b) ning JUri Selirand Eesti mandriosa noelte osas (1974) Kustin ja Selirand esitasid ehisnoelte ttipoloogia noorema rauaaja teist poolt kasitleva uldmonograafia sees mistottu varasemaid noelatuupe on kirjeldatud vaid viitamisi Ilmselt pole oigustatud ka Eesti jagamine mandriosaks ja Saaremaaks kuivord Laane- ja Loode-Eesti kultuur seondub pigem Saarcmaa kui ulejaanud Eestiga Ka on materjali nii meil kui ka naabermaades vahepeal tublisti juurde tulnud

Metoodika

Ehtenoelte tupoloogia tapsustamisel olen toetunud eelkoige morfoloogilistele muutustele ning noelte leiukontekstile Lisaks tavaparasele analUusile olen oma uurimistoos esitanud kaks taiendavat erilist tahelepanu noudvat lahtekohta

l Morfoloogilises analuusis on lisaks noela pea kujule oluline ka naela kael ning keti kinnitamiseks kasutatud aasa ehitus Eri ttiupi kuid uheaegselt kasutushysel olnud noeltel voib naha uhesuguse kujuga aasa

2 Nagu olen naidanud juba oma varasemates artiklites (Magi-Lougas 1994 1995a) v6ib esemete omamendis valja tuua eraldi stiile voi moode mis olid iseloomulikud mingile kindlale perioodile Kahtlemata voib sarnaselt ornamellshyditud rinnanoeltes naha viidet uheaegsusele Vihjamisi voib dateeringule osutada ka mingi ajastu esemete kujundamise uldstiil Nii naiteks on enamikule 10 sajandi lopu ja 11 sajandi algllse esemeliikidest olgu need siis relvad voi ehted iseloomulikud suuremootmelisus sujuvad nogusad servad ning hobeplateerinshyguga kaunistamine

Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaja arheoloogiline materjal on vastavalt uldshylevinud seisukohale Ieiukomplekside poolest napp seda pohiliselt sel ajal valitshysenud poletusmatuse kombe tottu Olukord muutus alles 10 sajandi teisel poolel ja II sajandi algul mil hakkasid taas levima laibamatused (Magi-Lougas 1995b) Too arhiivides on siiski naidanud et poletusmatustes esinevaid kindlaid voi oletatavaid leiukomplekse on seni kasitletud pohjendamatult vahe

MarikaMagi28 Eesti merovingi- jll I

Ttitip 1 rongaspeaga ehtenoelad

Praeguseks on Eestist teada 41 rongaspeaga noela mida nende kuju ja materjallubab kullaltki uksikasjalikult Jiigitada

Variant 11 varased rongaspeaga noelad

11a Raudnoelad

Kaheksa teadaolevat rauast r6ngaspeaga n6ela on k6ik samase kujuga pear6nga labim66t 4-5 em kaeJ 6henev ja aasa kohalt laienev Neid v6ib pidada hiliste rauast karjasekeppnoelte edasiarenduseks Kuigi kujult lihtsad v6is rauast ehten6eltel olla ripatsitest v6i naastudest gamituur (naiteks Kuma AM 2968 praegu deponeeritud Keila Muuseumi ilma iJunaastuta Ariste 1938 tahv III6) Kahel juhul on n6ela kaelal paksendid mida v6ib ilmselt vaadelda kaela kettakujuliste laienditega kaunistamise eelkaijatena Uoon 1 3)

Joon I Kaela ehitus varasema variandi r6ngaspean6eltel

Fig Neck of ring-headed pins of the earlier variant

J 1h Laieneva voi profileeritud kaelaga pronksnoelad (tahv Ill 1-2)

Rauast eksemplaridega samanevat vormi lihtsust v6ib kohata ka osa pronksist r6ngaspeaga noelte juures Noela kaelaosa on kas iihele voi m6lemale poole laienev m6nikord on kael kaunistatud m6igastega Selliste n6elte pea labim66t on alati alia 5 em h6bemassingut esineb pear6nga umber vaid kolmel juhul Massingu esinemine ei saa ilmselt olla n6ela dateerimisel oJulise tahtsusega kuna seda esineb juba hilistel karjasekeppn6eltel Samas kohtab Eesti hi liseshymatel n-o kohalikku tiiupi r6ngaspean6eltel h6bemassingut selgelt sagedamini kui varasematel

Viiel Eesti n6 Uoon 14 tahv II tatud eksemplare m6nev6rra hilisem

Hilisema varian ristloige Hilisemal sagedamini h6bed gamituuriga Selle Erinedes ktill ball Soomega

K6ik hilisema kuju jargi v6ib nad

12a Lihts

Nagu oeldud 01

Osal n6eltel ei kaa kulg on olnud naht r6hutatud sirgete mi

HObemassingut I

p6hjal voib oletada kuid tagasihoidlikur

12h Kettakut

Kettakujulised I balti eeskujul seal1 v6ib pidada k6ige t mikul juhtudel on nl ehib hobetraadist m noel ad on suured j r pearongal kui ka laif

Selliste n6elte kl tavaliselt hoiab altp taoline noel on leitU( vastava telje abil mi kinnitub aas Ptissi n ktiljes ripub kett pronksribast v6i spin

Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy v88raparased ja omad 29

tida nende kuju Ja

d

ik samase kujuga v Neid voib pidada t lihtsad vois rauast

Kuma AM 2968 e 1938 tahv 1lI6) ielt vaadelda kaela I)

4~ lIe

II

(tahv II 1-2)

IUta ka osa pronksist oi molemale poole noelte pea llibimoot vaid kolmel juhuJ olulise tiihtsusega

kohtab Eesti hiliseshyt selgelt sagedamini

Viiel Eesti noelal kaunistab avause kohta kaelal iimmargune i1uplaadike (joon 14 tahv III2) Taolisi noelu samuti nagu ka kaelal moigastega kaunisshytatud eksemplare voib ilmselt vaadelda kui iilejaanud selle variandi noeltest monevorra hilisemaid

Variant 12 hilised rongaspeaga noelad

Hilisema variandi noelu iihendav pohijoon on kaela enam-vahem kolmnurkne ristloige Hilisemad noelad on ka keskmiselt suuremad rohkem omamenditud sagedamini hobedaga massitud peaga ning monel juhul varustatud ripatsitest gamituuriga Selle variandi noelad on balti algupara kohalik edasiarendus Erinedes kiill balti noeltest voib nende juures taheldada tugevamat seost Soomega

Koik hilisema variandi rongaspeaga noel ad on valmistatud pronksist Kaela kuju jargi voib nad jagada kolme alavarianti

l2a Lihtsa kolmnurkse kaelaga noelad (joan 2 1-2 tahv IV)

Nagu bel dud on kolmnurkne kaela ristloige koigil selle alavariandi noelte Osal noeltel ei kaasne sellega ei ketta- ega ristikujulisi laiendeid Kaela lame kiilg on olnud nahtaval kolmnurga tipp aga jaanud noela taha Esitahk on alati rohutatud sirgete moigastega iilemises ja alumises servas

Hobemassingut esineb taolistel noeltel vaid iihel juhu Samase kaela ehituse pohjal voib oletada et tegemist on kettakujuliste laienditega noelte kaasaegsete kuid tagasihoidlikumate eksemplaridega

I 2b Kettakujuliste laienditega noelad (joan 2 3 tahv III 5 V 1-3)

Kettakujulised laiendid tekkisid Eesti rongaspeaga noeltele toenaoJiselt taas balti eeskujul sealsete profileeritud peaga noelte mojutuseJ Seda alavarianti voib pidada koige tiiiipilisemalt eestiparaseks rongaspeaga noelte hulgas Enashymikul juhtudel on noeltel kaela peal koJm kettakujulist laiendit rnida omakorda ehib hobetraadist mahis Koigil neil juhtudel on ka pea hobetraadiga massitud noelad on suured ja iildse silmatorkavalt luksuslikud Kolmel juhul mahis nii pearongal kui ka laienditel puudub kuid noela kuju vastab iilejaanutele

Selliste noelte kiiljes ripub sageli mitu omavahel iihendatud ripatsit mida tavaliselt hoiab altpoolt noela jala kiiljes kinni spetsiaalne aas Tuntuim Eesti taoline noel on leitud Piissist (tahv V 1) Ripatsid kinnituvad noela kiilge sageli vastava telje abil mis on torgatud labi noela kaelas oleva augu ning mille kiilge kinnitub aas Piissi noela puhul on ka aas kujundatud ripatsiks luhul kui noela kiiljes ripub kelt koosneb see suurematest rongastest vaheldumisi laiast pronksribast voi spiraalist vaiksemate liilidega (tahv III 5 V 2-3)

Marika Miigi Eesti merovilgi30

~~~ I I

I ( I I

~

Joon 2 Kaela ehitus hilisema variandi rongaspeanoeltel

Fig 2 Neck of ring-headed pins of the later variant 1-2 - variant [ 2a 3 - valiant [2b 4 - variant 12e

12c Ristikujulise laiendiga noelad (joan 2 4 tahv X 2-3)

Monel kolmnurkse kaela ristloikega noelal on kaela esiplaati tahistav iilemine moigas iisna pikk Piissi noelal on sellest kujunenud vaike poikharu mis voib olla arengulises seoses osal noeltel pearonga all esineva ristikujulise laiendiga Taolisi noelu on Eestist leitud kolm juhuleidudena Kuusalust ja Pajumaalt (AI 2827 AM 13419) ning Kunilepa peitleiust (AI 2483 16) Neid on peetud iilejaanutest hilisemaks ning spetsiifiliselt eestiparaseks (Tallgren 1925 81 Ariste 19385457-58 Kivikoski 197367 jt)

Arutelu

Rongakujulise peaga noelte idee on joudnud Eestisse balti hoimude alalt Eriti

rohkesti lei dub neid Semgallias samuti sellele kultuuriliselt lahedases Zemaitias Balti rongaspeaga noelad on vaikesed ja vordlemise Iihtsa kujuga olles seega Eesti vastavatele noeltele vaid prototiiiibiks Moned siit leitud vaikesed rongaspeanoelad kujutavadki enesest ilmselt otsest importi (nait Tomimae AI 4338 1117)

Rongaspeaga r 9 sajandisse n

Dsna levim parasteks ehetl Lihtsad rauast 114 Ranta 19~ ajast vahel ka Soomes on lei I

varustusega sc ritavate leidud( on tegemist val kujuliste laiend

Kogllni seit U skela Lllkkar sajandi alguse~

Iahedalt Halikk 29) Kaks sal hil ismerovingia

Hackman or ristikujulise lai poolt margiksin peaga noela m on teravovaalne des on tegemisl raudsoJe kaare on jame ning kl disse (Miigi-Lo Rahvusmuuseur

Ristikujulise ristloige on kas omamentimine toetu bki oletus pidas taolisi nl noelteJe (1925 erinevaid dateeri markis ta et la kanditud atstes iimmargllste voi kuna Soomes es Hackman 1938 iimarotsaline (na

Kivikoski and rongaspean6eJa (

Marika Magi EeSli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - v88raparasedja omad

~

In f

I I

fZIgt

I

It I2b 4 - variant J2c

X 2-3)

ti tahistav Ulemine toikharu mis voib kujulise laiendiga t ja Pajumaalt (AI Neid on peetud allgren 1925 81

10imude alalt Eriti hedases Zemaitias a olles seega Eesti xI r6ngaspean6elad Al 4338 1117)

Rongaspeaga noelad dateeritakse Zemaitias 7-8 sajandisse suured eksemplarid 9 sajandisse (Volkaite-Kulikauskiene 1970 168)

Osna levinud on r6ngaspeaga noel ad olnud Soomes kus neid peetakse eestishyparasteks eheteks (Hackman 1938 105-115 Lehtosalo-Hilander 1982 109 jt) Lihtsad rauast eksemplarid dateeritakse seal alati 7 sajandisse (Hackman 1938 114 Ranta 199642) Ka pronksnoelad parinevad Soomes peamiselt merovingishyajast vahel ka viikingiaja algusest Koige paremini dateeritav r6ngaspeaga noel Soomes on leitud Eura Pappilanmaki kalmistult 7 sajandi teise poole rikkaliku varustusega sojamehehauast koos r6ngaspeaga m66ga ja muude hasti dateeshyritavate leidudega (Salmo 1941 34-36) N6ela kaelal on iimarad m6ikad seega on tegemist variandiga mis morfoloogiliselt peaks eelnema eestiparastele rongashykujuliste laienditega n6eltele

Koguni seitse r6ngaspea ja ristikujulise laiendiga noela on saadud Soomest Uskela Lukkarinmaki kalmistult Ella Kivikoski on need seal dateerinud 9 sajandi algusesse (1942 16-17 pilt 2) Kolm samasugust n6ela sealtsamast tahedalt Halikko Mustamaki kalmistult v6ib dateerida samasse aega (op cit 22shy29) Kaks samast n6ela Liedo Haimionmiiki kalmistult parinevad selle hilismerovingiaegsest osast (Aroalho 1978 lisa 4)

Hackman on dateerinud Soomest leitud r6ngaspeaga n6elad 7- 8 sajandisse ristikujulise laiendiga eksemplarid aga viikingiaja algusesse (1938 114) Omalt poolt margiksin ka Lillmalmsbackeni p6letusmatustega kalmistult leitud r6ngasshypeaga n6ela mis kuulub siinsesse alavarianti 12a ning mille pear6nga ristl6ige on teravovaalne (KM 11284 17 Kivikoski 1973 joon 447) Kuju jargi otsustashydes on tegemist hilisema r6ngaspeaga noelaga N6e1 on leitud koos noa hobushyrauds61e kaare naaskli spiraals6rmuse ja savin6ukildudega Hoburaudsole kaar on jame ning kuuetahuline olles seega dateeritav k6ige t6enaolisemalt 9 sajanshydisse (Magi-L6ugas 1994) mis peaks kehtima ka n6ela kohta (andmed Soome Rahvusmuuseumi arheoloogiaosakonna arhiivist Helsingis)

Ristikujulise laiendiga n6elte pead pole kunagi h6betraadiga massitud pea ristl6ige on kas lame trapets v6i kolmnurk Sagedane on pea p6ikviirutusega omamentimine mida peetakse massingu imiteeringuks Neile vonni eriparadele toetubki oletus et nad on iilejaanud r6ngaspeaga n6eltest hilisemad TalJgren pidas taolisi noelu iileminekuvonniks rongaspeaga n6eltelt kaksikristpeaga n6eltele (1925 81) Arvestades nimetatud kahele n6elatiiiibile antud suuresti erinevaid dateeringuid ei n6ustunud Ariste selle seisukohaga Ohe p6hjendusena markis ta et lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga n6elte ristikujuline laiend on kanditud otstest kolmnurkse kujuga r6ngaspeaga n6e1te laiend aga alati iimmarguste v6i ovaaIsete otstega (1938 57 jj) Viimane vaide pole aga 6ige kuna Soomes esineb ka veidi kanditud ristiharudega rongaspeaga n6elu (nait Hackman 1938 joon 35) samuti on osade kaksikristpeaga n6elte alumine haru iimarotsaline (nait tahv X 6)

Kivikoski andmetel oli Soomest 1973 aastaks leitud 12 ristikujulise laiendiga r6ngaspean6eJa (1973 67) Eestist on aga taolisi teada vaid kolm Need on ieitud

31

Marilca Magi Eesti memvingi- ja32

rannikupiirkondadest ning Kunilepa leiust mis sisaldab muidki selgelt soomeshyparaseid esemeid (naiteks lameda kaarega varased hoburaudsoled) Et Soome merovingi- ja varaviikingiaegses leiumaterjalis on margata otsekontakte Baltishykumi lounapoolsema osaga on taheldanud mitmed seallsed uurijad (Kivikoski ] 941 Edgren 1973 jt) Ristikujulise laiendiga noelte puhul on seega tegemist soome- mitte eestiparase noelatiiiibiga ning iiksikuid siit leitud eksempJare voib suure toenaosusega pidada Soome impordiks Ka Latist on kirjanduse andmetel leitud vahemalt kaks taolist eksemplari (Snore 1930 tahv IX 15 22)

Miks siis ikkagi tekkis rongaspea alia ristikujuline laiend VaadeJdes Ieiushymaterjali tervikuna torkab silma et aasta 800 paiku olid laanemeresoomlaste juures moningal maaral kasutusel ka baltiparased lamedate iimmarguste otstega ristpeanoelad - ehtetiiiip mis siinse leiumaterjali hulka ilmus oigupoolest juba paarsada aastat varem Vahel oli nendel noeltel vaid kolm ristiharu Eesti seni ainuke selline noel on saadud juhuleiuna Raigastverest (tahv X 1) Tuleb markida et ka taolisi noelu on leitud rohkem Soomest kui Eestist (Edgren 1973 Ranta 1996 43-44) Voib-olla tuleks soomeparastes rongaspea ja ristikujulise laiendiga noeltes naha rist- ja rongaspeaga noelte koosmojul tekkinud ehtetiiiipi Kahe idee segunemine on selgelt naha iihe Liedo Sauvala noela puhul (Hackman 1938 joon 35) milles ristikujulise laiendiga rongaspeanoela pearonga sees on vaike ristpea Seega voib oletada selle omaparase ehteliigi seost hoopis baltishyparaste ristpeanoeltega ning nende samasust varaste kaksikristpeaga noeltega seletada iihiste eelkaijatega

Rongaspeaga noelte varasema variandi eksemplare pole Eestis leitud kind lashytest leiukompleksidest kiill aga kalmetest kus esineb teisigi merovingiaegseid leide Vast koige paremini dateeritud on neist Lehmja-Loo kalme millesse Vello Lougase arvates (1973) on maetud peamiselt 7 sajandil Ka enamik hilisemaid rongaspeanoelu on juhuleiud ega oma seetottu kindlat leiukonteksti

Suletud Ieidudena on kasitletud tavaliselt kaht taoliste noelte leiukohta -Kunilepa ja Keila peitleide Neist esimene mille Tallgren on dateerinud aasta 800 paiku (1925 10 jj) ei kujuta enesest ilmselt suletud leiukogumit nagu selgus inspektsioonist leiukohale ning vestlusest taluomaniku jareltulijatega vaid on kokku pandud pikema aja jooksul leitud esemetest Keila Ieid sisaldab lisaks alavariandi 12a noel ale kaht jamenevate otstega kaelav5ru rinnaketti koos keekandja ja vaheliilidega kolme spiraalsormust (neist kaks laia keskkeermega) ning spiraalkaev5ru (tahv IV) Ilmselt on osa leiust puudu kuna naiteks puudub rinnakee teine kinnitus (noel) Tallgren on dateerinud leiu 8 sajandisse (1925 81 tahv IV) voimalik et seoses Kunilepa Ieiu dateeringuga Arvestades eeskatt sarnaste kaelavorude sormuste ja kee vaheliilide esinemist ka hilisemates leiukompleksides julgeksin omalt poolt pakkuda leiu dateeringuks pigem 9 sajandi Nagu naitasid Soome v5rdlused pole taoline dateering valistatud ka Kunilepa leius sisalduvate rongaspeanoelte puhul

Ulejaanud Ieiukohtadest voib Asva kindlustatud asula kohal hiljem paiknenud asula dateerida 8- 9 sajandisse (Lougas amp Magi-Lougas 199432) Lehmja-Loo

kalme kuulub ilm osa 7 - 8 sajandis

Ariste on date rauaaja algllseni ( arvestada hilinem sealsed rongaspea dateerivad ka Seh dini (Schmiedehel

Arvestades oIt v5rdlusi datcerik 7 sajandiga Alatt eripara noeltega vahemalt osalisclt kolmnurkse kaelal hiljem aga nende ~

Viiikesi kolmm kalmetes klls nee( otsese mojuga balti lameda peaga noel

(Schmiedehelm 19 Kiicsolevas artil

ilmusid Eesti arheo dega kolmnurkpem varasematel seenek 1925 80) Siinkirj kujuli stel nuppudel erinevllst Kolmnur teks (lllgedes sim Uoon 3) kllid ka vahemalt osaliselt peaga nodad on viii

l oon 3 Koimnurkrca

Fig 3 End knobs of tl

Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 33

lidki selgelt soomeshyIdsoled) Et Soome otsekontakte Baltishyuurijad (Kivikoski

I on seega tegemist ud eksemplare voib kirjanduse andmetel 1522) ld Vaadeldes leiushylaanemeresoomlaste iimmarguste otstega us oigupoolest juba ristiham Eesti seni tahv X I) Tuleb estist (Edgren 1973 pea ja ristikujulise tekkinud ehtetiiiipi ela puhul (Hackman la pearonga sees on I seost hoopis baltishyikristpeaga noeltega

Eestis leitud kindlashygi merovingiaegseid alme millesse Vello a enamik hilisemaid mteksti I noelte leiukohta shyon dateerinud aasta

d leiukogumit nagu ~niku jareltulijatega Keila leid sisal dab vom rinnaketti koos 5 laia keskkeermega) kuna naiteks puudub 8 sajandisse (1925

il Arvestades eeskatt mist ka hilisemates dateeringuks pigem leering valistatud ka

hal hiljem paiknenud 194 32) Lehmja-Loo

kahne kuulub ilmselt vaid 7 sajandisse (L6ugas 1973 129) Presti kalme vastav osa 7- 8 sajandisse

Ariste on dateerinud Eesti r6ngaspcaga n6elad 7 sajandist kuni noorema rauaaja alguseni (1938 62) Ta leiab et kuna Eesti leiukomplekside puhul tuleks arvestada hilinemisega peaks Kunilepa leid parinema 10 sajandi algusest ning sealsed rongaspeaga n6e1ad muidugi koos sellega (op cit 60) Viitega temale dateerivad ka Schmiedehelm ja Selirand need millegiparast kuni 10- 11 sajanshydini (Schmiedehelm 1939136 SeIirand 1974 144)

Arvestades olemasolevaid leiusuhteid ning naabermaade eeskatt Soome v6rdlusi dateeriksin r6ngaspeaga noelte varasema variandi Eestis iiksnes 7 sajandiga Alates 8 sajandist asendusid taolised n6elad uute juba kohalikku eripara n6eltega Tundub usutavana et koik hilisema variandi n6elad olid vahemalt osaliselt kasutusel uheaegselt Ristikujulise laiendiga n6elu ning lihtsa kolmnurkse kaelaga n6elu kasutati veel ka viikingiaja alguses so 9 sajandil hiljem aga nende kandmise traditsioon haabus

Tlilip 2kolmnurkpeaga ehtenoelad

Vaikesi kolmnurkse pea ja selle aiuurse keskosaga n6elu esineb juba tarandshykalmetes kus need on dateeritavad rooma rauaaja teise poolde ning seletatavad otsese m6juga balti aladelt Veidi hiljem levi sid ka ilma otsanuppudeta kolmnurkse lameda peaga noelad mis balti eeskujude p6hjal v6ib dateerida 5-6 sajandisse (Schmiedehelm 19305-6 Tautaviciene 1981)

Kaesolevas artiklis kasitletakse vaid otsanuppudega kolmnurkpaiseid noelu mis ilmusid Eesti arheoloogiJisse materjali hiljemalt 7 sajandil Tallgren on otsanuppushydega kolmnurkpean6elu piiUdnud liigitada nuppude kuju jargi - tema arvates on varasematel seenekujulised hilisematel aga koonusekujulised otsanupud (Tallgren 1925 80) Siinkiljutaja ei pea taolist jaotust p6hjendatuks Seene- ja koonuseshykujulistcl nuppudel on raske vahetki teha voimatu oleks tuua valja mingit ajalist erinevust Kolmnurkpeaga n6elte otsanupud on kiill voimalik jagada seeneku julisshyteks (lugedes sinna alla ka koonusjamad eksemplarid) ja kUbarakujulisteks (joon 3) kuid ka scllise jaotuse puhul naivad molemad variandid olevat olnud vahemalt osaliselt samaaegsel kasutuseL Kuna rahvasterannuaegsed kolmnurkshypeaga n6elad on vaikesed kulges areng ilmselt uldjoontes vaiksemalt suuremale

~ Q G~ 1 2 3

Joon 3 Kolmnurkpeaga noelte otsanuppude variandid 1- seenekujulised 2 - koonu sekujuJiscd 3 - kUbarakujulised

Fig 3 End knobs or triangular-headed pins 1 mushroom-shaped 2 conic-shaped 3 hat-shaped

34 Marika Magi EeSli merovingi- ja VI

Variant 21 ornamentimata voi Iihtsa ornamendiga noelad

Sellesse varianti olen liigitanud 41 Eesti kolmnurkpeaga n6ela Mingit selgeshypiirilist tiipoloogiat v6imaldavat tunnust nende viiliskujus Ie ida ei 6nnestunud Olen seep~irast vaadelnud iiheaegselt mitut karakteristikut (otsanuppude kuju kaela kuju pea keskosa ehitus) mille omavahelistes seostes 6nnestus tuua valja moned seadusparad Kuna visuaalselt on koige silmatorkavam ilmselt noela pea keskosa kujundus kasitlen ornamentimata n6elu siinkohal selle jaotuse alusel

2la Siledapeaganoelad(tahv VI I 3)

Sileda kolmnurkse peaga noelad on nuppotsaliste kolmnurkpeaga noelte seas ilmselt iihed varasemad meenutades veel rahvasteriinnuaegseid ilma otsanuppushydeta n6elu Vaiksemad ja 6hemad eksemplarid kuuluvadki t6enaoliselt 5-6 sajandisse Merovingiaegseid on Eesti leidudest ilmselt viisteist Valja arvatud kaks eksemplari on need k6ik koonuse- v6i seenekujuliste otstega vaiksemad n6elad Uks Saaremaalt teadmata leiukohast parinev noel (AI K 848) on oma kettakujuliste otsalaiendite jiirgi otsustades kindlasti imporditud balti aladelt

2lb Ornamentimata kolmnurkse suvendiga noelad

Eelnevatega sarnanevad kolmnurkpeaga n6elad millel pea keskel on kolmshynurkne vahel iiksnes pea keskel asuva nupukesega kaunistatud ornamentimata siivend Eestist on taolisi teada iiheksa enamikus keskmise suurusega voi suureshymad eksemplarid Pooltel neist on kiibarakujulised otsanupud M6ne noela puhul (naiteks P6ide SM 146040 l L6ugas amp Magi-L6ugas 1994 tahv VI 2) on siivend olnud hobetatud

2 Ic Kontsentriliste kolmnurkadega ornamenditud noelad

Taolisi noelu on Eestist teada vaid neli Neist Viltina kalmest leitud noela (tahv IX 1) pead ehivad lisaks kontsentrilistele kolmnurkadele kaks loomashy(hobuse- )kujukest V6ib arvata et tegemist on impordiga kas Semgalliast v6i Kuramaalt

2 ld Kanditud kolmnurkse siivendiga noelad (tahv III 3-4 VI 2)

Eestist on teada 16 kanditud kolmnurkpeaga noela voi selle katket On iillashytav et taoliste noelte puhul peaaegll ei esine kUbarakujulisi otsanuppe vaid iihe Presti kalmest leitud noela (tahv III 3) otstest on iiks kiibara- teine seeneshykujuline Iseloomulike joontena sellele alavariandile voib ka m~irkida et k6ik need on keskmised v6i keskmisest suuremad noelad ning ka nende kael on paljudel juhtudel kanditud Uoon 4 4)

JOOI

Variant 22 leheku

Lehtomamendiga siivendiga naelte or lamed a pohjaga nin elemendist ornament

Olen siinkohal ki katket Paljud neist tundmine v6ib osutU( kiillaltki sarnane eg seadusparasid vaib sailinud

Lehtornamendiga 11 juhul esineb kam siivendiga n6elte plll viimastel kiibarakuju kolmnurkse siivendig

Marika Magi Eesti meroving i- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 35

Iiga nOelad

n6ela Mingit selgeshyleida ei 6nnestunud (otsanuppude kuju

t 6nnestus tuua valja 1m ilmselt n6ela pea le jaotuse alusel

1rkpeaga n6elte seas eid ilma otsanuppushyci t6enaoliselt 5-6 steist Viilja arvatud ~ otstega viiiksemad Al K 848) on oma tud balti aladelt

lJelad

ea keskel on kolmshyatud ornamentimata uurusega v6i suureshyI M6ne n6ela puhul 94 tahv VI 2) on

d Zoew

almest ieitucil noel a kadele kaks loomashykas Semgalliast voi

I 3-4 VI 2)

~lIe katket On iillashyotsanuppe vaid iihe ibara- tcine seeneshya markida et k6ik ka nende kael on

qzZZ) fraquo 31 2

W~ it 5

loon 4 Kaela ehitus variandi 21 koJrnnurkpeaga noeJlel

Fig 4 Neck of triangular-headed pins of variant 21

Variant 22 lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (tahv V 4-5 VII VIII 1-3)

Lehtornamendiga noelte kuju vastab taielikult kolmnurkpea ja kolmnurkse siivendiga noelte omale valja arvatud pea keskosa Kolmnurkne siivend on lameda p6hjaga ning seda ehib kolmest omavahel iihendatud lehekujulisest elemendist ornament Pea keskel on endiselt iimmargune nupp

Olen siinkohal kasitlenud 46 Eestist leitud lehtornamendiga n6ela v6i selle katket Paljud neist on tugevasti sulanud pronksiWkikesed milles n6ela arashytundmine voib osutuda kiillaltki raskeks Koigi teadaolevate n6elte pea ebitus on kiillaltki sarnane ega v6imalda nende tapsemat Jiigitamist kuid m6ningaid seadusparasid voib valja tuua noelte kaela ehituse pohjal juhul kui see on sailinud

Lehtornamendiga n6eltele on iseloomulikud kiibarakujulised otsanupud 1J juhul e-sineb kanditud kaela mis sarnaneb taielikult kanditud kolmnurkse siivendiga noelte puhul tavalise kanditud kaelaga Goon 5) Samas puudusid viimastel kiibarakujulised otsad peaaegu taielikult olles aga esindatud sileda kolmnurkse siivendiga n6elte juures Vaid iihel Maidla kalmest saadud lehtshy

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja36

ornamendiga n6elapaaril (AM 58031013102) esinevad koos kanditud kaelaga veel ka seenekujulised otsad ning Liivalt leitud n6elapaari (SM 93 1 2) otsanupud on seene- ja kiibarakujuliste vahepealsed Seega n~iib et morfoloogishyliselt on lehtornamendiga n6elad seotud nii sileda klli ka kanditud siivendiga peaga n6eltega Profileeritud kaelaga n6elad on lehtornamendiga eksemplaridest kahtlemata k6ige varasemad olles ilmselt kasutusel eespool mainitud noeltega vahemalt osaliselt samaaegselt

Joon 5 Kae la ehitus lehtornamendi ga nuppolsalistel kolmnurkpeaga noel tel

Fi g 5 Neck of triangular-headed pins wilh e nd knobs and leaf decoration

Trapetsi- voi poolkaarekujulise aasaga lehtornamendiga n6eltel on koi gil kiibarakujulised otsad Paljudel taolistel noeltel on ornamenditud ka tagakiilg alati iihe voi mitme silmakesega (tahv V 5) Kanditud kae laga eksemplaridest oli tagakiilg omamenditud vaid eespool mainitud Maidla kalmest sa3dud n6elashypaaril variandi 21 n6eltel pole tagakiilgc kunagi kaunistatud Noela tagakiilje mis ju nahtaval ei olnud omamcntimisel on ilmselt rituaalne Lihendus mis on arvatavasti seotud mingil teatu perioodil valitsenud arusaamadega

Omamendi kohta voib veel mark ida et osal trapetsi- v6i poolkaarekujulise aasaga n6eltel on pea raamitud pariinoorjoonega mis kaev6rude ja hoburaudshys61gede p6hjal otsustades on iseloomulik eeskatt 10 sajandile (Magi-Lougas 1994474-476 1995a 40-53)

Arutelu

Lisaks Eestil e olid kolmnurkpeaga n6elad lev inud pea miselt Leedus ja Latis Seenekujuliste otsanuppudega kolmnurkpeaga n6e lad on Leedus dateeritud 7shy9 sajandisse (Tautaviciene 1981 169) Tuleb siiski markida et p6hiosa sealseshytest n6eltest on kaunistatud Eesti omadest erincvalt Seega on 16una poolt parit siiski vaid idee n6elad ise aga kohalik toodang Latis ilmusid kolmnurkpeaga

n6eltele otsanupu noelapea keskosa kolmnurkpeaga nl va It kaunistatud liivlaste alai (Sno vaikest kolmnurkl 1 7-8) iiks lehto 198 I 73 The ROi

alalt leillid koll11ll1 Soomes peetak

need peamiselt m 99 joon 448 72 sileda kolmnurkse kaelaosa on sagel n6ela pea on kau Seega oligi see e Tiiiipiliselt eestipi meil vaid uks (Rw

Kiika kalmistu garnituur nagll 0

joon 448) Samas juures Ka Eestist noel (tahv III 4) kohal uml11argune poolse vastena v6 VIII 2) mille kae leide pole teada pt

Lehtornamendi maal Valjaspool E kirjandllse andmei 1929 joon 173-1 89 joon 8) Uhed katket Tegemist parased lehtornamt (Stromberg 1961 leitud veel kolmas 73 8) Uks 1ehtol linnllsest Taanis (r

iihtegi hobeeksem~ pronksist Taoline kasutllsel siiski ka I sai1inud ei ole ViiI

~EGSED

JAOMAD

te tupoloogiat Vaatluse kristpcaga noelad mi lie Istatud Vltiimaluse pi ires

n EE 0001 Eesti

on Eesti esiajaloos J kultuuri tousu on tdeldud craldi vaid a Selle aja esemete ~esti naabermaadest lemistcooriast tuligi s moistagi nihutas

~ ja viikingiaegsetest e ttipoloogia (MagishyIe osad on omavahel ~estis laialt kasutusel

iikingiaega kuuluvat liniku kinnitamiseks )di lopul Artikkel ei

iplikull valja selgitamata sajandit monc naabermaa peaks sclglllna edaspidise

27Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - voorapiirased ja omad

kasitle vaheseid kindlaid importnoelu vaid puuab esitada pildi noelte peamiste kohalike n-o juhtvormide arengust ning omavahelistest seostest

Varasem uurimislugu

Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaja ehtenoeltest on arheoloogid koige enam kasitshylenud rongaspeaga ning vaikesi kolmnurkpeaga naelu Esimestest ilmus vaike uurimus Ema Aristelt (1938) viimaseid on aga liigitanud Marta Schmiedehelm (1930) Merovingi- ja viikingiaja noelu on leitud kahjuks enamasti uhisest kompleksist esemetega mis ei voimalda tapsemat dateerimist mistattu adekshyvaatse ttipoloogia valjatootamine on olnud kullaltki keeruline Siin kasitletava perioodi piires on teinud seda Aame Michael Tallgren (1925) hiljem aga Aita Kustin Saaremaa (1962b) ning JUri Selirand Eesti mandriosa noelte osas (1974) Kustin ja Selirand esitasid ehisnoelte ttipoloogia noorema rauaaja teist poolt kasitleva uldmonograafia sees mistottu varasemaid noelatuupe on kirjeldatud vaid viitamisi Ilmselt pole oigustatud ka Eesti jagamine mandriosaks ja Saaremaaks kuivord Laane- ja Loode-Eesti kultuur seondub pigem Saarcmaa kui ulejaanud Eestiga Ka on materjali nii meil kui ka naabermaades vahepeal tublisti juurde tulnud

Metoodika

Ehtenoelte tupoloogia tapsustamisel olen toetunud eelkoige morfoloogilistele muutustele ning noelte leiukontekstile Lisaks tavaparasele analUusile olen oma uurimistoos esitanud kaks taiendavat erilist tahelepanu noudvat lahtekohta

l Morfoloogilises analuusis on lisaks noela pea kujule oluline ka naela kael ning keti kinnitamiseks kasutatud aasa ehitus Eri ttiupi kuid uheaegselt kasutushysel olnud noeltel voib naha uhesuguse kujuga aasa

2 Nagu olen naidanud juba oma varasemates artiklites (Magi-Lougas 1994 1995a) v6ib esemete omamendis valja tuua eraldi stiile voi moode mis olid iseloomulikud mingile kindlale perioodile Kahtlemata voib sarnaselt ornamellshyditud rinnanoeltes naha viidet uheaegsusele Vihjamisi voib dateeringule osutada ka mingi ajastu esemete kujundamise uldstiil Nii naiteks on enamikule 10 sajandi lopu ja 11 sajandi algllse esemeliikidest olgu need siis relvad voi ehted iseloomulikud suuremootmelisus sujuvad nogusad servad ning hobeplateerinshyguga kaunistamine

Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaja arheoloogiline materjal on vastavalt uldshylevinud seisukohale Ieiukomplekside poolest napp seda pohiliselt sel ajal valitshysenud poletusmatuse kombe tottu Olukord muutus alles 10 sajandi teisel poolel ja II sajandi algul mil hakkasid taas levima laibamatused (Magi-Lougas 1995b) Too arhiivides on siiski naidanud et poletusmatustes esinevaid kindlaid voi oletatavaid leiukomplekse on seni kasitletud pohjendamatult vahe

MarikaMagi28 Eesti merovingi- jll I

Ttitip 1 rongaspeaga ehtenoelad

Praeguseks on Eestist teada 41 rongaspeaga noela mida nende kuju ja materjallubab kullaltki uksikasjalikult Jiigitada

Variant 11 varased rongaspeaga noelad

11a Raudnoelad

Kaheksa teadaolevat rauast r6ngaspeaga n6ela on k6ik samase kujuga pear6nga labim66t 4-5 em kaeJ 6henev ja aasa kohalt laienev Neid v6ib pidada hiliste rauast karjasekeppnoelte edasiarenduseks Kuigi kujult lihtsad v6is rauast ehten6eltel olla ripatsitest v6i naastudest gamituur (naiteks Kuma AM 2968 praegu deponeeritud Keila Muuseumi ilma iJunaastuta Ariste 1938 tahv III6) Kahel juhul on n6ela kaelal paksendid mida v6ib ilmselt vaadelda kaela kettakujuliste laienditega kaunistamise eelkaijatena Uoon 1 3)

Joon I Kaela ehitus varasema variandi r6ngaspean6eltel

Fig Neck of ring-headed pins of the earlier variant

J 1h Laieneva voi profileeritud kaelaga pronksnoelad (tahv Ill 1-2)

Rauast eksemplaridega samanevat vormi lihtsust v6ib kohata ka osa pronksist r6ngaspeaga noelte juures Noela kaelaosa on kas iihele voi m6lemale poole laienev m6nikord on kael kaunistatud m6igastega Selliste n6elte pea labim66t on alati alia 5 em h6bemassingut esineb pear6nga umber vaid kolmel juhul Massingu esinemine ei saa ilmselt olla n6ela dateerimisel oJulise tahtsusega kuna seda esineb juba hilistel karjasekeppn6eltel Samas kohtab Eesti hi liseshymatel n-o kohalikku tiiupi r6ngaspean6eltel h6bemassingut selgelt sagedamini kui varasematel

Viiel Eesti n6 Uoon 14 tahv II tatud eksemplare m6nev6rra hilisem

Hilisema varian ristloige Hilisemal sagedamini h6bed gamituuriga Selle Erinedes ktill ball Soomega

K6ik hilisema kuju jargi v6ib nad

12a Lihts

Nagu oeldud 01

Osal n6eltel ei kaa kulg on olnud naht r6hutatud sirgete mi

HObemassingut I

p6hjal voib oletada kuid tagasihoidlikur

12h Kettakut

Kettakujulised I balti eeskujul seal1 v6ib pidada k6ige t mikul juhtudel on nl ehib hobetraadist m noel ad on suured j r pearongal kui ka laif

Selliste n6elte kl tavaliselt hoiab altp taoline noel on leitU( vastava telje abil mi kinnitub aas Ptissi n ktiljes ripub kett pronksribast v6i spin

Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy v88raparased ja omad 29

tida nende kuju Ja

d

ik samase kujuga v Neid voib pidada t lihtsad vois rauast

Kuma AM 2968 e 1938 tahv 1lI6) ielt vaadelda kaela I)

4~ lIe

II

(tahv II 1-2)

IUta ka osa pronksist oi molemale poole noelte pea llibimoot vaid kolmel juhuJ olulise tiihtsusega

kohtab Eesti hiliseshyt selgelt sagedamini

Viiel Eesti noelal kaunistab avause kohta kaelal iimmargune i1uplaadike (joon 14 tahv III2) Taolisi noelu samuti nagu ka kaelal moigastega kaunisshytatud eksemplare voib ilmselt vaadelda kui iilejaanud selle variandi noeltest monevorra hilisemaid

Variant 12 hilised rongaspeaga noelad

Hilisema variandi noelu iihendav pohijoon on kaela enam-vahem kolmnurkne ristloige Hilisemad noelad on ka keskmiselt suuremad rohkem omamenditud sagedamini hobedaga massitud peaga ning monel juhul varustatud ripatsitest gamituuriga Selle variandi noelad on balti algupara kohalik edasiarendus Erinedes kiill balti noeltest voib nende juures taheldada tugevamat seost Soomega

Koik hilisema variandi rongaspeaga noel ad on valmistatud pronksist Kaela kuju jargi voib nad jagada kolme alavarianti

l2a Lihtsa kolmnurkse kaelaga noelad (joan 2 1-2 tahv IV)

Nagu bel dud on kolmnurkne kaela ristloige koigil selle alavariandi noelte Osal noeltel ei kaasne sellega ei ketta- ega ristikujulisi laiendeid Kaela lame kiilg on olnud nahtaval kolmnurga tipp aga jaanud noela taha Esitahk on alati rohutatud sirgete moigastega iilemises ja alumises servas

Hobemassingut esineb taolistel noeltel vaid iihel juhu Samase kaela ehituse pohjal voib oletada et tegemist on kettakujuliste laienditega noelte kaasaegsete kuid tagasihoidlikumate eksemplaridega

I 2b Kettakujuliste laienditega noelad (joan 2 3 tahv III 5 V 1-3)

Kettakujulised laiendid tekkisid Eesti rongaspeaga noeltele toenaoJiselt taas balti eeskujul sealsete profileeritud peaga noelte mojutuseJ Seda alavarianti voib pidada koige tiiiipilisemalt eestiparaseks rongaspeaga noelte hulgas Enashymikul juhtudel on noeltel kaela peal koJm kettakujulist laiendit rnida omakorda ehib hobetraadist mahis Koigil neil juhtudel on ka pea hobetraadiga massitud noelad on suured ja iildse silmatorkavalt luksuslikud Kolmel juhul mahis nii pearongal kui ka laienditel puudub kuid noela kuju vastab iilejaanutele

Selliste noelte kiiljes ripub sageli mitu omavahel iihendatud ripatsit mida tavaliselt hoiab altpoolt noela jala kiiljes kinni spetsiaalne aas Tuntuim Eesti taoline noel on leitud Piissist (tahv V 1) Ripatsid kinnituvad noela kiilge sageli vastava telje abil mis on torgatud labi noela kaelas oleva augu ning mille kiilge kinnitub aas Piissi noela puhul on ka aas kujundatud ripatsiks luhul kui noela kiiljes ripub kelt koosneb see suurematest rongastest vaheldumisi laiast pronksribast voi spiraalist vaiksemate liilidega (tahv III 5 V 2-3)

Marika Miigi Eesti merovilgi30

~~~ I I

I ( I I

~

Joon 2 Kaela ehitus hilisema variandi rongaspeanoeltel

Fig 2 Neck of ring-headed pins of the later variant 1-2 - variant [ 2a 3 - valiant [2b 4 - variant 12e

12c Ristikujulise laiendiga noelad (joan 2 4 tahv X 2-3)

Monel kolmnurkse kaela ristloikega noelal on kaela esiplaati tahistav iilemine moigas iisna pikk Piissi noelal on sellest kujunenud vaike poikharu mis voib olla arengulises seoses osal noeltel pearonga all esineva ristikujulise laiendiga Taolisi noelu on Eestist leitud kolm juhuleidudena Kuusalust ja Pajumaalt (AI 2827 AM 13419) ning Kunilepa peitleiust (AI 2483 16) Neid on peetud iilejaanutest hilisemaks ning spetsiifiliselt eestiparaseks (Tallgren 1925 81 Ariste 19385457-58 Kivikoski 197367 jt)

Arutelu

Rongakujulise peaga noelte idee on joudnud Eestisse balti hoimude alalt Eriti

rohkesti lei dub neid Semgallias samuti sellele kultuuriliselt lahedases Zemaitias Balti rongaspeaga noelad on vaikesed ja vordlemise Iihtsa kujuga olles seega Eesti vastavatele noeltele vaid prototiiiibiks Moned siit leitud vaikesed rongaspeanoelad kujutavadki enesest ilmselt otsest importi (nait Tomimae AI 4338 1117)

Rongaspeaga r 9 sajandisse n

Dsna levim parasteks ehetl Lihtsad rauast 114 Ranta 19~ ajast vahel ka Soomes on lei I

varustusega sc ritavate leidud( on tegemist val kujuliste laiend

Kogllni seit U skela Lllkkar sajandi alguse~

Iahedalt Halikk 29) Kaks sal hil ismerovingia

Hackman or ristikujulise lai poolt margiksin peaga noela m on teravovaalne des on tegemisl raudsoJe kaare on jame ning kl disse (Miigi-Lo Rahvusmuuseur

Ristikujulise ristloige on kas omamentimine toetu bki oletus pidas taolisi nl noelteJe (1925 erinevaid dateeri markis ta et la kanditud atstes iimmargllste voi kuna Soomes es Hackman 1938 iimarotsaline (na

Kivikoski and rongaspean6eJa (

Marika Magi EeSli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - v88raparasedja omad

~

In f

I I

fZIgt

I

It I2b 4 - variant J2c

X 2-3)

ti tahistav Ulemine toikharu mis voib kujulise laiendiga t ja Pajumaalt (AI Neid on peetud allgren 1925 81

10imude alalt Eriti hedases Zemaitias a olles seega Eesti xI r6ngaspean6elad Al 4338 1117)

Rongaspeaga noelad dateeritakse Zemaitias 7-8 sajandisse suured eksemplarid 9 sajandisse (Volkaite-Kulikauskiene 1970 168)

Osna levinud on r6ngaspeaga noel ad olnud Soomes kus neid peetakse eestishyparasteks eheteks (Hackman 1938 105-115 Lehtosalo-Hilander 1982 109 jt) Lihtsad rauast eksemplarid dateeritakse seal alati 7 sajandisse (Hackman 1938 114 Ranta 199642) Ka pronksnoelad parinevad Soomes peamiselt merovingishyajast vahel ka viikingiaja algusest Koige paremini dateeritav r6ngaspeaga noel Soomes on leitud Eura Pappilanmaki kalmistult 7 sajandi teise poole rikkaliku varustusega sojamehehauast koos r6ngaspeaga m66ga ja muude hasti dateeshyritavate leidudega (Salmo 1941 34-36) N6ela kaelal on iimarad m6ikad seega on tegemist variandiga mis morfoloogiliselt peaks eelnema eestiparastele rongashykujuliste laienditega n6eltele

Koguni seitse r6ngaspea ja ristikujulise laiendiga noela on saadud Soomest Uskela Lukkarinmaki kalmistult Ella Kivikoski on need seal dateerinud 9 sajandi algusesse (1942 16-17 pilt 2) Kolm samasugust n6ela sealtsamast tahedalt Halikko Mustamaki kalmistult v6ib dateerida samasse aega (op cit 22shy29) Kaks samast n6ela Liedo Haimionmiiki kalmistult parinevad selle hilismerovingiaegsest osast (Aroalho 1978 lisa 4)

Hackman on dateerinud Soomest leitud r6ngaspeaga n6elad 7- 8 sajandisse ristikujulise laiendiga eksemplarid aga viikingiaja algusesse (1938 114) Omalt poolt margiksin ka Lillmalmsbackeni p6letusmatustega kalmistult leitud r6ngasshypeaga n6ela mis kuulub siinsesse alavarianti 12a ning mille pear6nga ristl6ige on teravovaalne (KM 11284 17 Kivikoski 1973 joon 447) Kuju jargi otsustashydes on tegemist hilisema r6ngaspeaga noelaga N6e1 on leitud koos noa hobushyrauds61e kaare naaskli spiraals6rmuse ja savin6ukildudega Hoburaudsole kaar on jame ning kuuetahuline olles seega dateeritav k6ige t6enaolisemalt 9 sajanshydisse (Magi-L6ugas 1994) mis peaks kehtima ka n6ela kohta (andmed Soome Rahvusmuuseumi arheoloogiaosakonna arhiivist Helsingis)

Ristikujulise laiendiga n6elte pead pole kunagi h6betraadiga massitud pea ristl6ige on kas lame trapets v6i kolmnurk Sagedane on pea p6ikviirutusega omamentimine mida peetakse massingu imiteeringuks Neile vonni eriparadele toetubki oletus et nad on iilejaanud r6ngaspeaga n6eltest hilisemad TalJgren pidas taolisi noelu iileminekuvonniks rongaspeaga n6eltelt kaksikristpeaga n6eltele (1925 81) Arvestades nimetatud kahele n6elatiiiibile antud suuresti erinevaid dateeringuid ei n6ustunud Ariste selle seisukohaga Ohe p6hjendusena markis ta et lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga n6elte ristikujuline laiend on kanditud otstest kolmnurkse kujuga r6ngaspeaga n6e1te laiend aga alati iimmarguste v6i ovaaIsete otstega (1938 57 jj) Viimane vaide pole aga 6ige kuna Soomes esineb ka veidi kanditud ristiharudega rongaspeaga n6elu (nait Hackman 1938 joon 35) samuti on osade kaksikristpeaga n6elte alumine haru iimarotsaline (nait tahv X 6)

Kivikoski andmetel oli Soomest 1973 aastaks leitud 12 ristikujulise laiendiga r6ngaspean6eJa (1973 67) Eestist on aga taolisi teada vaid kolm Need on ieitud

31

Marilca Magi Eesti memvingi- ja32

rannikupiirkondadest ning Kunilepa leiust mis sisaldab muidki selgelt soomeshyparaseid esemeid (naiteks lameda kaarega varased hoburaudsoled) Et Soome merovingi- ja varaviikingiaegses leiumaterjalis on margata otsekontakte Baltishykumi lounapoolsema osaga on taheldanud mitmed seallsed uurijad (Kivikoski ] 941 Edgren 1973 jt) Ristikujulise laiendiga noelte puhul on seega tegemist soome- mitte eestiparase noelatiiiibiga ning iiksikuid siit leitud eksempJare voib suure toenaosusega pidada Soome impordiks Ka Latist on kirjanduse andmetel leitud vahemalt kaks taolist eksemplari (Snore 1930 tahv IX 15 22)

Miks siis ikkagi tekkis rongaspea alia ristikujuline laiend VaadeJdes Ieiushymaterjali tervikuna torkab silma et aasta 800 paiku olid laanemeresoomlaste juures moningal maaral kasutusel ka baltiparased lamedate iimmarguste otstega ristpeanoelad - ehtetiiiip mis siinse leiumaterjali hulka ilmus oigupoolest juba paarsada aastat varem Vahel oli nendel noeltel vaid kolm ristiharu Eesti seni ainuke selline noel on saadud juhuleiuna Raigastverest (tahv X 1) Tuleb markida et ka taolisi noelu on leitud rohkem Soomest kui Eestist (Edgren 1973 Ranta 1996 43-44) Voib-olla tuleks soomeparastes rongaspea ja ristikujulise laiendiga noeltes naha rist- ja rongaspeaga noelte koosmojul tekkinud ehtetiiiipi Kahe idee segunemine on selgelt naha iihe Liedo Sauvala noela puhul (Hackman 1938 joon 35) milles ristikujulise laiendiga rongaspeanoela pearonga sees on vaike ristpea Seega voib oletada selle omaparase ehteliigi seost hoopis baltishyparaste ristpeanoeltega ning nende samasust varaste kaksikristpeaga noeltega seletada iihiste eelkaijatega

Rongaspeaga noelte varasema variandi eksemplare pole Eestis leitud kind lashytest leiukompleksidest kiill aga kalmetest kus esineb teisigi merovingiaegseid leide Vast koige paremini dateeritud on neist Lehmja-Loo kalme millesse Vello Lougase arvates (1973) on maetud peamiselt 7 sajandil Ka enamik hilisemaid rongaspeanoelu on juhuleiud ega oma seetottu kindlat leiukonteksti

Suletud Ieidudena on kasitletud tavaliselt kaht taoliste noelte leiukohta -Kunilepa ja Keila peitleide Neist esimene mille Tallgren on dateerinud aasta 800 paiku (1925 10 jj) ei kujuta enesest ilmselt suletud leiukogumit nagu selgus inspektsioonist leiukohale ning vestlusest taluomaniku jareltulijatega vaid on kokku pandud pikema aja jooksul leitud esemetest Keila Ieid sisaldab lisaks alavariandi 12a noel ale kaht jamenevate otstega kaelav5ru rinnaketti koos keekandja ja vaheliilidega kolme spiraalsormust (neist kaks laia keskkeermega) ning spiraalkaev5ru (tahv IV) Ilmselt on osa leiust puudu kuna naiteks puudub rinnakee teine kinnitus (noel) Tallgren on dateerinud leiu 8 sajandisse (1925 81 tahv IV) voimalik et seoses Kunilepa Ieiu dateeringuga Arvestades eeskatt sarnaste kaelavorude sormuste ja kee vaheliilide esinemist ka hilisemates leiukompleksides julgeksin omalt poolt pakkuda leiu dateeringuks pigem 9 sajandi Nagu naitasid Soome v5rdlused pole taoline dateering valistatud ka Kunilepa leius sisalduvate rongaspeanoelte puhul

Ulejaanud Ieiukohtadest voib Asva kindlustatud asula kohal hiljem paiknenud asula dateerida 8- 9 sajandisse (Lougas amp Magi-Lougas 199432) Lehmja-Loo

kalme kuulub ilm osa 7 - 8 sajandis

Ariste on date rauaaja algllseni ( arvestada hilinem sealsed rongaspea dateerivad ka Seh dini (Schmiedehel

Arvestades oIt v5rdlusi datcerik 7 sajandiga Alatt eripara noeltega vahemalt osalisclt kolmnurkse kaelal hiljem aga nende ~

Viiikesi kolmm kalmetes klls nee( otsese mojuga balti lameda peaga noel

(Schmiedehelm 19 Kiicsolevas artil

ilmusid Eesti arheo dega kolmnurkpem varasematel seenek 1925 80) Siinkirj kujuli stel nuppudel erinevllst Kolmnur teks (lllgedes sim Uoon 3) kllid ka vahemalt osaliselt peaga nodad on viii

l oon 3 Koimnurkrca

Fig 3 End knobs of tl

Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 33

lidki selgelt soomeshyIdsoled) Et Soome otsekontakte Baltishyuurijad (Kivikoski

I on seega tegemist ud eksemplare voib kirjanduse andmetel 1522) ld Vaadeldes leiushylaanemeresoomlaste iimmarguste otstega us oigupoolest juba ristiham Eesti seni tahv X I) Tuleb estist (Edgren 1973 pea ja ristikujulise tekkinud ehtetiiiipi ela puhul (Hackman la pearonga sees on I seost hoopis baltishyikristpeaga noeltega

Eestis leitud kindlashygi merovingiaegseid alme millesse Vello a enamik hilisemaid mteksti I noelte leiukohta shyon dateerinud aasta

d leiukogumit nagu ~niku jareltulijatega Keila leid sisal dab vom rinnaketti koos 5 laia keskkeermega) kuna naiteks puudub 8 sajandisse (1925

il Arvestades eeskatt mist ka hilisemates dateeringuks pigem leering valistatud ka

hal hiljem paiknenud 194 32) Lehmja-Loo

kahne kuulub ilmselt vaid 7 sajandisse (L6ugas 1973 129) Presti kalme vastav osa 7- 8 sajandisse

Ariste on dateerinud Eesti r6ngaspcaga n6elad 7 sajandist kuni noorema rauaaja alguseni (1938 62) Ta leiab et kuna Eesti leiukomplekside puhul tuleks arvestada hilinemisega peaks Kunilepa leid parinema 10 sajandi algusest ning sealsed rongaspeaga n6e1ad muidugi koos sellega (op cit 60) Viitega temale dateerivad ka Schmiedehelm ja Selirand need millegiparast kuni 10- 11 sajanshydini (Schmiedehelm 1939136 SeIirand 1974 144)

Arvestades olemasolevaid leiusuhteid ning naabermaade eeskatt Soome v6rdlusi dateeriksin r6ngaspeaga noelte varasema variandi Eestis iiksnes 7 sajandiga Alates 8 sajandist asendusid taolised n6elad uute juba kohalikku eripara n6eltega Tundub usutavana et koik hilisema variandi n6elad olid vahemalt osaliselt kasutusel uheaegselt Ristikujulise laiendiga n6elu ning lihtsa kolmnurkse kaelaga n6elu kasutati veel ka viikingiaja alguses so 9 sajandil hiljem aga nende kandmise traditsioon haabus

Tlilip 2kolmnurkpeaga ehtenoelad

Vaikesi kolmnurkse pea ja selle aiuurse keskosaga n6elu esineb juba tarandshykalmetes kus need on dateeritavad rooma rauaaja teise poolde ning seletatavad otsese m6juga balti aladelt Veidi hiljem levi sid ka ilma otsanuppudeta kolmnurkse lameda peaga noelad mis balti eeskujude p6hjal v6ib dateerida 5-6 sajandisse (Schmiedehelm 19305-6 Tautaviciene 1981)

Kaesolevas artiklis kasitletakse vaid otsanuppudega kolmnurkpaiseid noelu mis ilmusid Eesti arheoloogiJisse materjali hiljemalt 7 sajandil Tallgren on otsanuppushydega kolmnurkpean6elu piiUdnud liigitada nuppude kuju jargi - tema arvates on varasematel seenekujulised hilisematel aga koonusekujulised otsanupud (Tallgren 1925 80) Siinkiljutaja ei pea taolist jaotust p6hjendatuks Seene- ja koonuseshykujulistcl nuppudel on raske vahetki teha voimatu oleks tuua valja mingit ajalist erinevust Kolmnurkpeaga n6elte otsanupud on kiill voimalik jagada seeneku julisshyteks (lugedes sinna alla ka koonusjamad eksemplarid) ja kUbarakujulisteks (joon 3) kuid ka scllise jaotuse puhul naivad molemad variandid olevat olnud vahemalt osaliselt samaaegsel kasutuseL Kuna rahvasterannuaegsed kolmnurkshypeaga n6elad on vaikesed kulges areng ilmselt uldjoontes vaiksemalt suuremale

~ Q G~ 1 2 3

Joon 3 Kolmnurkpeaga noelte otsanuppude variandid 1- seenekujulised 2 - koonu sekujuJiscd 3 - kUbarakujulised

Fig 3 End knobs or triangular-headed pins 1 mushroom-shaped 2 conic-shaped 3 hat-shaped

34 Marika Magi EeSli merovingi- ja VI

Variant 21 ornamentimata voi Iihtsa ornamendiga noelad

Sellesse varianti olen liigitanud 41 Eesti kolmnurkpeaga n6ela Mingit selgeshypiirilist tiipoloogiat v6imaldavat tunnust nende viiliskujus Ie ida ei 6nnestunud Olen seep~irast vaadelnud iiheaegselt mitut karakteristikut (otsanuppude kuju kaela kuju pea keskosa ehitus) mille omavahelistes seostes 6nnestus tuua valja moned seadusparad Kuna visuaalselt on koige silmatorkavam ilmselt noela pea keskosa kujundus kasitlen ornamentimata n6elu siinkohal selle jaotuse alusel

2la Siledapeaganoelad(tahv VI I 3)

Sileda kolmnurkse peaga noelad on nuppotsaliste kolmnurkpeaga noelte seas ilmselt iihed varasemad meenutades veel rahvasteriinnuaegseid ilma otsanuppushydeta n6elu Vaiksemad ja 6hemad eksemplarid kuuluvadki t6enaoliselt 5-6 sajandisse Merovingiaegseid on Eesti leidudest ilmselt viisteist Valja arvatud kaks eksemplari on need k6ik koonuse- v6i seenekujuliste otstega vaiksemad n6elad Uks Saaremaalt teadmata leiukohast parinev noel (AI K 848) on oma kettakujuliste otsalaiendite jiirgi otsustades kindlasti imporditud balti aladelt

2lb Ornamentimata kolmnurkse suvendiga noelad

Eelnevatega sarnanevad kolmnurkpeaga n6elad millel pea keskel on kolmshynurkne vahel iiksnes pea keskel asuva nupukesega kaunistatud ornamentimata siivend Eestist on taolisi teada iiheksa enamikus keskmise suurusega voi suureshymad eksemplarid Pooltel neist on kiibarakujulised otsanupud M6ne noela puhul (naiteks P6ide SM 146040 l L6ugas amp Magi-L6ugas 1994 tahv VI 2) on siivend olnud hobetatud

2 Ic Kontsentriliste kolmnurkadega ornamenditud noelad

Taolisi noelu on Eestist teada vaid neli Neist Viltina kalmest leitud noela (tahv IX 1) pead ehivad lisaks kontsentrilistele kolmnurkadele kaks loomashy(hobuse- )kujukest V6ib arvata et tegemist on impordiga kas Semgalliast v6i Kuramaalt

2 ld Kanditud kolmnurkse siivendiga noelad (tahv III 3-4 VI 2)

Eestist on teada 16 kanditud kolmnurkpeaga noela voi selle katket On iillashytav et taoliste noelte puhul peaaegll ei esine kUbarakujulisi otsanuppe vaid iihe Presti kalmest leitud noela (tahv III 3) otstest on iiks kiibara- teine seeneshykujuline Iseloomulike joontena sellele alavariandile voib ka m~irkida et k6ik need on keskmised v6i keskmisest suuremad noelad ning ka nende kael on paljudel juhtudel kanditud Uoon 4 4)

JOOI

Variant 22 leheku

Lehtomamendiga siivendiga naelte or lamed a pohjaga nin elemendist ornament

Olen siinkohal ki katket Paljud neist tundmine v6ib osutU( kiillaltki sarnane eg seadusparasid vaib sailinud

Lehtornamendiga 11 juhul esineb kam siivendiga n6elte plll viimastel kiibarakuju kolmnurkse siivendig

Marika Magi Eesti meroving i- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 35

Iiga nOelad

n6ela Mingit selgeshyleida ei 6nnestunud (otsanuppude kuju

t 6nnestus tuua valja 1m ilmselt n6ela pea le jaotuse alusel

1rkpeaga n6elte seas eid ilma otsanuppushyci t6enaoliselt 5-6 steist Viilja arvatud ~ otstega viiiksemad Al K 848) on oma tud balti aladelt

lJelad

ea keskel on kolmshyatud ornamentimata uurusega v6i suureshyI M6ne n6ela puhul 94 tahv VI 2) on

d Zoew

almest ieitucil noel a kadele kaks loomashykas Semgalliast voi

I 3-4 VI 2)

~lIe katket On iillashyotsanuppe vaid iihe ibara- tcine seeneshya markida et k6ik ka nende kael on

qzZZ) fraquo 31 2

W~ it 5

loon 4 Kaela ehitus variandi 21 koJrnnurkpeaga noeJlel

Fig 4 Neck of triangular-headed pins of variant 21

Variant 22 lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (tahv V 4-5 VII VIII 1-3)

Lehtornamendiga noelte kuju vastab taielikult kolmnurkpea ja kolmnurkse siivendiga noelte omale valja arvatud pea keskosa Kolmnurkne siivend on lameda p6hjaga ning seda ehib kolmest omavahel iihendatud lehekujulisest elemendist ornament Pea keskel on endiselt iimmargune nupp

Olen siinkohal kasitlenud 46 Eestist leitud lehtornamendiga n6ela v6i selle katket Paljud neist on tugevasti sulanud pronksiWkikesed milles n6ela arashytundmine voib osutuda kiillaltki raskeks Koigi teadaolevate n6elte pea ebitus on kiillaltki sarnane ega v6imalda nende tapsemat Jiigitamist kuid m6ningaid seadusparasid voib valja tuua noelte kaela ehituse pohjal juhul kui see on sailinud

Lehtornamendiga n6eltele on iseloomulikud kiibarakujulised otsanupud 1J juhul e-sineb kanditud kaela mis sarnaneb taielikult kanditud kolmnurkse siivendiga noelte puhul tavalise kanditud kaelaga Goon 5) Samas puudusid viimastel kiibarakujulised otsad peaaegu taielikult olles aga esindatud sileda kolmnurkse siivendiga n6elte juures Vaid iihel Maidla kalmest saadud lehtshy

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja36

ornamendiga n6elapaaril (AM 58031013102) esinevad koos kanditud kaelaga veel ka seenekujulised otsad ning Liivalt leitud n6elapaari (SM 93 1 2) otsanupud on seene- ja kiibarakujuliste vahepealsed Seega n~iib et morfoloogishyliselt on lehtornamendiga n6elad seotud nii sileda klli ka kanditud siivendiga peaga n6eltega Profileeritud kaelaga n6elad on lehtornamendiga eksemplaridest kahtlemata k6ige varasemad olles ilmselt kasutusel eespool mainitud noeltega vahemalt osaliselt samaaegselt

Joon 5 Kae la ehitus lehtornamendi ga nuppolsalistel kolmnurkpeaga noel tel

Fi g 5 Neck of triangular-headed pins wilh e nd knobs and leaf decoration

Trapetsi- voi poolkaarekujulise aasaga lehtornamendiga n6eltel on koi gil kiibarakujulised otsad Paljudel taolistel noeltel on ornamenditud ka tagakiilg alati iihe voi mitme silmakesega (tahv V 5) Kanditud kae laga eksemplaridest oli tagakiilg omamenditud vaid eespool mainitud Maidla kalmest sa3dud n6elashypaaril variandi 21 n6eltel pole tagakiilgc kunagi kaunistatud Noela tagakiilje mis ju nahtaval ei olnud omamcntimisel on ilmselt rituaalne Lihendus mis on arvatavasti seotud mingil teatu perioodil valitsenud arusaamadega

Omamendi kohta voib veel mark ida et osal trapetsi- v6i poolkaarekujulise aasaga n6eltel on pea raamitud pariinoorjoonega mis kaev6rude ja hoburaudshys61gede p6hjal otsustades on iseloomulik eeskatt 10 sajandile (Magi-Lougas 1994474-476 1995a 40-53)

Arutelu

Lisaks Eestil e olid kolmnurkpeaga n6elad lev inud pea miselt Leedus ja Latis Seenekujuliste otsanuppudega kolmnurkpeaga n6e lad on Leedus dateeritud 7shy9 sajandisse (Tautaviciene 1981 169) Tuleb siiski markida et p6hiosa sealseshytest n6eltest on kaunistatud Eesti omadest erincvalt Seega on 16una poolt parit siiski vaid idee n6elad ise aga kohalik toodang Latis ilmusid kolmnurkpeaga

n6eltele otsanupu noelapea keskosa kolmnurkpeaga nl va It kaunistatud liivlaste alai (Sno vaikest kolmnurkl 1 7-8) iiks lehto 198 I 73 The ROi

alalt leillid koll11ll1 Soomes peetak

need peamiselt m 99 joon 448 72 sileda kolmnurkse kaelaosa on sagel n6ela pea on kau Seega oligi see e Tiiiipiliselt eestipi meil vaid uks (Rw

Kiika kalmistu garnituur nagll 0

joon 448) Samas juures Ka Eestist noel (tahv III 4) kohal uml11argune poolse vastena v6 VIII 2) mille kae leide pole teada pt

Lehtornamendi maal Valjaspool E kirjandllse andmei 1929 joon 173-1 89 joon 8) Uhed katket Tegemist parased lehtornamt (Stromberg 1961 leitud veel kolmas 73 8) Uks 1ehtol linnllsest Taanis (r

iihtegi hobeeksem~ pronksist Taoline kasutllsel siiski ka I sai1inud ei ole ViiI

MarikaMagi28 Eesti merovingi- jll I

Ttitip 1 rongaspeaga ehtenoelad

Praeguseks on Eestist teada 41 rongaspeaga noela mida nende kuju ja materjallubab kullaltki uksikasjalikult Jiigitada

Variant 11 varased rongaspeaga noelad

11a Raudnoelad

Kaheksa teadaolevat rauast r6ngaspeaga n6ela on k6ik samase kujuga pear6nga labim66t 4-5 em kaeJ 6henev ja aasa kohalt laienev Neid v6ib pidada hiliste rauast karjasekeppnoelte edasiarenduseks Kuigi kujult lihtsad v6is rauast ehten6eltel olla ripatsitest v6i naastudest gamituur (naiteks Kuma AM 2968 praegu deponeeritud Keila Muuseumi ilma iJunaastuta Ariste 1938 tahv III6) Kahel juhul on n6ela kaelal paksendid mida v6ib ilmselt vaadelda kaela kettakujuliste laienditega kaunistamise eelkaijatena Uoon 1 3)

Joon I Kaela ehitus varasema variandi r6ngaspean6eltel

Fig Neck of ring-headed pins of the earlier variant

J 1h Laieneva voi profileeritud kaelaga pronksnoelad (tahv Ill 1-2)

Rauast eksemplaridega samanevat vormi lihtsust v6ib kohata ka osa pronksist r6ngaspeaga noelte juures Noela kaelaosa on kas iihele voi m6lemale poole laienev m6nikord on kael kaunistatud m6igastega Selliste n6elte pea labim66t on alati alia 5 em h6bemassingut esineb pear6nga umber vaid kolmel juhul Massingu esinemine ei saa ilmselt olla n6ela dateerimisel oJulise tahtsusega kuna seda esineb juba hilistel karjasekeppn6eltel Samas kohtab Eesti hi liseshymatel n-o kohalikku tiiupi r6ngaspean6eltel h6bemassingut selgelt sagedamini kui varasematel

Viiel Eesti n6 Uoon 14 tahv II tatud eksemplare m6nev6rra hilisem

Hilisema varian ristloige Hilisemal sagedamini h6bed gamituuriga Selle Erinedes ktill ball Soomega

K6ik hilisema kuju jargi v6ib nad

12a Lihts

Nagu oeldud 01

Osal n6eltel ei kaa kulg on olnud naht r6hutatud sirgete mi

HObemassingut I

p6hjal voib oletada kuid tagasihoidlikur

12h Kettakut

Kettakujulised I balti eeskujul seal1 v6ib pidada k6ige t mikul juhtudel on nl ehib hobetraadist m noel ad on suured j r pearongal kui ka laif

Selliste n6elte kl tavaliselt hoiab altp taoline noel on leitU( vastava telje abil mi kinnitub aas Ptissi n ktiljes ripub kett pronksribast v6i spin

Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy v88raparased ja omad 29

tida nende kuju Ja

d

ik samase kujuga v Neid voib pidada t lihtsad vois rauast

Kuma AM 2968 e 1938 tahv 1lI6) ielt vaadelda kaela I)

4~ lIe

II

(tahv II 1-2)

IUta ka osa pronksist oi molemale poole noelte pea llibimoot vaid kolmel juhuJ olulise tiihtsusega

kohtab Eesti hiliseshyt selgelt sagedamini

Viiel Eesti noelal kaunistab avause kohta kaelal iimmargune i1uplaadike (joon 14 tahv III2) Taolisi noelu samuti nagu ka kaelal moigastega kaunisshytatud eksemplare voib ilmselt vaadelda kui iilejaanud selle variandi noeltest monevorra hilisemaid

Variant 12 hilised rongaspeaga noelad

Hilisema variandi noelu iihendav pohijoon on kaela enam-vahem kolmnurkne ristloige Hilisemad noelad on ka keskmiselt suuremad rohkem omamenditud sagedamini hobedaga massitud peaga ning monel juhul varustatud ripatsitest gamituuriga Selle variandi noelad on balti algupara kohalik edasiarendus Erinedes kiill balti noeltest voib nende juures taheldada tugevamat seost Soomega

Koik hilisema variandi rongaspeaga noel ad on valmistatud pronksist Kaela kuju jargi voib nad jagada kolme alavarianti

l2a Lihtsa kolmnurkse kaelaga noelad (joan 2 1-2 tahv IV)

Nagu bel dud on kolmnurkne kaela ristloige koigil selle alavariandi noelte Osal noeltel ei kaasne sellega ei ketta- ega ristikujulisi laiendeid Kaela lame kiilg on olnud nahtaval kolmnurga tipp aga jaanud noela taha Esitahk on alati rohutatud sirgete moigastega iilemises ja alumises servas

Hobemassingut esineb taolistel noeltel vaid iihel juhu Samase kaela ehituse pohjal voib oletada et tegemist on kettakujuliste laienditega noelte kaasaegsete kuid tagasihoidlikumate eksemplaridega

I 2b Kettakujuliste laienditega noelad (joan 2 3 tahv III 5 V 1-3)

Kettakujulised laiendid tekkisid Eesti rongaspeaga noeltele toenaoJiselt taas balti eeskujul sealsete profileeritud peaga noelte mojutuseJ Seda alavarianti voib pidada koige tiiiipilisemalt eestiparaseks rongaspeaga noelte hulgas Enashymikul juhtudel on noeltel kaela peal koJm kettakujulist laiendit rnida omakorda ehib hobetraadist mahis Koigil neil juhtudel on ka pea hobetraadiga massitud noelad on suured ja iildse silmatorkavalt luksuslikud Kolmel juhul mahis nii pearongal kui ka laienditel puudub kuid noela kuju vastab iilejaanutele

Selliste noelte kiiljes ripub sageli mitu omavahel iihendatud ripatsit mida tavaliselt hoiab altpoolt noela jala kiiljes kinni spetsiaalne aas Tuntuim Eesti taoline noel on leitud Piissist (tahv V 1) Ripatsid kinnituvad noela kiilge sageli vastava telje abil mis on torgatud labi noela kaelas oleva augu ning mille kiilge kinnitub aas Piissi noela puhul on ka aas kujundatud ripatsiks luhul kui noela kiiljes ripub kelt koosneb see suurematest rongastest vaheldumisi laiast pronksribast voi spiraalist vaiksemate liilidega (tahv III 5 V 2-3)

Marika Miigi Eesti merovilgi30

~~~ I I

I ( I I

~

Joon 2 Kaela ehitus hilisema variandi rongaspeanoeltel

Fig 2 Neck of ring-headed pins of the later variant 1-2 - variant [ 2a 3 - valiant [2b 4 - variant 12e

12c Ristikujulise laiendiga noelad (joan 2 4 tahv X 2-3)

Monel kolmnurkse kaela ristloikega noelal on kaela esiplaati tahistav iilemine moigas iisna pikk Piissi noelal on sellest kujunenud vaike poikharu mis voib olla arengulises seoses osal noeltel pearonga all esineva ristikujulise laiendiga Taolisi noelu on Eestist leitud kolm juhuleidudena Kuusalust ja Pajumaalt (AI 2827 AM 13419) ning Kunilepa peitleiust (AI 2483 16) Neid on peetud iilejaanutest hilisemaks ning spetsiifiliselt eestiparaseks (Tallgren 1925 81 Ariste 19385457-58 Kivikoski 197367 jt)

Arutelu

Rongakujulise peaga noelte idee on joudnud Eestisse balti hoimude alalt Eriti

rohkesti lei dub neid Semgallias samuti sellele kultuuriliselt lahedases Zemaitias Balti rongaspeaga noelad on vaikesed ja vordlemise Iihtsa kujuga olles seega Eesti vastavatele noeltele vaid prototiiiibiks Moned siit leitud vaikesed rongaspeanoelad kujutavadki enesest ilmselt otsest importi (nait Tomimae AI 4338 1117)

Rongaspeaga r 9 sajandisse n

Dsna levim parasteks ehetl Lihtsad rauast 114 Ranta 19~ ajast vahel ka Soomes on lei I

varustusega sc ritavate leidud( on tegemist val kujuliste laiend

Kogllni seit U skela Lllkkar sajandi alguse~

Iahedalt Halikk 29) Kaks sal hil ismerovingia

Hackman or ristikujulise lai poolt margiksin peaga noela m on teravovaalne des on tegemisl raudsoJe kaare on jame ning kl disse (Miigi-Lo Rahvusmuuseur

Ristikujulise ristloige on kas omamentimine toetu bki oletus pidas taolisi nl noelteJe (1925 erinevaid dateeri markis ta et la kanditud atstes iimmargllste voi kuna Soomes es Hackman 1938 iimarotsaline (na

Kivikoski and rongaspean6eJa (

Marika Magi EeSli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - v88raparasedja omad

~

In f

I I

fZIgt

I

It I2b 4 - variant J2c

X 2-3)

ti tahistav Ulemine toikharu mis voib kujulise laiendiga t ja Pajumaalt (AI Neid on peetud allgren 1925 81

10imude alalt Eriti hedases Zemaitias a olles seega Eesti xI r6ngaspean6elad Al 4338 1117)

Rongaspeaga noelad dateeritakse Zemaitias 7-8 sajandisse suured eksemplarid 9 sajandisse (Volkaite-Kulikauskiene 1970 168)

Osna levinud on r6ngaspeaga noel ad olnud Soomes kus neid peetakse eestishyparasteks eheteks (Hackman 1938 105-115 Lehtosalo-Hilander 1982 109 jt) Lihtsad rauast eksemplarid dateeritakse seal alati 7 sajandisse (Hackman 1938 114 Ranta 199642) Ka pronksnoelad parinevad Soomes peamiselt merovingishyajast vahel ka viikingiaja algusest Koige paremini dateeritav r6ngaspeaga noel Soomes on leitud Eura Pappilanmaki kalmistult 7 sajandi teise poole rikkaliku varustusega sojamehehauast koos r6ngaspeaga m66ga ja muude hasti dateeshyritavate leidudega (Salmo 1941 34-36) N6ela kaelal on iimarad m6ikad seega on tegemist variandiga mis morfoloogiliselt peaks eelnema eestiparastele rongashykujuliste laienditega n6eltele

Koguni seitse r6ngaspea ja ristikujulise laiendiga noela on saadud Soomest Uskela Lukkarinmaki kalmistult Ella Kivikoski on need seal dateerinud 9 sajandi algusesse (1942 16-17 pilt 2) Kolm samasugust n6ela sealtsamast tahedalt Halikko Mustamaki kalmistult v6ib dateerida samasse aega (op cit 22shy29) Kaks samast n6ela Liedo Haimionmiiki kalmistult parinevad selle hilismerovingiaegsest osast (Aroalho 1978 lisa 4)

Hackman on dateerinud Soomest leitud r6ngaspeaga n6elad 7- 8 sajandisse ristikujulise laiendiga eksemplarid aga viikingiaja algusesse (1938 114) Omalt poolt margiksin ka Lillmalmsbackeni p6letusmatustega kalmistult leitud r6ngasshypeaga n6ela mis kuulub siinsesse alavarianti 12a ning mille pear6nga ristl6ige on teravovaalne (KM 11284 17 Kivikoski 1973 joon 447) Kuju jargi otsustashydes on tegemist hilisema r6ngaspeaga noelaga N6e1 on leitud koos noa hobushyrauds61e kaare naaskli spiraals6rmuse ja savin6ukildudega Hoburaudsole kaar on jame ning kuuetahuline olles seega dateeritav k6ige t6enaolisemalt 9 sajanshydisse (Magi-L6ugas 1994) mis peaks kehtima ka n6ela kohta (andmed Soome Rahvusmuuseumi arheoloogiaosakonna arhiivist Helsingis)

Ristikujulise laiendiga n6elte pead pole kunagi h6betraadiga massitud pea ristl6ige on kas lame trapets v6i kolmnurk Sagedane on pea p6ikviirutusega omamentimine mida peetakse massingu imiteeringuks Neile vonni eriparadele toetubki oletus et nad on iilejaanud r6ngaspeaga n6eltest hilisemad TalJgren pidas taolisi noelu iileminekuvonniks rongaspeaga n6eltelt kaksikristpeaga n6eltele (1925 81) Arvestades nimetatud kahele n6elatiiiibile antud suuresti erinevaid dateeringuid ei n6ustunud Ariste selle seisukohaga Ohe p6hjendusena markis ta et lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga n6elte ristikujuline laiend on kanditud otstest kolmnurkse kujuga r6ngaspeaga n6e1te laiend aga alati iimmarguste v6i ovaaIsete otstega (1938 57 jj) Viimane vaide pole aga 6ige kuna Soomes esineb ka veidi kanditud ristiharudega rongaspeaga n6elu (nait Hackman 1938 joon 35) samuti on osade kaksikristpeaga n6elte alumine haru iimarotsaline (nait tahv X 6)

Kivikoski andmetel oli Soomest 1973 aastaks leitud 12 ristikujulise laiendiga r6ngaspean6eJa (1973 67) Eestist on aga taolisi teada vaid kolm Need on ieitud

31

Marilca Magi Eesti memvingi- ja32

rannikupiirkondadest ning Kunilepa leiust mis sisaldab muidki selgelt soomeshyparaseid esemeid (naiteks lameda kaarega varased hoburaudsoled) Et Soome merovingi- ja varaviikingiaegses leiumaterjalis on margata otsekontakte Baltishykumi lounapoolsema osaga on taheldanud mitmed seallsed uurijad (Kivikoski ] 941 Edgren 1973 jt) Ristikujulise laiendiga noelte puhul on seega tegemist soome- mitte eestiparase noelatiiiibiga ning iiksikuid siit leitud eksempJare voib suure toenaosusega pidada Soome impordiks Ka Latist on kirjanduse andmetel leitud vahemalt kaks taolist eksemplari (Snore 1930 tahv IX 15 22)

Miks siis ikkagi tekkis rongaspea alia ristikujuline laiend VaadeJdes Ieiushymaterjali tervikuna torkab silma et aasta 800 paiku olid laanemeresoomlaste juures moningal maaral kasutusel ka baltiparased lamedate iimmarguste otstega ristpeanoelad - ehtetiiiip mis siinse leiumaterjali hulka ilmus oigupoolest juba paarsada aastat varem Vahel oli nendel noeltel vaid kolm ristiharu Eesti seni ainuke selline noel on saadud juhuleiuna Raigastverest (tahv X 1) Tuleb markida et ka taolisi noelu on leitud rohkem Soomest kui Eestist (Edgren 1973 Ranta 1996 43-44) Voib-olla tuleks soomeparastes rongaspea ja ristikujulise laiendiga noeltes naha rist- ja rongaspeaga noelte koosmojul tekkinud ehtetiiiipi Kahe idee segunemine on selgelt naha iihe Liedo Sauvala noela puhul (Hackman 1938 joon 35) milles ristikujulise laiendiga rongaspeanoela pearonga sees on vaike ristpea Seega voib oletada selle omaparase ehteliigi seost hoopis baltishyparaste ristpeanoeltega ning nende samasust varaste kaksikristpeaga noeltega seletada iihiste eelkaijatega

Rongaspeaga noelte varasema variandi eksemplare pole Eestis leitud kind lashytest leiukompleksidest kiill aga kalmetest kus esineb teisigi merovingiaegseid leide Vast koige paremini dateeritud on neist Lehmja-Loo kalme millesse Vello Lougase arvates (1973) on maetud peamiselt 7 sajandil Ka enamik hilisemaid rongaspeanoelu on juhuleiud ega oma seetottu kindlat leiukonteksti

Suletud Ieidudena on kasitletud tavaliselt kaht taoliste noelte leiukohta -Kunilepa ja Keila peitleide Neist esimene mille Tallgren on dateerinud aasta 800 paiku (1925 10 jj) ei kujuta enesest ilmselt suletud leiukogumit nagu selgus inspektsioonist leiukohale ning vestlusest taluomaniku jareltulijatega vaid on kokku pandud pikema aja jooksul leitud esemetest Keila Ieid sisaldab lisaks alavariandi 12a noel ale kaht jamenevate otstega kaelav5ru rinnaketti koos keekandja ja vaheliilidega kolme spiraalsormust (neist kaks laia keskkeermega) ning spiraalkaev5ru (tahv IV) Ilmselt on osa leiust puudu kuna naiteks puudub rinnakee teine kinnitus (noel) Tallgren on dateerinud leiu 8 sajandisse (1925 81 tahv IV) voimalik et seoses Kunilepa Ieiu dateeringuga Arvestades eeskatt sarnaste kaelavorude sormuste ja kee vaheliilide esinemist ka hilisemates leiukompleksides julgeksin omalt poolt pakkuda leiu dateeringuks pigem 9 sajandi Nagu naitasid Soome v5rdlused pole taoline dateering valistatud ka Kunilepa leius sisalduvate rongaspeanoelte puhul

Ulejaanud Ieiukohtadest voib Asva kindlustatud asula kohal hiljem paiknenud asula dateerida 8- 9 sajandisse (Lougas amp Magi-Lougas 199432) Lehmja-Loo

kalme kuulub ilm osa 7 - 8 sajandis

Ariste on date rauaaja algllseni ( arvestada hilinem sealsed rongaspea dateerivad ka Seh dini (Schmiedehel

Arvestades oIt v5rdlusi datcerik 7 sajandiga Alatt eripara noeltega vahemalt osalisclt kolmnurkse kaelal hiljem aga nende ~

Viiikesi kolmm kalmetes klls nee( otsese mojuga balti lameda peaga noel

(Schmiedehelm 19 Kiicsolevas artil

ilmusid Eesti arheo dega kolmnurkpem varasematel seenek 1925 80) Siinkirj kujuli stel nuppudel erinevllst Kolmnur teks (lllgedes sim Uoon 3) kllid ka vahemalt osaliselt peaga nodad on viii

l oon 3 Koimnurkrca

Fig 3 End knobs of tl

Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 33

lidki selgelt soomeshyIdsoled) Et Soome otsekontakte Baltishyuurijad (Kivikoski

I on seega tegemist ud eksemplare voib kirjanduse andmetel 1522) ld Vaadeldes leiushylaanemeresoomlaste iimmarguste otstega us oigupoolest juba ristiham Eesti seni tahv X I) Tuleb estist (Edgren 1973 pea ja ristikujulise tekkinud ehtetiiiipi ela puhul (Hackman la pearonga sees on I seost hoopis baltishyikristpeaga noeltega

Eestis leitud kindlashygi merovingiaegseid alme millesse Vello a enamik hilisemaid mteksti I noelte leiukohta shyon dateerinud aasta

d leiukogumit nagu ~niku jareltulijatega Keila leid sisal dab vom rinnaketti koos 5 laia keskkeermega) kuna naiteks puudub 8 sajandisse (1925

il Arvestades eeskatt mist ka hilisemates dateeringuks pigem leering valistatud ka

hal hiljem paiknenud 194 32) Lehmja-Loo

kahne kuulub ilmselt vaid 7 sajandisse (L6ugas 1973 129) Presti kalme vastav osa 7- 8 sajandisse

Ariste on dateerinud Eesti r6ngaspcaga n6elad 7 sajandist kuni noorema rauaaja alguseni (1938 62) Ta leiab et kuna Eesti leiukomplekside puhul tuleks arvestada hilinemisega peaks Kunilepa leid parinema 10 sajandi algusest ning sealsed rongaspeaga n6e1ad muidugi koos sellega (op cit 60) Viitega temale dateerivad ka Schmiedehelm ja Selirand need millegiparast kuni 10- 11 sajanshydini (Schmiedehelm 1939136 SeIirand 1974 144)

Arvestades olemasolevaid leiusuhteid ning naabermaade eeskatt Soome v6rdlusi dateeriksin r6ngaspeaga noelte varasema variandi Eestis iiksnes 7 sajandiga Alates 8 sajandist asendusid taolised n6elad uute juba kohalikku eripara n6eltega Tundub usutavana et koik hilisema variandi n6elad olid vahemalt osaliselt kasutusel uheaegselt Ristikujulise laiendiga n6elu ning lihtsa kolmnurkse kaelaga n6elu kasutati veel ka viikingiaja alguses so 9 sajandil hiljem aga nende kandmise traditsioon haabus

Tlilip 2kolmnurkpeaga ehtenoelad

Vaikesi kolmnurkse pea ja selle aiuurse keskosaga n6elu esineb juba tarandshykalmetes kus need on dateeritavad rooma rauaaja teise poolde ning seletatavad otsese m6juga balti aladelt Veidi hiljem levi sid ka ilma otsanuppudeta kolmnurkse lameda peaga noelad mis balti eeskujude p6hjal v6ib dateerida 5-6 sajandisse (Schmiedehelm 19305-6 Tautaviciene 1981)

Kaesolevas artiklis kasitletakse vaid otsanuppudega kolmnurkpaiseid noelu mis ilmusid Eesti arheoloogiJisse materjali hiljemalt 7 sajandil Tallgren on otsanuppushydega kolmnurkpean6elu piiUdnud liigitada nuppude kuju jargi - tema arvates on varasematel seenekujulised hilisematel aga koonusekujulised otsanupud (Tallgren 1925 80) Siinkiljutaja ei pea taolist jaotust p6hjendatuks Seene- ja koonuseshykujulistcl nuppudel on raske vahetki teha voimatu oleks tuua valja mingit ajalist erinevust Kolmnurkpeaga n6elte otsanupud on kiill voimalik jagada seeneku julisshyteks (lugedes sinna alla ka koonusjamad eksemplarid) ja kUbarakujulisteks (joon 3) kuid ka scllise jaotuse puhul naivad molemad variandid olevat olnud vahemalt osaliselt samaaegsel kasutuseL Kuna rahvasterannuaegsed kolmnurkshypeaga n6elad on vaikesed kulges areng ilmselt uldjoontes vaiksemalt suuremale

~ Q G~ 1 2 3

Joon 3 Kolmnurkpeaga noelte otsanuppude variandid 1- seenekujulised 2 - koonu sekujuJiscd 3 - kUbarakujulised

Fig 3 End knobs or triangular-headed pins 1 mushroom-shaped 2 conic-shaped 3 hat-shaped

34 Marika Magi EeSli merovingi- ja VI

Variant 21 ornamentimata voi Iihtsa ornamendiga noelad

Sellesse varianti olen liigitanud 41 Eesti kolmnurkpeaga n6ela Mingit selgeshypiirilist tiipoloogiat v6imaldavat tunnust nende viiliskujus Ie ida ei 6nnestunud Olen seep~irast vaadelnud iiheaegselt mitut karakteristikut (otsanuppude kuju kaela kuju pea keskosa ehitus) mille omavahelistes seostes 6nnestus tuua valja moned seadusparad Kuna visuaalselt on koige silmatorkavam ilmselt noela pea keskosa kujundus kasitlen ornamentimata n6elu siinkohal selle jaotuse alusel

2la Siledapeaganoelad(tahv VI I 3)

Sileda kolmnurkse peaga noelad on nuppotsaliste kolmnurkpeaga noelte seas ilmselt iihed varasemad meenutades veel rahvasteriinnuaegseid ilma otsanuppushydeta n6elu Vaiksemad ja 6hemad eksemplarid kuuluvadki t6enaoliselt 5-6 sajandisse Merovingiaegseid on Eesti leidudest ilmselt viisteist Valja arvatud kaks eksemplari on need k6ik koonuse- v6i seenekujuliste otstega vaiksemad n6elad Uks Saaremaalt teadmata leiukohast parinev noel (AI K 848) on oma kettakujuliste otsalaiendite jiirgi otsustades kindlasti imporditud balti aladelt

2lb Ornamentimata kolmnurkse suvendiga noelad

Eelnevatega sarnanevad kolmnurkpeaga n6elad millel pea keskel on kolmshynurkne vahel iiksnes pea keskel asuva nupukesega kaunistatud ornamentimata siivend Eestist on taolisi teada iiheksa enamikus keskmise suurusega voi suureshymad eksemplarid Pooltel neist on kiibarakujulised otsanupud M6ne noela puhul (naiteks P6ide SM 146040 l L6ugas amp Magi-L6ugas 1994 tahv VI 2) on siivend olnud hobetatud

2 Ic Kontsentriliste kolmnurkadega ornamenditud noelad

Taolisi noelu on Eestist teada vaid neli Neist Viltina kalmest leitud noela (tahv IX 1) pead ehivad lisaks kontsentrilistele kolmnurkadele kaks loomashy(hobuse- )kujukest V6ib arvata et tegemist on impordiga kas Semgalliast v6i Kuramaalt

2 ld Kanditud kolmnurkse siivendiga noelad (tahv III 3-4 VI 2)

Eestist on teada 16 kanditud kolmnurkpeaga noela voi selle katket On iillashytav et taoliste noelte puhul peaaegll ei esine kUbarakujulisi otsanuppe vaid iihe Presti kalmest leitud noela (tahv III 3) otstest on iiks kiibara- teine seeneshykujuline Iseloomulike joontena sellele alavariandile voib ka m~irkida et k6ik need on keskmised v6i keskmisest suuremad noelad ning ka nende kael on paljudel juhtudel kanditud Uoon 4 4)

JOOI

Variant 22 leheku

Lehtomamendiga siivendiga naelte or lamed a pohjaga nin elemendist ornament

Olen siinkohal ki katket Paljud neist tundmine v6ib osutU( kiillaltki sarnane eg seadusparasid vaib sailinud

Lehtornamendiga 11 juhul esineb kam siivendiga n6elte plll viimastel kiibarakuju kolmnurkse siivendig

Marika Magi Eesti meroving i- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 35

Iiga nOelad

n6ela Mingit selgeshyleida ei 6nnestunud (otsanuppude kuju

t 6nnestus tuua valja 1m ilmselt n6ela pea le jaotuse alusel

1rkpeaga n6elte seas eid ilma otsanuppushyci t6enaoliselt 5-6 steist Viilja arvatud ~ otstega viiiksemad Al K 848) on oma tud balti aladelt

lJelad

ea keskel on kolmshyatud ornamentimata uurusega v6i suureshyI M6ne n6ela puhul 94 tahv VI 2) on

d Zoew

almest ieitucil noel a kadele kaks loomashykas Semgalliast voi

I 3-4 VI 2)

~lIe katket On iillashyotsanuppe vaid iihe ibara- tcine seeneshya markida et k6ik ka nende kael on

qzZZ) fraquo 31 2

W~ it 5

loon 4 Kaela ehitus variandi 21 koJrnnurkpeaga noeJlel

Fig 4 Neck of triangular-headed pins of variant 21

Variant 22 lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (tahv V 4-5 VII VIII 1-3)

Lehtornamendiga noelte kuju vastab taielikult kolmnurkpea ja kolmnurkse siivendiga noelte omale valja arvatud pea keskosa Kolmnurkne siivend on lameda p6hjaga ning seda ehib kolmest omavahel iihendatud lehekujulisest elemendist ornament Pea keskel on endiselt iimmargune nupp

Olen siinkohal kasitlenud 46 Eestist leitud lehtornamendiga n6ela v6i selle katket Paljud neist on tugevasti sulanud pronksiWkikesed milles n6ela arashytundmine voib osutuda kiillaltki raskeks Koigi teadaolevate n6elte pea ebitus on kiillaltki sarnane ega v6imalda nende tapsemat Jiigitamist kuid m6ningaid seadusparasid voib valja tuua noelte kaela ehituse pohjal juhul kui see on sailinud

Lehtornamendiga n6eltele on iseloomulikud kiibarakujulised otsanupud 1J juhul e-sineb kanditud kaela mis sarnaneb taielikult kanditud kolmnurkse siivendiga noelte puhul tavalise kanditud kaelaga Goon 5) Samas puudusid viimastel kiibarakujulised otsad peaaegu taielikult olles aga esindatud sileda kolmnurkse siivendiga n6elte juures Vaid iihel Maidla kalmest saadud lehtshy

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja36

ornamendiga n6elapaaril (AM 58031013102) esinevad koos kanditud kaelaga veel ka seenekujulised otsad ning Liivalt leitud n6elapaari (SM 93 1 2) otsanupud on seene- ja kiibarakujuliste vahepealsed Seega n~iib et morfoloogishyliselt on lehtornamendiga n6elad seotud nii sileda klli ka kanditud siivendiga peaga n6eltega Profileeritud kaelaga n6elad on lehtornamendiga eksemplaridest kahtlemata k6ige varasemad olles ilmselt kasutusel eespool mainitud noeltega vahemalt osaliselt samaaegselt

Joon 5 Kae la ehitus lehtornamendi ga nuppolsalistel kolmnurkpeaga noel tel

Fi g 5 Neck of triangular-headed pins wilh e nd knobs and leaf decoration

Trapetsi- voi poolkaarekujulise aasaga lehtornamendiga n6eltel on koi gil kiibarakujulised otsad Paljudel taolistel noeltel on ornamenditud ka tagakiilg alati iihe voi mitme silmakesega (tahv V 5) Kanditud kae laga eksemplaridest oli tagakiilg omamenditud vaid eespool mainitud Maidla kalmest sa3dud n6elashypaaril variandi 21 n6eltel pole tagakiilgc kunagi kaunistatud Noela tagakiilje mis ju nahtaval ei olnud omamcntimisel on ilmselt rituaalne Lihendus mis on arvatavasti seotud mingil teatu perioodil valitsenud arusaamadega

Omamendi kohta voib veel mark ida et osal trapetsi- v6i poolkaarekujulise aasaga n6eltel on pea raamitud pariinoorjoonega mis kaev6rude ja hoburaudshys61gede p6hjal otsustades on iseloomulik eeskatt 10 sajandile (Magi-Lougas 1994474-476 1995a 40-53)

Arutelu

Lisaks Eestil e olid kolmnurkpeaga n6elad lev inud pea miselt Leedus ja Latis Seenekujuliste otsanuppudega kolmnurkpeaga n6e lad on Leedus dateeritud 7shy9 sajandisse (Tautaviciene 1981 169) Tuleb siiski markida et p6hiosa sealseshytest n6eltest on kaunistatud Eesti omadest erincvalt Seega on 16una poolt parit siiski vaid idee n6elad ise aga kohalik toodang Latis ilmusid kolmnurkpeaga

n6eltele otsanupu noelapea keskosa kolmnurkpeaga nl va It kaunistatud liivlaste alai (Sno vaikest kolmnurkl 1 7-8) iiks lehto 198 I 73 The ROi

alalt leillid koll11ll1 Soomes peetak

need peamiselt m 99 joon 448 72 sileda kolmnurkse kaelaosa on sagel n6ela pea on kau Seega oligi see e Tiiiipiliselt eestipi meil vaid uks (Rw

Kiika kalmistu garnituur nagll 0

joon 448) Samas juures Ka Eestist noel (tahv III 4) kohal uml11argune poolse vastena v6 VIII 2) mille kae leide pole teada pt

Lehtornamendi maal Valjaspool E kirjandllse andmei 1929 joon 173-1 89 joon 8) Uhed katket Tegemist parased lehtornamt (Stromberg 1961 leitud veel kolmas 73 8) Uks 1ehtol linnllsest Taanis (r

iihtegi hobeeksem~ pronksist Taoline kasutllsel siiski ka I sai1inud ei ole ViiI

Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy v88raparased ja omad 29

tida nende kuju Ja

d

ik samase kujuga v Neid voib pidada t lihtsad vois rauast

Kuma AM 2968 e 1938 tahv 1lI6) ielt vaadelda kaela I)

4~ lIe

II

(tahv II 1-2)

IUta ka osa pronksist oi molemale poole noelte pea llibimoot vaid kolmel juhuJ olulise tiihtsusega

kohtab Eesti hiliseshyt selgelt sagedamini

Viiel Eesti noelal kaunistab avause kohta kaelal iimmargune i1uplaadike (joon 14 tahv III2) Taolisi noelu samuti nagu ka kaelal moigastega kaunisshytatud eksemplare voib ilmselt vaadelda kui iilejaanud selle variandi noeltest monevorra hilisemaid

Variant 12 hilised rongaspeaga noelad

Hilisema variandi noelu iihendav pohijoon on kaela enam-vahem kolmnurkne ristloige Hilisemad noelad on ka keskmiselt suuremad rohkem omamenditud sagedamini hobedaga massitud peaga ning monel juhul varustatud ripatsitest gamituuriga Selle variandi noelad on balti algupara kohalik edasiarendus Erinedes kiill balti noeltest voib nende juures taheldada tugevamat seost Soomega

Koik hilisema variandi rongaspeaga noel ad on valmistatud pronksist Kaela kuju jargi voib nad jagada kolme alavarianti

l2a Lihtsa kolmnurkse kaelaga noelad (joan 2 1-2 tahv IV)

Nagu bel dud on kolmnurkne kaela ristloige koigil selle alavariandi noelte Osal noeltel ei kaasne sellega ei ketta- ega ristikujulisi laiendeid Kaela lame kiilg on olnud nahtaval kolmnurga tipp aga jaanud noela taha Esitahk on alati rohutatud sirgete moigastega iilemises ja alumises servas

Hobemassingut esineb taolistel noeltel vaid iihel juhu Samase kaela ehituse pohjal voib oletada et tegemist on kettakujuliste laienditega noelte kaasaegsete kuid tagasihoidlikumate eksemplaridega

I 2b Kettakujuliste laienditega noelad (joan 2 3 tahv III 5 V 1-3)

Kettakujulised laiendid tekkisid Eesti rongaspeaga noeltele toenaoJiselt taas balti eeskujul sealsete profileeritud peaga noelte mojutuseJ Seda alavarianti voib pidada koige tiiiipilisemalt eestiparaseks rongaspeaga noelte hulgas Enashymikul juhtudel on noeltel kaela peal koJm kettakujulist laiendit rnida omakorda ehib hobetraadist mahis Koigil neil juhtudel on ka pea hobetraadiga massitud noelad on suured ja iildse silmatorkavalt luksuslikud Kolmel juhul mahis nii pearongal kui ka laienditel puudub kuid noela kuju vastab iilejaanutele

Selliste noelte kiiljes ripub sageli mitu omavahel iihendatud ripatsit mida tavaliselt hoiab altpoolt noela jala kiiljes kinni spetsiaalne aas Tuntuim Eesti taoline noel on leitud Piissist (tahv V 1) Ripatsid kinnituvad noela kiilge sageli vastava telje abil mis on torgatud labi noela kaelas oleva augu ning mille kiilge kinnitub aas Piissi noela puhul on ka aas kujundatud ripatsiks luhul kui noela kiiljes ripub kelt koosneb see suurematest rongastest vaheldumisi laiast pronksribast voi spiraalist vaiksemate liilidega (tahv III 5 V 2-3)

Marika Miigi Eesti merovilgi30

~~~ I I

I ( I I

~

Joon 2 Kaela ehitus hilisema variandi rongaspeanoeltel

Fig 2 Neck of ring-headed pins of the later variant 1-2 - variant [ 2a 3 - valiant [2b 4 - variant 12e

12c Ristikujulise laiendiga noelad (joan 2 4 tahv X 2-3)

Monel kolmnurkse kaela ristloikega noelal on kaela esiplaati tahistav iilemine moigas iisna pikk Piissi noelal on sellest kujunenud vaike poikharu mis voib olla arengulises seoses osal noeltel pearonga all esineva ristikujulise laiendiga Taolisi noelu on Eestist leitud kolm juhuleidudena Kuusalust ja Pajumaalt (AI 2827 AM 13419) ning Kunilepa peitleiust (AI 2483 16) Neid on peetud iilejaanutest hilisemaks ning spetsiifiliselt eestiparaseks (Tallgren 1925 81 Ariste 19385457-58 Kivikoski 197367 jt)

Arutelu

Rongakujulise peaga noelte idee on joudnud Eestisse balti hoimude alalt Eriti

rohkesti lei dub neid Semgallias samuti sellele kultuuriliselt lahedases Zemaitias Balti rongaspeaga noelad on vaikesed ja vordlemise Iihtsa kujuga olles seega Eesti vastavatele noeltele vaid prototiiiibiks Moned siit leitud vaikesed rongaspeanoelad kujutavadki enesest ilmselt otsest importi (nait Tomimae AI 4338 1117)

Rongaspeaga r 9 sajandisse n

Dsna levim parasteks ehetl Lihtsad rauast 114 Ranta 19~ ajast vahel ka Soomes on lei I

varustusega sc ritavate leidud( on tegemist val kujuliste laiend

Kogllni seit U skela Lllkkar sajandi alguse~

Iahedalt Halikk 29) Kaks sal hil ismerovingia

Hackman or ristikujulise lai poolt margiksin peaga noela m on teravovaalne des on tegemisl raudsoJe kaare on jame ning kl disse (Miigi-Lo Rahvusmuuseur

Ristikujulise ristloige on kas omamentimine toetu bki oletus pidas taolisi nl noelteJe (1925 erinevaid dateeri markis ta et la kanditud atstes iimmargllste voi kuna Soomes es Hackman 1938 iimarotsaline (na

Kivikoski and rongaspean6eJa (

Marika Magi EeSli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - v88raparasedja omad

~

In f

I I

fZIgt

I

It I2b 4 - variant J2c

X 2-3)

ti tahistav Ulemine toikharu mis voib kujulise laiendiga t ja Pajumaalt (AI Neid on peetud allgren 1925 81

10imude alalt Eriti hedases Zemaitias a olles seega Eesti xI r6ngaspean6elad Al 4338 1117)

Rongaspeaga noelad dateeritakse Zemaitias 7-8 sajandisse suured eksemplarid 9 sajandisse (Volkaite-Kulikauskiene 1970 168)

Osna levinud on r6ngaspeaga noel ad olnud Soomes kus neid peetakse eestishyparasteks eheteks (Hackman 1938 105-115 Lehtosalo-Hilander 1982 109 jt) Lihtsad rauast eksemplarid dateeritakse seal alati 7 sajandisse (Hackman 1938 114 Ranta 199642) Ka pronksnoelad parinevad Soomes peamiselt merovingishyajast vahel ka viikingiaja algusest Koige paremini dateeritav r6ngaspeaga noel Soomes on leitud Eura Pappilanmaki kalmistult 7 sajandi teise poole rikkaliku varustusega sojamehehauast koos r6ngaspeaga m66ga ja muude hasti dateeshyritavate leidudega (Salmo 1941 34-36) N6ela kaelal on iimarad m6ikad seega on tegemist variandiga mis morfoloogiliselt peaks eelnema eestiparastele rongashykujuliste laienditega n6eltele

Koguni seitse r6ngaspea ja ristikujulise laiendiga noela on saadud Soomest Uskela Lukkarinmaki kalmistult Ella Kivikoski on need seal dateerinud 9 sajandi algusesse (1942 16-17 pilt 2) Kolm samasugust n6ela sealtsamast tahedalt Halikko Mustamaki kalmistult v6ib dateerida samasse aega (op cit 22shy29) Kaks samast n6ela Liedo Haimionmiiki kalmistult parinevad selle hilismerovingiaegsest osast (Aroalho 1978 lisa 4)

Hackman on dateerinud Soomest leitud r6ngaspeaga n6elad 7- 8 sajandisse ristikujulise laiendiga eksemplarid aga viikingiaja algusesse (1938 114) Omalt poolt margiksin ka Lillmalmsbackeni p6letusmatustega kalmistult leitud r6ngasshypeaga n6ela mis kuulub siinsesse alavarianti 12a ning mille pear6nga ristl6ige on teravovaalne (KM 11284 17 Kivikoski 1973 joon 447) Kuju jargi otsustashydes on tegemist hilisema r6ngaspeaga noelaga N6e1 on leitud koos noa hobushyrauds61e kaare naaskli spiraals6rmuse ja savin6ukildudega Hoburaudsole kaar on jame ning kuuetahuline olles seega dateeritav k6ige t6enaolisemalt 9 sajanshydisse (Magi-L6ugas 1994) mis peaks kehtima ka n6ela kohta (andmed Soome Rahvusmuuseumi arheoloogiaosakonna arhiivist Helsingis)

Ristikujulise laiendiga n6elte pead pole kunagi h6betraadiga massitud pea ristl6ige on kas lame trapets v6i kolmnurk Sagedane on pea p6ikviirutusega omamentimine mida peetakse massingu imiteeringuks Neile vonni eriparadele toetubki oletus et nad on iilejaanud r6ngaspeaga n6eltest hilisemad TalJgren pidas taolisi noelu iileminekuvonniks rongaspeaga n6eltelt kaksikristpeaga n6eltele (1925 81) Arvestades nimetatud kahele n6elatiiiibile antud suuresti erinevaid dateeringuid ei n6ustunud Ariste selle seisukohaga Ohe p6hjendusena markis ta et lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga n6elte ristikujuline laiend on kanditud otstest kolmnurkse kujuga r6ngaspeaga n6e1te laiend aga alati iimmarguste v6i ovaaIsete otstega (1938 57 jj) Viimane vaide pole aga 6ige kuna Soomes esineb ka veidi kanditud ristiharudega rongaspeaga n6elu (nait Hackman 1938 joon 35) samuti on osade kaksikristpeaga n6elte alumine haru iimarotsaline (nait tahv X 6)

Kivikoski andmetel oli Soomest 1973 aastaks leitud 12 ristikujulise laiendiga r6ngaspean6eJa (1973 67) Eestist on aga taolisi teada vaid kolm Need on ieitud

31

Marilca Magi Eesti memvingi- ja32

rannikupiirkondadest ning Kunilepa leiust mis sisaldab muidki selgelt soomeshyparaseid esemeid (naiteks lameda kaarega varased hoburaudsoled) Et Soome merovingi- ja varaviikingiaegses leiumaterjalis on margata otsekontakte Baltishykumi lounapoolsema osaga on taheldanud mitmed seallsed uurijad (Kivikoski ] 941 Edgren 1973 jt) Ristikujulise laiendiga noelte puhul on seega tegemist soome- mitte eestiparase noelatiiiibiga ning iiksikuid siit leitud eksempJare voib suure toenaosusega pidada Soome impordiks Ka Latist on kirjanduse andmetel leitud vahemalt kaks taolist eksemplari (Snore 1930 tahv IX 15 22)

Miks siis ikkagi tekkis rongaspea alia ristikujuline laiend VaadeJdes Ieiushymaterjali tervikuna torkab silma et aasta 800 paiku olid laanemeresoomlaste juures moningal maaral kasutusel ka baltiparased lamedate iimmarguste otstega ristpeanoelad - ehtetiiiip mis siinse leiumaterjali hulka ilmus oigupoolest juba paarsada aastat varem Vahel oli nendel noeltel vaid kolm ristiharu Eesti seni ainuke selline noel on saadud juhuleiuna Raigastverest (tahv X 1) Tuleb markida et ka taolisi noelu on leitud rohkem Soomest kui Eestist (Edgren 1973 Ranta 1996 43-44) Voib-olla tuleks soomeparastes rongaspea ja ristikujulise laiendiga noeltes naha rist- ja rongaspeaga noelte koosmojul tekkinud ehtetiiiipi Kahe idee segunemine on selgelt naha iihe Liedo Sauvala noela puhul (Hackman 1938 joon 35) milles ristikujulise laiendiga rongaspeanoela pearonga sees on vaike ristpea Seega voib oletada selle omaparase ehteliigi seost hoopis baltishyparaste ristpeanoeltega ning nende samasust varaste kaksikristpeaga noeltega seletada iihiste eelkaijatega

Rongaspeaga noelte varasema variandi eksemplare pole Eestis leitud kind lashytest leiukompleksidest kiill aga kalmetest kus esineb teisigi merovingiaegseid leide Vast koige paremini dateeritud on neist Lehmja-Loo kalme millesse Vello Lougase arvates (1973) on maetud peamiselt 7 sajandil Ka enamik hilisemaid rongaspeanoelu on juhuleiud ega oma seetottu kindlat leiukonteksti

Suletud Ieidudena on kasitletud tavaliselt kaht taoliste noelte leiukohta -Kunilepa ja Keila peitleide Neist esimene mille Tallgren on dateerinud aasta 800 paiku (1925 10 jj) ei kujuta enesest ilmselt suletud leiukogumit nagu selgus inspektsioonist leiukohale ning vestlusest taluomaniku jareltulijatega vaid on kokku pandud pikema aja jooksul leitud esemetest Keila Ieid sisaldab lisaks alavariandi 12a noel ale kaht jamenevate otstega kaelav5ru rinnaketti koos keekandja ja vaheliilidega kolme spiraalsormust (neist kaks laia keskkeermega) ning spiraalkaev5ru (tahv IV) Ilmselt on osa leiust puudu kuna naiteks puudub rinnakee teine kinnitus (noel) Tallgren on dateerinud leiu 8 sajandisse (1925 81 tahv IV) voimalik et seoses Kunilepa Ieiu dateeringuga Arvestades eeskatt sarnaste kaelavorude sormuste ja kee vaheliilide esinemist ka hilisemates leiukompleksides julgeksin omalt poolt pakkuda leiu dateeringuks pigem 9 sajandi Nagu naitasid Soome v5rdlused pole taoline dateering valistatud ka Kunilepa leius sisalduvate rongaspeanoelte puhul

Ulejaanud Ieiukohtadest voib Asva kindlustatud asula kohal hiljem paiknenud asula dateerida 8- 9 sajandisse (Lougas amp Magi-Lougas 199432) Lehmja-Loo

kalme kuulub ilm osa 7 - 8 sajandis

Ariste on date rauaaja algllseni ( arvestada hilinem sealsed rongaspea dateerivad ka Seh dini (Schmiedehel

Arvestades oIt v5rdlusi datcerik 7 sajandiga Alatt eripara noeltega vahemalt osalisclt kolmnurkse kaelal hiljem aga nende ~

Viiikesi kolmm kalmetes klls nee( otsese mojuga balti lameda peaga noel

(Schmiedehelm 19 Kiicsolevas artil

ilmusid Eesti arheo dega kolmnurkpem varasematel seenek 1925 80) Siinkirj kujuli stel nuppudel erinevllst Kolmnur teks (lllgedes sim Uoon 3) kllid ka vahemalt osaliselt peaga nodad on viii

l oon 3 Koimnurkrca

Fig 3 End knobs of tl

Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 33

lidki selgelt soomeshyIdsoled) Et Soome otsekontakte Baltishyuurijad (Kivikoski

I on seega tegemist ud eksemplare voib kirjanduse andmetel 1522) ld Vaadeldes leiushylaanemeresoomlaste iimmarguste otstega us oigupoolest juba ristiham Eesti seni tahv X I) Tuleb estist (Edgren 1973 pea ja ristikujulise tekkinud ehtetiiiipi ela puhul (Hackman la pearonga sees on I seost hoopis baltishyikristpeaga noeltega

Eestis leitud kindlashygi merovingiaegseid alme millesse Vello a enamik hilisemaid mteksti I noelte leiukohta shyon dateerinud aasta

d leiukogumit nagu ~niku jareltulijatega Keila leid sisal dab vom rinnaketti koos 5 laia keskkeermega) kuna naiteks puudub 8 sajandisse (1925

il Arvestades eeskatt mist ka hilisemates dateeringuks pigem leering valistatud ka

hal hiljem paiknenud 194 32) Lehmja-Loo

kahne kuulub ilmselt vaid 7 sajandisse (L6ugas 1973 129) Presti kalme vastav osa 7- 8 sajandisse

Ariste on dateerinud Eesti r6ngaspcaga n6elad 7 sajandist kuni noorema rauaaja alguseni (1938 62) Ta leiab et kuna Eesti leiukomplekside puhul tuleks arvestada hilinemisega peaks Kunilepa leid parinema 10 sajandi algusest ning sealsed rongaspeaga n6e1ad muidugi koos sellega (op cit 60) Viitega temale dateerivad ka Schmiedehelm ja Selirand need millegiparast kuni 10- 11 sajanshydini (Schmiedehelm 1939136 SeIirand 1974 144)

Arvestades olemasolevaid leiusuhteid ning naabermaade eeskatt Soome v6rdlusi dateeriksin r6ngaspeaga noelte varasema variandi Eestis iiksnes 7 sajandiga Alates 8 sajandist asendusid taolised n6elad uute juba kohalikku eripara n6eltega Tundub usutavana et koik hilisema variandi n6elad olid vahemalt osaliselt kasutusel uheaegselt Ristikujulise laiendiga n6elu ning lihtsa kolmnurkse kaelaga n6elu kasutati veel ka viikingiaja alguses so 9 sajandil hiljem aga nende kandmise traditsioon haabus

Tlilip 2kolmnurkpeaga ehtenoelad

Vaikesi kolmnurkse pea ja selle aiuurse keskosaga n6elu esineb juba tarandshykalmetes kus need on dateeritavad rooma rauaaja teise poolde ning seletatavad otsese m6juga balti aladelt Veidi hiljem levi sid ka ilma otsanuppudeta kolmnurkse lameda peaga noelad mis balti eeskujude p6hjal v6ib dateerida 5-6 sajandisse (Schmiedehelm 19305-6 Tautaviciene 1981)

Kaesolevas artiklis kasitletakse vaid otsanuppudega kolmnurkpaiseid noelu mis ilmusid Eesti arheoloogiJisse materjali hiljemalt 7 sajandil Tallgren on otsanuppushydega kolmnurkpean6elu piiUdnud liigitada nuppude kuju jargi - tema arvates on varasematel seenekujulised hilisematel aga koonusekujulised otsanupud (Tallgren 1925 80) Siinkiljutaja ei pea taolist jaotust p6hjendatuks Seene- ja koonuseshykujulistcl nuppudel on raske vahetki teha voimatu oleks tuua valja mingit ajalist erinevust Kolmnurkpeaga n6elte otsanupud on kiill voimalik jagada seeneku julisshyteks (lugedes sinna alla ka koonusjamad eksemplarid) ja kUbarakujulisteks (joon 3) kuid ka scllise jaotuse puhul naivad molemad variandid olevat olnud vahemalt osaliselt samaaegsel kasutuseL Kuna rahvasterannuaegsed kolmnurkshypeaga n6elad on vaikesed kulges areng ilmselt uldjoontes vaiksemalt suuremale

~ Q G~ 1 2 3

Joon 3 Kolmnurkpeaga noelte otsanuppude variandid 1- seenekujulised 2 - koonu sekujuJiscd 3 - kUbarakujulised

Fig 3 End knobs or triangular-headed pins 1 mushroom-shaped 2 conic-shaped 3 hat-shaped

34 Marika Magi EeSli merovingi- ja VI

Variant 21 ornamentimata voi Iihtsa ornamendiga noelad

Sellesse varianti olen liigitanud 41 Eesti kolmnurkpeaga n6ela Mingit selgeshypiirilist tiipoloogiat v6imaldavat tunnust nende viiliskujus Ie ida ei 6nnestunud Olen seep~irast vaadelnud iiheaegselt mitut karakteristikut (otsanuppude kuju kaela kuju pea keskosa ehitus) mille omavahelistes seostes 6nnestus tuua valja moned seadusparad Kuna visuaalselt on koige silmatorkavam ilmselt noela pea keskosa kujundus kasitlen ornamentimata n6elu siinkohal selle jaotuse alusel

2la Siledapeaganoelad(tahv VI I 3)

Sileda kolmnurkse peaga noelad on nuppotsaliste kolmnurkpeaga noelte seas ilmselt iihed varasemad meenutades veel rahvasteriinnuaegseid ilma otsanuppushydeta n6elu Vaiksemad ja 6hemad eksemplarid kuuluvadki t6enaoliselt 5-6 sajandisse Merovingiaegseid on Eesti leidudest ilmselt viisteist Valja arvatud kaks eksemplari on need k6ik koonuse- v6i seenekujuliste otstega vaiksemad n6elad Uks Saaremaalt teadmata leiukohast parinev noel (AI K 848) on oma kettakujuliste otsalaiendite jiirgi otsustades kindlasti imporditud balti aladelt

2lb Ornamentimata kolmnurkse suvendiga noelad

Eelnevatega sarnanevad kolmnurkpeaga n6elad millel pea keskel on kolmshynurkne vahel iiksnes pea keskel asuva nupukesega kaunistatud ornamentimata siivend Eestist on taolisi teada iiheksa enamikus keskmise suurusega voi suureshymad eksemplarid Pooltel neist on kiibarakujulised otsanupud M6ne noela puhul (naiteks P6ide SM 146040 l L6ugas amp Magi-L6ugas 1994 tahv VI 2) on siivend olnud hobetatud

2 Ic Kontsentriliste kolmnurkadega ornamenditud noelad

Taolisi noelu on Eestist teada vaid neli Neist Viltina kalmest leitud noela (tahv IX 1) pead ehivad lisaks kontsentrilistele kolmnurkadele kaks loomashy(hobuse- )kujukest V6ib arvata et tegemist on impordiga kas Semgalliast v6i Kuramaalt

2 ld Kanditud kolmnurkse siivendiga noelad (tahv III 3-4 VI 2)

Eestist on teada 16 kanditud kolmnurkpeaga noela voi selle katket On iillashytav et taoliste noelte puhul peaaegll ei esine kUbarakujulisi otsanuppe vaid iihe Presti kalmest leitud noela (tahv III 3) otstest on iiks kiibara- teine seeneshykujuline Iseloomulike joontena sellele alavariandile voib ka m~irkida et k6ik need on keskmised v6i keskmisest suuremad noelad ning ka nende kael on paljudel juhtudel kanditud Uoon 4 4)

JOOI

Variant 22 leheku

Lehtomamendiga siivendiga naelte or lamed a pohjaga nin elemendist ornament

Olen siinkohal ki katket Paljud neist tundmine v6ib osutU( kiillaltki sarnane eg seadusparasid vaib sailinud

Lehtornamendiga 11 juhul esineb kam siivendiga n6elte plll viimastel kiibarakuju kolmnurkse siivendig

Marika Magi Eesti meroving i- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 35

Iiga nOelad

n6ela Mingit selgeshyleida ei 6nnestunud (otsanuppude kuju

t 6nnestus tuua valja 1m ilmselt n6ela pea le jaotuse alusel

1rkpeaga n6elte seas eid ilma otsanuppushyci t6enaoliselt 5-6 steist Viilja arvatud ~ otstega viiiksemad Al K 848) on oma tud balti aladelt

lJelad

ea keskel on kolmshyatud ornamentimata uurusega v6i suureshyI M6ne n6ela puhul 94 tahv VI 2) on

d Zoew

almest ieitucil noel a kadele kaks loomashykas Semgalliast voi

I 3-4 VI 2)

~lIe katket On iillashyotsanuppe vaid iihe ibara- tcine seeneshya markida et k6ik ka nende kael on

qzZZ) fraquo 31 2

W~ it 5

loon 4 Kaela ehitus variandi 21 koJrnnurkpeaga noeJlel

Fig 4 Neck of triangular-headed pins of variant 21

Variant 22 lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (tahv V 4-5 VII VIII 1-3)

Lehtornamendiga noelte kuju vastab taielikult kolmnurkpea ja kolmnurkse siivendiga noelte omale valja arvatud pea keskosa Kolmnurkne siivend on lameda p6hjaga ning seda ehib kolmest omavahel iihendatud lehekujulisest elemendist ornament Pea keskel on endiselt iimmargune nupp

Olen siinkohal kasitlenud 46 Eestist leitud lehtornamendiga n6ela v6i selle katket Paljud neist on tugevasti sulanud pronksiWkikesed milles n6ela arashytundmine voib osutuda kiillaltki raskeks Koigi teadaolevate n6elte pea ebitus on kiillaltki sarnane ega v6imalda nende tapsemat Jiigitamist kuid m6ningaid seadusparasid voib valja tuua noelte kaela ehituse pohjal juhul kui see on sailinud

Lehtornamendiga n6eltele on iseloomulikud kiibarakujulised otsanupud 1J juhul e-sineb kanditud kaela mis sarnaneb taielikult kanditud kolmnurkse siivendiga noelte puhul tavalise kanditud kaelaga Goon 5) Samas puudusid viimastel kiibarakujulised otsad peaaegu taielikult olles aga esindatud sileda kolmnurkse siivendiga n6elte juures Vaid iihel Maidla kalmest saadud lehtshy

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja36

ornamendiga n6elapaaril (AM 58031013102) esinevad koos kanditud kaelaga veel ka seenekujulised otsad ning Liivalt leitud n6elapaari (SM 93 1 2) otsanupud on seene- ja kiibarakujuliste vahepealsed Seega n~iib et morfoloogishyliselt on lehtornamendiga n6elad seotud nii sileda klli ka kanditud siivendiga peaga n6eltega Profileeritud kaelaga n6elad on lehtornamendiga eksemplaridest kahtlemata k6ige varasemad olles ilmselt kasutusel eespool mainitud noeltega vahemalt osaliselt samaaegselt

Joon 5 Kae la ehitus lehtornamendi ga nuppolsalistel kolmnurkpeaga noel tel

Fi g 5 Neck of triangular-headed pins wilh e nd knobs and leaf decoration

Trapetsi- voi poolkaarekujulise aasaga lehtornamendiga n6eltel on koi gil kiibarakujulised otsad Paljudel taolistel noeltel on ornamenditud ka tagakiilg alati iihe voi mitme silmakesega (tahv V 5) Kanditud kae laga eksemplaridest oli tagakiilg omamenditud vaid eespool mainitud Maidla kalmest sa3dud n6elashypaaril variandi 21 n6eltel pole tagakiilgc kunagi kaunistatud Noela tagakiilje mis ju nahtaval ei olnud omamcntimisel on ilmselt rituaalne Lihendus mis on arvatavasti seotud mingil teatu perioodil valitsenud arusaamadega

Omamendi kohta voib veel mark ida et osal trapetsi- v6i poolkaarekujulise aasaga n6eltel on pea raamitud pariinoorjoonega mis kaev6rude ja hoburaudshys61gede p6hjal otsustades on iseloomulik eeskatt 10 sajandile (Magi-Lougas 1994474-476 1995a 40-53)

Arutelu

Lisaks Eestil e olid kolmnurkpeaga n6elad lev inud pea miselt Leedus ja Latis Seenekujuliste otsanuppudega kolmnurkpeaga n6e lad on Leedus dateeritud 7shy9 sajandisse (Tautaviciene 1981 169) Tuleb siiski markida et p6hiosa sealseshytest n6eltest on kaunistatud Eesti omadest erincvalt Seega on 16una poolt parit siiski vaid idee n6elad ise aga kohalik toodang Latis ilmusid kolmnurkpeaga

n6eltele otsanupu noelapea keskosa kolmnurkpeaga nl va It kaunistatud liivlaste alai (Sno vaikest kolmnurkl 1 7-8) iiks lehto 198 I 73 The ROi

alalt leillid koll11ll1 Soomes peetak

need peamiselt m 99 joon 448 72 sileda kolmnurkse kaelaosa on sagel n6ela pea on kau Seega oligi see e Tiiiipiliselt eestipi meil vaid uks (Rw

Kiika kalmistu garnituur nagll 0

joon 448) Samas juures Ka Eestist noel (tahv III 4) kohal uml11argune poolse vastena v6 VIII 2) mille kae leide pole teada pt

Lehtornamendi maal Valjaspool E kirjandllse andmei 1929 joon 173-1 89 joon 8) Uhed katket Tegemist parased lehtornamt (Stromberg 1961 leitud veel kolmas 73 8) Uks 1ehtol linnllsest Taanis (r

iihtegi hobeeksem~ pronksist Taoline kasutllsel siiski ka I sai1inud ei ole ViiI

Marika Miigi Eesti merovilgi30

~~~ I I

I ( I I

~

Joon 2 Kaela ehitus hilisema variandi rongaspeanoeltel

Fig 2 Neck of ring-headed pins of the later variant 1-2 - variant [ 2a 3 - valiant [2b 4 - variant 12e

12c Ristikujulise laiendiga noelad (joan 2 4 tahv X 2-3)

Monel kolmnurkse kaela ristloikega noelal on kaela esiplaati tahistav iilemine moigas iisna pikk Piissi noelal on sellest kujunenud vaike poikharu mis voib olla arengulises seoses osal noeltel pearonga all esineva ristikujulise laiendiga Taolisi noelu on Eestist leitud kolm juhuleidudena Kuusalust ja Pajumaalt (AI 2827 AM 13419) ning Kunilepa peitleiust (AI 2483 16) Neid on peetud iilejaanutest hilisemaks ning spetsiifiliselt eestiparaseks (Tallgren 1925 81 Ariste 19385457-58 Kivikoski 197367 jt)

Arutelu

Rongakujulise peaga noelte idee on joudnud Eestisse balti hoimude alalt Eriti

rohkesti lei dub neid Semgallias samuti sellele kultuuriliselt lahedases Zemaitias Balti rongaspeaga noelad on vaikesed ja vordlemise Iihtsa kujuga olles seega Eesti vastavatele noeltele vaid prototiiiibiks Moned siit leitud vaikesed rongaspeanoelad kujutavadki enesest ilmselt otsest importi (nait Tomimae AI 4338 1117)

Rongaspeaga r 9 sajandisse n

Dsna levim parasteks ehetl Lihtsad rauast 114 Ranta 19~ ajast vahel ka Soomes on lei I

varustusega sc ritavate leidud( on tegemist val kujuliste laiend

Kogllni seit U skela Lllkkar sajandi alguse~

Iahedalt Halikk 29) Kaks sal hil ismerovingia

Hackman or ristikujulise lai poolt margiksin peaga noela m on teravovaalne des on tegemisl raudsoJe kaare on jame ning kl disse (Miigi-Lo Rahvusmuuseur

Ristikujulise ristloige on kas omamentimine toetu bki oletus pidas taolisi nl noelteJe (1925 erinevaid dateeri markis ta et la kanditud atstes iimmargllste voi kuna Soomes es Hackman 1938 iimarotsaline (na

Kivikoski and rongaspean6eJa (

Marika Magi EeSli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - v88raparasedja omad

~

In f

I I

fZIgt

I

It I2b 4 - variant J2c

X 2-3)

ti tahistav Ulemine toikharu mis voib kujulise laiendiga t ja Pajumaalt (AI Neid on peetud allgren 1925 81

10imude alalt Eriti hedases Zemaitias a olles seega Eesti xI r6ngaspean6elad Al 4338 1117)

Rongaspeaga noelad dateeritakse Zemaitias 7-8 sajandisse suured eksemplarid 9 sajandisse (Volkaite-Kulikauskiene 1970 168)

Osna levinud on r6ngaspeaga noel ad olnud Soomes kus neid peetakse eestishyparasteks eheteks (Hackman 1938 105-115 Lehtosalo-Hilander 1982 109 jt) Lihtsad rauast eksemplarid dateeritakse seal alati 7 sajandisse (Hackman 1938 114 Ranta 199642) Ka pronksnoelad parinevad Soomes peamiselt merovingishyajast vahel ka viikingiaja algusest Koige paremini dateeritav r6ngaspeaga noel Soomes on leitud Eura Pappilanmaki kalmistult 7 sajandi teise poole rikkaliku varustusega sojamehehauast koos r6ngaspeaga m66ga ja muude hasti dateeshyritavate leidudega (Salmo 1941 34-36) N6ela kaelal on iimarad m6ikad seega on tegemist variandiga mis morfoloogiliselt peaks eelnema eestiparastele rongashykujuliste laienditega n6eltele

Koguni seitse r6ngaspea ja ristikujulise laiendiga noela on saadud Soomest Uskela Lukkarinmaki kalmistult Ella Kivikoski on need seal dateerinud 9 sajandi algusesse (1942 16-17 pilt 2) Kolm samasugust n6ela sealtsamast tahedalt Halikko Mustamaki kalmistult v6ib dateerida samasse aega (op cit 22shy29) Kaks samast n6ela Liedo Haimionmiiki kalmistult parinevad selle hilismerovingiaegsest osast (Aroalho 1978 lisa 4)

Hackman on dateerinud Soomest leitud r6ngaspeaga n6elad 7- 8 sajandisse ristikujulise laiendiga eksemplarid aga viikingiaja algusesse (1938 114) Omalt poolt margiksin ka Lillmalmsbackeni p6letusmatustega kalmistult leitud r6ngasshypeaga n6ela mis kuulub siinsesse alavarianti 12a ning mille pear6nga ristl6ige on teravovaalne (KM 11284 17 Kivikoski 1973 joon 447) Kuju jargi otsustashydes on tegemist hilisema r6ngaspeaga noelaga N6e1 on leitud koos noa hobushyrauds61e kaare naaskli spiraals6rmuse ja savin6ukildudega Hoburaudsole kaar on jame ning kuuetahuline olles seega dateeritav k6ige t6enaolisemalt 9 sajanshydisse (Magi-L6ugas 1994) mis peaks kehtima ka n6ela kohta (andmed Soome Rahvusmuuseumi arheoloogiaosakonna arhiivist Helsingis)

Ristikujulise laiendiga n6elte pead pole kunagi h6betraadiga massitud pea ristl6ige on kas lame trapets v6i kolmnurk Sagedane on pea p6ikviirutusega omamentimine mida peetakse massingu imiteeringuks Neile vonni eriparadele toetubki oletus et nad on iilejaanud r6ngaspeaga n6eltest hilisemad TalJgren pidas taolisi noelu iileminekuvonniks rongaspeaga n6eltelt kaksikristpeaga n6eltele (1925 81) Arvestades nimetatud kahele n6elatiiiibile antud suuresti erinevaid dateeringuid ei n6ustunud Ariste selle seisukohaga Ohe p6hjendusena markis ta et lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga n6elte ristikujuline laiend on kanditud otstest kolmnurkse kujuga r6ngaspeaga n6e1te laiend aga alati iimmarguste v6i ovaaIsete otstega (1938 57 jj) Viimane vaide pole aga 6ige kuna Soomes esineb ka veidi kanditud ristiharudega rongaspeaga n6elu (nait Hackman 1938 joon 35) samuti on osade kaksikristpeaga n6elte alumine haru iimarotsaline (nait tahv X 6)

Kivikoski andmetel oli Soomest 1973 aastaks leitud 12 ristikujulise laiendiga r6ngaspean6eJa (1973 67) Eestist on aga taolisi teada vaid kolm Need on ieitud

31

Marilca Magi Eesti memvingi- ja32

rannikupiirkondadest ning Kunilepa leiust mis sisaldab muidki selgelt soomeshyparaseid esemeid (naiteks lameda kaarega varased hoburaudsoled) Et Soome merovingi- ja varaviikingiaegses leiumaterjalis on margata otsekontakte Baltishykumi lounapoolsema osaga on taheldanud mitmed seallsed uurijad (Kivikoski ] 941 Edgren 1973 jt) Ristikujulise laiendiga noelte puhul on seega tegemist soome- mitte eestiparase noelatiiiibiga ning iiksikuid siit leitud eksempJare voib suure toenaosusega pidada Soome impordiks Ka Latist on kirjanduse andmetel leitud vahemalt kaks taolist eksemplari (Snore 1930 tahv IX 15 22)

Miks siis ikkagi tekkis rongaspea alia ristikujuline laiend VaadeJdes Ieiushymaterjali tervikuna torkab silma et aasta 800 paiku olid laanemeresoomlaste juures moningal maaral kasutusel ka baltiparased lamedate iimmarguste otstega ristpeanoelad - ehtetiiiip mis siinse leiumaterjali hulka ilmus oigupoolest juba paarsada aastat varem Vahel oli nendel noeltel vaid kolm ristiharu Eesti seni ainuke selline noel on saadud juhuleiuna Raigastverest (tahv X 1) Tuleb markida et ka taolisi noelu on leitud rohkem Soomest kui Eestist (Edgren 1973 Ranta 1996 43-44) Voib-olla tuleks soomeparastes rongaspea ja ristikujulise laiendiga noeltes naha rist- ja rongaspeaga noelte koosmojul tekkinud ehtetiiiipi Kahe idee segunemine on selgelt naha iihe Liedo Sauvala noela puhul (Hackman 1938 joon 35) milles ristikujulise laiendiga rongaspeanoela pearonga sees on vaike ristpea Seega voib oletada selle omaparase ehteliigi seost hoopis baltishyparaste ristpeanoeltega ning nende samasust varaste kaksikristpeaga noeltega seletada iihiste eelkaijatega

Rongaspeaga noelte varasema variandi eksemplare pole Eestis leitud kind lashytest leiukompleksidest kiill aga kalmetest kus esineb teisigi merovingiaegseid leide Vast koige paremini dateeritud on neist Lehmja-Loo kalme millesse Vello Lougase arvates (1973) on maetud peamiselt 7 sajandil Ka enamik hilisemaid rongaspeanoelu on juhuleiud ega oma seetottu kindlat leiukonteksti

Suletud Ieidudena on kasitletud tavaliselt kaht taoliste noelte leiukohta -Kunilepa ja Keila peitleide Neist esimene mille Tallgren on dateerinud aasta 800 paiku (1925 10 jj) ei kujuta enesest ilmselt suletud leiukogumit nagu selgus inspektsioonist leiukohale ning vestlusest taluomaniku jareltulijatega vaid on kokku pandud pikema aja jooksul leitud esemetest Keila Ieid sisaldab lisaks alavariandi 12a noel ale kaht jamenevate otstega kaelav5ru rinnaketti koos keekandja ja vaheliilidega kolme spiraalsormust (neist kaks laia keskkeermega) ning spiraalkaev5ru (tahv IV) Ilmselt on osa leiust puudu kuna naiteks puudub rinnakee teine kinnitus (noel) Tallgren on dateerinud leiu 8 sajandisse (1925 81 tahv IV) voimalik et seoses Kunilepa Ieiu dateeringuga Arvestades eeskatt sarnaste kaelavorude sormuste ja kee vaheliilide esinemist ka hilisemates leiukompleksides julgeksin omalt poolt pakkuda leiu dateeringuks pigem 9 sajandi Nagu naitasid Soome v5rdlused pole taoline dateering valistatud ka Kunilepa leius sisalduvate rongaspeanoelte puhul

Ulejaanud Ieiukohtadest voib Asva kindlustatud asula kohal hiljem paiknenud asula dateerida 8- 9 sajandisse (Lougas amp Magi-Lougas 199432) Lehmja-Loo

kalme kuulub ilm osa 7 - 8 sajandis

Ariste on date rauaaja algllseni ( arvestada hilinem sealsed rongaspea dateerivad ka Seh dini (Schmiedehel

Arvestades oIt v5rdlusi datcerik 7 sajandiga Alatt eripara noeltega vahemalt osalisclt kolmnurkse kaelal hiljem aga nende ~

Viiikesi kolmm kalmetes klls nee( otsese mojuga balti lameda peaga noel

(Schmiedehelm 19 Kiicsolevas artil

ilmusid Eesti arheo dega kolmnurkpem varasematel seenek 1925 80) Siinkirj kujuli stel nuppudel erinevllst Kolmnur teks (lllgedes sim Uoon 3) kllid ka vahemalt osaliselt peaga nodad on viii

l oon 3 Koimnurkrca

Fig 3 End knobs of tl

Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 33

lidki selgelt soomeshyIdsoled) Et Soome otsekontakte Baltishyuurijad (Kivikoski

I on seega tegemist ud eksemplare voib kirjanduse andmetel 1522) ld Vaadeldes leiushylaanemeresoomlaste iimmarguste otstega us oigupoolest juba ristiham Eesti seni tahv X I) Tuleb estist (Edgren 1973 pea ja ristikujulise tekkinud ehtetiiiipi ela puhul (Hackman la pearonga sees on I seost hoopis baltishyikristpeaga noeltega

Eestis leitud kindlashygi merovingiaegseid alme millesse Vello a enamik hilisemaid mteksti I noelte leiukohta shyon dateerinud aasta

d leiukogumit nagu ~niku jareltulijatega Keila leid sisal dab vom rinnaketti koos 5 laia keskkeermega) kuna naiteks puudub 8 sajandisse (1925

il Arvestades eeskatt mist ka hilisemates dateeringuks pigem leering valistatud ka

hal hiljem paiknenud 194 32) Lehmja-Loo

kahne kuulub ilmselt vaid 7 sajandisse (L6ugas 1973 129) Presti kalme vastav osa 7- 8 sajandisse

Ariste on dateerinud Eesti r6ngaspcaga n6elad 7 sajandist kuni noorema rauaaja alguseni (1938 62) Ta leiab et kuna Eesti leiukomplekside puhul tuleks arvestada hilinemisega peaks Kunilepa leid parinema 10 sajandi algusest ning sealsed rongaspeaga n6e1ad muidugi koos sellega (op cit 60) Viitega temale dateerivad ka Schmiedehelm ja Selirand need millegiparast kuni 10- 11 sajanshydini (Schmiedehelm 1939136 SeIirand 1974 144)

Arvestades olemasolevaid leiusuhteid ning naabermaade eeskatt Soome v6rdlusi dateeriksin r6ngaspeaga noelte varasema variandi Eestis iiksnes 7 sajandiga Alates 8 sajandist asendusid taolised n6elad uute juba kohalikku eripara n6eltega Tundub usutavana et koik hilisema variandi n6elad olid vahemalt osaliselt kasutusel uheaegselt Ristikujulise laiendiga n6elu ning lihtsa kolmnurkse kaelaga n6elu kasutati veel ka viikingiaja alguses so 9 sajandil hiljem aga nende kandmise traditsioon haabus

Tlilip 2kolmnurkpeaga ehtenoelad

Vaikesi kolmnurkse pea ja selle aiuurse keskosaga n6elu esineb juba tarandshykalmetes kus need on dateeritavad rooma rauaaja teise poolde ning seletatavad otsese m6juga balti aladelt Veidi hiljem levi sid ka ilma otsanuppudeta kolmnurkse lameda peaga noelad mis balti eeskujude p6hjal v6ib dateerida 5-6 sajandisse (Schmiedehelm 19305-6 Tautaviciene 1981)

Kaesolevas artiklis kasitletakse vaid otsanuppudega kolmnurkpaiseid noelu mis ilmusid Eesti arheoloogiJisse materjali hiljemalt 7 sajandil Tallgren on otsanuppushydega kolmnurkpean6elu piiUdnud liigitada nuppude kuju jargi - tema arvates on varasematel seenekujulised hilisematel aga koonusekujulised otsanupud (Tallgren 1925 80) Siinkiljutaja ei pea taolist jaotust p6hjendatuks Seene- ja koonuseshykujulistcl nuppudel on raske vahetki teha voimatu oleks tuua valja mingit ajalist erinevust Kolmnurkpeaga n6elte otsanupud on kiill voimalik jagada seeneku julisshyteks (lugedes sinna alla ka koonusjamad eksemplarid) ja kUbarakujulisteks (joon 3) kuid ka scllise jaotuse puhul naivad molemad variandid olevat olnud vahemalt osaliselt samaaegsel kasutuseL Kuna rahvasterannuaegsed kolmnurkshypeaga n6elad on vaikesed kulges areng ilmselt uldjoontes vaiksemalt suuremale

~ Q G~ 1 2 3

Joon 3 Kolmnurkpeaga noelte otsanuppude variandid 1- seenekujulised 2 - koonu sekujuJiscd 3 - kUbarakujulised

Fig 3 End knobs or triangular-headed pins 1 mushroom-shaped 2 conic-shaped 3 hat-shaped

34 Marika Magi EeSli merovingi- ja VI

Variant 21 ornamentimata voi Iihtsa ornamendiga noelad

Sellesse varianti olen liigitanud 41 Eesti kolmnurkpeaga n6ela Mingit selgeshypiirilist tiipoloogiat v6imaldavat tunnust nende viiliskujus Ie ida ei 6nnestunud Olen seep~irast vaadelnud iiheaegselt mitut karakteristikut (otsanuppude kuju kaela kuju pea keskosa ehitus) mille omavahelistes seostes 6nnestus tuua valja moned seadusparad Kuna visuaalselt on koige silmatorkavam ilmselt noela pea keskosa kujundus kasitlen ornamentimata n6elu siinkohal selle jaotuse alusel

2la Siledapeaganoelad(tahv VI I 3)

Sileda kolmnurkse peaga noelad on nuppotsaliste kolmnurkpeaga noelte seas ilmselt iihed varasemad meenutades veel rahvasteriinnuaegseid ilma otsanuppushydeta n6elu Vaiksemad ja 6hemad eksemplarid kuuluvadki t6enaoliselt 5-6 sajandisse Merovingiaegseid on Eesti leidudest ilmselt viisteist Valja arvatud kaks eksemplari on need k6ik koonuse- v6i seenekujuliste otstega vaiksemad n6elad Uks Saaremaalt teadmata leiukohast parinev noel (AI K 848) on oma kettakujuliste otsalaiendite jiirgi otsustades kindlasti imporditud balti aladelt

2lb Ornamentimata kolmnurkse suvendiga noelad

Eelnevatega sarnanevad kolmnurkpeaga n6elad millel pea keskel on kolmshynurkne vahel iiksnes pea keskel asuva nupukesega kaunistatud ornamentimata siivend Eestist on taolisi teada iiheksa enamikus keskmise suurusega voi suureshymad eksemplarid Pooltel neist on kiibarakujulised otsanupud M6ne noela puhul (naiteks P6ide SM 146040 l L6ugas amp Magi-L6ugas 1994 tahv VI 2) on siivend olnud hobetatud

2 Ic Kontsentriliste kolmnurkadega ornamenditud noelad

Taolisi noelu on Eestist teada vaid neli Neist Viltina kalmest leitud noela (tahv IX 1) pead ehivad lisaks kontsentrilistele kolmnurkadele kaks loomashy(hobuse- )kujukest V6ib arvata et tegemist on impordiga kas Semgalliast v6i Kuramaalt

2 ld Kanditud kolmnurkse siivendiga noelad (tahv III 3-4 VI 2)

Eestist on teada 16 kanditud kolmnurkpeaga noela voi selle katket On iillashytav et taoliste noelte puhul peaaegll ei esine kUbarakujulisi otsanuppe vaid iihe Presti kalmest leitud noela (tahv III 3) otstest on iiks kiibara- teine seeneshykujuline Iseloomulike joontena sellele alavariandile voib ka m~irkida et k6ik need on keskmised v6i keskmisest suuremad noelad ning ka nende kael on paljudel juhtudel kanditud Uoon 4 4)

JOOI

Variant 22 leheku

Lehtomamendiga siivendiga naelte or lamed a pohjaga nin elemendist ornament

Olen siinkohal ki katket Paljud neist tundmine v6ib osutU( kiillaltki sarnane eg seadusparasid vaib sailinud

Lehtornamendiga 11 juhul esineb kam siivendiga n6elte plll viimastel kiibarakuju kolmnurkse siivendig

Marika Magi Eesti meroving i- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 35

Iiga nOelad

n6ela Mingit selgeshyleida ei 6nnestunud (otsanuppude kuju

t 6nnestus tuua valja 1m ilmselt n6ela pea le jaotuse alusel

1rkpeaga n6elte seas eid ilma otsanuppushyci t6enaoliselt 5-6 steist Viilja arvatud ~ otstega viiiksemad Al K 848) on oma tud balti aladelt

lJelad

ea keskel on kolmshyatud ornamentimata uurusega v6i suureshyI M6ne n6ela puhul 94 tahv VI 2) on

d Zoew

almest ieitucil noel a kadele kaks loomashykas Semgalliast voi

I 3-4 VI 2)

~lIe katket On iillashyotsanuppe vaid iihe ibara- tcine seeneshya markida et k6ik ka nende kael on

qzZZ) fraquo 31 2

W~ it 5

loon 4 Kaela ehitus variandi 21 koJrnnurkpeaga noeJlel

Fig 4 Neck of triangular-headed pins of variant 21

Variant 22 lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (tahv V 4-5 VII VIII 1-3)

Lehtornamendiga noelte kuju vastab taielikult kolmnurkpea ja kolmnurkse siivendiga noelte omale valja arvatud pea keskosa Kolmnurkne siivend on lameda p6hjaga ning seda ehib kolmest omavahel iihendatud lehekujulisest elemendist ornament Pea keskel on endiselt iimmargune nupp

Olen siinkohal kasitlenud 46 Eestist leitud lehtornamendiga n6ela v6i selle katket Paljud neist on tugevasti sulanud pronksiWkikesed milles n6ela arashytundmine voib osutuda kiillaltki raskeks Koigi teadaolevate n6elte pea ebitus on kiillaltki sarnane ega v6imalda nende tapsemat Jiigitamist kuid m6ningaid seadusparasid voib valja tuua noelte kaela ehituse pohjal juhul kui see on sailinud

Lehtornamendiga n6eltele on iseloomulikud kiibarakujulised otsanupud 1J juhul e-sineb kanditud kaela mis sarnaneb taielikult kanditud kolmnurkse siivendiga noelte puhul tavalise kanditud kaelaga Goon 5) Samas puudusid viimastel kiibarakujulised otsad peaaegu taielikult olles aga esindatud sileda kolmnurkse siivendiga n6elte juures Vaid iihel Maidla kalmest saadud lehtshy

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja36

ornamendiga n6elapaaril (AM 58031013102) esinevad koos kanditud kaelaga veel ka seenekujulised otsad ning Liivalt leitud n6elapaari (SM 93 1 2) otsanupud on seene- ja kiibarakujuliste vahepealsed Seega n~iib et morfoloogishyliselt on lehtornamendiga n6elad seotud nii sileda klli ka kanditud siivendiga peaga n6eltega Profileeritud kaelaga n6elad on lehtornamendiga eksemplaridest kahtlemata k6ige varasemad olles ilmselt kasutusel eespool mainitud noeltega vahemalt osaliselt samaaegselt

Joon 5 Kae la ehitus lehtornamendi ga nuppolsalistel kolmnurkpeaga noel tel

Fi g 5 Neck of triangular-headed pins wilh e nd knobs and leaf decoration

Trapetsi- voi poolkaarekujulise aasaga lehtornamendiga n6eltel on koi gil kiibarakujulised otsad Paljudel taolistel noeltel on ornamenditud ka tagakiilg alati iihe voi mitme silmakesega (tahv V 5) Kanditud kae laga eksemplaridest oli tagakiilg omamenditud vaid eespool mainitud Maidla kalmest sa3dud n6elashypaaril variandi 21 n6eltel pole tagakiilgc kunagi kaunistatud Noela tagakiilje mis ju nahtaval ei olnud omamcntimisel on ilmselt rituaalne Lihendus mis on arvatavasti seotud mingil teatu perioodil valitsenud arusaamadega

Omamendi kohta voib veel mark ida et osal trapetsi- v6i poolkaarekujulise aasaga n6eltel on pea raamitud pariinoorjoonega mis kaev6rude ja hoburaudshys61gede p6hjal otsustades on iseloomulik eeskatt 10 sajandile (Magi-Lougas 1994474-476 1995a 40-53)

Arutelu

Lisaks Eestil e olid kolmnurkpeaga n6elad lev inud pea miselt Leedus ja Latis Seenekujuliste otsanuppudega kolmnurkpeaga n6e lad on Leedus dateeritud 7shy9 sajandisse (Tautaviciene 1981 169) Tuleb siiski markida et p6hiosa sealseshytest n6eltest on kaunistatud Eesti omadest erincvalt Seega on 16una poolt parit siiski vaid idee n6elad ise aga kohalik toodang Latis ilmusid kolmnurkpeaga

n6eltele otsanupu noelapea keskosa kolmnurkpeaga nl va It kaunistatud liivlaste alai (Sno vaikest kolmnurkl 1 7-8) iiks lehto 198 I 73 The ROi

alalt leillid koll11ll1 Soomes peetak

need peamiselt m 99 joon 448 72 sileda kolmnurkse kaelaosa on sagel n6ela pea on kau Seega oligi see e Tiiiipiliselt eestipi meil vaid uks (Rw

Kiika kalmistu garnituur nagll 0

joon 448) Samas juures Ka Eestist noel (tahv III 4) kohal uml11argune poolse vastena v6 VIII 2) mille kae leide pole teada pt

Lehtornamendi maal Valjaspool E kirjandllse andmei 1929 joon 173-1 89 joon 8) Uhed katket Tegemist parased lehtornamt (Stromberg 1961 leitud veel kolmas 73 8) Uks 1ehtol linnllsest Taanis (r

iihtegi hobeeksem~ pronksist Taoline kasutllsel siiski ka I sai1inud ei ole ViiI

Marika Magi EeSli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - v88raparasedja omad

~

In f

I I

fZIgt

I

It I2b 4 - variant J2c

X 2-3)

ti tahistav Ulemine toikharu mis voib kujulise laiendiga t ja Pajumaalt (AI Neid on peetud allgren 1925 81

10imude alalt Eriti hedases Zemaitias a olles seega Eesti xI r6ngaspean6elad Al 4338 1117)

Rongaspeaga noelad dateeritakse Zemaitias 7-8 sajandisse suured eksemplarid 9 sajandisse (Volkaite-Kulikauskiene 1970 168)

Osna levinud on r6ngaspeaga noel ad olnud Soomes kus neid peetakse eestishyparasteks eheteks (Hackman 1938 105-115 Lehtosalo-Hilander 1982 109 jt) Lihtsad rauast eksemplarid dateeritakse seal alati 7 sajandisse (Hackman 1938 114 Ranta 199642) Ka pronksnoelad parinevad Soomes peamiselt merovingishyajast vahel ka viikingiaja algusest Koige paremini dateeritav r6ngaspeaga noel Soomes on leitud Eura Pappilanmaki kalmistult 7 sajandi teise poole rikkaliku varustusega sojamehehauast koos r6ngaspeaga m66ga ja muude hasti dateeshyritavate leidudega (Salmo 1941 34-36) N6ela kaelal on iimarad m6ikad seega on tegemist variandiga mis morfoloogiliselt peaks eelnema eestiparastele rongashykujuliste laienditega n6eltele

Koguni seitse r6ngaspea ja ristikujulise laiendiga noela on saadud Soomest Uskela Lukkarinmaki kalmistult Ella Kivikoski on need seal dateerinud 9 sajandi algusesse (1942 16-17 pilt 2) Kolm samasugust n6ela sealtsamast tahedalt Halikko Mustamaki kalmistult v6ib dateerida samasse aega (op cit 22shy29) Kaks samast n6ela Liedo Haimionmiiki kalmistult parinevad selle hilismerovingiaegsest osast (Aroalho 1978 lisa 4)

Hackman on dateerinud Soomest leitud r6ngaspeaga n6elad 7- 8 sajandisse ristikujulise laiendiga eksemplarid aga viikingiaja algusesse (1938 114) Omalt poolt margiksin ka Lillmalmsbackeni p6letusmatustega kalmistult leitud r6ngasshypeaga n6ela mis kuulub siinsesse alavarianti 12a ning mille pear6nga ristl6ige on teravovaalne (KM 11284 17 Kivikoski 1973 joon 447) Kuju jargi otsustashydes on tegemist hilisema r6ngaspeaga noelaga N6e1 on leitud koos noa hobushyrauds61e kaare naaskli spiraals6rmuse ja savin6ukildudega Hoburaudsole kaar on jame ning kuuetahuline olles seega dateeritav k6ige t6enaolisemalt 9 sajanshydisse (Magi-L6ugas 1994) mis peaks kehtima ka n6ela kohta (andmed Soome Rahvusmuuseumi arheoloogiaosakonna arhiivist Helsingis)

Ristikujulise laiendiga n6elte pead pole kunagi h6betraadiga massitud pea ristl6ige on kas lame trapets v6i kolmnurk Sagedane on pea p6ikviirutusega omamentimine mida peetakse massingu imiteeringuks Neile vonni eriparadele toetubki oletus et nad on iilejaanud r6ngaspeaga n6eltest hilisemad TalJgren pidas taolisi noelu iileminekuvonniks rongaspeaga n6eltelt kaksikristpeaga n6eltele (1925 81) Arvestades nimetatud kahele n6elatiiiibile antud suuresti erinevaid dateeringuid ei n6ustunud Ariste selle seisukohaga Ohe p6hjendusena markis ta et lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga n6elte ristikujuline laiend on kanditud otstest kolmnurkse kujuga r6ngaspeaga n6e1te laiend aga alati iimmarguste v6i ovaaIsete otstega (1938 57 jj) Viimane vaide pole aga 6ige kuna Soomes esineb ka veidi kanditud ristiharudega rongaspeaga n6elu (nait Hackman 1938 joon 35) samuti on osade kaksikristpeaga n6elte alumine haru iimarotsaline (nait tahv X 6)

Kivikoski andmetel oli Soomest 1973 aastaks leitud 12 ristikujulise laiendiga r6ngaspean6eJa (1973 67) Eestist on aga taolisi teada vaid kolm Need on ieitud

31

Marilca Magi Eesti memvingi- ja32

rannikupiirkondadest ning Kunilepa leiust mis sisaldab muidki selgelt soomeshyparaseid esemeid (naiteks lameda kaarega varased hoburaudsoled) Et Soome merovingi- ja varaviikingiaegses leiumaterjalis on margata otsekontakte Baltishykumi lounapoolsema osaga on taheldanud mitmed seallsed uurijad (Kivikoski ] 941 Edgren 1973 jt) Ristikujulise laiendiga noelte puhul on seega tegemist soome- mitte eestiparase noelatiiiibiga ning iiksikuid siit leitud eksempJare voib suure toenaosusega pidada Soome impordiks Ka Latist on kirjanduse andmetel leitud vahemalt kaks taolist eksemplari (Snore 1930 tahv IX 15 22)

Miks siis ikkagi tekkis rongaspea alia ristikujuline laiend VaadeJdes Ieiushymaterjali tervikuna torkab silma et aasta 800 paiku olid laanemeresoomlaste juures moningal maaral kasutusel ka baltiparased lamedate iimmarguste otstega ristpeanoelad - ehtetiiiip mis siinse leiumaterjali hulka ilmus oigupoolest juba paarsada aastat varem Vahel oli nendel noeltel vaid kolm ristiharu Eesti seni ainuke selline noel on saadud juhuleiuna Raigastverest (tahv X 1) Tuleb markida et ka taolisi noelu on leitud rohkem Soomest kui Eestist (Edgren 1973 Ranta 1996 43-44) Voib-olla tuleks soomeparastes rongaspea ja ristikujulise laiendiga noeltes naha rist- ja rongaspeaga noelte koosmojul tekkinud ehtetiiiipi Kahe idee segunemine on selgelt naha iihe Liedo Sauvala noela puhul (Hackman 1938 joon 35) milles ristikujulise laiendiga rongaspeanoela pearonga sees on vaike ristpea Seega voib oletada selle omaparase ehteliigi seost hoopis baltishyparaste ristpeanoeltega ning nende samasust varaste kaksikristpeaga noeltega seletada iihiste eelkaijatega

Rongaspeaga noelte varasema variandi eksemplare pole Eestis leitud kind lashytest leiukompleksidest kiill aga kalmetest kus esineb teisigi merovingiaegseid leide Vast koige paremini dateeritud on neist Lehmja-Loo kalme millesse Vello Lougase arvates (1973) on maetud peamiselt 7 sajandil Ka enamik hilisemaid rongaspeanoelu on juhuleiud ega oma seetottu kindlat leiukonteksti

Suletud Ieidudena on kasitletud tavaliselt kaht taoliste noelte leiukohta -Kunilepa ja Keila peitleide Neist esimene mille Tallgren on dateerinud aasta 800 paiku (1925 10 jj) ei kujuta enesest ilmselt suletud leiukogumit nagu selgus inspektsioonist leiukohale ning vestlusest taluomaniku jareltulijatega vaid on kokku pandud pikema aja jooksul leitud esemetest Keila Ieid sisaldab lisaks alavariandi 12a noel ale kaht jamenevate otstega kaelav5ru rinnaketti koos keekandja ja vaheliilidega kolme spiraalsormust (neist kaks laia keskkeermega) ning spiraalkaev5ru (tahv IV) Ilmselt on osa leiust puudu kuna naiteks puudub rinnakee teine kinnitus (noel) Tallgren on dateerinud leiu 8 sajandisse (1925 81 tahv IV) voimalik et seoses Kunilepa Ieiu dateeringuga Arvestades eeskatt sarnaste kaelavorude sormuste ja kee vaheliilide esinemist ka hilisemates leiukompleksides julgeksin omalt poolt pakkuda leiu dateeringuks pigem 9 sajandi Nagu naitasid Soome v5rdlused pole taoline dateering valistatud ka Kunilepa leius sisalduvate rongaspeanoelte puhul

Ulejaanud Ieiukohtadest voib Asva kindlustatud asula kohal hiljem paiknenud asula dateerida 8- 9 sajandisse (Lougas amp Magi-Lougas 199432) Lehmja-Loo

kalme kuulub ilm osa 7 - 8 sajandis

Ariste on date rauaaja algllseni ( arvestada hilinem sealsed rongaspea dateerivad ka Seh dini (Schmiedehel

Arvestades oIt v5rdlusi datcerik 7 sajandiga Alatt eripara noeltega vahemalt osalisclt kolmnurkse kaelal hiljem aga nende ~

Viiikesi kolmm kalmetes klls nee( otsese mojuga balti lameda peaga noel

(Schmiedehelm 19 Kiicsolevas artil

ilmusid Eesti arheo dega kolmnurkpem varasematel seenek 1925 80) Siinkirj kujuli stel nuppudel erinevllst Kolmnur teks (lllgedes sim Uoon 3) kllid ka vahemalt osaliselt peaga nodad on viii

l oon 3 Koimnurkrca

Fig 3 End knobs of tl

Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 33

lidki selgelt soomeshyIdsoled) Et Soome otsekontakte Baltishyuurijad (Kivikoski

I on seega tegemist ud eksemplare voib kirjanduse andmetel 1522) ld Vaadeldes leiushylaanemeresoomlaste iimmarguste otstega us oigupoolest juba ristiham Eesti seni tahv X I) Tuleb estist (Edgren 1973 pea ja ristikujulise tekkinud ehtetiiiipi ela puhul (Hackman la pearonga sees on I seost hoopis baltishyikristpeaga noeltega

Eestis leitud kindlashygi merovingiaegseid alme millesse Vello a enamik hilisemaid mteksti I noelte leiukohta shyon dateerinud aasta

d leiukogumit nagu ~niku jareltulijatega Keila leid sisal dab vom rinnaketti koos 5 laia keskkeermega) kuna naiteks puudub 8 sajandisse (1925

il Arvestades eeskatt mist ka hilisemates dateeringuks pigem leering valistatud ka

hal hiljem paiknenud 194 32) Lehmja-Loo

kahne kuulub ilmselt vaid 7 sajandisse (L6ugas 1973 129) Presti kalme vastav osa 7- 8 sajandisse

Ariste on dateerinud Eesti r6ngaspcaga n6elad 7 sajandist kuni noorema rauaaja alguseni (1938 62) Ta leiab et kuna Eesti leiukomplekside puhul tuleks arvestada hilinemisega peaks Kunilepa leid parinema 10 sajandi algusest ning sealsed rongaspeaga n6e1ad muidugi koos sellega (op cit 60) Viitega temale dateerivad ka Schmiedehelm ja Selirand need millegiparast kuni 10- 11 sajanshydini (Schmiedehelm 1939136 SeIirand 1974 144)

Arvestades olemasolevaid leiusuhteid ning naabermaade eeskatt Soome v6rdlusi dateeriksin r6ngaspeaga noelte varasema variandi Eestis iiksnes 7 sajandiga Alates 8 sajandist asendusid taolised n6elad uute juba kohalikku eripara n6eltega Tundub usutavana et koik hilisema variandi n6elad olid vahemalt osaliselt kasutusel uheaegselt Ristikujulise laiendiga n6elu ning lihtsa kolmnurkse kaelaga n6elu kasutati veel ka viikingiaja alguses so 9 sajandil hiljem aga nende kandmise traditsioon haabus

Tlilip 2kolmnurkpeaga ehtenoelad

Vaikesi kolmnurkse pea ja selle aiuurse keskosaga n6elu esineb juba tarandshykalmetes kus need on dateeritavad rooma rauaaja teise poolde ning seletatavad otsese m6juga balti aladelt Veidi hiljem levi sid ka ilma otsanuppudeta kolmnurkse lameda peaga noelad mis balti eeskujude p6hjal v6ib dateerida 5-6 sajandisse (Schmiedehelm 19305-6 Tautaviciene 1981)

Kaesolevas artiklis kasitletakse vaid otsanuppudega kolmnurkpaiseid noelu mis ilmusid Eesti arheoloogiJisse materjali hiljemalt 7 sajandil Tallgren on otsanuppushydega kolmnurkpean6elu piiUdnud liigitada nuppude kuju jargi - tema arvates on varasematel seenekujulised hilisematel aga koonusekujulised otsanupud (Tallgren 1925 80) Siinkiljutaja ei pea taolist jaotust p6hjendatuks Seene- ja koonuseshykujulistcl nuppudel on raske vahetki teha voimatu oleks tuua valja mingit ajalist erinevust Kolmnurkpeaga n6elte otsanupud on kiill voimalik jagada seeneku julisshyteks (lugedes sinna alla ka koonusjamad eksemplarid) ja kUbarakujulisteks (joon 3) kuid ka scllise jaotuse puhul naivad molemad variandid olevat olnud vahemalt osaliselt samaaegsel kasutuseL Kuna rahvasterannuaegsed kolmnurkshypeaga n6elad on vaikesed kulges areng ilmselt uldjoontes vaiksemalt suuremale

~ Q G~ 1 2 3

Joon 3 Kolmnurkpeaga noelte otsanuppude variandid 1- seenekujulised 2 - koonu sekujuJiscd 3 - kUbarakujulised

Fig 3 End knobs or triangular-headed pins 1 mushroom-shaped 2 conic-shaped 3 hat-shaped

34 Marika Magi EeSli merovingi- ja VI

Variant 21 ornamentimata voi Iihtsa ornamendiga noelad

Sellesse varianti olen liigitanud 41 Eesti kolmnurkpeaga n6ela Mingit selgeshypiirilist tiipoloogiat v6imaldavat tunnust nende viiliskujus Ie ida ei 6nnestunud Olen seep~irast vaadelnud iiheaegselt mitut karakteristikut (otsanuppude kuju kaela kuju pea keskosa ehitus) mille omavahelistes seostes 6nnestus tuua valja moned seadusparad Kuna visuaalselt on koige silmatorkavam ilmselt noela pea keskosa kujundus kasitlen ornamentimata n6elu siinkohal selle jaotuse alusel

2la Siledapeaganoelad(tahv VI I 3)

Sileda kolmnurkse peaga noelad on nuppotsaliste kolmnurkpeaga noelte seas ilmselt iihed varasemad meenutades veel rahvasteriinnuaegseid ilma otsanuppushydeta n6elu Vaiksemad ja 6hemad eksemplarid kuuluvadki t6enaoliselt 5-6 sajandisse Merovingiaegseid on Eesti leidudest ilmselt viisteist Valja arvatud kaks eksemplari on need k6ik koonuse- v6i seenekujuliste otstega vaiksemad n6elad Uks Saaremaalt teadmata leiukohast parinev noel (AI K 848) on oma kettakujuliste otsalaiendite jiirgi otsustades kindlasti imporditud balti aladelt

2lb Ornamentimata kolmnurkse suvendiga noelad

Eelnevatega sarnanevad kolmnurkpeaga n6elad millel pea keskel on kolmshynurkne vahel iiksnes pea keskel asuva nupukesega kaunistatud ornamentimata siivend Eestist on taolisi teada iiheksa enamikus keskmise suurusega voi suureshymad eksemplarid Pooltel neist on kiibarakujulised otsanupud M6ne noela puhul (naiteks P6ide SM 146040 l L6ugas amp Magi-L6ugas 1994 tahv VI 2) on siivend olnud hobetatud

2 Ic Kontsentriliste kolmnurkadega ornamenditud noelad

Taolisi noelu on Eestist teada vaid neli Neist Viltina kalmest leitud noela (tahv IX 1) pead ehivad lisaks kontsentrilistele kolmnurkadele kaks loomashy(hobuse- )kujukest V6ib arvata et tegemist on impordiga kas Semgalliast v6i Kuramaalt

2 ld Kanditud kolmnurkse siivendiga noelad (tahv III 3-4 VI 2)

Eestist on teada 16 kanditud kolmnurkpeaga noela voi selle katket On iillashytav et taoliste noelte puhul peaaegll ei esine kUbarakujulisi otsanuppe vaid iihe Presti kalmest leitud noela (tahv III 3) otstest on iiks kiibara- teine seeneshykujuline Iseloomulike joontena sellele alavariandile voib ka m~irkida et k6ik need on keskmised v6i keskmisest suuremad noelad ning ka nende kael on paljudel juhtudel kanditud Uoon 4 4)

JOOI

Variant 22 leheku

Lehtomamendiga siivendiga naelte or lamed a pohjaga nin elemendist ornament

Olen siinkohal ki katket Paljud neist tundmine v6ib osutU( kiillaltki sarnane eg seadusparasid vaib sailinud

Lehtornamendiga 11 juhul esineb kam siivendiga n6elte plll viimastel kiibarakuju kolmnurkse siivendig

Marika Magi Eesti meroving i- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 35

Iiga nOelad

n6ela Mingit selgeshyleida ei 6nnestunud (otsanuppude kuju

t 6nnestus tuua valja 1m ilmselt n6ela pea le jaotuse alusel

1rkpeaga n6elte seas eid ilma otsanuppushyci t6enaoliselt 5-6 steist Viilja arvatud ~ otstega viiiksemad Al K 848) on oma tud balti aladelt

lJelad

ea keskel on kolmshyatud ornamentimata uurusega v6i suureshyI M6ne n6ela puhul 94 tahv VI 2) on

d Zoew

almest ieitucil noel a kadele kaks loomashykas Semgalliast voi

I 3-4 VI 2)

~lIe katket On iillashyotsanuppe vaid iihe ibara- tcine seeneshya markida et k6ik ka nende kael on

qzZZ) fraquo 31 2

W~ it 5

loon 4 Kaela ehitus variandi 21 koJrnnurkpeaga noeJlel

Fig 4 Neck of triangular-headed pins of variant 21

Variant 22 lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (tahv V 4-5 VII VIII 1-3)

Lehtornamendiga noelte kuju vastab taielikult kolmnurkpea ja kolmnurkse siivendiga noelte omale valja arvatud pea keskosa Kolmnurkne siivend on lameda p6hjaga ning seda ehib kolmest omavahel iihendatud lehekujulisest elemendist ornament Pea keskel on endiselt iimmargune nupp

Olen siinkohal kasitlenud 46 Eestist leitud lehtornamendiga n6ela v6i selle katket Paljud neist on tugevasti sulanud pronksiWkikesed milles n6ela arashytundmine voib osutuda kiillaltki raskeks Koigi teadaolevate n6elte pea ebitus on kiillaltki sarnane ega v6imalda nende tapsemat Jiigitamist kuid m6ningaid seadusparasid voib valja tuua noelte kaela ehituse pohjal juhul kui see on sailinud

Lehtornamendiga n6eltele on iseloomulikud kiibarakujulised otsanupud 1J juhul e-sineb kanditud kaela mis sarnaneb taielikult kanditud kolmnurkse siivendiga noelte puhul tavalise kanditud kaelaga Goon 5) Samas puudusid viimastel kiibarakujulised otsad peaaegu taielikult olles aga esindatud sileda kolmnurkse siivendiga n6elte juures Vaid iihel Maidla kalmest saadud lehtshy

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja36

ornamendiga n6elapaaril (AM 58031013102) esinevad koos kanditud kaelaga veel ka seenekujulised otsad ning Liivalt leitud n6elapaari (SM 93 1 2) otsanupud on seene- ja kiibarakujuliste vahepealsed Seega n~iib et morfoloogishyliselt on lehtornamendiga n6elad seotud nii sileda klli ka kanditud siivendiga peaga n6eltega Profileeritud kaelaga n6elad on lehtornamendiga eksemplaridest kahtlemata k6ige varasemad olles ilmselt kasutusel eespool mainitud noeltega vahemalt osaliselt samaaegselt

Joon 5 Kae la ehitus lehtornamendi ga nuppolsalistel kolmnurkpeaga noel tel

Fi g 5 Neck of triangular-headed pins wilh e nd knobs and leaf decoration

Trapetsi- voi poolkaarekujulise aasaga lehtornamendiga n6eltel on koi gil kiibarakujulised otsad Paljudel taolistel noeltel on ornamenditud ka tagakiilg alati iihe voi mitme silmakesega (tahv V 5) Kanditud kae laga eksemplaridest oli tagakiilg omamenditud vaid eespool mainitud Maidla kalmest sa3dud n6elashypaaril variandi 21 n6eltel pole tagakiilgc kunagi kaunistatud Noela tagakiilje mis ju nahtaval ei olnud omamcntimisel on ilmselt rituaalne Lihendus mis on arvatavasti seotud mingil teatu perioodil valitsenud arusaamadega

Omamendi kohta voib veel mark ida et osal trapetsi- v6i poolkaarekujulise aasaga n6eltel on pea raamitud pariinoorjoonega mis kaev6rude ja hoburaudshys61gede p6hjal otsustades on iseloomulik eeskatt 10 sajandile (Magi-Lougas 1994474-476 1995a 40-53)

Arutelu

Lisaks Eestil e olid kolmnurkpeaga n6elad lev inud pea miselt Leedus ja Latis Seenekujuliste otsanuppudega kolmnurkpeaga n6e lad on Leedus dateeritud 7shy9 sajandisse (Tautaviciene 1981 169) Tuleb siiski markida et p6hiosa sealseshytest n6eltest on kaunistatud Eesti omadest erincvalt Seega on 16una poolt parit siiski vaid idee n6elad ise aga kohalik toodang Latis ilmusid kolmnurkpeaga

n6eltele otsanupu noelapea keskosa kolmnurkpeaga nl va It kaunistatud liivlaste alai (Sno vaikest kolmnurkl 1 7-8) iiks lehto 198 I 73 The ROi

alalt leillid koll11ll1 Soomes peetak

need peamiselt m 99 joon 448 72 sileda kolmnurkse kaelaosa on sagel n6ela pea on kau Seega oligi see e Tiiiipiliselt eestipi meil vaid uks (Rw

Kiika kalmistu garnituur nagll 0

joon 448) Samas juures Ka Eestist noel (tahv III 4) kohal uml11argune poolse vastena v6 VIII 2) mille kae leide pole teada pt

Lehtornamendi maal Valjaspool E kirjandllse andmei 1929 joon 173-1 89 joon 8) Uhed katket Tegemist parased lehtornamt (Stromberg 1961 leitud veel kolmas 73 8) Uks 1ehtol linnllsest Taanis (r

iihtegi hobeeksem~ pronksist Taoline kasutllsel siiski ka I sai1inud ei ole ViiI

Marilca Magi Eesti memvingi- ja32

rannikupiirkondadest ning Kunilepa leiust mis sisaldab muidki selgelt soomeshyparaseid esemeid (naiteks lameda kaarega varased hoburaudsoled) Et Soome merovingi- ja varaviikingiaegses leiumaterjalis on margata otsekontakte Baltishykumi lounapoolsema osaga on taheldanud mitmed seallsed uurijad (Kivikoski ] 941 Edgren 1973 jt) Ristikujulise laiendiga noelte puhul on seega tegemist soome- mitte eestiparase noelatiiiibiga ning iiksikuid siit leitud eksempJare voib suure toenaosusega pidada Soome impordiks Ka Latist on kirjanduse andmetel leitud vahemalt kaks taolist eksemplari (Snore 1930 tahv IX 15 22)

Miks siis ikkagi tekkis rongaspea alia ristikujuline laiend VaadeJdes Ieiushymaterjali tervikuna torkab silma et aasta 800 paiku olid laanemeresoomlaste juures moningal maaral kasutusel ka baltiparased lamedate iimmarguste otstega ristpeanoelad - ehtetiiiip mis siinse leiumaterjali hulka ilmus oigupoolest juba paarsada aastat varem Vahel oli nendel noeltel vaid kolm ristiharu Eesti seni ainuke selline noel on saadud juhuleiuna Raigastverest (tahv X 1) Tuleb markida et ka taolisi noelu on leitud rohkem Soomest kui Eestist (Edgren 1973 Ranta 1996 43-44) Voib-olla tuleks soomeparastes rongaspea ja ristikujulise laiendiga noeltes naha rist- ja rongaspeaga noelte koosmojul tekkinud ehtetiiiipi Kahe idee segunemine on selgelt naha iihe Liedo Sauvala noela puhul (Hackman 1938 joon 35) milles ristikujulise laiendiga rongaspeanoela pearonga sees on vaike ristpea Seega voib oletada selle omaparase ehteliigi seost hoopis baltishyparaste ristpeanoeltega ning nende samasust varaste kaksikristpeaga noeltega seletada iihiste eelkaijatega

Rongaspeaga noelte varasema variandi eksemplare pole Eestis leitud kind lashytest leiukompleksidest kiill aga kalmetest kus esineb teisigi merovingiaegseid leide Vast koige paremini dateeritud on neist Lehmja-Loo kalme millesse Vello Lougase arvates (1973) on maetud peamiselt 7 sajandil Ka enamik hilisemaid rongaspeanoelu on juhuleiud ega oma seetottu kindlat leiukonteksti

Suletud Ieidudena on kasitletud tavaliselt kaht taoliste noelte leiukohta -Kunilepa ja Keila peitleide Neist esimene mille Tallgren on dateerinud aasta 800 paiku (1925 10 jj) ei kujuta enesest ilmselt suletud leiukogumit nagu selgus inspektsioonist leiukohale ning vestlusest taluomaniku jareltulijatega vaid on kokku pandud pikema aja jooksul leitud esemetest Keila Ieid sisaldab lisaks alavariandi 12a noel ale kaht jamenevate otstega kaelav5ru rinnaketti koos keekandja ja vaheliilidega kolme spiraalsormust (neist kaks laia keskkeermega) ning spiraalkaev5ru (tahv IV) Ilmselt on osa leiust puudu kuna naiteks puudub rinnakee teine kinnitus (noel) Tallgren on dateerinud leiu 8 sajandisse (1925 81 tahv IV) voimalik et seoses Kunilepa Ieiu dateeringuga Arvestades eeskatt sarnaste kaelavorude sormuste ja kee vaheliilide esinemist ka hilisemates leiukompleksides julgeksin omalt poolt pakkuda leiu dateeringuks pigem 9 sajandi Nagu naitasid Soome v5rdlused pole taoline dateering valistatud ka Kunilepa leius sisalduvate rongaspeanoelte puhul

Ulejaanud Ieiukohtadest voib Asva kindlustatud asula kohal hiljem paiknenud asula dateerida 8- 9 sajandisse (Lougas amp Magi-Lougas 199432) Lehmja-Loo

kalme kuulub ilm osa 7 - 8 sajandis

Ariste on date rauaaja algllseni ( arvestada hilinem sealsed rongaspea dateerivad ka Seh dini (Schmiedehel

Arvestades oIt v5rdlusi datcerik 7 sajandiga Alatt eripara noeltega vahemalt osalisclt kolmnurkse kaelal hiljem aga nende ~

Viiikesi kolmm kalmetes klls nee( otsese mojuga balti lameda peaga noel

(Schmiedehelm 19 Kiicsolevas artil

ilmusid Eesti arheo dega kolmnurkpem varasematel seenek 1925 80) Siinkirj kujuli stel nuppudel erinevllst Kolmnur teks (lllgedes sim Uoon 3) kllid ka vahemalt osaliselt peaga nodad on viii

l oon 3 Koimnurkrca

Fig 3 End knobs of tl

Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 33

lidki selgelt soomeshyIdsoled) Et Soome otsekontakte Baltishyuurijad (Kivikoski

I on seega tegemist ud eksemplare voib kirjanduse andmetel 1522) ld Vaadeldes leiushylaanemeresoomlaste iimmarguste otstega us oigupoolest juba ristiham Eesti seni tahv X I) Tuleb estist (Edgren 1973 pea ja ristikujulise tekkinud ehtetiiiipi ela puhul (Hackman la pearonga sees on I seost hoopis baltishyikristpeaga noeltega

Eestis leitud kindlashygi merovingiaegseid alme millesse Vello a enamik hilisemaid mteksti I noelte leiukohta shyon dateerinud aasta

d leiukogumit nagu ~niku jareltulijatega Keila leid sisal dab vom rinnaketti koos 5 laia keskkeermega) kuna naiteks puudub 8 sajandisse (1925

il Arvestades eeskatt mist ka hilisemates dateeringuks pigem leering valistatud ka

hal hiljem paiknenud 194 32) Lehmja-Loo

kahne kuulub ilmselt vaid 7 sajandisse (L6ugas 1973 129) Presti kalme vastav osa 7- 8 sajandisse

Ariste on dateerinud Eesti r6ngaspcaga n6elad 7 sajandist kuni noorema rauaaja alguseni (1938 62) Ta leiab et kuna Eesti leiukomplekside puhul tuleks arvestada hilinemisega peaks Kunilepa leid parinema 10 sajandi algusest ning sealsed rongaspeaga n6e1ad muidugi koos sellega (op cit 60) Viitega temale dateerivad ka Schmiedehelm ja Selirand need millegiparast kuni 10- 11 sajanshydini (Schmiedehelm 1939136 SeIirand 1974 144)

Arvestades olemasolevaid leiusuhteid ning naabermaade eeskatt Soome v6rdlusi dateeriksin r6ngaspeaga noelte varasema variandi Eestis iiksnes 7 sajandiga Alates 8 sajandist asendusid taolised n6elad uute juba kohalikku eripara n6eltega Tundub usutavana et koik hilisema variandi n6elad olid vahemalt osaliselt kasutusel uheaegselt Ristikujulise laiendiga n6elu ning lihtsa kolmnurkse kaelaga n6elu kasutati veel ka viikingiaja alguses so 9 sajandil hiljem aga nende kandmise traditsioon haabus

Tlilip 2kolmnurkpeaga ehtenoelad

Vaikesi kolmnurkse pea ja selle aiuurse keskosaga n6elu esineb juba tarandshykalmetes kus need on dateeritavad rooma rauaaja teise poolde ning seletatavad otsese m6juga balti aladelt Veidi hiljem levi sid ka ilma otsanuppudeta kolmnurkse lameda peaga noelad mis balti eeskujude p6hjal v6ib dateerida 5-6 sajandisse (Schmiedehelm 19305-6 Tautaviciene 1981)

Kaesolevas artiklis kasitletakse vaid otsanuppudega kolmnurkpaiseid noelu mis ilmusid Eesti arheoloogiJisse materjali hiljemalt 7 sajandil Tallgren on otsanuppushydega kolmnurkpean6elu piiUdnud liigitada nuppude kuju jargi - tema arvates on varasematel seenekujulised hilisematel aga koonusekujulised otsanupud (Tallgren 1925 80) Siinkiljutaja ei pea taolist jaotust p6hjendatuks Seene- ja koonuseshykujulistcl nuppudel on raske vahetki teha voimatu oleks tuua valja mingit ajalist erinevust Kolmnurkpeaga n6elte otsanupud on kiill voimalik jagada seeneku julisshyteks (lugedes sinna alla ka koonusjamad eksemplarid) ja kUbarakujulisteks (joon 3) kuid ka scllise jaotuse puhul naivad molemad variandid olevat olnud vahemalt osaliselt samaaegsel kasutuseL Kuna rahvasterannuaegsed kolmnurkshypeaga n6elad on vaikesed kulges areng ilmselt uldjoontes vaiksemalt suuremale

~ Q G~ 1 2 3

Joon 3 Kolmnurkpeaga noelte otsanuppude variandid 1- seenekujulised 2 - koonu sekujuJiscd 3 - kUbarakujulised

Fig 3 End knobs or triangular-headed pins 1 mushroom-shaped 2 conic-shaped 3 hat-shaped

34 Marika Magi EeSli merovingi- ja VI

Variant 21 ornamentimata voi Iihtsa ornamendiga noelad

Sellesse varianti olen liigitanud 41 Eesti kolmnurkpeaga n6ela Mingit selgeshypiirilist tiipoloogiat v6imaldavat tunnust nende viiliskujus Ie ida ei 6nnestunud Olen seep~irast vaadelnud iiheaegselt mitut karakteristikut (otsanuppude kuju kaela kuju pea keskosa ehitus) mille omavahelistes seostes 6nnestus tuua valja moned seadusparad Kuna visuaalselt on koige silmatorkavam ilmselt noela pea keskosa kujundus kasitlen ornamentimata n6elu siinkohal selle jaotuse alusel

2la Siledapeaganoelad(tahv VI I 3)

Sileda kolmnurkse peaga noelad on nuppotsaliste kolmnurkpeaga noelte seas ilmselt iihed varasemad meenutades veel rahvasteriinnuaegseid ilma otsanuppushydeta n6elu Vaiksemad ja 6hemad eksemplarid kuuluvadki t6enaoliselt 5-6 sajandisse Merovingiaegseid on Eesti leidudest ilmselt viisteist Valja arvatud kaks eksemplari on need k6ik koonuse- v6i seenekujuliste otstega vaiksemad n6elad Uks Saaremaalt teadmata leiukohast parinev noel (AI K 848) on oma kettakujuliste otsalaiendite jiirgi otsustades kindlasti imporditud balti aladelt

2lb Ornamentimata kolmnurkse suvendiga noelad

Eelnevatega sarnanevad kolmnurkpeaga n6elad millel pea keskel on kolmshynurkne vahel iiksnes pea keskel asuva nupukesega kaunistatud ornamentimata siivend Eestist on taolisi teada iiheksa enamikus keskmise suurusega voi suureshymad eksemplarid Pooltel neist on kiibarakujulised otsanupud M6ne noela puhul (naiteks P6ide SM 146040 l L6ugas amp Magi-L6ugas 1994 tahv VI 2) on siivend olnud hobetatud

2 Ic Kontsentriliste kolmnurkadega ornamenditud noelad

Taolisi noelu on Eestist teada vaid neli Neist Viltina kalmest leitud noela (tahv IX 1) pead ehivad lisaks kontsentrilistele kolmnurkadele kaks loomashy(hobuse- )kujukest V6ib arvata et tegemist on impordiga kas Semgalliast v6i Kuramaalt

2 ld Kanditud kolmnurkse siivendiga noelad (tahv III 3-4 VI 2)

Eestist on teada 16 kanditud kolmnurkpeaga noela voi selle katket On iillashytav et taoliste noelte puhul peaaegll ei esine kUbarakujulisi otsanuppe vaid iihe Presti kalmest leitud noela (tahv III 3) otstest on iiks kiibara- teine seeneshykujuline Iseloomulike joontena sellele alavariandile voib ka m~irkida et k6ik need on keskmised v6i keskmisest suuremad noelad ning ka nende kael on paljudel juhtudel kanditud Uoon 4 4)

JOOI

Variant 22 leheku

Lehtomamendiga siivendiga naelte or lamed a pohjaga nin elemendist ornament

Olen siinkohal ki katket Paljud neist tundmine v6ib osutU( kiillaltki sarnane eg seadusparasid vaib sailinud

Lehtornamendiga 11 juhul esineb kam siivendiga n6elte plll viimastel kiibarakuju kolmnurkse siivendig

Marika Magi Eesti meroving i- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 35

Iiga nOelad

n6ela Mingit selgeshyleida ei 6nnestunud (otsanuppude kuju

t 6nnestus tuua valja 1m ilmselt n6ela pea le jaotuse alusel

1rkpeaga n6elte seas eid ilma otsanuppushyci t6enaoliselt 5-6 steist Viilja arvatud ~ otstega viiiksemad Al K 848) on oma tud balti aladelt

lJelad

ea keskel on kolmshyatud ornamentimata uurusega v6i suureshyI M6ne n6ela puhul 94 tahv VI 2) on

d Zoew

almest ieitucil noel a kadele kaks loomashykas Semgalliast voi

I 3-4 VI 2)

~lIe katket On iillashyotsanuppe vaid iihe ibara- tcine seeneshya markida et k6ik ka nende kael on

qzZZ) fraquo 31 2

W~ it 5

loon 4 Kaela ehitus variandi 21 koJrnnurkpeaga noeJlel

Fig 4 Neck of triangular-headed pins of variant 21

Variant 22 lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (tahv V 4-5 VII VIII 1-3)

Lehtornamendiga noelte kuju vastab taielikult kolmnurkpea ja kolmnurkse siivendiga noelte omale valja arvatud pea keskosa Kolmnurkne siivend on lameda p6hjaga ning seda ehib kolmest omavahel iihendatud lehekujulisest elemendist ornament Pea keskel on endiselt iimmargune nupp

Olen siinkohal kasitlenud 46 Eestist leitud lehtornamendiga n6ela v6i selle katket Paljud neist on tugevasti sulanud pronksiWkikesed milles n6ela arashytundmine voib osutuda kiillaltki raskeks Koigi teadaolevate n6elte pea ebitus on kiillaltki sarnane ega v6imalda nende tapsemat Jiigitamist kuid m6ningaid seadusparasid voib valja tuua noelte kaela ehituse pohjal juhul kui see on sailinud

Lehtornamendiga n6eltele on iseloomulikud kiibarakujulised otsanupud 1J juhul e-sineb kanditud kaela mis sarnaneb taielikult kanditud kolmnurkse siivendiga noelte puhul tavalise kanditud kaelaga Goon 5) Samas puudusid viimastel kiibarakujulised otsad peaaegu taielikult olles aga esindatud sileda kolmnurkse siivendiga n6elte juures Vaid iihel Maidla kalmest saadud lehtshy

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja36

ornamendiga n6elapaaril (AM 58031013102) esinevad koos kanditud kaelaga veel ka seenekujulised otsad ning Liivalt leitud n6elapaari (SM 93 1 2) otsanupud on seene- ja kiibarakujuliste vahepealsed Seega n~iib et morfoloogishyliselt on lehtornamendiga n6elad seotud nii sileda klli ka kanditud siivendiga peaga n6eltega Profileeritud kaelaga n6elad on lehtornamendiga eksemplaridest kahtlemata k6ige varasemad olles ilmselt kasutusel eespool mainitud noeltega vahemalt osaliselt samaaegselt

Joon 5 Kae la ehitus lehtornamendi ga nuppolsalistel kolmnurkpeaga noel tel

Fi g 5 Neck of triangular-headed pins wilh e nd knobs and leaf decoration

Trapetsi- voi poolkaarekujulise aasaga lehtornamendiga n6eltel on koi gil kiibarakujulised otsad Paljudel taolistel noeltel on ornamenditud ka tagakiilg alati iihe voi mitme silmakesega (tahv V 5) Kanditud kae laga eksemplaridest oli tagakiilg omamenditud vaid eespool mainitud Maidla kalmest sa3dud n6elashypaaril variandi 21 n6eltel pole tagakiilgc kunagi kaunistatud Noela tagakiilje mis ju nahtaval ei olnud omamcntimisel on ilmselt rituaalne Lihendus mis on arvatavasti seotud mingil teatu perioodil valitsenud arusaamadega

Omamendi kohta voib veel mark ida et osal trapetsi- v6i poolkaarekujulise aasaga n6eltel on pea raamitud pariinoorjoonega mis kaev6rude ja hoburaudshys61gede p6hjal otsustades on iseloomulik eeskatt 10 sajandile (Magi-Lougas 1994474-476 1995a 40-53)

Arutelu

Lisaks Eestil e olid kolmnurkpeaga n6elad lev inud pea miselt Leedus ja Latis Seenekujuliste otsanuppudega kolmnurkpeaga n6e lad on Leedus dateeritud 7shy9 sajandisse (Tautaviciene 1981 169) Tuleb siiski markida et p6hiosa sealseshytest n6eltest on kaunistatud Eesti omadest erincvalt Seega on 16una poolt parit siiski vaid idee n6elad ise aga kohalik toodang Latis ilmusid kolmnurkpeaga

n6eltele otsanupu noelapea keskosa kolmnurkpeaga nl va It kaunistatud liivlaste alai (Sno vaikest kolmnurkl 1 7-8) iiks lehto 198 I 73 The ROi

alalt leillid koll11ll1 Soomes peetak

need peamiselt m 99 joon 448 72 sileda kolmnurkse kaelaosa on sagel n6ela pea on kau Seega oligi see e Tiiiipiliselt eestipi meil vaid uks (Rw

Kiika kalmistu garnituur nagll 0

joon 448) Samas juures Ka Eestist noel (tahv III 4) kohal uml11argune poolse vastena v6 VIII 2) mille kae leide pole teada pt

Lehtornamendi maal Valjaspool E kirjandllse andmei 1929 joon 173-1 89 joon 8) Uhed katket Tegemist parased lehtornamt (Stromberg 1961 leitud veel kolmas 73 8) Uks 1ehtol linnllsest Taanis (r

iihtegi hobeeksem~ pronksist Taoline kasutllsel siiski ka I sai1inud ei ole ViiI

Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 33

lidki selgelt soomeshyIdsoled) Et Soome otsekontakte Baltishyuurijad (Kivikoski

I on seega tegemist ud eksemplare voib kirjanduse andmetel 1522) ld Vaadeldes leiushylaanemeresoomlaste iimmarguste otstega us oigupoolest juba ristiham Eesti seni tahv X I) Tuleb estist (Edgren 1973 pea ja ristikujulise tekkinud ehtetiiiipi ela puhul (Hackman la pearonga sees on I seost hoopis baltishyikristpeaga noeltega

Eestis leitud kindlashygi merovingiaegseid alme millesse Vello a enamik hilisemaid mteksti I noelte leiukohta shyon dateerinud aasta

d leiukogumit nagu ~niku jareltulijatega Keila leid sisal dab vom rinnaketti koos 5 laia keskkeermega) kuna naiteks puudub 8 sajandisse (1925

il Arvestades eeskatt mist ka hilisemates dateeringuks pigem leering valistatud ka

hal hiljem paiknenud 194 32) Lehmja-Loo

kahne kuulub ilmselt vaid 7 sajandisse (L6ugas 1973 129) Presti kalme vastav osa 7- 8 sajandisse

Ariste on dateerinud Eesti r6ngaspcaga n6elad 7 sajandist kuni noorema rauaaja alguseni (1938 62) Ta leiab et kuna Eesti leiukomplekside puhul tuleks arvestada hilinemisega peaks Kunilepa leid parinema 10 sajandi algusest ning sealsed rongaspeaga n6e1ad muidugi koos sellega (op cit 60) Viitega temale dateerivad ka Schmiedehelm ja Selirand need millegiparast kuni 10- 11 sajanshydini (Schmiedehelm 1939136 SeIirand 1974 144)

Arvestades olemasolevaid leiusuhteid ning naabermaade eeskatt Soome v6rdlusi dateeriksin r6ngaspeaga noelte varasema variandi Eestis iiksnes 7 sajandiga Alates 8 sajandist asendusid taolised n6elad uute juba kohalikku eripara n6eltega Tundub usutavana et koik hilisema variandi n6elad olid vahemalt osaliselt kasutusel uheaegselt Ristikujulise laiendiga n6elu ning lihtsa kolmnurkse kaelaga n6elu kasutati veel ka viikingiaja alguses so 9 sajandil hiljem aga nende kandmise traditsioon haabus

Tlilip 2kolmnurkpeaga ehtenoelad

Vaikesi kolmnurkse pea ja selle aiuurse keskosaga n6elu esineb juba tarandshykalmetes kus need on dateeritavad rooma rauaaja teise poolde ning seletatavad otsese m6juga balti aladelt Veidi hiljem levi sid ka ilma otsanuppudeta kolmnurkse lameda peaga noelad mis balti eeskujude p6hjal v6ib dateerida 5-6 sajandisse (Schmiedehelm 19305-6 Tautaviciene 1981)

Kaesolevas artiklis kasitletakse vaid otsanuppudega kolmnurkpaiseid noelu mis ilmusid Eesti arheoloogiJisse materjali hiljemalt 7 sajandil Tallgren on otsanuppushydega kolmnurkpean6elu piiUdnud liigitada nuppude kuju jargi - tema arvates on varasematel seenekujulised hilisematel aga koonusekujulised otsanupud (Tallgren 1925 80) Siinkiljutaja ei pea taolist jaotust p6hjendatuks Seene- ja koonuseshykujulistcl nuppudel on raske vahetki teha voimatu oleks tuua valja mingit ajalist erinevust Kolmnurkpeaga n6elte otsanupud on kiill voimalik jagada seeneku julisshyteks (lugedes sinna alla ka koonusjamad eksemplarid) ja kUbarakujulisteks (joon 3) kuid ka scllise jaotuse puhul naivad molemad variandid olevat olnud vahemalt osaliselt samaaegsel kasutuseL Kuna rahvasterannuaegsed kolmnurkshypeaga n6elad on vaikesed kulges areng ilmselt uldjoontes vaiksemalt suuremale

~ Q G~ 1 2 3

Joon 3 Kolmnurkpeaga noelte otsanuppude variandid 1- seenekujulised 2 - koonu sekujuJiscd 3 - kUbarakujulised

Fig 3 End knobs or triangular-headed pins 1 mushroom-shaped 2 conic-shaped 3 hat-shaped

34 Marika Magi EeSli merovingi- ja VI

Variant 21 ornamentimata voi Iihtsa ornamendiga noelad

Sellesse varianti olen liigitanud 41 Eesti kolmnurkpeaga n6ela Mingit selgeshypiirilist tiipoloogiat v6imaldavat tunnust nende viiliskujus Ie ida ei 6nnestunud Olen seep~irast vaadelnud iiheaegselt mitut karakteristikut (otsanuppude kuju kaela kuju pea keskosa ehitus) mille omavahelistes seostes 6nnestus tuua valja moned seadusparad Kuna visuaalselt on koige silmatorkavam ilmselt noela pea keskosa kujundus kasitlen ornamentimata n6elu siinkohal selle jaotuse alusel

2la Siledapeaganoelad(tahv VI I 3)

Sileda kolmnurkse peaga noelad on nuppotsaliste kolmnurkpeaga noelte seas ilmselt iihed varasemad meenutades veel rahvasteriinnuaegseid ilma otsanuppushydeta n6elu Vaiksemad ja 6hemad eksemplarid kuuluvadki t6enaoliselt 5-6 sajandisse Merovingiaegseid on Eesti leidudest ilmselt viisteist Valja arvatud kaks eksemplari on need k6ik koonuse- v6i seenekujuliste otstega vaiksemad n6elad Uks Saaremaalt teadmata leiukohast parinev noel (AI K 848) on oma kettakujuliste otsalaiendite jiirgi otsustades kindlasti imporditud balti aladelt

2lb Ornamentimata kolmnurkse suvendiga noelad

Eelnevatega sarnanevad kolmnurkpeaga n6elad millel pea keskel on kolmshynurkne vahel iiksnes pea keskel asuva nupukesega kaunistatud ornamentimata siivend Eestist on taolisi teada iiheksa enamikus keskmise suurusega voi suureshymad eksemplarid Pooltel neist on kiibarakujulised otsanupud M6ne noela puhul (naiteks P6ide SM 146040 l L6ugas amp Magi-L6ugas 1994 tahv VI 2) on siivend olnud hobetatud

2 Ic Kontsentriliste kolmnurkadega ornamenditud noelad

Taolisi noelu on Eestist teada vaid neli Neist Viltina kalmest leitud noela (tahv IX 1) pead ehivad lisaks kontsentrilistele kolmnurkadele kaks loomashy(hobuse- )kujukest V6ib arvata et tegemist on impordiga kas Semgalliast v6i Kuramaalt

2 ld Kanditud kolmnurkse siivendiga noelad (tahv III 3-4 VI 2)

Eestist on teada 16 kanditud kolmnurkpeaga noela voi selle katket On iillashytav et taoliste noelte puhul peaaegll ei esine kUbarakujulisi otsanuppe vaid iihe Presti kalmest leitud noela (tahv III 3) otstest on iiks kiibara- teine seeneshykujuline Iseloomulike joontena sellele alavariandile voib ka m~irkida et k6ik need on keskmised v6i keskmisest suuremad noelad ning ka nende kael on paljudel juhtudel kanditud Uoon 4 4)

JOOI

Variant 22 leheku

Lehtomamendiga siivendiga naelte or lamed a pohjaga nin elemendist ornament

Olen siinkohal ki katket Paljud neist tundmine v6ib osutU( kiillaltki sarnane eg seadusparasid vaib sailinud

Lehtornamendiga 11 juhul esineb kam siivendiga n6elte plll viimastel kiibarakuju kolmnurkse siivendig

Marika Magi Eesti meroving i- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 35

Iiga nOelad

n6ela Mingit selgeshyleida ei 6nnestunud (otsanuppude kuju

t 6nnestus tuua valja 1m ilmselt n6ela pea le jaotuse alusel

1rkpeaga n6elte seas eid ilma otsanuppushyci t6enaoliselt 5-6 steist Viilja arvatud ~ otstega viiiksemad Al K 848) on oma tud balti aladelt

lJelad

ea keskel on kolmshyatud ornamentimata uurusega v6i suureshyI M6ne n6ela puhul 94 tahv VI 2) on

d Zoew

almest ieitucil noel a kadele kaks loomashykas Semgalliast voi

I 3-4 VI 2)

~lIe katket On iillashyotsanuppe vaid iihe ibara- tcine seeneshya markida et k6ik ka nende kael on

qzZZ) fraquo 31 2

W~ it 5

loon 4 Kaela ehitus variandi 21 koJrnnurkpeaga noeJlel

Fig 4 Neck of triangular-headed pins of variant 21

Variant 22 lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (tahv V 4-5 VII VIII 1-3)

Lehtornamendiga noelte kuju vastab taielikult kolmnurkpea ja kolmnurkse siivendiga noelte omale valja arvatud pea keskosa Kolmnurkne siivend on lameda p6hjaga ning seda ehib kolmest omavahel iihendatud lehekujulisest elemendist ornament Pea keskel on endiselt iimmargune nupp

Olen siinkohal kasitlenud 46 Eestist leitud lehtornamendiga n6ela v6i selle katket Paljud neist on tugevasti sulanud pronksiWkikesed milles n6ela arashytundmine voib osutuda kiillaltki raskeks Koigi teadaolevate n6elte pea ebitus on kiillaltki sarnane ega v6imalda nende tapsemat Jiigitamist kuid m6ningaid seadusparasid voib valja tuua noelte kaela ehituse pohjal juhul kui see on sailinud

Lehtornamendiga n6eltele on iseloomulikud kiibarakujulised otsanupud 1J juhul e-sineb kanditud kaela mis sarnaneb taielikult kanditud kolmnurkse siivendiga noelte puhul tavalise kanditud kaelaga Goon 5) Samas puudusid viimastel kiibarakujulised otsad peaaegu taielikult olles aga esindatud sileda kolmnurkse siivendiga n6elte juures Vaid iihel Maidla kalmest saadud lehtshy

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja36

ornamendiga n6elapaaril (AM 58031013102) esinevad koos kanditud kaelaga veel ka seenekujulised otsad ning Liivalt leitud n6elapaari (SM 93 1 2) otsanupud on seene- ja kiibarakujuliste vahepealsed Seega n~iib et morfoloogishyliselt on lehtornamendiga n6elad seotud nii sileda klli ka kanditud siivendiga peaga n6eltega Profileeritud kaelaga n6elad on lehtornamendiga eksemplaridest kahtlemata k6ige varasemad olles ilmselt kasutusel eespool mainitud noeltega vahemalt osaliselt samaaegselt

Joon 5 Kae la ehitus lehtornamendi ga nuppolsalistel kolmnurkpeaga noel tel

Fi g 5 Neck of triangular-headed pins wilh e nd knobs and leaf decoration

Trapetsi- voi poolkaarekujulise aasaga lehtornamendiga n6eltel on koi gil kiibarakujulised otsad Paljudel taolistel noeltel on ornamenditud ka tagakiilg alati iihe voi mitme silmakesega (tahv V 5) Kanditud kae laga eksemplaridest oli tagakiilg omamenditud vaid eespool mainitud Maidla kalmest sa3dud n6elashypaaril variandi 21 n6eltel pole tagakiilgc kunagi kaunistatud Noela tagakiilje mis ju nahtaval ei olnud omamcntimisel on ilmselt rituaalne Lihendus mis on arvatavasti seotud mingil teatu perioodil valitsenud arusaamadega

Omamendi kohta voib veel mark ida et osal trapetsi- v6i poolkaarekujulise aasaga n6eltel on pea raamitud pariinoorjoonega mis kaev6rude ja hoburaudshys61gede p6hjal otsustades on iseloomulik eeskatt 10 sajandile (Magi-Lougas 1994474-476 1995a 40-53)

Arutelu

Lisaks Eestil e olid kolmnurkpeaga n6elad lev inud pea miselt Leedus ja Latis Seenekujuliste otsanuppudega kolmnurkpeaga n6e lad on Leedus dateeritud 7shy9 sajandisse (Tautaviciene 1981 169) Tuleb siiski markida et p6hiosa sealseshytest n6eltest on kaunistatud Eesti omadest erincvalt Seega on 16una poolt parit siiski vaid idee n6elad ise aga kohalik toodang Latis ilmusid kolmnurkpeaga

n6eltele otsanupu noelapea keskosa kolmnurkpeaga nl va It kaunistatud liivlaste alai (Sno vaikest kolmnurkl 1 7-8) iiks lehto 198 I 73 The ROi

alalt leillid koll11ll1 Soomes peetak

need peamiselt m 99 joon 448 72 sileda kolmnurkse kaelaosa on sagel n6ela pea on kau Seega oligi see e Tiiiipiliselt eestipi meil vaid uks (Rw

Kiika kalmistu garnituur nagll 0

joon 448) Samas juures Ka Eestist noel (tahv III 4) kohal uml11argune poolse vastena v6 VIII 2) mille kae leide pole teada pt

Lehtornamendi maal Valjaspool E kirjandllse andmei 1929 joon 173-1 89 joon 8) Uhed katket Tegemist parased lehtornamt (Stromberg 1961 leitud veel kolmas 73 8) Uks 1ehtol linnllsest Taanis (r

iihtegi hobeeksem~ pronksist Taoline kasutllsel siiski ka I sai1inud ei ole ViiI

34 Marika Magi EeSli merovingi- ja VI

Variant 21 ornamentimata voi Iihtsa ornamendiga noelad

Sellesse varianti olen liigitanud 41 Eesti kolmnurkpeaga n6ela Mingit selgeshypiirilist tiipoloogiat v6imaldavat tunnust nende viiliskujus Ie ida ei 6nnestunud Olen seep~irast vaadelnud iiheaegselt mitut karakteristikut (otsanuppude kuju kaela kuju pea keskosa ehitus) mille omavahelistes seostes 6nnestus tuua valja moned seadusparad Kuna visuaalselt on koige silmatorkavam ilmselt noela pea keskosa kujundus kasitlen ornamentimata n6elu siinkohal selle jaotuse alusel

2la Siledapeaganoelad(tahv VI I 3)

Sileda kolmnurkse peaga noelad on nuppotsaliste kolmnurkpeaga noelte seas ilmselt iihed varasemad meenutades veel rahvasteriinnuaegseid ilma otsanuppushydeta n6elu Vaiksemad ja 6hemad eksemplarid kuuluvadki t6enaoliselt 5-6 sajandisse Merovingiaegseid on Eesti leidudest ilmselt viisteist Valja arvatud kaks eksemplari on need k6ik koonuse- v6i seenekujuliste otstega vaiksemad n6elad Uks Saaremaalt teadmata leiukohast parinev noel (AI K 848) on oma kettakujuliste otsalaiendite jiirgi otsustades kindlasti imporditud balti aladelt

2lb Ornamentimata kolmnurkse suvendiga noelad

Eelnevatega sarnanevad kolmnurkpeaga n6elad millel pea keskel on kolmshynurkne vahel iiksnes pea keskel asuva nupukesega kaunistatud ornamentimata siivend Eestist on taolisi teada iiheksa enamikus keskmise suurusega voi suureshymad eksemplarid Pooltel neist on kiibarakujulised otsanupud M6ne noela puhul (naiteks P6ide SM 146040 l L6ugas amp Magi-L6ugas 1994 tahv VI 2) on siivend olnud hobetatud

2 Ic Kontsentriliste kolmnurkadega ornamenditud noelad

Taolisi noelu on Eestist teada vaid neli Neist Viltina kalmest leitud noela (tahv IX 1) pead ehivad lisaks kontsentrilistele kolmnurkadele kaks loomashy(hobuse- )kujukest V6ib arvata et tegemist on impordiga kas Semgalliast v6i Kuramaalt

2 ld Kanditud kolmnurkse siivendiga noelad (tahv III 3-4 VI 2)

Eestist on teada 16 kanditud kolmnurkpeaga noela voi selle katket On iillashytav et taoliste noelte puhul peaaegll ei esine kUbarakujulisi otsanuppe vaid iihe Presti kalmest leitud noela (tahv III 3) otstest on iiks kiibara- teine seeneshykujuline Iseloomulike joontena sellele alavariandile voib ka m~irkida et k6ik need on keskmised v6i keskmisest suuremad noelad ning ka nende kael on paljudel juhtudel kanditud Uoon 4 4)

JOOI

Variant 22 leheku

Lehtomamendiga siivendiga naelte or lamed a pohjaga nin elemendist ornament

Olen siinkohal ki katket Paljud neist tundmine v6ib osutU( kiillaltki sarnane eg seadusparasid vaib sailinud

Lehtornamendiga 11 juhul esineb kam siivendiga n6elte plll viimastel kiibarakuju kolmnurkse siivendig

Marika Magi Eesti meroving i- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 35

Iiga nOelad

n6ela Mingit selgeshyleida ei 6nnestunud (otsanuppude kuju

t 6nnestus tuua valja 1m ilmselt n6ela pea le jaotuse alusel

1rkpeaga n6elte seas eid ilma otsanuppushyci t6enaoliselt 5-6 steist Viilja arvatud ~ otstega viiiksemad Al K 848) on oma tud balti aladelt

lJelad

ea keskel on kolmshyatud ornamentimata uurusega v6i suureshyI M6ne n6ela puhul 94 tahv VI 2) on

d Zoew

almest ieitucil noel a kadele kaks loomashykas Semgalliast voi

I 3-4 VI 2)

~lIe katket On iillashyotsanuppe vaid iihe ibara- tcine seeneshya markida et k6ik ka nende kael on

qzZZ) fraquo 31 2

W~ it 5

loon 4 Kaela ehitus variandi 21 koJrnnurkpeaga noeJlel

Fig 4 Neck of triangular-headed pins of variant 21

Variant 22 lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (tahv V 4-5 VII VIII 1-3)

Lehtornamendiga noelte kuju vastab taielikult kolmnurkpea ja kolmnurkse siivendiga noelte omale valja arvatud pea keskosa Kolmnurkne siivend on lameda p6hjaga ning seda ehib kolmest omavahel iihendatud lehekujulisest elemendist ornament Pea keskel on endiselt iimmargune nupp

Olen siinkohal kasitlenud 46 Eestist leitud lehtornamendiga n6ela v6i selle katket Paljud neist on tugevasti sulanud pronksiWkikesed milles n6ela arashytundmine voib osutuda kiillaltki raskeks Koigi teadaolevate n6elte pea ebitus on kiillaltki sarnane ega v6imalda nende tapsemat Jiigitamist kuid m6ningaid seadusparasid voib valja tuua noelte kaela ehituse pohjal juhul kui see on sailinud

Lehtornamendiga n6eltele on iseloomulikud kiibarakujulised otsanupud 1J juhul e-sineb kanditud kaela mis sarnaneb taielikult kanditud kolmnurkse siivendiga noelte puhul tavalise kanditud kaelaga Goon 5) Samas puudusid viimastel kiibarakujulised otsad peaaegu taielikult olles aga esindatud sileda kolmnurkse siivendiga n6elte juures Vaid iihel Maidla kalmest saadud lehtshy

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja36

ornamendiga n6elapaaril (AM 58031013102) esinevad koos kanditud kaelaga veel ka seenekujulised otsad ning Liivalt leitud n6elapaari (SM 93 1 2) otsanupud on seene- ja kiibarakujuliste vahepealsed Seega n~iib et morfoloogishyliselt on lehtornamendiga n6elad seotud nii sileda klli ka kanditud siivendiga peaga n6eltega Profileeritud kaelaga n6elad on lehtornamendiga eksemplaridest kahtlemata k6ige varasemad olles ilmselt kasutusel eespool mainitud noeltega vahemalt osaliselt samaaegselt

Joon 5 Kae la ehitus lehtornamendi ga nuppolsalistel kolmnurkpeaga noel tel

Fi g 5 Neck of triangular-headed pins wilh e nd knobs and leaf decoration

Trapetsi- voi poolkaarekujulise aasaga lehtornamendiga n6eltel on koi gil kiibarakujulised otsad Paljudel taolistel noeltel on ornamenditud ka tagakiilg alati iihe voi mitme silmakesega (tahv V 5) Kanditud kae laga eksemplaridest oli tagakiilg omamenditud vaid eespool mainitud Maidla kalmest sa3dud n6elashypaaril variandi 21 n6eltel pole tagakiilgc kunagi kaunistatud Noela tagakiilje mis ju nahtaval ei olnud omamcntimisel on ilmselt rituaalne Lihendus mis on arvatavasti seotud mingil teatu perioodil valitsenud arusaamadega

Omamendi kohta voib veel mark ida et osal trapetsi- v6i poolkaarekujulise aasaga n6eltel on pea raamitud pariinoorjoonega mis kaev6rude ja hoburaudshys61gede p6hjal otsustades on iseloomulik eeskatt 10 sajandile (Magi-Lougas 1994474-476 1995a 40-53)

Arutelu

Lisaks Eestil e olid kolmnurkpeaga n6elad lev inud pea miselt Leedus ja Latis Seenekujuliste otsanuppudega kolmnurkpeaga n6e lad on Leedus dateeritud 7shy9 sajandisse (Tautaviciene 1981 169) Tuleb siiski markida et p6hiosa sealseshytest n6eltest on kaunistatud Eesti omadest erincvalt Seega on 16una poolt parit siiski vaid idee n6elad ise aga kohalik toodang Latis ilmusid kolmnurkpeaga

n6eltele otsanupu noelapea keskosa kolmnurkpeaga nl va It kaunistatud liivlaste alai (Sno vaikest kolmnurkl 1 7-8) iiks lehto 198 I 73 The ROi

alalt leillid koll11ll1 Soomes peetak

need peamiselt m 99 joon 448 72 sileda kolmnurkse kaelaosa on sagel n6ela pea on kau Seega oligi see e Tiiiipiliselt eestipi meil vaid uks (Rw

Kiika kalmistu garnituur nagll 0

joon 448) Samas juures Ka Eestist noel (tahv III 4) kohal uml11argune poolse vastena v6 VIII 2) mille kae leide pole teada pt

Lehtornamendi maal Valjaspool E kirjandllse andmei 1929 joon 173-1 89 joon 8) Uhed katket Tegemist parased lehtornamt (Stromberg 1961 leitud veel kolmas 73 8) Uks 1ehtol linnllsest Taanis (r

iihtegi hobeeksem~ pronksist Taoline kasutllsel siiski ka I sai1inud ei ole ViiI

Marika Magi Eesti meroving i- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 35

Iiga nOelad

n6ela Mingit selgeshyleida ei 6nnestunud (otsanuppude kuju

t 6nnestus tuua valja 1m ilmselt n6ela pea le jaotuse alusel

1rkpeaga n6elte seas eid ilma otsanuppushyci t6enaoliselt 5-6 steist Viilja arvatud ~ otstega viiiksemad Al K 848) on oma tud balti aladelt

lJelad

ea keskel on kolmshyatud ornamentimata uurusega v6i suureshyI M6ne n6ela puhul 94 tahv VI 2) on

d Zoew

almest ieitucil noel a kadele kaks loomashykas Semgalliast voi

I 3-4 VI 2)

~lIe katket On iillashyotsanuppe vaid iihe ibara- tcine seeneshya markida et k6ik ka nende kael on

qzZZ) fraquo 31 2

W~ it 5

loon 4 Kaela ehitus variandi 21 koJrnnurkpeaga noeJlel

Fig 4 Neck of triangular-headed pins of variant 21

Variant 22 lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (tahv V 4-5 VII VIII 1-3)

Lehtornamendiga noelte kuju vastab taielikult kolmnurkpea ja kolmnurkse siivendiga noelte omale valja arvatud pea keskosa Kolmnurkne siivend on lameda p6hjaga ning seda ehib kolmest omavahel iihendatud lehekujulisest elemendist ornament Pea keskel on endiselt iimmargune nupp

Olen siinkohal kasitlenud 46 Eestist leitud lehtornamendiga n6ela v6i selle katket Paljud neist on tugevasti sulanud pronksiWkikesed milles n6ela arashytundmine voib osutuda kiillaltki raskeks Koigi teadaolevate n6elte pea ebitus on kiillaltki sarnane ega v6imalda nende tapsemat Jiigitamist kuid m6ningaid seadusparasid voib valja tuua noelte kaela ehituse pohjal juhul kui see on sailinud

Lehtornamendiga n6eltele on iseloomulikud kiibarakujulised otsanupud 1J juhul e-sineb kanditud kaela mis sarnaneb taielikult kanditud kolmnurkse siivendiga noelte puhul tavalise kanditud kaelaga Goon 5) Samas puudusid viimastel kiibarakujulised otsad peaaegu taielikult olles aga esindatud sileda kolmnurkse siivendiga n6elte juures Vaid iihel Maidla kalmest saadud lehtshy

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja36

ornamendiga n6elapaaril (AM 58031013102) esinevad koos kanditud kaelaga veel ka seenekujulised otsad ning Liivalt leitud n6elapaari (SM 93 1 2) otsanupud on seene- ja kiibarakujuliste vahepealsed Seega n~iib et morfoloogishyliselt on lehtornamendiga n6elad seotud nii sileda klli ka kanditud siivendiga peaga n6eltega Profileeritud kaelaga n6elad on lehtornamendiga eksemplaridest kahtlemata k6ige varasemad olles ilmselt kasutusel eespool mainitud noeltega vahemalt osaliselt samaaegselt

Joon 5 Kae la ehitus lehtornamendi ga nuppolsalistel kolmnurkpeaga noel tel

Fi g 5 Neck of triangular-headed pins wilh e nd knobs and leaf decoration

Trapetsi- voi poolkaarekujulise aasaga lehtornamendiga n6eltel on koi gil kiibarakujulised otsad Paljudel taolistel noeltel on ornamenditud ka tagakiilg alati iihe voi mitme silmakesega (tahv V 5) Kanditud kae laga eksemplaridest oli tagakiilg omamenditud vaid eespool mainitud Maidla kalmest sa3dud n6elashypaaril variandi 21 n6eltel pole tagakiilgc kunagi kaunistatud Noela tagakiilje mis ju nahtaval ei olnud omamcntimisel on ilmselt rituaalne Lihendus mis on arvatavasti seotud mingil teatu perioodil valitsenud arusaamadega

Omamendi kohta voib veel mark ida et osal trapetsi- v6i poolkaarekujulise aasaga n6eltel on pea raamitud pariinoorjoonega mis kaev6rude ja hoburaudshys61gede p6hjal otsustades on iseloomulik eeskatt 10 sajandile (Magi-Lougas 1994474-476 1995a 40-53)

Arutelu

Lisaks Eestil e olid kolmnurkpeaga n6elad lev inud pea miselt Leedus ja Latis Seenekujuliste otsanuppudega kolmnurkpeaga n6e lad on Leedus dateeritud 7shy9 sajandisse (Tautaviciene 1981 169) Tuleb siiski markida et p6hiosa sealseshytest n6eltest on kaunistatud Eesti omadest erincvalt Seega on 16una poolt parit siiski vaid idee n6elad ise aga kohalik toodang Latis ilmusid kolmnurkpeaga

n6eltele otsanupu noelapea keskosa kolmnurkpeaga nl va It kaunistatud liivlaste alai (Sno vaikest kolmnurkl 1 7-8) iiks lehto 198 I 73 The ROi

alalt leillid koll11ll1 Soomes peetak

need peamiselt m 99 joon 448 72 sileda kolmnurkse kaelaosa on sagel n6ela pea on kau Seega oligi see e Tiiiipiliselt eestipi meil vaid uks (Rw

Kiika kalmistu garnituur nagll 0

joon 448) Samas juures Ka Eestist noel (tahv III 4) kohal uml11argune poolse vastena v6 VIII 2) mille kae leide pole teada pt

Lehtornamendi maal Valjaspool E kirjandllse andmei 1929 joon 173-1 89 joon 8) Uhed katket Tegemist parased lehtornamt (Stromberg 1961 leitud veel kolmas 73 8) Uks 1ehtol linnllsest Taanis (r

iihtegi hobeeksem~ pronksist Taoline kasutllsel siiski ka I sai1inud ei ole ViiI

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja36

ornamendiga n6elapaaril (AM 58031013102) esinevad koos kanditud kaelaga veel ka seenekujulised otsad ning Liivalt leitud n6elapaari (SM 93 1 2) otsanupud on seene- ja kiibarakujuliste vahepealsed Seega n~iib et morfoloogishyliselt on lehtornamendiga n6elad seotud nii sileda klli ka kanditud siivendiga peaga n6eltega Profileeritud kaelaga n6elad on lehtornamendiga eksemplaridest kahtlemata k6ige varasemad olles ilmselt kasutusel eespool mainitud noeltega vahemalt osaliselt samaaegselt

Joon 5 Kae la ehitus lehtornamendi ga nuppolsalistel kolmnurkpeaga noel tel

Fi g 5 Neck of triangular-headed pins wilh e nd knobs and leaf decoration

Trapetsi- voi poolkaarekujulise aasaga lehtornamendiga n6eltel on koi gil kiibarakujulised otsad Paljudel taolistel noeltel on ornamenditud ka tagakiilg alati iihe voi mitme silmakesega (tahv V 5) Kanditud kae laga eksemplaridest oli tagakiilg omamenditud vaid eespool mainitud Maidla kalmest sa3dud n6elashypaaril variandi 21 n6eltel pole tagakiilgc kunagi kaunistatud Noela tagakiilje mis ju nahtaval ei olnud omamcntimisel on ilmselt rituaalne Lihendus mis on arvatavasti seotud mingil teatu perioodil valitsenud arusaamadega

Omamendi kohta voib veel mark ida et osal trapetsi- v6i poolkaarekujulise aasaga n6eltel on pea raamitud pariinoorjoonega mis kaev6rude ja hoburaudshys61gede p6hjal otsustades on iseloomulik eeskatt 10 sajandile (Magi-Lougas 1994474-476 1995a 40-53)

Arutelu

Lisaks Eestil e olid kolmnurkpeaga n6elad lev inud pea miselt Leedus ja Latis Seenekujuliste otsanuppudega kolmnurkpeaga n6e lad on Leedus dateeritud 7shy9 sajandisse (Tautaviciene 1981 169) Tuleb siiski markida et p6hiosa sealseshytest n6eltest on kaunistatud Eesti omadest erincvalt Seega on 16una poolt parit siiski vaid idee n6elad ise aga kohalik toodang Latis ilmusid kolmnurkpeaga

n6eltele otsanupu noelapea keskosa kolmnurkpeaga nl va It kaunistatud liivlaste alai (Sno vaikest kolmnurkl 1 7-8) iiks lehto 198 I 73 The ROi

alalt leillid koll11ll1 Soomes peetak

need peamiselt m 99 joon 448 72 sileda kolmnurkse kaelaosa on sagel n6ela pea on kau Seega oligi see e Tiiiipiliselt eestipi meil vaid uks (Rw

Kiika kalmistu garnituur nagll 0

joon 448) Samas juures Ka Eestist noel (tahv III 4) kohal uml11argune poolse vastena v6 VIII 2) mille kae leide pole teada pt

Lehtornamendi maal Valjaspool E kirjandllse andmei 1929 joon 173-1 89 joon 8) Uhed katket Tegemist parased lehtornamt (Stromberg 1961 leitud veel kolmas 73 8) Uks 1ehtol linnllsest Taanis (r

iihtegi hobeeksem~ pronksist Taoline kasutllsel siiski ka I sai1inud ei ole ViiI

Marika Magi

ros kanditud kaelaga lpaari (SM 93 1 2) naib et morfoloogishykanditud siivendiga

tdiga eksemplaridest )1 mainitud n6eltega

~

pcaga n()cllcl

r decoration

~a n6eltel on k6igil ~nditud ka tagakiiJg ~laga eksemplaridest llmest saadud n6elashyiud N6ela tagakiilje ne tahendus mis on ladega 6i poolkaareku julisc v6rude ja hoburaudshymdile (Magi-L6ugas

ISet Leedus ja Uitis eedus dateeritud 7 shya et p6hiosa sealseshyon 16una poolt parit lusid kolmnurkpeaga

Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - vooraparased ja omad 37

n6eltele otsanupud Raul Snore arvates juba 6 sajandi algul kusjuures algselt oli n6elapea keskosa ilma ilustusteta (1930 93) Kolmnurkse siivendiga vaikeseid kolrnnurkpeaga n6eJu Icidub seal eelk6ige SemgaJlias k6rvuti m6nev6rra erineshyvalt kaunistatud variantidega Uihedasi aga ometi erinevaid n6elu esineb ka Jiivlaste alaI (Snore 1930 tahv XXIX 1 Latvijas 1974 tahv 40 41 3) Kaks

vaikest kolmnurkpeaga n6ela on leitud Irboska linnuselt (CenoB 1985 123 joon

1 7-8) iiks lehtornamendiga noel Novgorodist 10 sajandi 16pu kihist (CenoBa 1981 73 The Road 199645 joon 88) Tallgren on maininud viitteist Memeli alalt leitud kolmnurkpeaga n6ela mille tapset kuju ta aga ei kirjelda (1925 80)

Soomcs peetakse kolrnnurkpeaga noelu Uiti ja Eesti m6juks ning dateeritakse need peamiselt merovingiaega ja viikingiaja algusesse (Kivikoski 1973 67-68 99 joon 448 721 Lehtosalo-Hilander 1982 108 jt) Sealt on leitud eeJk6ige sileda kolmnurkse siivendiga v6i m6nel juhul ka kanditud siivendiga n6elu mille kaelaosa on sageli baltiparaselt korge poolkaarekujulise aasaga Raisio Kaanaa n6ela pea on kaunistatud ka baltiparase mustriga (Kivikoski 1973 joon 721) Seega oligi see ehtetiiiip Soomes levinud iiksnes oma kasutusaja algupoolel Tiiiipiliselt eestiparaseid lehtornamendiga n6elu on sealt teada kirjanduse andshymeil vaid iiks (Rusko Kankare Kivikoski 19736799 joon 721)

Kiika kalmistult leitud n6ela kiiljes ripub samasugune naastudest ja ripatsitest garnitum nagu oli tiilipiline r6ngaspeaga noeltele (Kivikoski 1973 67-68 joon 448) Samasuguse garnituuri jaanuseid on teada veel m6ne Soome noela juures Ka Eestist Pajumaalt on leitud iiks katkimurtud varre ja kahe naastuga noel (tahv ill 4) Kaarina Ristimiiki n6ela (KM 674659) kaela ehib avause kohal iimmargune iluplaat nagu neid Eestis esines rongaspeaga noeltel Eestishypoolse vastena voib siinkohal mainida Maidla kalmest leitud noelakatket (tahv VIII 2) mille kaela ehtiv iluplaat on rombjas Kuna Maidla kalmest 9 sajandi leide pole teada peaks ka see noel parinema k6ige varem 10 sajandist

Lehtornamendiga kolmnurkpeaga noelad olid levinud Semgallias ja Kurashymaal Viiljaspool Eestit ja Latit on neid saadud vaid iiksikuid sealjuures Leedust kirjanduse andmeil mitte iihtegi M6ni eksempJar on leitud Ojamaalt (Nerrnan 1929 joon 173-174 177 Thunmark-Nylen 1983 joon 10 Jansson 199588shy89 joon 8) Ohed huvipakkuvamad on kaks Skane Baldringe aardesse kuuluyat katket Tegemist on 10 sajandisse dateeritud hobeaardega millesse v66rashyparased lehtornamendiga noelte katked kuuluvad ilmselt vaid oma materjali t6ttu (Stromberg 1961 165 tahy 73 9 Hardh 1976 tahv 20 10 11) Lundist on leitud veel kolmaski taoline noel see on aga pronksist (Stromberg 1961 tahy 73 8) Oks lehtornamendiga pronksnoel on teada Trelleborgi viikingiaegsest linnusest Taanis (Michael Andersen - autorile) Siitpoolt Laanemerd pole seni iihtegi hobeeksemplari teada koik lehtornamendiga noelad on olnud valmistatud pronksist Taoline leid L6una-Rootsi aardes osutab et siinmail oli 10 sajandil kasutusel siiski ka pronksehetega sarnaneyaid h6beehteid kuigi neid tanapaevani sailinud ei ole Viikingiaegsed aarded koosneyad enamasti vaid miintidest V6ibshy

38 Marika Miigi

olla valati ehted moe muutudes umber samas kui muinasaja 16pu h6beehted muutunud oludes samasugustena saiiitati

Eesti kolmnurkpeaga noelte leiukontekstid pakuvad nende dateerimiseks mitmeid voimalusi Arvatav suletud kompleks on inju peitleid (AI 279423-30) millesse kuulus kolm pisut erinevas suuruses ornarnentimata kolmnurkpeaga noela rnansettkaevoru nIng kolrn ohukesest p lekist laienevate ooneskumerate otstega Kaev6ru V iirnased on analoogsete [eidude pohjal Soomes dateeritud 7 shy8 sajandisse voib-olla ka 6 sajandi loppu (Lou gas 1973 128 joon 7 1-5)

Omamentimata noelu on leitud rnitmest kalmest Presti kalmest kaasleidushydena saadud rongaspeaga ehtenoel ning merovingiaegne moogapiderne nupp lubavad dateerida osa sellest kalmest sarnuti 7-8 sajandisse Verevi kalmest saadud noel (AI 2817333) parineb jiirelmatusest millesse koos noelaga on kaasa pandud ebamaarast Wupi klievoru ning kuljus

Seitse ornarnentimata noel a on leitud linnllsekaevamistelt Neist Rouge linnashy

maelt saadud eksernplar on dateeritud 7-8 sajandisse (AyH 1992 65) Otepaa

linnarnae varasemad kihid aga 6-9 sajandisse CUlMI1JJeXeJ1bM 1959 63) Hasti on labi tootatud lru linnamiielt saadud materjal mis sisaldab tervelt kaht vaikest kolmnurkpeaga noela neist uht taiesti stleda peaga Noelad on dateeritud (6)7-8 sajandisse (Lang 199696-97102 tahv XXVII 4-5)8-9 sajandisse jaab ka Poide maalinna varasem kasutusperiood (Lou gas amp Magi-L5ugas 1994 32-33)

Lehtomamendiga noelte leillkohtadest pakub koige otsesemaid pidepunkte dateerimiseks Haimre poletusmatus (tahv VII) Olen viidanud seBele matusele juba oma varasemates artiklites dateerides selle vahemikku 10 sajandist kuni t 1 sajandi alguseni (Magi-Lougas 1995a 286-287) voi koige toenaoiisemalt 10 sajandi teise pool de (Magi-Lougas 1994 475) Olen kahelnud leiu kokkushykuuluvuses kuna sarna peanumbri all on ka kantotstega ning pealt poikl sooniwd kaarega hoburaudsolg mis peaks olema ulejaanud esemetest hoopis hilisem Dateeringut on ahmastanud ka komplektis leiduvatele esemetele Eesti arheoshyloogiakirjanduses seni antud dateeringud

Haimre ieid saadi koolimaja aias ounapllule augu kaevamisel 1937 aastal Eserned olevat paiknenud koik koos Nirnetatud leiu kirjelduse le idsin ka R ichard Indreko 1937 aasta aruandest kus ta mainib seda lisaks koolimaja oues terna end a tehtud arheoloogilistele kaevarnistele Indreko aruandest selgub et ounapuuaugust leiti uksnes eserned AI 3614 1-27 iiJejaiinud asjad kaasa arvatud iilalmainitud hiline hoburaudsolg on pandud sarna peanumbri alia pohjendashymatult (lndreko 1937) Haimre leiu komplekssuses pole seega pohjust kahelda Ttiiipiliselt viikingiaja matuse1e on panused selles enne tuleriidale asetamist tahtlikult rikutud Koik esemed on iseloomUilikud 10 saJandile ning sarna voib vaita ka lehtornamendiga kolmnurkpeanoeLa kohta Sellistcie noeltele varem pakutud dateering oligi peamine pohjus miks olen kogu leiukomplekti dateeshyrinud oma varasemates kirjutistes ettevaatlikult kuni I I sajandi alguseni (MagishyLougas 1 995a 286-287) Arvestades koiki sellesse kuuluvaid esemeld on

EeSli merovillgi- )

11 sajand ning hiline

10 sajandissl on leitud Rahu osade ning hob urnrnarguse kaa noatupe sonnus kalmcs kus leiu on maetud eri 3

piirkondadest k (AM 580 2689 naastude () nin saaremaa tUlipi I koos saaremaa t

lehtornamendiga leiunimekirjade

Uldiselt kund ning viis lehton (AM 491 584a 1

naastude ja rinm vasti lihest naise Lougas i 995a 2(

Lehtomamenlt 405) millega not

Toetudes eesI maadega v6ib 01

rannuajast kuni 8 sajandil Kuna eelkiiijate ning lt 9 sajandil voi hil oli 10 sajand m noelte pool KI ornamendiga nup

Vari

Ulejaanud kol lamedad enam-v~ Enarnasti on kUIi

miirgivad pea kes noela tagakiiljeJ eristab neid noelu

39Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - vooraparased ja omad

saja lopu hobeehted

rende dateerimiseks ~id (AI 279423-30) nata kolmnurkpeaga ~ vate 60neskumerate )omes dateeritud 7shyS joon 7 1-5) i kalmesl kaasleidushymo6gapideme nupp

[sse Verevi kalmest )oS noelaga on kaasa

t Ncist Rouge linnashy

H 1992 65) Otepiia

IbM 1959 63) Hiisti lsaldab tervelt kaht

Belad on dateeritud 5) 8-9 sajandisse

Magi-Lougas 1994

iesemaid pidepunkte nud selleIe matusele u 10 sajandist kuni ~oige toeniiolisemalt ahelnud leiu kokkushy pealt pOlk soonitud test hoopis hilLsem metele Eesti arheoshy

amisel J937 aastal irjeiduse leidsin ka isaks koolimaja oues aruandest selgub et asjad kaasa arvatud

mbri alia pohjendashyega pohjust kaheida tuleriidale asetamist dile ning sami voib itele noeltele varem ieillkompiekti dateeshyimdi alguseni (Magishyluvaid esemeid on

11 sajand ning ilmselt isegi 10 sajandi lopp Haimre matuse dateeringuks liialt hiline

10 sajandisse naivad kuuluvat ka tilejiiiinud kaasJeidudega noelad Kaks neist on leitud Rahu kalmest (AI 4239 22 44) Neist esimene saadi koos rinnakee osade ning hoburaudsole mooninupPQtsaga teine koos rinnakee osade noa limmargllse kaare ristloike ja kitsakannaIise noelaga hoburaudsole katkete noatupe som1Use ja arvatavalt 10 sajandi keekandjaga (Kustin 1969) Maidla kalmcs kus reiukompleksid on enamasti omavahel segatud kuid kalme osadesse on maetlld eri aegadel saadi koik 16 sealset lehtornamendiga noela sellistest piirkondadest kus eidus teisigi 10 sajandi leide (Pauts 1995) Kaks noela (AM 580 2689 2690) leiti koos rinnakee osade VII ttitibi kaevoru valjashynaastude () ning saarcmaa tiitipi kiievoru katketega Noel nr 2978 saadi koos saaremaa tUlipi kaevoru katke rinnakee osade nlng spiraalsormusega nr 2383 koos saaremaa tlilipi poolovaaise keekandja ning kee katketega nr 3115 koos lehtornamendiga saaremaa tiilipi noelaga (vt aUpoo) (andmed Maidla kalme leiunimekirjade leiuplaanide ning Mati Mandeli tahelepanekute pohjal)

Dldiselt klindmisega segatud Linnamae kalmest on ieitud tiks omamentimata ning viis lehtomamendiga noela Neist vBib markida kaht koos leitud noela (AM 491584a b) mis saadi koos III ttitibi ohema variandi kiievoru pronksshynaastude ja rinnakee katketega (Mandel 1982) Need esemed piirinevad arvatashyvasti tihest naisematusest mille voib dateerida 10 sajandi teise poolde (MagishyLougas 1995a 296 joon 30)

Lehtomamendiga noel ad on Kustin dateerinud 10111-12 sajandisse (1962b 405) miUega noustub ka Selirand (1974 145)

Toetudes eespool esitatud tiihelepanekutele ning paralleelidele Eesti naabershymaadega v6ib omamentimata kolmnurkpeaga noelad dateerida Eestis rahvasteshyrannuajast kuni 9 sajandini kusjuures pohiosa neist oli kasutusel ilmselt 8 sajandil Kuna pole kahtlust et tegemist on lehtornamendiga noelte otseste eelbijate oing osalt ka kaasaegsetega peaksid ka viimased olema ilmunud 9 sajandil vai hiljemalt selJe lopu Lehtornamendiga noelte pohiline kasutusaeg oli 10 sajand mille lopus torjuti need korvale uute nn saaremaa tUtipi ehteshynoelte poolt Kindlalt ] I sajandisse dateeritavates leiukompleksides lehtshyornamendiga nuppotsalisi noelu enam ei esine

Variant 23 saaremaa tiiiipi kolmnurkpeaga noelad

Olejiiiinud kolmnurkpeaga noel test mitmeti erineva variandi moodustavad lamedad enam-vahem siidameKujuliste lamedate otstega kolmnurkpeaga noelad Enamasti on kummalgi otsalaiendil kaks korgemat nuppu kolm nuppu aga margivad pea keskkohta Pea tilaosas on tiks oks (harvem kolm) mis lopetab naela tagaktiljel oleva pikJiku paksendi Ulejaanud kolmnurkpeaga noeltest eristab neid noelu ka kaelal olev k6rge aas (joon 6)

Marika Mdgi 40 Eesti merovingi- j

loon 6 Kacla ehitus saaremaa tliupi n6eltel

Fig 6 Neck of triangular-headed pins of Saaremaa type

Praeguseks on teada 63 selle variandi ehten6ela millest koguni 49 on leitud Saaremaalt Eriti rohkesti pari neb nende tugevasti p61enud katkeid Saaremaa suurtest p6letusmatustega kalmetest Seet6ttu nimetatakse Iamedaid kolmnurkshypeaga n6elu Eestis lihtsuse m6ttes ka saaremaa tiiiipi n6elteks kuigi nende siinnikodu on paiknenud hoopis Kuramaal

Nagu naitavad saaremaa tiiiipi n6elte erinevused iiksikasjades olid need kasushytusel ilmselt piisavalt kaua et nende kuju j6udis m6nev6rra muutuda Teiste ehtetiiiipide samalaadsetele arenguliinidele tuginedes v6ib arvata et hilisemad saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad olid 6hemad ja stiliseerituma mustriga kui varasemad Variandi pikaajalisusele viitab ka teadaolevate 1eidude arv mis on umbes kolmandiku v6rra suurem kui teistd merovingi- ja viikingiaegsetel n6eltel samuti see et vaga paljudel juhtudel on taoliste n6elte murdunud peaosa kinnitashytud raudvarre kiilge

Saaremaa tiiiipi n6eJte pea kolmnurkne siivend on kaunistatud k6ige sagedashymini korvplettmustriga Saaremaalt on siiski leitud ka teistsuguse mustriga kuigi enam-vahem sarna kujuga n6elu mida tuleb ilmselt vaadelda kui rohkem rahvusvahelisi vorme k6igile neile v6ib leida vasteid Larist Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad v6ibki jaotada alavariantidesse vastavalt nende omamendile

23a Lehtmustriga n8elad (tahv VI 4 Vlll 6-7)

Eestist on teada kuus n6ela mille pea kuju vastab taielikult iilejaanud saaremaa tiiiipi ehten6elte omale kuid mille pead kaunistab rohkem v6i vahem stiliseeritud lehtmuster Eelmise variandi lehtornamendiga n6elte mustriga sarnaneb taielikult Laanemaalt Uugla kalmest leitud n6ela (tahv VIII 6) kaushynistus kiillaltki sarnane on ka iihe Maidla ning iihe Paunkiila n6ela muster (vastavalt AM 5803160 ja AM 731 tahv VIII 7) Ulejaanud selle alavariandi n6elte ornament on tugevasti stiliseeritud kuid lehtmuster on selles siiski aratuntav

23b J

K6ige enam pika aja jooksul viikingiajal Eest veel osal saarem m66gakaepidem( v6imalda kuna viikingiaja ning ~

On iseloomul oks Kuuel juhul ka n6elte tagakii juures ning seet6 viimastega osali~

n6elad on reeglin varasemad

23c MUlti viisl

Ulejalinud sm ment on varieen kahest paralleels( vahe on takitud f neb massiivsemal 6hemaid ja stilise( kringlikujuliste lai v6ib Uiie kindlus aladelt eriti Sem2 levinud Ebataval Kalmu n6ela (jool nistus koosncbki kestest Tegemist sellist kuju n6e1agl

loon

Fig 7 Pin of Saarcmaa

Saaremaa tiiiibj rohkesti Latis eriti

Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - vooraparased ja omad 41

pc

koguni 49 on leitud i katkeid Saaremaa amedaid kolrnnurkshyelteks kuigi nende

res olid need kasushyrra l11uutuda Teiste arvata et hilisemad iga kui varasemad TV mis on umbes ngiaegsetel noeltel lI1ud peaosa kinnitashy

itatud koige sagedashy5use mustriga kuigi adelda kui rohkem ist Saaremaa tlitipi endile

5-7)

laielikult tilejaanud rohkem voi vahem

~a noelte mustriga (tahv VIU 6) kaushy~ ktila noela muster ud selle alavariandi er on selles siiski

23b Korvplettmustriga noelad (joon 8 tahv VIII 5 IK 2)

Koige enam saaremaa ttiiipi noelu on ornamenditud korvplettmustriga See on pika aja jooksul kasutusel olnud ornament mis aga erinevalt meie naabermaadest viikingiajal Eestis kuigi populaarne polnud Peale nimetatud noelte esineb seda veel osal saaremaa ttitipi kaevorudel naiste noatuppedel ning teadaolevalt tihel moogakaepidemel samuti keraamikas Kindlamat dateerimist see mustriliik ei voimalda kuna nagu oeldud oli see eriti Latis ja Leedus vaga levinud kogu viikingiaja ning sellele jargneva perioodi valtel

On iseloomulik et peaaegu koigil selle alavariandi noeltel on vaid tiks peashyoks Kuuel juhul on kas silmakcste voi takitud joontest ristidega ornamenditud ka noelte tagaktilge Sarna nahtus esines ka nuppotsaliste lehtornamendiga noelte juures ning seet6ttu voib arvata et kasitletava alavariandi noelad olid kasutusel viimastega osaliselt samaaegselt Voib miirkida et ornamenditud tagaktiljega noelad on reeglina massiivsemad ning viimistletuma ornamendiga st arvatavalt varasemad

23c Muul viisil omamenditud noelad (joon 7 tahv VI 5 VIII 4 IX 4-5)

Ulejaanud saaremaa ttiiipi noelte ornashyment on varieeruv Tavaliselt on tegemist kahest paralleelsest joonest mustriga mille vahe on takitud Ka taoliste noelte puhul esishyneb massiivsemaid ja viimistletumaid ning ohemaid ja stilisecritumaid eksemplare Kaht kringlikujuliste laienditega noela (tahv IX 4) voib taie kindlusega pidada impordiks balti aladelt eriti SemgaJliast kus need olid laialt levinud Ebatavalisena tuleb mainida veel Kalmu noela (joon 7) mille pea kogu kaushynistus koosnebki tiksnes vaikestest silmashykestest Tegemist on ilmselt tihe varasema sellist kuju noelaga

~

Joon 7 Saaremaa tiiiipi noel Kalmust

Fig 7 Pin of Saaremaa type from Kalmu (AI 3822 194)

Arutelu

Oil

o 3

Saaremaa tiiiibiga sarnanevaid lamed a kolmnurkse peaga noelu leidub rohkesti Latis eriti Kuramaal ja Semgallias samuti Vaina liivlaste alai (Snore

42 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja

1930 tahv XV LA 1974 tahv 48 1 50 14-15 52 5 Tonisson 1974 tahv XXXVI 2) kust voib otsida ka nende algkodu Latis dateeritakse taolised n6eJad 10-12 sajandisse (Latvijas 1974 201-202) Enamasti on sealsed n6elad siiski liksikasjades Eesti omadest erinevad Isearanis plettmuster naib olevat olnud just Saaremaal k6ige enam levinud kuigi liksikuid sellise kaunistusega n6elu on teada ka Uitist

Mujalt Eesti naabermaadest ongi ieitud vaid liksikuid lameda kolmnurkpeaga n6elu Soomest on saadud kirjanduse andmctel liks eksemplar seegi baJtiparaste kringlikujuliste laienditega ning dateeritav varaviikingiaega (Kivikoski 1973 99 joon 720) M6ni samalaadne eksemplar 011 teada Ojamaalt (Nerman 1929 joon 175-178 Jansson 1995 88-89) Garda kirikaiast on leitud kaks lameda pea ja slidamekujuliste otsalaienditega kuid lehtmustriga ehten6ela Need kuuluvad kokku mooninuppotstega hoburaudsole ning kahepoolse luukammiga ning on dateeritud 11 sajandisse (Thunmark-Nylen 1995 185 joon 13) Uk middot ilmselt saaremaa tlilipi n6ela katke on saadud juhuieitlRa Taanist Roskildest (Michael Andersen - autorile)

Ka Eesti p61etusmatustega kalmetest voib leilia saaremaa tlilipi ehtenoelu sisaldavaid komplekse Taolistest Jehtornamendiga noeltest on liks leitud Uugla kalmest (AM 500503) Sellega on ilmselt kuulunud kokku nuga rinnakee katked pronksnaastud ja VII tlilibi kiievol1l (Mandel 1980) Viimase jargi otsusshytades peaks matus parinema 10 sajandi viimasest veerandist voi 11 sajandi algusest (Magi-Lougas 1995b 521) Nagu on naidanud hilisem uurimistOo on kaev6rude tiipoloogiat kasitlevas artiklis (Magi-Lou gas 1995a 304-305) pakushytud 1l sajand VII tlilibi kiiev6rude dateeringuks liialt kitsas ning taolised v6rud voeti kasutusele juba 10 sajandi 16puosas Maidla kalme lame Iehtornamendiga n6el (AM 5803160) leiti koos nuppotsalise khtornamendiga n6elaga millega ta oli ilmselt moodustanud lihe rinnakee Uks kuju jargi otsustades varaseid selle alavariandi noelu (AI 4239670) pari neb Rahu blme naisematusest ning leiti koos tugevasti sulanud rinnakee osadega (Kustin 1969)

Ulejaanud saaremaa tUlipi n6elad esinevad samalaadses leiukontekstis Kureshyvere kalmest saadud kaks sellist n6ela (AI 436898102 ning 69) leiti koos p61enud luude ja pronkspandla saaremaa tlilipi keekandjate ning rinnakee lilejaanud osade laiendiga noatupe katkete ja luisuga (Kustin 1965) Raudvarre kiilge kinnitatud saaremaa tiilipi n6el Randvere kalmest (AI 3895257) on kuulunud kokku k6rgele t6stetud mllotstega ja lileni tordeeritud kaarega hoburaudsolega ning joonornamendiga kaunistatud tumeda siledapinnaJise peenshykeraamika kiJdudega Matus peaks parinema hiljemalt umbes aastast 1000 Kustin on oma artiklis Randvere kivikalmest toonud valja eri leiurlihmi kuid nimetatud noela on ta kasitlenud eksikombel kahe leiuruhma all millest liks on dateeritud 11-12 tene 12-13 sajandisse (1962a 64-65 97) Saaremaa tiilipi noeJad on tal dateeritud 11-12 sajandisse kuna 13-14 sajandi laibamatustega kalmistutes neid enam ei esine (op cit 70) Ebaselgeks j ~i3b siiski dateeringu alumine piir mis pole 6ieti millegagi pohjendatud

Lehtornamend liksnes 10 sajand noelte variant ase esimese ala varian Noelte leiukontek

Pari maks toes varasemad saarern aegselt on leid M (AM 5803115 )tsaiistel noeitel kaunistamise korn nimetatud varianlt poletusega matust leidub rohkem nei Voib seega arvat poolest noudis tav

Fig

Saaremaa tlilipi II

kasutusel ka veel 12 ()Il parit sarnaste par viitama mingi mitte tele Saaremaalt on jjhendharuliste kaksi k6ige just taolised

Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad - voorapiirased ja omad 43

5 T6nisson 1974 jateeritakse taolised inamasti on sealsed lis piettmuster niiib gi liksikuid seilise

leda kolmnurkpeaga h seegi baltipiiraste ~ Kivikoski 1973 99 aalt (Nerman 1929 tud kaks lameda pea )ela Need kuuluvad JUkammiga ning on m 13) Uks ilmselt Roskildest (Michael

haa tiiiipi ehten6elu on iiks leitud Uugla Ikku nuga rinnakee Viimase jargi otsusshydist v6i 11 sajandi isem uurimistoo on )5a 304-305) pakushy ning taolised vorud Ime lehtornamendiga a noelaga millega ta stades varaseid selle sematusest ning leiti

leiukontekstis Kureshyning 69) leiti koos

djate ning rinnakee tin 1965) Raudvarre t (AI 3895257) on tordeeritud kaarega

si ledapinnalise peenshy1mbes aastast 1000 1 eri lelUriihmi kuid l1a all millest iiks on 97) Saaremaa tiiiipi

ljandi laibamatustega aab siiski dateeringu

Lehtornamendiga l1uppotsalised kolmnurkpean6elad olid ilmselt kasutusel iiksnes 10 saJandi lopuni Loogiline oleks niisiis arvata et iiks kolmnurkpeaga noelte variant asendus teisega kuna ievikuaia on sarna Arvatavasti valmistatigi esimese alavariandi 11-0 iileminekun6elad 10 sajandi teisel poole1 v6i lopu N6elte leiukontekstid ei ole sellise oletusega vastuolus

Parimaks t6estuseks seilele et l1uppotsalised lehtornamendiga n6elad ja varasemad saaremaa tiiiipi lehtornamendiga n6elad olid osaliselt kasutusel samashyuegselt on leid Maidlast kus iihes rinnakees oiid koos m6lemat varianti n6elad (AM 5803115 3 160) SamaaegsuseJe viitab ka nii lehtornamendiga nuppshyotsahstel noeltel kui ka plettmustriga iamedatel n6eltel esinev middotiagakiilje kaunistamise komme (joon 8 tahv V 5) Samuti torkab silma et m61ema nimetatud variandi puhul on suurem osa n6e1akatkeid leitud vaga tugeva p6letusega matustest Ciamas kui ornamentimata kolmnurkpeaga noelte hulgas leidub rohkem neid mis on kas Uiiesti terved v6i iiksnes n6rgalt tuld saanud V6ib seega arvata et mingil ajaloigul toenaoliselt alates 10 sajandi teisest pooest n6udis tava surnute tugevat p6letamist

0middot-middot~~ ~-=--0 ~ ~ 1

1

1 0 1

1

i ~ k ~ ~

(I

~1

o 3

Joon 8 Saaremaa tliiipi noel Viirinast

Fig 8 Pin of Saarcmaa type from Viilina (AI 38843128)

Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elu kanti kogll 11 sajandi valte Kas ja kui pikalt olid nad kasutusel ka vee 12 sajandil on praegustef andmetel raske oelda Enamik neist on parit sarnaste panllstega ning iihtlaseit t1Jgeva poletusega matustest mis peaks viitama mingi mitte eriti pika perioodi toenlioliselt 11 sajandi matmiskommeshytele Saaremaalt on teada ka hulk poletusmatuseid mille koosseisu kuulub iihendharuliste kaksikristpeaga n6eltega kinnitatud rinnakee V6ib arvata et eelshyk6ige Just taolised matused esindavad 12 sajandit ning et selleks ajaks olid

Marika Magi44 Eesti merovingi- ja

kaksikristpeaga noelad kolmnurkpeaga noelad loplikult korvale torjunud Uldisshytavalt voib saaremaa tiiiipi noelad dateerida seega ajavabemikku 10 sajandi teisest poolest kuni 12 sajandi alguseni

Tuup 3 varased ristpeaga noelad (tahv X 1 XI 2)

Kaksikristpeaga noelte eelkaijaks on lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad mis nende pohilisel kasutusalal st balti hoimude asualal voeti kasutllsele juba rahvasteriinnuajal (Snore 1930 93) Uksikuid Eestisse joudnud merovingi- ja varaviikingiaegseid ristpeaga noelu ei ole nende vahese arvu tottu mottekas siinse arheoloogilise materjali hulgas eraldi Iiigitada kuna tegemist on ilmselt louna poolt parit impordiga Balti hoimudelt voeti iile vaid ristpeaga noela idee ning selle eeskujul kujundati kohapeal viilja oma noelatiiiip millele oli lisatud veel iiks hanl - saadi nn kaksikristpeaga noel

Kohalikud ristpeaga noelad ilmusid siiamaile allcs muinasaja lopul ning neil o lid ristiharud mitmesugusel viisil omavahel iihendatud (vt nende kohta laheshymalt Selirand 1974 147-149) Lati ja Lecdu noeltel esineb ristiharude iihendashymist pcaaegu kogu nende kasutusaja valtel Eestist on varaseimad iihendshyharulised ristpeanoelad teacla Inju naisematusest (AI 570 1-2) ning neis tu leb toenaoliselt niiha balti importi Kuigi esmapilgul sarnased muinasaja lopu noeltega tuleb need nii varasema omamendi (silmakesed ja lipsukesed) kaela laiend is paikneva avause (sarnane varasemate kaksikristpeaga noeltega) kui ka leiukompleksi tottll dateerida hoopis varasemasse aega Eestis vooraparane on ka noelte juurde klluluv balti tiiiipi azuurne lunula-kujuline kcekandja Inju naiseshymatus pari neb 10 sajandi teisest poolest koige toenaolisemal t seUe kolmandast veerandist (Magi-Lougas 1995b 524)

Tuup 4 kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

Kaksikristpeaga noel on selgelt eestiparane ehe mida naabermaadest on leitud vaid iiksikuid eksemplare Nagu juba Tallgren naitas on nende areng kulgenud pohimotteliselt iihendamata harudega variantidelt ristiharude jarkshyjargulise taieliku iihendamise suunas (Tallgren 1925 79-80)

Tuleb markida et osadest kaksikristpeaga noeltest on leitud ainu It peaosa mis on kinnitatud spetsiifilise enamasti rauast varre kiilge Sellised raudvartega noelad esinevad ii ldiselt hilisemates leiukompleksides mis voib osutada nende teisesele kasutamisele Voib arvata et varasemaid kaksikristpeaga noelu kanti sel kujul veel pikka aega parast nende valmistamist iiheskoos juba hilisemat varianti kaksikristpeaga noeltega Ilmselt polnudki muinasaja lopu inimestele kuigivord tahtis kas taoliste noelte ristihallld olid omavahel iihendatud VOl mitte ning mi l viisil

Variant 4

Mu Ue teadaol( noela vo i nende k hulgast massiivsel teks Samas on n noela pea iisnagi I alavarianti on lii~

varasemad on silrr laridel esinev oma vad iileni nende ri~ esineb siiski ka iJ allumise ristiham eksemplariclel on j

galt kanditud vo Goon 9) Kindlalt kujuline laiend UOI

JOI

Fig

(

Joon IO ~

Fig 10 Ned

38 Marika Miigi

olla valati ehted moe muutudes umber samas kui muinasaja 16pu h6beehted muutunud oludes samasugustena saiiitati

Eesti kolmnurkpeaga noelte leiukontekstid pakuvad nende dateerimiseks mitmeid voimalusi Arvatav suletud kompleks on inju peitleid (AI 279423-30) millesse kuulus kolm pisut erinevas suuruses ornarnentimata kolmnurkpeaga noela rnansettkaevoru nIng kolrn ohukesest p lekist laienevate ooneskumerate otstega Kaev6ru V iirnased on analoogsete [eidude pohjal Soomes dateeritud 7 shy8 sajandisse voib-olla ka 6 sajandi loppu (Lou gas 1973 128 joon 7 1-5)

Omamentimata noelu on leitud rnitmest kalmest Presti kalmest kaasleidushydena saadud rongaspeaga ehtenoel ning merovingiaegne moogapiderne nupp lubavad dateerida osa sellest kalmest sarnuti 7-8 sajandisse Verevi kalmest saadud noel (AI 2817333) parineb jiirelmatusest millesse koos noelaga on kaasa pandud ebamaarast Wupi klievoru ning kuljus

Seitse ornarnentimata noel a on leitud linnllsekaevamistelt Neist Rouge linnashy

maelt saadud eksernplar on dateeritud 7-8 sajandisse (AyH 1992 65) Otepaa

linnarnae varasemad kihid aga 6-9 sajandisse CUlMI1JJeXeJ1bM 1959 63) Hasti on labi tootatud lru linnamiielt saadud materjal mis sisaldab tervelt kaht vaikest kolmnurkpeaga noela neist uht taiesti stleda peaga Noelad on dateeritud (6)7-8 sajandisse (Lang 199696-97102 tahv XXVII 4-5)8-9 sajandisse jaab ka Poide maalinna varasem kasutusperiood (Lou gas amp Magi-L5ugas 1994 32-33)

Lehtomamendiga noelte leillkohtadest pakub koige otsesemaid pidepunkte dateerimiseks Haimre poletusmatus (tahv VII) Olen viidanud seBele matusele juba oma varasemates artiklites dateerides selle vahemikku 10 sajandist kuni t 1 sajandi alguseni (Magi-Lougas 1995a 286-287) voi koige toenaoiisemalt 10 sajandi teise pool de (Magi-Lougas 1994 475) Olen kahelnud leiu kokkushykuuluvuses kuna sarna peanumbri all on ka kantotstega ning pealt poikl sooniwd kaarega hoburaudsolg mis peaks olema ulejaanud esemetest hoopis hilisem Dateeringut on ahmastanud ka komplektis leiduvatele esemetele Eesti arheoshyloogiakirjanduses seni antud dateeringud

Haimre ieid saadi koolimaja aias ounapllule augu kaevamisel 1937 aastal Eserned olevat paiknenud koik koos Nirnetatud leiu kirjelduse le idsin ka R ichard Indreko 1937 aasta aruandest kus ta mainib seda lisaks koolimaja oues terna end a tehtud arheoloogilistele kaevarnistele Indreko aruandest selgub et ounapuuaugust leiti uksnes eserned AI 3614 1-27 iiJejaiinud asjad kaasa arvatud iilalmainitud hiline hoburaudsolg on pandud sarna peanumbri alia pohjendashymatult (lndreko 1937) Haimre leiu komplekssuses pole seega pohjust kahelda Ttiiipiliselt viikingiaja matuse1e on panused selles enne tuleriidale asetamist tahtlikult rikutud Koik esemed on iseloomUilikud 10 saJandile ning sarna voib vaita ka lehtornamendiga kolmnurkpeanoeLa kohta Sellistcie noeltele varem pakutud dateering oligi peamine pohjus miks olen kogu leiukomplekti dateeshyrinud oma varasemates kirjutistes ettevaatlikult kuni I I sajandi alguseni (MagishyLougas 1 995a 286-287) Arvestades koiki sellesse kuuluvaid esemeld on

EeSli merovillgi- )

11 sajand ning hiline

10 sajandissl on leitud Rahu osade ning hob urnrnarguse kaa noatupe sonnus kalmcs kus leiu on maetud eri 3

piirkondadest k (AM 580 2689 naastude () nin saaremaa tUlipi I koos saaremaa t

lehtornamendiga leiunimekirjade

Uldiselt kund ning viis lehton (AM 491 584a 1

naastude ja rinm vasti lihest naise Lougas i 995a 2(

Lehtomamenlt 405) millega not

Toetudes eesI maadega v6ib 01

rannuajast kuni 8 sajandil Kuna eelkiiijate ning lt 9 sajandil voi hil oli 10 sajand m noelte pool KI ornamendiga nup

Vari

Ulejaanud kol lamedad enam-v~ Enarnasti on kUIi

miirgivad pea kes noela tagakiiljeJ eristab neid noelu

39Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - vooraparased ja omad

saja lopu hobeehted

rende dateerimiseks ~id (AI 279423-30) nata kolmnurkpeaga ~ vate 60neskumerate )omes dateeritud 7shyS joon 7 1-5) i kalmesl kaasleidushymo6gapideme nupp

[sse Verevi kalmest )oS noelaga on kaasa

t Ncist Rouge linnashy

H 1992 65) Otepiia

IbM 1959 63) Hiisti lsaldab tervelt kaht

Belad on dateeritud 5) 8-9 sajandisse

Magi-Lougas 1994

iesemaid pidepunkte nud selleIe matusele u 10 sajandist kuni ~oige toeniiolisemalt ahelnud leiu kokkushy pealt pOlk soonitud test hoopis hilLsem metele Eesti arheoshy

amisel J937 aastal irjeiduse leidsin ka isaks koolimaja oues aruandest selgub et asjad kaasa arvatud

mbri alia pohjendashyega pohjust kaheida tuleriidale asetamist dile ning sami voib itele noeltele varem ieillkompiekti dateeshyimdi alguseni (Magishyluvaid esemeid on

11 sajand ning ilmselt isegi 10 sajandi lopp Haimre matuse dateeringuks liialt hiline

10 sajandisse naivad kuuluvat ka tilejiiiinud kaasJeidudega noelad Kaks neist on leitud Rahu kalmest (AI 4239 22 44) Neist esimene saadi koos rinnakee osade ning hoburaudsole mooninupPQtsaga teine koos rinnakee osade noa limmargllse kaare ristloike ja kitsakannaIise noelaga hoburaudsole katkete noatupe som1Use ja arvatavalt 10 sajandi keekandjaga (Kustin 1969) Maidla kalmcs kus reiukompleksid on enamasti omavahel segatud kuid kalme osadesse on maetlld eri aegadel saadi koik 16 sealset lehtornamendiga noela sellistest piirkondadest kus eidus teisigi 10 sajandi leide (Pauts 1995) Kaks noela (AM 580 2689 2690) leiti koos rinnakee osade VII ttitibi kaevoru valjashynaastude () ning saarcmaa tiitipi kiievoru katketega Noel nr 2978 saadi koos saaremaa tUlipi kaevoru katke rinnakee osade nlng spiraalsormusega nr 2383 koos saaremaa tlilipi poolovaaise keekandja ning kee katketega nr 3115 koos lehtornamendiga saaremaa tiilipi noelaga (vt aUpoo) (andmed Maidla kalme leiunimekirjade leiuplaanide ning Mati Mandeli tahelepanekute pohjal)

Dldiselt klindmisega segatud Linnamae kalmest on ieitud tiks omamentimata ning viis lehtomamendiga noela Neist vBib markida kaht koos leitud noela (AM 491584a b) mis saadi koos III ttitibi ohema variandi kiievoru pronksshynaastude ja rinnakee katketega (Mandel 1982) Need esemed piirinevad arvatashyvasti tihest naisematusest mille voib dateerida 10 sajandi teise poolde (MagishyLougas 1995a 296 joon 30)

Lehtomamendiga noel ad on Kustin dateerinud 10111-12 sajandisse (1962b 405) miUega noustub ka Selirand (1974 145)

Toetudes eespool esitatud tiihelepanekutele ning paralleelidele Eesti naabershymaadega v6ib omamentimata kolmnurkpeaga noelad dateerida Eestis rahvasteshyrannuajast kuni 9 sajandini kusjuures pohiosa neist oli kasutusel ilmselt 8 sajandil Kuna pole kahtlust et tegemist on lehtornamendiga noelte otseste eelbijate oing osalt ka kaasaegsetega peaksid ka viimased olema ilmunud 9 sajandil vai hiljemalt selJe lopu Lehtornamendiga noelte pohiline kasutusaeg oli 10 sajand mille lopus torjuti need korvale uute nn saaremaa tUtipi ehteshynoelte poolt Kindlalt ] I sajandisse dateeritavates leiukompleksides lehtshyornamendiga nuppotsalisi noelu enam ei esine

Variant 23 saaremaa tiiiipi kolmnurkpeaga noelad

Olejiiiinud kolmnurkpeaga noel test mitmeti erineva variandi moodustavad lamedad enam-vahem siidameKujuliste lamedate otstega kolmnurkpeaga noelad Enamasti on kummalgi otsalaiendil kaks korgemat nuppu kolm nuppu aga margivad pea keskkohta Pea tilaosas on tiks oks (harvem kolm) mis lopetab naela tagaktiljel oleva pikJiku paksendi Ulejaanud kolmnurkpeaga noeltest eristab neid noelu ka kaelal olev k6rge aas (joon 6)

Marika Mdgi 40 Eesti merovingi- j

loon 6 Kacla ehitus saaremaa tliupi n6eltel

Fig 6 Neck of triangular-headed pins of Saaremaa type

Praeguseks on teada 63 selle variandi ehten6ela millest koguni 49 on leitud Saaremaalt Eriti rohkesti pari neb nende tugevasti p61enud katkeid Saaremaa suurtest p6letusmatustega kalmetest Seet6ttu nimetatakse Iamedaid kolmnurkshypeaga n6elu Eestis lihtsuse m6ttes ka saaremaa tiiiipi n6elteks kuigi nende siinnikodu on paiknenud hoopis Kuramaal

Nagu naitavad saaremaa tiiiipi n6elte erinevused iiksikasjades olid need kasushytusel ilmselt piisavalt kaua et nende kuju j6udis m6nev6rra muutuda Teiste ehtetiiiipide samalaadsetele arenguliinidele tuginedes v6ib arvata et hilisemad saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad olid 6hemad ja stiliseerituma mustriga kui varasemad Variandi pikaajalisusele viitab ka teadaolevate 1eidude arv mis on umbes kolmandiku v6rra suurem kui teistd merovingi- ja viikingiaegsetel n6eltel samuti see et vaga paljudel juhtudel on taoliste n6elte murdunud peaosa kinnitashytud raudvarre kiilge

Saaremaa tiiiipi n6eJte pea kolmnurkne siivend on kaunistatud k6ige sagedashymini korvplettmustriga Saaremaalt on siiski leitud ka teistsuguse mustriga kuigi enam-vahem sarna kujuga n6elu mida tuleb ilmselt vaadelda kui rohkem rahvusvahelisi vorme k6igile neile v6ib leida vasteid Larist Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad v6ibki jaotada alavariantidesse vastavalt nende omamendile

23a Lehtmustriga n8elad (tahv VI 4 Vlll 6-7)

Eestist on teada kuus n6ela mille pea kuju vastab taielikult iilejaanud saaremaa tiiiipi ehten6elte omale kuid mille pead kaunistab rohkem v6i vahem stiliseeritud lehtmuster Eelmise variandi lehtornamendiga n6elte mustriga sarnaneb taielikult Laanemaalt Uugla kalmest leitud n6ela (tahv VIII 6) kaushynistus kiillaltki sarnane on ka iihe Maidla ning iihe Paunkiila n6ela muster (vastavalt AM 5803160 ja AM 731 tahv VIII 7) Ulejaanud selle alavariandi n6elte ornament on tugevasti stiliseeritud kuid lehtmuster on selles siiski aratuntav

23b J

K6ige enam pika aja jooksul viikingiajal Eest veel osal saarem m66gakaepidem( v6imalda kuna viikingiaja ning ~

On iseloomul oks Kuuel juhul ka n6elte tagakii juures ning seet6 viimastega osali~

n6elad on reeglin varasemad

23c MUlti viisl

Ulejalinud sm ment on varieen kahest paralleels( vahe on takitud f neb massiivsemal 6hemaid ja stilise( kringlikujuliste lai v6ib Uiie kindlus aladelt eriti Sem2 levinud Ebataval Kalmu n6ela (jool nistus koosncbki kestest Tegemist sellist kuju n6e1agl

loon

Fig 7 Pin of Saarcmaa

Saaremaa tiiiibj rohkesti Latis eriti

Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - vooraparased ja omad 41

pc

koguni 49 on leitud i katkeid Saaremaa amedaid kolrnnurkshyelteks kuigi nende

res olid need kasushyrra l11uutuda Teiste arvata et hilisemad iga kui varasemad TV mis on umbes ngiaegsetel noeltel lI1ud peaosa kinnitashy

itatud koige sagedashy5use mustriga kuigi adelda kui rohkem ist Saaremaa tlitipi endile

5-7)

laielikult tilejaanud rohkem voi vahem

~a noelte mustriga (tahv VIU 6) kaushy~ ktila noela muster ud selle alavariandi er on selles siiski

23b Korvplettmustriga noelad (joon 8 tahv VIII 5 IK 2)

Koige enam saaremaa ttiiipi noelu on ornamenditud korvplettmustriga See on pika aja jooksul kasutusel olnud ornament mis aga erinevalt meie naabermaadest viikingiajal Eestis kuigi populaarne polnud Peale nimetatud noelte esineb seda veel osal saaremaa ttitipi kaevorudel naiste noatuppedel ning teadaolevalt tihel moogakaepidemel samuti keraamikas Kindlamat dateerimist see mustriliik ei voimalda kuna nagu oeldud oli see eriti Latis ja Leedus vaga levinud kogu viikingiaja ning sellele jargneva perioodi valtel

On iseloomulik et peaaegu koigil selle alavariandi noeltel on vaid tiks peashyoks Kuuel juhul on kas silmakcste voi takitud joontest ristidega ornamenditud ka noelte tagaktilge Sarna nahtus esines ka nuppotsaliste lehtornamendiga noelte juures ning seet6ttu voib arvata et kasitletava alavariandi noelad olid kasutusel viimastega osaliselt samaaegselt Voib miirkida et ornamenditud tagaktiljega noelad on reeglina massiivsemad ning viimistletuma ornamendiga st arvatavalt varasemad

23c Muul viisil omamenditud noelad (joon 7 tahv VI 5 VIII 4 IX 4-5)

Ulejaanud saaremaa ttiiipi noelte ornashyment on varieeruv Tavaliselt on tegemist kahest paralleelsest joonest mustriga mille vahe on takitud Ka taoliste noelte puhul esishyneb massiivsemaid ja viimistletumaid ning ohemaid ja stilisecritumaid eksemplare Kaht kringlikujuliste laienditega noela (tahv IX 4) voib taie kindlusega pidada impordiks balti aladelt eriti SemgaJliast kus need olid laialt levinud Ebatavalisena tuleb mainida veel Kalmu noela (joon 7) mille pea kogu kaushynistus koosnebki tiksnes vaikestest silmashykestest Tegemist on ilmselt tihe varasema sellist kuju noelaga

~

Joon 7 Saaremaa tiiiipi noel Kalmust

Fig 7 Pin of Saaremaa type from Kalmu (AI 3822 194)

Arutelu

Oil

o 3

Saaremaa tiiiibiga sarnanevaid lamed a kolmnurkse peaga noelu leidub rohkesti Latis eriti Kuramaal ja Semgallias samuti Vaina liivlaste alai (Snore

42 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja

1930 tahv XV LA 1974 tahv 48 1 50 14-15 52 5 Tonisson 1974 tahv XXXVI 2) kust voib otsida ka nende algkodu Latis dateeritakse taolised n6eJad 10-12 sajandisse (Latvijas 1974 201-202) Enamasti on sealsed n6elad siiski liksikasjades Eesti omadest erinevad Isearanis plettmuster naib olevat olnud just Saaremaal k6ige enam levinud kuigi liksikuid sellise kaunistusega n6elu on teada ka Uitist

Mujalt Eesti naabermaadest ongi ieitud vaid liksikuid lameda kolmnurkpeaga n6elu Soomest on saadud kirjanduse andmctel liks eksemplar seegi baJtiparaste kringlikujuliste laienditega ning dateeritav varaviikingiaega (Kivikoski 1973 99 joon 720) M6ni samalaadne eksemplar 011 teada Ojamaalt (Nerman 1929 joon 175-178 Jansson 1995 88-89) Garda kirikaiast on leitud kaks lameda pea ja slidamekujuliste otsalaienditega kuid lehtmustriga ehten6ela Need kuuluvad kokku mooninuppotstega hoburaudsole ning kahepoolse luukammiga ning on dateeritud 11 sajandisse (Thunmark-Nylen 1995 185 joon 13) Uk middot ilmselt saaremaa tlilipi n6ela katke on saadud juhuieitlRa Taanist Roskildest (Michael Andersen - autorile)

Ka Eesti p61etusmatustega kalmetest voib leilia saaremaa tlilipi ehtenoelu sisaldavaid komplekse Taolistest Jehtornamendiga noeltest on liks leitud Uugla kalmest (AM 500503) Sellega on ilmselt kuulunud kokku nuga rinnakee katked pronksnaastud ja VII tlilibi kiievol1l (Mandel 1980) Viimase jargi otsusshytades peaks matus parinema 10 sajandi viimasest veerandist voi 11 sajandi algusest (Magi-Lougas 1995b 521) Nagu on naidanud hilisem uurimistOo on kaev6rude tiipoloogiat kasitlevas artiklis (Magi-Lou gas 1995a 304-305) pakushytud 1l sajand VII tlilibi kiiev6rude dateeringuks liialt kitsas ning taolised v6rud voeti kasutusele juba 10 sajandi 16puosas Maidla kalme lame Iehtornamendiga n6el (AM 5803160) leiti koos nuppotsalise khtornamendiga n6elaga millega ta oli ilmselt moodustanud lihe rinnakee Uks kuju jargi otsustades varaseid selle alavariandi noelu (AI 4239670) pari neb Rahu blme naisematusest ning leiti koos tugevasti sulanud rinnakee osadega (Kustin 1969)

Ulejaanud saaremaa tUlipi n6elad esinevad samalaadses leiukontekstis Kureshyvere kalmest saadud kaks sellist n6ela (AI 436898102 ning 69) leiti koos p61enud luude ja pronkspandla saaremaa tlilipi keekandjate ning rinnakee lilejaanud osade laiendiga noatupe katkete ja luisuga (Kustin 1965) Raudvarre kiilge kinnitatud saaremaa tiilipi n6el Randvere kalmest (AI 3895257) on kuulunud kokku k6rgele t6stetud mllotstega ja lileni tordeeritud kaarega hoburaudsolega ning joonornamendiga kaunistatud tumeda siledapinnaJise peenshykeraamika kiJdudega Matus peaks parinema hiljemalt umbes aastast 1000 Kustin on oma artiklis Randvere kivikalmest toonud valja eri leiurlihmi kuid nimetatud noela on ta kasitlenud eksikombel kahe leiuruhma all millest liks on dateeritud 11-12 tene 12-13 sajandisse (1962a 64-65 97) Saaremaa tiilipi noeJad on tal dateeritud 11-12 sajandisse kuna 13-14 sajandi laibamatustega kalmistutes neid enam ei esine (op cit 70) Ebaselgeks j ~i3b siiski dateeringu alumine piir mis pole 6ieti millegagi pohjendatud

Lehtornamend liksnes 10 sajand noelte variant ase esimese ala varian Noelte leiukontek

Pari maks toes varasemad saarern aegselt on leid M (AM 5803115 )tsaiistel noeitel kaunistamise korn nimetatud varianlt poletusega matust leidub rohkem nei Voib seega arvat poolest noudis tav

Fig

Saaremaa tlilipi II

kasutusel ka veel 12 ()Il parit sarnaste par viitama mingi mitte tele Saaremaalt on jjhendharuliste kaksi k6ige just taolised

Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad - voorapiirased ja omad 43

5 T6nisson 1974 jateeritakse taolised inamasti on sealsed lis piettmuster niiib gi liksikuid seilise

leda kolmnurkpeaga h seegi baltipiiraste ~ Kivikoski 1973 99 aalt (Nerman 1929 tud kaks lameda pea )ela Need kuuluvad JUkammiga ning on m 13) Uks ilmselt Roskildest (Michael

haa tiiiipi ehten6elu on iiks leitud Uugla Ikku nuga rinnakee Viimase jargi otsusshydist v6i 11 sajandi isem uurimistoo on )5a 304-305) pakushy ning taolised vorud Ime lehtornamendiga a noelaga millega ta stades varaseid selle sematusest ning leiti

leiukontekstis Kureshyning 69) leiti koos

djate ning rinnakee tin 1965) Raudvarre t (AI 3895257) on tordeeritud kaarega

si ledapinnalise peenshy1mbes aastast 1000 1 eri lelUriihmi kuid l1a all millest iiks on 97) Saaremaa tiiiipi

ljandi laibamatustega aab siiski dateeringu

Lehtornamendiga l1uppotsalised kolmnurkpean6elad olid ilmselt kasutusel iiksnes 10 saJandi lopuni Loogiline oleks niisiis arvata et iiks kolmnurkpeaga noelte variant asendus teisega kuna ievikuaia on sarna Arvatavasti valmistatigi esimese alavariandi 11-0 iileminekun6elad 10 sajandi teisel poole1 v6i lopu N6elte leiukontekstid ei ole sellise oletusega vastuolus

Parimaks t6estuseks seilele et l1uppotsalised lehtornamendiga n6elad ja varasemad saaremaa tiiiipi lehtornamendiga n6elad olid osaliselt kasutusel samashyuegselt on leid Maidlast kus iihes rinnakees oiid koos m6lemat varianti n6elad (AM 5803115 3 160) SamaaegsuseJe viitab ka nii lehtornamendiga nuppshyotsahstel noeltel kui ka plettmustriga iamedatel n6eltel esinev middotiagakiilje kaunistamise komme (joon 8 tahv V 5) Samuti torkab silma et m61ema nimetatud variandi puhul on suurem osa n6e1akatkeid leitud vaga tugeva p6letusega matustest Ciamas kui ornamentimata kolmnurkpeaga noelte hulgas leidub rohkem neid mis on kas Uiiesti terved v6i iiksnes n6rgalt tuld saanud V6ib seega arvata et mingil ajaloigul toenaoliselt alates 10 sajandi teisest pooest n6udis tava surnute tugevat p6letamist

0middot-middot~~ ~-=--0 ~ ~ 1

1

1 0 1

1

i ~ k ~ ~

(I

~1

o 3

Joon 8 Saaremaa tliiipi noel Viirinast

Fig 8 Pin of Saarcmaa type from Viilina (AI 38843128)

Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elu kanti kogll 11 sajandi valte Kas ja kui pikalt olid nad kasutusel ka vee 12 sajandil on praegustef andmetel raske oelda Enamik neist on parit sarnaste panllstega ning iihtlaseit t1Jgeva poletusega matustest mis peaks viitama mingi mitte eriti pika perioodi toenlioliselt 11 sajandi matmiskommeshytele Saaremaalt on teada ka hulk poletusmatuseid mille koosseisu kuulub iihendharuliste kaksikristpeaga n6eltega kinnitatud rinnakee V6ib arvata et eelshyk6ige Just taolised matused esindavad 12 sajandit ning et selleks ajaks olid

Marika Magi44 Eesti merovingi- ja

kaksikristpeaga noelad kolmnurkpeaga noelad loplikult korvale torjunud Uldisshytavalt voib saaremaa tiiiipi noelad dateerida seega ajavabemikku 10 sajandi teisest poolest kuni 12 sajandi alguseni

Tuup 3 varased ristpeaga noelad (tahv X 1 XI 2)

Kaksikristpeaga noelte eelkaijaks on lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad mis nende pohilisel kasutusalal st balti hoimude asualal voeti kasutllsele juba rahvasteriinnuajal (Snore 1930 93) Uksikuid Eestisse joudnud merovingi- ja varaviikingiaegseid ristpeaga noelu ei ole nende vahese arvu tottu mottekas siinse arheoloogilise materjali hulgas eraldi Iiigitada kuna tegemist on ilmselt louna poolt parit impordiga Balti hoimudelt voeti iile vaid ristpeaga noela idee ning selle eeskujul kujundati kohapeal viilja oma noelatiiiip millele oli lisatud veel iiks hanl - saadi nn kaksikristpeaga noel

Kohalikud ristpeaga noelad ilmusid siiamaile allcs muinasaja lopul ning neil o lid ristiharud mitmesugusel viisil omavahel iihendatud (vt nende kohta laheshymalt Selirand 1974 147-149) Lati ja Lecdu noeltel esineb ristiharude iihendashymist pcaaegu kogu nende kasutusaja valtel Eestist on varaseimad iihendshyharulised ristpeanoelad teacla Inju naisematusest (AI 570 1-2) ning neis tu leb toenaoliselt niiha balti importi Kuigi esmapilgul sarnased muinasaja lopu noeltega tuleb need nii varasema omamendi (silmakesed ja lipsukesed) kaela laiend is paikneva avause (sarnane varasemate kaksikristpeaga noeltega) kui ka leiukompleksi tottll dateerida hoopis varasemasse aega Eestis vooraparane on ka noelte juurde klluluv balti tiiiipi azuurne lunula-kujuline kcekandja Inju naiseshymatus pari neb 10 sajandi teisest poolest koige toenaolisemal t seUe kolmandast veerandist (Magi-Lougas 1995b 524)

Tuup 4 kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

Kaksikristpeaga noel on selgelt eestiparane ehe mida naabermaadest on leitud vaid iiksikuid eksemplare Nagu juba Tallgren naitas on nende areng kulgenud pohimotteliselt iihendamata harudega variantidelt ristiharude jarkshyjargulise taieliku iihendamise suunas (Tallgren 1925 79-80)

Tuleb markida et osadest kaksikristpeaga noeltest on leitud ainu It peaosa mis on kinnitatud spetsiifilise enamasti rauast varre kiilge Sellised raudvartega noelad esinevad ii ldiselt hilisemates leiukompleksides mis voib osutada nende teisesele kasutamisele Voib arvata et varasemaid kaksikristpeaga noelu kanti sel kujul veel pikka aega parast nende valmistamist iiheskoos juba hilisemat varianti kaksikristpeaga noeltega Ilmselt polnudki muinasaja lopu inimestele kuigivord tahtis kas taoliste noelte ristihallld olid omavahel iihendatud VOl mitte ning mi l viisil

Variant 4

Mu Ue teadaol( noela vo i nende k hulgast massiivsel teks Samas on n noela pea iisnagi I alavarianti on lii~

varasemad on silrr laridel esinev oma vad iileni nende ri~ esineb siiski ka iJ allumise ristiham eksemplariclel on j

galt kanditud vo Goon 9) Kindlalt kujuline laiend UOI

JOI

Fig

(

Joon IO ~

Fig 10 Ned

39Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - vooraparased ja omad

saja lopu hobeehted

rende dateerimiseks ~id (AI 279423-30) nata kolmnurkpeaga ~ vate 60neskumerate )omes dateeritud 7shyS joon 7 1-5) i kalmesl kaasleidushymo6gapideme nupp

[sse Verevi kalmest )oS noelaga on kaasa

t Ncist Rouge linnashy

H 1992 65) Otepiia

IbM 1959 63) Hiisti lsaldab tervelt kaht

Belad on dateeritud 5) 8-9 sajandisse

Magi-Lougas 1994

iesemaid pidepunkte nud selleIe matusele u 10 sajandist kuni ~oige toeniiolisemalt ahelnud leiu kokkushy pealt pOlk soonitud test hoopis hilLsem metele Eesti arheoshy

amisel J937 aastal irjeiduse leidsin ka isaks koolimaja oues aruandest selgub et asjad kaasa arvatud

mbri alia pohjendashyega pohjust kaheida tuleriidale asetamist dile ning sami voib itele noeltele varem ieillkompiekti dateeshyimdi alguseni (Magishyluvaid esemeid on

11 sajand ning ilmselt isegi 10 sajandi lopp Haimre matuse dateeringuks liialt hiline

10 sajandisse naivad kuuluvat ka tilejiiiinud kaasJeidudega noelad Kaks neist on leitud Rahu kalmest (AI 4239 22 44) Neist esimene saadi koos rinnakee osade ning hoburaudsole mooninupPQtsaga teine koos rinnakee osade noa limmargllse kaare ristloike ja kitsakannaIise noelaga hoburaudsole katkete noatupe som1Use ja arvatavalt 10 sajandi keekandjaga (Kustin 1969) Maidla kalmcs kus reiukompleksid on enamasti omavahel segatud kuid kalme osadesse on maetlld eri aegadel saadi koik 16 sealset lehtornamendiga noela sellistest piirkondadest kus eidus teisigi 10 sajandi leide (Pauts 1995) Kaks noela (AM 580 2689 2690) leiti koos rinnakee osade VII ttitibi kaevoru valjashynaastude () ning saarcmaa tiitipi kiievoru katketega Noel nr 2978 saadi koos saaremaa tUlipi kaevoru katke rinnakee osade nlng spiraalsormusega nr 2383 koos saaremaa tlilipi poolovaaise keekandja ning kee katketega nr 3115 koos lehtornamendiga saaremaa tiilipi noelaga (vt aUpoo) (andmed Maidla kalme leiunimekirjade leiuplaanide ning Mati Mandeli tahelepanekute pohjal)

Dldiselt klindmisega segatud Linnamae kalmest on ieitud tiks omamentimata ning viis lehtomamendiga noela Neist vBib markida kaht koos leitud noela (AM 491584a b) mis saadi koos III ttitibi ohema variandi kiievoru pronksshynaastude ja rinnakee katketega (Mandel 1982) Need esemed piirinevad arvatashyvasti tihest naisematusest mille voib dateerida 10 sajandi teise poolde (MagishyLougas 1995a 296 joon 30)

Lehtomamendiga noel ad on Kustin dateerinud 10111-12 sajandisse (1962b 405) miUega noustub ka Selirand (1974 145)

Toetudes eespool esitatud tiihelepanekutele ning paralleelidele Eesti naabershymaadega v6ib omamentimata kolmnurkpeaga noelad dateerida Eestis rahvasteshyrannuajast kuni 9 sajandini kusjuures pohiosa neist oli kasutusel ilmselt 8 sajandil Kuna pole kahtlust et tegemist on lehtornamendiga noelte otseste eelbijate oing osalt ka kaasaegsetega peaksid ka viimased olema ilmunud 9 sajandil vai hiljemalt selJe lopu Lehtornamendiga noelte pohiline kasutusaeg oli 10 sajand mille lopus torjuti need korvale uute nn saaremaa tUtipi ehteshynoelte poolt Kindlalt ] I sajandisse dateeritavates leiukompleksides lehtshyornamendiga nuppotsalisi noelu enam ei esine

Variant 23 saaremaa tiiiipi kolmnurkpeaga noelad

Olejiiiinud kolmnurkpeaga noel test mitmeti erineva variandi moodustavad lamedad enam-vahem siidameKujuliste lamedate otstega kolmnurkpeaga noelad Enamasti on kummalgi otsalaiendil kaks korgemat nuppu kolm nuppu aga margivad pea keskkohta Pea tilaosas on tiks oks (harvem kolm) mis lopetab naela tagaktiljel oleva pikJiku paksendi Ulejaanud kolmnurkpeaga noeltest eristab neid noelu ka kaelal olev k6rge aas (joon 6)

Marika Mdgi 40 Eesti merovingi- j

loon 6 Kacla ehitus saaremaa tliupi n6eltel

Fig 6 Neck of triangular-headed pins of Saaremaa type

Praeguseks on teada 63 selle variandi ehten6ela millest koguni 49 on leitud Saaremaalt Eriti rohkesti pari neb nende tugevasti p61enud katkeid Saaremaa suurtest p6letusmatustega kalmetest Seet6ttu nimetatakse Iamedaid kolmnurkshypeaga n6elu Eestis lihtsuse m6ttes ka saaremaa tiiiipi n6elteks kuigi nende siinnikodu on paiknenud hoopis Kuramaal

Nagu naitavad saaremaa tiiiipi n6elte erinevused iiksikasjades olid need kasushytusel ilmselt piisavalt kaua et nende kuju j6udis m6nev6rra muutuda Teiste ehtetiiiipide samalaadsetele arenguliinidele tuginedes v6ib arvata et hilisemad saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad olid 6hemad ja stiliseerituma mustriga kui varasemad Variandi pikaajalisusele viitab ka teadaolevate 1eidude arv mis on umbes kolmandiku v6rra suurem kui teistd merovingi- ja viikingiaegsetel n6eltel samuti see et vaga paljudel juhtudel on taoliste n6elte murdunud peaosa kinnitashytud raudvarre kiilge

Saaremaa tiiiipi n6eJte pea kolmnurkne siivend on kaunistatud k6ige sagedashymini korvplettmustriga Saaremaalt on siiski leitud ka teistsuguse mustriga kuigi enam-vahem sarna kujuga n6elu mida tuleb ilmselt vaadelda kui rohkem rahvusvahelisi vorme k6igile neile v6ib leida vasteid Larist Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad v6ibki jaotada alavariantidesse vastavalt nende omamendile

23a Lehtmustriga n8elad (tahv VI 4 Vlll 6-7)

Eestist on teada kuus n6ela mille pea kuju vastab taielikult iilejaanud saaremaa tiiiipi ehten6elte omale kuid mille pead kaunistab rohkem v6i vahem stiliseeritud lehtmuster Eelmise variandi lehtornamendiga n6elte mustriga sarnaneb taielikult Laanemaalt Uugla kalmest leitud n6ela (tahv VIII 6) kaushynistus kiillaltki sarnane on ka iihe Maidla ning iihe Paunkiila n6ela muster (vastavalt AM 5803160 ja AM 731 tahv VIII 7) Ulejaanud selle alavariandi n6elte ornament on tugevasti stiliseeritud kuid lehtmuster on selles siiski aratuntav

23b J

K6ige enam pika aja jooksul viikingiajal Eest veel osal saarem m66gakaepidem( v6imalda kuna viikingiaja ning ~

On iseloomul oks Kuuel juhul ka n6elte tagakii juures ning seet6 viimastega osali~

n6elad on reeglin varasemad

23c MUlti viisl

Ulejalinud sm ment on varieen kahest paralleels( vahe on takitud f neb massiivsemal 6hemaid ja stilise( kringlikujuliste lai v6ib Uiie kindlus aladelt eriti Sem2 levinud Ebataval Kalmu n6ela (jool nistus koosncbki kestest Tegemist sellist kuju n6e1agl

loon

Fig 7 Pin of Saarcmaa

Saaremaa tiiiibj rohkesti Latis eriti

Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - vooraparased ja omad 41

pc

koguni 49 on leitud i katkeid Saaremaa amedaid kolrnnurkshyelteks kuigi nende

res olid need kasushyrra l11uutuda Teiste arvata et hilisemad iga kui varasemad TV mis on umbes ngiaegsetel noeltel lI1ud peaosa kinnitashy

itatud koige sagedashy5use mustriga kuigi adelda kui rohkem ist Saaremaa tlitipi endile

5-7)

laielikult tilejaanud rohkem voi vahem

~a noelte mustriga (tahv VIU 6) kaushy~ ktila noela muster ud selle alavariandi er on selles siiski

23b Korvplettmustriga noelad (joon 8 tahv VIII 5 IK 2)

Koige enam saaremaa ttiiipi noelu on ornamenditud korvplettmustriga See on pika aja jooksul kasutusel olnud ornament mis aga erinevalt meie naabermaadest viikingiajal Eestis kuigi populaarne polnud Peale nimetatud noelte esineb seda veel osal saaremaa ttitipi kaevorudel naiste noatuppedel ning teadaolevalt tihel moogakaepidemel samuti keraamikas Kindlamat dateerimist see mustriliik ei voimalda kuna nagu oeldud oli see eriti Latis ja Leedus vaga levinud kogu viikingiaja ning sellele jargneva perioodi valtel

On iseloomulik et peaaegu koigil selle alavariandi noeltel on vaid tiks peashyoks Kuuel juhul on kas silmakcste voi takitud joontest ristidega ornamenditud ka noelte tagaktilge Sarna nahtus esines ka nuppotsaliste lehtornamendiga noelte juures ning seet6ttu voib arvata et kasitletava alavariandi noelad olid kasutusel viimastega osaliselt samaaegselt Voib miirkida et ornamenditud tagaktiljega noelad on reeglina massiivsemad ning viimistletuma ornamendiga st arvatavalt varasemad

23c Muul viisil omamenditud noelad (joon 7 tahv VI 5 VIII 4 IX 4-5)

Ulejaanud saaremaa ttiiipi noelte ornashyment on varieeruv Tavaliselt on tegemist kahest paralleelsest joonest mustriga mille vahe on takitud Ka taoliste noelte puhul esishyneb massiivsemaid ja viimistletumaid ning ohemaid ja stilisecritumaid eksemplare Kaht kringlikujuliste laienditega noela (tahv IX 4) voib taie kindlusega pidada impordiks balti aladelt eriti SemgaJliast kus need olid laialt levinud Ebatavalisena tuleb mainida veel Kalmu noela (joon 7) mille pea kogu kaushynistus koosnebki tiksnes vaikestest silmashykestest Tegemist on ilmselt tihe varasema sellist kuju noelaga

~

Joon 7 Saaremaa tiiiipi noel Kalmust

Fig 7 Pin of Saaremaa type from Kalmu (AI 3822 194)

Arutelu

Oil

o 3

Saaremaa tiiiibiga sarnanevaid lamed a kolmnurkse peaga noelu leidub rohkesti Latis eriti Kuramaal ja Semgallias samuti Vaina liivlaste alai (Snore

42 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja

1930 tahv XV LA 1974 tahv 48 1 50 14-15 52 5 Tonisson 1974 tahv XXXVI 2) kust voib otsida ka nende algkodu Latis dateeritakse taolised n6eJad 10-12 sajandisse (Latvijas 1974 201-202) Enamasti on sealsed n6elad siiski liksikasjades Eesti omadest erinevad Isearanis plettmuster naib olevat olnud just Saaremaal k6ige enam levinud kuigi liksikuid sellise kaunistusega n6elu on teada ka Uitist

Mujalt Eesti naabermaadest ongi ieitud vaid liksikuid lameda kolmnurkpeaga n6elu Soomest on saadud kirjanduse andmctel liks eksemplar seegi baJtiparaste kringlikujuliste laienditega ning dateeritav varaviikingiaega (Kivikoski 1973 99 joon 720) M6ni samalaadne eksemplar 011 teada Ojamaalt (Nerman 1929 joon 175-178 Jansson 1995 88-89) Garda kirikaiast on leitud kaks lameda pea ja slidamekujuliste otsalaienditega kuid lehtmustriga ehten6ela Need kuuluvad kokku mooninuppotstega hoburaudsole ning kahepoolse luukammiga ning on dateeritud 11 sajandisse (Thunmark-Nylen 1995 185 joon 13) Uk middot ilmselt saaremaa tlilipi n6ela katke on saadud juhuieitlRa Taanist Roskildest (Michael Andersen - autorile)

Ka Eesti p61etusmatustega kalmetest voib leilia saaremaa tlilipi ehtenoelu sisaldavaid komplekse Taolistest Jehtornamendiga noeltest on liks leitud Uugla kalmest (AM 500503) Sellega on ilmselt kuulunud kokku nuga rinnakee katked pronksnaastud ja VII tlilibi kiievol1l (Mandel 1980) Viimase jargi otsusshytades peaks matus parinema 10 sajandi viimasest veerandist voi 11 sajandi algusest (Magi-Lougas 1995b 521) Nagu on naidanud hilisem uurimistOo on kaev6rude tiipoloogiat kasitlevas artiklis (Magi-Lou gas 1995a 304-305) pakushytud 1l sajand VII tlilibi kiiev6rude dateeringuks liialt kitsas ning taolised v6rud voeti kasutusele juba 10 sajandi 16puosas Maidla kalme lame Iehtornamendiga n6el (AM 5803160) leiti koos nuppotsalise khtornamendiga n6elaga millega ta oli ilmselt moodustanud lihe rinnakee Uks kuju jargi otsustades varaseid selle alavariandi noelu (AI 4239670) pari neb Rahu blme naisematusest ning leiti koos tugevasti sulanud rinnakee osadega (Kustin 1969)

Ulejaanud saaremaa tUlipi n6elad esinevad samalaadses leiukontekstis Kureshyvere kalmest saadud kaks sellist n6ela (AI 436898102 ning 69) leiti koos p61enud luude ja pronkspandla saaremaa tlilipi keekandjate ning rinnakee lilejaanud osade laiendiga noatupe katkete ja luisuga (Kustin 1965) Raudvarre kiilge kinnitatud saaremaa tiilipi n6el Randvere kalmest (AI 3895257) on kuulunud kokku k6rgele t6stetud mllotstega ja lileni tordeeritud kaarega hoburaudsolega ning joonornamendiga kaunistatud tumeda siledapinnaJise peenshykeraamika kiJdudega Matus peaks parinema hiljemalt umbes aastast 1000 Kustin on oma artiklis Randvere kivikalmest toonud valja eri leiurlihmi kuid nimetatud noela on ta kasitlenud eksikombel kahe leiuruhma all millest liks on dateeritud 11-12 tene 12-13 sajandisse (1962a 64-65 97) Saaremaa tiilipi noeJad on tal dateeritud 11-12 sajandisse kuna 13-14 sajandi laibamatustega kalmistutes neid enam ei esine (op cit 70) Ebaselgeks j ~i3b siiski dateeringu alumine piir mis pole 6ieti millegagi pohjendatud

Lehtornamend liksnes 10 sajand noelte variant ase esimese ala varian Noelte leiukontek

Pari maks toes varasemad saarern aegselt on leid M (AM 5803115 )tsaiistel noeitel kaunistamise korn nimetatud varianlt poletusega matust leidub rohkem nei Voib seega arvat poolest noudis tav

Fig

Saaremaa tlilipi II

kasutusel ka veel 12 ()Il parit sarnaste par viitama mingi mitte tele Saaremaalt on jjhendharuliste kaksi k6ige just taolised

Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad - voorapiirased ja omad 43

5 T6nisson 1974 jateeritakse taolised inamasti on sealsed lis piettmuster niiib gi liksikuid seilise

leda kolmnurkpeaga h seegi baltipiiraste ~ Kivikoski 1973 99 aalt (Nerman 1929 tud kaks lameda pea )ela Need kuuluvad JUkammiga ning on m 13) Uks ilmselt Roskildest (Michael

haa tiiiipi ehten6elu on iiks leitud Uugla Ikku nuga rinnakee Viimase jargi otsusshydist v6i 11 sajandi isem uurimistoo on )5a 304-305) pakushy ning taolised vorud Ime lehtornamendiga a noelaga millega ta stades varaseid selle sematusest ning leiti

leiukontekstis Kureshyning 69) leiti koos

djate ning rinnakee tin 1965) Raudvarre t (AI 3895257) on tordeeritud kaarega

si ledapinnalise peenshy1mbes aastast 1000 1 eri lelUriihmi kuid l1a all millest iiks on 97) Saaremaa tiiiipi

ljandi laibamatustega aab siiski dateeringu

Lehtornamendiga l1uppotsalised kolmnurkpean6elad olid ilmselt kasutusel iiksnes 10 saJandi lopuni Loogiline oleks niisiis arvata et iiks kolmnurkpeaga noelte variant asendus teisega kuna ievikuaia on sarna Arvatavasti valmistatigi esimese alavariandi 11-0 iileminekun6elad 10 sajandi teisel poole1 v6i lopu N6elte leiukontekstid ei ole sellise oletusega vastuolus

Parimaks t6estuseks seilele et l1uppotsalised lehtornamendiga n6elad ja varasemad saaremaa tiiiipi lehtornamendiga n6elad olid osaliselt kasutusel samashyuegselt on leid Maidlast kus iihes rinnakees oiid koos m6lemat varianti n6elad (AM 5803115 3 160) SamaaegsuseJe viitab ka nii lehtornamendiga nuppshyotsahstel noeltel kui ka plettmustriga iamedatel n6eltel esinev middotiagakiilje kaunistamise komme (joon 8 tahv V 5) Samuti torkab silma et m61ema nimetatud variandi puhul on suurem osa n6e1akatkeid leitud vaga tugeva p6letusega matustest Ciamas kui ornamentimata kolmnurkpeaga noelte hulgas leidub rohkem neid mis on kas Uiiesti terved v6i iiksnes n6rgalt tuld saanud V6ib seega arvata et mingil ajaloigul toenaoliselt alates 10 sajandi teisest pooest n6udis tava surnute tugevat p6letamist

0middot-middot~~ ~-=--0 ~ ~ 1

1

1 0 1

1

i ~ k ~ ~

(I

~1

o 3

Joon 8 Saaremaa tliiipi noel Viirinast

Fig 8 Pin of Saarcmaa type from Viilina (AI 38843128)

Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elu kanti kogll 11 sajandi valte Kas ja kui pikalt olid nad kasutusel ka vee 12 sajandil on praegustef andmetel raske oelda Enamik neist on parit sarnaste panllstega ning iihtlaseit t1Jgeva poletusega matustest mis peaks viitama mingi mitte eriti pika perioodi toenlioliselt 11 sajandi matmiskommeshytele Saaremaalt on teada ka hulk poletusmatuseid mille koosseisu kuulub iihendharuliste kaksikristpeaga n6eltega kinnitatud rinnakee V6ib arvata et eelshyk6ige Just taolised matused esindavad 12 sajandit ning et selleks ajaks olid

Marika Magi44 Eesti merovingi- ja

kaksikristpeaga noelad kolmnurkpeaga noelad loplikult korvale torjunud Uldisshytavalt voib saaremaa tiiiipi noelad dateerida seega ajavabemikku 10 sajandi teisest poolest kuni 12 sajandi alguseni

Tuup 3 varased ristpeaga noelad (tahv X 1 XI 2)

Kaksikristpeaga noelte eelkaijaks on lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad mis nende pohilisel kasutusalal st balti hoimude asualal voeti kasutllsele juba rahvasteriinnuajal (Snore 1930 93) Uksikuid Eestisse joudnud merovingi- ja varaviikingiaegseid ristpeaga noelu ei ole nende vahese arvu tottu mottekas siinse arheoloogilise materjali hulgas eraldi Iiigitada kuna tegemist on ilmselt louna poolt parit impordiga Balti hoimudelt voeti iile vaid ristpeaga noela idee ning selle eeskujul kujundati kohapeal viilja oma noelatiiiip millele oli lisatud veel iiks hanl - saadi nn kaksikristpeaga noel

Kohalikud ristpeaga noelad ilmusid siiamaile allcs muinasaja lopul ning neil o lid ristiharud mitmesugusel viisil omavahel iihendatud (vt nende kohta laheshymalt Selirand 1974 147-149) Lati ja Lecdu noeltel esineb ristiharude iihendashymist pcaaegu kogu nende kasutusaja valtel Eestist on varaseimad iihendshyharulised ristpeanoelad teacla Inju naisematusest (AI 570 1-2) ning neis tu leb toenaoliselt niiha balti importi Kuigi esmapilgul sarnased muinasaja lopu noeltega tuleb need nii varasema omamendi (silmakesed ja lipsukesed) kaela laiend is paikneva avause (sarnane varasemate kaksikristpeaga noeltega) kui ka leiukompleksi tottll dateerida hoopis varasemasse aega Eestis vooraparane on ka noelte juurde klluluv balti tiiiipi azuurne lunula-kujuline kcekandja Inju naiseshymatus pari neb 10 sajandi teisest poolest koige toenaolisemal t seUe kolmandast veerandist (Magi-Lougas 1995b 524)

Tuup 4 kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

Kaksikristpeaga noel on selgelt eestiparane ehe mida naabermaadest on leitud vaid iiksikuid eksemplare Nagu juba Tallgren naitas on nende areng kulgenud pohimotteliselt iihendamata harudega variantidelt ristiharude jarkshyjargulise taieliku iihendamise suunas (Tallgren 1925 79-80)

Tuleb markida et osadest kaksikristpeaga noeltest on leitud ainu It peaosa mis on kinnitatud spetsiifilise enamasti rauast varre kiilge Sellised raudvartega noelad esinevad ii ldiselt hilisemates leiukompleksides mis voib osutada nende teisesele kasutamisele Voib arvata et varasemaid kaksikristpeaga noelu kanti sel kujul veel pikka aega parast nende valmistamist iiheskoos juba hilisemat varianti kaksikristpeaga noeltega Ilmselt polnudki muinasaja lopu inimestele kuigivord tahtis kas taoliste noelte ristihallld olid omavahel iihendatud VOl mitte ning mi l viisil

Variant 4

Mu Ue teadaol( noela vo i nende k hulgast massiivsel teks Samas on n noela pea iisnagi I alavarianti on lii~

varasemad on silrr laridel esinev oma vad iileni nende ri~ esineb siiski ka iJ allumise ristiham eksemplariclel on j

galt kanditud vo Goon 9) Kindlalt kujuline laiend UOI

JOI

Fig

(

Joon IO ~

Fig 10 Ned

Marika Mdgi 40 Eesti merovingi- j

loon 6 Kacla ehitus saaremaa tliupi n6eltel

Fig 6 Neck of triangular-headed pins of Saaremaa type

Praeguseks on teada 63 selle variandi ehten6ela millest koguni 49 on leitud Saaremaalt Eriti rohkesti pari neb nende tugevasti p61enud katkeid Saaremaa suurtest p6letusmatustega kalmetest Seet6ttu nimetatakse Iamedaid kolmnurkshypeaga n6elu Eestis lihtsuse m6ttes ka saaremaa tiiiipi n6elteks kuigi nende siinnikodu on paiknenud hoopis Kuramaal

Nagu naitavad saaremaa tiiiipi n6elte erinevused iiksikasjades olid need kasushytusel ilmselt piisavalt kaua et nende kuju j6udis m6nev6rra muutuda Teiste ehtetiiiipide samalaadsetele arenguliinidele tuginedes v6ib arvata et hilisemad saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad olid 6hemad ja stiliseerituma mustriga kui varasemad Variandi pikaajalisusele viitab ka teadaolevate 1eidude arv mis on umbes kolmandiku v6rra suurem kui teistd merovingi- ja viikingiaegsetel n6eltel samuti see et vaga paljudel juhtudel on taoliste n6elte murdunud peaosa kinnitashytud raudvarre kiilge

Saaremaa tiiiipi n6eJte pea kolmnurkne siivend on kaunistatud k6ige sagedashymini korvplettmustriga Saaremaalt on siiski leitud ka teistsuguse mustriga kuigi enam-vahem sarna kujuga n6elu mida tuleb ilmselt vaadelda kui rohkem rahvusvahelisi vorme k6igile neile v6ib leida vasteid Larist Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad v6ibki jaotada alavariantidesse vastavalt nende omamendile

23a Lehtmustriga n8elad (tahv VI 4 Vlll 6-7)

Eestist on teada kuus n6ela mille pea kuju vastab taielikult iilejaanud saaremaa tiiiipi ehten6elte omale kuid mille pead kaunistab rohkem v6i vahem stiliseeritud lehtmuster Eelmise variandi lehtornamendiga n6elte mustriga sarnaneb taielikult Laanemaalt Uugla kalmest leitud n6ela (tahv VIII 6) kaushynistus kiillaltki sarnane on ka iihe Maidla ning iihe Paunkiila n6ela muster (vastavalt AM 5803160 ja AM 731 tahv VIII 7) Ulejaanud selle alavariandi n6elte ornament on tugevasti stiliseeritud kuid lehtmuster on selles siiski aratuntav

23b J

K6ige enam pika aja jooksul viikingiajal Eest veel osal saarem m66gakaepidem( v6imalda kuna viikingiaja ning ~

On iseloomul oks Kuuel juhul ka n6elte tagakii juures ning seet6 viimastega osali~

n6elad on reeglin varasemad

23c MUlti viisl

Ulejalinud sm ment on varieen kahest paralleels( vahe on takitud f neb massiivsemal 6hemaid ja stilise( kringlikujuliste lai v6ib Uiie kindlus aladelt eriti Sem2 levinud Ebataval Kalmu n6ela (jool nistus koosncbki kestest Tegemist sellist kuju n6e1agl

loon

Fig 7 Pin of Saarcmaa

Saaremaa tiiiibj rohkesti Latis eriti

Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - vooraparased ja omad 41

pc

koguni 49 on leitud i katkeid Saaremaa amedaid kolrnnurkshyelteks kuigi nende

res olid need kasushyrra l11uutuda Teiste arvata et hilisemad iga kui varasemad TV mis on umbes ngiaegsetel noeltel lI1ud peaosa kinnitashy

itatud koige sagedashy5use mustriga kuigi adelda kui rohkem ist Saaremaa tlitipi endile

5-7)

laielikult tilejaanud rohkem voi vahem

~a noelte mustriga (tahv VIU 6) kaushy~ ktila noela muster ud selle alavariandi er on selles siiski

23b Korvplettmustriga noelad (joon 8 tahv VIII 5 IK 2)

Koige enam saaremaa ttiiipi noelu on ornamenditud korvplettmustriga See on pika aja jooksul kasutusel olnud ornament mis aga erinevalt meie naabermaadest viikingiajal Eestis kuigi populaarne polnud Peale nimetatud noelte esineb seda veel osal saaremaa ttitipi kaevorudel naiste noatuppedel ning teadaolevalt tihel moogakaepidemel samuti keraamikas Kindlamat dateerimist see mustriliik ei voimalda kuna nagu oeldud oli see eriti Latis ja Leedus vaga levinud kogu viikingiaja ning sellele jargneva perioodi valtel

On iseloomulik et peaaegu koigil selle alavariandi noeltel on vaid tiks peashyoks Kuuel juhul on kas silmakcste voi takitud joontest ristidega ornamenditud ka noelte tagaktilge Sarna nahtus esines ka nuppotsaliste lehtornamendiga noelte juures ning seet6ttu voib arvata et kasitletava alavariandi noelad olid kasutusel viimastega osaliselt samaaegselt Voib miirkida et ornamenditud tagaktiljega noelad on reeglina massiivsemad ning viimistletuma ornamendiga st arvatavalt varasemad

23c Muul viisil omamenditud noelad (joon 7 tahv VI 5 VIII 4 IX 4-5)

Ulejaanud saaremaa ttiiipi noelte ornashyment on varieeruv Tavaliselt on tegemist kahest paralleelsest joonest mustriga mille vahe on takitud Ka taoliste noelte puhul esishyneb massiivsemaid ja viimistletumaid ning ohemaid ja stilisecritumaid eksemplare Kaht kringlikujuliste laienditega noela (tahv IX 4) voib taie kindlusega pidada impordiks balti aladelt eriti SemgaJliast kus need olid laialt levinud Ebatavalisena tuleb mainida veel Kalmu noela (joon 7) mille pea kogu kaushynistus koosnebki tiksnes vaikestest silmashykestest Tegemist on ilmselt tihe varasema sellist kuju noelaga

~

Joon 7 Saaremaa tiiiipi noel Kalmust

Fig 7 Pin of Saaremaa type from Kalmu (AI 3822 194)

Arutelu

Oil

o 3

Saaremaa tiiiibiga sarnanevaid lamed a kolmnurkse peaga noelu leidub rohkesti Latis eriti Kuramaal ja Semgallias samuti Vaina liivlaste alai (Snore

42 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja

1930 tahv XV LA 1974 tahv 48 1 50 14-15 52 5 Tonisson 1974 tahv XXXVI 2) kust voib otsida ka nende algkodu Latis dateeritakse taolised n6eJad 10-12 sajandisse (Latvijas 1974 201-202) Enamasti on sealsed n6elad siiski liksikasjades Eesti omadest erinevad Isearanis plettmuster naib olevat olnud just Saaremaal k6ige enam levinud kuigi liksikuid sellise kaunistusega n6elu on teada ka Uitist

Mujalt Eesti naabermaadest ongi ieitud vaid liksikuid lameda kolmnurkpeaga n6elu Soomest on saadud kirjanduse andmctel liks eksemplar seegi baJtiparaste kringlikujuliste laienditega ning dateeritav varaviikingiaega (Kivikoski 1973 99 joon 720) M6ni samalaadne eksemplar 011 teada Ojamaalt (Nerman 1929 joon 175-178 Jansson 1995 88-89) Garda kirikaiast on leitud kaks lameda pea ja slidamekujuliste otsalaienditega kuid lehtmustriga ehten6ela Need kuuluvad kokku mooninuppotstega hoburaudsole ning kahepoolse luukammiga ning on dateeritud 11 sajandisse (Thunmark-Nylen 1995 185 joon 13) Uk middot ilmselt saaremaa tlilipi n6ela katke on saadud juhuieitlRa Taanist Roskildest (Michael Andersen - autorile)

Ka Eesti p61etusmatustega kalmetest voib leilia saaremaa tlilipi ehtenoelu sisaldavaid komplekse Taolistest Jehtornamendiga noeltest on liks leitud Uugla kalmest (AM 500503) Sellega on ilmselt kuulunud kokku nuga rinnakee katked pronksnaastud ja VII tlilibi kiievol1l (Mandel 1980) Viimase jargi otsusshytades peaks matus parinema 10 sajandi viimasest veerandist voi 11 sajandi algusest (Magi-Lougas 1995b 521) Nagu on naidanud hilisem uurimistOo on kaev6rude tiipoloogiat kasitlevas artiklis (Magi-Lou gas 1995a 304-305) pakushytud 1l sajand VII tlilibi kiiev6rude dateeringuks liialt kitsas ning taolised v6rud voeti kasutusele juba 10 sajandi 16puosas Maidla kalme lame Iehtornamendiga n6el (AM 5803160) leiti koos nuppotsalise khtornamendiga n6elaga millega ta oli ilmselt moodustanud lihe rinnakee Uks kuju jargi otsustades varaseid selle alavariandi noelu (AI 4239670) pari neb Rahu blme naisematusest ning leiti koos tugevasti sulanud rinnakee osadega (Kustin 1969)

Ulejaanud saaremaa tUlipi n6elad esinevad samalaadses leiukontekstis Kureshyvere kalmest saadud kaks sellist n6ela (AI 436898102 ning 69) leiti koos p61enud luude ja pronkspandla saaremaa tlilipi keekandjate ning rinnakee lilejaanud osade laiendiga noatupe katkete ja luisuga (Kustin 1965) Raudvarre kiilge kinnitatud saaremaa tiilipi n6el Randvere kalmest (AI 3895257) on kuulunud kokku k6rgele t6stetud mllotstega ja lileni tordeeritud kaarega hoburaudsolega ning joonornamendiga kaunistatud tumeda siledapinnaJise peenshykeraamika kiJdudega Matus peaks parinema hiljemalt umbes aastast 1000 Kustin on oma artiklis Randvere kivikalmest toonud valja eri leiurlihmi kuid nimetatud noela on ta kasitlenud eksikombel kahe leiuruhma all millest liks on dateeritud 11-12 tene 12-13 sajandisse (1962a 64-65 97) Saaremaa tiilipi noeJad on tal dateeritud 11-12 sajandisse kuna 13-14 sajandi laibamatustega kalmistutes neid enam ei esine (op cit 70) Ebaselgeks j ~i3b siiski dateeringu alumine piir mis pole 6ieti millegagi pohjendatud

Lehtornamend liksnes 10 sajand noelte variant ase esimese ala varian Noelte leiukontek

Pari maks toes varasemad saarern aegselt on leid M (AM 5803115 )tsaiistel noeitel kaunistamise korn nimetatud varianlt poletusega matust leidub rohkem nei Voib seega arvat poolest noudis tav

Fig

Saaremaa tlilipi II

kasutusel ka veel 12 ()Il parit sarnaste par viitama mingi mitte tele Saaremaalt on jjhendharuliste kaksi k6ige just taolised

Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad - voorapiirased ja omad 43

5 T6nisson 1974 jateeritakse taolised inamasti on sealsed lis piettmuster niiib gi liksikuid seilise

leda kolmnurkpeaga h seegi baltipiiraste ~ Kivikoski 1973 99 aalt (Nerman 1929 tud kaks lameda pea )ela Need kuuluvad JUkammiga ning on m 13) Uks ilmselt Roskildest (Michael

haa tiiiipi ehten6elu on iiks leitud Uugla Ikku nuga rinnakee Viimase jargi otsusshydist v6i 11 sajandi isem uurimistoo on )5a 304-305) pakushy ning taolised vorud Ime lehtornamendiga a noelaga millega ta stades varaseid selle sematusest ning leiti

leiukontekstis Kureshyning 69) leiti koos

djate ning rinnakee tin 1965) Raudvarre t (AI 3895257) on tordeeritud kaarega

si ledapinnalise peenshy1mbes aastast 1000 1 eri lelUriihmi kuid l1a all millest iiks on 97) Saaremaa tiiiipi

ljandi laibamatustega aab siiski dateeringu

Lehtornamendiga l1uppotsalised kolmnurkpean6elad olid ilmselt kasutusel iiksnes 10 saJandi lopuni Loogiline oleks niisiis arvata et iiks kolmnurkpeaga noelte variant asendus teisega kuna ievikuaia on sarna Arvatavasti valmistatigi esimese alavariandi 11-0 iileminekun6elad 10 sajandi teisel poole1 v6i lopu N6elte leiukontekstid ei ole sellise oletusega vastuolus

Parimaks t6estuseks seilele et l1uppotsalised lehtornamendiga n6elad ja varasemad saaremaa tiiiipi lehtornamendiga n6elad olid osaliselt kasutusel samashyuegselt on leid Maidlast kus iihes rinnakees oiid koos m6lemat varianti n6elad (AM 5803115 3 160) SamaaegsuseJe viitab ka nii lehtornamendiga nuppshyotsahstel noeltel kui ka plettmustriga iamedatel n6eltel esinev middotiagakiilje kaunistamise komme (joon 8 tahv V 5) Samuti torkab silma et m61ema nimetatud variandi puhul on suurem osa n6e1akatkeid leitud vaga tugeva p6letusega matustest Ciamas kui ornamentimata kolmnurkpeaga noelte hulgas leidub rohkem neid mis on kas Uiiesti terved v6i iiksnes n6rgalt tuld saanud V6ib seega arvata et mingil ajaloigul toenaoliselt alates 10 sajandi teisest pooest n6udis tava surnute tugevat p6letamist

0middot-middot~~ ~-=--0 ~ ~ 1

1

1 0 1

1

i ~ k ~ ~

(I

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o 3

Joon 8 Saaremaa tliiipi noel Viirinast

Fig 8 Pin of Saarcmaa type from Viilina (AI 38843128)

Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elu kanti kogll 11 sajandi valte Kas ja kui pikalt olid nad kasutusel ka vee 12 sajandil on praegustef andmetel raske oelda Enamik neist on parit sarnaste panllstega ning iihtlaseit t1Jgeva poletusega matustest mis peaks viitama mingi mitte eriti pika perioodi toenlioliselt 11 sajandi matmiskommeshytele Saaremaalt on teada ka hulk poletusmatuseid mille koosseisu kuulub iihendharuliste kaksikristpeaga n6eltega kinnitatud rinnakee V6ib arvata et eelshyk6ige Just taolised matused esindavad 12 sajandit ning et selleks ajaks olid

Marika Magi44 Eesti merovingi- ja

kaksikristpeaga noelad kolmnurkpeaga noelad loplikult korvale torjunud Uldisshytavalt voib saaremaa tiiiipi noelad dateerida seega ajavabemikku 10 sajandi teisest poolest kuni 12 sajandi alguseni

Tuup 3 varased ristpeaga noelad (tahv X 1 XI 2)

Kaksikristpeaga noelte eelkaijaks on lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad mis nende pohilisel kasutusalal st balti hoimude asualal voeti kasutllsele juba rahvasteriinnuajal (Snore 1930 93) Uksikuid Eestisse joudnud merovingi- ja varaviikingiaegseid ristpeaga noelu ei ole nende vahese arvu tottu mottekas siinse arheoloogilise materjali hulgas eraldi Iiigitada kuna tegemist on ilmselt louna poolt parit impordiga Balti hoimudelt voeti iile vaid ristpeaga noela idee ning selle eeskujul kujundati kohapeal viilja oma noelatiiiip millele oli lisatud veel iiks hanl - saadi nn kaksikristpeaga noel

Kohalikud ristpeaga noelad ilmusid siiamaile allcs muinasaja lopul ning neil o lid ristiharud mitmesugusel viisil omavahel iihendatud (vt nende kohta laheshymalt Selirand 1974 147-149) Lati ja Lecdu noeltel esineb ristiharude iihendashymist pcaaegu kogu nende kasutusaja valtel Eestist on varaseimad iihendshyharulised ristpeanoelad teacla Inju naisematusest (AI 570 1-2) ning neis tu leb toenaoliselt niiha balti importi Kuigi esmapilgul sarnased muinasaja lopu noeltega tuleb need nii varasema omamendi (silmakesed ja lipsukesed) kaela laiend is paikneva avause (sarnane varasemate kaksikristpeaga noeltega) kui ka leiukompleksi tottll dateerida hoopis varasemasse aega Eestis vooraparane on ka noelte juurde klluluv balti tiiiipi azuurne lunula-kujuline kcekandja Inju naiseshymatus pari neb 10 sajandi teisest poolest koige toenaolisemal t seUe kolmandast veerandist (Magi-Lougas 1995b 524)

Tuup 4 kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

Kaksikristpeaga noel on selgelt eestiparane ehe mida naabermaadest on leitud vaid iiksikuid eksemplare Nagu juba Tallgren naitas on nende areng kulgenud pohimotteliselt iihendamata harudega variantidelt ristiharude jarkshyjargulise taieliku iihendamise suunas (Tallgren 1925 79-80)

Tuleb markida et osadest kaksikristpeaga noeltest on leitud ainu It peaosa mis on kinnitatud spetsiifilise enamasti rauast varre kiilge Sellised raudvartega noelad esinevad ii ldiselt hilisemates leiukompleksides mis voib osutada nende teisesele kasutamisele Voib arvata et varasemaid kaksikristpeaga noelu kanti sel kujul veel pikka aega parast nende valmistamist iiheskoos juba hilisemat varianti kaksikristpeaga noeltega Ilmselt polnudki muinasaja lopu inimestele kuigivord tahtis kas taoliste noelte ristihallld olid omavahel iihendatud VOl mitte ning mi l viisil

Variant 4

Mu Ue teadaol( noela vo i nende k hulgast massiivsel teks Samas on n noela pea iisnagi I alavarianti on lii~

varasemad on silrr laridel esinev oma vad iileni nende ri~ esineb siiski ka iJ allumise ristiham eksemplariclel on j

galt kanditud vo Goon 9) Kindlalt kujuline laiend UOI

JOI

Fig

(

Joon IO ~

Fig 10 Ned

Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - vooraparased ja omad 41

pc

koguni 49 on leitud i katkeid Saaremaa amedaid kolrnnurkshyelteks kuigi nende

res olid need kasushyrra l11uutuda Teiste arvata et hilisemad iga kui varasemad TV mis on umbes ngiaegsetel noeltel lI1ud peaosa kinnitashy

itatud koige sagedashy5use mustriga kuigi adelda kui rohkem ist Saaremaa tlitipi endile

5-7)

laielikult tilejaanud rohkem voi vahem

~a noelte mustriga (tahv VIU 6) kaushy~ ktila noela muster ud selle alavariandi er on selles siiski

23b Korvplettmustriga noelad (joon 8 tahv VIII 5 IK 2)

Koige enam saaremaa ttiiipi noelu on ornamenditud korvplettmustriga See on pika aja jooksul kasutusel olnud ornament mis aga erinevalt meie naabermaadest viikingiajal Eestis kuigi populaarne polnud Peale nimetatud noelte esineb seda veel osal saaremaa ttitipi kaevorudel naiste noatuppedel ning teadaolevalt tihel moogakaepidemel samuti keraamikas Kindlamat dateerimist see mustriliik ei voimalda kuna nagu oeldud oli see eriti Latis ja Leedus vaga levinud kogu viikingiaja ning sellele jargneva perioodi valtel

On iseloomulik et peaaegu koigil selle alavariandi noeltel on vaid tiks peashyoks Kuuel juhul on kas silmakcste voi takitud joontest ristidega ornamenditud ka noelte tagaktilge Sarna nahtus esines ka nuppotsaliste lehtornamendiga noelte juures ning seet6ttu voib arvata et kasitletava alavariandi noelad olid kasutusel viimastega osaliselt samaaegselt Voib miirkida et ornamenditud tagaktiljega noelad on reeglina massiivsemad ning viimistletuma ornamendiga st arvatavalt varasemad

23c Muul viisil omamenditud noelad (joon 7 tahv VI 5 VIII 4 IX 4-5)

Ulejaanud saaremaa ttiiipi noelte ornashyment on varieeruv Tavaliselt on tegemist kahest paralleelsest joonest mustriga mille vahe on takitud Ka taoliste noelte puhul esishyneb massiivsemaid ja viimistletumaid ning ohemaid ja stilisecritumaid eksemplare Kaht kringlikujuliste laienditega noela (tahv IX 4) voib taie kindlusega pidada impordiks balti aladelt eriti SemgaJliast kus need olid laialt levinud Ebatavalisena tuleb mainida veel Kalmu noela (joon 7) mille pea kogu kaushynistus koosnebki tiksnes vaikestest silmashykestest Tegemist on ilmselt tihe varasema sellist kuju noelaga

~

Joon 7 Saaremaa tiiiipi noel Kalmust

Fig 7 Pin of Saaremaa type from Kalmu (AI 3822 194)

Arutelu

Oil

o 3

Saaremaa tiiiibiga sarnanevaid lamed a kolmnurkse peaga noelu leidub rohkesti Latis eriti Kuramaal ja Semgallias samuti Vaina liivlaste alai (Snore

42 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja

1930 tahv XV LA 1974 tahv 48 1 50 14-15 52 5 Tonisson 1974 tahv XXXVI 2) kust voib otsida ka nende algkodu Latis dateeritakse taolised n6eJad 10-12 sajandisse (Latvijas 1974 201-202) Enamasti on sealsed n6elad siiski liksikasjades Eesti omadest erinevad Isearanis plettmuster naib olevat olnud just Saaremaal k6ige enam levinud kuigi liksikuid sellise kaunistusega n6elu on teada ka Uitist

Mujalt Eesti naabermaadest ongi ieitud vaid liksikuid lameda kolmnurkpeaga n6elu Soomest on saadud kirjanduse andmctel liks eksemplar seegi baJtiparaste kringlikujuliste laienditega ning dateeritav varaviikingiaega (Kivikoski 1973 99 joon 720) M6ni samalaadne eksemplar 011 teada Ojamaalt (Nerman 1929 joon 175-178 Jansson 1995 88-89) Garda kirikaiast on leitud kaks lameda pea ja slidamekujuliste otsalaienditega kuid lehtmustriga ehten6ela Need kuuluvad kokku mooninuppotstega hoburaudsole ning kahepoolse luukammiga ning on dateeritud 11 sajandisse (Thunmark-Nylen 1995 185 joon 13) Uk middot ilmselt saaremaa tlilipi n6ela katke on saadud juhuieitlRa Taanist Roskildest (Michael Andersen - autorile)

Ka Eesti p61etusmatustega kalmetest voib leilia saaremaa tlilipi ehtenoelu sisaldavaid komplekse Taolistest Jehtornamendiga noeltest on liks leitud Uugla kalmest (AM 500503) Sellega on ilmselt kuulunud kokku nuga rinnakee katked pronksnaastud ja VII tlilibi kiievol1l (Mandel 1980) Viimase jargi otsusshytades peaks matus parinema 10 sajandi viimasest veerandist voi 11 sajandi algusest (Magi-Lougas 1995b 521) Nagu on naidanud hilisem uurimistOo on kaev6rude tiipoloogiat kasitlevas artiklis (Magi-Lou gas 1995a 304-305) pakushytud 1l sajand VII tlilibi kiiev6rude dateeringuks liialt kitsas ning taolised v6rud voeti kasutusele juba 10 sajandi 16puosas Maidla kalme lame Iehtornamendiga n6el (AM 5803160) leiti koos nuppotsalise khtornamendiga n6elaga millega ta oli ilmselt moodustanud lihe rinnakee Uks kuju jargi otsustades varaseid selle alavariandi noelu (AI 4239670) pari neb Rahu blme naisematusest ning leiti koos tugevasti sulanud rinnakee osadega (Kustin 1969)

Ulejaanud saaremaa tUlipi n6elad esinevad samalaadses leiukontekstis Kureshyvere kalmest saadud kaks sellist n6ela (AI 436898102 ning 69) leiti koos p61enud luude ja pronkspandla saaremaa tlilipi keekandjate ning rinnakee lilejaanud osade laiendiga noatupe katkete ja luisuga (Kustin 1965) Raudvarre kiilge kinnitatud saaremaa tiilipi n6el Randvere kalmest (AI 3895257) on kuulunud kokku k6rgele t6stetud mllotstega ja lileni tordeeritud kaarega hoburaudsolega ning joonornamendiga kaunistatud tumeda siledapinnaJise peenshykeraamika kiJdudega Matus peaks parinema hiljemalt umbes aastast 1000 Kustin on oma artiklis Randvere kivikalmest toonud valja eri leiurlihmi kuid nimetatud noela on ta kasitlenud eksikombel kahe leiuruhma all millest liks on dateeritud 11-12 tene 12-13 sajandisse (1962a 64-65 97) Saaremaa tiilipi noeJad on tal dateeritud 11-12 sajandisse kuna 13-14 sajandi laibamatustega kalmistutes neid enam ei esine (op cit 70) Ebaselgeks j ~i3b siiski dateeringu alumine piir mis pole 6ieti millegagi pohjendatud

Lehtornamend liksnes 10 sajand noelte variant ase esimese ala varian Noelte leiukontek

Pari maks toes varasemad saarern aegselt on leid M (AM 5803115 )tsaiistel noeitel kaunistamise korn nimetatud varianlt poletusega matust leidub rohkem nei Voib seega arvat poolest noudis tav

Fig

Saaremaa tlilipi II

kasutusel ka veel 12 ()Il parit sarnaste par viitama mingi mitte tele Saaremaalt on jjhendharuliste kaksi k6ige just taolised

Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad - voorapiirased ja omad 43

5 T6nisson 1974 jateeritakse taolised inamasti on sealsed lis piettmuster niiib gi liksikuid seilise

leda kolmnurkpeaga h seegi baltipiiraste ~ Kivikoski 1973 99 aalt (Nerman 1929 tud kaks lameda pea )ela Need kuuluvad JUkammiga ning on m 13) Uks ilmselt Roskildest (Michael

haa tiiiipi ehten6elu on iiks leitud Uugla Ikku nuga rinnakee Viimase jargi otsusshydist v6i 11 sajandi isem uurimistoo on )5a 304-305) pakushy ning taolised vorud Ime lehtornamendiga a noelaga millega ta stades varaseid selle sematusest ning leiti

leiukontekstis Kureshyning 69) leiti koos

djate ning rinnakee tin 1965) Raudvarre t (AI 3895257) on tordeeritud kaarega

si ledapinnalise peenshy1mbes aastast 1000 1 eri lelUriihmi kuid l1a all millest iiks on 97) Saaremaa tiiiipi

ljandi laibamatustega aab siiski dateeringu

Lehtornamendiga l1uppotsalised kolmnurkpean6elad olid ilmselt kasutusel iiksnes 10 saJandi lopuni Loogiline oleks niisiis arvata et iiks kolmnurkpeaga noelte variant asendus teisega kuna ievikuaia on sarna Arvatavasti valmistatigi esimese alavariandi 11-0 iileminekun6elad 10 sajandi teisel poole1 v6i lopu N6elte leiukontekstid ei ole sellise oletusega vastuolus

Parimaks t6estuseks seilele et l1uppotsalised lehtornamendiga n6elad ja varasemad saaremaa tiiiipi lehtornamendiga n6elad olid osaliselt kasutusel samashyuegselt on leid Maidlast kus iihes rinnakees oiid koos m6lemat varianti n6elad (AM 5803115 3 160) SamaaegsuseJe viitab ka nii lehtornamendiga nuppshyotsahstel noeltel kui ka plettmustriga iamedatel n6eltel esinev middotiagakiilje kaunistamise komme (joon 8 tahv V 5) Samuti torkab silma et m61ema nimetatud variandi puhul on suurem osa n6e1akatkeid leitud vaga tugeva p6letusega matustest Ciamas kui ornamentimata kolmnurkpeaga noelte hulgas leidub rohkem neid mis on kas Uiiesti terved v6i iiksnes n6rgalt tuld saanud V6ib seega arvata et mingil ajaloigul toenaoliselt alates 10 sajandi teisest pooest n6udis tava surnute tugevat p6letamist

0middot-middot~~ ~-=--0 ~ ~ 1

1

1 0 1

1

i ~ k ~ ~

(I

~1

o 3

Joon 8 Saaremaa tliiipi noel Viirinast

Fig 8 Pin of Saarcmaa type from Viilina (AI 38843128)

Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elu kanti kogll 11 sajandi valte Kas ja kui pikalt olid nad kasutusel ka vee 12 sajandil on praegustef andmetel raske oelda Enamik neist on parit sarnaste panllstega ning iihtlaseit t1Jgeva poletusega matustest mis peaks viitama mingi mitte eriti pika perioodi toenlioliselt 11 sajandi matmiskommeshytele Saaremaalt on teada ka hulk poletusmatuseid mille koosseisu kuulub iihendharuliste kaksikristpeaga n6eltega kinnitatud rinnakee V6ib arvata et eelshyk6ige Just taolised matused esindavad 12 sajandit ning et selleks ajaks olid

Marika Magi44 Eesti merovingi- ja

kaksikristpeaga noelad kolmnurkpeaga noelad loplikult korvale torjunud Uldisshytavalt voib saaremaa tiiiipi noelad dateerida seega ajavabemikku 10 sajandi teisest poolest kuni 12 sajandi alguseni

Tuup 3 varased ristpeaga noelad (tahv X 1 XI 2)

Kaksikristpeaga noelte eelkaijaks on lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad mis nende pohilisel kasutusalal st balti hoimude asualal voeti kasutllsele juba rahvasteriinnuajal (Snore 1930 93) Uksikuid Eestisse joudnud merovingi- ja varaviikingiaegseid ristpeaga noelu ei ole nende vahese arvu tottu mottekas siinse arheoloogilise materjali hulgas eraldi Iiigitada kuna tegemist on ilmselt louna poolt parit impordiga Balti hoimudelt voeti iile vaid ristpeaga noela idee ning selle eeskujul kujundati kohapeal viilja oma noelatiiiip millele oli lisatud veel iiks hanl - saadi nn kaksikristpeaga noel

Kohalikud ristpeaga noelad ilmusid siiamaile allcs muinasaja lopul ning neil o lid ristiharud mitmesugusel viisil omavahel iihendatud (vt nende kohta laheshymalt Selirand 1974 147-149) Lati ja Lecdu noeltel esineb ristiharude iihendashymist pcaaegu kogu nende kasutusaja valtel Eestist on varaseimad iihendshyharulised ristpeanoelad teacla Inju naisematusest (AI 570 1-2) ning neis tu leb toenaoliselt niiha balti importi Kuigi esmapilgul sarnased muinasaja lopu noeltega tuleb need nii varasema omamendi (silmakesed ja lipsukesed) kaela laiend is paikneva avause (sarnane varasemate kaksikristpeaga noeltega) kui ka leiukompleksi tottll dateerida hoopis varasemasse aega Eestis vooraparane on ka noelte juurde klluluv balti tiiiipi azuurne lunula-kujuline kcekandja Inju naiseshymatus pari neb 10 sajandi teisest poolest koige toenaolisemal t seUe kolmandast veerandist (Magi-Lougas 1995b 524)

Tuup 4 kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

Kaksikristpeaga noel on selgelt eestiparane ehe mida naabermaadest on leitud vaid iiksikuid eksemplare Nagu juba Tallgren naitas on nende areng kulgenud pohimotteliselt iihendamata harudega variantidelt ristiharude jarkshyjargulise taieliku iihendamise suunas (Tallgren 1925 79-80)

Tuleb markida et osadest kaksikristpeaga noeltest on leitud ainu It peaosa mis on kinnitatud spetsiifilise enamasti rauast varre kiilge Sellised raudvartega noelad esinevad ii ldiselt hilisemates leiukompleksides mis voib osutada nende teisesele kasutamisele Voib arvata et varasemaid kaksikristpeaga noelu kanti sel kujul veel pikka aega parast nende valmistamist iiheskoos juba hilisemat varianti kaksikristpeaga noeltega Ilmselt polnudki muinasaja lopu inimestele kuigivord tahtis kas taoliste noelte ristihallld olid omavahel iihendatud VOl mitte ning mi l viisil

Variant 4

Mu Ue teadaol( noela vo i nende k hulgast massiivsel teks Samas on n noela pea iisnagi I alavarianti on lii~

varasemad on silrr laridel esinev oma vad iileni nende ri~ esineb siiski ka iJ allumise ristiham eksemplariclel on j

galt kanditud vo Goon 9) Kindlalt kujuline laiend UOI

JOI

Fig

(

Joon IO ~

Fig 10 Ned

42 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja

1930 tahv XV LA 1974 tahv 48 1 50 14-15 52 5 Tonisson 1974 tahv XXXVI 2) kust voib otsida ka nende algkodu Latis dateeritakse taolised n6eJad 10-12 sajandisse (Latvijas 1974 201-202) Enamasti on sealsed n6elad siiski liksikasjades Eesti omadest erinevad Isearanis plettmuster naib olevat olnud just Saaremaal k6ige enam levinud kuigi liksikuid sellise kaunistusega n6elu on teada ka Uitist

Mujalt Eesti naabermaadest ongi ieitud vaid liksikuid lameda kolmnurkpeaga n6elu Soomest on saadud kirjanduse andmctel liks eksemplar seegi baJtiparaste kringlikujuliste laienditega ning dateeritav varaviikingiaega (Kivikoski 1973 99 joon 720) M6ni samalaadne eksemplar 011 teada Ojamaalt (Nerman 1929 joon 175-178 Jansson 1995 88-89) Garda kirikaiast on leitud kaks lameda pea ja slidamekujuliste otsalaienditega kuid lehtmustriga ehten6ela Need kuuluvad kokku mooninuppotstega hoburaudsole ning kahepoolse luukammiga ning on dateeritud 11 sajandisse (Thunmark-Nylen 1995 185 joon 13) Uk middot ilmselt saaremaa tlilipi n6ela katke on saadud juhuieitlRa Taanist Roskildest (Michael Andersen - autorile)

Ka Eesti p61etusmatustega kalmetest voib leilia saaremaa tlilipi ehtenoelu sisaldavaid komplekse Taolistest Jehtornamendiga noeltest on liks leitud Uugla kalmest (AM 500503) Sellega on ilmselt kuulunud kokku nuga rinnakee katked pronksnaastud ja VII tlilibi kiievol1l (Mandel 1980) Viimase jargi otsusshytades peaks matus parinema 10 sajandi viimasest veerandist voi 11 sajandi algusest (Magi-Lougas 1995b 521) Nagu on naidanud hilisem uurimistOo on kaev6rude tiipoloogiat kasitlevas artiklis (Magi-Lou gas 1995a 304-305) pakushytud 1l sajand VII tlilibi kiiev6rude dateeringuks liialt kitsas ning taolised v6rud voeti kasutusele juba 10 sajandi 16puosas Maidla kalme lame Iehtornamendiga n6el (AM 5803160) leiti koos nuppotsalise khtornamendiga n6elaga millega ta oli ilmselt moodustanud lihe rinnakee Uks kuju jargi otsustades varaseid selle alavariandi noelu (AI 4239670) pari neb Rahu blme naisematusest ning leiti koos tugevasti sulanud rinnakee osadega (Kustin 1969)

Ulejaanud saaremaa tUlipi n6elad esinevad samalaadses leiukontekstis Kureshyvere kalmest saadud kaks sellist n6ela (AI 436898102 ning 69) leiti koos p61enud luude ja pronkspandla saaremaa tlilipi keekandjate ning rinnakee lilejaanud osade laiendiga noatupe katkete ja luisuga (Kustin 1965) Raudvarre kiilge kinnitatud saaremaa tiilipi n6el Randvere kalmest (AI 3895257) on kuulunud kokku k6rgele t6stetud mllotstega ja lileni tordeeritud kaarega hoburaudsolega ning joonornamendiga kaunistatud tumeda siledapinnaJise peenshykeraamika kiJdudega Matus peaks parinema hiljemalt umbes aastast 1000 Kustin on oma artiklis Randvere kivikalmest toonud valja eri leiurlihmi kuid nimetatud noela on ta kasitlenud eksikombel kahe leiuruhma all millest liks on dateeritud 11-12 tene 12-13 sajandisse (1962a 64-65 97) Saaremaa tiilipi noeJad on tal dateeritud 11-12 sajandisse kuna 13-14 sajandi laibamatustega kalmistutes neid enam ei esine (op cit 70) Ebaselgeks j ~i3b siiski dateeringu alumine piir mis pole 6ieti millegagi pohjendatud

Lehtornamend liksnes 10 sajand noelte variant ase esimese ala varian Noelte leiukontek

Pari maks toes varasemad saarern aegselt on leid M (AM 5803115 )tsaiistel noeitel kaunistamise korn nimetatud varianlt poletusega matust leidub rohkem nei Voib seega arvat poolest noudis tav

Fig

Saaremaa tlilipi II

kasutusel ka veel 12 ()Il parit sarnaste par viitama mingi mitte tele Saaremaalt on jjhendharuliste kaksi k6ige just taolised

Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad - voorapiirased ja omad 43

5 T6nisson 1974 jateeritakse taolised inamasti on sealsed lis piettmuster niiib gi liksikuid seilise

leda kolmnurkpeaga h seegi baltipiiraste ~ Kivikoski 1973 99 aalt (Nerman 1929 tud kaks lameda pea )ela Need kuuluvad JUkammiga ning on m 13) Uks ilmselt Roskildest (Michael

haa tiiiipi ehten6elu on iiks leitud Uugla Ikku nuga rinnakee Viimase jargi otsusshydist v6i 11 sajandi isem uurimistoo on )5a 304-305) pakushy ning taolised vorud Ime lehtornamendiga a noelaga millega ta stades varaseid selle sematusest ning leiti

leiukontekstis Kureshyning 69) leiti koos

djate ning rinnakee tin 1965) Raudvarre t (AI 3895257) on tordeeritud kaarega

si ledapinnalise peenshy1mbes aastast 1000 1 eri lelUriihmi kuid l1a all millest iiks on 97) Saaremaa tiiiipi

ljandi laibamatustega aab siiski dateeringu

Lehtornamendiga l1uppotsalised kolmnurkpean6elad olid ilmselt kasutusel iiksnes 10 saJandi lopuni Loogiline oleks niisiis arvata et iiks kolmnurkpeaga noelte variant asendus teisega kuna ievikuaia on sarna Arvatavasti valmistatigi esimese alavariandi 11-0 iileminekun6elad 10 sajandi teisel poole1 v6i lopu N6elte leiukontekstid ei ole sellise oletusega vastuolus

Parimaks t6estuseks seilele et l1uppotsalised lehtornamendiga n6elad ja varasemad saaremaa tiiiipi lehtornamendiga n6elad olid osaliselt kasutusel samashyuegselt on leid Maidlast kus iihes rinnakees oiid koos m6lemat varianti n6elad (AM 5803115 3 160) SamaaegsuseJe viitab ka nii lehtornamendiga nuppshyotsahstel noeltel kui ka plettmustriga iamedatel n6eltel esinev middotiagakiilje kaunistamise komme (joon 8 tahv V 5) Samuti torkab silma et m61ema nimetatud variandi puhul on suurem osa n6e1akatkeid leitud vaga tugeva p6letusega matustest Ciamas kui ornamentimata kolmnurkpeaga noelte hulgas leidub rohkem neid mis on kas Uiiesti terved v6i iiksnes n6rgalt tuld saanud V6ib seega arvata et mingil ajaloigul toenaoliselt alates 10 sajandi teisest pooest n6udis tava surnute tugevat p6letamist

0middot-middot~~ ~-=--0 ~ ~ 1

1

1 0 1

1

i ~ k ~ ~

(I

~1

o 3

Joon 8 Saaremaa tliiipi noel Viirinast

Fig 8 Pin of Saarcmaa type from Viilina (AI 38843128)

Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elu kanti kogll 11 sajandi valte Kas ja kui pikalt olid nad kasutusel ka vee 12 sajandil on praegustef andmetel raske oelda Enamik neist on parit sarnaste panllstega ning iihtlaseit t1Jgeva poletusega matustest mis peaks viitama mingi mitte eriti pika perioodi toenlioliselt 11 sajandi matmiskommeshytele Saaremaalt on teada ka hulk poletusmatuseid mille koosseisu kuulub iihendharuliste kaksikristpeaga n6eltega kinnitatud rinnakee V6ib arvata et eelshyk6ige Just taolised matused esindavad 12 sajandit ning et selleks ajaks olid

Marika Magi44 Eesti merovingi- ja

kaksikristpeaga noelad kolmnurkpeaga noelad loplikult korvale torjunud Uldisshytavalt voib saaremaa tiiiipi noelad dateerida seega ajavabemikku 10 sajandi teisest poolest kuni 12 sajandi alguseni

Tuup 3 varased ristpeaga noelad (tahv X 1 XI 2)

Kaksikristpeaga noelte eelkaijaks on lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad mis nende pohilisel kasutusalal st balti hoimude asualal voeti kasutllsele juba rahvasteriinnuajal (Snore 1930 93) Uksikuid Eestisse joudnud merovingi- ja varaviikingiaegseid ristpeaga noelu ei ole nende vahese arvu tottu mottekas siinse arheoloogilise materjali hulgas eraldi Iiigitada kuna tegemist on ilmselt louna poolt parit impordiga Balti hoimudelt voeti iile vaid ristpeaga noela idee ning selle eeskujul kujundati kohapeal viilja oma noelatiiiip millele oli lisatud veel iiks hanl - saadi nn kaksikristpeaga noel

Kohalikud ristpeaga noelad ilmusid siiamaile allcs muinasaja lopul ning neil o lid ristiharud mitmesugusel viisil omavahel iihendatud (vt nende kohta laheshymalt Selirand 1974 147-149) Lati ja Lecdu noeltel esineb ristiharude iihendashymist pcaaegu kogu nende kasutusaja valtel Eestist on varaseimad iihendshyharulised ristpeanoelad teacla Inju naisematusest (AI 570 1-2) ning neis tu leb toenaoliselt niiha balti importi Kuigi esmapilgul sarnased muinasaja lopu noeltega tuleb need nii varasema omamendi (silmakesed ja lipsukesed) kaela laiend is paikneva avause (sarnane varasemate kaksikristpeaga noeltega) kui ka leiukompleksi tottll dateerida hoopis varasemasse aega Eestis vooraparane on ka noelte juurde klluluv balti tiiiipi azuurne lunula-kujuline kcekandja Inju naiseshymatus pari neb 10 sajandi teisest poolest koige toenaolisemal t seUe kolmandast veerandist (Magi-Lougas 1995b 524)

Tuup 4 kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

Kaksikristpeaga noel on selgelt eestiparane ehe mida naabermaadest on leitud vaid iiksikuid eksemplare Nagu juba Tallgren naitas on nende areng kulgenud pohimotteliselt iihendamata harudega variantidelt ristiharude jarkshyjargulise taieliku iihendamise suunas (Tallgren 1925 79-80)

Tuleb markida et osadest kaksikristpeaga noeltest on leitud ainu It peaosa mis on kinnitatud spetsiifilise enamasti rauast varre kiilge Sellised raudvartega noelad esinevad ii ldiselt hilisemates leiukompleksides mis voib osutada nende teisesele kasutamisele Voib arvata et varasemaid kaksikristpeaga noelu kanti sel kujul veel pikka aega parast nende valmistamist iiheskoos juba hilisemat varianti kaksikristpeaga noeltega Ilmselt polnudki muinasaja lopu inimestele kuigivord tahtis kas taoliste noelte ristihallld olid omavahel iihendatud VOl mitte ning mi l viisil

Variant 4

Mu Ue teadaol( noela vo i nende k hulgast massiivsel teks Samas on n noela pea iisnagi I alavarianti on lii~

varasemad on silrr laridel esinev oma vad iileni nende ri~ esineb siiski ka iJ allumise ristiham eksemplariclel on j

galt kanditud vo Goon 9) Kindlalt kujuline laiend UOI

JOI

Fig

(

Joon IO ~

Fig 10 Ned

Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad - voorapiirased ja omad 43

5 T6nisson 1974 jateeritakse taolised inamasti on sealsed lis piettmuster niiib gi liksikuid seilise

leda kolmnurkpeaga h seegi baltipiiraste ~ Kivikoski 1973 99 aalt (Nerman 1929 tud kaks lameda pea )ela Need kuuluvad JUkammiga ning on m 13) Uks ilmselt Roskildest (Michael

haa tiiiipi ehten6elu on iiks leitud Uugla Ikku nuga rinnakee Viimase jargi otsusshydist v6i 11 sajandi isem uurimistoo on )5a 304-305) pakushy ning taolised vorud Ime lehtornamendiga a noelaga millega ta stades varaseid selle sematusest ning leiti

leiukontekstis Kureshyning 69) leiti koos

djate ning rinnakee tin 1965) Raudvarre t (AI 3895257) on tordeeritud kaarega

si ledapinnalise peenshy1mbes aastast 1000 1 eri lelUriihmi kuid l1a all millest iiks on 97) Saaremaa tiiiipi

ljandi laibamatustega aab siiski dateeringu

Lehtornamendiga l1uppotsalised kolmnurkpean6elad olid ilmselt kasutusel iiksnes 10 saJandi lopuni Loogiline oleks niisiis arvata et iiks kolmnurkpeaga noelte variant asendus teisega kuna ievikuaia on sarna Arvatavasti valmistatigi esimese alavariandi 11-0 iileminekun6elad 10 sajandi teisel poole1 v6i lopu N6elte leiukontekstid ei ole sellise oletusega vastuolus

Parimaks t6estuseks seilele et l1uppotsalised lehtornamendiga n6elad ja varasemad saaremaa tiiiipi lehtornamendiga n6elad olid osaliselt kasutusel samashyuegselt on leid Maidlast kus iihes rinnakees oiid koos m6lemat varianti n6elad (AM 5803115 3 160) SamaaegsuseJe viitab ka nii lehtornamendiga nuppshyotsahstel noeltel kui ka plettmustriga iamedatel n6eltel esinev middotiagakiilje kaunistamise komme (joon 8 tahv V 5) Samuti torkab silma et m61ema nimetatud variandi puhul on suurem osa n6e1akatkeid leitud vaga tugeva p6letusega matustest Ciamas kui ornamentimata kolmnurkpeaga noelte hulgas leidub rohkem neid mis on kas Uiiesti terved v6i iiksnes n6rgalt tuld saanud V6ib seega arvata et mingil ajaloigul toenaoliselt alates 10 sajandi teisest pooest n6udis tava surnute tugevat p6letamist

0middot-middot~~ ~-=--0 ~ ~ 1

1

1 0 1

1

i ~ k ~ ~

(I

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o 3

Joon 8 Saaremaa tliiipi noel Viirinast

Fig 8 Pin of Saarcmaa type from Viilina (AI 38843128)

Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elu kanti kogll 11 sajandi valte Kas ja kui pikalt olid nad kasutusel ka vee 12 sajandil on praegustef andmetel raske oelda Enamik neist on parit sarnaste panllstega ning iihtlaseit t1Jgeva poletusega matustest mis peaks viitama mingi mitte eriti pika perioodi toenlioliselt 11 sajandi matmiskommeshytele Saaremaalt on teada ka hulk poletusmatuseid mille koosseisu kuulub iihendharuliste kaksikristpeaga n6eltega kinnitatud rinnakee V6ib arvata et eelshyk6ige Just taolised matused esindavad 12 sajandit ning et selleks ajaks olid

Marika Magi44 Eesti merovingi- ja

kaksikristpeaga noelad kolmnurkpeaga noelad loplikult korvale torjunud Uldisshytavalt voib saaremaa tiiiipi noelad dateerida seega ajavabemikku 10 sajandi teisest poolest kuni 12 sajandi alguseni

Tuup 3 varased ristpeaga noelad (tahv X 1 XI 2)

Kaksikristpeaga noelte eelkaijaks on lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad mis nende pohilisel kasutusalal st balti hoimude asualal voeti kasutllsele juba rahvasteriinnuajal (Snore 1930 93) Uksikuid Eestisse joudnud merovingi- ja varaviikingiaegseid ristpeaga noelu ei ole nende vahese arvu tottu mottekas siinse arheoloogilise materjali hulgas eraldi Iiigitada kuna tegemist on ilmselt louna poolt parit impordiga Balti hoimudelt voeti iile vaid ristpeaga noela idee ning selle eeskujul kujundati kohapeal viilja oma noelatiiiip millele oli lisatud veel iiks hanl - saadi nn kaksikristpeaga noel

Kohalikud ristpeaga noelad ilmusid siiamaile allcs muinasaja lopul ning neil o lid ristiharud mitmesugusel viisil omavahel iihendatud (vt nende kohta laheshymalt Selirand 1974 147-149) Lati ja Lecdu noeltel esineb ristiharude iihendashymist pcaaegu kogu nende kasutusaja valtel Eestist on varaseimad iihendshyharulised ristpeanoelad teacla Inju naisematusest (AI 570 1-2) ning neis tu leb toenaoliselt niiha balti importi Kuigi esmapilgul sarnased muinasaja lopu noeltega tuleb need nii varasema omamendi (silmakesed ja lipsukesed) kaela laiend is paikneva avause (sarnane varasemate kaksikristpeaga noeltega) kui ka leiukompleksi tottll dateerida hoopis varasemasse aega Eestis vooraparane on ka noelte juurde klluluv balti tiiiipi azuurne lunula-kujuline kcekandja Inju naiseshymatus pari neb 10 sajandi teisest poolest koige toenaolisemal t seUe kolmandast veerandist (Magi-Lougas 1995b 524)

Tuup 4 kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

Kaksikristpeaga noel on selgelt eestiparane ehe mida naabermaadest on leitud vaid iiksikuid eksemplare Nagu juba Tallgren naitas on nende areng kulgenud pohimotteliselt iihendamata harudega variantidelt ristiharude jarkshyjargulise taieliku iihendamise suunas (Tallgren 1925 79-80)

Tuleb markida et osadest kaksikristpeaga noeltest on leitud ainu It peaosa mis on kinnitatud spetsiifilise enamasti rauast varre kiilge Sellised raudvartega noelad esinevad ii ldiselt hilisemates leiukompleksides mis voib osutada nende teisesele kasutamisele Voib arvata et varasemaid kaksikristpeaga noelu kanti sel kujul veel pikka aega parast nende valmistamist iiheskoos juba hilisemat varianti kaksikristpeaga noeltega Ilmselt polnudki muinasaja lopu inimestele kuigivord tahtis kas taoliste noelte ristihallld olid omavahel iihendatud VOl mitte ning mi l viisil

Variant 4

Mu Ue teadaol( noela vo i nende k hulgast massiivsel teks Samas on n noela pea iisnagi I alavarianti on lii~

varasemad on silrr laridel esinev oma vad iileni nende ri~ esineb siiski ka iJ allumise ristiham eksemplariclel on j

galt kanditud vo Goon 9) Kindlalt kujuline laiend UOI

JOI

Fig

(

Joon IO ~

Fig 10 Ned

Marika Magi44 Eesti merovingi- ja

kaksikristpeaga noelad kolmnurkpeaga noelad loplikult korvale torjunud Uldisshytavalt voib saaremaa tiiiipi noelad dateerida seega ajavabemikku 10 sajandi teisest poolest kuni 12 sajandi alguseni

Tuup 3 varased ristpeaga noelad (tahv X 1 XI 2)

Kaksikristpeaga noelte eelkaijaks on lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad mis nende pohilisel kasutusalal st balti hoimude asualal voeti kasutllsele juba rahvasteriinnuajal (Snore 1930 93) Uksikuid Eestisse joudnud merovingi- ja varaviikingiaegseid ristpeaga noelu ei ole nende vahese arvu tottu mottekas siinse arheoloogilise materjali hulgas eraldi Iiigitada kuna tegemist on ilmselt louna poolt parit impordiga Balti hoimudelt voeti iile vaid ristpeaga noela idee ning selle eeskujul kujundati kohapeal viilja oma noelatiiiip millele oli lisatud veel iiks hanl - saadi nn kaksikristpeaga noel

Kohalikud ristpeaga noelad ilmusid siiamaile allcs muinasaja lopul ning neil o lid ristiharud mitmesugusel viisil omavahel iihendatud (vt nende kohta laheshymalt Selirand 1974 147-149) Lati ja Lecdu noeltel esineb ristiharude iihendashymist pcaaegu kogu nende kasutusaja valtel Eestist on varaseimad iihendshyharulised ristpeanoelad teacla Inju naisematusest (AI 570 1-2) ning neis tu leb toenaoliselt niiha balti importi Kuigi esmapilgul sarnased muinasaja lopu noeltega tuleb need nii varasema omamendi (silmakesed ja lipsukesed) kaela laiend is paikneva avause (sarnane varasemate kaksikristpeaga noeltega) kui ka leiukompleksi tottll dateerida hoopis varasemasse aega Eestis vooraparane on ka noelte juurde klluluv balti tiiiipi azuurne lunula-kujuline kcekandja Inju naiseshymatus pari neb 10 sajandi teisest poolest koige toenaolisemal t seUe kolmandast veerandist (Magi-Lougas 1995b 524)

Tuup 4 kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

Kaksikristpeaga noel on selgelt eestiparane ehe mida naabermaadest on leitud vaid iiksikuid eksemplare Nagu juba Tallgren naitas on nende areng kulgenud pohimotteliselt iihendamata harudega variantidelt ristiharude jarkshyjargulise taieliku iihendamise suunas (Tallgren 1925 79-80)

Tuleb markida et osadest kaksikristpeaga noeltest on leitud ainu It peaosa mis on kinnitatud spetsiifilise enamasti rauast varre kiilge Sellised raudvartega noelad esinevad ii ldiselt hilisemates leiukompleksides mis voib osutada nende teisesele kasutamisele Voib arvata et varasemaid kaksikristpeaga noelu kanti sel kujul veel pikka aega parast nende valmistamist iiheskoos juba hilisemat varianti kaksikristpeaga noeltega Ilmselt polnudki muinasaja lopu inimestele kuigivord tahtis kas taoliste noelte ristihallld olid omavahel iihendatud VOl mitte ning mi l viisil

Variant 4

Mu Ue teadaol( noela vo i nende k hulgast massiivsel teks Samas on n noela pea iisnagi I alavarianti on lii~

varasemad on silrr laridel esinev oma vad iileni nende ri~ esineb siiski ka iJ allumise ristiham eksemplariclel on j

galt kanditud vo Goon 9) Kindlalt kujuline laiend UOI

JOI

Fig

(

Joon IO ~

Fig 10 Ned

Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - voorapdrasedja omad 4S

rvale tOljunud UldisshyIhemikku 10 sajandi

1 XI 2)

~a ristpeanoelad mls voeti kasutusele juba udnud mcrovingi- ja

arvu tottu mottekas la tegemist on ilmselt j ristpeaga noel a idee lip millele oli lisatud

nasaja lopul ning neil vt nende kohta laheshyb ristiharude uhendashy1 varaseimad uhendshy 1-2) ning neis tuleb ased muinasaja lopu a Iipsukcsed) kaela eaga noeltega) kui ka ~ tis vooraparane on ka

~eekandj Inju naiseshymalt selic kolmandast

da naabennaadest on iitas on ncnde areng delt ristiharude jarkshy)) i leitud ainu It peaosa Sellised raudvartega is voib osutada nende ~tpeaga noelu kanti sel juba hilisemat varianti I inimestele kuigivord tud voi mitte ning mil

Variant 41 lahtiste harudega noelad (tahv X 4-6 XI 13-5)

Mulle teadaolevalt on Eestist leitud 42 lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noela voi nende katket Nagu teistegi ehteliikide juures taheldatud tuleb nende hulgast massiivsemaid ning vaiksemaid eksemplare lugeda uldjuhul varasemashyteks Samas on mitme kaela ehituse ja ornamendi jargi otsustades varasema naela pea usnagi lame nii et taolistc noelte jaotamine kahte selgelt eristatavasse alavarianti on liialt subjektiivne Tuleb siiski mark ida et Ulejaanutest selgelt varasemad on silmakestcga ornamenditud noelad samas kui hilisematel eksempshylaridel esinev ornament koosneb sagedamini kontsentrilistest ringidest mis katashyvad uleni nende ristiharude ummargused otsalaiendid Viimast ornamentimisviisi esineb siiski ka ilmselt varasematc noelte puhul Varajasuse iiks tunnus on ka alumise ristiharu laiendite umar kuju kuid esincb ka erandeid Varasematel eksemplaridel on avaus tehtud kas vaITe kaclaosa laiendisse mis vahel on norshygalt kanditud voi on selleks kujundatud baltiparane poolkaarekujuline aas Goon 9) Kindlalt hilisematel eksemplaridel on avause jaoks kaelal trapetsi shykujuline laiend Goon 10)

~ ~(w ~ ~ ~

Joon 9 Kaela ehitus varasematc [ kaksikristpeaga noeltei

Fig 9 Neck of double-cross-headed pins of the earlier pattern

o

~

Joon 10 Kaela ehitus 11 sajandi es imesc poole kaksikristpeaga noeltei

Fig 10 Neck of double-cross-headed pins of the 1st half of the I I th century

46 EeSli merovillgi- jaMarika Magi

Vaiksemaid massiivsemaid v6i m6nel muul p6hjusel arvatavalt varasemaid n6elu on sageli tahtlikult rikutud ning tihti on nad ka tules olnud Ohemad ja suuremad hilisemad n6elad seevastu on sageIi taiesti terved ning leitud mitmel juhul otseselt laibamatustest

Variant 4 2 iihendatud alumiste harudega noelad (tahv X7 XII)

Sellesse varianti kuulub siinse liigituse jargi 21 n6ela kuid m6ni neist on kahtlane kuna tugevasti sulanud katkete jargi pole sageli voimalik kindlaks teha kas noelal on olnud iihendatud k6ik voi ainult aJumised ristiharud Need noelad sarnanevad taielikult eelmise variandi omadega vaUa arvatud see et nende alushymised ristiharud on iihendatud omavahel sirgete vaheprossidega Kuigi selgeid alagruppe pole v6imalik eristada kehtivad nende juures samad seaduspiirad mis lahtistegi ristiharudega noelte juures V6ib niisiis arvata et need kaks varianti on olnud osalt samaaegselt kasutusel

Variant 43 iihendharulised noelad

Kaksikristpeaga noelad millel k6ik harud omavahel iihendatud ilmusid paris viikingiaja lopul so koige varem II sajandi keskel ega kasitleta seetottu siinshykohal UihemaJt Lisaks aillmisi ristiharusid iihendavatele sirgetele vaheprossidele hakati iilemisi ristiharusid iihendama astmeliste vaheprosside abi Eestist on teada moned n6elad mis oma slluruse hobedaga plateeritud peaosa ning n6gushysate kiilgedega trapetsi kujulise aasa poolest sarnanevad lihendamata v6i osaliselt iihendatud harudega n6elte hilisemate eksemplaridega Uks taoline on leitud Raatvere kalmistu alalt kuid segatud kihi st (AI 529571) Voimalik et see parineb mingist hilisemast matusest 11 sajandi teisel poolel

Arutelu

Kaksikristpeaga n6elu leidub valjaspool Eestit vaid iiksikuid ning vaga sageli on needki olnud parast varre iiramurdmist kasutusel hoopis ripatsina Valjaspool Eestit on sealjuures leitlld vaid lahtiste harudega eksemplare Uhendatlld alushymiste harudega noelu mida Eestiski ei leidu eriti rohkesti pole naabermaades kirjanduse pohjal otsllstades iildse kasutatud

Soomest on teada viis lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga n6ela millest iihte on kantud kindlalt ripatsina iihest aga tehtud s6lg Lillmalmsbackeni noel on mUllde Icidude p6hjal dateeritud 9 sajandi sse Eurast middotleitud noel 10 sajandi keskele voi teise poolde (Cleve 1978 105) Kaks lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga n6ela on leitud Kbylib (KjuJoholmi) kalmistu laibamatustest ning dateeritud 11 sajandi

algusesse (op ci~

m6lemad) oli kasl Ripatsiks tehtu

matustega kalmist Leid saadi koos ml 1971) Samasugusl Petarvest ning Po~

ka Loode-Venema Leedust kirjanduse

Eesti viikingiae sidest Koola kaln matusest kuhu pe(j mustast klaasist hel sulanud (Parss 19~

leitud koos St na tiiiibi kaevoru katkl ja kitsakannaline h( kuju poolest kindla ornamendi ning ka

Koige selgem Ie Aseri kalmest leitu tahtlikult rikutud leiukomplekti kuul (RM 12lJA 5 7M ning rinnakee ja sp Toomas Tamla ke ringule on piiiidnu( II sajandi teise pI naidanud juba iihes (Magi-L6ugas 199 andmetele tuginede Aseri naiscmatus =

ra~igi vastu ka silrr samuti teiste samal Ci

Varasematest ka leitud taolise noela korgemalt N6e1aka pakselld on iseJoOlY scni teadaolevate r6 iimar kuju iiks varas

Lahtiste harudeg(] mis peaks olema me si saldab ilmselt vei

Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - voorapdrascd ja omad 47Marika Magi

arvatavalt varasemaid ies olnud Ohemad ja ~d ning leitud mitmel

(tahv X7 XII)

kuid moni neist on 6imalik kindlaks teha stiharud Need noel ad Iud see et nende alushyisidega Kuigi selgeid mad seadusparad mis need kaks varianti on

wdatud ilmusid paris r kasitleta seetottu silllshyrgetele vaheprossidele sside abi l Eestist on ud peaosa ning nogushyendamata voi osaliselt Jks taoline on leitud I) Vaimalik et see I

ikuid ning vaga sageli i ripatsina Valjaspool ~lare Uhendatud alushyi pole naabermaades

n6ela millest iihte on ackeni noel on muude O sajandi keskele voi (sikristpeaga naela on dateeritud II sajandi

algusesse (op cit 105 tahv 8 15) Neist vahemalt iiks (voimalik aga ka et molemad) oli kasutusel ripatsina

Ripatsiks tehtud eestiparane kaksikristpeaga noel on leitud Bjurhovda poletusshymatustega kalmistult Kesk-Rootsis Vasterasis kus see pari neb hilisviikingiajast Leid saadi koos miintidega millest hiliseimad olid vemtitud 997 aastal (Jaanusson 1971) Samasugused ripatsiks tehtud noelad on juhuleidudena teada veel Ojamaalt Petarvest ning Pohja-Norrast (Jansson 1995 88 joon 7) Ripatsitena esineb neid

ka Loode-Venemaa kaabastes (CrUlUbHl 1896 tahv V 6 XVII 32) Uitist ja Leedust kirjanduse andmetel taolisi n6elu teada ei ole

Eesti viikingiaegsetest kaksikristpeaga noel test parinevad mitmed Ieiukomplekshysidest Koola kalme uhendamata harudega noel (tahv X 4) on eitud poletusshymatusest kuhu peale selle kuulusid vee rinnakee katked spiraalikesed punasest ja mustast kJaasist helmes ning arusaamatut WLipi kaevoru kaare katke kaik tugevasti sulanud (Parss 1950) Kaks uhesugust Verevi noela (AI 2817307335 311) on leitud koos st nad kuulusid iihte rinnakeesse Samast lahedusest saadi veel VI tiiiibi kaevoru katke ning kuljus veidi eemalt kuusnurkse ristloikega kaelavoru ots ja kitsakannaline hoburaudsole noel (Moora 1932) Koola ja Verevi n6elad on oma kuju poolest kindtasti varajased eksemplarid st vaikesed massiivsed silmakestest ornamendi ning kaela laiendis paikneva avausega

Koige selgem leiukompleks lahtistc harudega kaksikristpeaga noelle puhul on Aseri kalmest leitud poletusmatus millesse pandud esemed olid enne poletamist tahtlikult rikutud Sama nahtus esines ka Koola ja Verevi noelte puhul Aseri IciukompJckti kuulusid lisaks kahele varasema kujuga kaksikristpeaga noelale (RM 1211A 5 7683 7879) jamcnevate otstega kaevorud ja uks spiraalkiievoru ning rinnakee ja spiraalikcste katked Seda leiukomplekti on kasitlenud lahemalt Toomas Tamla kes vastavalt varasemale kaksikristpeaga noeltele antud dateeshyringule on pLiiidnud sellele tuginedes dateerida ka jamenevate otstega kaevorud 11 sajandi teise poolde voi 12 sajandisse (Tamla 1991 137 jj) Nagu olen n~iidanud juba lihes varasemas seoses pole niivord hiline dateering pohjendatud (Magi-Lougas 1995a 279 jj joon 30) kuigi Ieiu komplekssuses pole arhiivishyandmetelc tuginedes pohjust kahelda Varast tLiupi kaevorusid arvestades peaks Aseri naisematus parinema 10 sajandist toenaoliselt selle keskelt Sellele ei raagi vastu ka silmakestest mustri ja laieneva kaelaga kaksikristpeaga noelad sall111ti teiste samalaadsete noelte leillkontekst ei Ecstis ega naabermaades

Varasematest kaksikristpeaga noeltest voib veel mainida Unipiha linnamaelt Ieitud taolise noela katket (AI 290 I 11) mis on murdunud alumisest ristiharost korgemalt Noelakatke kaeJa veidi kanditud laiendis paiknev aas ning tagakulje paksend on iseloomulikud just varasematele kaksikristpeaga noeltele ega esine seni teadaolevate rongaspeanoelte jllures Samuti on aillmise ristiharu laiendite Limar kuju uks varastcle kaksikristpeaga noeltele iseloomulikke jooni

Lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noel on leitlld Puhaste peitieillst (AI 3667 1) mis peaks olema maha maetlld II sajandi esimesel poolel voi keskpaigas kuid sisaldab ilmselt veidi erineva dateeringuga esemeid Kuigi tegemist naib olevat

Marika Magi48 Eesti merovingi- ja

iihe naise tervikliku ehtekomplektiga on selles siiski iillatuslikult vaid iiks ilmselt hilisem kaksikristpeaga noel mis oma kuju poolest sarnaneb laibashymatustest Ieituiga Voib veel mlirkida et leiu koosseisu kuulunud rinnakee kaks poolovaalset keekandjat olid baltiparased ning Eestis ebatavalised kusjuures Latist on selliseid keekandjaid leitud eeskatt koos lameda kolrnnurkpeaga noelshytega (LA 1974 tahv 50 IS)

Mitu kaksikristpeaga ja lahtiste harudega noelte paari on reada laibamatustest Need on koik ohemad ja suuremad tiiiipilise kontsentrilistest ringidest ornamenshydiga sageli hobetatud noel ad mille kaelal on trapetsikujuline aas Selliseid noelu on leitud ALatskivi Raatvere ja Tooste naisematustest (tahv XI5) Raatshyverest On sealjuures teada kaks kaksikristpeaga noeltega naisematust samasuguse Ieiukoosseisuga millest Lihel on noelte harud lahtised teisel aga alumised harud iihendatlld (tahv XII vt Lavi 1986a 1986b 1988) Molcmad matllsed on dateeshyritavad II sajandi esimesse poolde Raatverc omadega sarnaneb ka Alatskivi naisematus

Toostcst on ounapuule augu kaevamisel avastatud leiukompleks koos moninshygate luudega mida on peetud samllti laibamatuseks (Al 4108) Moned leiud on iilejaanutest siiski selgelt nooremad mistottu kompleksi sllletllses peab kahtshylema Seaised noelad on dmselt samaaegsed Alatskivi ja Raatvere omadega

kuna sarnanevad nendega nii oma kllju kui ka ncnde juurde kUlllllnud azuurscte nn puumotiiviga keekandjate poolest

Teiseselt kasutatud kaksikristpeaga noel (AI 510062) on saadud iihest JOllga poletllsmatusest mille Priit Ligi on dateerinud koige varasemalt 11 sajandi teise poolde (1993 53-54 tahv XXVIII 5) Vaikese ja jameda ilmselt iisna varase kaksikristpeaga noela peaosa on mllrdunud ning kinnitatud uue varre klilge mis samuti on murdunud voi matuse kliigus murtud

Madi kalmest on kaks kaksikristpeaga ja iihendatud alumiste harudega noela (AI 2590 616 617) leitud koos rinnakee katkete spiraalide sormuste kaelavoru katkete noa ja noatupe pandla tuleraua luukammi suitsete ning savinoukildllshydega mis koik plirinevad ilmselt iihest rikkalikult varustatud naise matusest (Selishyrand 1993) Koos hoburaudsole ja rinnakee katkete s6rmuse ning suitsetega on alumiste iihendharudega kaksikristpeaga noel leitud iihest Rahll kalme naiseshymatllsest (Kustin 1969) Kahjuks on esemed sailinlld mokmal juhul vaid katkendshylikult kuid t6enaoliselt voib matused dateerida II sajandisse Taolisi noelu on leitud ka muudest kalmetest kuid ilma selgema Ieiukontekstita ning sageli raudshyvarre kiilge kinnitatuna St nad on olnud juba teisesclt kasutusel Selle variandi arvatavalt varasematel noeltel ei ole kahjuks iihelgi jllhul slIletud leiukonteksti

Sirgete ja sakiliste vaheprossidega kaksikristpeaga n6elad i1musid kasutusse arvatavasti 11 sajandi keskel kuna mitmed neist vastavad kuju pookst hiliseshymate Ie lahtiste harudega v6i iihendatud alumiste hamdega kaksikristpeaga noeltele Ajapikku muutusid ristiharude vaheprossid laiemaks monikord kumeshyraks Keti kinnitamiseks moeldud aas on hiliscmatel n6elrel tavaliselt kumer v6i ka norgalt kanditud nurkadega osal ka k6rgc nelinurk v6i poolring Hiliseid

iihendharulisi kaJ kalmistutes (Tam St pea on kinnita

Nagu juba ron ristpean6elad seo kaudselt omades harudega kaksikri 6igeusu risti mee vastuvotmisega pakub tosiasi et kaksikristpeaga no noelte kandmise t iiheaegselt suurte samasugllsed kui samuti analooge v

Nimetatud mOl punkte et olla tosi seostada nende km t1mega naisematus kultllurikonteksti v poolsete ristiususti kult eitada Igal j harulised kaksikris diga seotud tahend vahem iihtlaselt ule

Selirand on datf des et rohkemal n (1974 146) Olen j dega variant) voel 1995a 280-281) r musele ka nuud K iiksikasjades taielik ka selle variandi no poolel kanti samaa keskel asendusid ne

Siinkohal tahaksi noelu kandnud Eesti vordlused ei pruugi a

Kindlasti voib va rongaspeanoeJtest

49Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparasedja omad

lIatuslikult vaid iiks )lest sarnaneb laibashyulul1ud rinnakee kaks latavalised kusjuures kolmnurkpeaga noclshy

teada laibamatustest st ringidest ornamenshyIJjuline aas Selliseid st (tahv XI5) Raatshyisematust samasuguse d aga alumised harud lad matused on dateeshyiarnaneb ka Alatskivi

ompleks koos moninshy108) Moned leiud on suletuses peab kahtshy

a Raatvere omadcga e kuulunud azuursete

m saadud lillest Jauga bmalt 11 sajandi teise a ilmselt lisna varase I uue varre kiilge mis

lmiste harudega noela c sormustc kaelavoru ~ tc ning savinoukildllshyI naise matusest (SeIishyJse ning suitsctega on t Rahll kalrne naiseshy~al jllhul vaid katkendshyisse Taolisi noelu on lstita ning sageli ral1dshyISlltllsel Selic variandi ~tud leillkonteksti Dad ilmllsid kasutusse td klljU poolest hiliseshyIdega kaksikristpeaga naks l11onikord kumeshyel tavaliselt kumer voi voi poolring Hiliseid

iihendharulisi kaksikristpeaga noelu leidub veel ka hilisrauaaja laibamatustega kalmistutes (Tammiku Pada Kaberla) enamasti kiill juba teiseselt kasutatuna st pea on kinnitatud uue varre kiilge

Nagu juba rongaspeaga noelte juures naidatud on lahtiste harudega kaksikshyristpeanoelad seotud 9 sajandi ristikujulise laiendiga rongaspeanoeltega vaid kaudselt omades samu eelkaijaid ristpeaga noelte nao Siiski kerkib lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelte juures paratamatult kiisimus kas ei voi nende oigeusu risti meenutav kuju olla tahenduslikus seoses oigeusu risti ja ristiusu vastuvatmisega Venemaal 10 sajandi lopul Pidepunkte sellele hiipoteesile pakub tosiasi et erinevalt koigist iilejaanud ehtenoeltest on lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelu leitud peamiselt Eesti idaosast so piirkonnast kus rinnashynoelte kandmise tava oli sinnamaani peaaegu puudunud II sajandi algul kui iiheaegselt suurte lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noeltega tulid kasutusele samasugused kuid iihendatud alumiste harudega noelad voib viimastele leida samuti analooge varases ikoonimaalis Venemaal

Nimetatud mottekaik on kWI ahvatlev kuid omab siiski liialt vahe pideshypunkte et olla tosiseltvoetav Ilmselt ei voi kaksikristpeaga naelte kandmise tava seostada nende kandjate ristiusustatusega kuna need esinevad iildiseit paganliku ilmega naisematustes ning peaaegu alati paarikaupa Et mingi kujund voib uude kultuurikonteksti vastuv6etuna omandada taiesti uue tahenduse ei saa seost idashypoolsete ristiusustatud aladega (miks mitte kuni Biitsantsini valja) siiski taielishykult eitada Igal juhul kandsid 11 sajandi keskel kasutusse ilmunud iihendshyharulised kaksikristpeaga noelad juba taiesti uut voimalik et etnilise identiteeshydiga seotud tahendust Need on iseloomulikud iiksnes Eestile ning levinud enamshyvahem iihtlaselt iile kogu maa

Selirand on dateerinud Eesti kaksikristpeaga noelad n -12 sajandisse oletashydes et rohkemal maaral ilmusid need kasutusse ailes II sajandi teisel poolel (1974 146) Olen juba varem oletanud et kaksikristpeaga noelad (lahtiste harushydega variant) voeti Eestis kasutusele siiski juba 10 sajandi ll (Magi-L6ugas 1995a 280-281) Nagu kiiesolevas arutelus naidatud olen jaanud samale arvashymusele ka niiiid Kuna osa iihendatud aumiste harudega naelu sarnaneb kuju iiksikasjades taielikult varasemate lahtiste harudega variantidega vaib oletada et ka selle variandi noelad ilmusid kasutusse 10 sajandi lapu 11 sajandi esimesel poole kanti samaaegselt nii esimese kui ka teise variandi noelu kuid sajandi keskel asendusid need ~aielikult iihendharuliste noeltega

Ehtenoelte kandmisviisist

Siinkohal tahaksin liihidalt peatuda ka probleemistikul kes ja kuidas on rinnashynoelu kandnud Eesti materjal on selles sulltes siiski vordlemisi napp l1aabermaade vordlused ei pruugi aga olla otseselt siinsetele aladele tile kantavad

Kindlasti vaib vaita ning seda toendab ka naabermaade materjal et enamikku rongaspeanoeltest on kantud iihekaupa mingi pealisriiii kinnitusena ees rinnai

I

Marika Magi50 EeSli merovillgi- ja

Vahemalt suuremad ripatsitest ja naastudest gamituuriga ekscmplarid on kuulunud meestele Soomes seaJjuures enamasti rikkalike hauapanustega eliitshys6jameestele (Lehtosalo-Hilandcr 1982 109) Viidates baltiparastele r6ngaspeashyn6eltele mida kandsid naised kee kinnitustena on L6ugas oletanud et ka Eesti r6ngaspean6elu on kandnud naised (1973 126) Vuhemalt suurte kettakujuliste laienditega ning ripatsitest garnituuriga n6elu v6ib siiski ka siinmail pidada iisna kindlalt meestele kuulunuiks Tegemist on vuga silmatorkavate ehetega millel on baltiparaste noeltega vahe iihist Minu arvates on vagJ ebausutav et Soome pealikud oleksid ennast ehtinud Eestis naiste ehete hulb kuuluvate n6eltega

Ristikujulise laiendiga rongaspean6elte kohta on Hackman vaitnud et need esinevad Soomes alati iihekaupao kuid neid on kandnud nii mehed klli naised (1938 114) Vaadates labi Soome vastavaid n6elu sealses rahvllsmuuseumis torkas siiski silma et 1922 aastal kaevatud Uskela Lukkarinmaki kalmistult on ristikujlliise laiendiga noelu leitud kahel voi koguni kolmel juhul ilmselt paarikaupa St leiunumbrid on k6ryuti ning noelad on taiesti y6i peaaegu iihesugused (KM 8067 A 34 5 7 v6ib-olla ka 2930 andmed Soome Rahvusshymuuseumj arheoloogiaosakonna arhiivist Helsingis) Kui t6mmata paralleele Baltimaade ristpeaga n6elte kandmisYiisidega yoib sellistel juhtudel olla tegcshymist naiste ehetega mida on kantud kummalgi olal ning mille yahel on y6ib-olla rippunud rinnakee

Ka Eestis pole r6ngaspeanoelad olnud ilmselt ainult meeste ehted Keila peitleid (tahy IV) sisaldas lisaks yariandi 12a rongaspeaga n6elale just naise ehteid ning on seega kllulunudki ilmselt naisele Tegemist on siiski aryatayalt yeidi hilisema n6elaga ning ilmselt juba 9 sajandisse kuulllya peitleiuga (vt eespool) Kuigi nagu eespool naidatud Kunilepa peitleid ei kujutanud enesest suletud leiukomplekti v6ib siiski oletada ct sealne ristikujulise laiendiga r6ngaspean6el v6is olla leitud koos t6enaoliselt samasuguse noelaga millest on aga sailinud iiksnes pear6ngas Ei saa yalistada et needki n6elad on kuulunud naisele ja neid on kantud paarikaupa

MeroYingi- ja yarayiikingiaegsed ornamentimata kolmnurkpeaga noeJad esineyad mitmel juhul paarikaupa samuti on neisl mitme kiiljes sailinud ketishykatkeid Enamikul juhtudel koosneb kett laiematest lamekumerast ribast llilidest ning iiksikutest massiiYsematest iimmarguse labiloikega r6ngastesl Pajumaa noela kiiljes npub kaks ristkiilikukujulist naastu (tahv III 4) mist6ttu v6ib arYata et seda on kantud uhekaupa

Omaette kiisimus on kas kolmnurkpeaga n6elad kuulusid iiksnes naiste ehete hulka y6i kandsid neid ka mehed Ebaselge on ka nende v6imalik kandmisyiis Eesti arheoloogilised leiud sene kohta kahjuks kuigiY6rd pidepunkte ei pakll seeparast tuleb taas poorduda naabermaade vordleya materjali poole Leedus on kantud nuppotstega kolmnurkpeaga n6elu alati iihekaupa nagu ilmneb sealsetest laibamatustest (Volkaite-Kulikauskiene 1970 (69) Muu hulgas yiitaYad selleIe nende kiilge sageli kinnitatud ripatsitega keekandjad

Kuna rongaspt samal ajal on lo( V6imalik et vale peaga noclad mct naised hakanud k meeste pealisroivl ka kolmnurkpeagl

Hiljemalt alat( naiste ehetest tervikuna sailinud test ketist kahe nil on lehtomamendi pikk kahekordset ja v6imalik et lei Lilnulu-kujuline k~ tiiiipi keckandjagi iihekordse ketiga kantud m6nel juh1 taoline noel

Saaremaa tili ilmselt kuulusid n tud reeglina kah~ n6eltega leitud ka kuulusid k6ik sam

Eraldi tuleb m peaga n6cla (AI yen n6eltest on stilise baltiparane kringl tiiiipi noela kiiljes juurde kuuluv naa Ebatavaline on lis test iimmarguse n

kandjad kuulusid nocltega v6ib nim

Ka kaJ(sikrist) kompleksis puudu oli kinnitunud otse kuulus kaks vara nnnakees (tahy X teada oleyate iahti

ristpeaga n6elte jl ning mitmereahnl (tahy XI 5 X)

lvlarika Miigi Eesfi I11crovingi- ja viikillgiaegsed rinnanoelad - v66rapiirasedja ollad 51

19a eksemplarid on hauapanustega cliitshy

iparastele rongaspeashyoletanud et ka Ees ti suurte kettakujuliste siinmail pidada iisna ate ehetega millel on ~bausutav et Soome 111uvate n5eltega nan viiitnud et need Iii mehed kui naised s rahvusmuuseumis inmaki kalmistult on ~olmel juhul ilmselt

taiesti voi peaaegu lmed Soome Rahvusshy

tommata paralleele el juhtudel olla tegeshylie vahel on v6ib-olla

meeste ehted Keila ga n6elale just naise t on siiski arvatavalt mluva peitleiuga (vt ei kujutanud enesest

istiku julise laiendiga fe noelaga millest on i noelad on kuulunud

mnurkpeaga noelad kiiljes sailinud ketishyImerast ribast lulidest

rongastest Pajumaa III 4) mist5ttu voib

id uksnes naiste ehete voimalik kandmisviis i pidepunkte ei paku rjali poole Leedus on Iagu ilmneb sealsetest mlgas viitavad sellele

Kuna rongaspeaga ja kolmnurkpeaga noelu kanti Eestis samas piirkonnas ja sarnaI ajal on Joogiline oletada et iihed neist olid naiste teised meeste ehted V5imalik et vaJdavah ongi kolmnurkpeaga n5elad kuulunud naistele rongasshypeaga n5eJad meestele Samas on v6imalik et alates umbes 9 sajandist on ka naised hakanud kandma r6ngaspeaga noelu olgu siis iihe- voi kahekaupa ning meeste pealisroivaid on hakatud kinnitama iiksnes hoburaudsolgedega Ilmselt on ka kolmnurkpeaga n5elu kantud vahel iihekaupa toenaoliselt samuti naiste poolt

Hiljemalt alates 10 sajandist v5ib Eesti s riiiikida ehtenoeltest kui iiksnes naiste ehetest Lehtornamendiga kolmnurkpeaga noeltest on teada iiks tervikuna siiilirmd kee Liivalt Sec koosneb ainult iihest kahekordsetest rongasshytest ketist kane noela vahel Keekandjaid kasutatud ei ok Mitmel teiseJgi juhul on lehtornamendiga noelu leitud paarikaupa voi on iihe noela kiiljes rippunud pikk kahekordsetest liilidest kett Uimanda Kabelivaljalt saadud kolmnurkpeaga ja voi malik et lehtomamendiga noela (AI 382238) kiilge on siiski sulanud ka lunua-kujuline keekandja iiks Maidla taoline noel on aga leitud koos saaremaa tiiiipi keekandjaga Naib et enamasti on sellised noelad kuulunud siiski vaid iihekordse ketiga rinnakeedesse Ei saa vaJistada et Ichtomamendiga noelu on kantud monel juhul ka veel iihekaupa - naiteks Haimre naisematuses oli vaid iiks taoJine noel

Saaremaa tiilipi ehtenoelad esinevad juba niivord sageli paarikaupa et ilmselt kuuLusid need alati rinnakeega kokku Seda tiiiipi noelte kiilge on kinnitashytud reeglina kahekordsetest rongastest kette Sagelj on koos saaremaa tUiipi noeltega leitud ka samemaa tiiupi keekandjaid ning kee vaheliilisid mis ilmselt kuulusid koik samasse rinnaehtesse

Eraldi tuleb mainida Saaremaalt juhuleiuna saadud kaht lameda kolmnurkshypeaga noela (AI K 8546 107) mis on ilmselt kuu lunud iihte rinnakeesse Uks noeltest on stiliseeritud korvplettomamendiga saaremaa tiiiipi noel teine aga baltiparane kringlikujuliste laienditega lameda koJmnurkpeaga noel Saaremaa tiiiipi noela kii~es oleva pika ketikatke kiilj es on sailinud mingi voib-olla noatupe juurde kuuluv naast ning azuurse arvatavasti nn puull10tiiviga keekandja katke Ebatavaline on lisaks semgalliaparaseie noelale ka kelt mis koosneb massiivseshytest iimmarguse ristloikega iihekordsetest rongastest Kuna puumotiiviga keeshykandjad kuulusid iildjuhul kokku J J sajandi esimese poole kaksikristpeaga nocltega voib nimetatud rinnakee dateerida samasse aega

Ka kaksikristpeaga noelad esinevad kompleksides paarikaupa Aseri leiushykompleks is puudusid keekandjad ning sel juhul ilmselt vaid iiherealine rinnakee oli kinnitunud otse noeltele Keekandjaid ei olnud ka Verevi naisematuses kuhu kuulus kaks varasemat kaksikristpeaga noela samuti puudusid need Riuma rmnakees (tahv XI 4) Hil isemate S 0 1] sajandi esimese poole laibamatustest teada olevate lahtiste harudega voi ainult alumiste iihendatud harudega kaksikshyristpeaga noelte j uurde kuulusid alati azuursed nn puumotiiviga keekandjad ning mitmereal ine kahekordsetest rongastest rinnakee koos vaheliilidega (tahv XI 5 X)

Marika Magi52 Eesti merovillgi- jll

Ehtenoelte levikupiirkond

Pilk artiklis kasitletud merovingi- ja viikingiaegsete ehtenoelte levikukaartishydele naitab et Eesti v6ib selle esemeliigi p6hjal jagada kahte ossa Selleks tuleb t6mmata m6tteline diagonaal Virumaalt Parnu lahte kusjuures Virumaa on piirkond milles esineb m6lemale poolele iseloomulikke jooni M6ttelisest jooshynest pohja ja Winde jaab ala kus r6ivaste kinnitamine ehten6eltega oli traditshysiooniJine Eesti ida- ja 16unaosas v6eti ehten6elad laiemalt kasutusele aIles 10 sajandil Samasugune jaotus kehtib ka teiste ehteliikide puhul (Magi-Lou gas 1994 1995a) mistottu v6ib ilmselt raakida kahest eraldi kllltuuripiirkonnast mille r6ivastus ja kombed teineteisest erinesid

Rongaspeaga n6elu on ootusparaselt leitud eelkoige P6hja- ja Uiiine-Eestist ning Saaremaalt st aladelt kus oli merovingi- ja varaviikingiajal olemas ehteshyn6elte kandmise traditsioon (joon 11) Sarna voib beIda nuppotsaliste kolmnurkshypeaga n6elte kohta mis on dateeritud enam-vahem samasse aega (joon 12-13) Uksikud Eesti idapoolsest kultuuripiirkonnast leitud n6elad on valdavalt baltiparased v6imalik et l6unanaabritelt otseselt imporditud esemed 10 sajandi teisest poolest levima hakanud lameda kolmnurkpeaga saaremaa tUlipi ehten6elte suhtes on varasemad uurijad olnud seisukohal et tegemist on Saaremaale iseloomulike ehetega mid a mandrile on j6udnud vaid liksikud eksemplarid (Kustin 1962a 70 Selirand 1974 145) Praegustel andmetel on neid Jeitud Mandri-Eesti laaneosast siiski peaaegu samapalju kui saartelt (lisa) Lameda kolmnurkpeaga ehten6elte leviku v6ib seega seostada pigem saarte ja LaaneshyEesti lihise kultuuripiirkonnaga

Samaaegselt saaremaa tUlipi n6eltega (joon 14) ilmus ka Eesti ida- ja 16unaossa esimene omamaine ehten6elte tUlip lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad Valja arvatud moni liksik erand on neid leitud eelkoige Eesti idaosast kaasa arvatud Virumaa (joon 15) Kaksikristpeaga noelte tihendatud alumiste harudega variandi noelu on aga leitud juba tile kogu Eesti ehkki harvalt (joon 16) nagu ka neile jargnenud tileni tihendharulisi noelu

Lopetuseks

Muinastihiskonnas toimunud protsesside kajastajana on ehetel kahtlemata relvastuse jarel teisejargllline osa Muutuvad ju ehtetUtibid aeglasemalt on pikeshymalt kasutllsel ega levi nii kergesti naabermaadesse Ometigi on ehteid arheoshyloogilises materjalis tunduvalt enam kui relvi Eeskatt on see seotud matmisshykommetega midajargides maeti koos ehetega nii mehi kui naisi Ehted ei olnud ka nii viiartuslikud mist6ttu neist loobuti (naiteks hauapanusteks) kergema stidamega samuti laks neid sagedamini kaotsi Kui Eestis voib merovingi- ja viikingiaja relvastuses tiiheldada rahvusvaheliseks muutumist siis ehted peegeldavad eeskatt

bull 1

bull 2

Joan II Ronl

Fig II I

bull 1

bull 2

Joan 12 Variandi 21 k

Fig 12 Dislribuliorkohalikke eriparasid nii Eesti-siseselt kui v6rdluses naabermaadega

Marika Magi Eesti Ilerovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 53

lenoelte levikukaartishyte ossa Selleks tuleb sjuures Virumaa on loni Mottelisest jooshytenoeltega oli traditshynalt kasutusele alles puhul (Magi-Lougas kultuuripiirkonnast

hja- ja Laane-Eestist ingiajal olemas ehteshyppotsaliste kolmnurkshy~ aega (joon 12-13) oelad on valdavaJt ~ esemed 10 sajandi maa ttiiipi ehten6elte mist on Saaremaale Uksikud eksemplarid netel on neid leitud ~rtelt (lisa) Lameda em saarte ja Laaneshy

us ka Eesti ida- ja dega kaksikristpeaga Ikoige Eesti idaosast iihendatud alumiste ehkki harvalt (joon

n ehetel kahtlemata aeglasemalt on pikeshyigi on ehteid arheoshysee seotud matmisshy

si Ehted ei olnud ka ) kergema sUdamega Ivingi- ja viikingiaja peegeldavad eeskatt

adega

bull 1 Cl

bull 2

Joan J J RongaspeanoeJte levik J - Oks eksempJar 2 - kaks voi enam ekscmpJari

Fig J J Distribution of ring-headed pins J one find 2 two or more finds

Cl

bull 2

Joan J 2 Variandi 2 J kolmnurkpeaga noeJte Jevik J - Oks eksemplar 2 - kaks voi enam eksempJali

Fig 12 Distribution of triangular-headed rins of variant 2 J lone find 2 two or more finds

EeSfi merovingi- jaMarika Mdgi 54

bull 1

bull 2

loon J 5 Lahtiste hJoon 13 Nuppotsalistc lchtomamcndiga n6clte levik I - iiks ekscrnplar 2 - kaks v6i cnam cksernpl31i

Fig 13 Distribution of triangular-headed pins with end knobs and leafdcltoration lone lind 2 two or Fig 15 Distribution (more finds

bull 1

bull 2

Joon 16 Dhendatud a

Joa n 14 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6e1tc levik I - Oks ekscrnplar 2 - kaks v6i enam ckscmplari Fig 16 Distribution of Fig 14 Distribution of triangular-headed pins of Saarcmaa type lone find 2 two or more finds

Marika Miigi

~aks voi enam ekscmplari

Ilion 10m tind 2 two or

~t)l~j) -- C i

gt I middotmiddotmiddot~ 1 0 5 (gt~f bull bull J_

Eesli 11 crovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnallocad shy voorapiirascd ja (JlI1ad 55

bull 1 o

bull 2

Joon 15 Lahtiste harudcga kaksikristpeaga nacltc levik I - Uks eksemplar 2 - kaks vai enam eksemplari

Fig 15 Distribution of double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals lone find 2 two or more finds

bull 1 CJ

bull 2

Joon 16 Dhcndatud alumiste harudcga kaksikristpeaga naelte 1evik I - Uks eksemplar 2 - kaks v6i enam eksemplari

oi enam eksemplari Fig 16 Distribution of double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals lone find 2 two

nd 2 two or more finds or more finds

)

Marika Magi 56 Eesti merovillgi- ja

Ehten6elu on ajaloo jooksul kandnud nii mehed kui naised Vahe v6is olla tiksnes kandmisviisis (naiteks meestel tihe- naistel kahekaupa) eri n6elattilipides v6i ka eri perioodides Nii ei ole Eesti mehed ilustanud end ehten6elaga viikingiaja teisel poole Ehten6elad on kuulunud eeskatt saarte ja Laane-Eesti ehtekandmistraditsiooni Jda- ja L6una-Eestisse illmusid esimesed kohapealsed ttitibid alles viikingiaja keskel

Tbb esemete ning arhiivimaterjaliga v6imaldas esitada enamiku Eesti merovingi- ja vilkingiaja n6elte kohta tapsustatud ttipoloogia ning dateeringud Uoon 17) Loodetavasti 6nnestus luua varasemast tervikilikum pilt rinnan6elte morfoloogilisest arengust Tapsustatud dateeringud v6imaldavad loodetavasti liigitada Uipsemalt ka tilejaanud Eesti kasitletavate perioodide ieiukomplekse ning luua seelabi parema ettekujutuse kogu tolleaegsest tihiskonnast tervikuna

600 700 800 900 1000 1100

loon 17 Noelte dateeringud

Fi g 17 Dates of pins

Tanuavaldus

Autor tanab k6iki kes aitasid kaasa kaesoleva artikli valmimisele eeskatt fotograafe Rein Karneritja Enno V~iljalit ning kunstnikke Kersti Siitanit ja Jaana Ratast samuti inglise keele korrektorit Gordon Snowd

Kasutatud kirjandus

Ariste E 1938 Die eS Ll andisehen Ringkop fnade ln - OES Toim XXX 48-64 Aroalho J 1978 Lieto Haimionmaki Nuoremman rautakauden polttokenttakalmisto Aurajokishylaaksossa Pro gradu-tutkielma - Karhullhammas 2 Turku Cleve N 1978 Skelettgravfiilten pa Kjuloholm i Kjulo II Vikingatid oeh korstagstid Gravfaltet C - SMYA XLIV 2 Edgren T 1973 En baltisk smyckenal frltln Veitakkala i Salo - SMY A 75 30--31 Hackman A 1938 Das Brandgriiberfcld von Pukkila in Isokyro - SMYA XLI Hardh B 1976 Wikingerzeitliche Depotfunde atls Slidschwcdcn Katalog und Tafeln Lund

Indreko R 1937 Aru (Kasikiri AI-s) Jaanusson H 1971 ] 99-104 Jansson I 1995 Dres Kivikoski E 1941 Wi Kivikoski E 1942 Ka Kivikoski E 1973 Di1 Justin A 19621 Ran( Kustin A I962h Saal 13 sajandi alguseni) D Kustin A 1965 An aasta Tallinn (Kiisikir Kustin A 1969 Aruan Lang V 1996 Muistl Loode-Eestis eri ti Pirit Latvijas PSR arhcologij Lavi A 1986a Raatve AI-s) Lavi A 19S6b Arual (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1988 Aruan (Kasikiri A1-s) LehtosaIo-Hiiander P Ligi P 1993 Vadjapar Liiugas V 1973 Das I

SMYA 75117-131 Lougas V amp Magi-Lo TATU 127- 33 Mandel M 1980 Aru 1977 aastal Tallinn (K Mandel M 1982 Linn Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Moora H 1932 Aru~ kaevamisest 1-8 ja 14 Miigi-Lougas M 1994 484 Miigi-Lougas M 1995a Magi-Lougas M 1995t Nerman B r929 Die jlingcrell Eisellzeit - KUI Pauts H 1995 Uiane-E Parss A 1950 Kalmc Koola k Veski Ll) maa Ranta H 1996 Persona Finland Helsinki 36-50 Salmo H 1941 Mcrov SM XLVII 11-39 Schmiedehelm M 1930 ku ucsczcniu sicdemdl B i hI ioteka Prchistoryczna SchmiedeheJm M 1939

1100

57 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

lised Vahe v6is olla oa) eri n6elatiiiipides ud end ehten6elaga aarte ja Uiane-Eesti imesed kohapealsed

ada enamiku Eesti gia ning dateeringud kum pilt rinnan6elte aldavad loodetavasti pdide leiukomplekse konnast tervikuna

valmimisele eeskiitt ersti Siitanitja Jaana

48-64 kenWikalmisto Aurajokishy

eh korstagslid Gravfaltet

7530--31 oXLL g und Tafcln Lund

Indreko R 1937 Aruanne kaevamistest Haimre koolimaja 6ues 19 VII 37 - 20 Vll 37 a Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Jaanusson H 197 L Ett estniskt korsformat hange fran Bjurhovda i Vasteras - Fornvannen 2 99-104 Jansson I 1995 Dress pins of East Baltic type made on Gotland - AEW 83-90 Kivikoski E 1941 Itabalttian ja Suomen suhteista viikinkiajalla - SM XLVIl 40-50 Kivikoski E 1942 Kappale Salon seudun rautakautta - SM XLVlII 13-30 Kivikoski E 1973 Die Eisenzeit Finnlands Bildwerk und Text Neuausgabe Helsinki Kustin A 1962a Randvere kivikalmistu SaaremaaL - MKA 58- 130 Kustin A 1962b Saaremaa ja Muhu muistised feodalismi Uirkamise perioodist (II sajandist kuni J3 sajandi alguseni) Diss kand Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Kustin A J965 Aruanne Kurevere ki vikuhelik-kalmistu arheoloogilisest kaevamisest 1965 aastal Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Kustin A 1969 Aruanne Rahu kivikalme kaevamisest 1959 aastal Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lang V 1996 Muistne Riivala Muistised kronoloogia ja maaviljclusliku asustuse kujunemine Loode-Eestis eriti Pirita joe alamjooksu piirkonnas - MT 4 Latvijas PSR arheologija 1974 RIga Lavi A 1986a Raat vere maa-aluse kalmistu arheoloogilisest uurimisest 19) I a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1986b Aruanne arheoloogilistest kaevamistest Raatvere kalmemael 1982 a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1988 Aruanne Raatvere kalmemae ala arheoloogilisest uurimisest 1983 a Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Lehtosalo-Hilander P - L 1982 Luistari II The Artefacts - SMY A 822 Ligi P 1993 Vadjaparased kalmed Eestis 9-16 sajandiL - MT 2 7-175 Lougas V 1973 Das mitteleisenzeitliche Steingrab von Lehmja Loo in der Nahe von Tallinn shySMYA 75117-131 Luugas V amp Magi-Lougas M 1994 Investigation of ancient monuments at Poide 1991-1992 shyTATO 127-33 Mandel M 1980 ArUal1l1e Uugla kivikalme ja p611ukivihunniku arheoloogi1istest kaevamistest 1977 aastaL Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Mandel M 1982 Linnam~ie maa-aluse p61etuskalmistu kaevamiste aruanne 1976-1980 aastast Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Moora H 1932 Aruanne Rannu kihelk Vcrevi kUla Safldimardi talu maal oleva kivikalme kaevamisest 1-8 ja 14 juun 1932 Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Magi-Lougas M 1994 Eesti viik j ngiaeg~ed hoburauds61ed ja nende ornament - TATO 4 465shy484 Magi-Lougas M 1995a Eesti viikingiaegsed kiiev6rud ja nende ornament - MT 3 271-325 Magi-Liiugas M 1995b lila matus Arhcoloogilised kacvarnised pabcril - TATO 516-531 Nerman n 1929 Die Verbindungen zwischen SkandinaviGn und dem Ostbaltikum in der jiingcren Eiscnzeit - Kungl Vitterhets ock Antikvitets Akadcmien Handlingar 40 1 Stockholm Pauts H 1995 Liiiine-Eesti hoburaudsolcd (8-13 sajand) Diplomitoli Tartu (Kiisikiri AI-s) Piirss A 1950 Kalmc J6geva rajooni Koala kiilanoukogu 9 mai kolhoosi (end Laiuse khk K60la kL Veski tl) maaL Kacv 7-23 VIII 1950 a (Juh H Moora) Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Ranta H 1996 Personal ornaments - Vainionmaki - a Merovingian Period Cemetery in Laitila Finland Helsinki 36-50 SaImo H 1941 Merovinkiaikaisen ratsusotilaan hautakalusto Euran pitajan Pappilanmaesta shySM XLVII 11-39 Schmiedehelm M 1930 Einige Funde der mittleren Eisenzeit aus Estland - Ksi~ga pamiqtkowa ku ucsczeniu siedemdziesiqtej roezniey urodzin prof dr Wlodzimierza Demetrykiewieza Biblioteka Prehistoryclna L Poznan 318-329 Schmiedehelm M 1939 Kuusalu Pajulinn - MEL 121-138

Marika Magi58 EeSfi merovilgi- ja

Selirand J 1974 Eestlaste matmiskombed varafeodaalsete suhete Uirkamise perioodil (11-13 sajand) Tallinn Selirand J 1993 Aruanne kaevamistest Madi kivikalmel Viljandi rajoonis (end Viljandi kihelkond) 1962 a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Stromberg M 1961 Untersuchungen wr jOngcren Eisenzeit in Schonen Vblkerwanderungseit shyWikingerzeit I-II Acta Archaeologica Lundensia series in 4deg no 4 Lund Snore R 1930 Dzelzs laikmeta latvidu rotas adatas - LatvieSll aizvestures materiilli Riga Tallgren A M 1925 Zur Arehiiologie Eestis II Von 500 bis etwa 1250 n Chr Dorpat Tamla T 1991 lamenevate otstega kaevorud Eesti noorema rauaaja (10-13 sajandi) leidudes shyMT I 134--145 TautayWiene B 1981 III-XVI a sidabriniai ir sidabru puosti dirbiniai Vilnius The Road from the Varangians w the Greeks and from the Greeks 1996 Catalogue of the Exibition State Historical Museum MOSlOW fhumnark-Nylen L 1983 Gotland och OstbaJtikum - Gutar och vikingar Stockholm 306-322 Thunmark-Nylen L 1995 Churchyard Finds from Gotland (1llh - It centuries) -AEW 161shy193 Tonisson E 1974 Die Gauja-Liven und ihre materielle Kultur (II lh - Anfang 13 1hs) Tallinn Volkaitc-Kulikauskienc R 1970 Lieluviai IX- XII 3mziais Vilnius

Ayn M 1992 ApXeOJIOIWleCKHe naM5ITHllKH BTOPOH nononHHbl I-ro TblC5I4eneTWI H 3 B IOroshyBOCTOLlflOii 3CTOHIIH TanJlHlll1 CenoB B n 1985 l-b60pcK B 8-10 BeKax - HAn 119-130 CenOBa M B 1981 IOneJlllpllble I131CJIH5I )]pcllllero H06ropona (X-XV 66) MOCK6a CmmblH A A 1896 Kyprallbl c-ne-repfiyprCKOii ly6CpHHII R pacKonKax n K HBaIlOBCKoro - MaTcpllanbl no apxeoJlonm POCCIIII 20 C-neTep6ypl IIIMHnexeJJbM M X 1959 loponflluc PblYIC II IOro-BocT0411oii 3nOllllii - Bonpocbl 3TH114eshyCKOH HCTOPlfH lIapO)WB npH6a~nlKII 110 )lltlIlIlblM apxeoJlorI-lII 3TlIOlpaXilII H 3HTpOIlOnOllm MocKna 154--185

Marika Magi

DECORA TIVE PINS OF THE MEROVINGIAN AND VIKING AGES IN ESTONIA FOREIGN AND LOCAL

Summary

The Merovingian Period (600-800) and the Viking Age (800-1050) have been treated as comparati vely empty of finds in Estonian archaeology The local culture has been believed to have developed since only the [ lth century The dating of artefacts from these periods has been imprecise and usually later than in Finland or Scandinavia

In this paper 253 Estonian decorative pins from the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age have been analysed (Appendix ) They were all meant for fastening coats or dresses small pins for fastening linen kerchiefs appear in the burials only at the end of the Viking Age

According to the general point of view in Estonian archaeology artefact complexes are almost completely lacking in our archaeological material during

the Merovingian I burial customs of has proved howe cremations have b

Altogether 41 (

ff a fron pills

Eight iron pins at least one of then Ariste 1938 PI Il resemble their pre

i lb Bronze pills v

The shape of thi the head ring has decorated with a sn

All plI1S of thi specimens were u wrapping and somt

f2a PillS with simi

The upper and I marked with straigh case

f2h PinI with ciru

Pins of this sub- have also been foun flanges around the r disks have been de luxurious of this t)

pllaques

rkamise pcrioodil (11 -13

Ii rajoonis (end Viljandi

In Viilkerwanderungsze il shymd ures materiali Riga 0 n Chr Dorpat 0-13 sajandi) leidudes shy

Vilnius 1996 Catalogue of the

ngar Stockholm 306-322 h centuries) -AEW 161shy

-Anfang 13 1d1S) Tallinn

TbIC~4CJlCTlll H 3 13 IOro-

V Btl) MOCKua

middotnKax 11 K VlllallOI3CKoro

~HIIII - BOflPOCbl JTHWleshy

)rpaXIII I anTpOIIOJlOrl1H

I VIKING AGES IN L

ge (800-1050) have lrchaeology The local the II th century The and usually later than

erovingian Period and t were all meant for erchiefs appear in the

archaeology artefact )gical material during

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 59

the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The basis for this view has been the burial customs of these times especially cremations My research in our archives has proved however that more or less certamiddotin complexes in stone graves with cremations have been undervalued

1 Ring-headed pins

Altogether 41 ring-headed pins are known from Estonia

11 Earlier variant of ring-headed pins

1la 1ron pins

Eight iron pins have been found in Estonia up to now Though simply shaped at least one of them has been fitted with a rectangular plaque (Kuma AM 2968 Ariste 1938 PI III6) These pins are the oldest ones of the type and closely resemble their predecessors shepherd-crook pins

1lb Bronze pins with widening or profiled neck (Pl 1l11 2)

The shape of these pins is similar to that of the iron specimens In three cases the head ring has been wrapped with silver wire The neck is sometimes decorated with a small round decorative shield (Fig 14 PI IH2)

12 Later variant of ring-headed pins

All pins of this variant had necks of triangular cross-section The later specimens were usually bigger more decorated especially by silver-wire wrapping and sometimes fitted with plaques All of them were made of bronze

12a Pins with silllple triangular neck (Fig 21 2 Pl 1V)

The upper and lower edges of the front side of the neck of these pins were marked with straight ridges The head ring has been wrapped by wire only in one case

12b Pins with circular flanges around their neck (Fig 2 3 PI 111 5 V 1-3)

Pins of this sub-variant were most typical to Estonia though some specimens have also been found in Finland and Latvia There were usually three circular flanges around the neck In most cases both the head ring and the edges of the disks have been decorated with silver wrapping These pins were the most luxurious of this type usually bigger than the others and often fitted with plaques

Marika Magi60 Eesti merovingi- ja

12c Pins with cross-shaped extension (Fig 2 4 Pl X 2-3)

Three pins of this sub-variant have been found in Estonia at Kuusalu (AI 2827) Pajumaa (AM 134 19) and Kunilepa (AI 2483 16) These have been treated as later specimens of ring-headed pins and as specifically Estonian (Tallgren 192581 Ariste 19383754 Kivikoski 197367)

Discussion

Estonian ring-headed pins originated from small pins of the same type in Latvia especially in Semgallien and in northern Lithuania Small Lithuanian ring-headed pins were dated to the 7th-8th centuries bigger ones to the 9th century (Volkaite-Kulikauskiene 1970 168) Numbers of these pins have been found in Finland where they were treated as ornaments of Estonian origin and dated usually to the 7th-8th centuries (Hackman 1938 105-115 LehtosaloshyHilander 1982 109 Ranta 199642) Specimens with a cross-shaped extension could be dated to the 9th century too (Hackman 1938 114) However a ringshyheaded pin of variant ~ 2a from Lillmalmsbacken was found together with a hexahedral ring from a penannular brooch and some other items and could thus be dated to the 9th century too (data from archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki)

Twelve ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were known in Finland in 1973 (Kivikoski 1973 67) and only three specimens in Estonia Estonian pins of this sub-variant have been found in coastal areas or in a deposit at Kunilepa which also contains some other items of Finnish origin (eg early penannular brooches with flat ring) Thus most probably can we talk about a Finnish rather than an Estonian origin for these pins At least two such pins have also been found in Latvia (Snore 1930 Pl IX 15 22)

Tallgren has suggested that ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were predecessors of double-cross-headed pins (1925 81) Ariste (1938) did not support this theory because the dates of these ornaments differed too much It should be noted that some cross-headed pins of Southern Baltic origin with three terminals were spread at the same time in Finland One specimen has been also found in Estonia (PI X 1) Ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extensions could be speciall Finnish ornaments connected both with the ring-headed and cross-headed pins Both concepts are particuhlrly evident in a ring-headed pin with a cross-shaped extension from Liedon Sauvala which is fitted with a supplementary cross inside its head ring (Hackman 1938 Fig 35)

Only one of the Estonian ring-headed pins has been found in an undisturbed find complex in a deposit at Keila (PI IV) This find was probably not complete however because it lacked a second fastener for the chain (another pin) The find could be dated to the 9th century A collection of finds from Kunilepa usually treated as a deposit were obviously picked up from an earlier destroyed grave as

became clear frc probable grave cc spots the grave oj the later part of P Asva to the 8th-91

Ariste has da~

beginning of the supposed making 10th-II th centur~ to my study the I

the 7th century or mainly during the in the 9th century

Only triangulaJ These pins have 1

knobs Mushroom shaped ones to be study both variant pins are described I

This variant in usuaJly earlier but

21a Pins with sma

Fifteen pins fro were all smaller spe

21 h Pins with a Sir

Nine pins of th average in size an sometimes decorate(

21 c Pins with a del

Only four pins fl (PI IX I) was dec~ import from Curonia

61 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - vooraparasedja omad

I)

Estonia at Kuusalu 6) These have been

pecifically Estonian I

of the same type in ia Small Lithuanian ~ger ones to the 9th hese pins have been Estonian origin and 105-1 ] 5 Lehtosaloshyass-shaped extension 4) However a ringshylund together with a items and cou ld thus f the department of

ion were known In

~ecimens in Estonia areas or in a deposit

ish origin (eg early can we talk about a ~ t two such pins have

bss-shaped extension Ariste (1938) did not differed too much It tltic origin with three ~cimen has been also k shaped extensions the ring-headed and in a ring-headed pin lich is fitted with a ~ 35) nd in an undisturbed obably no complete lother pin) The find ~m Kunilepa usually r destroyed grave as

became clear from a conversation with a descendant of the landowner The probable grave could be dated to the 8th-9th centuries From the rest of the find spots the grave of Lehmja-Loo was dated to the 7th century (LOugas 1973 129) the later part of Presti grave to the 7th-8th centuries and the later dwelling layer in Asva to the 8th-9th centuries (Lougas amp Mligi-L6ugas 199432-33)

Ariste has dated Estonian ring-headed pillS from the 7th century up to the beginning of the 10th century (1938 62) Schmiedehelm and Selirand have supposed making reference to Ariste that these pins were also in use during the 10th-11th centuries (Schmiedehelm 1939 136 Selirand 1974 ] 44) According to my study the earlier variant of Estonian ring-headed pins cOUild be dated to the 7th century only The later variant pins with more local character were used mainly during the 8th century Pins of sub-variants 12a and 12c were in use also in the 9th century

2 Triangular-headed pins

Only triangular-headed pins with end knobs were discussed in this paper These pins have up to now been typologized according to the shape of their knobs Mushroom-shaped terminaLs were considered to be earlier and conicshyshaped ones to be later variants (Tangren 1925 80) According to the present study both variants were in use at the same time End knobs typical of the later pins are described in this paper as hat-shaped (Fig 3)

21 Pins without any special decoration

This variant includes 41 pins of different size Smaller specimens were usually earlier but there were quite a number of exceptions to this rule

21a Pins with smooth heads (PI VI 1 3)

Fifteen pins from the Merovingian Period belong to this sub-variant They were all smaller specimens with mushroom- or conic-shaped end knobs

21 h Pins with a smooth triangular hollow

Nine pins of this sub-variant are known in Estonia They were small or average in size and half of them had hat-shaped end knobs The head is sometimes decorated with a single knob in the middle

21 c Pins with a decoration ofconcentric triangles

Only four pins from Estonia belong to this sub-variant A pin from ViI tina (PI IX 1) was decorated with two ammal (horse) figures and is probably an import from Curonia or Semgallien

Marika Magi 62 Eesti merovillgimiddot jl

21d Pins with afaceted triangular hollow (Pi 111 3 4 VI 2)

Sixteen medium-sized or bigger pins belong to this sub-variant Only one of them had a hat-shaped end knob (Presti PI In 3) all the others had only mushroom- or conic-shaped knobs Many of these pins had a faceted neck (Fig 4 4)

22 Pins with a decoration of leaves (Pi V 4-5 V1I V11I 1- 3)

The shape of these pins resembled that of the former variant but the smooth hollow in the head was decorated with three leaves 46 pins or fragments of pins of this variant are known in Estonia Many of them were found in cremations and were bad1ly burnt Hat-shaped end knobs were characteristic of these pins The neck was faceted in 11 specimens (Fig 5) The reverse of some of these pins was decorated with eyes (PI V 5) Such specimens had almost no faceted neck Pins with a faceted neck were thus morphologically ear(jer and the specimens with a decoration on their reverse sides were later in this variant group

Discussion

Triangular-headed pins were widespread in Latvia and Lithuania where their decoration usually differed clearly from that of Estonian pins Pins with mushroom-shaped end knobs were dated to the 7th-9th centuries in L ithuania (Tautaviciene 1981 169) Triangular-headed pms appeared in Latvia as early as 500 and were spread mainly in Semgallien and in the Lower-Daugava area (Snore 1930 PI XXIX 1 Latvijas 1974 PI 40 4 I 3) Some specimens have also been found in Russia (Sedova 198173 Sedov 1985 123 F ig 1 7 8) Triangular-headed pins in FinlJand have been treated as ornaments of Latvian or Estonian origin and dated to the Merovingian Period or the beginning of the Viking Age (Kivikoski 197367-6899 Fig 448 72 l Lehtosalo-Hilander 1982 108)

Pins with leaf decoration were found not only in Estonia but also in Semgallien and Curonia Probably only one specimen has been found in Finland (Rusko Kankare Kivikoski 197367 99) Some pins with leaf decoration were known from Gotland (Nerman 1929 Fig 173-174 177 Thunmark-Nylen 1983 Fig 10 Jansson 1995 88-89 Fig 8) and from the mainland of Sweden (Stromberg 1961 165 PI 73 8 9) One has been found at Trelleborg in Denmark (Michael Andersen pers comm) Two fragmentary pins of this variant belonged to a silver hoard from Baldringe in Skanc (Hardh 1976 PI 20 10 11) and were interesting for us because of their material Ali triangular-headed pins in Estonii were made of bronze The finds in Baldringe proved that the Estonians used to make similar ornaments of both materials but the silver specimens were probably re-cast later

Some of the complexes Thret some bracelets 1

cremation at Hai could be dated to and Maidla gravi datcd to the same

Seven pins of in 1m have been XXVII 4-5) The 8th centuries in (Schmiedehelm 11 L6ugas 1994 32shy

Schmiedehelm (1930) The pins according to Kus According to my Merovingian Perilt the end of the 9th 10th century Arou

Pins of this var and are therefore I

shaped terminals al have been found u majority of them hi draw parallels with elaborated decorati consisting only of broken off and fixel

23a Pins with lea

Six pins of this These pins were pre

23b Pins with plail

Plait decoration not very widespreao and the 11 til centul)

Marika Miigi Eesli merovingi- ja viikil1gi(egsed rinl1aHoelad shy viJiJrapiirasedja ()mad 63

2)

I-variant Only one of the others had oniy

l a faceted neck (Fig

II VIII 1-3)

ariant but the smooth s or fragments of pins und in cremations and tic of these pins The ome of these pins was no faceted neck Pins the specimens with a

roup

~ithuania where their ~ ian pins Pins with centuries in Lithuania d in Latvia as early as Lower-Daugava area

Some specimens have 5 123 Fig I 7 8) naments of Latvian or the beginning of the

Itosalo-Hilander 1982

Estonia but also in een found in Finland

1 leaf decoration were hunmark-Nylen 1983 mainland of Sweden und at Trelleborg in ary pins of this variant h 1976 PI 20 to 11) triangular-headed pins inge proved that the terials but the silver

Some of the Estonian triangubr-headed pins were found in closed find complexes Three pins of variant 21 belonged to a deposit at Inju together with some bracelets which allowed the find to be dated to the 7th-8th centuries A cremation at Haimre (PI V) contained only one pin with leaf decoration and could be dated to the 10th century Some similar pins from Rahu (Kustin 1969) and Maidla graves (data from find lists and plans of Mati Mandel) could be dated to the same time because of the other finds in the burials

Seven pins of the earlier variant have been found in hill-forts Two specimens in Iru have been dated to the 6l7th-8th centuries (Lang 1996 96-97 102 PI XXVII 4--5) The layers where the pins were found have been dated to the 7thshy

8th centuries in Rouge (AYH 1992 65) to the 6th-9th centuries in Otepali (Schmiedehelm 195963) and to the 7th-9th centuries in Pbide (Lougas amp MagishyL6ugas 199432-33)

Schmiedehelm dated Estonian pins of variant 2 J to the 6th-9th centuries (1930) The pins with leaf decoration were used during the II th-12th centuries according to Kustin and Selirand (Kustin J962b 405 Selirand 1974 145) According to my study the pins of variant 21 were used during the whole Merovingian Period and the 9th century Pins with leaf decoration appeared at the end of the 9th century at the latcst and were in use during the whole of the 10th century Around 1000 they were replaced by pins of the next variant

23 Pins of Saaremaa type

Pins of this variant differ morphologically from the above-discussed variants and are therefore treated separately here These pins were flat with flat heartshyshaped terminals and a high loop on their neck (Fig 6) Altogether 63 specimens have been found up to now as many as 49 of them on Saaremaa (Osel) The majority of them have been found in cremations and were badly burnt If we may draw parallels with the other ornament types the more massive specimens with elaborated decoration were earlier than the thin pins with stylised decoration consisting only of a few lines In many cases the heads of these pins had been broken off and fixed to a new iron shaft ie recycled

23a Pins with leal decoration (PI VI 4 VIII 6-7)

Six pins of this variant have a more or less stylised decoration of three leaves These pins were probably the earliest ones in vanant 23

23b Pins with plait decoration (Fig 8 PI VIII 5 IX 2)

Plait decoration was popular in L atvia and Lithuania over a long period but not very widespread in Estonia On Saaremaa bracelets of the late Viking Age and the 11 th century had often the same pattern In six cases also the reverse of

Marika Magi64 Eesti merovingi- ja

the pins had been decorated mostly with eyes These specimens were also more massive ie probably somewhat earlier

23c Pins with some other kind ofdecoration (Fig 7 Pl VI 5 VIII 4 IX 4-5)

Different kinds of simple patterns were spread on the pins of Saaremaa type most of them having counterparts in Latvia More and less massive specimens occurred in this sub-variant too Though the pattern usually consisted of different lines some pins were decorated with one or more eyes only (Fig 7 Pl IX 4) These could probably be treated as imports from Latvia like some other somewhat unusual pins of this sub-variant

Discussion

Pins of this variant were widespread in Latvia particularly in Curonia and Semgallien but also in the Lower-Daugava area They were dated to the lOthshy12th centuries there (Snore 1930 Pl XV LA 1974 Pl 481 5014 15525 T6nisson 1974 Pl XXXVI2) The decoration of Latvian pins usually differed from that of Estonian pins and even plait decoration seems to have not been very popular on this type of pins in Latvia

Only single pins of this variant have been found in the other neighbouring countries most of them specifically Latvian (Nerrnan 1929 Figs 175-178 Kivikoski 1973 99 Fig 720 Jansson 1995 88-89) The only exceptions were two pins from Garda churchyard on Gotland which were decorated with leaves (Thunmark-Nylen 1995 185 Fig 13) A small piece of a similar pin has been found as a stray find in Roskilde Denmark (Andersen pers comm)

In Uugla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin with leaf decoration has been found together with a knife pieces of chain arrangement a bronze plaque and a bracelet (Mandel 1980) The grave could be dated to the end of the 10th century or to the beginning of the 11 th century according to the bracelet (Magi-Lougas 1995b 521) In Maidla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin was found in the same chain arrangement with a pin of variant 22 (data from find lists and plans of Mandel) In Randvere graveyard a pin of variant 23 fixed to an iron shaft was found together with a penannular brooch with poppy-shaped terminals and with sherds of fine-grained pottery (data from Kustin 1962a 64-65 97) The complex could be dated around 1000

Kustin dated Saaremaa type pins to the 11th-12th centuries (1962a 70) As proved above the earlier specimens of this variant appeared as early as the 10th century and were used contemporarily with pins of variant 22 Saaremaa type pins stayed in use during the whole 11 th century and were replaced by doubleshycross-headed pins with united terminals at the beginning of the 12th century at the latest

Only some sin Viking Age have terminals appear 0

centuries Only lht local ornament typ

Double-cross-hl number of pin he probably for a lon

41 PillS

A tolal of 42 pi have been found il variants but the b thus SUbjective Tt specific construclio but a decoration of bigger thinner ofte (Fig 10) The earl ones were usually n

42 Pi

This group incl specimens as in the of these two groups

43

These pins appea the 11th century Ill

variant resemble late

Few specimens 01 Estonia They had be in Finland Pins frO centuries (Cleve 191

65 Marilw Magi Eesfi mcOvingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad - vooraparased ja onwd

imens were also more

VI 5 VI 4 IX 4-5)

pins of Saaremaa type ~ss massive specimens

usually consisted of e eyes only (Fig 7 PI Jatvia like some other

ularly in Curonia and ere dated to the 10thshy4815014 15525 ~ pins usually differed to have not been very

he other neighbouring 1929 Figs 175-178

only exceptions were decorated with leaves

a similar pin has been s comm) Dration has been found bronze plaque and a

nd of the 10th century bracelet (Miigi-L6ugas Nas found in the same find lists and plans of d to an iron shaft was )ed terminals and with -6597) The complex

Ituries (l962a 70) As ed as early as the 10th lilt 22 Saaremaa type re replaced by doubleshyof the 12th century at

3 Early cross-headed pins (PI X 1 XI 2)

Only some single cross-headed pins dated to the Merovingian Period or the Viking Age have been found in Estonia Small cross-headed pins with united terminals appear only after the Viking Age and were used over a period of some centuries Only the idea of cross-headed pins was borrowed from the Baits and a local ornament type was created on its base a double-cross-headed pin

4 Double-cross-headed pins

Double-cross-headed pins were specifically Estonian ornaments Quite a number of pin heads of this type have been fixed to an iron shaft and used probably for a long time after they were made

41 Pins with unconnected terminals (Pt X 4-6 XI 1 3-5)

A total of 42 pins with unconnected te rminals or pieces of such kind of pins have been found in Estonia They could be divided into earlier and later subshyvariants but the border between these two groups would be too undefined and thus subjective The earlier specimens were usually smaller thicker and with specific construction of their neck (Fig 9) They were often decorated with eyes but a decoration of conce ntric circles was also possible Later pins were always bigger thinner often silver-plated and had a special trapezoid loop on their neck (Fig 10) The earlier specimens were often deformed and burnt but the later ones were usually not burnt and in several cases found in inhumations

42 Pins with connected lower terminals (Pl X 7 XII)

This group includes 21 pins Thc same criteria about earlier and later specimens as in the former variant were also valid in this variant hence the pins of these two groups were at least partly contemporary

43 Pins with completely connected terminals

These pins appeared at the very end of the Viking Age ic at the middle of the 11 th century and will thus be not considered here Some specimens of thi s variant ]escmble iatcr specimens of the fonner variants

Discussion

Few specimens of pins with unconnected terminals have been found outSIde E stonia They had been usually used as pendants Five of them have been found in Finland Pins from Lillmalmsbacken and EU-cl were dated to the 9th-10th centuries (Cleve 1978 105) Two pins have been found in inhumations in

Marika Miigi66 Eesti merovingi- ja

Kjuloholm and dated to the beginning of the II th century (Cleve 1978 105 PI 8 15) Pendants from Estonian double-cross-headed pins have been found in late Viking Age cremations in Bjurhovda Central-Sweden (Jaanusson 1971) in North Norway and Gotland (Jansson 1995 88 fig 7) Some of them were

known from barrows in Northwest Russia (ClII1UbIH 1896 PI V 6 XVII 32) No double-cross pins have been found in Latvia or Lithuania according to the literature

A pin from Koola graveyard (PI X 4) was unearthed together with pieces of chain a glassbead bronze spirals and a bracelet all badly burnt (Parss 1950) Two pins from Verevi had belonged to the same chain arrangement and were found together with a bracelet a bell piece of neck-ring and a penannular brooch pi n with narrow base (Moora 1932) Both these burials could belong to the 10th century

In a womans grave in Aseri two doub Pe-cross-headed pins of earlier character were found with bracelets with thickening ends a spiral bracelet chain pieces and bronze spirals This complex could not be later than the middle of the 10th century because of the bracelets of earlier type in it (M~igi-Lougas 1995a 280 ff Fig 30)

A double-cross-pin of later character belonged to a deposit at Piihaste which also contained some other ornaments and could be dated to the first half of the 11 th century Some pairs of pins with specifically later features have been found in inhumations Graves from Alatskivi Raatvere and Tooste could be mentioned here all dated to the first half of the ] I th century (PI XI 5) A small doubJeshycross-headed pin fixed secondarily to a bronze stem belonged to a cremation of the second half of the 11 th century in Jouga (Ligi 1993 53-54 PI XXVIII 5)

Two double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals had belonged to a womans grave in Madi together with chain fragments bronze spira ls fingershyrings pieces of neck-rings a knife a belt buckle a comb a fire-steel bits and potsherds (Sel irand 1993) In Rahu a pin of the same variant occurred together with a penannular brooch chain arrangements a finger-ring and bits (Kustin 1969) Both these complexes could be dated to the 11th century Two pins of variant 42 belonged to a female inhumation grave in Raatvere and were dated to the first half of the J I th century (PI XII)

As proved above the double-cross-headed pins were cOl1nected with ringshyheaded pins with cross-shaped extension only through common predecessors ie cross-headed pins Looking at the shape of double-cross-headed pins one can ask if they could be connected with the Orthodox cross and perhaps with the conversion of Russia at the end of the 10th century The idea could be supported by the distribution of these pins the double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals were the only variant of dress fastening pins that were concentrated in the eastern half of Estonia

As the double-cross-headed pins appeared in Estonia before the end of the JOth century they cannot be directly connected with the Christianization of

Russia but influe not be discounteo definite evidence (

Selirand has ( centuries (1974 I terminals As pm appeared by the m morphologically t( were in use up to variant 43

Some findings used Parallels in could differ among

As most of the these ornaments WI men in Finland (I Latvia and Lithuan suggested that Esto Estonian ring-head southern neighbour Finland wore the sa

Hackman has re in Finland were all these pins were fa numbers were in s (KM 8067 A3 4 S of archaeology in N variant in Estonia h pin that could belo Keila was found tc woman (PI IV)

In conclusion on and the big luxuriol and 12c were used by women It is po during the 9th centUl

The triangular-he and were sometime~

arrangement Only 0

plaques and had prot

67 Marika Miigi Eesti mcrovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

(Cleve 1978 105 PI have been found in late (Jaanusson 1971) in

Some of them were

6 PI V 6 XVII 32) uania according to the

together with pieces of lIy burnt (Piirss 1950) arrangement and were ing and a penannuJar mrials could belong to

lins of earlier character bracelet chain pieces

the middle of the 10th -L6ugas I995a 280 ff

posit at Ptihaste which to the first half of the ~tures have been found te could be mentioned 1 5) A small doubleshynged to a cremation of -54 PI XXYIlI 5) erminals had belonged bronze spirals fingershy

0 a fire-steel bits and ~ [wnt occurred toget h er -ring and bits (KUstin century Two pins of

vere and were dated to

connected with riDgshyImon predecessors ie -headed pins one can and perhaps with the

lea could be supported pins with unconnected it were concentrated in

before the end of the he Christianization of

Russia but influences from Christian cOllntriesin the East (Byzantium) could not be discounted In any case the double-cross-headed pins do not provide definite evidence of the Christianity of their owners

Selirand has dated double-crass-headed pins to the 11th up to the 12th centuries (1974 146) which is correct for the variant with completely connected terminals As proved above the pins with unconnected terminals had already appeared by the middle of the 10th century The earlier pins of variant 4 2 belong morphologically to the end of the 10th century at the latest Both these variants were in use lip to the m iddle of the 11th century when they were replaced by variant 43

Use of dress fastening pins

Some findings in Estonia let us determine how and by Wh0111 the pins were used Parallels in the neighbouring countries cannot be used here directly and could differ among neighbours

As most of the ring-headed pins were single finds it is most plausible that these ornaments were worn singly Luxurious ring-headed pins had belonged to men in Finland (Lehtosalo-Hiander 1982 109) but the small specimens in Latvia and Lithuania were worn by women and always in pairs Vello Lougas suggested that Estnnian ring-headed pins were also used by women 0 973 126) Estonian ring-headed pins however definitely differ from the small ones of our southern neighbours It seems to be hardly believable that wealthy horsemen in Finland wore the same pins as women in Estonia

Hackman has reported that the ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extension in Finland were alI single finds (1938 114) However in two or even three cases these pins were found obviously in pairs in Uskcla Lukkarinmaki ie their numbers were in sequence and they had almost or completely the same shape (KM 8067 A3 4 57 perhaps also 29 30 data fram archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki) A Kunilcpa pin of the same subshyvariant in Estonia has been found together with a head-ring fragment of a similar pin that could belong to the same sub-variant The pin of sub-variant 12a in Keila was found together with female ornaments and had thus belonged to a woman (PI IV)

In conclusion one can suppose that the ring-headed pins of the earlier variant and the big luxurious pins were worn by men in Estonia Pins of variants 12a and 12c were used by both sexes or especially in the case of variant 12c only by women It is possible that the ring-headed pins became female ornaments during the 9th century

The triangular-headed pins of variant 21 occuned in several cases in pairs and were sometimes fitted with a long chain ie they had belonged to a chain arrangement Only one pin from Pajumaa (PI III4) was fitted with rectangular plaques and had probably been worn on its own

Marika Mdgi68 Eesti merovingi- ja

As ring-headed pins and triangular-headed pins had been in use contemporarily and in the same area it can be supposed that the former were worn by men and the latter by women It is possible that men stopped using pins some time in the 9th century and started to fasten their coats only with penannular brooches Since the 10th century at the latest one can talk about pins as specifically female ornaments in Estonia

Two triangular-headed pins connected with a single chain have been found in Liiva In some cases these pins were unearthed in pairs or single specimens often stray finds were fitted with a long chain Chain holders have been found together with these pins only twice However triangular-headed pins with leaf decoration were sometimes worn probably also singly as in the grave of Hairnre (PI VII)

Triangular-headed pins of Saaremaa type were found in pairs in several cases These pins occurred typically with half-oval chain holders and other pieces of chain arrangement which proves that the chain arrangements with these pins consisted of several rows of chains

Moreover the double-cross-headed pins occur usually in pairs and together with other pieces of a chain arrangement The pins of earlier character were connected only with a single chain (Aseri Verevi Riuma PI XI 4) but the later ones fastened chain arrangements with several rows of chains which were fixed to the pins with openwork chain holders (PI XI 5 XII)

Distribution

Estonia could be divided into two parts according to the local ornaments of the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The same division is valid also in the case of the decorative pins The tradition of fastening the dress with pins was strong in the western part of the Estonian mainland and on the islands but was almost absent in the eastern part during the whole Merovingian Period and the firs t half of the Viking Age The first local pin types - the double-cross-headed pins - occurred there only in the 10th century Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals and with completely connected terminals were spread already allover Estonia providing evidence of the standardisation of ornamental culture

English version checked by Gordon Snow Oxford

1 Rongaspeaga e

1 Ring-headed p

I Juuru Kunilepa 2 J6eJahtme Prest 3 Jiiri Kuma (AM 4 Juri Lagedi (Ar-shy5 JUri Lehmja-Lolt 6 Kaarma Aste (S 7 Karuse Pajumaa 8 Keila (AM 234 9 Kihelkonna Oda to Kihelkonna Paj II Kihclkonna Vii 12 Koeru Preedi (1 13 Kul lamua Vaik 14 KUllsalu (AI 28 15 Karla Kaarmise 16 Ktirla Paevere 17 Karia Paikiila ( 18 Liiganuse PUssi 19 Palamuse Nava 20 Peetri Painurme 21 Parnu-Jaagupi F 22 Pbide Asva (Al 23 Pbidc Tomimae 24 Ridala Ahli (H~ 25 R6ngu Kivivare 26 Viru- Nigllia Pal 27 Viru-Nigllla KUl

2 Kolmnurkpeaga

2 Triangular-head

21 Ornamentimatpoundl

21 Pins without spe

I 16eIahtme lru (AI 2 J6elahtme Presti (

Marika Magi

s had been in use d that the former were men stopped using pins their coats only with one can talk about pins

Jain have been found in s or single specimens )Iders have been found --headed pins with leaf in the grave of Haimre

n pairs in several cases ~rs and other pieces of ments with these pins

v in pairs and together earlier character were PI XI 4) but the later ains which were fixed

the local ornaments of ivision is valid also in he dress with pins was n the islands but was ingian Period and the e double-cross-headed ross-headcd pins with terminah were spread

disation of ornamental

Gordol Snow Oxford

69Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoeiad - vooraparased ja omad

Lisa Appendix

1 Rongaspeaga ehtenoelad Eestis (kaart joon 11)

1 Ring-headed pins in Estonia (map fig 11)

I Juuru Kunilepa (AI 2483 16 17) 2 Joelahtme Presti (AI 5490386 7) 3 Juri Kuma (AM 31 5 AM 2968 69 71) 4 Juri Lagedi (AM 2768) 5 Juri Lehmja-Loo (AI 444499184211 247278283) 6 Kaarma Aste (SM 7675 12) 7 Karuse Pajumaa (AM 134 18 19) 8 Keila (AM 2343) 9 Kihelkonna Odalatsi (AI 3822303) 10 Kihelkonna Paju (AI K 68) 11 Kihelkonna Viki (AI 251373) 12 Koeru Preedi (AI 4426616) 13 Kullamaa Vaike-Kalju (AI 3445) 14 Kuusalu (AI 2827) 15 Karla Kaarmise (AI 3501) 16 Karia Paevere (AI 2657 1) 17 Karia Paikula (AI 25024) 18 Luganuse Piissi (AM 99) 19 Palamuse Nava (AI 39681167) 20 Peetri PaillurmC (AM 11710) 21 Parnu-Jaagupi Parasmaa (AM 493 12) 22 Pbide Asva (AI 4366 1004) 23 Pbide Tomimae (AI 4338 1117) 24 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045220) 25 Rongu Kivivare (AI 47267) 26 Viru- Nigula Pada (AI 536641) 27 Viru-Nigula Kunda (AM 88 113 114)

2 Kolmnurkpeaga noelad Eestis

2 Triangular-headed pins in Estonia

21 Ornamentimata voi lihtsatest joontest ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 12)

21 Pins without special decoration (map fig 12)

1 JoeHihtme lru (AI 4051 9491097) 2 Joellihtme Presti (AI 5490374)

Eesti merovillgi- ja70 Marika Magi

3 J6hvi Toila (AI 3952299 362) 4 Kamse Pajumaa (AM 13414) 5 Kihelkonna K6mse (AI 2643 111 112113) 6 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 14832) 7 Lliganuse Purtse (AI 50388) 8 Martna Ehmp (AM 554605 615 665 81 J 823) 9 Muhu Mala (AI K 2 1234 89) 10 Nissi Vardi (AM 368 13) 11 Otepaa linnamagihillfort (AI 4036 IV203) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 491 122 852 1024) 13 Parnu-Jaagupi M6isaklila (AI 575925) 14 Pbide maalinnhillfort (SM 1460401) 15 Pbide Viltina (AI 38843515) 16 Puha Leina (AI 2643366) 17 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817333) J8 Rouge linnam~igihillfort (AI 40402313162) 19 Saaremaa (AI K 848) 20 Viru-Jaagupi Inju (AI 2794232425) 21 Vandra khklparish (P~lM 23912) 22 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 382 37764)

22 Lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 13)

22 PillS with leaves-decoration (map fig 13)

1 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 1) 2 Keila Uksnurme (AM 68 1) 3 Juri Moigu-Peetri (AI 4877 100) 4 Kaarma khklparish (AI K 67 17 1845 AI 507 6) 5 Kaarrna Uduvere (AI 15184) 6 Kihelkonna Lumanda (AI 382233 3438 35) 7 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 531 1352 1549 1696 1886 23834153

26892690297831483163310131023115) 8 Mihkli Sol va (AI 251318) 9 Muhu Liiva (SM 931 2) 10 Marjamaa Hairnre (AI 3614 I) 11 Nissi Polli (AI 3926 I) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 49120206 584a 584b 760) 13 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884 ) 14 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045 219) 15 Saaremaa (AI K 846) 16 Valjala khklparish (SM K 5410) 17 Valjala Rahu (AI 423922 44 758) 18 Leiukoht teadmatalFindspot unknown (AI 3027)

23 Saaremaa tii

23 PillS ofSaart

1 Hanila Komsi I

2 Kaarma khk I~ 3 Kaarma Loona 4 Kaarma Uduve 5 Karja Valja (A 6 Karuse Pajuma 7 Kihelkonna Ka 8 Kihelkonna khl 9 Kihelkonna Ku 10 Kihelkonna L 11 Kihelkonna 12 Kihelkonna P 13 Kose Paunkiil 14 Kullamaa Mai 15 Karla khk Ipa 16 Karla Kogula 17 Karla Orikiila 18 Uiiine-Niguia 19 Martna Ehmja 20 Pamu Jaagupi 21 Parnu-Jaagupi 22 Parnumaa (Pal 23 Pbide K6igust 24 P6ide Randvel 25 P6ide Viltina ( 26 Piiha Ilpla (AI 27 Saaremaa (AI 28 Valjala Konnu 29 Valjala Rahu (

3 Merovingi- voi

3 Merovingian connected termin

I Karja khklparis 2 Kodavere Lahef 3 Kodavere Savas 4 Mihkli Kurese ( 5 lPoide AudIa (S~ 6 Aksi Raigastven

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja (Jmad

23 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad (kaartjoon 14)

71

~)

96 1886 2383 4153

)760)

23 Pins ofSa a rema a type (map fig 14)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510940) 2 Kaarma khk parish(AI K 67 1944) 3 Kaarma Loona (AK K 1776 LVYM 650911393) 4 Kaarma Uduvere (AI K 15185 186 187 188) 5 Kalja Valja (AI K 76 1) 6 Karu se Pajumaa (AM 134 I 5) 7 Kihelkonna Kalmu (AI 3822]57 158 194) 8 Kihelkonna khk parish (AI K 741) 9 Kihelkonna Kurevere (AI 43686998 102) 10 Kihelkonna Loona (AI 3822233a) 11 Kihelkonna Liimanda (AK 382268 136) 12 Kihelkonna Paju (L VVM 20A 128) 13 Kose Paunkiila (AM 73 1) 14 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 3160 3635 3637 5000 6085) 15 KarIa khk pari sh (AI K 79101819) 16 Karia Kogula (AI K 2951 52) 17 Karla Orikiila (AI K 4 102 103) 18 Laane-Nigula Uugla (AM 500503) 19 Martna Ehmja (AM 554824) 20 Pamu Jaagupi Pooravere (PaM 2364) 21 Pamu-J aagupi Linnamae (AM 491170) 22 Parnumaa (PaM ) 23 Poide Koiguste (AI 436 I 2) 24 Poide Randvere (AI 26972 AI 3895 257) 25 Poide Viltina (AI 3884391 2588b 2755 3128 4300) 26 Piiha IJpla (AI 3822315 382 K 1 78) 27 Saaremaa (AI K 843 57 AI K 8546107 AI 3529 SM ) 28 Valjala Konnu (AI 5151) 29 Valjala Rahu (AI 4239202 670 1114)

3 Merovingi- voi varaviikingiaegsed lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad

3 Merovingian Period or earJy Viking Age cross-headed pins with unshyconnected terminals

1 Karja khkparish (AI K 774) 2 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 198433) 3 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 1483 1) 4 Mihkli Kurese (AI 2513 17) 5 Poide AudIa (SM K 49 I) 6 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885)

72 Marika Magi

7 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (AM aj 98)

4 Kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

4 Double-cross-headed pins

41 Lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad (kaart joon 15)

41 Double-cross-headed pins with unconnecled terminals (map fig 15)

I Haljala Essu (AM 8327) 2 Harju-Jaani Kehra (AI 35849 10) 3 Iisaku J6uga (AI 510062) 4 JUllm Kaiu jarvLake Kaiu (AI 5251) 5 Karksi Kiiti (AI 1353 1) 6 Kodavere Alatskivi (AI 1893la Ib) 7 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 4976 159) 8 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 516957 5295210a 210b) 9 Kose Ardu (AI 26744) 10 Laiuse Koola (AI 40245) Ii Nissi Varbola (AI 3865 128) 12 Nao Unipiha linnamagihillfort (AI 2901 11) 13 Otepaa PaidJa (AI 19973) 14 P6ltsamaa Pajusi (AI 1871 8) 15 Pamu-Jaagupi Anelema (AI 42255) 16 Parnumaa (PaM A 2361) 17 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884153) 18 Piiha IJpla (AI K 1 77) 19 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817 307311) 20 R6ngu Piihaste (AI 3667 I) 21 Rapina Tooste (AI 41085 7) 22 Tarvastu Riuma (AI 12073a 3b) 23 Viljandi Kuude (VM 331 2 43 17A 312) 24 Viljandimaa (VM ) 25 Vim-Nigula Aseri (RM 1211A 57683 7879) 26 Vim-Nigula Kohala (RM 30791A 51 12) 27 Vim-Nigula Kunda (AI 157933 4002) 28 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 5343c)

29 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (LVVM 58923A I 798)

42 Uhendatud alumiste harudega kaksikristpeaga l10elad (kaartjoon 16)

42 Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals (map fig 16)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510103188218507)

Eest merovillgi-(I v

2 Harju-Jaani Raa 3 Kodavere Raatv( 4 Kullamaa Maid 5 Liiganllse Kalme 6 Mihkli Veltsa (A 7 Marjal1laa Konol 8 Marjamaa Moka 9 P61tsal1laa Pajusi 10 Rannu Verevi ( 11 VaUala Rahu (A 12 Viljandi Madi ( 13 Vaike-Maarja A 14 Leiukoht teadl1l1

Marika Magi Eesti merovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy viJorapiirased ja omarl 73

15)

(Ilapjig 15)

I 798)

kaartjOOIi16)

als(mapjig16)

2 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 16) 3 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 5295 121a 12Ib) 4 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 5802 18 2323) 5 Liiganuse Kalmeistri (AI 28244) 6 MihkJi Ve1tsa (AI 4944) 7 Marjamaa Konovere linnamagihillfort (AI 4571159) 8 Marjamaa Moka (AI 371021) 9 P51tsamaa Pajusi (AI 19996) 10 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817234) 11 Valjala Rahu (AI 423970) 12 Viljandi Macli (AI 25906166172174) 13 V~iike-Maalja Antu (AM 102 I) 14 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 26362)

46 EeSli merovillgi- jaMarika Magi

Vaiksemaid massiivsemaid v6i m6nel muul p6hjusel arvatavalt varasemaid n6elu on sageli tahtlikult rikutud ning tihti on nad ka tules olnud Ohemad ja suuremad hilisemad n6elad seevastu on sageIi taiesti terved ning leitud mitmel juhul otseselt laibamatustest

Variant 4 2 iihendatud alumiste harudega noelad (tahv X7 XII)

Sellesse varianti kuulub siinse liigituse jargi 21 n6ela kuid m6ni neist on kahtlane kuna tugevasti sulanud katkete jargi pole sageli voimalik kindlaks teha kas noelal on olnud iihendatud k6ik voi ainult aJumised ristiharud Need noelad sarnanevad taielikult eelmise variandi omadega vaUa arvatud see et nende alushymised ristiharud on iihendatud omavahel sirgete vaheprossidega Kuigi selgeid alagruppe pole v6imalik eristada kehtivad nende juures samad seaduspiirad mis lahtistegi ristiharudega noelte juures V6ib niisiis arvata et need kaks varianti on olnud osalt samaaegselt kasutusel

Variant 43 iihendharulised noelad

Kaksikristpeaga noelad millel k6ik harud omavahel iihendatud ilmusid paris viikingiaja lopul so koige varem II sajandi keskel ega kasitleta seetottu siinshykohal UihemaJt Lisaks aillmisi ristiharusid iihendavatele sirgetele vaheprossidele hakati iilemisi ristiharusid iihendama astmeliste vaheprosside abi Eestist on teada moned n6elad mis oma slluruse hobedaga plateeritud peaosa ning n6gushysate kiilgedega trapetsi kujulise aasa poolest sarnanevad lihendamata v6i osaliselt iihendatud harudega n6elte hilisemate eksemplaridega Uks taoline on leitud Raatvere kalmistu alalt kuid segatud kihi st (AI 529571) Voimalik et see parineb mingist hilisemast matusest 11 sajandi teisel poolel

Arutelu

Kaksikristpeaga n6elu leidub valjaspool Eestit vaid iiksikuid ning vaga sageli on needki olnud parast varre iiramurdmist kasutusel hoopis ripatsina Valjaspool Eestit on sealjuures leitlld vaid lahtiste harudega eksemplare Uhendatlld alushymiste harudega noelu mida Eestiski ei leidu eriti rohkesti pole naabermaades kirjanduse pohjal otsllstades iildse kasutatud

Soomest on teada viis lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga n6ela millest iihte on kantud kindlalt ripatsina iihest aga tehtud s6lg Lillmalmsbackeni noel on mUllde Icidude p6hjal dateeritud 9 sajandi sse Eurast middotleitud noel 10 sajandi keskele voi teise poolde (Cleve 1978 105) Kaks lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga n6ela on leitud Kbylib (KjuJoholmi) kalmistu laibamatustest ning dateeritud 11 sajandi

algusesse (op ci~

m6lemad) oli kasl Ripatsiks tehtu

matustega kalmist Leid saadi koos ml 1971) Samasugusl Petarvest ning Po~

ka Loode-Venema Leedust kirjanduse

Eesti viikingiae sidest Koola kaln matusest kuhu pe(j mustast klaasist hel sulanud (Parss 19~

leitud koos St na tiiiibi kaevoru katkl ja kitsakannaline h( kuju poolest kindla ornamendi ning ka

Koige selgem Ie Aseri kalmest leitu tahtlikult rikutud leiukomplekti kuul (RM 12lJA 5 7M ning rinnakee ja sp Toomas Tamla ke ringule on piiiidnu( II sajandi teise pI naidanud juba iihes (Magi-L6ugas 199 andmetele tuginede Aseri naiscmatus =

ra~igi vastu ka silrr samuti teiste samal Ci

Varasematest ka leitud taolise noela korgemalt N6e1aka pakselld on iseJoOlY scni teadaolevate r6 iimar kuju iiks varas

Lahtiste harudeg(] mis peaks olema me si saldab ilmselt vei

Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - voorapdrascd ja omad 47Marika Magi

arvatavalt varasemaid ies olnud Ohemad ja ~d ning leitud mitmel

(tahv X7 XII)

kuid moni neist on 6imalik kindlaks teha stiharud Need noel ad Iud see et nende alushyisidega Kuigi selgeid mad seadusparad mis need kaks varianti on

wdatud ilmusid paris r kasitleta seetottu silllshyrgetele vaheprossidele sside abi l Eestist on ud peaosa ning nogushyendamata voi osaliselt Jks taoline on leitud I) Vaimalik et see I

ikuid ning vaga sageli i ripatsina Valjaspool ~lare Uhendatud alushyi pole naabermaades

n6ela millest iihte on ackeni noel on muude O sajandi keskele voi (sikristpeaga naela on dateeritud II sajandi

algusesse (op cit 105 tahv 8 15) Neist vahemalt iiks (voimalik aga ka et molemad) oli kasutusel ripatsina

Ripatsiks tehtud eestiparane kaksikristpeaga noel on leitud Bjurhovda poletusshymatustega kalmistult Kesk-Rootsis Vasterasis kus see pari neb hilisviikingiajast Leid saadi koos miintidega millest hiliseimad olid vemtitud 997 aastal (Jaanusson 1971) Samasugused ripatsiks tehtud noelad on juhuleidudena teada veel Ojamaalt Petarvest ning Pohja-Norrast (Jansson 1995 88 joon 7) Ripatsitena esineb neid

ka Loode-Venemaa kaabastes (CrUlUbHl 1896 tahv V 6 XVII 32) Uitist ja Leedust kirjanduse andmetel taolisi n6elu teada ei ole

Eesti viikingiaegsetest kaksikristpeaga noel test parinevad mitmed Ieiukomplekshysidest Koola kalme uhendamata harudega noel (tahv X 4) on eitud poletusshymatusest kuhu peale selle kuulusid vee rinnakee katked spiraalikesed punasest ja mustast kJaasist helmes ning arusaamatut WLipi kaevoru kaare katke kaik tugevasti sulanud (Parss 1950) Kaks uhesugust Verevi noela (AI 2817307335 311) on leitud koos st nad kuulusid iihte rinnakeesse Samast lahedusest saadi veel VI tiiiibi kaevoru katke ning kuljus veidi eemalt kuusnurkse ristloikega kaelavoru ots ja kitsakannaline hoburaudsole noel (Moora 1932) Koola ja Verevi n6elad on oma kuju poolest kindtasti varajased eksemplarid st vaikesed massiivsed silmakestest ornamendi ning kaela laiendis paikneva avausega

Koige selgem leiukompleks lahtistc harudega kaksikristpeaga noelle puhul on Aseri kalmest leitud poletusmatus millesse pandud esemed olid enne poletamist tahtlikult rikutud Sama nahtus esines ka Koola ja Verevi noelte puhul Aseri IciukompJckti kuulusid lisaks kahele varasema kujuga kaksikristpeaga noelale (RM 1211A 5 7683 7879) jamcnevate otstega kaevorud ja uks spiraalkiievoru ning rinnakee ja spiraalikcste katked Seda leiukomplekti on kasitlenud lahemalt Toomas Tamla kes vastavalt varasemale kaksikristpeaga noeltele antud dateeshyringule on pLiiidnud sellele tuginedes dateerida ka jamenevate otstega kaevorud 11 sajandi teise poolde voi 12 sajandisse (Tamla 1991 137 jj) Nagu olen n~iidanud juba lihes varasemas seoses pole niivord hiline dateering pohjendatud (Magi-Lougas 1995a 279 jj joon 30) kuigi Ieiu komplekssuses pole arhiivishyandmetelc tuginedes pohjust kahelda Varast tLiupi kaevorusid arvestades peaks Aseri naisematus parinema 10 sajandist toenaoliselt selle keskelt Sellele ei raagi vastu ka silmakestest mustri ja laieneva kaelaga kaksikristpeaga noelad sall111ti teiste samalaadsete noelte leillkontekst ei Ecstis ega naabermaades

Varasematest kaksikristpeaga noeltest voib veel mainida Unipiha linnamaelt Ieitud taolise noela katket (AI 290 I 11) mis on murdunud alumisest ristiharost korgemalt Noelakatke kaeJa veidi kanditud laiendis paiknev aas ning tagakulje paksend on iseloomulikud just varasematele kaksikristpeaga noeltele ega esine seni teadaolevate rongaspeanoelte jllures Samuti on aillmise ristiharu laiendite Limar kuju uks varastcle kaksikristpeaga noeltele iseloomulikke jooni

Lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noel on leitlld Puhaste peitieillst (AI 3667 1) mis peaks olema maha maetlld II sajandi esimesel poolel voi keskpaigas kuid sisaldab ilmselt veidi erineva dateeringuga esemeid Kuigi tegemist naib olevat

Marika Magi48 Eesti merovingi- ja

iihe naise tervikliku ehtekomplektiga on selles siiski iillatuslikult vaid iiks ilmselt hilisem kaksikristpeaga noel mis oma kuju poolest sarnaneb laibashymatustest Ieituiga Voib veel mlirkida et leiu koosseisu kuulunud rinnakee kaks poolovaalset keekandjat olid baltiparased ning Eestis ebatavalised kusjuures Latist on selliseid keekandjaid leitud eeskatt koos lameda kolrnnurkpeaga noelshytega (LA 1974 tahv 50 IS)

Mitu kaksikristpeaga ja lahtiste harudega noelte paari on reada laibamatustest Need on koik ohemad ja suuremad tiiiipilise kontsentrilistest ringidest ornamenshydiga sageli hobetatud noel ad mille kaelal on trapetsikujuline aas Selliseid noelu on leitud ALatskivi Raatvere ja Tooste naisematustest (tahv XI5) Raatshyverest On sealjuures teada kaks kaksikristpeaga noeltega naisematust samasuguse Ieiukoosseisuga millest Lihel on noelte harud lahtised teisel aga alumised harud iihendatlld (tahv XII vt Lavi 1986a 1986b 1988) Molcmad matllsed on dateeshyritavad II sajandi esimesse poolde Raatverc omadega sarnaneb ka Alatskivi naisematus

Toostcst on ounapuule augu kaevamisel avastatud leiukompleks koos moninshygate luudega mida on peetud samllti laibamatuseks (Al 4108) Moned leiud on iilejaanutest siiski selgelt nooremad mistottu kompleksi sllletllses peab kahtshylema Seaised noelad on dmselt samaaegsed Alatskivi ja Raatvere omadega

kuna sarnanevad nendega nii oma kllju kui ka ncnde juurde kUlllllnud azuurscte nn puumotiiviga keekandjate poolest

Teiseselt kasutatud kaksikristpeaga noel (AI 510062) on saadud iihest JOllga poletllsmatusest mille Priit Ligi on dateerinud koige varasemalt 11 sajandi teise poolde (1993 53-54 tahv XXVIII 5) Vaikese ja jameda ilmselt iisna varase kaksikristpeaga noela peaosa on mllrdunud ning kinnitatud uue varre klilge mis samuti on murdunud voi matuse kliigus murtud

Madi kalmest on kaks kaksikristpeaga ja iihendatud alumiste harudega noela (AI 2590 616 617) leitud koos rinnakee katkete spiraalide sormuste kaelavoru katkete noa ja noatupe pandla tuleraua luukammi suitsete ning savinoukildllshydega mis koik plirinevad ilmselt iihest rikkalikult varustatud naise matusest (Selishyrand 1993) Koos hoburaudsole ja rinnakee katkete s6rmuse ning suitsetega on alumiste iihendharudega kaksikristpeaga noel leitud iihest Rahll kalme naiseshymatllsest (Kustin 1969) Kahjuks on esemed sailinlld mokmal juhul vaid katkendshylikult kuid t6enaoliselt voib matused dateerida II sajandisse Taolisi noelu on leitud ka muudest kalmetest kuid ilma selgema Ieiukontekstita ning sageli raudshyvarre kiilge kinnitatuna St nad on olnud juba teisesclt kasutusel Selle variandi arvatavalt varasematel noeltel ei ole kahjuks iihelgi jllhul slIletud leiukonteksti

Sirgete ja sakiliste vaheprossidega kaksikristpeaga n6elad i1musid kasutusse arvatavasti 11 sajandi keskel kuna mitmed neist vastavad kuju pookst hiliseshymate Ie lahtiste harudega v6i iihendatud alumiste hamdega kaksikristpeaga noeltele Ajapikku muutusid ristiharude vaheprossid laiemaks monikord kumeshyraks Keti kinnitamiseks moeldud aas on hiliscmatel n6elrel tavaliselt kumer v6i ka norgalt kanditud nurkadega osal ka k6rgc nelinurk v6i poolring Hiliseid

iihendharulisi kaJ kalmistutes (Tam St pea on kinnita

Nagu juba ron ristpean6elad seo kaudselt omades harudega kaksikri 6igeusu risti mee vastuvotmisega pakub tosiasi et kaksikristpeaga no noelte kandmise t iiheaegselt suurte samasugllsed kui samuti analooge v

Nimetatud mOl punkte et olla tosi seostada nende km t1mega naisematus kultllurikonteksti v poolsete ristiususti kult eitada Igal j harulised kaksikris diga seotud tahend vahem iihtlaselt ule

Selirand on datf des et rohkemal n (1974 146) Olen j dega variant) voel 1995a 280-281) r musele ka nuud K iiksikasjades taielik ka selle variandi no poolel kanti samaa keskel asendusid ne

Siinkohal tahaksi noelu kandnud Eesti vordlused ei pruugi a

Kindlasti voib va rongaspeanoeJtest

49Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparasedja omad

lIatuslikult vaid iiks )lest sarnaneb laibashyulul1ud rinnakee kaks latavalised kusjuures kolmnurkpeaga noclshy

teada laibamatustest st ringidest ornamenshyIJjuline aas Selliseid st (tahv XI5) Raatshyisematust samasuguse d aga alumised harud lad matused on dateeshyiarnaneb ka Alatskivi

ompleks koos moninshy108) Moned leiud on suletuses peab kahtshy

a Raatvere omadcga e kuulunud azuursete

m saadud lillest Jauga bmalt 11 sajandi teise a ilmselt lisna varase I uue varre kiilge mis

lmiste harudega noela c sormustc kaelavoru ~ tc ning savinoukildllshyI naise matusest (SeIishyJse ning suitsctega on t Rahll kalrne naiseshy~al jllhul vaid katkendshyisse Taolisi noelu on lstita ning sageli ral1dshyISlltllsel Selic variandi ~tud leillkonteksti Dad ilmllsid kasutusse td klljU poolest hiliseshyIdega kaksikristpeaga naks l11onikord kumeshyel tavaliselt kumer voi voi poolring Hiliseid

iihendharulisi kaksikristpeaga noelu leidub veel ka hilisrauaaja laibamatustega kalmistutes (Tammiku Pada Kaberla) enamasti kiill juba teiseselt kasutatuna st pea on kinnitatud uue varre kiilge

Nagu juba rongaspeaga noelte juures naidatud on lahtiste harudega kaksikshyristpeanoelad seotud 9 sajandi ristikujulise laiendiga rongaspeanoeltega vaid kaudselt omades samu eelkaijaid ristpeaga noelte nao Siiski kerkib lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelte juures paratamatult kiisimus kas ei voi nende oigeusu risti meenutav kuju olla tahenduslikus seoses oigeusu risti ja ristiusu vastuvatmisega Venemaal 10 sajandi lopul Pidepunkte sellele hiipoteesile pakub tosiasi et erinevalt koigist iilejaanud ehtenoeltest on lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelu leitud peamiselt Eesti idaosast so piirkonnast kus rinnashynoelte kandmise tava oli sinnamaani peaaegu puudunud II sajandi algul kui iiheaegselt suurte lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noeltega tulid kasutusele samasugused kuid iihendatud alumiste harudega noelad voib viimastele leida samuti analooge varases ikoonimaalis Venemaal

Nimetatud mottekaik on kWI ahvatlev kuid omab siiski liialt vahe pideshypunkte et olla tosiseltvoetav Ilmselt ei voi kaksikristpeaga naelte kandmise tava seostada nende kandjate ristiusustatusega kuna need esinevad iildiseit paganliku ilmega naisematustes ning peaaegu alati paarikaupa Et mingi kujund voib uude kultuurikonteksti vastuv6etuna omandada taiesti uue tahenduse ei saa seost idashypoolsete ristiusustatud aladega (miks mitte kuni Biitsantsini valja) siiski taielishykult eitada Igal juhul kandsid 11 sajandi keskel kasutusse ilmunud iihendshyharulised kaksikristpeaga noelad juba taiesti uut voimalik et etnilise identiteeshydiga seotud tahendust Need on iseloomulikud iiksnes Eestile ning levinud enamshyvahem iihtlaselt iile kogu maa

Selirand on dateerinud Eesti kaksikristpeaga noelad n -12 sajandisse oletashydes et rohkemal maaral ilmusid need kasutusse ailes II sajandi teisel poolel (1974 146) Olen juba varem oletanud et kaksikristpeaga noelad (lahtiste harushydega variant) voeti Eestis kasutusele siiski juba 10 sajandi ll (Magi-L6ugas 1995a 280-281) Nagu kiiesolevas arutelus naidatud olen jaanud samale arvashymusele ka niiiid Kuna osa iihendatud aumiste harudega naelu sarnaneb kuju iiksikasjades taielikult varasemate lahtiste harudega variantidega vaib oletada et ka selle variandi noelad ilmusid kasutusse 10 sajandi lapu 11 sajandi esimesel poole kanti samaaegselt nii esimese kui ka teise variandi noelu kuid sajandi keskel asendusid need ~aielikult iihendharuliste noeltega

Ehtenoelte kandmisviisist

Siinkohal tahaksin liihidalt peatuda ka probleemistikul kes ja kuidas on rinnashynoelu kandnud Eesti materjal on selles sulltes siiski vordlemisi napp l1aabermaade vordlused ei pruugi aga olla otseselt siinsetele aladele tile kantavad

Kindlasti vaib vaita ning seda toendab ka naabermaade materjal et enamikku rongaspeanoeltest on kantud iihekaupa mingi pealisriiii kinnitusena ees rinnai

I

Marika Magi50 EeSli merovillgi- ja

Vahemalt suuremad ripatsitest ja naastudest gamituuriga ekscmplarid on kuulunud meestele Soomes seaJjuures enamasti rikkalike hauapanustega eliitshys6jameestele (Lehtosalo-Hilandcr 1982 109) Viidates baltiparastele r6ngaspeashyn6eltele mida kandsid naised kee kinnitustena on L6ugas oletanud et ka Eesti r6ngaspean6elu on kandnud naised (1973 126) Vuhemalt suurte kettakujuliste laienditega ning ripatsitest garnituuriga n6elu v6ib siiski ka siinmail pidada iisna kindlalt meestele kuulunuiks Tegemist on vuga silmatorkavate ehetega millel on baltiparaste noeltega vahe iihist Minu arvates on vagJ ebausutav et Soome pealikud oleksid ennast ehtinud Eestis naiste ehete hulb kuuluvate n6eltega

Ristikujulise laiendiga rongaspean6elte kohta on Hackman vaitnud et need esinevad Soomes alati iihekaupao kuid neid on kandnud nii mehed klli naised (1938 114) Vaadates labi Soome vastavaid n6elu sealses rahvllsmuuseumis torkas siiski silma et 1922 aastal kaevatud Uskela Lukkarinmaki kalmistult on ristikujlliise laiendiga noelu leitud kahel voi koguni kolmel juhul ilmselt paarikaupa St leiunumbrid on k6ryuti ning noelad on taiesti y6i peaaegu iihesugused (KM 8067 A 34 5 7 v6ib-olla ka 2930 andmed Soome Rahvusshymuuseumj arheoloogiaosakonna arhiivist Helsingis) Kui t6mmata paralleele Baltimaade ristpeaga n6elte kandmisYiisidega yoib sellistel juhtudel olla tegcshymist naiste ehetega mida on kantud kummalgi olal ning mille yahel on y6ib-olla rippunud rinnakee

Ka Eestis pole r6ngaspeanoelad olnud ilmselt ainult meeste ehted Keila peitleid (tahy IV) sisaldas lisaks yariandi 12a rongaspeaga n6elale just naise ehteid ning on seega kllulunudki ilmselt naisele Tegemist on siiski aryatayalt yeidi hilisema n6elaga ning ilmselt juba 9 sajandisse kuulllya peitleiuga (vt eespool) Kuigi nagu eespool naidatud Kunilepa peitleid ei kujutanud enesest suletud leiukomplekti v6ib siiski oletada ct sealne ristikujulise laiendiga r6ngaspean6el v6is olla leitud koos t6enaoliselt samasuguse noelaga millest on aga sailinud iiksnes pear6ngas Ei saa yalistada et needki n6elad on kuulunud naisele ja neid on kantud paarikaupa

MeroYingi- ja yarayiikingiaegsed ornamentimata kolmnurkpeaga noeJad esineyad mitmel juhul paarikaupa samuti on neisl mitme kiiljes sailinud ketishykatkeid Enamikul juhtudel koosneb kett laiematest lamekumerast ribast llilidest ning iiksikutest massiiYsematest iimmarguse labiloikega r6ngastesl Pajumaa noela kiiljes npub kaks ristkiilikukujulist naastu (tahv III 4) mist6ttu v6ib arYata et seda on kantud uhekaupa

Omaette kiisimus on kas kolmnurkpeaga n6elad kuulusid iiksnes naiste ehete hulka y6i kandsid neid ka mehed Ebaselge on ka nende v6imalik kandmisyiis Eesti arheoloogilised leiud sene kohta kahjuks kuigiY6rd pidepunkte ei pakll seeparast tuleb taas poorduda naabermaade vordleya materjali poole Leedus on kantud nuppotstega kolmnurkpeaga n6elu alati iihekaupa nagu ilmneb sealsetest laibamatustest (Volkaite-Kulikauskiene 1970 (69) Muu hulgas yiitaYad selleIe nende kiilge sageli kinnitatud ripatsitega keekandjad

Kuna rongaspt samal ajal on lo( V6imalik et vale peaga noclad mct naised hakanud k meeste pealisroivl ka kolmnurkpeagl

Hiljemalt alat( naiste ehetest tervikuna sailinud test ketist kahe nil on lehtomamendi pikk kahekordset ja v6imalik et lei Lilnulu-kujuline k~ tiiiipi keckandjagi iihekordse ketiga kantud m6nel juh1 taoline noel

Saaremaa tili ilmselt kuulusid n tud reeglina kah~ n6eltega leitud ka kuulusid k6ik sam

Eraldi tuleb m peaga n6cla (AI yen n6eltest on stilise baltiparane kringl tiiiipi noela kiiljes juurde kuuluv naa Ebatavaline on lis test iimmarguse n

kandjad kuulusid nocltega v6ib nim

Ka kaJ(sikrist) kompleksis puudu oli kinnitunud otse kuulus kaks vara nnnakees (tahy X teada oleyate iahti

ristpeaga n6elte jl ning mitmereahnl (tahy XI 5 X)

lvlarika Miigi Eesfi I11crovingi- ja viikillgiaegsed rinnanoelad - v66rapiirasedja ollad 51

19a eksemplarid on hauapanustega cliitshy

iparastele rongaspeashyoletanud et ka Ees ti suurte kettakujuliste siinmail pidada iisna ate ehetega millel on ~bausutav et Soome 111uvate n5eltega nan viiitnud et need Iii mehed kui naised s rahvusmuuseumis inmaki kalmistult on ~olmel juhul ilmselt

taiesti voi peaaegu lmed Soome Rahvusshy

tommata paralleele el juhtudel olla tegeshylie vahel on v6ib-olla

meeste ehted Keila ga n6elale just naise t on siiski arvatavalt mluva peitleiuga (vt ei kujutanud enesest

istiku julise laiendiga fe noelaga millest on i noelad on kuulunud

mnurkpeaga noelad kiiljes sailinud ketishyImerast ribast lulidest

rongastest Pajumaa III 4) mist5ttu voib

id uksnes naiste ehete voimalik kandmisviis i pidepunkte ei paku rjali poole Leedus on Iagu ilmneb sealsetest mlgas viitavad sellele

Kuna rongaspeaga ja kolmnurkpeaga noelu kanti Eestis samas piirkonnas ja sarnaI ajal on Joogiline oletada et iihed neist olid naiste teised meeste ehted V5imalik et vaJdavah ongi kolmnurkpeaga n5elad kuulunud naistele rongasshypeaga n5eJad meestele Samas on v6imalik et alates umbes 9 sajandist on ka naised hakanud kandma r6ngaspeaga noelu olgu siis iihe- voi kahekaupa ning meeste pealisroivaid on hakatud kinnitama iiksnes hoburaudsolgedega Ilmselt on ka kolmnurkpeaga n5elu kantud vahel iihekaupa toenaoliselt samuti naiste poolt

Hiljemalt alates 10 sajandist v5ib Eesti s riiiikida ehtenoeltest kui iiksnes naiste ehetest Lehtornamendiga kolmnurkpeaga noeltest on teada iiks tervikuna siiilirmd kee Liivalt Sec koosneb ainult iihest kahekordsetest rongasshytest ketist kane noela vahel Keekandjaid kasutatud ei ok Mitmel teiseJgi juhul on lehtornamendiga noelu leitud paarikaupa voi on iihe noela kiiljes rippunud pikk kahekordsetest liilidest kett Uimanda Kabelivaljalt saadud kolmnurkpeaga ja voi malik et lehtomamendiga noela (AI 382238) kiilge on siiski sulanud ka lunua-kujuline keekandja iiks Maidla taoline noel on aga leitud koos saaremaa tiiiipi keekandjaga Naib et enamasti on sellised noelad kuulunud siiski vaid iihekordse ketiga rinnakeedesse Ei saa vaJistada et Ichtomamendiga noelu on kantud monel juhul ka veel iihekaupa - naiteks Haimre naisematuses oli vaid iiks taoJine noel

Saaremaa tiilipi ehtenoelad esinevad juba niivord sageli paarikaupa et ilmselt kuuLusid need alati rinnakeega kokku Seda tiiiipi noelte kiilge on kinnitashytud reeglina kahekordsetest rongastest kette Sagelj on koos saaremaa tUiipi noeltega leitud ka samemaa tiiupi keekandjaid ning kee vaheliilisid mis ilmselt kuulusid koik samasse rinnaehtesse

Eraldi tuleb mainida Saaremaalt juhuleiuna saadud kaht lameda kolmnurkshypeaga noela (AI K 8546 107) mis on ilmselt kuu lunud iihte rinnakeesse Uks noeltest on stiliseeritud korvplettomamendiga saaremaa tiiiipi noel teine aga baltiparane kringlikujuliste laienditega lameda koJmnurkpeaga noel Saaremaa tiiiipi noela kii~es oleva pika ketikatke kiilj es on sailinud mingi voib-olla noatupe juurde kuuluv naast ning azuurse arvatavasti nn puull10tiiviga keekandja katke Ebatavaline on lisaks semgalliaparaseie noelale ka kelt mis koosneb massiivseshytest iimmarguse ristloikega iihekordsetest rongastest Kuna puumotiiviga keeshykandjad kuulusid iildjuhul kokku J J sajandi esimese poole kaksikristpeaga nocltega voib nimetatud rinnakee dateerida samasse aega

Ka kaksikristpeaga noelad esinevad kompleksides paarikaupa Aseri leiushykompleks is puudusid keekandjad ning sel juhul ilmselt vaid iiherealine rinnakee oli kinnitunud otse noeltele Keekandjaid ei olnud ka Verevi naisematuses kuhu kuulus kaks varasemat kaksikristpeaga noela samuti puudusid need Riuma rmnakees (tahv XI 4) Hil isemate S 0 1] sajandi esimese poole laibamatustest teada olevate lahtiste harudega voi ainult alumiste iihendatud harudega kaksikshyristpeaga noelte j uurde kuulusid alati azuursed nn puumotiiviga keekandjad ning mitmereal ine kahekordsetest rongastest rinnakee koos vaheliilidega (tahv XI 5 X)

Marika Magi52 Eesti merovillgi- jll

Ehtenoelte levikupiirkond

Pilk artiklis kasitletud merovingi- ja viikingiaegsete ehtenoelte levikukaartishydele naitab et Eesti v6ib selle esemeliigi p6hjal jagada kahte ossa Selleks tuleb t6mmata m6tteline diagonaal Virumaalt Parnu lahte kusjuures Virumaa on piirkond milles esineb m6lemale poolele iseloomulikke jooni M6ttelisest jooshynest pohja ja Winde jaab ala kus r6ivaste kinnitamine ehten6eltega oli traditshysiooniJine Eesti ida- ja 16unaosas v6eti ehten6elad laiemalt kasutusele aIles 10 sajandil Samasugune jaotus kehtib ka teiste ehteliikide puhul (Magi-Lou gas 1994 1995a) mistottu v6ib ilmselt raakida kahest eraldi kllltuuripiirkonnast mille r6ivastus ja kombed teineteisest erinesid

Rongaspeaga n6elu on ootusparaselt leitud eelkoige P6hja- ja Uiiine-Eestist ning Saaremaalt st aladelt kus oli merovingi- ja varaviikingiajal olemas ehteshyn6elte kandmise traditsioon (joon 11) Sarna voib beIda nuppotsaliste kolmnurkshypeaga n6elte kohta mis on dateeritud enam-vahem samasse aega (joon 12-13) Uksikud Eesti idapoolsest kultuuripiirkonnast leitud n6elad on valdavalt baltiparased v6imalik et l6unanaabritelt otseselt imporditud esemed 10 sajandi teisest poolest levima hakanud lameda kolmnurkpeaga saaremaa tUlipi ehten6elte suhtes on varasemad uurijad olnud seisukohal et tegemist on Saaremaale iseloomulike ehetega mid a mandrile on j6udnud vaid liksikud eksemplarid (Kustin 1962a 70 Selirand 1974 145) Praegustel andmetel on neid Jeitud Mandri-Eesti laaneosast siiski peaaegu samapalju kui saartelt (lisa) Lameda kolmnurkpeaga ehten6elte leviku v6ib seega seostada pigem saarte ja LaaneshyEesti lihise kultuuripiirkonnaga

Samaaegselt saaremaa tUlipi n6eltega (joon 14) ilmus ka Eesti ida- ja 16unaossa esimene omamaine ehten6elte tUlip lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad Valja arvatud moni liksik erand on neid leitud eelkoige Eesti idaosast kaasa arvatud Virumaa (joon 15) Kaksikristpeaga noelte tihendatud alumiste harudega variandi noelu on aga leitud juba tile kogu Eesti ehkki harvalt (joon 16) nagu ka neile jargnenud tileni tihendharulisi noelu

Lopetuseks

Muinastihiskonnas toimunud protsesside kajastajana on ehetel kahtlemata relvastuse jarel teisejargllline osa Muutuvad ju ehtetUtibid aeglasemalt on pikeshymalt kasutllsel ega levi nii kergesti naabermaadesse Ometigi on ehteid arheoshyloogilises materjalis tunduvalt enam kui relvi Eeskatt on see seotud matmisshykommetega midajargides maeti koos ehetega nii mehi kui naisi Ehted ei olnud ka nii viiartuslikud mist6ttu neist loobuti (naiteks hauapanusteks) kergema stidamega samuti laks neid sagedamini kaotsi Kui Eestis voib merovingi- ja viikingiaja relvastuses tiiheldada rahvusvaheliseks muutumist siis ehted peegeldavad eeskatt

bull 1

bull 2

Joan II Ronl

Fig II I

bull 1

bull 2

Joan 12 Variandi 21 k

Fig 12 Dislribuliorkohalikke eriparasid nii Eesti-siseselt kui v6rdluses naabermaadega

Marika Magi Eesti Ilerovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 53

lenoelte levikukaartishyte ossa Selleks tuleb sjuures Virumaa on loni Mottelisest jooshytenoeltega oli traditshynalt kasutusele alles puhul (Magi-Lougas kultuuripiirkonnast

hja- ja Laane-Eestist ingiajal olemas ehteshyppotsaliste kolmnurkshy~ aega (joon 12-13) oelad on valdavaJt ~ esemed 10 sajandi maa ttiiipi ehten6elte mist on Saaremaale Uksikud eksemplarid netel on neid leitud ~rtelt (lisa) Lameda em saarte ja Laaneshy

us ka Eesti ida- ja dega kaksikristpeaga Ikoige Eesti idaosast iihendatud alumiste ehkki harvalt (joon

n ehetel kahtlemata aeglasemalt on pikeshyigi on ehteid arheoshysee seotud matmisshy

si Ehted ei olnud ka ) kergema sUdamega Ivingi- ja viikingiaja peegeldavad eeskatt

adega

bull 1 Cl

bull 2

Joan J J RongaspeanoeJte levik J - Oks eksempJar 2 - kaks voi enam ekscmpJari

Fig J J Distribution of ring-headed pins J one find 2 two or more finds

Cl

bull 2

Joan J 2 Variandi 2 J kolmnurkpeaga noeJte Jevik J - Oks eksemplar 2 - kaks voi enam eksempJali

Fig 12 Distribution of triangular-headed rins of variant 2 J lone find 2 two or more finds

EeSfi merovingi- jaMarika Mdgi 54

bull 1

bull 2

loon J 5 Lahtiste hJoon 13 Nuppotsalistc lchtomamcndiga n6clte levik I - iiks ekscrnplar 2 - kaks v6i cnam cksernpl31i

Fig 13 Distribution of triangular-headed pins with end knobs and leafdcltoration lone lind 2 two or Fig 15 Distribution (more finds

bull 1

bull 2

Joon 16 Dhendatud a

Joa n 14 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6e1tc levik I - Oks ekscrnplar 2 - kaks v6i enam ckscmplari Fig 16 Distribution of Fig 14 Distribution of triangular-headed pins of Saarcmaa type lone find 2 two or more finds

Marika Miigi

~aks voi enam ekscmplari

Ilion 10m tind 2 two or

~t)l~j) -- C i

gt I middotmiddotmiddot~ 1 0 5 (gt~f bull bull J_

Eesli 11 crovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnallocad shy voorapiirascd ja (JlI1ad 55

bull 1 o

bull 2

Joon 15 Lahtiste harudcga kaksikristpeaga nacltc levik I - Uks eksemplar 2 - kaks vai enam eksemplari

Fig 15 Distribution of double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals lone find 2 two or more finds

bull 1 CJ

bull 2

Joon 16 Dhcndatud alumiste harudcga kaksikristpeaga naelte 1evik I - Uks eksemplar 2 - kaks v6i enam eksemplari

oi enam eksemplari Fig 16 Distribution of double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals lone find 2 two

nd 2 two or more finds or more finds

)

Marika Magi 56 Eesti merovillgi- ja

Ehten6elu on ajaloo jooksul kandnud nii mehed kui naised Vahe v6is olla tiksnes kandmisviisis (naiteks meestel tihe- naistel kahekaupa) eri n6elattilipides v6i ka eri perioodides Nii ei ole Eesti mehed ilustanud end ehten6elaga viikingiaja teisel poole Ehten6elad on kuulunud eeskatt saarte ja Laane-Eesti ehtekandmistraditsiooni Jda- ja L6una-Eestisse illmusid esimesed kohapealsed ttitibid alles viikingiaja keskel

Tbb esemete ning arhiivimaterjaliga v6imaldas esitada enamiku Eesti merovingi- ja vilkingiaja n6elte kohta tapsustatud ttipoloogia ning dateeringud Uoon 17) Loodetavasti 6nnestus luua varasemast tervikilikum pilt rinnan6elte morfoloogilisest arengust Tapsustatud dateeringud v6imaldavad loodetavasti liigitada Uipsemalt ka tilejaanud Eesti kasitletavate perioodide ieiukomplekse ning luua seelabi parema ettekujutuse kogu tolleaegsest tihiskonnast tervikuna

600 700 800 900 1000 1100

loon 17 Noelte dateeringud

Fi g 17 Dates of pins

Tanuavaldus

Autor tanab k6iki kes aitasid kaasa kaesoleva artikli valmimisele eeskatt fotograafe Rein Karneritja Enno V~iljalit ning kunstnikke Kersti Siitanit ja Jaana Ratast samuti inglise keele korrektorit Gordon Snowd

Kasutatud kirjandus

Ariste E 1938 Die eS Ll andisehen Ringkop fnade ln - OES Toim XXX 48-64 Aroalho J 1978 Lieto Haimionmaki Nuoremman rautakauden polttokenttakalmisto Aurajokishylaaksossa Pro gradu-tutkielma - Karhullhammas 2 Turku Cleve N 1978 Skelettgravfiilten pa Kjuloholm i Kjulo II Vikingatid oeh korstagstid Gravfaltet C - SMYA XLIV 2 Edgren T 1973 En baltisk smyckenal frltln Veitakkala i Salo - SMY A 75 30--31 Hackman A 1938 Das Brandgriiberfcld von Pukkila in Isokyro - SMYA XLI Hardh B 1976 Wikingerzeitliche Depotfunde atls Slidschwcdcn Katalog und Tafeln Lund

Indreko R 1937 Aru (Kasikiri AI-s) Jaanusson H 1971 ] 99-104 Jansson I 1995 Dres Kivikoski E 1941 Wi Kivikoski E 1942 Ka Kivikoski E 1973 Di1 Justin A 19621 Ran( Kustin A I962h Saal 13 sajandi alguseni) D Kustin A 1965 An aasta Tallinn (Kiisikir Kustin A 1969 Aruan Lang V 1996 Muistl Loode-Eestis eri ti Pirit Latvijas PSR arhcologij Lavi A 1986a Raatve AI-s) Lavi A 19S6b Arual (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1988 Aruan (Kasikiri A1-s) LehtosaIo-Hiiander P Ligi P 1993 Vadjapar Liiugas V 1973 Das I

SMYA 75117-131 Lougas V amp Magi-Lo TATU 127- 33 Mandel M 1980 Aru 1977 aastal Tallinn (K Mandel M 1982 Linn Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Moora H 1932 Aru~ kaevamisest 1-8 ja 14 Miigi-Lougas M 1994 484 Miigi-Lougas M 1995a Magi-Lougas M 1995t Nerman B r929 Die jlingcrell Eisellzeit - KUI Pauts H 1995 Uiane-E Parss A 1950 Kalmc Koola k Veski Ll) maa Ranta H 1996 Persona Finland Helsinki 36-50 Salmo H 1941 Mcrov SM XLVII 11-39 Schmiedehelm M 1930 ku ucsczcniu sicdemdl B i hI ioteka Prchistoryczna SchmiedeheJm M 1939

1100

57 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

lised Vahe v6is olla oa) eri n6elatiiiipides ud end ehten6elaga aarte ja Uiane-Eesti imesed kohapealsed

ada enamiku Eesti gia ning dateeringud kum pilt rinnan6elte aldavad loodetavasti pdide leiukomplekse konnast tervikuna

valmimisele eeskiitt ersti Siitanitja Jaana

48-64 kenWikalmisto Aurajokishy

eh korstagslid Gravfaltet

7530--31 oXLL g und Tafcln Lund

Indreko R 1937 Aruanne kaevamistest Haimre koolimaja 6ues 19 VII 37 - 20 Vll 37 a Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Jaanusson H 197 L Ett estniskt korsformat hange fran Bjurhovda i Vasteras - Fornvannen 2 99-104 Jansson I 1995 Dress pins of East Baltic type made on Gotland - AEW 83-90 Kivikoski E 1941 Itabalttian ja Suomen suhteista viikinkiajalla - SM XLVIl 40-50 Kivikoski E 1942 Kappale Salon seudun rautakautta - SM XLVlII 13-30 Kivikoski E 1973 Die Eisenzeit Finnlands Bildwerk und Text Neuausgabe Helsinki Kustin A 1962a Randvere kivikalmistu SaaremaaL - MKA 58- 130 Kustin A 1962b Saaremaa ja Muhu muistised feodalismi Uirkamise perioodist (II sajandist kuni J3 sajandi alguseni) Diss kand Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Kustin A J965 Aruanne Kurevere ki vikuhelik-kalmistu arheoloogilisest kaevamisest 1965 aastal Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Kustin A 1969 Aruanne Rahu kivikalme kaevamisest 1959 aastal Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lang V 1996 Muistne Riivala Muistised kronoloogia ja maaviljclusliku asustuse kujunemine Loode-Eestis eriti Pirita joe alamjooksu piirkonnas - MT 4 Latvijas PSR arheologija 1974 RIga Lavi A 1986a Raat vere maa-aluse kalmistu arheoloogilisest uurimisest 19) I a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1986b Aruanne arheoloogilistest kaevamistest Raatvere kalmemael 1982 a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1988 Aruanne Raatvere kalmemae ala arheoloogilisest uurimisest 1983 a Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Lehtosalo-Hilander P - L 1982 Luistari II The Artefacts - SMY A 822 Ligi P 1993 Vadjaparased kalmed Eestis 9-16 sajandiL - MT 2 7-175 Lougas V 1973 Das mitteleisenzeitliche Steingrab von Lehmja Loo in der Nahe von Tallinn shySMYA 75117-131 Luugas V amp Magi-Lougas M 1994 Investigation of ancient monuments at Poide 1991-1992 shyTATO 127-33 Mandel M 1980 ArUal1l1e Uugla kivikalme ja p611ukivihunniku arheoloogi1istest kaevamistest 1977 aastaL Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Mandel M 1982 Linnam~ie maa-aluse p61etuskalmistu kaevamiste aruanne 1976-1980 aastast Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Moora H 1932 Aruanne Rannu kihelk Vcrevi kUla Safldimardi talu maal oleva kivikalme kaevamisest 1-8 ja 14 juun 1932 Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Magi-Lougas M 1994 Eesti viik j ngiaeg~ed hoburauds61ed ja nende ornament - TATO 4 465shy484 Magi-Lougas M 1995a Eesti viikingiaegsed kiiev6rud ja nende ornament - MT 3 271-325 Magi-Liiugas M 1995b lila matus Arhcoloogilised kacvarnised pabcril - TATO 516-531 Nerman n 1929 Die Verbindungen zwischen SkandinaviGn und dem Ostbaltikum in der jiingcren Eiscnzeit - Kungl Vitterhets ock Antikvitets Akadcmien Handlingar 40 1 Stockholm Pauts H 1995 Liiiine-Eesti hoburaudsolcd (8-13 sajand) Diplomitoli Tartu (Kiisikiri AI-s) Piirss A 1950 Kalmc J6geva rajooni Koala kiilanoukogu 9 mai kolhoosi (end Laiuse khk K60la kL Veski tl) maaL Kacv 7-23 VIII 1950 a (Juh H Moora) Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Ranta H 1996 Personal ornaments - Vainionmaki - a Merovingian Period Cemetery in Laitila Finland Helsinki 36-50 SaImo H 1941 Merovinkiaikaisen ratsusotilaan hautakalusto Euran pitajan Pappilanmaesta shySM XLVII 11-39 Schmiedehelm M 1930 Einige Funde der mittleren Eisenzeit aus Estland - Ksi~ga pamiqtkowa ku ucsczeniu siedemdziesiqtej roezniey urodzin prof dr Wlodzimierza Demetrykiewieza Biblioteka Prehistoryclna L Poznan 318-329 Schmiedehelm M 1939 Kuusalu Pajulinn - MEL 121-138

Marika Magi58 EeSfi merovilgi- ja

Selirand J 1974 Eestlaste matmiskombed varafeodaalsete suhete Uirkamise perioodil (11-13 sajand) Tallinn Selirand J 1993 Aruanne kaevamistest Madi kivikalmel Viljandi rajoonis (end Viljandi kihelkond) 1962 a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Stromberg M 1961 Untersuchungen wr jOngcren Eisenzeit in Schonen Vblkerwanderungseit shyWikingerzeit I-II Acta Archaeologica Lundensia series in 4deg no 4 Lund Snore R 1930 Dzelzs laikmeta latvidu rotas adatas - LatvieSll aizvestures materiilli Riga Tallgren A M 1925 Zur Arehiiologie Eestis II Von 500 bis etwa 1250 n Chr Dorpat Tamla T 1991 lamenevate otstega kaevorud Eesti noorema rauaaja (10-13 sajandi) leidudes shyMT I 134--145 TautayWiene B 1981 III-XVI a sidabriniai ir sidabru puosti dirbiniai Vilnius The Road from the Varangians w the Greeks and from the Greeks 1996 Catalogue of the Exibition State Historical Museum MOSlOW fhumnark-Nylen L 1983 Gotland och OstbaJtikum - Gutar och vikingar Stockholm 306-322 Thunmark-Nylen L 1995 Churchyard Finds from Gotland (1llh - It centuries) -AEW 161shy193 Tonisson E 1974 Die Gauja-Liven und ihre materielle Kultur (II lh - Anfang 13 1hs) Tallinn Volkaitc-Kulikauskienc R 1970 Lieluviai IX- XII 3mziais Vilnius

Ayn M 1992 ApXeOJIOIWleCKHe naM5ITHllKH BTOPOH nononHHbl I-ro TblC5I4eneTWI H 3 B IOroshyBOCTOLlflOii 3CTOHIIH TanJlHlll1 CenoB B n 1985 l-b60pcK B 8-10 BeKax - HAn 119-130 CenOBa M B 1981 IOneJlllpllble I131CJIH5I )]pcllllero H06ropona (X-XV 66) MOCK6a CmmblH A A 1896 Kyprallbl c-ne-repfiyprCKOii ly6CpHHII R pacKonKax n K HBaIlOBCKoro - MaTcpllanbl no apxeoJlonm POCCIIII 20 C-neTep6ypl IIIMHnexeJJbM M X 1959 loponflluc PblYIC II IOro-BocT0411oii 3nOllllii - Bonpocbl 3TH114eshyCKOH HCTOPlfH lIapO)WB npH6a~nlKII 110 )lltlIlIlblM apxeoJlorI-lII 3TlIOlpaXilII H 3HTpOIlOnOllm MocKna 154--185

Marika Magi

DECORA TIVE PINS OF THE MEROVINGIAN AND VIKING AGES IN ESTONIA FOREIGN AND LOCAL

Summary

The Merovingian Period (600-800) and the Viking Age (800-1050) have been treated as comparati vely empty of finds in Estonian archaeology The local culture has been believed to have developed since only the [ lth century The dating of artefacts from these periods has been imprecise and usually later than in Finland or Scandinavia

In this paper 253 Estonian decorative pins from the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age have been analysed (Appendix ) They were all meant for fastening coats or dresses small pins for fastening linen kerchiefs appear in the burials only at the end of the Viking Age

According to the general point of view in Estonian archaeology artefact complexes are almost completely lacking in our archaeological material during

the Merovingian I burial customs of has proved howe cremations have b

Altogether 41 (

ff a fron pills

Eight iron pins at least one of then Ariste 1938 PI Il resemble their pre

i lb Bronze pills v

The shape of thi the head ring has decorated with a sn

All plI1S of thi specimens were u wrapping and somt

f2a PillS with simi

The upper and I marked with straigh case

f2h PinI with ciru

Pins of this sub- have also been foun flanges around the r disks have been de luxurious of this t)

pllaques

rkamise pcrioodil (11 -13

Ii rajoonis (end Viljandi

In Viilkerwanderungsze il shymd ures materiali Riga 0 n Chr Dorpat 0-13 sajandi) leidudes shy

Vilnius 1996 Catalogue of the

ngar Stockholm 306-322 h centuries) -AEW 161shy

-Anfang 13 1d1S) Tallinn

TbIC~4CJlCTlll H 3 13 IOro-

V Btl) MOCKua

middotnKax 11 K VlllallOI3CKoro

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)rpaXIII I anTpOIIOJlOrl1H

I VIKING AGES IN L

ge (800-1050) have lrchaeology The local the II th century The and usually later than

erovingian Period and t were all meant for erchiefs appear in the

archaeology artefact )gical material during

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 59

the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The basis for this view has been the burial customs of these times especially cremations My research in our archives has proved however that more or less certamiddotin complexes in stone graves with cremations have been undervalued

1 Ring-headed pins

Altogether 41 ring-headed pins are known from Estonia

11 Earlier variant of ring-headed pins

1la 1ron pins

Eight iron pins have been found in Estonia up to now Though simply shaped at least one of them has been fitted with a rectangular plaque (Kuma AM 2968 Ariste 1938 PI III6) These pins are the oldest ones of the type and closely resemble their predecessors shepherd-crook pins

1lb Bronze pins with widening or profiled neck (Pl 1l11 2)

The shape of these pins is similar to that of the iron specimens In three cases the head ring has been wrapped with silver wire The neck is sometimes decorated with a small round decorative shield (Fig 14 PI IH2)

12 Later variant of ring-headed pins

All pins of this variant had necks of triangular cross-section The later specimens were usually bigger more decorated especially by silver-wire wrapping and sometimes fitted with plaques All of them were made of bronze

12a Pins with silllple triangular neck (Fig 21 2 Pl 1V)

The upper and lower edges of the front side of the neck of these pins were marked with straight ridges The head ring has been wrapped by wire only in one case

12b Pins with circular flanges around their neck (Fig 2 3 PI 111 5 V 1-3)

Pins of this sub-variant were most typical to Estonia though some specimens have also been found in Finland and Latvia There were usually three circular flanges around the neck In most cases both the head ring and the edges of the disks have been decorated with silver wrapping These pins were the most luxurious of this type usually bigger than the others and often fitted with plaques

Marika Magi60 Eesti merovingi- ja

12c Pins with cross-shaped extension (Fig 2 4 Pl X 2-3)

Three pins of this sub-variant have been found in Estonia at Kuusalu (AI 2827) Pajumaa (AM 134 19) and Kunilepa (AI 2483 16) These have been treated as later specimens of ring-headed pins and as specifically Estonian (Tallgren 192581 Ariste 19383754 Kivikoski 197367)

Discussion

Estonian ring-headed pins originated from small pins of the same type in Latvia especially in Semgallien and in northern Lithuania Small Lithuanian ring-headed pins were dated to the 7th-8th centuries bigger ones to the 9th century (Volkaite-Kulikauskiene 1970 168) Numbers of these pins have been found in Finland where they were treated as ornaments of Estonian origin and dated usually to the 7th-8th centuries (Hackman 1938 105-115 LehtosaloshyHilander 1982 109 Ranta 199642) Specimens with a cross-shaped extension could be dated to the 9th century too (Hackman 1938 114) However a ringshyheaded pin of variant ~ 2a from Lillmalmsbacken was found together with a hexahedral ring from a penannular brooch and some other items and could thus be dated to the 9th century too (data from archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki)

Twelve ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were known in Finland in 1973 (Kivikoski 1973 67) and only three specimens in Estonia Estonian pins of this sub-variant have been found in coastal areas or in a deposit at Kunilepa which also contains some other items of Finnish origin (eg early penannular brooches with flat ring) Thus most probably can we talk about a Finnish rather than an Estonian origin for these pins At least two such pins have also been found in Latvia (Snore 1930 Pl IX 15 22)

Tallgren has suggested that ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were predecessors of double-cross-headed pins (1925 81) Ariste (1938) did not support this theory because the dates of these ornaments differed too much It should be noted that some cross-headed pins of Southern Baltic origin with three terminals were spread at the same time in Finland One specimen has been also found in Estonia (PI X 1) Ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extensions could be speciall Finnish ornaments connected both with the ring-headed and cross-headed pins Both concepts are particuhlrly evident in a ring-headed pin with a cross-shaped extension from Liedon Sauvala which is fitted with a supplementary cross inside its head ring (Hackman 1938 Fig 35)

Only one of the Estonian ring-headed pins has been found in an undisturbed find complex in a deposit at Keila (PI IV) This find was probably not complete however because it lacked a second fastener for the chain (another pin) The find could be dated to the 9th century A collection of finds from Kunilepa usually treated as a deposit were obviously picked up from an earlier destroyed grave as

became clear frc probable grave cc spots the grave oj the later part of P Asva to the 8th-91

Ariste has da~

beginning of the supposed making 10th-II th centur~ to my study the I

the 7th century or mainly during the in the 9th century

Only triangulaJ These pins have 1

knobs Mushroom shaped ones to be study both variant pins are described I

This variant in usuaJly earlier but

21a Pins with sma

Fifteen pins fro were all smaller spe

21 h Pins with a Sir

Nine pins of th average in size an sometimes decorate(

21 c Pins with a del

Only four pins fl (PI IX I) was dec~ import from Curonia

61 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - vooraparasedja omad

I)

Estonia at Kuusalu 6) These have been

pecifically Estonian I

of the same type in ia Small Lithuanian ~ger ones to the 9th hese pins have been Estonian origin and 105-1 ] 5 Lehtosaloshyass-shaped extension 4) However a ringshylund together with a items and cou ld thus f the department of

ion were known In

~ecimens in Estonia areas or in a deposit

ish origin (eg early can we talk about a ~ t two such pins have

bss-shaped extension Ariste (1938) did not differed too much It tltic origin with three ~cimen has been also k shaped extensions the ring-headed and in a ring-headed pin lich is fitted with a ~ 35) nd in an undisturbed obably no complete lother pin) The find ~m Kunilepa usually r destroyed grave as

became clear from a conversation with a descendant of the landowner The probable grave could be dated to the 8th-9th centuries From the rest of the find spots the grave of Lehmja-Loo was dated to the 7th century (LOugas 1973 129) the later part of Presti grave to the 7th-8th centuries and the later dwelling layer in Asva to the 8th-9th centuries (Lougas amp Mligi-L6ugas 199432-33)

Ariste has dated Estonian ring-headed pillS from the 7th century up to the beginning of the 10th century (1938 62) Schmiedehelm and Selirand have supposed making reference to Ariste that these pins were also in use during the 10th-11th centuries (Schmiedehelm 1939 136 Selirand 1974 ] 44) According to my study the earlier variant of Estonian ring-headed pins cOUild be dated to the 7th century only The later variant pins with more local character were used mainly during the 8th century Pins of sub-variants 12a and 12c were in use also in the 9th century

2 Triangular-headed pins

Only triangular-headed pins with end knobs were discussed in this paper These pins have up to now been typologized according to the shape of their knobs Mushroom-shaped terminaLs were considered to be earlier and conicshyshaped ones to be later variants (Tangren 1925 80) According to the present study both variants were in use at the same time End knobs typical of the later pins are described in this paper as hat-shaped (Fig 3)

21 Pins without any special decoration

This variant includes 41 pins of different size Smaller specimens were usually earlier but there were quite a number of exceptions to this rule

21a Pins with smooth heads (PI VI 1 3)

Fifteen pins from the Merovingian Period belong to this sub-variant They were all smaller specimens with mushroom- or conic-shaped end knobs

21 h Pins with a smooth triangular hollow

Nine pins of this sub-variant are known in Estonia They were small or average in size and half of them had hat-shaped end knobs The head is sometimes decorated with a single knob in the middle

21 c Pins with a decoration ofconcentric triangles

Only four pins from Estonia belong to this sub-variant A pin from ViI tina (PI IX 1) was decorated with two ammal (horse) figures and is probably an import from Curonia or Semgallien

Marika Magi 62 Eesti merovillgimiddot jl

21d Pins with afaceted triangular hollow (Pi 111 3 4 VI 2)

Sixteen medium-sized or bigger pins belong to this sub-variant Only one of them had a hat-shaped end knob (Presti PI In 3) all the others had only mushroom- or conic-shaped knobs Many of these pins had a faceted neck (Fig 4 4)

22 Pins with a decoration of leaves (Pi V 4-5 V1I V11I 1- 3)

The shape of these pins resembled that of the former variant but the smooth hollow in the head was decorated with three leaves 46 pins or fragments of pins of this variant are known in Estonia Many of them were found in cremations and were bad1ly burnt Hat-shaped end knobs were characteristic of these pins The neck was faceted in 11 specimens (Fig 5) The reverse of some of these pins was decorated with eyes (PI V 5) Such specimens had almost no faceted neck Pins with a faceted neck were thus morphologically ear(jer and the specimens with a decoration on their reverse sides were later in this variant group

Discussion

Triangular-headed pins were widespread in Latvia and Lithuania where their decoration usually differed clearly from that of Estonian pins Pins with mushroom-shaped end knobs were dated to the 7th-9th centuries in L ithuania (Tautaviciene 1981 169) Triangular-headed pms appeared in Latvia as early as 500 and were spread mainly in Semgallien and in the Lower-Daugava area (Snore 1930 PI XXIX 1 Latvijas 1974 PI 40 4 I 3) Some specimens have also been found in Russia (Sedova 198173 Sedov 1985 123 F ig 1 7 8) Triangular-headed pins in FinlJand have been treated as ornaments of Latvian or Estonian origin and dated to the Merovingian Period or the beginning of the Viking Age (Kivikoski 197367-6899 Fig 448 72 l Lehtosalo-Hilander 1982 108)

Pins with leaf decoration were found not only in Estonia but also in Semgallien and Curonia Probably only one specimen has been found in Finland (Rusko Kankare Kivikoski 197367 99) Some pins with leaf decoration were known from Gotland (Nerman 1929 Fig 173-174 177 Thunmark-Nylen 1983 Fig 10 Jansson 1995 88-89 Fig 8) and from the mainland of Sweden (Stromberg 1961 165 PI 73 8 9) One has been found at Trelleborg in Denmark (Michael Andersen pers comm) Two fragmentary pins of this variant belonged to a silver hoard from Baldringe in Skanc (Hardh 1976 PI 20 10 11) and were interesting for us because of their material Ali triangular-headed pins in Estonii were made of bronze The finds in Baldringe proved that the Estonians used to make similar ornaments of both materials but the silver specimens were probably re-cast later

Some of the complexes Thret some bracelets 1

cremation at Hai could be dated to and Maidla gravi datcd to the same

Seven pins of in 1m have been XXVII 4-5) The 8th centuries in (Schmiedehelm 11 L6ugas 1994 32shy

Schmiedehelm (1930) The pins according to Kus According to my Merovingian Perilt the end of the 9th 10th century Arou

Pins of this var and are therefore I

shaped terminals al have been found u majority of them hi draw parallels with elaborated decorati consisting only of broken off and fixel

23a Pins with lea

Six pins of this These pins were pre

23b Pins with plail

Plait decoration not very widespreao and the 11 til centul)

Marika Miigi Eesli merovingi- ja viikil1gi(egsed rinl1aHoelad shy viJiJrapiirasedja ()mad 63

2)

I-variant Only one of the others had oniy

l a faceted neck (Fig

II VIII 1-3)

ariant but the smooth s or fragments of pins und in cremations and tic of these pins The ome of these pins was no faceted neck Pins the specimens with a

roup

~ithuania where their ~ ian pins Pins with centuries in Lithuania d in Latvia as early as Lower-Daugava area

Some specimens have 5 123 Fig I 7 8) naments of Latvian or the beginning of the

Itosalo-Hilander 1982

Estonia but also in een found in Finland

1 leaf decoration were hunmark-Nylen 1983 mainland of Sweden und at Trelleborg in ary pins of this variant h 1976 PI 20 to 11) triangular-headed pins inge proved that the terials but the silver

Some of the Estonian triangubr-headed pins were found in closed find complexes Three pins of variant 21 belonged to a deposit at Inju together with some bracelets which allowed the find to be dated to the 7th-8th centuries A cremation at Haimre (PI V) contained only one pin with leaf decoration and could be dated to the 10th century Some similar pins from Rahu (Kustin 1969) and Maidla graves (data from find lists and plans of Mati Mandel) could be dated to the same time because of the other finds in the burials

Seven pins of the earlier variant have been found in hill-forts Two specimens in Iru have been dated to the 6l7th-8th centuries (Lang 1996 96-97 102 PI XXVII 4--5) The layers where the pins were found have been dated to the 7thshy

8th centuries in Rouge (AYH 1992 65) to the 6th-9th centuries in Otepali (Schmiedehelm 195963) and to the 7th-9th centuries in Pbide (Lougas amp MagishyL6ugas 199432-33)

Schmiedehelm dated Estonian pins of variant 2 J to the 6th-9th centuries (1930) The pins with leaf decoration were used during the II th-12th centuries according to Kustin and Selirand (Kustin J962b 405 Selirand 1974 145) According to my study the pins of variant 21 were used during the whole Merovingian Period and the 9th century Pins with leaf decoration appeared at the end of the 9th century at the latcst and were in use during the whole of the 10th century Around 1000 they were replaced by pins of the next variant

23 Pins of Saaremaa type

Pins of this variant differ morphologically from the above-discussed variants and are therefore treated separately here These pins were flat with flat heartshyshaped terminals and a high loop on their neck (Fig 6) Altogether 63 specimens have been found up to now as many as 49 of them on Saaremaa (Osel) The majority of them have been found in cremations and were badly burnt If we may draw parallels with the other ornament types the more massive specimens with elaborated decoration were earlier than the thin pins with stylised decoration consisting only of a few lines In many cases the heads of these pins had been broken off and fixed to a new iron shaft ie recycled

23a Pins with leal decoration (PI VI 4 VIII 6-7)

Six pins of this variant have a more or less stylised decoration of three leaves These pins were probably the earliest ones in vanant 23

23b Pins with plait decoration (Fig 8 PI VIII 5 IX 2)

Plait decoration was popular in L atvia and Lithuania over a long period but not very widespread in Estonia On Saaremaa bracelets of the late Viking Age and the 11 th century had often the same pattern In six cases also the reverse of

Marika Magi64 Eesti merovingi- ja

the pins had been decorated mostly with eyes These specimens were also more massive ie probably somewhat earlier

23c Pins with some other kind ofdecoration (Fig 7 Pl VI 5 VIII 4 IX 4-5)

Different kinds of simple patterns were spread on the pins of Saaremaa type most of them having counterparts in Latvia More and less massive specimens occurred in this sub-variant too Though the pattern usually consisted of different lines some pins were decorated with one or more eyes only (Fig 7 Pl IX 4) These could probably be treated as imports from Latvia like some other somewhat unusual pins of this sub-variant

Discussion

Pins of this variant were widespread in Latvia particularly in Curonia and Semgallien but also in the Lower-Daugava area They were dated to the lOthshy12th centuries there (Snore 1930 Pl XV LA 1974 Pl 481 5014 15525 T6nisson 1974 Pl XXXVI2) The decoration of Latvian pins usually differed from that of Estonian pins and even plait decoration seems to have not been very popular on this type of pins in Latvia

Only single pins of this variant have been found in the other neighbouring countries most of them specifically Latvian (Nerrnan 1929 Figs 175-178 Kivikoski 1973 99 Fig 720 Jansson 1995 88-89) The only exceptions were two pins from Garda churchyard on Gotland which were decorated with leaves (Thunmark-Nylen 1995 185 Fig 13) A small piece of a similar pin has been found as a stray find in Roskilde Denmark (Andersen pers comm)

In Uugla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin with leaf decoration has been found together with a knife pieces of chain arrangement a bronze plaque and a bracelet (Mandel 1980) The grave could be dated to the end of the 10th century or to the beginning of the 11 th century according to the bracelet (Magi-Lougas 1995b 521) In Maidla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin was found in the same chain arrangement with a pin of variant 22 (data from find lists and plans of Mandel) In Randvere graveyard a pin of variant 23 fixed to an iron shaft was found together with a penannular brooch with poppy-shaped terminals and with sherds of fine-grained pottery (data from Kustin 1962a 64-65 97) The complex could be dated around 1000

Kustin dated Saaremaa type pins to the 11th-12th centuries (1962a 70) As proved above the earlier specimens of this variant appeared as early as the 10th century and were used contemporarily with pins of variant 22 Saaremaa type pins stayed in use during the whole 11 th century and were replaced by doubleshycross-headed pins with united terminals at the beginning of the 12th century at the latest

Only some sin Viking Age have terminals appear 0

centuries Only lht local ornament typ

Double-cross-hl number of pin he probably for a lon

41 PillS

A tolal of 42 pi have been found il variants but the b thus SUbjective Tt specific construclio but a decoration of bigger thinner ofte (Fig 10) The earl ones were usually n

42 Pi

This group incl specimens as in the of these two groups

43

These pins appea the 11th century Ill

variant resemble late

Few specimens 01 Estonia They had be in Finland Pins frO centuries (Cleve 191

65 Marilw Magi Eesfi mcOvingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad - vooraparased ja onwd

imens were also more

VI 5 VI 4 IX 4-5)

pins of Saaremaa type ~ss massive specimens

usually consisted of e eyes only (Fig 7 PI Jatvia like some other

ularly in Curonia and ere dated to the 10thshy4815014 15525 ~ pins usually differed to have not been very

he other neighbouring 1929 Figs 175-178

only exceptions were decorated with leaves

a similar pin has been s comm) Dration has been found bronze plaque and a

nd of the 10th century bracelet (Miigi-L6ugas Nas found in the same find lists and plans of d to an iron shaft was )ed terminals and with -6597) The complex

Ituries (l962a 70) As ed as early as the 10th lilt 22 Saaremaa type re replaced by doubleshyof the 12th century at

3 Early cross-headed pins (PI X 1 XI 2)

Only some single cross-headed pins dated to the Merovingian Period or the Viking Age have been found in Estonia Small cross-headed pins with united terminals appear only after the Viking Age and were used over a period of some centuries Only the idea of cross-headed pins was borrowed from the Baits and a local ornament type was created on its base a double-cross-headed pin

4 Double-cross-headed pins

Double-cross-headed pins were specifically Estonian ornaments Quite a number of pin heads of this type have been fixed to an iron shaft and used probably for a long time after they were made

41 Pins with unconnected terminals (Pt X 4-6 XI 1 3-5)

A total of 42 pins with unconnected te rminals or pieces of such kind of pins have been found in Estonia They could be divided into earlier and later subshyvariants but the border between these two groups would be too undefined and thus subjective The earlier specimens were usually smaller thicker and with specific construction of their neck (Fig 9) They were often decorated with eyes but a decoration of conce ntric circles was also possible Later pins were always bigger thinner often silver-plated and had a special trapezoid loop on their neck (Fig 10) The earlier specimens were often deformed and burnt but the later ones were usually not burnt and in several cases found in inhumations

42 Pins with connected lower terminals (Pl X 7 XII)

This group includes 21 pins Thc same criteria about earlier and later specimens as in the former variant were also valid in this variant hence the pins of these two groups were at least partly contemporary

43 Pins with completely connected terminals

These pins appeared at the very end of the Viking Age ic at the middle of the 11 th century and will thus be not considered here Some specimens of thi s variant ]escmble iatcr specimens of the fonner variants

Discussion

Few specimens of pins with unconnected terminals have been found outSIde E stonia They had been usually used as pendants Five of them have been found in Finland Pins from Lillmalmsbacken and EU-cl were dated to the 9th-10th centuries (Cleve 1978 105) Two pins have been found in inhumations in

Marika Miigi66 Eesti merovingi- ja

Kjuloholm and dated to the beginning of the II th century (Cleve 1978 105 PI 8 15) Pendants from Estonian double-cross-headed pins have been found in late Viking Age cremations in Bjurhovda Central-Sweden (Jaanusson 1971) in North Norway and Gotland (Jansson 1995 88 fig 7) Some of them were

known from barrows in Northwest Russia (ClII1UbIH 1896 PI V 6 XVII 32) No double-cross pins have been found in Latvia or Lithuania according to the literature

A pin from Koola graveyard (PI X 4) was unearthed together with pieces of chain a glassbead bronze spirals and a bracelet all badly burnt (Parss 1950) Two pins from Verevi had belonged to the same chain arrangement and were found together with a bracelet a bell piece of neck-ring and a penannular brooch pi n with narrow base (Moora 1932) Both these burials could belong to the 10th century

In a womans grave in Aseri two doub Pe-cross-headed pins of earlier character were found with bracelets with thickening ends a spiral bracelet chain pieces and bronze spirals This complex could not be later than the middle of the 10th century because of the bracelets of earlier type in it (M~igi-Lougas 1995a 280 ff Fig 30)

A double-cross-pin of later character belonged to a deposit at Piihaste which also contained some other ornaments and could be dated to the first half of the 11 th century Some pairs of pins with specifically later features have been found in inhumations Graves from Alatskivi Raatvere and Tooste could be mentioned here all dated to the first half of the ] I th century (PI XI 5) A small doubJeshycross-headed pin fixed secondarily to a bronze stem belonged to a cremation of the second half of the 11 th century in Jouga (Ligi 1993 53-54 PI XXVIII 5)

Two double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals had belonged to a womans grave in Madi together with chain fragments bronze spira ls fingershyrings pieces of neck-rings a knife a belt buckle a comb a fire-steel bits and potsherds (Sel irand 1993) In Rahu a pin of the same variant occurred together with a penannular brooch chain arrangements a finger-ring and bits (Kustin 1969) Both these complexes could be dated to the 11th century Two pins of variant 42 belonged to a female inhumation grave in Raatvere and were dated to the first half of the J I th century (PI XII)

As proved above the double-cross-headed pins were cOl1nected with ringshyheaded pins with cross-shaped extension only through common predecessors ie cross-headed pins Looking at the shape of double-cross-headed pins one can ask if they could be connected with the Orthodox cross and perhaps with the conversion of Russia at the end of the 10th century The idea could be supported by the distribution of these pins the double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals were the only variant of dress fastening pins that were concentrated in the eastern half of Estonia

As the double-cross-headed pins appeared in Estonia before the end of the JOth century they cannot be directly connected with the Christianization of

Russia but influe not be discounteo definite evidence (

Selirand has ( centuries (1974 I terminals As pm appeared by the m morphologically t( were in use up to variant 43

Some findings used Parallels in could differ among

As most of the these ornaments WI men in Finland (I Latvia and Lithuan suggested that Esto Estonian ring-head southern neighbour Finland wore the sa

Hackman has re in Finland were all these pins were fa numbers were in s (KM 8067 A3 4 S of archaeology in N variant in Estonia h pin that could belo Keila was found tc woman (PI IV)

In conclusion on and the big luxuriol and 12c were used by women It is po during the 9th centUl

The triangular-he and were sometime~

arrangement Only 0

plaques and had prot

67 Marika Miigi Eesti mcrovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

(Cleve 1978 105 PI have been found in late (Jaanusson 1971) in

Some of them were

6 PI V 6 XVII 32) uania according to the

together with pieces of lIy burnt (Piirss 1950) arrangement and were ing and a penannuJar mrials could belong to

lins of earlier character bracelet chain pieces

the middle of the 10th -L6ugas I995a 280 ff

posit at Ptihaste which to the first half of the ~tures have been found te could be mentioned 1 5) A small doubleshynged to a cremation of -54 PI XXYIlI 5) erminals had belonged bronze spirals fingershy

0 a fire-steel bits and ~ [wnt occurred toget h er -ring and bits (KUstin century Two pins of

vere and were dated to

connected with riDgshyImon predecessors ie -headed pins one can and perhaps with the

lea could be supported pins with unconnected it were concentrated in

before the end of the he Christianization of

Russia but influences from Christian cOllntriesin the East (Byzantium) could not be discounted In any case the double-cross-headed pins do not provide definite evidence of the Christianity of their owners

Selirand has dated double-crass-headed pins to the 11th up to the 12th centuries (1974 146) which is correct for the variant with completely connected terminals As proved above the pins with unconnected terminals had already appeared by the middle of the 10th century The earlier pins of variant 4 2 belong morphologically to the end of the 10th century at the latest Both these variants were in use lip to the m iddle of the 11th century when they were replaced by variant 43

Use of dress fastening pins

Some findings in Estonia let us determine how and by Wh0111 the pins were used Parallels in the neighbouring countries cannot be used here directly and could differ among neighbours

As most of the ring-headed pins were single finds it is most plausible that these ornaments were worn singly Luxurious ring-headed pins had belonged to men in Finland (Lehtosalo-Hiander 1982 109) but the small specimens in Latvia and Lithuania were worn by women and always in pairs Vello Lougas suggested that Estnnian ring-headed pins were also used by women 0 973 126) Estonian ring-headed pins however definitely differ from the small ones of our southern neighbours It seems to be hardly believable that wealthy horsemen in Finland wore the same pins as women in Estonia

Hackman has reported that the ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extension in Finland were alI single finds (1938 114) However in two or even three cases these pins were found obviously in pairs in Uskcla Lukkarinmaki ie their numbers were in sequence and they had almost or completely the same shape (KM 8067 A3 4 57 perhaps also 29 30 data fram archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki) A Kunilcpa pin of the same subshyvariant in Estonia has been found together with a head-ring fragment of a similar pin that could belong to the same sub-variant The pin of sub-variant 12a in Keila was found together with female ornaments and had thus belonged to a woman (PI IV)

In conclusion one can suppose that the ring-headed pins of the earlier variant and the big luxurious pins were worn by men in Estonia Pins of variants 12a and 12c were used by both sexes or especially in the case of variant 12c only by women It is possible that the ring-headed pins became female ornaments during the 9th century

The triangular-headed pins of variant 21 occuned in several cases in pairs and were sometimes fitted with a long chain ie they had belonged to a chain arrangement Only one pin from Pajumaa (PI III4) was fitted with rectangular plaques and had probably been worn on its own

Marika Mdgi68 Eesti merovingi- ja

As ring-headed pins and triangular-headed pins had been in use contemporarily and in the same area it can be supposed that the former were worn by men and the latter by women It is possible that men stopped using pins some time in the 9th century and started to fasten their coats only with penannular brooches Since the 10th century at the latest one can talk about pins as specifically female ornaments in Estonia

Two triangular-headed pins connected with a single chain have been found in Liiva In some cases these pins were unearthed in pairs or single specimens often stray finds were fitted with a long chain Chain holders have been found together with these pins only twice However triangular-headed pins with leaf decoration were sometimes worn probably also singly as in the grave of Hairnre (PI VII)

Triangular-headed pins of Saaremaa type were found in pairs in several cases These pins occurred typically with half-oval chain holders and other pieces of chain arrangement which proves that the chain arrangements with these pins consisted of several rows of chains

Moreover the double-cross-headed pins occur usually in pairs and together with other pieces of a chain arrangement The pins of earlier character were connected only with a single chain (Aseri Verevi Riuma PI XI 4) but the later ones fastened chain arrangements with several rows of chains which were fixed to the pins with openwork chain holders (PI XI 5 XII)

Distribution

Estonia could be divided into two parts according to the local ornaments of the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The same division is valid also in the case of the decorative pins The tradition of fastening the dress with pins was strong in the western part of the Estonian mainland and on the islands but was almost absent in the eastern part during the whole Merovingian Period and the firs t half of the Viking Age The first local pin types - the double-cross-headed pins - occurred there only in the 10th century Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals and with completely connected terminals were spread already allover Estonia providing evidence of the standardisation of ornamental culture

English version checked by Gordon Snow Oxford

1 Rongaspeaga e

1 Ring-headed p

I Juuru Kunilepa 2 J6eJahtme Prest 3 Jiiri Kuma (AM 4 Juri Lagedi (Ar-shy5 JUri Lehmja-Lolt 6 Kaarma Aste (S 7 Karuse Pajumaa 8 Keila (AM 234 9 Kihelkonna Oda to Kihelkonna Paj II Kihclkonna Vii 12 Koeru Preedi (1 13 Kul lamua Vaik 14 KUllsalu (AI 28 15 Karla Kaarmise 16 Ktirla Paevere 17 Karia Paikiila ( 18 Liiganuse PUssi 19 Palamuse Nava 20 Peetri Painurme 21 Parnu-Jaagupi F 22 Pbide Asva (Al 23 Pbidc Tomimae 24 Ridala Ahli (H~ 25 R6ngu Kivivare 26 Viru- Nigllia Pal 27 Viru-Nigllla KUl

2 Kolmnurkpeaga

2 Triangular-head

21 Ornamentimatpoundl

21 Pins without spe

I 16eIahtme lru (AI 2 J6elahtme Presti (

Marika Magi

s had been in use d that the former were men stopped using pins their coats only with one can talk about pins

Jain have been found in s or single specimens )Iders have been found --headed pins with leaf in the grave of Haimre

n pairs in several cases ~rs and other pieces of ments with these pins

v in pairs and together earlier character were PI XI 4) but the later ains which were fixed

the local ornaments of ivision is valid also in he dress with pins was n the islands but was ingian Period and the e double-cross-headed ross-headcd pins with terminah were spread

disation of ornamental

Gordol Snow Oxford

69Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoeiad - vooraparased ja omad

Lisa Appendix

1 Rongaspeaga ehtenoelad Eestis (kaart joon 11)

1 Ring-headed pins in Estonia (map fig 11)

I Juuru Kunilepa (AI 2483 16 17) 2 Joelahtme Presti (AI 5490386 7) 3 Juri Kuma (AM 31 5 AM 2968 69 71) 4 Juri Lagedi (AM 2768) 5 Juri Lehmja-Loo (AI 444499184211 247278283) 6 Kaarma Aste (SM 7675 12) 7 Karuse Pajumaa (AM 134 18 19) 8 Keila (AM 2343) 9 Kihelkonna Odalatsi (AI 3822303) 10 Kihelkonna Paju (AI K 68) 11 Kihelkonna Viki (AI 251373) 12 Koeru Preedi (AI 4426616) 13 Kullamaa Vaike-Kalju (AI 3445) 14 Kuusalu (AI 2827) 15 Karla Kaarmise (AI 3501) 16 Karia Paevere (AI 2657 1) 17 Karia Paikula (AI 25024) 18 Luganuse Piissi (AM 99) 19 Palamuse Nava (AI 39681167) 20 Peetri PaillurmC (AM 11710) 21 Parnu-Jaagupi Parasmaa (AM 493 12) 22 Pbide Asva (AI 4366 1004) 23 Pbide Tomimae (AI 4338 1117) 24 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045220) 25 Rongu Kivivare (AI 47267) 26 Viru- Nigula Pada (AI 536641) 27 Viru-Nigula Kunda (AM 88 113 114)

2 Kolmnurkpeaga noelad Eestis

2 Triangular-headed pins in Estonia

21 Ornamentimata voi lihtsatest joontest ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 12)

21 Pins without special decoration (map fig 12)

1 JoeHihtme lru (AI 4051 9491097) 2 Joellihtme Presti (AI 5490374)

Eesti merovillgi- ja70 Marika Magi

3 J6hvi Toila (AI 3952299 362) 4 Kamse Pajumaa (AM 13414) 5 Kihelkonna K6mse (AI 2643 111 112113) 6 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 14832) 7 Lliganuse Purtse (AI 50388) 8 Martna Ehmp (AM 554605 615 665 81 J 823) 9 Muhu Mala (AI K 2 1234 89) 10 Nissi Vardi (AM 368 13) 11 Otepaa linnamagihillfort (AI 4036 IV203) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 491 122 852 1024) 13 Parnu-Jaagupi M6isaklila (AI 575925) 14 Pbide maalinnhillfort (SM 1460401) 15 Pbide Viltina (AI 38843515) 16 Puha Leina (AI 2643366) 17 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817333) J8 Rouge linnam~igihillfort (AI 40402313162) 19 Saaremaa (AI K 848) 20 Viru-Jaagupi Inju (AI 2794232425) 21 Vandra khklparish (P~lM 23912) 22 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 382 37764)

22 Lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 13)

22 PillS with leaves-decoration (map fig 13)

1 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 1) 2 Keila Uksnurme (AM 68 1) 3 Juri Moigu-Peetri (AI 4877 100) 4 Kaarma khklparish (AI K 67 17 1845 AI 507 6) 5 Kaarrna Uduvere (AI 15184) 6 Kihelkonna Lumanda (AI 382233 3438 35) 7 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 531 1352 1549 1696 1886 23834153

26892690297831483163310131023115) 8 Mihkli Sol va (AI 251318) 9 Muhu Liiva (SM 931 2) 10 Marjamaa Hairnre (AI 3614 I) 11 Nissi Polli (AI 3926 I) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 49120206 584a 584b 760) 13 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884 ) 14 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045 219) 15 Saaremaa (AI K 846) 16 Valjala khklparish (SM K 5410) 17 Valjala Rahu (AI 423922 44 758) 18 Leiukoht teadmatalFindspot unknown (AI 3027)

23 Saaremaa tii

23 PillS ofSaart

1 Hanila Komsi I

2 Kaarma khk I~ 3 Kaarma Loona 4 Kaarma Uduve 5 Karja Valja (A 6 Karuse Pajuma 7 Kihelkonna Ka 8 Kihelkonna khl 9 Kihelkonna Ku 10 Kihelkonna L 11 Kihelkonna 12 Kihelkonna P 13 Kose Paunkiil 14 Kullamaa Mai 15 Karla khk Ipa 16 Karla Kogula 17 Karla Orikiila 18 Uiiine-Niguia 19 Martna Ehmja 20 Pamu Jaagupi 21 Parnu-Jaagupi 22 Parnumaa (Pal 23 Pbide K6igust 24 P6ide Randvel 25 P6ide Viltina ( 26 Piiha Ilpla (AI 27 Saaremaa (AI 28 Valjala Konnu 29 Valjala Rahu (

3 Merovingi- voi

3 Merovingian connected termin

I Karja khklparis 2 Kodavere Lahef 3 Kodavere Savas 4 Mihkli Kurese ( 5 lPoide AudIa (S~ 6 Aksi Raigastven

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja (Jmad

23 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad (kaartjoon 14)

71

~)

96 1886 2383 4153

)760)

23 Pins ofSa a rema a type (map fig 14)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510940) 2 Kaarma khk parish(AI K 67 1944) 3 Kaarma Loona (AK K 1776 LVYM 650911393) 4 Kaarma Uduvere (AI K 15185 186 187 188) 5 Kalja Valja (AI K 76 1) 6 Karu se Pajumaa (AM 134 I 5) 7 Kihelkonna Kalmu (AI 3822]57 158 194) 8 Kihelkonna khk parish (AI K 741) 9 Kihelkonna Kurevere (AI 43686998 102) 10 Kihelkonna Loona (AI 3822233a) 11 Kihelkonna Liimanda (AK 382268 136) 12 Kihelkonna Paju (L VVM 20A 128) 13 Kose Paunkiila (AM 73 1) 14 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 3160 3635 3637 5000 6085) 15 KarIa khk pari sh (AI K 79101819) 16 Karia Kogula (AI K 2951 52) 17 Karla Orikiila (AI K 4 102 103) 18 Laane-Nigula Uugla (AM 500503) 19 Martna Ehmja (AM 554824) 20 Pamu Jaagupi Pooravere (PaM 2364) 21 Pamu-J aagupi Linnamae (AM 491170) 22 Parnumaa (PaM ) 23 Poide Koiguste (AI 436 I 2) 24 Poide Randvere (AI 26972 AI 3895 257) 25 Poide Viltina (AI 3884391 2588b 2755 3128 4300) 26 Piiha IJpla (AI 3822315 382 K 1 78) 27 Saaremaa (AI K 843 57 AI K 8546107 AI 3529 SM ) 28 Valjala Konnu (AI 5151) 29 Valjala Rahu (AI 4239202 670 1114)

3 Merovingi- voi varaviikingiaegsed lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad

3 Merovingian Period or earJy Viking Age cross-headed pins with unshyconnected terminals

1 Karja khkparish (AI K 774) 2 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 198433) 3 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 1483 1) 4 Mihkli Kurese (AI 2513 17) 5 Poide AudIa (SM K 49 I) 6 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885)

72 Marika Magi

7 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (AM aj 98)

4 Kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

4 Double-cross-headed pins

41 Lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad (kaart joon 15)

41 Double-cross-headed pins with unconnecled terminals (map fig 15)

I Haljala Essu (AM 8327) 2 Harju-Jaani Kehra (AI 35849 10) 3 Iisaku J6uga (AI 510062) 4 JUllm Kaiu jarvLake Kaiu (AI 5251) 5 Karksi Kiiti (AI 1353 1) 6 Kodavere Alatskivi (AI 1893la Ib) 7 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 4976 159) 8 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 516957 5295210a 210b) 9 Kose Ardu (AI 26744) 10 Laiuse Koola (AI 40245) Ii Nissi Varbola (AI 3865 128) 12 Nao Unipiha linnamagihillfort (AI 2901 11) 13 Otepaa PaidJa (AI 19973) 14 P6ltsamaa Pajusi (AI 1871 8) 15 Pamu-Jaagupi Anelema (AI 42255) 16 Parnumaa (PaM A 2361) 17 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884153) 18 Piiha IJpla (AI K 1 77) 19 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817 307311) 20 R6ngu Piihaste (AI 3667 I) 21 Rapina Tooste (AI 41085 7) 22 Tarvastu Riuma (AI 12073a 3b) 23 Viljandi Kuude (VM 331 2 43 17A 312) 24 Viljandimaa (VM ) 25 Vim-Nigula Aseri (RM 1211A 57683 7879) 26 Vim-Nigula Kohala (RM 30791A 51 12) 27 Vim-Nigula Kunda (AI 157933 4002) 28 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 5343c)

29 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (LVVM 58923A I 798)

42 Uhendatud alumiste harudega kaksikristpeaga l10elad (kaartjoon 16)

42 Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals (map fig 16)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510103188218507)

Eest merovillgi-(I v

2 Harju-Jaani Raa 3 Kodavere Raatv( 4 Kullamaa Maid 5 Liiganllse Kalme 6 Mihkli Veltsa (A 7 Marjal1laa Konol 8 Marjamaa Moka 9 P61tsal1laa Pajusi 10 Rannu Verevi ( 11 VaUala Rahu (A 12 Viljandi Madi ( 13 Vaike-Maarja A 14 Leiukoht teadl1l1

Marika Magi Eesti merovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy viJorapiirased ja omarl 73

15)

(Ilapjig 15)

I 798)

kaartjOOIi16)

als(mapjig16)

2 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 16) 3 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 5295 121a 12Ib) 4 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 5802 18 2323) 5 Liiganuse Kalmeistri (AI 28244) 6 MihkJi Ve1tsa (AI 4944) 7 Marjamaa Konovere linnamagihillfort (AI 4571159) 8 Marjamaa Moka (AI 371021) 9 P51tsamaa Pajusi (AI 19996) 10 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817234) 11 Valjala Rahu (AI 423970) 12 Viljandi Macli (AI 25906166172174) 13 V~iike-Maalja Antu (AM 102 I) 14 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 26362)

Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - voorapdrascd ja omad 47Marika Magi

arvatavalt varasemaid ies olnud Ohemad ja ~d ning leitud mitmel

(tahv X7 XII)

kuid moni neist on 6imalik kindlaks teha stiharud Need noel ad Iud see et nende alushyisidega Kuigi selgeid mad seadusparad mis need kaks varianti on

wdatud ilmusid paris r kasitleta seetottu silllshyrgetele vaheprossidele sside abi l Eestist on ud peaosa ning nogushyendamata voi osaliselt Jks taoline on leitud I) Vaimalik et see I

ikuid ning vaga sageli i ripatsina Valjaspool ~lare Uhendatud alushyi pole naabermaades

n6ela millest iihte on ackeni noel on muude O sajandi keskele voi (sikristpeaga naela on dateeritud II sajandi

algusesse (op cit 105 tahv 8 15) Neist vahemalt iiks (voimalik aga ka et molemad) oli kasutusel ripatsina

Ripatsiks tehtud eestiparane kaksikristpeaga noel on leitud Bjurhovda poletusshymatustega kalmistult Kesk-Rootsis Vasterasis kus see pari neb hilisviikingiajast Leid saadi koos miintidega millest hiliseimad olid vemtitud 997 aastal (Jaanusson 1971) Samasugused ripatsiks tehtud noelad on juhuleidudena teada veel Ojamaalt Petarvest ning Pohja-Norrast (Jansson 1995 88 joon 7) Ripatsitena esineb neid

ka Loode-Venemaa kaabastes (CrUlUbHl 1896 tahv V 6 XVII 32) Uitist ja Leedust kirjanduse andmetel taolisi n6elu teada ei ole

Eesti viikingiaegsetest kaksikristpeaga noel test parinevad mitmed Ieiukomplekshysidest Koola kalme uhendamata harudega noel (tahv X 4) on eitud poletusshymatusest kuhu peale selle kuulusid vee rinnakee katked spiraalikesed punasest ja mustast kJaasist helmes ning arusaamatut WLipi kaevoru kaare katke kaik tugevasti sulanud (Parss 1950) Kaks uhesugust Verevi noela (AI 2817307335 311) on leitud koos st nad kuulusid iihte rinnakeesse Samast lahedusest saadi veel VI tiiiibi kaevoru katke ning kuljus veidi eemalt kuusnurkse ristloikega kaelavoru ots ja kitsakannaline hoburaudsole noel (Moora 1932) Koola ja Verevi n6elad on oma kuju poolest kindtasti varajased eksemplarid st vaikesed massiivsed silmakestest ornamendi ning kaela laiendis paikneva avausega

Koige selgem leiukompleks lahtistc harudega kaksikristpeaga noelle puhul on Aseri kalmest leitud poletusmatus millesse pandud esemed olid enne poletamist tahtlikult rikutud Sama nahtus esines ka Koola ja Verevi noelte puhul Aseri IciukompJckti kuulusid lisaks kahele varasema kujuga kaksikristpeaga noelale (RM 1211A 5 7683 7879) jamcnevate otstega kaevorud ja uks spiraalkiievoru ning rinnakee ja spiraalikcste katked Seda leiukomplekti on kasitlenud lahemalt Toomas Tamla kes vastavalt varasemale kaksikristpeaga noeltele antud dateeshyringule on pLiiidnud sellele tuginedes dateerida ka jamenevate otstega kaevorud 11 sajandi teise poolde voi 12 sajandisse (Tamla 1991 137 jj) Nagu olen n~iidanud juba lihes varasemas seoses pole niivord hiline dateering pohjendatud (Magi-Lougas 1995a 279 jj joon 30) kuigi Ieiu komplekssuses pole arhiivishyandmetelc tuginedes pohjust kahelda Varast tLiupi kaevorusid arvestades peaks Aseri naisematus parinema 10 sajandist toenaoliselt selle keskelt Sellele ei raagi vastu ka silmakestest mustri ja laieneva kaelaga kaksikristpeaga noelad sall111ti teiste samalaadsete noelte leillkontekst ei Ecstis ega naabermaades

Varasematest kaksikristpeaga noeltest voib veel mainida Unipiha linnamaelt Ieitud taolise noela katket (AI 290 I 11) mis on murdunud alumisest ristiharost korgemalt Noelakatke kaeJa veidi kanditud laiendis paiknev aas ning tagakulje paksend on iseloomulikud just varasematele kaksikristpeaga noeltele ega esine seni teadaolevate rongaspeanoelte jllures Samuti on aillmise ristiharu laiendite Limar kuju uks varastcle kaksikristpeaga noeltele iseloomulikke jooni

Lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noel on leitlld Puhaste peitieillst (AI 3667 1) mis peaks olema maha maetlld II sajandi esimesel poolel voi keskpaigas kuid sisaldab ilmselt veidi erineva dateeringuga esemeid Kuigi tegemist naib olevat

Marika Magi48 Eesti merovingi- ja

iihe naise tervikliku ehtekomplektiga on selles siiski iillatuslikult vaid iiks ilmselt hilisem kaksikristpeaga noel mis oma kuju poolest sarnaneb laibashymatustest Ieituiga Voib veel mlirkida et leiu koosseisu kuulunud rinnakee kaks poolovaalset keekandjat olid baltiparased ning Eestis ebatavalised kusjuures Latist on selliseid keekandjaid leitud eeskatt koos lameda kolrnnurkpeaga noelshytega (LA 1974 tahv 50 IS)

Mitu kaksikristpeaga ja lahtiste harudega noelte paari on reada laibamatustest Need on koik ohemad ja suuremad tiiiipilise kontsentrilistest ringidest ornamenshydiga sageli hobetatud noel ad mille kaelal on trapetsikujuline aas Selliseid noelu on leitud ALatskivi Raatvere ja Tooste naisematustest (tahv XI5) Raatshyverest On sealjuures teada kaks kaksikristpeaga noeltega naisematust samasuguse Ieiukoosseisuga millest Lihel on noelte harud lahtised teisel aga alumised harud iihendatlld (tahv XII vt Lavi 1986a 1986b 1988) Molcmad matllsed on dateeshyritavad II sajandi esimesse poolde Raatverc omadega sarnaneb ka Alatskivi naisematus

Toostcst on ounapuule augu kaevamisel avastatud leiukompleks koos moninshygate luudega mida on peetud samllti laibamatuseks (Al 4108) Moned leiud on iilejaanutest siiski selgelt nooremad mistottu kompleksi sllletllses peab kahtshylema Seaised noelad on dmselt samaaegsed Alatskivi ja Raatvere omadega

kuna sarnanevad nendega nii oma kllju kui ka ncnde juurde kUlllllnud azuurscte nn puumotiiviga keekandjate poolest

Teiseselt kasutatud kaksikristpeaga noel (AI 510062) on saadud iihest JOllga poletllsmatusest mille Priit Ligi on dateerinud koige varasemalt 11 sajandi teise poolde (1993 53-54 tahv XXVIII 5) Vaikese ja jameda ilmselt iisna varase kaksikristpeaga noela peaosa on mllrdunud ning kinnitatud uue varre klilge mis samuti on murdunud voi matuse kliigus murtud

Madi kalmest on kaks kaksikristpeaga ja iihendatud alumiste harudega noela (AI 2590 616 617) leitud koos rinnakee katkete spiraalide sormuste kaelavoru katkete noa ja noatupe pandla tuleraua luukammi suitsete ning savinoukildllshydega mis koik plirinevad ilmselt iihest rikkalikult varustatud naise matusest (Selishyrand 1993) Koos hoburaudsole ja rinnakee katkete s6rmuse ning suitsetega on alumiste iihendharudega kaksikristpeaga noel leitud iihest Rahll kalme naiseshymatllsest (Kustin 1969) Kahjuks on esemed sailinlld mokmal juhul vaid katkendshylikult kuid t6enaoliselt voib matused dateerida II sajandisse Taolisi noelu on leitud ka muudest kalmetest kuid ilma selgema Ieiukontekstita ning sageli raudshyvarre kiilge kinnitatuna St nad on olnud juba teisesclt kasutusel Selle variandi arvatavalt varasematel noeltel ei ole kahjuks iihelgi jllhul slIletud leiukonteksti

Sirgete ja sakiliste vaheprossidega kaksikristpeaga n6elad i1musid kasutusse arvatavasti 11 sajandi keskel kuna mitmed neist vastavad kuju pookst hiliseshymate Ie lahtiste harudega v6i iihendatud alumiste hamdega kaksikristpeaga noeltele Ajapikku muutusid ristiharude vaheprossid laiemaks monikord kumeshyraks Keti kinnitamiseks moeldud aas on hiliscmatel n6elrel tavaliselt kumer v6i ka norgalt kanditud nurkadega osal ka k6rgc nelinurk v6i poolring Hiliseid

iihendharulisi kaJ kalmistutes (Tam St pea on kinnita

Nagu juba ron ristpean6elad seo kaudselt omades harudega kaksikri 6igeusu risti mee vastuvotmisega pakub tosiasi et kaksikristpeaga no noelte kandmise t iiheaegselt suurte samasugllsed kui samuti analooge v

Nimetatud mOl punkte et olla tosi seostada nende km t1mega naisematus kultllurikonteksti v poolsete ristiususti kult eitada Igal j harulised kaksikris diga seotud tahend vahem iihtlaselt ule

Selirand on datf des et rohkemal n (1974 146) Olen j dega variant) voel 1995a 280-281) r musele ka nuud K iiksikasjades taielik ka selle variandi no poolel kanti samaa keskel asendusid ne

Siinkohal tahaksi noelu kandnud Eesti vordlused ei pruugi a

Kindlasti voib va rongaspeanoeJtest

49Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparasedja omad

lIatuslikult vaid iiks )lest sarnaneb laibashyulul1ud rinnakee kaks latavalised kusjuures kolmnurkpeaga noclshy

teada laibamatustest st ringidest ornamenshyIJjuline aas Selliseid st (tahv XI5) Raatshyisematust samasuguse d aga alumised harud lad matused on dateeshyiarnaneb ka Alatskivi

ompleks koos moninshy108) Moned leiud on suletuses peab kahtshy

a Raatvere omadcga e kuulunud azuursete

m saadud lillest Jauga bmalt 11 sajandi teise a ilmselt lisna varase I uue varre kiilge mis

lmiste harudega noela c sormustc kaelavoru ~ tc ning savinoukildllshyI naise matusest (SeIishyJse ning suitsctega on t Rahll kalrne naiseshy~al jllhul vaid katkendshyisse Taolisi noelu on lstita ning sageli ral1dshyISlltllsel Selic variandi ~tud leillkonteksti Dad ilmllsid kasutusse td klljU poolest hiliseshyIdega kaksikristpeaga naks l11onikord kumeshyel tavaliselt kumer voi voi poolring Hiliseid

iihendharulisi kaksikristpeaga noelu leidub veel ka hilisrauaaja laibamatustega kalmistutes (Tammiku Pada Kaberla) enamasti kiill juba teiseselt kasutatuna st pea on kinnitatud uue varre kiilge

Nagu juba rongaspeaga noelte juures naidatud on lahtiste harudega kaksikshyristpeanoelad seotud 9 sajandi ristikujulise laiendiga rongaspeanoeltega vaid kaudselt omades samu eelkaijaid ristpeaga noelte nao Siiski kerkib lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelte juures paratamatult kiisimus kas ei voi nende oigeusu risti meenutav kuju olla tahenduslikus seoses oigeusu risti ja ristiusu vastuvatmisega Venemaal 10 sajandi lopul Pidepunkte sellele hiipoteesile pakub tosiasi et erinevalt koigist iilejaanud ehtenoeltest on lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelu leitud peamiselt Eesti idaosast so piirkonnast kus rinnashynoelte kandmise tava oli sinnamaani peaaegu puudunud II sajandi algul kui iiheaegselt suurte lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noeltega tulid kasutusele samasugused kuid iihendatud alumiste harudega noelad voib viimastele leida samuti analooge varases ikoonimaalis Venemaal

Nimetatud mottekaik on kWI ahvatlev kuid omab siiski liialt vahe pideshypunkte et olla tosiseltvoetav Ilmselt ei voi kaksikristpeaga naelte kandmise tava seostada nende kandjate ristiusustatusega kuna need esinevad iildiseit paganliku ilmega naisematustes ning peaaegu alati paarikaupa Et mingi kujund voib uude kultuurikonteksti vastuv6etuna omandada taiesti uue tahenduse ei saa seost idashypoolsete ristiusustatud aladega (miks mitte kuni Biitsantsini valja) siiski taielishykult eitada Igal juhul kandsid 11 sajandi keskel kasutusse ilmunud iihendshyharulised kaksikristpeaga noelad juba taiesti uut voimalik et etnilise identiteeshydiga seotud tahendust Need on iseloomulikud iiksnes Eestile ning levinud enamshyvahem iihtlaselt iile kogu maa

Selirand on dateerinud Eesti kaksikristpeaga noelad n -12 sajandisse oletashydes et rohkemal maaral ilmusid need kasutusse ailes II sajandi teisel poolel (1974 146) Olen juba varem oletanud et kaksikristpeaga noelad (lahtiste harushydega variant) voeti Eestis kasutusele siiski juba 10 sajandi ll (Magi-L6ugas 1995a 280-281) Nagu kiiesolevas arutelus naidatud olen jaanud samale arvashymusele ka niiiid Kuna osa iihendatud aumiste harudega naelu sarnaneb kuju iiksikasjades taielikult varasemate lahtiste harudega variantidega vaib oletada et ka selle variandi noelad ilmusid kasutusse 10 sajandi lapu 11 sajandi esimesel poole kanti samaaegselt nii esimese kui ka teise variandi noelu kuid sajandi keskel asendusid need ~aielikult iihendharuliste noeltega

Ehtenoelte kandmisviisist

Siinkohal tahaksin liihidalt peatuda ka probleemistikul kes ja kuidas on rinnashynoelu kandnud Eesti materjal on selles sulltes siiski vordlemisi napp l1aabermaade vordlused ei pruugi aga olla otseselt siinsetele aladele tile kantavad

Kindlasti vaib vaita ning seda toendab ka naabermaade materjal et enamikku rongaspeanoeltest on kantud iihekaupa mingi pealisriiii kinnitusena ees rinnai

I

Marika Magi50 EeSli merovillgi- ja

Vahemalt suuremad ripatsitest ja naastudest gamituuriga ekscmplarid on kuulunud meestele Soomes seaJjuures enamasti rikkalike hauapanustega eliitshys6jameestele (Lehtosalo-Hilandcr 1982 109) Viidates baltiparastele r6ngaspeashyn6eltele mida kandsid naised kee kinnitustena on L6ugas oletanud et ka Eesti r6ngaspean6elu on kandnud naised (1973 126) Vuhemalt suurte kettakujuliste laienditega ning ripatsitest garnituuriga n6elu v6ib siiski ka siinmail pidada iisna kindlalt meestele kuulunuiks Tegemist on vuga silmatorkavate ehetega millel on baltiparaste noeltega vahe iihist Minu arvates on vagJ ebausutav et Soome pealikud oleksid ennast ehtinud Eestis naiste ehete hulb kuuluvate n6eltega

Ristikujulise laiendiga rongaspean6elte kohta on Hackman vaitnud et need esinevad Soomes alati iihekaupao kuid neid on kandnud nii mehed klli naised (1938 114) Vaadates labi Soome vastavaid n6elu sealses rahvllsmuuseumis torkas siiski silma et 1922 aastal kaevatud Uskela Lukkarinmaki kalmistult on ristikujlliise laiendiga noelu leitud kahel voi koguni kolmel juhul ilmselt paarikaupa St leiunumbrid on k6ryuti ning noelad on taiesti y6i peaaegu iihesugused (KM 8067 A 34 5 7 v6ib-olla ka 2930 andmed Soome Rahvusshymuuseumj arheoloogiaosakonna arhiivist Helsingis) Kui t6mmata paralleele Baltimaade ristpeaga n6elte kandmisYiisidega yoib sellistel juhtudel olla tegcshymist naiste ehetega mida on kantud kummalgi olal ning mille yahel on y6ib-olla rippunud rinnakee

Ka Eestis pole r6ngaspeanoelad olnud ilmselt ainult meeste ehted Keila peitleid (tahy IV) sisaldas lisaks yariandi 12a rongaspeaga n6elale just naise ehteid ning on seega kllulunudki ilmselt naisele Tegemist on siiski aryatayalt yeidi hilisema n6elaga ning ilmselt juba 9 sajandisse kuulllya peitleiuga (vt eespool) Kuigi nagu eespool naidatud Kunilepa peitleid ei kujutanud enesest suletud leiukomplekti v6ib siiski oletada ct sealne ristikujulise laiendiga r6ngaspean6el v6is olla leitud koos t6enaoliselt samasuguse noelaga millest on aga sailinud iiksnes pear6ngas Ei saa yalistada et needki n6elad on kuulunud naisele ja neid on kantud paarikaupa

MeroYingi- ja yarayiikingiaegsed ornamentimata kolmnurkpeaga noeJad esineyad mitmel juhul paarikaupa samuti on neisl mitme kiiljes sailinud ketishykatkeid Enamikul juhtudel koosneb kett laiematest lamekumerast ribast llilidest ning iiksikutest massiiYsematest iimmarguse labiloikega r6ngastesl Pajumaa noela kiiljes npub kaks ristkiilikukujulist naastu (tahv III 4) mist6ttu v6ib arYata et seda on kantud uhekaupa

Omaette kiisimus on kas kolmnurkpeaga n6elad kuulusid iiksnes naiste ehete hulka y6i kandsid neid ka mehed Ebaselge on ka nende v6imalik kandmisyiis Eesti arheoloogilised leiud sene kohta kahjuks kuigiY6rd pidepunkte ei pakll seeparast tuleb taas poorduda naabermaade vordleya materjali poole Leedus on kantud nuppotstega kolmnurkpeaga n6elu alati iihekaupa nagu ilmneb sealsetest laibamatustest (Volkaite-Kulikauskiene 1970 (69) Muu hulgas yiitaYad selleIe nende kiilge sageli kinnitatud ripatsitega keekandjad

Kuna rongaspt samal ajal on lo( V6imalik et vale peaga noclad mct naised hakanud k meeste pealisroivl ka kolmnurkpeagl

Hiljemalt alat( naiste ehetest tervikuna sailinud test ketist kahe nil on lehtomamendi pikk kahekordset ja v6imalik et lei Lilnulu-kujuline k~ tiiiipi keckandjagi iihekordse ketiga kantud m6nel juh1 taoline noel

Saaremaa tili ilmselt kuulusid n tud reeglina kah~ n6eltega leitud ka kuulusid k6ik sam

Eraldi tuleb m peaga n6cla (AI yen n6eltest on stilise baltiparane kringl tiiiipi noela kiiljes juurde kuuluv naa Ebatavaline on lis test iimmarguse n

kandjad kuulusid nocltega v6ib nim

Ka kaJ(sikrist) kompleksis puudu oli kinnitunud otse kuulus kaks vara nnnakees (tahy X teada oleyate iahti

ristpeaga n6elte jl ning mitmereahnl (tahy XI 5 X)

lvlarika Miigi Eesfi I11crovingi- ja viikillgiaegsed rinnanoelad - v66rapiirasedja ollad 51

19a eksemplarid on hauapanustega cliitshy

iparastele rongaspeashyoletanud et ka Ees ti suurte kettakujuliste siinmail pidada iisna ate ehetega millel on ~bausutav et Soome 111uvate n5eltega nan viiitnud et need Iii mehed kui naised s rahvusmuuseumis inmaki kalmistult on ~olmel juhul ilmselt

taiesti voi peaaegu lmed Soome Rahvusshy

tommata paralleele el juhtudel olla tegeshylie vahel on v6ib-olla

meeste ehted Keila ga n6elale just naise t on siiski arvatavalt mluva peitleiuga (vt ei kujutanud enesest

istiku julise laiendiga fe noelaga millest on i noelad on kuulunud

mnurkpeaga noelad kiiljes sailinud ketishyImerast ribast lulidest

rongastest Pajumaa III 4) mist5ttu voib

id uksnes naiste ehete voimalik kandmisviis i pidepunkte ei paku rjali poole Leedus on Iagu ilmneb sealsetest mlgas viitavad sellele

Kuna rongaspeaga ja kolmnurkpeaga noelu kanti Eestis samas piirkonnas ja sarnaI ajal on Joogiline oletada et iihed neist olid naiste teised meeste ehted V5imalik et vaJdavah ongi kolmnurkpeaga n5elad kuulunud naistele rongasshypeaga n5eJad meestele Samas on v6imalik et alates umbes 9 sajandist on ka naised hakanud kandma r6ngaspeaga noelu olgu siis iihe- voi kahekaupa ning meeste pealisroivaid on hakatud kinnitama iiksnes hoburaudsolgedega Ilmselt on ka kolmnurkpeaga n5elu kantud vahel iihekaupa toenaoliselt samuti naiste poolt

Hiljemalt alates 10 sajandist v5ib Eesti s riiiikida ehtenoeltest kui iiksnes naiste ehetest Lehtornamendiga kolmnurkpeaga noeltest on teada iiks tervikuna siiilirmd kee Liivalt Sec koosneb ainult iihest kahekordsetest rongasshytest ketist kane noela vahel Keekandjaid kasutatud ei ok Mitmel teiseJgi juhul on lehtornamendiga noelu leitud paarikaupa voi on iihe noela kiiljes rippunud pikk kahekordsetest liilidest kett Uimanda Kabelivaljalt saadud kolmnurkpeaga ja voi malik et lehtomamendiga noela (AI 382238) kiilge on siiski sulanud ka lunua-kujuline keekandja iiks Maidla taoline noel on aga leitud koos saaremaa tiiiipi keekandjaga Naib et enamasti on sellised noelad kuulunud siiski vaid iihekordse ketiga rinnakeedesse Ei saa vaJistada et Ichtomamendiga noelu on kantud monel juhul ka veel iihekaupa - naiteks Haimre naisematuses oli vaid iiks taoJine noel

Saaremaa tiilipi ehtenoelad esinevad juba niivord sageli paarikaupa et ilmselt kuuLusid need alati rinnakeega kokku Seda tiiiipi noelte kiilge on kinnitashytud reeglina kahekordsetest rongastest kette Sagelj on koos saaremaa tUiipi noeltega leitud ka samemaa tiiupi keekandjaid ning kee vaheliilisid mis ilmselt kuulusid koik samasse rinnaehtesse

Eraldi tuleb mainida Saaremaalt juhuleiuna saadud kaht lameda kolmnurkshypeaga noela (AI K 8546 107) mis on ilmselt kuu lunud iihte rinnakeesse Uks noeltest on stiliseeritud korvplettomamendiga saaremaa tiiiipi noel teine aga baltiparane kringlikujuliste laienditega lameda koJmnurkpeaga noel Saaremaa tiiiipi noela kii~es oleva pika ketikatke kiilj es on sailinud mingi voib-olla noatupe juurde kuuluv naast ning azuurse arvatavasti nn puull10tiiviga keekandja katke Ebatavaline on lisaks semgalliaparaseie noelale ka kelt mis koosneb massiivseshytest iimmarguse ristloikega iihekordsetest rongastest Kuna puumotiiviga keeshykandjad kuulusid iildjuhul kokku J J sajandi esimese poole kaksikristpeaga nocltega voib nimetatud rinnakee dateerida samasse aega

Ka kaksikristpeaga noelad esinevad kompleksides paarikaupa Aseri leiushykompleks is puudusid keekandjad ning sel juhul ilmselt vaid iiherealine rinnakee oli kinnitunud otse noeltele Keekandjaid ei olnud ka Verevi naisematuses kuhu kuulus kaks varasemat kaksikristpeaga noela samuti puudusid need Riuma rmnakees (tahv XI 4) Hil isemate S 0 1] sajandi esimese poole laibamatustest teada olevate lahtiste harudega voi ainult alumiste iihendatud harudega kaksikshyristpeaga noelte j uurde kuulusid alati azuursed nn puumotiiviga keekandjad ning mitmereal ine kahekordsetest rongastest rinnakee koos vaheliilidega (tahv XI 5 X)

Marika Magi52 Eesti merovillgi- jll

Ehtenoelte levikupiirkond

Pilk artiklis kasitletud merovingi- ja viikingiaegsete ehtenoelte levikukaartishydele naitab et Eesti v6ib selle esemeliigi p6hjal jagada kahte ossa Selleks tuleb t6mmata m6tteline diagonaal Virumaalt Parnu lahte kusjuures Virumaa on piirkond milles esineb m6lemale poolele iseloomulikke jooni M6ttelisest jooshynest pohja ja Winde jaab ala kus r6ivaste kinnitamine ehten6eltega oli traditshysiooniJine Eesti ida- ja 16unaosas v6eti ehten6elad laiemalt kasutusele aIles 10 sajandil Samasugune jaotus kehtib ka teiste ehteliikide puhul (Magi-Lou gas 1994 1995a) mistottu v6ib ilmselt raakida kahest eraldi kllltuuripiirkonnast mille r6ivastus ja kombed teineteisest erinesid

Rongaspeaga n6elu on ootusparaselt leitud eelkoige P6hja- ja Uiiine-Eestist ning Saaremaalt st aladelt kus oli merovingi- ja varaviikingiajal olemas ehteshyn6elte kandmise traditsioon (joon 11) Sarna voib beIda nuppotsaliste kolmnurkshypeaga n6elte kohta mis on dateeritud enam-vahem samasse aega (joon 12-13) Uksikud Eesti idapoolsest kultuuripiirkonnast leitud n6elad on valdavalt baltiparased v6imalik et l6unanaabritelt otseselt imporditud esemed 10 sajandi teisest poolest levima hakanud lameda kolmnurkpeaga saaremaa tUlipi ehten6elte suhtes on varasemad uurijad olnud seisukohal et tegemist on Saaremaale iseloomulike ehetega mid a mandrile on j6udnud vaid liksikud eksemplarid (Kustin 1962a 70 Selirand 1974 145) Praegustel andmetel on neid Jeitud Mandri-Eesti laaneosast siiski peaaegu samapalju kui saartelt (lisa) Lameda kolmnurkpeaga ehten6elte leviku v6ib seega seostada pigem saarte ja LaaneshyEesti lihise kultuuripiirkonnaga

Samaaegselt saaremaa tUlipi n6eltega (joon 14) ilmus ka Eesti ida- ja 16unaossa esimene omamaine ehten6elte tUlip lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad Valja arvatud moni liksik erand on neid leitud eelkoige Eesti idaosast kaasa arvatud Virumaa (joon 15) Kaksikristpeaga noelte tihendatud alumiste harudega variandi noelu on aga leitud juba tile kogu Eesti ehkki harvalt (joon 16) nagu ka neile jargnenud tileni tihendharulisi noelu

Lopetuseks

Muinastihiskonnas toimunud protsesside kajastajana on ehetel kahtlemata relvastuse jarel teisejargllline osa Muutuvad ju ehtetUtibid aeglasemalt on pikeshymalt kasutllsel ega levi nii kergesti naabermaadesse Ometigi on ehteid arheoshyloogilises materjalis tunduvalt enam kui relvi Eeskatt on see seotud matmisshykommetega midajargides maeti koos ehetega nii mehi kui naisi Ehted ei olnud ka nii viiartuslikud mist6ttu neist loobuti (naiteks hauapanusteks) kergema stidamega samuti laks neid sagedamini kaotsi Kui Eestis voib merovingi- ja viikingiaja relvastuses tiiheldada rahvusvaheliseks muutumist siis ehted peegeldavad eeskatt

bull 1

bull 2

Joan II Ronl

Fig II I

bull 1

bull 2

Joan 12 Variandi 21 k

Fig 12 Dislribuliorkohalikke eriparasid nii Eesti-siseselt kui v6rdluses naabermaadega

Marika Magi Eesti Ilerovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 53

lenoelte levikukaartishyte ossa Selleks tuleb sjuures Virumaa on loni Mottelisest jooshytenoeltega oli traditshynalt kasutusele alles puhul (Magi-Lougas kultuuripiirkonnast

hja- ja Laane-Eestist ingiajal olemas ehteshyppotsaliste kolmnurkshy~ aega (joon 12-13) oelad on valdavaJt ~ esemed 10 sajandi maa ttiiipi ehten6elte mist on Saaremaale Uksikud eksemplarid netel on neid leitud ~rtelt (lisa) Lameda em saarte ja Laaneshy

us ka Eesti ida- ja dega kaksikristpeaga Ikoige Eesti idaosast iihendatud alumiste ehkki harvalt (joon

n ehetel kahtlemata aeglasemalt on pikeshyigi on ehteid arheoshysee seotud matmisshy

si Ehted ei olnud ka ) kergema sUdamega Ivingi- ja viikingiaja peegeldavad eeskatt

adega

bull 1 Cl

bull 2

Joan J J RongaspeanoeJte levik J - Oks eksempJar 2 - kaks voi enam ekscmpJari

Fig J J Distribution of ring-headed pins J one find 2 two or more finds

Cl

bull 2

Joan J 2 Variandi 2 J kolmnurkpeaga noeJte Jevik J - Oks eksemplar 2 - kaks voi enam eksempJali

Fig 12 Distribution of triangular-headed rins of variant 2 J lone find 2 two or more finds

EeSfi merovingi- jaMarika Mdgi 54

bull 1

bull 2

loon J 5 Lahtiste hJoon 13 Nuppotsalistc lchtomamcndiga n6clte levik I - iiks ekscrnplar 2 - kaks v6i cnam cksernpl31i

Fig 13 Distribution of triangular-headed pins with end knobs and leafdcltoration lone lind 2 two or Fig 15 Distribution (more finds

bull 1

bull 2

Joon 16 Dhendatud a

Joa n 14 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6e1tc levik I - Oks ekscrnplar 2 - kaks v6i enam ckscmplari Fig 16 Distribution of Fig 14 Distribution of triangular-headed pins of Saarcmaa type lone find 2 two or more finds

Marika Miigi

~aks voi enam ekscmplari

Ilion 10m tind 2 two or

~t)l~j) -- C i

gt I middotmiddotmiddot~ 1 0 5 (gt~f bull bull J_

Eesli 11 crovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnallocad shy voorapiirascd ja (JlI1ad 55

bull 1 o

bull 2

Joon 15 Lahtiste harudcga kaksikristpeaga nacltc levik I - Uks eksemplar 2 - kaks vai enam eksemplari

Fig 15 Distribution of double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals lone find 2 two or more finds

bull 1 CJ

bull 2

Joon 16 Dhcndatud alumiste harudcga kaksikristpeaga naelte 1evik I - Uks eksemplar 2 - kaks v6i enam eksemplari

oi enam eksemplari Fig 16 Distribution of double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals lone find 2 two

nd 2 two or more finds or more finds

)

Marika Magi 56 Eesti merovillgi- ja

Ehten6elu on ajaloo jooksul kandnud nii mehed kui naised Vahe v6is olla tiksnes kandmisviisis (naiteks meestel tihe- naistel kahekaupa) eri n6elattilipides v6i ka eri perioodides Nii ei ole Eesti mehed ilustanud end ehten6elaga viikingiaja teisel poole Ehten6elad on kuulunud eeskatt saarte ja Laane-Eesti ehtekandmistraditsiooni Jda- ja L6una-Eestisse illmusid esimesed kohapealsed ttitibid alles viikingiaja keskel

Tbb esemete ning arhiivimaterjaliga v6imaldas esitada enamiku Eesti merovingi- ja vilkingiaja n6elte kohta tapsustatud ttipoloogia ning dateeringud Uoon 17) Loodetavasti 6nnestus luua varasemast tervikilikum pilt rinnan6elte morfoloogilisest arengust Tapsustatud dateeringud v6imaldavad loodetavasti liigitada Uipsemalt ka tilejaanud Eesti kasitletavate perioodide ieiukomplekse ning luua seelabi parema ettekujutuse kogu tolleaegsest tihiskonnast tervikuna

600 700 800 900 1000 1100

loon 17 Noelte dateeringud

Fi g 17 Dates of pins

Tanuavaldus

Autor tanab k6iki kes aitasid kaasa kaesoleva artikli valmimisele eeskatt fotograafe Rein Karneritja Enno V~iljalit ning kunstnikke Kersti Siitanit ja Jaana Ratast samuti inglise keele korrektorit Gordon Snowd

Kasutatud kirjandus

Ariste E 1938 Die eS Ll andisehen Ringkop fnade ln - OES Toim XXX 48-64 Aroalho J 1978 Lieto Haimionmaki Nuoremman rautakauden polttokenttakalmisto Aurajokishylaaksossa Pro gradu-tutkielma - Karhullhammas 2 Turku Cleve N 1978 Skelettgravfiilten pa Kjuloholm i Kjulo II Vikingatid oeh korstagstid Gravfaltet C - SMYA XLIV 2 Edgren T 1973 En baltisk smyckenal frltln Veitakkala i Salo - SMY A 75 30--31 Hackman A 1938 Das Brandgriiberfcld von Pukkila in Isokyro - SMYA XLI Hardh B 1976 Wikingerzeitliche Depotfunde atls Slidschwcdcn Katalog und Tafeln Lund

Indreko R 1937 Aru (Kasikiri AI-s) Jaanusson H 1971 ] 99-104 Jansson I 1995 Dres Kivikoski E 1941 Wi Kivikoski E 1942 Ka Kivikoski E 1973 Di1 Justin A 19621 Ran( Kustin A I962h Saal 13 sajandi alguseni) D Kustin A 1965 An aasta Tallinn (Kiisikir Kustin A 1969 Aruan Lang V 1996 Muistl Loode-Eestis eri ti Pirit Latvijas PSR arhcologij Lavi A 1986a Raatve AI-s) Lavi A 19S6b Arual (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1988 Aruan (Kasikiri A1-s) LehtosaIo-Hiiander P Ligi P 1993 Vadjapar Liiugas V 1973 Das I

SMYA 75117-131 Lougas V amp Magi-Lo TATU 127- 33 Mandel M 1980 Aru 1977 aastal Tallinn (K Mandel M 1982 Linn Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Moora H 1932 Aru~ kaevamisest 1-8 ja 14 Miigi-Lougas M 1994 484 Miigi-Lougas M 1995a Magi-Lougas M 1995t Nerman B r929 Die jlingcrell Eisellzeit - KUI Pauts H 1995 Uiane-E Parss A 1950 Kalmc Koola k Veski Ll) maa Ranta H 1996 Persona Finland Helsinki 36-50 Salmo H 1941 Mcrov SM XLVII 11-39 Schmiedehelm M 1930 ku ucsczcniu sicdemdl B i hI ioteka Prchistoryczna SchmiedeheJm M 1939

1100

57 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

lised Vahe v6is olla oa) eri n6elatiiiipides ud end ehten6elaga aarte ja Uiane-Eesti imesed kohapealsed

ada enamiku Eesti gia ning dateeringud kum pilt rinnan6elte aldavad loodetavasti pdide leiukomplekse konnast tervikuna

valmimisele eeskiitt ersti Siitanitja Jaana

48-64 kenWikalmisto Aurajokishy

eh korstagslid Gravfaltet

7530--31 oXLL g und Tafcln Lund

Indreko R 1937 Aruanne kaevamistest Haimre koolimaja 6ues 19 VII 37 - 20 Vll 37 a Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Jaanusson H 197 L Ett estniskt korsformat hange fran Bjurhovda i Vasteras - Fornvannen 2 99-104 Jansson I 1995 Dress pins of East Baltic type made on Gotland - AEW 83-90 Kivikoski E 1941 Itabalttian ja Suomen suhteista viikinkiajalla - SM XLVIl 40-50 Kivikoski E 1942 Kappale Salon seudun rautakautta - SM XLVlII 13-30 Kivikoski E 1973 Die Eisenzeit Finnlands Bildwerk und Text Neuausgabe Helsinki Kustin A 1962a Randvere kivikalmistu SaaremaaL - MKA 58- 130 Kustin A 1962b Saaremaa ja Muhu muistised feodalismi Uirkamise perioodist (II sajandist kuni J3 sajandi alguseni) Diss kand Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Kustin A J965 Aruanne Kurevere ki vikuhelik-kalmistu arheoloogilisest kaevamisest 1965 aastal Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Kustin A 1969 Aruanne Rahu kivikalme kaevamisest 1959 aastal Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lang V 1996 Muistne Riivala Muistised kronoloogia ja maaviljclusliku asustuse kujunemine Loode-Eestis eriti Pirita joe alamjooksu piirkonnas - MT 4 Latvijas PSR arheologija 1974 RIga Lavi A 1986a Raat vere maa-aluse kalmistu arheoloogilisest uurimisest 19) I a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1986b Aruanne arheoloogilistest kaevamistest Raatvere kalmemael 1982 a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1988 Aruanne Raatvere kalmemae ala arheoloogilisest uurimisest 1983 a Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Lehtosalo-Hilander P - L 1982 Luistari II The Artefacts - SMY A 822 Ligi P 1993 Vadjaparased kalmed Eestis 9-16 sajandiL - MT 2 7-175 Lougas V 1973 Das mitteleisenzeitliche Steingrab von Lehmja Loo in der Nahe von Tallinn shySMYA 75117-131 Luugas V amp Magi-Lougas M 1994 Investigation of ancient monuments at Poide 1991-1992 shyTATO 127-33 Mandel M 1980 ArUal1l1e Uugla kivikalme ja p611ukivihunniku arheoloogi1istest kaevamistest 1977 aastaL Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Mandel M 1982 Linnam~ie maa-aluse p61etuskalmistu kaevamiste aruanne 1976-1980 aastast Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Moora H 1932 Aruanne Rannu kihelk Vcrevi kUla Safldimardi talu maal oleva kivikalme kaevamisest 1-8 ja 14 juun 1932 Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Magi-Lougas M 1994 Eesti viik j ngiaeg~ed hoburauds61ed ja nende ornament - TATO 4 465shy484 Magi-Lougas M 1995a Eesti viikingiaegsed kiiev6rud ja nende ornament - MT 3 271-325 Magi-Liiugas M 1995b lila matus Arhcoloogilised kacvarnised pabcril - TATO 516-531 Nerman n 1929 Die Verbindungen zwischen SkandinaviGn und dem Ostbaltikum in der jiingcren Eiscnzeit - Kungl Vitterhets ock Antikvitets Akadcmien Handlingar 40 1 Stockholm Pauts H 1995 Liiiine-Eesti hoburaudsolcd (8-13 sajand) Diplomitoli Tartu (Kiisikiri AI-s) Piirss A 1950 Kalmc J6geva rajooni Koala kiilanoukogu 9 mai kolhoosi (end Laiuse khk K60la kL Veski tl) maaL Kacv 7-23 VIII 1950 a (Juh H Moora) Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Ranta H 1996 Personal ornaments - Vainionmaki - a Merovingian Period Cemetery in Laitila Finland Helsinki 36-50 SaImo H 1941 Merovinkiaikaisen ratsusotilaan hautakalusto Euran pitajan Pappilanmaesta shySM XLVII 11-39 Schmiedehelm M 1930 Einige Funde der mittleren Eisenzeit aus Estland - Ksi~ga pamiqtkowa ku ucsczeniu siedemdziesiqtej roezniey urodzin prof dr Wlodzimierza Demetrykiewieza Biblioteka Prehistoryclna L Poznan 318-329 Schmiedehelm M 1939 Kuusalu Pajulinn - MEL 121-138

Marika Magi58 EeSfi merovilgi- ja

Selirand J 1974 Eestlaste matmiskombed varafeodaalsete suhete Uirkamise perioodil (11-13 sajand) Tallinn Selirand J 1993 Aruanne kaevamistest Madi kivikalmel Viljandi rajoonis (end Viljandi kihelkond) 1962 a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Stromberg M 1961 Untersuchungen wr jOngcren Eisenzeit in Schonen Vblkerwanderungseit shyWikingerzeit I-II Acta Archaeologica Lundensia series in 4deg no 4 Lund Snore R 1930 Dzelzs laikmeta latvidu rotas adatas - LatvieSll aizvestures materiilli Riga Tallgren A M 1925 Zur Arehiiologie Eestis II Von 500 bis etwa 1250 n Chr Dorpat Tamla T 1991 lamenevate otstega kaevorud Eesti noorema rauaaja (10-13 sajandi) leidudes shyMT I 134--145 TautayWiene B 1981 III-XVI a sidabriniai ir sidabru puosti dirbiniai Vilnius The Road from the Varangians w the Greeks and from the Greeks 1996 Catalogue of the Exibition State Historical Museum MOSlOW fhumnark-Nylen L 1983 Gotland och OstbaJtikum - Gutar och vikingar Stockholm 306-322 Thunmark-Nylen L 1995 Churchyard Finds from Gotland (1llh - It centuries) -AEW 161shy193 Tonisson E 1974 Die Gauja-Liven und ihre materielle Kultur (II lh - Anfang 13 1hs) Tallinn Volkaitc-Kulikauskienc R 1970 Lieluviai IX- XII 3mziais Vilnius

Ayn M 1992 ApXeOJIOIWleCKHe naM5ITHllKH BTOPOH nononHHbl I-ro TblC5I4eneTWI H 3 B IOroshyBOCTOLlflOii 3CTOHIIH TanJlHlll1 CenoB B n 1985 l-b60pcK B 8-10 BeKax - HAn 119-130 CenOBa M B 1981 IOneJlllpllble I131CJIH5I )]pcllllero H06ropona (X-XV 66) MOCK6a CmmblH A A 1896 Kyprallbl c-ne-repfiyprCKOii ly6CpHHII R pacKonKax n K HBaIlOBCKoro - MaTcpllanbl no apxeoJlonm POCCIIII 20 C-neTep6ypl IIIMHnexeJJbM M X 1959 loponflluc PblYIC II IOro-BocT0411oii 3nOllllii - Bonpocbl 3TH114eshyCKOH HCTOPlfH lIapO)WB npH6a~nlKII 110 )lltlIlIlblM apxeoJlorI-lII 3TlIOlpaXilII H 3HTpOIlOnOllm MocKna 154--185

Marika Magi

DECORA TIVE PINS OF THE MEROVINGIAN AND VIKING AGES IN ESTONIA FOREIGN AND LOCAL

Summary

The Merovingian Period (600-800) and the Viking Age (800-1050) have been treated as comparati vely empty of finds in Estonian archaeology The local culture has been believed to have developed since only the [ lth century The dating of artefacts from these periods has been imprecise and usually later than in Finland or Scandinavia

In this paper 253 Estonian decorative pins from the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age have been analysed (Appendix ) They were all meant for fastening coats or dresses small pins for fastening linen kerchiefs appear in the burials only at the end of the Viking Age

According to the general point of view in Estonian archaeology artefact complexes are almost completely lacking in our archaeological material during

the Merovingian I burial customs of has proved howe cremations have b

Altogether 41 (

ff a fron pills

Eight iron pins at least one of then Ariste 1938 PI Il resemble their pre

i lb Bronze pills v

The shape of thi the head ring has decorated with a sn

All plI1S of thi specimens were u wrapping and somt

f2a PillS with simi

The upper and I marked with straigh case

f2h PinI with ciru

Pins of this sub- have also been foun flanges around the r disks have been de luxurious of this t)

pllaques

rkamise pcrioodil (11 -13

Ii rajoonis (end Viljandi

In Viilkerwanderungsze il shymd ures materiali Riga 0 n Chr Dorpat 0-13 sajandi) leidudes shy

Vilnius 1996 Catalogue of the

ngar Stockholm 306-322 h centuries) -AEW 161shy

-Anfang 13 1d1S) Tallinn

TbIC~4CJlCTlll H 3 13 IOro-

V Btl) MOCKua

middotnKax 11 K VlllallOI3CKoro

~HIIII - BOflPOCbl JTHWleshy

)rpaXIII I anTpOIIOJlOrl1H

I VIKING AGES IN L

ge (800-1050) have lrchaeology The local the II th century The and usually later than

erovingian Period and t were all meant for erchiefs appear in the

archaeology artefact )gical material during

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 59

the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The basis for this view has been the burial customs of these times especially cremations My research in our archives has proved however that more or less certamiddotin complexes in stone graves with cremations have been undervalued

1 Ring-headed pins

Altogether 41 ring-headed pins are known from Estonia

11 Earlier variant of ring-headed pins

1la 1ron pins

Eight iron pins have been found in Estonia up to now Though simply shaped at least one of them has been fitted with a rectangular plaque (Kuma AM 2968 Ariste 1938 PI III6) These pins are the oldest ones of the type and closely resemble their predecessors shepherd-crook pins

1lb Bronze pins with widening or profiled neck (Pl 1l11 2)

The shape of these pins is similar to that of the iron specimens In three cases the head ring has been wrapped with silver wire The neck is sometimes decorated with a small round decorative shield (Fig 14 PI IH2)

12 Later variant of ring-headed pins

All pins of this variant had necks of triangular cross-section The later specimens were usually bigger more decorated especially by silver-wire wrapping and sometimes fitted with plaques All of them were made of bronze

12a Pins with silllple triangular neck (Fig 21 2 Pl 1V)

The upper and lower edges of the front side of the neck of these pins were marked with straight ridges The head ring has been wrapped by wire only in one case

12b Pins with circular flanges around their neck (Fig 2 3 PI 111 5 V 1-3)

Pins of this sub-variant were most typical to Estonia though some specimens have also been found in Finland and Latvia There were usually three circular flanges around the neck In most cases both the head ring and the edges of the disks have been decorated with silver wrapping These pins were the most luxurious of this type usually bigger than the others and often fitted with plaques

Marika Magi60 Eesti merovingi- ja

12c Pins with cross-shaped extension (Fig 2 4 Pl X 2-3)

Three pins of this sub-variant have been found in Estonia at Kuusalu (AI 2827) Pajumaa (AM 134 19) and Kunilepa (AI 2483 16) These have been treated as later specimens of ring-headed pins and as specifically Estonian (Tallgren 192581 Ariste 19383754 Kivikoski 197367)

Discussion

Estonian ring-headed pins originated from small pins of the same type in Latvia especially in Semgallien and in northern Lithuania Small Lithuanian ring-headed pins were dated to the 7th-8th centuries bigger ones to the 9th century (Volkaite-Kulikauskiene 1970 168) Numbers of these pins have been found in Finland where they were treated as ornaments of Estonian origin and dated usually to the 7th-8th centuries (Hackman 1938 105-115 LehtosaloshyHilander 1982 109 Ranta 199642) Specimens with a cross-shaped extension could be dated to the 9th century too (Hackman 1938 114) However a ringshyheaded pin of variant ~ 2a from Lillmalmsbacken was found together with a hexahedral ring from a penannular brooch and some other items and could thus be dated to the 9th century too (data from archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki)

Twelve ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were known in Finland in 1973 (Kivikoski 1973 67) and only three specimens in Estonia Estonian pins of this sub-variant have been found in coastal areas or in a deposit at Kunilepa which also contains some other items of Finnish origin (eg early penannular brooches with flat ring) Thus most probably can we talk about a Finnish rather than an Estonian origin for these pins At least two such pins have also been found in Latvia (Snore 1930 Pl IX 15 22)

Tallgren has suggested that ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were predecessors of double-cross-headed pins (1925 81) Ariste (1938) did not support this theory because the dates of these ornaments differed too much It should be noted that some cross-headed pins of Southern Baltic origin with three terminals were spread at the same time in Finland One specimen has been also found in Estonia (PI X 1) Ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extensions could be speciall Finnish ornaments connected both with the ring-headed and cross-headed pins Both concepts are particuhlrly evident in a ring-headed pin with a cross-shaped extension from Liedon Sauvala which is fitted with a supplementary cross inside its head ring (Hackman 1938 Fig 35)

Only one of the Estonian ring-headed pins has been found in an undisturbed find complex in a deposit at Keila (PI IV) This find was probably not complete however because it lacked a second fastener for the chain (another pin) The find could be dated to the 9th century A collection of finds from Kunilepa usually treated as a deposit were obviously picked up from an earlier destroyed grave as

became clear frc probable grave cc spots the grave oj the later part of P Asva to the 8th-91

Ariste has da~

beginning of the supposed making 10th-II th centur~ to my study the I

the 7th century or mainly during the in the 9th century

Only triangulaJ These pins have 1

knobs Mushroom shaped ones to be study both variant pins are described I

This variant in usuaJly earlier but

21a Pins with sma

Fifteen pins fro were all smaller spe

21 h Pins with a Sir

Nine pins of th average in size an sometimes decorate(

21 c Pins with a del

Only four pins fl (PI IX I) was dec~ import from Curonia

61 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - vooraparasedja omad

I)

Estonia at Kuusalu 6) These have been

pecifically Estonian I

of the same type in ia Small Lithuanian ~ger ones to the 9th hese pins have been Estonian origin and 105-1 ] 5 Lehtosaloshyass-shaped extension 4) However a ringshylund together with a items and cou ld thus f the department of

ion were known In

~ecimens in Estonia areas or in a deposit

ish origin (eg early can we talk about a ~ t two such pins have

bss-shaped extension Ariste (1938) did not differed too much It tltic origin with three ~cimen has been also k shaped extensions the ring-headed and in a ring-headed pin lich is fitted with a ~ 35) nd in an undisturbed obably no complete lother pin) The find ~m Kunilepa usually r destroyed grave as

became clear from a conversation with a descendant of the landowner The probable grave could be dated to the 8th-9th centuries From the rest of the find spots the grave of Lehmja-Loo was dated to the 7th century (LOugas 1973 129) the later part of Presti grave to the 7th-8th centuries and the later dwelling layer in Asva to the 8th-9th centuries (Lougas amp Mligi-L6ugas 199432-33)

Ariste has dated Estonian ring-headed pillS from the 7th century up to the beginning of the 10th century (1938 62) Schmiedehelm and Selirand have supposed making reference to Ariste that these pins were also in use during the 10th-11th centuries (Schmiedehelm 1939 136 Selirand 1974 ] 44) According to my study the earlier variant of Estonian ring-headed pins cOUild be dated to the 7th century only The later variant pins with more local character were used mainly during the 8th century Pins of sub-variants 12a and 12c were in use also in the 9th century

2 Triangular-headed pins

Only triangular-headed pins with end knobs were discussed in this paper These pins have up to now been typologized according to the shape of their knobs Mushroom-shaped terminaLs were considered to be earlier and conicshyshaped ones to be later variants (Tangren 1925 80) According to the present study both variants were in use at the same time End knobs typical of the later pins are described in this paper as hat-shaped (Fig 3)

21 Pins without any special decoration

This variant includes 41 pins of different size Smaller specimens were usually earlier but there were quite a number of exceptions to this rule

21a Pins with smooth heads (PI VI 1 3)

Fifteen pins from the Merovingian Period belong to this sub-variant They were all smaller specimens with mushroom- or conic-shaped end knobs

21 h Pins with a smooth triangular hollow

Nine pins of this sub-variant are known in Estonia They were small or average in size and half of them had hat-shaped end knobs The head is sometimes decorated with a single knob in the middle

21 c Pins with a decoration ofconcentric triangles

Only four pins from Estonia belong to this sub-variant A pin from ViI tina (PI IX 1) was decorated with two ammal (horse) figures and is probably an import from Curonia or Semgallien

Marika Magi 62 Eesti merovillgimiddot jl

21d Pins with afaceted triangular hollow (Pi 111 3 4 VI 2)

Sixteen medium-sized or bigger pins belong to this sub-variant Only one of them had a hat-shaped end knob (Presti PI In 3) all the others had only mushroom- or conic-shaped knobs Many of these pins had a faceted neck (Fig 4 4)

22 Pins with a decoration of leaves (Pi V 4-5 V1I V11I 1- 3)

The shape of these pins resembled that of the former variant but the smooth hollow in the head was decorated with three leaves 46 pins or fragments of pins of this variant are known in Estonia Many of them were found in cremations and were bad1ly burnt Hat-shaped end knobs were characteristic of these pins The neck was faceted in 11 specimens (Fig 5) The reverse of some of these pins was decorated with eyes (PI V 5) Such specimens had almost no faceted neck Pins with a faceted neck were thus morphologically ear(jer and the specimens with a decoration on their reverse sides were later in this variant group

Discussion

Triangular-headed pins were widespread in Latvia and Lithuania where their decoration usually differed clearly from that of Estonian pins Pins with mushroom-shaped end knobs were dated to the 7th-9th centuries in L ithuania (Tautaviciene 1981 169) Triangular-headed pms appeared in Latvia as early as 500 and were spread mainly in Semgallien and in the Lower-Daugava area (Snore 1930 PI XXIX 1 Latvijas 1974 PI 40 4 I 3) Some specimens have also been found in Russia (Sedova 198173 Sedov 1985 123 F ig 1 7 8) Triangular-headed pins in FinlJand have been treated as ornaments of Latvian or Estonian origin and dated to the Merovingian Period or the beginning of the Viking Age (Kivikoski 197367-6899 Fig 448 72 l Lehtosalo-Hilander 1982 108)

Pins with leaf decoration were found not only in Estonia but also in Semgallien and Curonia Probably only one specimen has been found in Finland (Rusko Kankare Kivikoski 197367 99) Some pins with leaf decoration were known from Gotland (Nerman 1929 Fig 173-174 177 Thunmark-Nylen 1983 Fig 10 Jansson 1995 88-89 Fig 8) and from the mainland of Sweden (Stromberg 1961 165 PI 73 8 9) One has been found at Trelleborg in Denmark (Michael Andersen pers comm) Two fragmentary pins of this variant belonged to a silver hoard from Baldringe in Skanc (Hardh 1976 PI 20 10 11) and were interesting for us because of their material Ali triangular-headed pins in Estonii were made of bronze The finds in Baldringe proved that the Estonians used to make similar ornaments of both materials but the silver specimens were probably re-cast later

Some of the complexes Thret some bracelets 1

cremation at Hai could be dated to and Maidla gravi datcd to the same

Seven pins of in 1m have been XXVII 4-5) The 8th centuries in (Schmiedehelm 11 L6ugas 1994 32shy

Schmiedehelm (1930) The pins according to Kus According to my Merovingian Perilt the end of the 9th 10th century Arou

Pins of this var and are therefore I

shaped terminals al have been found u majority of them hi draw parallels with elaborated decorati consisting only of broken off and fixel

23a Pins with lea

Six pins of this These pins were pre

23b Pins with plail

Plait decoration not very widespreao and the 11 til centul)

Marika Miigi Eesli merovingi- ja viikil1gi(egsed rinl1aHoelad shy viJiJrapiirasedja ()mad 63

2)

I-variant Only one of the others had oniy

l a faceted neck (Fig

II VIII 1-3)

ariant but the smooth s or fragments of pins und in cremations and tic of these pins The ome of these pins was no faceted neck Pins the specimens with a

roup

~ithuania where their ~ ian pins Pins with centuries in Lithuania d in Latvia as early as Lower-Daugava area

Some specimens have 5 123 Fig I 7 8) naments of Latvian or the beginning of the

Itosalo-Hilander 1982

Estonia but also in een found in Finland

1 leaf decoration were hunmark-Nylen 1983 mainland of Sweden und at Trelleborg in ary pins of this variant h 1976 PI 20 to 11) triangular-headed pins inge proved that the terials but the silver

Some of the Estonian triangubr-headed pins were found in closed find complexes Three pins of variant 21 belonged to a deposit at Inju together with some bracelets which allowed the find to be dated to the 7th-8th centuries A cremation at Haimre (PI V) contained only one pin with leaf decoration and could be dated to the 10th century Some similar pins from Rahu (Kustin 1969) and Maidla graves (data from find lists and plans of Mati Mandel) could be dated to the same time because of the other finds in the burials

Seven pins of the earlier variant have been found in hill-forts Two specimens in Iru have been dated to the 6l7th-8th centuries (Lang 1996 96-97 102 PI XXVII 4--5) The layers where the pins were found have been dated to the 7thshy

8th centuries in Rouge (AYH 1992 65) to the 6th-9th centuries in Otepali (Schmiedehelm 195963) and to the 7th-9th centuries in Pbide (Lougas amp MagishyL6ugas 199432-33)

Schmiedehelm dated Estonian pins of variant 2 J to the 6th-9th centuries (1930) The pins with leaf decoration were used during the II th-12th centuries according to Kustin and Selirand (Kustin J962b 405 Selirand 1974 145) According to my study the pins of variant 21 were used during the whole Merovingian Period and the 9th century Pins with leaf decoration appeared at the end of the 9th century at the latcst and were in use during the whole of the 10th century Around 1000 they were replaced by pins of the next variant

23 Pins of Saaremaa type

Pins of this variant differ morphologically from the above-discussed variants and are therefore treated separately here These pins were flat with flat heartshyshaped terminals and a high loop on their neck (Fig 6) Altogether 63 specimens have been found up to now as many as 49 of them on Saaremaa (Osel) The majority of them have been found in cremations and were badly burnt If we may draw parallels with the other ornament types the more massive specimens with elaborated decoration were earlier than the thin pins with stylised decoration consisting only of a few lines In many cases the heads of these pins had been broken off and fixed to a new iron shaft ie recycled

23a Pins with leal decoration (PI VI 4 VIII 6-7)

Six pins of this variant have a more or less stylised decoration of three leaves These pins were probably the earliest ones in vanant 23

23b Pins with plait decoration (Fig 8 PI VIII 5 IX 2)

Plait decoration was popular in L atvia and Lithuania over a long period but not very widespread in Estonia On Saaremaa bracelets of the late Viking Age and the 11 th century had often the same pattern In six cases also the reverse of

Marika Magi64 Eesti merovingi- ja

the pins had been decorated mostly with eyes These specimens were also more massive ie probably somewhat earlier

23c Pins with some other kind ofdecoration (Fig 7 Pl VI 5 VIII 4 IX 4-5)

Different kinds of simple patterns were spread on the pins of Saaremaa type most of them having counterparts in Latvia More and less massive specimens occurred in this sub-variant too Though the pattern usually consisted of different lines some pins were decorated with one or more eyes only (Fig 7 Pl IX 4) These could probably be treated as imports from Latvia like some other somewhat unusual pins of this sub-variant

Discussion

Pins of this variant were widespread in Latvia particularly in Curonia and Semgallien but also in the Lower-Daugava area They were dated to the lOthshy12th centuries there (Snore 1930 Pl XV LA 1974 Pl 481 5014 15525 T6nisson 1974 Pl XXXVI2) The decoration of Latvian pins usually differed from that of Estonian pins and even plait decoration seems to have not been very popular on this type of pins in Latvia

Only single pins of this variant have been found in the other neighbouring countries most of them specifically Latvian (Nerrnan 1929 Figs 175-178 Kivikoski 1973 99 Fig 720 Jansson 1995 88-89) The only exceptions were two pins from Garda churchyard on Gotland which were decorated with leaves (Thunmark-Nylen 1995 185 Fig 13) A small piece of a similar pin has been found as a stray find in Roskilde Denmark (Andersen pers comm)

In Uugla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin with leaf decoration has been found together with a knife pieces of chain arrangement a bronze plaque and a bracelet (Mandel 1980) The grave could be dated to the end of the 10th century or to the beginning of the 11 th century according to the bracelet (Magi-Lougas 1995b 521) In Maidla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin was found in the same chain arrangement with a pin of variant 22 (data from find lists and plans of Mandel) In Randvere graveyard a pin of variant 23 fixed to an iron shaft was found together with a penannular brooch with poppy-shaped terminals and with sherds of fine-grained pottery (data from Kustin 1962a 64-65 97) The complex could be dated around 1000

Kustin dated Saaremaa type pins to the 11th-12th centuries (1962a 70) As proved above the earlier specimens of this variant appeared as early as the 10th century and were used contemporarily with pins of variant 22 Saaremaa type pins stayed in use during the whole 11 th century and were replaced by doubleshycross-headed pins with united terminals at the beginning of the 12th century at the latest

Only some sin Viking Age have terminals appear 0

centuries Only lht local ornament typ

Double-cross-hl number of pin he probably for a lon

41 PillS

A tolal of 42 pi have been found il variants but the b thus SUbjective Tt specific construclio but a decoration of bigger thinner ofte (Fig 10) The earl ones were usually n

42 Pi

This group incl specimens as in the of these two groups

43

These pins appea the 11th century Ill

variant resemble late

Few specimens 01 Estonia They had be in Finland Pins frO centuries (Cleve 191

65 Marilw Magi Eesfi mcOvingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad - vooraparased ja onwd

imens were also more

VI 5 VI 4 IX 4-5)

pins of Saaremaa type ~ss massive specimens

usually consisted of e eyes only (Fig 7 PI Jatvia like some other

ularly in Curonia and ere dated to the 10thshy4815014 15525 ~ pins usually differed to have not been very

he other neighbouring 1929 Figs 175-178

only exceptions were decorated with leaves

a similar pin has been s comm) Dration has been found bronze plaque and a

nd of the 10th century bracelet (Miigi-L6ugas Nas found in the same find lists and plans of d to an iron shaft was )ed terminals and with -6597) The complex

Ituries (l962a 70) As ed as early as the 10th lilt 22 Saaremaa type re replaced by doubleshyof the 12th century at

3 Early cross-headed pins (PI X 1 XI 2)

Only some single cross-headed pins dated to the Merovingian Period or the Viking Age have been found in Estonia Small cross-headed pins with united terminals appear only after the Viking Age and were used over a period of some centuries Only the idea of cross-headed pins was borrowed from the Baits and a local ornament type was created on its base a double-cross-headed pin

4 Double-cross-headed pins

Double-cross-headed pins were specifically Estonian ornaments Quite a number of pin heads of this type have been fixed to an iron shaft and used probably for a long time after they were made

41 Pins with unconnected terminals (Pt X 4-6 XI 1 3-5)

A total of 42 pins with unconnected te rminals or pieces of such kind of pins have been found in Estonia They could be divided into earlier and later subshyvariants but the border between these two groups would be too undefined and thus subjective The earlier specimens were usually smaller thicker and with specific construction of their neck (Fig 9) They were often decorated with eyes but a decoration of conce ntric circles was also possible Later pins were always bigger thinner often silver-plated and had a special trapezoid loop on their neck (Fig 10) The earlier specimens were often deformed and burnt but the later ones were usually not burnt and in several cases found in inhumations

42 Pins with connected lower terminals (Pl X 7 XII)

This group includes 21 pins Thc same criteria about earlier and later specimens as in the former variant were also valid in this variant hence the pins of these two groups were at least partly contemporary

43 Pins with completely connected terminals

These pins appeared at the very end of the Viking Age ic at the middle of the 11 th century and will thus be not considered here Some specimens of thi s variant ]escmble iatcr specimens of the fonner variants

Discussion

Few specimens of pins with unconnected terminals have been found outSIde E stonia They had been usually used as pendants Five of them have been found in Finland Pins from Lillmalmsbacken and EU-cl were dated to the 9th-10th centuries (Cleve 1978 105) Two pins have been found in inhumations in

Marika Miigi66 Eesti merovingi- ja

Kjuloholm and dated to the beginning of the II th century (Cleve 1978 105 PI 8 15) Pendants from Estonian double-cross-headed pins have been found in late Viking Age cremations in Bjurhovda Central-Sweden (Jaanusson 1971) in North Norway and Gotland (Jansson 1995 88 fig 7) Some of them were

known from barrows in Northwest Russia (ClII1UbIH 1896 PI V 6 XVII 32) No double-cross pins have been found in Latvia or Lithuania according to the literature

A pin from Koola graveyard (PI X 4) was unearthed together with pieces of chain a glassbead bronze spirals and a bracelet all badly burnt (Parss 1950) Two pins from Verevi had belonged to the same chain arrangement and were found together with a bracelet a bell piece of neck-ring and a penannular brooch pi n with narrow base (Moora 1932) Both these burials could belong to the 10th century

In a womans grave in Aseri two doub Pe-cross-headed pins of earlier character were found with bracelets with thickening ends a spiral bracelet chain pieces and bronze spirals This complex could not be later than the middle of the 10th century because of the bracelets of earlier type in it (M~igi-Lougas 1995a 280 ff Fig 30)

A double-cross-pin of later character belonged to a deposit at Piihaste which also contained some other ornaments and could be dated to the first half of the 11 th century Some pairs of pins with specifically later features have been found in inhumations Graves from Alatskivi Raatvere and Tooste could be mentioned here all dated to the first half of the ] I th century (PI XI 5) A small doubJeshycross-headed pin fixed secondarily to a bronze stem belonged to a cremation of the second half of the 11 th century in Jouga (Ligi 1993 53-54 PI XXVIII 5)

Two double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals had belonged to a womans grave in Madi together with chain fragments bronze spira ls fingershyrings pieces of neck-rings a knife a belt buckle a comb a fire-steel bits and potsherds (Sel irand 1993) In Rahu a pin of the same variant occurred together with a penannular brooch chain arrangements a finger-ring and bits (Kustin 1969) Both these complexes could be dated to the 11th century Two pins of variant 42 belonged to a female inhumation grave in Raatvere and were dated to the first half of the J I th century (PI XII)

As proved above the double-cross-headed pins were cOl1nected with ringshyheaded pins with cross-shaped extension only through common predecessors ie cross-headed pins Looking at the shape of double-cross-headed pins one can ask if they could be connected with the Orthodox cross and perhaps with the conversion of Russia at the end of the 10th century The idea could be supported by the distribution of these pins the double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals were the only variant of dress fastening pins that were concentrated in the eastern half of Estonia

As the double-cross-headed pins appeared in Estonia before the end of the JOth century they cannot be directly connected with the Christianization of

Russia but influe not be discounteo definite evidence (

Selirand has ( centuries (1974 I terminals As pm appeared by the m morphologically t( were in use up to variant 43

Some findings used Parallels in could differ among

As most of the these ornaments WI men in Finland (I Latvia and Lithuan suggested that Esto Estonian ring-head southern neighbour Finland wore the sa

Hackman has re in Finland were all these pins were fa numbers were in s (KM 8067 A3 4 S of archaeology in N variant in Estonia h pin that could belo Keila was found tc woman (PI IV)

In conclusion on and the big luxuriol and 12c were used by women It is po during the 9th centUl

The triangular-he and were sometime~

arrangement Only 0

plaques and had prot

67 Marika Miigi Eesti mcrovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

(Cleve 1978 105 PI have been found in late (Jaanusson 1971) in

Some of them were

6 PI V 6 XVII 32) uania according to the

together with pieces of lIy burnt (Piirss 1950) arrangement and were ing and a penannuJar mrials could belong to

lins of earlier character bracelet chain pieces

the middle of the 10th -L6ugas I995a 280 ff

posit at Ptihaste which to the first half of the ~tures have been found te could be mentioned 1 5) A small doubleshynged to a cremation of -54 PI XXYIlI 5) erminals had belonged bronze spirals fingershy

0 a fire-steel bits and ~ [wnt occurred toget h er -ring and bits (KUstin century Two pins of

vere and were dated to

connected with riDgshyImon predecessors ie -headed pins one can and perhaps with the

lea could be supported pins with unconnected it were concentrated in

before the end of the he Christianization of

Russia but influences from Christian cOllntriesin the East (Byzantium) could not be discounted In any case the double-cross-headed pins do not provide definite evidence of the Christianity of their owners

Selirand has dated double-crass-headed pins to the 11th up to the 12th centuries (1974 146) which is correct for the variant with completely connected terminals As proved above the pins with unconnected terminals had already appeared by the middle of the 10th century The earlier pins of variant 4 2 belong morphologically to the end of the 10th century at the latest Both these variants were in use lip to the m iddle of the 11th century when they were replaced by variant 43

Use of dress fastening pins

Some findings in Estonia let us determine how and by Wh0111 the pins were used Parallels in the neighbouring countries cannot be used here directly and could differ among neighbours

As most of the ring-headed pins were single finds it is most plausible that these ornaments were worn singly Luxurious ring-headed pins had belonged to men in Finland (Lehtosalo-Hiander 1982 109) but the small specimens in Latvia and Lithuania were worn by women and always in pairs Vello Lougas suggested that Estnnian ring-headed pins were also used by women 0 973 126) Estonian ring-headed pins however definitely differ from the small ones of our southern neighbours It seems to be hardly believable that wealthy horsemen in Finland wore the same pins as women in Estonia

Hackman has reported that the ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extension in Finland were alI single finds (1938 114) However in two or even three cases these pins were found obviously in pairs in Uskcla Lukkarinmaki ie their numbers were in sequence and they had almost or completely the same shape (KM 8067 A3 4 57 perhaps also 29 30 data fram archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki) A Kunilcpa pin of the same subshyvariant in Estonia has been found together with a head-ring fragment of a similar pin that could belong to the same sub-variant The pin of sub-variant 12a in Keila was found together with female ornaments and had thus belonged to a woman (PI IV)

In conclusion one can suppose that the ring-headed pins of the earlier variant and the big luxurious pins were worn by men in Estonia Pins of variants 12a and 12c were used by both sexes or especially in the case of variant 12c only by women It is possible that the ring-headed pins became female ornaments during the 9th century

The triangular-headed pins of variant 21 occuned in several cases in pairs and were sometimes fitted with a long chain ie they had belonged to a chain arrangement Only one pin from Pajumaa (PI III4) was fitted with rectangular plaques and had probably been worn on its own

Marika Mdgi68 Eesti merovingi- ja

As ring-headed pins and triangular-headed pins had been in use contemporarily and in the same area it can be supposed that the former were worn by men and the latter by women It is possible that men stopped using pins some time in the 9th century and started to fasten their coats only with penannular brooches Since the 10th century at the latest one can talk about pins as specifically female ornaments in Estonia

Two triangular-headed pins connected with a single chain have been found in Liiva In some cases these pins were unearthed in pairs or single specimens often stray finds were fitted with a long chain Chain holders have been found together with these pins only twice However triangular-headed pins with leaf decoration were sometimes worn probably also singly as in the grave of Hairnre (PI VII)

Triangular-headed pins of Saaremaa type were found in pairs in several cases These pins occurred typically with half-oval chain holders and other pieces of chain arrangement which proves that the chain arrangements with these pins consisted of several rows of chains

Moreover the double-cross-headed pins occur usually in pairs and together with other pieces of a chain arrangement The pins of earlier character were connected only with a single chain (Aseri Verevi Riuma PI XI 4) but the later ones fastened chain arrangements with several rows of chains which were fixed to the pins with openwork chain holders (PI XI 5 XII)

Distribution

Estonia could be divided into two parts according to the local ornaments of the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The same division is valid also in the case of the decorative pins The tradition of fastening the dress with pins was strong in the western part of the Estonian mainland and on the islands but was almost absent in the eastern part during the whole Merovingian Period and the firs t half of the Viking Age The first local pin types - the double-cross-headed pins - occurred there only in the 10th century Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals and with completely connected terminals were spread already allover Estonia providing evidence of the standardisation of ornamental culture

English version checked by Gordon Snow Oxford

1 Rongaspeaga e

1 Ring-headed p

I Juuru Kunilepa 2 J6eJahtme Prest 3 Jiiri Kuma (AM 4 Juri Lagedi (Ar-shy5 JUri Lehmja-Lolt 6 Kaarma Aste (S 7 Karuse Pajumaa 8 Keila (AM 234 9 Kihelkonna Oda to Kihelkonna Paj II Kihclkonna Vii 12 Koeru Preedi (1 13 Kul lamua Vaik 14 KUllsalu (AI 28 15 Karla Kaarmise 16 Ktirla Paevere 17 Karia Paikiila ( 18 Liiganuse PUssi 19 Palamuse Nava 20 Peetri Painurme 21 Parnu-Jaagupi F 22 Pbide Asva (Al 23 Pbidc Tomimae 24 Ridala Ahli (H~ 25 R6ngu Kivivare 26 Viru- Nigllia Pal 27 Viru-Nigllla KUl

2 Kolmnurkpeaga

2 Triangular-head

21 Ornamentimatpoundl

21 Pins without spe

I 16eIahtme lru (AI 2 J6elahtme Presti (

Marika Magi

s had been in use d that the former were men stopped using pins their coats only with one can talk about pins

Jain have been found in s or single specimens )Iders have been found --headed pins with leaf in the grave of Haimre

n pairs in several cases ~rs and other pieces of ments with these pins

v in pairs and together earlier character were PI XI 4) but the later ains which were fixed

the local ornaments of ivision is valid also in he dress with pins was n the islands but was ingian Period and the e double-cross-headed ross-headcd pins with terminah were spread

disation of ornamental

Gordol Snow Oxford

69Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoeiad - vooraparased ja omad

Lisa Appendix

1 Rongaspeaga ehtenoelad Eestis (kaart joon 11)

1 Ring-headed pins in Estonia (map fig 11)

I Juuru Kunilepa (AI 2483 16 17) 2 Joelahtme Presti (AI 5490386 7) 3 Juri Kuma (AM 31 5 AM 2968 69 71) 4 Juri Lagedi (AM 2768) 5 Juri Lehmja-Loo (AI 444499184211 247278283) 6 Kaarma Aste (SM 7675 12) 7 Karuse Pajumaa (AM 134 18 19) 8 Keila (AM 2343) 9 Kihelkonna Odalatsi (AI 3822303) 10 Kihelkonna Paju (AI K 68) 11 Kihelkonna Viki (AI 251373) 12 Koeru Preedi (AI 4426616) 13 Kullamaa Vaike-Kalju (AI 3445) 14 Kuusalu (AI 2827) 15 Karla Kaarmise (AI 3501) 16 Karia Paevere (AI 2657 1) 17 Karia Paikula (AI 25024) 18 Luganuse Piissi (AM 99) 19 Palamuse Nava (AI 39681167) 20 Peetri PaillurmC (AM 11710) 21 Parnu-Jaagupi Parasmaa (AM 493 12) 22 Pbide Asva (AI 4366 1004) 23 Pbide Tomimae (AI 4338 1117) 24 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045220) 25 Rongu Kivivare (AI 47267) 26 Viru- Nigula Pada (AI 536641) 27 Viru-Nigula Kunda (AM 88 113 114)

2 Kolmnurkpeaga noelad Eestis

2 Triangular-headed pins in Estonia

21 Ornamentimata voi lihtsatest joontest ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 12)

21 Pins without special decoration (map fig 12)

1 JoeHihtme lru (AI 4051 9491097) 2 Joellihtme Presti (AI 5490374)

Eesti merovillgi- ja70 Marika Magi

3 J6hvi Toila (AI 3952299 362) 4 Kamse Pajumaa (AM 13414) 5 Kihelkonna K6mse (AI 2643 111 112113) 6 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 14832) 7 Lliganuse Purtse (AI 50388) 8 Martna Ehmp (AM 554605 615 665 81 J 823) 9 Muhu Mala (AI K 2 1234 89) 10 Nissi Vardi (AM 368 13) 11 Otepaa linnamagihillfort (AI 4036 IV203) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 491 122 852 1024) 13 Parnu-Jaagupi M6isaklila (AI 575925) 14 Pbide maalinnhillfort (SM 1460401) 15 Pbide Viltina (AI 38843515) 16 Puha Leina (AI 2643366) 17 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817333) J8 Rouge linnam~igihillfort (AI 40402313162) 19 Saaremaa (AI K 848) 20 Viru-Jaagupi Inju (AI 2794232425) 21 Vandra khklparish (P~lM 23912) 22 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 382 37764)

22 Lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 13)

22 PillS with leaves-decoration (map fig 13)

1 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 1) 2 Keila Uksnurme (AM 68 1) 3 Juri Moigu-Peetri (AI 4877 100) 4 Kaarma khklparish (AI K 67 17 1845 AI 507 6) 5 Kaarrna Uduvere (AI 15184) 6 Kihelkonna Lumanda (AI 382233 3438 35) 7 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 531 1352 1549 1696 1886 23834153

26892690297831483163310131023115) 8 Mihkli Sol va (AI 251318) 9 Muhu Liiva (SM 931 2) 10 Marjamaa Hairnre (AI 3614 I) 11 Nissi Polli (AI 3926 I) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 49120206 584a 584b 760) 13 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884 ) 14 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045 219) 15 Saaremaa (AI K 846) 16 Valjala khklparish (SM K 5410) 17 Valjala Rahu (AI 423922 44 758) 18 Leiukoht teadmatalFindspot unknown (AI 3027)

23 Saaremaa tii

23 PillS ofSaart

1 Hanila Komsi I

2 Kaarma khk I~ 3 Kaarma Loona 4 Kaarma Uduve 5 Karja Valja (A 6 Karuse Pajuma 7 Kihelkonna Ka 8 Kihelkonna khl 9 Kihelkonna Ku 10 Kihelkonna L 11 Kihelkonna 12 Kihelkonna P 13 Kose Paunkiil 14 Kullamaa Mai 15 Karla khk Ipa 16 Karla Kogula 17 Karla Orikiila 18 Uiiine-Niguia 19 Martna Ehmja 20 Pamu Jaagupi 21 Parnu-Jaagupi 22 Parnumaa (Pal 23 Pbide K6igust 24 P6ide Randvel 25 P6ide Viltina ( 26 Piiha Ilpla (AI 27 Saaremaa (AI 28 Valjala Konnu 29 Valjala Rahu (

3 Merovingi- voi

3 Merovingian connected termin

I Karja khklparis 2 Kodavere Lahef 3 Kodavere Savas 4 Mihkli Kurese ( 5 lPoide AudIa (S~ 6 Aksi Raigastven

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja (Jmad

23 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad (kaartjoon 14)

71

~)

96 1886 2383 4153

)760)

23 Pins ofSa a rema a type (map fig 14)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510940) 2 Kaarma khk parish(AI K 67 1944) 3 Kaarma Loona (AK K 1776 LVYM 650911393) 4 Kaarma Uduvere (AI K 15185 186 187 188) 5 Kalja Valja (AI K 76 1) 6 Karu se Pajumaa (AM 134 I 5) 7 Kihelkonna Kalmu (AI 3822]57 158 194) 8 Kihelkonna khk parish (AI K 741) 9 Kihelkonna Kurevere (AI 43686998 102) 10 Kihelkonna Loona (AI 3822233a) 11 Kihelkonna Liimanda (AK 382268 136) 12 Kihelkonna Paju (L VVM 20A 128) 13 Kose Paunkiila (AM 73 1) 14 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 3160 3635 3637 5000 6085) 15 KarIa khk pari sh (AI K 79101819) 16 Karia Kogula (AI K 2951 52) 17 Karla Orikiila (AI K 4 102 103) 18 Laane-Nigula Uugla (AM 500503) 19 Martna Ehmja (AM 554824) 20 Pamu Jaagupi Pooravere (PaM 2364) 21 Pamu-J aagupi Linnamae (AM 491170) 22 Parnumaa (PaM ) 23 Poide Koiguste (AI 436 I 2) 24 Poide Randvere (AI 26972 AI 3895 257) 25 Poide Viltina (AI 3884391 2588b 2755 3128 4300) 26 Piiha IJpla (AI 3822315 382 K 1 78) 27 Saaremaa (AI K 843 57 AI K 8546107 AI 3529 SM ) 28 Valjala Konnu (AI 5151) 29 Valjala Rahu (AI 4239202 670 1114)

3 Merovingi- voi varaviikingiaegsed lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad

3 Merovingian Period or earJy Viking Age cross-headed pins with unshyconnected terminals

1 Karja khkparish (AI K 774) 2 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 198433) 3 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 1483 1) 4 Mihkli Kurese (AI 2513 17) 5 Poide AudIa (SM K 49 I) 6 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885)

72 Marika Magi

7 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (AM aj 98)

4 Kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

4 Double-cross-headed pins

41 Lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad (kaart joon 15)

41 Double-cross-headed pins with unconnecled terminals (map fig 15)

I Haljala Essu (AM 8327) 2 Harju-Jaani Kehra (AI 35849 10) 3 Iisaku J6uga (AI 510062) 4 JUllm Kaiu jarvLake Kaiu (AI 5251) 5 Karksi Kiiti (AI 1353 1) 6 Kodavere Alatskivi (AI 1893la Ib) 7 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 4976 159) 8 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 516957 5295210a 210b) 9 Kose Ardu (AI 26744) 10 Laiuse Koola (AI 40245) Ii Nissi Varbola (AI 3865 128) 12 Nao Unipiha linnamagihillfort (AI 2901 11) 13 Otepaa PaidJa (AI 19973) 14 P6ltsamaa Pajusi (AI 1871 8) 15 Pamu-Jaagupi Anelema (AI 42255) 16 Parnumaa (PaM A 2361) 17 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884153) 18 Piiha IJpla (AI K 1 77) 19 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817 307311) 20 R6ngu Piihaste (AI 3667 I) 21 Rapina Tooste (AI 41085 7) 22 Tarvastu Riuma (AI 12073a 3b) 23 Viljandi Kuude (VM 331 2 43 17A 312) 24 Viljandimaa (VM ) 25 Vim-Nigula Aseri (RM 1211A 57683 7879) 26 Vim-Nigula Kohala (RM 30791A 51 12) 27 Vim-Nigula Kunda (AI 157933 4002) 28 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 5343c)

29 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (LVVM 58923A I 798)

42 Uhendatud alumiste harudega kaksikristpeaga l10elad (kaartjoon 16)

42 Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals (map fig 16)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510103188218507)

Eest merovillgi-(I v

2 Harju-Jaani Raa 3 Kodavere Raatv( 4 Kullamaa Maid 5 Liiganllse Kalme 6 Mihkli Veltsa (A 7 Marjal1laa Konol 8 Marjamaa Moka 9 P61tsal1laa Pajusi 10 Rannu Verevi ( 11 VaUala Rahu (A 12 Viljandi Madi ( 13 Vaike-Maarja A 14 Leiukoht teadl1l1

Marika Magi Eesti merovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy viJorapiirased ja omarl 73

15)

(Ilapjig 15)

I 798)

kaartjOOIi16)

als(mapjig16)

2 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 16) 3 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 5295 121a 12Ib) 4 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 5802 18 2323) 5 Liiganuse Kalmeistri (AI 28244) 6 MihkJi Ve1tsa (AI 4944) 7 Marjamaa Konovere linnamagihillfort (AI 4571159) 8 Marjamaa Moka (AI 371021) 9 P51tsamaa Pajusi (AI 19996) 10 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817234) 11 Valjala Rahu (AI 423970) 12 Viljandi Macli (AI 25906166172174) 13 V~iike-Maalja Antu (AM 102 I) 14 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 26362)

Marika Magi48 Eesti merovingi- ja

iihe naise tervikliku ehtekomplektiga on selles siiski iillatuslikult vaid iiks ilmselt hilisem kaksikristpeaga noel mis oma kuju poolest sarnaneb laibashymatustest Ieituiga Voib veel mlirkida et leiu koosseisu kuulunud rinnakee kaks poolovaalset keekandjat olid baltiparased ning Eestis ebatavalised kusjuures Latist on selliseid keekandjaid leitud eeskatt koos lameda kolrnnurkpeaga noelshytega (LA 1974 tahv 50 IS)

Mitu kaksikristpeaga ja lahtiste harudega noelte paari on reada laibamatustest Need on koik ohemad ja suuremad tiiiipilise kontsentrilistest ringidest ornamenshydiga sageli hobetatud noel ad mille kaelal on trapetsikujuline aas Selliseid noelu on leitud ALatskivi Raatvere ja Tooste naisematustest (tahv XI5) Raatshyverest On sealjuures teada kaks kaksikristpeaga noeltega naisematust samasuguse Ieiukoosseisuga millest Lihel on noelte harud lahtised teisel aga alumised harud iihendatlld (tahv XII vt Lavi 1986a 1986b 1988) Molcmad matllsed on dateeshyritavad II sajandi esimesse poolde Raatverc omadega sarnaneb ka Alatskivi naisematus

Toostcst on ounapuule augu kaevamisel avastatud leiukompleks koos moninshygate luudega mida on peetud samllti laibamatuseks (Al 4108) Moned leiud on iilejaanutest siiski selgelt nooremad mistottu kompleksi sllletllses peab kahtshylema Seaised noelad on dmselt samaaegsed Alatskivi ja Raatvere omadega

kuna sarnanevad nendega nii oma kllju kui ka ncnde juurde kUlllllnud azuurscte nn puumotiiviga keekandjate poolest

Teiseselt kasutatud kaksikristpeaga noel (AI 510062) on saadud iihest JOllga poletllsmatusest mille Priit Ligi on dateerinud koige varasemalt 11 sajandi teise poolde (1993 53-54 tahv XXVIII 5) Vaikese ja jameda ilmselt iisna varase kaksikristpeaga noela peaosa on mllrdunud ning kinnitatud uue varre klilge mis samuti on murdunud voi matuse kliigus murtud

Madi kalmest on kaks kaksikristpeaga ja iihendatud alumiste harudega noela (AI 2590 616 617) leitud koos rinnakee katkete spiraalide sormuste kaelavoru katkete noa ja noatupe pandla tuleraua luukammi suitsete ning savinoukildllshydega mis koik plirinevad ilmselt iihest rikkalikult varustatud naise matusest (Selishyrand 1993) Koos hoburaudsole ja rinnakee katkete s6rmuse ning suitsetega on alumiste iihendharudega kaksikristpeaga noel leitud iihest Rahll kalme naiseshymatllsest (Kustin 1969) Kahjuks on esemed sailinlld mokmal juhul vaid katkendshylikult kuid t6enaoliselt voib matused dateerida II sajandisse Taolisi noelu on leitud ka muudest kalmetest kuid ilma selgema Ieiukontekstita ning sageli raudshyvarre kiilge kinnitatuna St nad on olnud juba teisesclt kasutusel Selle variandi arvatavalt varasematel noeltel ei ole kahjuks iihelgi jllhul slIletud leiukonteksti

Sirgete ja sakiliste vaheprossidega kaksikristpeaga n6elad i1musid kasutusse arvatavasti 11 sajandi keskel kuna mitmed neist vastavad kuju pookst hiliseshymate Ie lahtiste harudega v6i iihendatud alumiste hamdega kaksikristpeaga noeltele Ajapikku muutusid ristiharude vaheprossid laiemaks monikord kumeshyraks Keti kinnitamiseks moeldud aas on hiliscmatel n6elrel tavaliselt kumer v6i ka norgalt kanditud nurkadega osal ka k6rgc nelinurk v6i poolring Hiliseid

iihendharulisi kaJ kalmistutes (Tam St pea on kinnita

Nagu juba ron ristpean6elad seo kaudselt omades harudega kaksikri 6igeusu risti mee vastuvotmisega pakub tosiasi et kaksikristpeaga no noelte kandmise t iiheaegselt suurte samasugllsed kui samuti analooge v

Nimetatud mOl punkte et olla tosi seostada nende km t1mega naisematus kultllurikonteksti v poolsete ristiususti kult eitada Igal j harulised kaksikris diga seotud tahend vahem iihtlaselt ule

Selirand on datf des et rohkemal n (1974 146) Olen j dega variant) voel 1995a 280-281) r musele ka nuud K iiksikasjades taielik ka selle variandi no poolel kanti samaa keskel asendusid ne

Siinkohal tahaksi noelu kandnud Eesti vordlused ei pruugi a

Kindlasti voib va rongaspeanoeJtest

49Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparasedja omad

lIatuslikult vaid iiks )lest sarnaneb laibashyulul1ud rinnakee kaks latavalised kusjuures kolmnurkpeaga noclshy

teada laibamatustest st ringidest ornamenshyIJjuline aas Selliseid st (tahv XI5) Raatshyisematust samasuguse d aga alumised harud lad matused on dateeshyiarnaneb ka Alatskivi

ompleks koos moninshy108) Moned leiud on suletuses peab kahtshy

a Raatvere omadcga e kuulunud azuursete

m saadud lillest Jauga bmalt 11 sajandi teise a ilmselt lisna varase I uue varre kiilge mis

lmiste harudega noela c sormustc kaelavoru ~ tc ning savinoukildllshyI naise matusest (SeIishyJse ning suitsctega on t Rahll kalrne naiseshy~al jllhul vaid katkendshyisse Taolisi noelu on lstita ning sageli ral1dshyISlltllsel Selic variandi ~tud leillkonteksti Dad ilmllsid kasutusse td klljU poolest hiliseshyIdega kaksikristpeaga naks l11onikord kumeshyel tavaliselt kumer voi voi poolring Hiliseid

iihendharulisi kaksikristpeaga noelu leidub veel ka hilisrauaaja laibamatustega kalmistutes (Tammiku Pada Kaberla) enamasti kiill juba teiseselt kasutatuna st pea on kinnitatud uue varre kiilge

Nagu juba rongaspeaga noelte juures naidatud on lahtiste harudega kaksikshyristpeanoelad seotud 9 sajandi ristikujulise laiendiga rongaspeanoeltega vaid kaudselt omades samu eelkaijaid ristpeaga noelte nao Siiski kerkib lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelte juures paratamatult kiisimus kas ei voi nende oigeusu risti meenutav kuju olla tahenduslikus seoses oigeusu risti ja ristiusu vastuvatmisega Venemaal 10 sajandi lopul Pidepunkte sellele hiipoteesile pakub tosiasi et erinevalt koigist iilejaanud ehtenoeltest on lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelu leitud peamiselt Eesti idaosast so piirkonnast kus rinnashynoelte kandmise tava oli sinnamaani peaaegu puudunud II sajandi algul kui iiheaegselt suurte lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noeltega tulid kasutusele samasugused kuid iihendatud alumiste harudega noelad voib viimastele leida samuti analooge varases ikoonimaalis Venemaal

Nimetatud mottekaik on kWI ahvatlev kuid omab siiski liialt vahe pideshypunkte et olla tosiseltvoetav Ilmselt ei voi kaksikristpeaga naelte kandmise tava seostada nende kandjate ristiusustatusega kuna need esinevad iildiseit paganliku ilmega naisematustes ning peaaegu alati paarikaupa Et mingi kujund voib uude kultuurikonteksti vastuv6etuna omandada taiesti uue tahenduse ei saa seost idashypoolsete ristiusustatud aladega (miks mitte kuni Biitsantsini valja) siiski taielishykult eitada Igal juhul kandsid 11 sajandi keskel kasutusse ilmunud iihendshyharulised kaksikristpeaga noelad juba taiesti uut voimalik et etnilise identiteeshydiga seotud tahendust Need on iseloomulikud iiksnes Eestile ning levinud enamshyvahem iihtlaselt iile kogu maa

Selirand on dateerinud Eesti kaksikristpeaga noelad n -12 sajandisse oletashydes et rohkemal maaral ilmusid need kasutusse ailes II sajandi teisel poolel (1974 146) Olen juba varem oletanud et kaksikristpeaga noelad (lahtiste harushydega variant) voeti Eestis kasutusele siiski juba 10 sajandi ll (Magi-L6ugas 1995a 280-281) Nagu kiiesolevas arutelus naidatud olen jaanud samale arvashymusele ka niiiid Kuna osa iihendatud aumiste harudega naelu sarnaneb kuju iiksikasjades taielikult varasemate lahtiste harudega variantidega vaib oletada et ka selle variandi noelad ilmusid kasutusse 10 sajandi lapu 11 sajandi esimesel poole kanti samaaegselt nii esimese kui ka teise variandi noelu kuid sajandi keskel asendusid need ~aielikult iihendharuliste noeltega

Ehtenoelte kandmisviisist

Siinkohal tahaksin liihidalt peatuda ka probleemistikul kes ja kuidas on rinnashynoelu kandnud Eesti materjal on selles sulltes siiski vordlemisi napp l1aabermaade vordlused ei pruugi aga olla otseselt siinsetele aladele tile kantavad

Kindlasti vaib vaita ning seda toendab ka naabermaade materjal et enamikku rongaspeanoeltest on kantud iihekaupa mingi pealisriiii kinnitusena ees rinnai

I

Marika Magi50 EeSli merovillgi- ja

Vahemalt suuremad ripatsitest ja naastudest gamituuriga ekscmplarid on kuulunud meestele Soomes seaJjuures enamasti rikkalike hauapanustega eliitshys6jameestele (Lehtosalo-Hilandcr 1982 109) Viidates baltiparastele r6ngaspeashyn6eltele mida kandsid naised kee kinnitustena on L6ugas oletanud et ka Eesti r6ngaspean6elu on kandnud naised (1973 126) Vuhemalt suurte kettakujuliste laienditega ning ripatsitest garnituuriga n6elu v6ib siiski ka siinmail pidada iisna kindlalt meestele kuulunuiks Tegemist on vuga silmatorkavate ehetega millel on baltiparaste noeltega vahe iihist Minu arvates on vagJ ebausutav et Soome pealikud oleksid ennast ehtinud Eestis naiste ehete hulb kuuluvate n6eltega

Ristikujulise laiendiga rongaspean6elte kohta on Hackman vaitnud et need esinevad Soomes alati iihekaupao kuid neid on kandnud nii mehed klli naised (1938 114) Vaadates labi Soome vastavaid n6elu sealses rahvllsmuuseumis torkas siiski silma et 1922 aastal kaevatud Uskela Lukkarinmaki kalmistult on ristikujlliise laiendiga noelu leitud kahel voi koguni kolmel juhul ilmselt paarikaupa St leiunumbrid on k6ryuti ning noelad on taiesti y6i peaaegu iihesugused (KM 8067 A 34 5 7 v6ib-olla ka 2930 andmed Soome Rahvusshymuuseumj arheoloogiaosakonna arhiivist Helsingis) Kui t6mmata paralleele Baltimaade ristpeaga n6elte kandmisYiisidega yoib sellistel juhtudel olla tegcshymist naiste ehetega mida on kantud kummalgi olal ning mille yahel on y6ib-olla rippunud rinnakee

Ka Eestis pole r6ngaspeanoelad olnud ilmselt ainult meeste ehted Keila peitleid (tahy IV) sisaldas lisaks yariandi 12a rongaspeaga n6elale just naise ehteid ning on seega kllulunudki ilmselt naisele Tegemist on siiski aryatayalt yeidi hilisema n6elaga ning ilmselt juba 9 sajandisse kuulllya peitleiuga (vt eespool) Kuigi nagu eespool naidatud Kunilepa peitleid ei kujutanud enesest suletud leiukomplekti v6ib siiski oletada ct sealne ristikujulise laiendiga r6ngaspean6el v6is olla leitud koos t6enaoliselt samasuguse noelaga millest on aga sailinud iiksnes pear6ngas Ei saa yalistada et needki n6elad on kuulunud naisele ja neid on kantud paarikaupa

MeroYingi- ja yarayiikingiaegsed ornamentimata kolmnurkpeaga noeJad esineyad mitmel juhul paarikaupa samuti on neisl mitme kiiljes sailinud ketishykatkeid Enamikul juhtudel koosneb kett laiematest lamekumerast ribast llilidest ning iiksikutest massiiYsematest iimmarguse labiloikega r6ngastesl Pajumaa noela kiiljes npub kaks ristkiilikukujulist naastu (tahv III 4) mist6ttu v6ib arYata et seda on kantud uhekaupa

Omaette kiisimus on kas kolmnurkpeaga n6elad kuulusid iiksnes naiste ehete hulka y6i kandsid neid ka mehed Ebaselge on ka nende v6imalik kandmisyiis Eesti arheoloogilised leiud sene kohta kahjuks kuigiY6rd pidepunkte ei pakll seeparast tuleb taas poorduda naabermaade vordleya materjali poole Leedus on kantud nuppotstega kolmnurkpeaga n6elu alati iihekaupa nagu ilmneb sealsetest laibamatustest (Volkaite-Kulikauskiene 1970 (69) Muu hulgas yiitaYad selleIe nende kiilge sageli kinnitatud ripatsitega keekandjad

Kuna rongaspt samal ajal on lo( V6imalik et vale peaga noclad mct naised hakanud k meeste pealisroivl ka kolmnurkpeagl

Hiljemalt alat( naiste ehetest tervikuna sailinud test ketist kahe nil on lehtomamendi pikk kahekordset ja v6imalik et lei Lilnulu-kujuline k~ tiiiipi keckandjagi iihekordse ketiga kantud m6nel juh1 taoline noel

Saaremaa tili ilmselt kuulusid n tud reeglina kah~ n6eltega leitud ka kuulusid k6ik sam

Eraldi tuleb m peaga n6cla (AI yen n6eltest on stilise baltiparane kringl tiiiipi noela kiiljes juurde kuuluv naa Ebatavaline on lis test iimmarguse n

kandjad kuulusid nocltega v6ib nim

Ka kaJ(sikrist) kompleksis puudu oli kinnitunud otse kuulus kaks vara nnnakees (tahy X teada oleyate iahti

ristpeaga n6elte jl ning mitmereahnl (tahy XI 5 X)

lvlarika Miigi Eesfi I11crovingi- ja viikillgiaegsed rinnanoelad - v66rapiirasedja ollad 51

19a eksemplarid on hauapanustega cliitshy

iparastele rongaspeashyoletanud et ka Ees ti suurte kettakujuliste siinmail pidada iisna ate ehetega millel on ~bausutav et Soome 111uvate n5eltega nan viiitnud et need Iii mehed kui naised s rahvusmuuseumis inmaki kalmistult on ~olmel juhul ilmselt

taiesti voi peaaegu lmed Soome Rahvusshy

tommata paralleele el juhtudel olla tegeshylie vahel on v6ib-olla

meeste ehted Keila ga n6elale just naise t on siiski arvatavalt mluva peitleiuga (vt ei kujutanud enesest

istiku julise laiendiga fe noelaga millest on i noelad on kuulunud

mnurkpeaga noelad kiiljes sailinud ketishyImerast ribast lulidest

rongastest Pajumaa III 4) mist5ttu voib

id uksnes naiste ehete voimalik kandmisviis i pidepunkte ei paku rjali poole Leedus on Iagu ilmneb sealsetest mlgas viitavad sellele

Kuna rongaspeaga ja kolmnurkpeaga noelu kanti Eestis samas piirkonnas ja sarnaI ajal on Joogiline oletada et iihed neist olid naiste teised meeste ehted V5imalik et vaJdavah ongi kolmnurkpeaga n5elad kuulunud naistele rongasshypeaga n5eJad meestele Samas on v6imalik et alates umbes 9 sajandist on ka naised hakanud kandma r6ngaspeaga noelu olgu siis iihe- voi kahekaupa ning meeste pealisroivaid on hakatud kinnitama iiksnes hoburaudsolgedega Ilmselt on ka kolmnurkpeaga n5elu kantud vahel iihekaupa toenaoliselt samuti naiste poolt

Hiljemalt alates 10 sajandist v5ib Eesti s riiiikida ehtenoeltest kui iiksnes naiste ehetest Lehtornamendiga kolmnurkpeaga noeltest on teada iiks tervikuna siiilirmd kee Liivalt Sec koosneb ainult iihest kahekordsetest rongasshytest ketist kane noela vahel Keekandjaid kasutatud ei ok Mitmel teiseJgi juhul on lehtornamendiga noelu leitud paarikaupa voi on iihe noela kiiljes rippunud pikk kahekordsetest liilidest kett Uimanda Kabelivaljalt saadud kolmnurkpeaga ja voi malik et lehtomamendiga noela (AI 382238) kiilge on siiski sulanud ka lunua-kujuline keekandja iiks Maidla taoline noel on aga leitud koos saaremaa tiiiipi keekandjaga Naib et enamasti on sellised noelad kuulunud siiski vaid iihekordse ketiga rinnakeedesse Ei saa vaJistada et Ichtomamendiga noelu on kantud monel juhul ka veel iihekaupa - naiteks Haimre naisematuses oli vaid iiks taoJine noel

Saaremaa tiilipi ehtenoelad esinevad juba niivord sageli paarikaupa et ilmselt kuuLusid need alati rinnakeega kokku Seda tiiiipi noelte kiilge on kinnitashytud reeglina kahekordsetest rongastest kette Sagelj on koos saaremaa tUiipi noeltega leitud ka samemaa tiiupi keekandjaid ning kee vaheliilisid mis ilmselt kuulusid koik samasse rinnaehtesse

Eraldi tuleb mainida Saaremaalt juhuleiuna saadud kaht lameda kolmnurkshypeaga noela (AI K 8546 107) mis on ilmselt kuu lunud iihte rinnakeesse Uks noeltest on stiliseeritud korvplettomamendiga saaremaa tiiiipi noel teine aga baltiparane kringlikujuliste laienditega lameda koJmnurkpeaga noel Saaremaa tiiiipi noela kii~es oleva pika ketikatke kiilj es on sailinud mingi voib-olla noatupe juurde kuuluv naast ning azuurse arvatavasti nn puull10tiiviga keekandja katke Ebatavaline on lisaks semgalliaparaseie noelale ka kelt mis koosneb massiivseshytest iimmarguse ristloikega iihekordsetest rongastest Kuna puumotiiviga keeshykandjad kuulusid iildjuhul kokku J J sajandi esimese poole kaksikristpeaga nocltega voib nimetatud rinnakee dateerida samasse aega

Ka kaksikristpeaga noelad esinevad kompleksides paarikaupa Aseri leiushykompleks is puudusid keekandjad ning sel juhul ilmselt vaid iiherealine rinnakee oli kinnitunud otse noeltele Keekandjaid ei olnud ka Verevi naisematuses kuhu kuulus kaks varasemat kaksikristpeaga noela samuti puudusid need Riuma rmnakees (tahv XI 4) Hil isemate S 0 1] sajandi esimese poole laibamatustest teada olevate lahtiste harudega voi ainult alumiste iihendatud harudega kaksikshyristpeaga noelte j uurde kuulusid alati azuursed nn puumotiiviga keekandjad ning mitmereal ine kahekordsetest rongastest rinnakee koos vaheliilidega (tahv XI 5 X)

Marika Magi52 Eesti merovillgi- jll

Ehtenoelte levikupiirkond

Pilk artiklis kasitletud merovingi- ja viikingiaegsete ehtenoelte levikukaartishydele naitab et Eesti v6ib selle esemeliigi p6hjal jagada kahte ossa Selleks tuleb t6mmata m6tteline diagonaal Virumaalt Parnu lahte kusjuures Virumaa on piirkond milles esineb m6lemale poolele iseloomulikke jooni M6ttelisest jooshynest pohja ja Winde jaab ala kus r6ivaste kinnitamine ehten6eltega oli traditshysiooniJine Eesti ida- ja 16unaosas v6eti ehten6elad laiemalt kasutusele aIles 10 sajandil Samasugune jaotus kehtib ka teiste ehteliikide puhul (Magi-Lou gas 1994 1995a) mistottu v6ib ilmselt raakida kahest eraldi kllltuuripiirkonnast mille r6ivastus ja kombed teineteisest erinesid

Rongaspeaga n6elu on ootusparaselt leitud eelkoige P6hja- ja Uiiine-Eestist ning Saaremaalt st aladelt kus oli merovingi- ja varaviikingiajal olemas ehteshyn6elte kandmise traditsioon (joon 11) Sarna voib beIda nuppotsaliste kolmnurkshypeaga n6elte kohta mis on dateeritud enam-vahem samasse aega (joon 12-13) Uksikud Eesti idapoolsest kultuuripiirkonnast leitud n6elad on valdavalt baltiparased v6imalik et l6unanaabritelt otseselt imporditud esemed 10 sajandi teisest poolest levima hakanud lameda kolmnurkpeaga saaremaa tUlipi ehten6elte suhtes on varasemad uurijad olnud seisukohal et tegemist on Saaremaale iseloomulike ehetega mid a mandrile on j6udnud vaid liksikud eksemplarid (Kustin 1962a 70 Selirand 1974 145) Praegustel andmetel on neid Jeitud Mandri-Eesti laaneosast siiski peaaegu samapalju kui saartelt (lisa) Lameda kolmnurkpeaga ehten6elte leviku v6ib seega seostada pigem saarte ja LaaneshyEesti lihise kultuuripiirkonnaga

Samaaegselt saaremaa tUlipi n6eltega (joon 14) ilmus ka Eesti ida- ja 16unaossa esimene omamaine ehten6elte tUlip lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad Valja arvatud moni liksik erand on neid leitud eelkoige Eesti idaosast kaasa arvatud Virumaa (joon 15) Kaksikristpeaga noelte tihendatud alumiste harudega variandi noelu on aga leitud juba tile kogu Eesti ehkki harvalt (joon 16) nagu ka neile jargnenud tileni tihendharulisi noelu

Lopetuseks

Muinastihiskonnas toimunud protsesside kajastajana on ehetel kahtlemata relvastuse jarel teisejargllline osa Muutuvad ju ehtetUtibid aeglasemalt on pikeshymalt kasutllsel ega levi nii kergesti naabermaadesse Ometigi on ehteid arheoshyloogilises materjalis tunduvalt enam kui relvi Eeskatt on see seotud matmisshykommetega midajargides maeti koos ehetega nii mehi kui naisi Ehted ei olnud ka nii viiartuslikud mist6ttu neist loobuti (naiteks hauapanusteks) kergema stidamega samuti laks neid sagedamini kaotsi Kui Eestis voib merovingi- ja viikingiaja relvastuses tiiheldada rahvusvaheliseks muutumist siis ehted peegeldavad eeskatt

bull 1

bull 2

Joan II Ronl

Fig II I

bull 1

bull 2

Joan 12 Variandi 21 k

Fig 12 Dislribuliorkohalikke eriparasid nii Eesti-siseselt kui v6rdluses naabermaadega

Marika Magi Eesti Ilerovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 53

lenoelte levikukaartishyte ossa Selleks tuleb sjuures Virumaa on loni Mottelisest jooshytenoeltega oli traditshynalt kasutusele alles puhul (Magi-Lougas kultuuripiirkonnast

hja- ja Laane-Eestist ingiajal olemas ehteshyppotsaliste kolmnurkshy~ aega (joon 12-13) oelad on valdavaJt ~ esemed 10 sajandi maa ttiiipi ehten6elte mist on Saaremaale Uksikud eksemplarid netel on neid leitud ~rtelt (lisa) Lameda em saarte ja Laaneshy

us ka Eesti ida- ja dega kaksikristpeaga Ikoige Eesti idaosast iihendatud alumiste ehkki harvalt (joon

n ehetel kahtlemata aeglasemalt on pikeshyigi on ehteid arheoshysee seotud matmisshy

si Ehted ei olnud ka ) kergema sUdamega Ivingi- ja viikingiaja peegeldavad eeskatt

adega

bull 1 Cl

bull 2

Joan J J RongaspeanoeJte levik J - Oks eksempJar 2 - kaks voi enam ekscmpJari

Fig J J Distribution of ring-headed pins J one find 2 two or more finds

Cl

bull 2

Joan J 2 Variandi 2 J kolmnurkpeaga noeJte Jevik J - Oks eksemplar 2 - kaks voi enam eksempJali

Fig 12 Distribution of triangular-headed rins of variant 2 J lone find 2 two or more finds

EeSfi merovingi- jaMarika Mdgi 54

bull 1

bull 2

loon J 5 Lahtiste hJoon 13 Nuppotsalistc lchtomamcndiga n6clte levik I - iiks ekscrnplar 2 - kaks v6i cnam cksernpl31i

Fig 13 Distribution of triangular-headed pins with end knobs and leafdcltoration lone lind 2 two or Fig 15 Distribution (more finds

bull 1

bull 2

Joon 16 Dhendatud a

Joa n 14 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6e1tc levik I - Oks ekscrnplar 2 - kaks v6i enam ckscmplari Fig 16 Distribution of Fig 14 Distribution of triangular-headed pins of Saarcmaa type lone find 2 two or more finds

Marika Miigi

~aks voi enam ekscmplari

Ilion 10m tind 2 two or

~t)l~j) -- C i

gt I middotmiddotmiddot~ 1 0 5 (gt~f bull bull J_

Eesli 11 crovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnallocad shy voorapiirascd ja (JlI1ad 55

bull 1 o

bull 2

Joon 15 Lahtiste harudcga kaksikristpeaga nacltc levik I - Uks eksemplar 2 - kaks vai enam eksemplari

Fig 15 Distribution of double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals lone find 2 two or more finds

bull 1 CJ

bull 2

Joon 16 Dhcndatud alumiste harudcga kaksikristpeaga naelte 1evik I - Uks eksemplar 2 - kaks v6i enam eksemplari

oi enam eksemplari Fig 16 Distribution of double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals lone find 2 two

nd 2 two or more finds or more finds

)

Marika Magi 56 Eesti merovillgi- ja

Ehten6elu on ajaloo jooksul kandnud nii mehed kui naised Vahe v6is olla tiksnes kandmisviisis (naiteks meestel tihe- naistel kahekaupa) eri n6elattilipides v6i ka eri perioodides Nii ei ole Eesti mehed ilustanud end ehten6elaga viikingiaja teisel poole Ehten6elad on kuulunud eeskatt saarte ja Laane-Eesti ehtekandmistraditsiooni Jda- ja L6una-Eestisse illmusid esimesed kohapealsed ttitibid alles viikingiaja keskel

Tbb esemete ning arhiivimaterjaliga v6imaldas esitada enamiku Eesti merovingi- ja vilkingiaja n6elte kohta tapsustatud ttipoloogia ning dateeringud Uoon 17) Loodetavasti 6nnestus luua varasemast tervikilikum pilt rinnan6elte morfoloogilisest arengust Tapsustatud dateeringud v6imaldavad loodetavasti liigitada Uipsemalt ka tilejaanud Eesti kasitletavate perioodide ieiukomplekse ning luua seelabi parema ettekujutuse kogu tolleaegsest tihiskonnast tervikuna

600 700 800 900 1000 1100

loon 17 Noelte dateeringud

Fi g 17 Dates of pins

Tanuavaldus

Autor tanab k6iki kes aitasid kaasa kaesoleva artikli valmimisele eeskatt fotograafe Rein Karneritja Enno V~iljalit ning kunstnikke Kersti Siitanit ja Jaana Ratast samuti inglise keele korrektorit Gordon Snowd

Kasutatud kirjandus

Ariste E 1938 Die eS Ll andisehen Ringkop fnade ln - OES Toim XXX 48-64 Aroalho J 1978 Lieto Haimionmaki Nuoremman rautakauden polttokenttakalmisto Aurajokishylaaksossa Pro gradu-tutkielma - Karhullhammas 2 Turku Cleve N 1978 Skelettgravfiilten pa Kjuloholm i Kjulo II Vikingatid oeh korstagstid Gravfaltet C - SMYA XLIV 2 Edgren T 1973 En baltisk smyckenal frltln Veitakkala i Salo - SMY A 75 30--31 Hackman A 1938 Das Brandgriiberfcld von Pukkila in Isokyro - SMYA XLI Hardh B 1976 Wikingerzeitliche Depotfunde atls Slidschwcdcn Katalog und Tafeln Lund

Indreko R 1937 Aru (Kasikiri AI-s) Jaanusson H 1971 ] 99-104 Jansson I 1995 Dres Kivikoski E 1941 Wi Kivikoski E 1942 Ka Kivikoski E 1973 Di1 Justin A 19621 Ran( Kustin A I962h Saal 13 sajandi alguseni) D Kustin A 1965 An aasta Tallinn (Kiisikir Kustin A 1969 Aruan Lang V 1996 Muistl Loode-Eestis eri ti Pirit Latvijas PSR arhcologij Lavi A 1986a Raatve AI-s) Lavi A 19S6b Arual (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1988 Aruan (Kasikiri A1-s) LehtosaIo-Hiiander P Ligi P 1993 Vadjapar Liiugas V 1973 Das I

SMYA 75117-131 Lougas V amp Magi-Lo TATU 127- 33 Mandel M 1980 Aru 1977 aastal Tallinn (K Mandel M 1982 Linn Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Moora H 1932 Aru~ kaevamisest 1-8 ja 14 Miigi-Lougas M 1994 484 Miigi-Lougas M 1995a Magi-Lougas M 1995t Nerman B r929 Die jlingcrell Eisellzeit - KUI Pauts H 1995 Uiane-E Parss A 1950 Kalmc Koola k Veski Ll) maa Ranta H 1996 Persona Finland Helsinki 36-50 Salmo H 1941 Mcrov SM XLVII 11-39 Schmiedehelm M 1930 ku ucsczcniu sicdemdl B i hI ioteka Prchistoryczna SchmiedeheJm M 1939

1100

57 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

lised Vahe v6is olla oa) eri n6elatiiiipides ud end ehten6elaga aarte ja Uiane-Eesti imesed kohapealsed

ada enamiku Eesti gia ning dateeringud kum pilt rinnan6elte aldavad loodetavasti pdide leiukomplekse konnast tervikuna

valmimisele eeskiitt ersti Siitanitja Jaana

48-64 kenWikalmisto Aurajokishy

eh korstagslid Gravfaltet

7530--31 oXLL g und Tafcln Lund

Indreko R 1937 Aruanne kaevamistest Haimre koolimaja 6ues 19 VII 37 - 20 Vll 37 a Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Jaanusson H 197 L Ett estniskt korsformat hange fran Bjurhovda i Vasteras - Fornvannen 2 99-104 Jansson I 1995 Dress pins of East Baltic type made on Gotland - AEW 83-90 Kivikoski E 1941 Itabalttian ja Suomen suhteista viikinkiajalla - SM XLVIl 40-50 Kivikoski E 1942 Kappale Salon seudun rautakautta - SM XLVlII 13-30 Kivikoski E 1973 Die Eisenzeit Finnlands Bildwerk und Text Neuausgabe Helsinki Kustin A 1962a Randvere kivikalmistu SaaremaaL - MKA 58- 130 Kustin A 1962b Saaremaa ja Muhu muistised feodalismi Uirkamise perioodist (II sajandist kuni J3 sajandi alguseni) Diss kand Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Kustin A J965 Aruanne Kurevere ki vikuhelik-kalmistu arheoloogilisest kaevamisest 1965 aastal Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Kustin A 1969 Aruanne Rahu kivikalme kaevamisest 1959 aastal Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lang V 1996 Muistne Riivala Muistised kronoloogia ja maaviljclusliku asustuse kujunemine Loode-Eestis eriti Pirita joe alamjooksu piirkonnas - MT 4 Latvijas PSR arheologija 1974 RIga Lavi A 1986a Raat vere maa-aluse kalmistu arheoloogilisest uurimisest 19) I a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1986b Aruanne arheoloogilistest kaevamistest Raatvere kalmemael 1982 a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1988 Aruanne Raatvere kalmemae ala arheoloogilisest uurimisest 1983 a Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Lehtosalo-Hilander P - L 1982 Luistari II The Artefacts - SMY A 822 Ligi P 1993 Vadjaparased kalmed Eestis 9-16 sajandiL - MT 2 7-175 Lougas V 1973 Das mitteleisenzeitliche Steingrab von Lehmja Loo in der Nahe von Tallinn shySMYA 75117-131 Luugas V amp Magi-Lougas M 1994 Investigation of ancient monuments at Poide 1991-1992 shyTATO 127-33 Mandel M 1980 ArUal1l1e Uugla kivikalme ja p611ukivihunniku arheoloogi1istest kaevamistest 1977 aastaL Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Mandel M 1982 Linnam~ie maa-aluse p61etuskalmistu kaevamiste aruanne 1976-1980 aastast Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Moora H 1932 Aruanne Rannu kihelk Vcrevi kUla Safldimardi talu maal oleva kivikalme kaevamisest 1-8 ja 14 juun 1932 Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Magi-Lougas M 1994 Eesti viik j ngiaeg~ed hoburauds61ed ja nende ornament - TATO 4 465shy484 Magi-Lougas M 1995a Eesti viikingiaegsed kiiev6rud ja nende ornament - MT 3 271-325 Magi-Liiugas M 1995b lila matus Arhcoloogilised kacvarnised pabcril - TATO 516-531 Nerman n 1929 Die Verbindungen zwischen SkandinaviGn und dem Ostbaltikum in der jiingcren Eiscnzeit - Kungl Vitterhets ock Antikvitets Akadcmien Handlingar 40 1 Stockholm Pauts H 1995 Liiiine-Eesti hoburaudsolcd (8-13 sajand) Diplomitoli Tartu (Kiisikiri AI-s) Piirss A 1950 Kalmc J6geva rajooni Koala kiilanoukogu 9 mai kolhoosi (end Laiuse khk K60la kL Veski tl) maaL Kacv 7-23 VIII 1950 a (Juh H Moora) Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Ranta H 1996 Personal ornaments - Vainionmaki - a Merovingian Period Cemetery in Laitila Finland Helsinki 36-50 SaImo H 1941 Merovinkiaikaisen ratsusotilaan hautakalusto Euran pitajan Pappilanmaesta shySM XLVII 11-39 Schmiedehelm M 1930 Einige Funde der mittleren Eisenzeit aus Estland - Ksi~ga pamiqtkowa ku ucsczeniu siedemdziesiqtej roezniey urodzin prof dr Wlodzimierza Demetrykiewieza Biblioteka Prehistoryclna L Poznan 318-329 Schmiedehelm M 1939 Kuusalu Pajulinn - MEL 121-138

Marika Magi58 EeSfi merovilgi- ja

Selirand J 1974 Eestlaste matmiskombed varafeodaalsete suhete Uirkamise perioodil (11-13 sajand) Tallinn Selirand J 1993 Aruanne kaevamistest Madi kivikalmel Viljandi rajoonis (end Viljandi kihelkond) 1962 a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Stromberg M 1961 Untersuchungen wr jOngcren Eisenzeit in Schonen Vblkerwanderungseit shyWikingerzeit I-II Acta Archaeologica Lundensia series in 4deg no 4 Lund Snore R 1930 Dzelzs laikmeta latvidu rotas adatas - LatvieSll aizvestures materiilli Riga Tallgren A M 1925 Zur Arehiiologie Eestis II Von 500 bis etwa 1250 n Chr Dorpat Tamla T 1991 lamenevate otstega kaevorud Eesti noorema rauaaja (10-13 sajandi) leidudes shyMT I 134--145 TautayWiene B 1981 III-XVI a sidabriniai ir sidabru puosti dirbiniai Vilnius The Road from the Varangians w the Greeks and from the Greeks 1996 Catalogue of the Exibition State Historical Museum MOSlOW fhumnark-Nylen L 1983 Gotland och OstbaJtikum - Gutar och vikingar Stockholm 306-322 Thunmark-Nylen L 1995 Churchyard Finds from Gotland (1llh - It centuries) -AEW 161shy193 Tonisson E 1974 Die Gauja-Liven und ihre materielle Kultur (II lh - Anfang 13 1hs) Tallinn Volkaitc-Kulikauskienc R 1970 Lieluviai IX- XII 3mziais Vilnius

Ayn M 1992 ApXeOJIOIWleCKHe naM5ITHllKH BTOPOH nononHHbl I-ro TblC5I4eneTWI H 3 B IOroshyBOCTOLlflOii 3CTOHIIH TanJlHlll1 CenoB B n 1985 l-b60pcK B 8-10 BeKax - HAn 119-130 CenOBa M B 1981 IOneJlllpllble I131CJIH5I )]pcllllero H06ropona (X-XV 66) MOCK6a CmmblH A A 1896 Kyprallbl c-ne-repfiyprCKOii ly6CpHHII R pacKonKax n K HBaIlOBCKoro - MaTcpllanbl no apxeoJlonm POCCIIII 20 C-neTep6ypl IIIMHnexeJJbM M X 1959 loponflluc PblYIC II IOro-BocT0411oii 3nOllllii - Bonpocbl 3TH114eshyCKOH HCTOPlfH lIapO)WB npH6a~nlKII 110 )lltlIlIlblM apxeoJlorI-lII 3TlIOlpaXilII H 3HTpOIlOnOllm MocKna 154--185

Marika Magi

DECORA TIVE PINS OF THE MEROVINGIAN AND VIKING AGES IN ESTONIA FOREIGN AND LOCAL

Summary

The Merovingian Period (600-800) and the Viking Age (800-1050) have been treated as comparati vely empty of finds in Estonian archaeology The local culture has been believed to have developed since only the [ lth century The dating of artefacts from these periods has been imprecise and usually later than in Finland or Scandinavia

In this paper 253 Estonian decorative pins from the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age have been analysed (Appendix ) They were all meant for fastening coats or dresses small pins for fastening linen kerchiefs appear in the burials only at the end of the Viking Age

According to the general point of view in Estonian archaeology artefact complexes are almost completely lacking in our archaeological material during

the Merovingian I burial customs of has proved howe cremations have b

Altogether 41 (

ff a fron pills

Eight iron pins at least one of then Ariste 1938 PI Il resemble their pre

i lb Bronze pills v

The shape of thi the head ring has decorated with a sn

All plI1S of thi specimens were u wrapping and somt

f2a PillS with simi

The upper and I marked with straigh case

f2h PinI with ciru

Pins of this sub- have also been foun flanges around the r disks have been de luxurious of this t)

pllaques

rkamise pcrioodil (11 -13

Ii rajoonis (end Viljandi

In Viilkerwanderungsze il shymd ures materiali Riga 0 n Chr Dorpat 0-13 sajandi) leidudes shy

Vilnius 1996 Catalogue of the

ngar Stockholm 306-322 h centuries) -AEW 161shy

-Anfang 13 1d1S) Tallinn

TbIC~4CJlCTlll H 3 13 IOro-

V Btl) MOCKua

middotnKax 11 K VlllallOI3CKoro

~HIIII - BOflPOCbl JTHWleshy

)rpaXIII I anTpOIIOJlOrl1H

I VIKING AGES IN L

ge (800-1050) have lrchaeology The local the II th century The and usually later than

erovingian Period and t were all meant for erchiefs appear in the

archaeology artefact )gical material during

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 59

the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The basis for this view has been the burial customs of these times especially cremations My research in our archives has proved however that more or less certamiddotin complexes in stone graves with cremations have been undervalued

1 Ring-headed pins

Altogether 41 ring-headed pins are known from Estonia

11 Earlier variant of ring-headed pins

1la 1ron pins

Eight iron pins have been found in Estonia up to now Though simply shaped at least one of them has been fitted with a rectangular plaque (Kuma AM 2968 Ariste 1938 PI III6) These pins are the oldest ones of the type and closely resemble their predecessors shepherd-crook pins

1lb Bronze pins with widening or profiled neck (Pl 1l11 2)

The shape of these pins is similar to that of the iron specimens In three cases the head ring has been wrapped with silver wire The neck is sometimes decorated with a small round decorative shield (Fig 14 PI IH2)

12 Later variant of ring-headed pins

All pins of this variant had necks of triangular cross-section The later specimens were usually bigger more decorated especially by silver-wire wrapping and sometimes fitted with plaques All of them were made of bronze

12a Pins with silllple triangular neck (Fig 21 2 Pl 1V)

The upper and lower edges of the front side of the neck of these pins were marked with straight ridges The head ring has been wrapped by wire only in one case

12b Pins with circular flanges around their neck (Fig 2 3 PI 111 5 V 1-3)

Pins of this sub-variant were most typical to Estonia though some specimens have also been found in Finland and Latvia There were usually three circular flanges around the neck In most cases both the head ring and the edges of the disks have been decorated with silver wrapping These pins were the most luxurious of this type usually bigger than the others and often fitted with plaques

Marika Magi60 Eesti merovingi- ja

12c Pins with cross-shaped extension (Fig 2 4 Pl X 2-3)

Three pins of this sub-variant have been found in Estonia at Kuusalu (AI 2827) Pajumaa (AM 134 19) and Kunilepa (AI 2483 16) These have been treated as later specimens of ring-headed pins and as specifically Estonian (Tallgren 192581 Ariste 19383754 Kivikoski 197367)

Discussion

Estonian ring-headed pins originated from small pins of the same type in Latvia especially in Semgallien and in northern Lithuania Small Lithuanian ring-headed pins were dated to the 7th-8th centuries bigger ones to the 9th century (Volkaite-Kulikauskiene 1970 168) Numbers of these pins have been found in Finland where they were treated as ornaments of Estonian origin and dated usually to the 7th-8th centuries (Hackman 1938 105-115 LehtosaloshyHilander 1982 109 Ranta 199642) Specimens with a cross-shaped extension could be dated to the 9th century too (Hackman 1938 114) However a ringshyheaded pin of variant ~ 2a from Lillmalmsbacken was found together with a hexahedral ring from a penannular brooch and some other items and could thus be dated to the 9th century too (data from archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki)

Twelve ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were known in Finland in 1973 (Kivikoski 1973 67) and only three specimens in Estonia Estonian pins of this sub-variant have been found in coastal areas or in a deposit at Kunilepa which also contains some other items of Finnish origin (eg early penannular brooches with flat ring) Thus most probably can we talk about a Finnish rather than an Estonian origin for these pins At least two such pins have also been found in Latvia (Snore 1930 Pl IX 15 22)

Tallgren has suggested that ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were predecessors of double-cross-headed pins (1925 81) Ariste (1938) did not support this theory because the dates of these ornaments differed too much It should be noted that some cross-headed pins of Southern Baltic origin with three terminals were spread at the same time in Finland One specimen has been also found in Estonia (PI X 1) Ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extensions could be speciall Finnish ornaments connected both with the ring-headed and cross-headed pins Both concepts are particuhlrly evident in a ring-headed pin with a cross-shaped extension from Liedon Sauvala which is fitted with a supplementary cross inside its head ring (Hackman 1938 Fig 35)

Only one of the Estonian ring-headed pins has been found in an undisturbed find complex in a deposit at Keila (PI IV) This find was probably not complete however because it lacked a second fastener for the chain (another pin) The find could be dated to the 9th century A collection of finds from Kunilepa usually treated as a deposit were obviously picked up from an earlier destroyed grave as

became clear frc probable grave cc spots the grave oj the later part of P Asva to the 8th-91

Ariste has da~

beginning of the supposed making 10th-II th centur~ to my study the I

the 7th century or mainly during the in the 9th century

Only triangulaJ These pins have 1

knobs Mushroom shaped ones to be study both variant pins are described I

This variant in usuaJly earlier but

21a Pins with sma

Fifteen pins fro were all smaller spe

21 h Pins with a Sir

Nine pins of th average in size an sometimes decorate(

21 c Pins with a del

Only four pins fl (PI IX I) was dec~ import from Curonia

61 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - vooraparasedja omad

I)

Estonia at Kuusalu 6) These have been

pecifically Estonian I

of the same type in ia Small Lithuanian ~ger ones to the 9th hese pins have been Estonian origin and 105-1 ] 5 Lehtosaloshyass-shaped extension 4) However a ringshylund together with a items and cou ld thus f the department of

ion were known In

~ecimens in Estonia areas or in a deposit

ish origin (eg early can we talk about a ~ t two such pins have

bss-shaped extension Ariste (1938) did not differed too much It tltic origin with three ~cimen has been also k shaped extensions the ring-headed and in a ring-headed pin lich is fitted with a ~ 35) nd in an undisturbed obably no complete lother pin) The find ~m Kunilepa usually r destroyed grave as

became clear from a conversation with a descendant of the landowner The probable grave could be dated to the 8th-9th centuries From the rest of the find spots the grave of Lehmja-Loo was dated to the 7th century (LOugas 1973 129) the later part of Presti grave to the 7th-8th centuries and the later dwelling layer in Asva to the 8th-9th centuries (Lougas amp Mligi-L6ugas 199432-33)

Ariste has dated Estonian ring-headed pillS from the 7th century up to the beginning of the 10th century (1938 62) Schmiedehelm and Selirand have supposed making reference to Ariste that these pins were also in use during the 10th-11th centuries (Schmiedehelm 1939 136 Selirand 1974 ] 44) According to my study the earlier variant of Estonian ring-headed pins cOUild be dated to the 7th century only The later variant pins with more local character were used mainly during the 8th century Pins of sub-variants 12a and 12c were in use also in the 9th century

2 Triangular-headed pins

Only triangular-headed pins with end knobs were discussed in this paper These pins have up to now been typologized according to the shape of their knobs Mushroom-shaped terminaLs were considered to be earlier and conicshyshaped ones to be later variants (Tangren 1925 80) According to the present study both variants were in use at the same time End knobs typical of the later pins are described in this paper as hat-shaped (Fig 3)

21 Pins without any special decoration

This variant includes 41 pins of different size Smaller specimens were usually earlier but there were quite a number of exceptions to this rule

21a Pins with smooth heads (PI VI 1 3)

Fifteen pins from the Merovingian Period belong to this sub-variant They were all smaller specimens with mushroom- or conic-shaped end knobs

21 h Pins with a smooth triangular hollow

Nine pins of this sub-variant are known in Estonia They were small or average in size and half of them had hat-shaped end knobs The head is sometimes decorated with a single knob in the middle

21 c Pins with a decoration ofconcentric triangles

Only four pins from Estonia belong to this sub-variant A pin from ViI tina (PI IX 1) was decorated with two ammal (horse) figures and is probably an import from Curonia or Semgallien

Marika Magi 62 Eesti merovillgimiddot jl

21d Pins with afaceted triangular hollow (Pi 111 3 4 VI 2)

Sixteen medium-sized or bigger pins belong to this sub-variant Only one of them had a hat-shaped end knob (Presti PI In 3) all the others had only mushroom- or conic-shaped knobs Many of these pins had a faceted neck (Fig 4 4)

22 Pins with a decoration of leaves (Pi V 4-5 V1I V11I 1- 3)

The shape of these pins resembled that of the former variant but the smooth hollow in the head was decorated with three leaves 46 pins or fragments of pins of this variant are known in Estonia Many of them were found in cremations and were bad1ly burnt Hat-shaped end knobs were characteristic of these pins The neck was faceted in 11 specimens (Fig 5) The reverse of some of these pins was decorated with eyes (PI V 5) Such specimens had almost no faceted neck Pins with a faceted neck were thus morphologically ear(jer and the specimens with a decoration on their reverse sides were later in this variant group

Discussion

Triangular-headed pins were widespread in Latvia and Lithuania where their decoration usually differed clearly from that of Estonian pins Pins with mushroom-shaped end knobs were dated to the 7th-9th centuries in L ithuania (Tautaviciene 1981 169) Triangular-headed pms appeared in Latvia as early as 500 and were spread mainly in Semgallien and in the Lower-Daugava area (Snore 1930 PI XXIX 1 Latvijas 1974 PI 40 4 I 3) Some specimens have also been found in Russia (Sedova 198173 Sedov 1985 123 F ig 1 7 8) Triangular-headed pins in FinlJand have been treated as ornaments of Latvian or Estonian origin and dated to the Merovingian Period or the beginning of the Viking Age (Kivikoski 197367-6899 Fig 448 72 l Lehtosalo-Hilander 1982 108)

Pins with leaf decoration were found not only in Estonia but also in Semgallien and Curonia Probably only one specimen has been found in Finland (Rusko Kankare Kivikoski 197367 99) Some pins with leaf decoration were known from Gotland (Nerman 1929 Fig 173-174 177 Thunmark-Nylen 1983 Fig 10 Jansson 1995 88-89 Fig 8) and from the mainland of Sweden (Stromberg 1961 165 PI 73 8 9) One has been found at Trelleborg in Denmark (Michael Andersen pers comm) Two fragmentary pins of this variant belonged to a silver hoard from Baldringe in Skanc (Hardh 1976 PI 20 10 11) and were interesting for us because of their material Ali triangular-headed pins in Estonii were made of bronze The finds in Baldringe proved that the Estonians used to make similar ornaments of both materials but the silver specimens were probably re-cast later

Some of the complexes Thret some bracelets 1

cremation at Hai could be dated to and Maidla gravi datcd to the same

Seven pins of in 1m have been XXVII 4-5) The 8th centuries in (Schmiedehelm 11 L6ugas 1994 32shy

Schmiedehelm (1930) The pins according to Kus According to my Merovingian Perilt the end of the 9th 10th century Arou

Pins of this var and are therefore I

shaped terminals al have been found u majority of them hi draw parallels with elaborated decorati consisting only of broken off and fixel

23a Pins with lea

Six pins of this These pins were pre

23b Pins with plail

Plait decoration not very widespreao and the 11 til centul)

Marika Miigi Eesli merovingi- ja viikil1gi(egsed rinl1aHoelad shy viJiJrapiirasedja ()mad 63

2)

I-variant Only one of the others had oniy

l a faceted neck (Fig

II VIII 1-3)

ariant but the smooth s or fragments of pins und in cremations and tic of these pins The ome of these pins was no faceted neck Pins the specimens with a

roup

~ithuania where their ~ ian pins Pins with centuries in Lithuania d in Latvia as early as Lower-Daugava area

Some specimens have 5 123 Fig I 7 8) naments of Latvian or the beginning of the

Itosalo-Hilander 1982

Estonia but also in een found in Finland

1 leaf decoration were hunmark-Nylen 1983 mainland of Sweden und at Trelleborg in ary pins of this variant h 1976 PI 20 to 11) triangular-headed pins inge proved that the terials but the silver

Some of the Estonian triangubr-headed pins were found in closed find complexes Three pins of variant 21 belonged to a deposit at Inju together with some bracelets which allowed the find to be dated to the 7th-8th centuries A cremation at Haimre (PI V) contained only one pin with leaf decoration and could be dated to the 10th century Some similar pins from Rahu (Kustin 1969) and Maidla graves (data from find lists and plans of Mati Mandel) could be dated to the same time because of the other finds in the burials

Seven pins of the earlier variant have been found in hill-forts Two specimens in Iru have been dated to the 6l7th-8th centuries (Lang 1996 96-97 102 PI XXVII 4--5) The layers where the pins were found have been dated to the 7thshy

8th centuries in Rouge (AYH 1992 65) to the 6th-9th centuries in Otepali (Schmiedehelm 195963) and to the 7th-9th centuries in Pbide (Lougas amp MagishyL6ugas 199432-33)

Schmiedehelm dated Estonian pins of variant 2 J to the 6th-9th centuries (1930) The pins with leaf decoration were used during the II th-12th centuries according to Kustin and Selirand (Kustin J962b 405 Selirand 1974 145) According to my study the pins of variant 21 were used during the whole Merovingian Period and the 9th century Pins with leaf decoration appeared at the end of the 9th century at the latcst and were in use during the whole of the 10th century Around 1000 they were replaced by pins of the next variant

23 Pins of Saaremaa type

Pins of this variant differ morphologically from the above-discussed variants and are therefore treated separately here These pins were flat with flat heartshyshaped terminals and a high loop on their neck (Fig 6) Altogether 63 specimens have been found up to now as many as 49 of them on Saaremaa (Osel) The majority of them have been found in cremations and were badly burnt If we may draw parallels with the other ornament types the more massive specimens with elaborated decoration were earlier than the thin pins with stylised decoration consisting only of a few lines In many cases the heads of these pins had been broken off and fixed to a new iron shaft ie recycled

23a Pins with leal decoration (PI VI 4 VIII 6-7)

Six pins of this variant have a more or less stylised decoration of three leaves These pins were probably the earliest ones in vanant 23

23b Pins with plait decoration (Fig 8 PI VIII 5 IX 2)

Plait decoration was popular in L atvia and Lithuania over a long period but not very widespread in Estonia On Saaremaa bracelets of the late Viking Age and the 11 th century had often the same pattern In six cases also the reverse of

Marika Magi64 Eesti merovingi- ja

the pins had been decorated mostly with eyes These specimens were also more massive ie probably somewhat earlier

23c Pins with some other kind ofdecoration (Fig 7 Pl VI 5 VIII 4 IX 4-5)

Different kinds of simple patterns were spread on the pins of Saaremaa type most of them having counterparts in Latvia More and less massive specimens occurred in this sub-variant too Though the pattern usually consisted of different lines some pins were decorated with one or more eyes only (Fig 7 Pl IX 4) These could probably be treated as imports from Latvia like some other somewhat unusual pins of this sub-variant

Discussion

Pins of this variant were widespread in Latvia particularly in Curonia and Semgallien but also in the Lower-Daugava area They were dated to the lOthshy12th centuries there (Snore 1930 Pl XV LA 1974 Pl 481 5014 15525 T6nisson 1974 Pl XXXVI2) The decoration of Latvian pins usually differed from that of Estonian pins and even plait decoration seems to have not been very popular on this type of pins in Latvia

Only single pins of this variant have been found in the other neighbouring countries most of them specifically Latvian (Nerrnan 1929 Figs 175-178 Kivikoski 1973 99 Fig 720 Jansson 1995 88-89) The only exceptions were two pins from Garda churchyard on Gotland which were decorated with leaves (Thunmark-Nylen 1995 185 Fig 13) A small piece of a similar pin has been found as a stray find in Roskilde Denmark (Andersen pers comm)

In Uugla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin with leaf decoration has been found together with a knife pieces of chain arrangement a bronze plaque and a bracelet (Mandel 1980) The grave could be dated to the end of the 10th century or to the beginning of the 11 th century according to the bracelet (Magi-Lougas 1995b 521) In Maidla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin was found in the same chain arrangement with a pin of variant 22 (data from find lists and plans of Mandel) In Randvere graveyard a pin of variant 23 fixed to an iron shaft was found together with a penannular brooch with poppy-shaped terminals and with sherds of fine-grained pottery (data from Kustin 1962a 64-65 97) The complex could be dated around 1000

Kustin dated Saaremaa type pins to the 11th-12th centuries (1962a 70) As proved above the earlier specimens of this variant appeared as early as the 10th century and were used contemporarily with pins of variant 22 Saaremaa type pins stayed in use during the whole 11 th century and were replaced by doubleshycross-headed pins with united terminals at the beginning of the 12th century at the latest

Only some sin Viking Age have terminals appear 0

centuries Only lht local ornament typ

Double-cross-hl number of pin he probably for a lon

41 PillS

A tolal of 42 pi have been found il variants but the b thus SUbjective Tt specific construclio but a decoration of bigger thinner ofte (Fig 10) The earl ones were usually n

42 Pi

This group incl specimens as in the of these two groups

43

These pins appea the 11th century Ill

variant resemble late

Few specimens 01 Estonia They had be in Finland Pins frO centuries (Cleve 191

65 Marilw Magi Eesfi mcOvingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad - vooraparased ja onwd

imens were also more

VI 5 VI 4 IX 4-5)

pins of Saaremaa type ~ss massive specimens

usually consisted of e eyes only (Fig 7 PI Jatvia like some other

ularly in Curonia and ere dated to the 10thshy4815014 15525 ~ pins usually differed to have not been very

he other neighbouring 1929 Figs 175-178

only exceptions were decorated with leaves

a similar pin has been s comm) Dration has been found bronze plaque and a

nd of the 10th century bracelet (Miigi-L6ugas Nas found in the same find lists and plans of d to an iron shaft was )ed terminals and with -6597) The complex

Ituries (l962a 70) As ed as early as the 10th lilt 22 Saaremaa type re replaced by doubleshyof the 12th century at

3 Early cross-headed pins (PI X 1 XI 2)

Only some single cross-headed pins dated to the Merovingian Period or the Viking Age have been found in Estonia Small cross-headed pins with united terminals appear only after the Viking Age and were used over a period of some centuries Only the idea of cross-headed pins was borrowed from the Baits and a local ornament type was created on its base a double-cross-headed pin

4 Double-cross-headed pins

Double-cross-headed pins were specifically Estonian ornaments Quite a number of pin heads of this type have been fixed to an iron shaft and used probably for a long time after they were made

41 Pins with unconnected terminals (Pt X 4-6 XI 1 3-5)

A total of 42 pins with unconnected te rminals or pieces of such kind of pins have been found in Estonia They could be divided into earlier and later subshyvariants but the border between these two groups would be too undefined and thus subjective The earlier specimens were usually smaller thicker and with specific construction of their neck (Fig 9) They were often decorated with eyes but a decoration of conce ntric circles was also possible Later pins were always bigger thinner often silver-plated and had a special trapezoid loop on their neck (Fig 10) The earlier specimens were often deformed and burnt but the later ones were usually not burnt and in several cases found in inhumations

42 Pins with connected lower terminals (Pl X 7 XII)

This group includes 21 pins Thc same criteria about earlier and later specimens as in the former variant were also valid in this variant hence the pins of these two groups were at least partly contemporary

43 Pins with completely connected terminals

These pins appeared at the very end of the Viking Age ic at the middle of the 11 th century and will thus be not considered here Some specimens of thi s variant ]escmble iatcr specimens of the fonner variants

Discussion

Few specimens of pins with unconnected terminals have been found outSIde E stonia They had been usually used as pendants Five of them have been found in Finland Pins from Lillmalmsbacken and EU-cl were dated to the 9th-10th centuries (Cleve 1978 105) Two pins have been found in inhumations in

Marika Miigi66 Eesti merovingi- ja

Kjuloholm and dated to the beginning of the II th century (Cleve 1978 105 PI 8 15) Pendants from Estonian double-cross-headed pins have been found in late Viking Age cremations in Bjurhovda Central-Sweden (Jaanusson 1971) in North Norway and Gotland (Jansson 1995 88 fig 7) Some of them were

known from barrows in Northwest Russia (ClII1UbIH 1896 PI V 6 XVII 32) No double-cross pins have been found in Latvia or Lithuania according to the literature

A pin from Koola graveyard (PI X 4) was unearthed together with pieces of chain a glassbead bronze spirals and a bracelet all badly burnt (Parss 1950) Two pins from Verevi had belonged to the same chain arrangement and were found together with a bracelet a bell piece of neck-ring and a penannular brooch pi n with narrow base (Moora 1932) Both these burials could belong to the 10th century

In a womans grave in Aseri two doub Pe-cross-headed pins of earlier character were found with bracelets with thickening ends a spiral bracelet chain pieces and bronze spirals This complex could not be later than the middle of the 10th century because of the bracelets of earlier type in it (M~igi-Lougas 1995a 280 ff Fig 30)

A double-cross-pin of later character belonged to a deposit at Piihaste which also contained some other ornaments and could be dated to the first half of the 11 th century Some pairs of pins with specifically later features have been found in inhumations Graves from Alatskivi Raatvere and Tooste could be mentioned here all dated to the first half of the ] I th century (PI XI 5) A small doubJeshycross-headed pin fixed secondarily to a bronze stem belonged to a cremation of the second half of the 11 th century in Jouga (Ligi 1993 53-54 PI XXVIII 5)

Two double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals had belonged to a womans grave in Madi together with chain fragments bronze spira ls fingershyrings pieces of neck-rings a knife a belt buckle a comb a fire-steel bits and potsherds (Sel irand 1993) In Rahu a pin of the same variant occurred together with a penannular brooch chain arrangements a finger-ring and bits (Kustin 1969) Both these complexes could be dated to the 11th century Two pins of variant 42 belonged to a female inhumation grave in Raatvere and were dated to the first half of the J I th century (PI XII)

As proved above the double-cross-headed pins were cOl1nected with ringshyheaded pins with cross-shaped extension only through common predecessors ie cross-headed pins Looking at the shape of double-cross-headed pins one can ask if they could be connected with the Orthodox cross and perhaps with the conversion of Russia at the end of the 10th century The idea could be supported by the distribution of these pins the double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals were the only variant of dress fastening pins that were concentrated in the eastern half of Estonia

As the double-cross-headed pins appeared in Estonia before the end of the JOth century they cannot be directly connected with the Christianization of

Russia but influe not be discounteo definite evidence (

Selirand has ( centuries (1974 I terminals As pm appeared by the m morphologically t( were in use up to variant 43

Some findings used Parallels in could differ among

As most of the these ornaments WI men in Finland (I Latvia and Lithuan suggested that Esto Estonian ring-head southern neighbour Finland wore the sa

Hackman has re in Finland were all these pins were fa numbers were in s (KM 8067 A3 4 S of archaeology in N variant in Estonia h pin that could belo Keila was found tc woman (PI IV)

In conclusion on and the big luxuriol and 12c were used by women It is po during the 9th centUl

The triangular-he and were sometime~

arrangement Only 0

plaques and had prot

67 Marika Miigi Eesti mcrovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

(Cleve 1978 105 PI have been found in late (Jaanusson 1971) in

Some of them were

6 PI V 6 XVII 32) uania according to the

together with pieces of lIy burnt (Piirss 1950) arrangement and were ing and a penannuJar mrials could belong to

lins of earlier character bracelet chain pieces

the middle of the 10th -L6ugas I995a 280 ff

posit at Ptihaste which to the first half of the ~tures have been found te could be mentioned 1 5) A small doubleshynged to a cremation of -54 PI XXYIlI 5) erminals had belonged bronze spirals fingershy

0 a fire-steel bits and ~ [wnt occurred toget h er -ring and bits (KUstin century Two pins of

vere and were dated to

connected with riDgshyImon predecessors ie -headed pins one can and perhaps with the

lea could be supported pins with unconnected it were concentrated in

before the end of the he Christianization of

Russia but influences from Christian cOllntriesin the East (Byzantium) could not be discounted In any case the double-cross-headed pins do not provide definite evidence of the Christianity of their owners

Selirand has dated double-crass-headed pins to the 11th up to the 12th centuries (1974 146) which is correct for the variant with completely connected terminals As proved above the pins with unconnected terminals had already appeared by the middle of the 10th century The earlier pins of variant 4 2 belong morphologically to the end of the 10th century at the latest Both these variants were in use lip to the m iddle of the 11th century when they were replaced by variant 43

Use of dress fastening pins

Some findings in Estonia let us determine how and by Wh0111 the pins were used Parallels in the neighbouring countries cannot be used here directly and could differ among neighbours

As most of the ring-headed pins were single finds it is most plausible that these ornaments were worn singly Luxurious ring-headed pins had belonged to men in Finland (Lehtosalo-Hiander 1982 109) but the small specimens in Latvia and Lithuania were worn by women and always in pairs Vello Lougas suggested that Estnnian ring-headed pins were also used by women 0 973 126) Estonian ring-headed pins however definitely differ from the small ones of our southern neighbours It seems to be hardly believable that wealthy horsemen in Finland wore the same pins as women in Estonia

Hackman has reported that the ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extension in Finland were alI single finds (1938 114) However in two or even three cases these pins were found obviously in pairs in Uskcla Lukkarinmaki ie their numbers were in sequence and they had almost or completely the same shape (KM 8067 A3 4 57 perhaps also 29 30 data fram archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki) A Kunilcpa pin of the same subshyvariant in Estonia has been found together with a head-ring fragment of a similar pin that could belong to the same sub-variant The pin of sub-variant 12a in Keila was found together with female ornaments and had thus belonged to a woman (PI IV)

In conclusion one can suppose that the ring-headed pins of the earlier variant and the big luxurious pins were worn by men in Estonia Pins of variants 12a and 12c were used by both sexes or especially in the case of variant 12c only by women It is possible that the ring-headed pins became female ornaments during the 9th century

The triangular-headed pins of variant 21 occuned in several cases in pairs and were sometimes fitted with a long chain ie they had belonged to a chain arrangement Only one pin from Pajumaa (PI III4) was fitted with rectangular plaques and had probably been worn on its own

Marika Mdgi68 Eesti merovingi- ja

As ring-headed pins and triangular-headed pins had been in use contemporarily and in the same area it can be supposed that the former were worn by men and the latter by women It is possible that men stopped using pins some time in the 9th century and started to fasten their coats only with penannular brooches Since the 10th century at the latest one can talk about pins as specifically female ornaments in Estonia

Two triangular-headed pins connected with a single chain have been found in Liiva In some cases these pins were unearthed in pairs or single specimens often stray finds were fitted with a long chain Chain holders have been found together with these pins only twice However triangular-headed pins with leaf decoration were sometimes worn probably also singly as in the grave of Hairnre (PI VII)

Triangular-headed pins of Saaremaa type were found in pairs in several cases These pins occurred typically with half-oval chain holders and other pieces of chain arrangement which proves that the chain arrangements with these pins consisted of several rows of chains

Moreover the double-cross-headed pins occur usually in pairs and together with other pieces of a chain arrangement The pins of earlier character were connected only with a single chain (Aseri Verevi Riuma PI XI 4) but the later ones fastened chain arrangements with several rows of chains which were fixed to the pins with openwork chain holders (PI XI 5 XII)

Distribution

Estonia could be divided into two parts according to the local ornaments of the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The same division is valid also in the case of the decorative pins The tradition of fastening the dress with pins was strong in the western part of the Estonian mainland and on the islands but was almost absent in the eastern part during the whole Merovingian Period and the firs t half of the Viking Age The first local pin types - the double-cross-headed pins - occurred there only in the 10th century Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals and with completely connected terminals were spread already allover Estonia providing evidence of the standardisation of ornamental culture

English version checked by Gordon Snow Oxford

1 Rongaspeaga e

1 Ring-headed p

I Juuru Kunilepa 2 J6eJahtme Prest 3 Jiiri Kuma (AM 4 Juri Lagedi (Ar-shy5 JUri Lehmja-Lolt 6 Kaarma Aste (S 7 Karuse Pajumaa 8 Keila (AM 234 9 Kihelkonna Oda to Kihelkonna Paj II Kihclkonna Vii 12 Koeru Preedi (1 13 Kul lamua Vaik 14 KUllsalu (AI 28 15 Karla Kaarmise 16 Ktirla Paevere 17 Karia Paikiila ( 18 Liiganuse PUssi 19 Palamuse Nava 20 Peetri Painurme 21 Parnu-Jaagupi F 22 Pbide Asva (Al 23 Pbidc Tomimae 24 Ridala Ahli (H~ 25 R6ngu Kivivare 26 Viru- Nigllia Pal 27 Viru-Nigllla KUl

2 Kolmnurkpeaga

2 Triangular-head

21 Ornamentimatpoundl

21 Pins without spe

I 16eIahtme lru (AI 2 J6elahtme Presti (

Marika Magi

s had been in use d that the former were men stopped using pins their coats only with one can talk about pins

Jain have been found in s or single specimens )Iders have been found --headed pins with leaf in the grave of Haimre

n pairs in several cases ~rs and other pieces of ments with these pins

v in pairs and together earlier character were PI XI 4) but the later ains which were fixed

the local ornaments of ivision is valid also in he dress with pins was n the islands but was ingian Period and the e double-cross-headed ross-headcd pins with terminah were spread

disation of ornamental

Gordol Snow Oxford

69Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoeiad - vooraparased ja omad

Lisa Appendix

1 Rongaspeaga ehtenoelad Eestis (kaart joon 11)

1 Ring-headed pins in Estonia (map fig 11)

I Juuru Kunilepa (AI 2483 16 17) 2 Joelahtme Presti (AI 5490386 7) 3 Juri Kuma (AM 31 5 AM 2968 69 71) 4 Juri Lagedi (AM 2768) 5 Juri Lehmja-Loo (AI 444499184211 247278283) 6 Kaarma Aste (SM 7675 12) 7 Karuse Pajumaa (AM 134 18 19) 8 Keila (AM 2343) 9 Kihelkonna Odalatsi (AI 3822303) 10 Kihelkonna Paju (AI K 68) 11 Kihelkonna Viki (AI 251373) 12 Koeru Preedi (AI 4426616) 13 Kullamaa Vaike-Kalju (AI 3445) 14 Kuusalu (AI 2827) 15 Karla Kaarmise (AI 3501) 16 Karia Paevere (AI 2657 1) 17 Karia Paikula (AI 25024) 18 Luganuse Piissi (AM 99) 19 Palamuse Nava (AI 39681167) 20 Peetri PaillurmC (AM 11710) 21 Parnu-Jaagupi Parasmaa (AM 493 12) 22 Pbide Asva (AI 4366 1004) 23 Pbide Tomimae (AI 4338 1117) 24 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045220) 25 Rongu Kivivare (AI 47267) 26 Viru- Nigula Pada (AI 536641) 27 Viru-Nigula Kunda (AM 88 113 114)

2 Kolmnurkpeaga noelad Eestis

2 Triangular-headed pins in Estonia

21 Ornamentimata voi lihtsatest joontest ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 12)

21 Pins without special decoration (map fig 12)

1 JoeHihtme lru (AI 4051 9491097) 2 Joellihtme Presti (AI 5490374)

Eesti merovillgi- ja70 Marika Magi

3 J6hvi Toila (AI 3952299 362) 4 Kamse Pajumaa (AM 13414) 5 Kihelkonna K6mse (AI 2643 111 112113) 6 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 14832) 7 Lliganuse Purtse (AI 50388) 8 Martna Ehmp (AM 554605 615 665 81 J 823) 9 Muhu Mala (AI K 2 1234 89) 10 Nissi Vardi (AM 368 13) 11 Otepaa linnamagihillfort (AI 4036 IV203) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 491 122 852 1024) 13 Parnu-Jaagupi M6isaklila (AI 575925) 14 Pbide maalinnhillfort (SM 1460401) 15 Pbide Viltina (AI 38843515) 16 Puha Leina (AI 2643366) 17 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817333) J8 Rouge linnam~igihillfort (AI 40402313162) 19 Saaremaa (AI K 848) 20 Viru-Jaagupi Inju (AI 2794232425) 21 Vandra khklparish (P~lM 23912) 22 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 382 37764)

22 Lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 13)

22 PillS with leaves-decoration (map fig 13)

1 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 1) 2 Keila Uksnurme (AM 68 1) 3 Juri Moigu-Peetri (AI 4877 100) 4 Kaarma khklparish (AI K 67 17 1845 AI 507 6) 5 Kaarrna Uduvere (AI 15184) 6 Kihelkonna Lumanda (AI 382233 3438 35) 7 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 531 1352 1549 1696 1886 23834153

26892690297831483163310131023115) 8 Mihkli Sol va (AI 251318) 9 Muhu Liiva (SM 931 2) 10 Marjamaa Hairnre (AI 3614 I) 11 Nissi Polli (AI 3926 I) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 49120206 584a 584b 760) 13 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884 ) 14 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045 219) 15 Saaremaa (AI K 846) 16 Valjala khklparish (SM K 5410) 17 Valjala Rahu (AI 423922 44 758) 18 Leiukoht teadmatalFindspot unknown (AI 3027)

23 Saaremaa tii

23 PillS ofSaart

1 Hanila Komsi I

2 Kaarma khk I~ 3 Kaarma Loona 4 Kaarma Uduve 5 Karja Valja (A 6 Karuse Pajuma 7 Kihelkonna Ka 8 Kihelkonna khl 9 Kihelkonna Ku 10 Kihelkonna L 11 Kihelkonna 12 Kihelkonna P 13 Kose Paunkiil 14 Kullamaa Mai 15 Karla khk Ipa 16 Karla Kogula 17 Karla Orikiila 18 Uiiine-Niguia 19 Martna Ehmja 20 Pamu Jaagupi 21 Parnu-Jaagupi 22 Parnumaa (Pal 23 Pbide K6igust 24 P6ide Randvel 25 P6ide Viltina ( 26 Piiha Ilpla (AI 27 Saaremaa (AI 28 Valjala Konnu 29 Valjala Rahu (

3 Merovingi- voi

3 Merovingian connected termin

I Karja khklparis 2 Kodavere Lahef 3 Kodavere Savas 4 Mihkli Kurese ( 5 lPoide AudIa (S~ 6 Aksi Raigastven

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja (Jmad

23 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad (kaartjoon 14)

71

~)

96 1886 2383 4153

)760)

23 Pins ofSa a rema a type (map fig 14)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510940) 2 Kaarma khk parish(AI K 67 1944) 3 Kaarma Loona (AK K 1776 LVYM 650911393) 4 Kaarma Uduvere (AI K 15185 186 187 188) 5 Kalja Valja (AI K 76 1) 6 Karu se Pajumaa (AM 134 I 5) 7 Kihelkonna Kalmu (AI 3822]57 158 194) 8 Kihelkonna khk parish (AI K 741) 9 Kihelkonna Kurevere (AI 43686998 102) 10 Kihelkonna Loona (AI 3822233a) 11 Kihelkonna Liimanda (AK 382268 136) 12 Kihelkonna Paju (L VVM 20A 128) 13 Kose Paunkiila (AM 73 1) 14 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 3160 3635 3637 5000 6085) 15 KarIa khk pari sh (AI K 79101819) 16 Karia Kogula (AI K 2951 52) 17 Karla Orikiila (AI K 4 102 103) 18 Laane-Nigula Uugla (AM 500503) 19 Martna Ehmja (AM 554824) 20 Pamu Jaagupi Pooravere (PaM 2364) 21 Pamu-J aagupi Linnamae (AM 491170) 22 Parnumaa (PaM ) 23 Poide Koiguste (AI 436 I 2) 24 Poide Randvere (AI 26972 AI 3895 257) 25 Poide Viltina (AI 3884391 2588b 2755 3128 4300) 26 Piiha IJpla (AI 3822315 382 K 1 78) 27 Saaremaa (AI K 843 57 AI K 8546107 AI 3529 SM ) 28 Valjala Konnu (AI 5151) 29 Valjala Rahu (AI 4239202 670 1114)

3 Merovingi- voi varaviikingiaegsed lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad

3 Merovingian Period or earJy Viking Age cross-headed pins with unshyconnected terminals

1 Karja khkparish (AI K 774) 2 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 198433) 3 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 1483 1) 4 Mihkli Kurese (AI 2513 17) 5 Poide AudIa (SM K 49 I) 6 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885)

72 Marika Magi

7 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (AM aj 98)

4 Kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

4 Double-cross-headed pins

41 Lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad (kaart joon 15)

41 Double-cross-headed pins with unconnecled terminals (map fig 15)

I Haljala Essu (AM 8327) 2 Harju-Jaani Kehra (AI 35849 10) 3 Iisaku J6uga (AI 510062) 4 JUllm Kaiu jarvLake Kaiu (AI 5251) 5 Karksi Kiiti (AI 1353 1) 6 Kodavere Alatskivi (AI 1893la Ib) 7 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 4976 159) 8 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 516957 5295210a 210b) 9 Kose Ardu (AI 26744) 10 Laiuse Koola (AI 40245) Ii Nissi Varbola (AI 3865 128) 12 Nao Unipiha linnamagihillfort (AI 2901 11) 13 Otepaa PaidJa (AI 19973) 14 P6ltsamaa Pajusi (AI 1871 8) 15 Pamu-Jaagupi Anelema (AI 42255) 16 Parnumaa (PaM A 2361) 17 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884153) 18 Piiha IJpla (AI K 1 77) 19 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817 307311) 20 R6ngu Piihaste (AI 3667 I) 21 Rapina Tooste (AI 41085 7) 22 Tarvastu Riuma (AI 12073a 3b) 23 Viljandi Kuude (VM 331 2 43 17A 312) 24 Viljandimaa (VM ) 25 Vim-Nigula Aseri (RM 1211A 57683 7879) 26 Vim-Nigula Kohala (RM 30791A 51 12) 27 Vim-Nigula Kunda (AI 157933 4002) 28 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 5343c)

29 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (LVVM 58923A I 798)

42 Uhendatud alumiste harudega kaksikristpeaga l10elad (kaartjoon 16)

42 Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals (map fig 16)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510103188218507)

Eest merovillgi-(I v

2 Harju-Jaani Raa 3 Kodavere Raatv( 4 Kullamaa Maid 5 Liiganllse Kalme 6 Mihkli Veltsa (A 7 Marjal1laa Konol 8 Marjamaa Moka 9 P61tsal1laa Pajusi 10 Rannu Verevi ( 11 VaUala Rahu (A 12 Viljandi Madi ( 13 Vaike-Maarja A 14 Leiukoht teadl1l1

Marika Magi Eesti merovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy viJorapiirased ja omarl 73

15)

(Ilapjig 15)

I 798)

kaartjOOIi16)

als(mapjig16)

2 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 16) 3 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 5295 121a 12Ib) 4 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 5802 18 2323) 5 Liiganuse Kalmeistri (AI 28244) 6 MihkJi Ve1tsa (AI 4944) 7 Marjamaa Konovere linnamagihillfort (AI 4571159) 8 Marjamaa Moka (AI 371021) 9 P51tsamaa Pajusi (AI 19996) 10 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817234) 11 Valjala Rahu (AI 423970) 12 Viljandi Macli (AI 25906166172174) 13 V~iike-Maalja Antu (AM 102 I) 14 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 26362)

49Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparasedja omad

lIatuslikult vaid iiks )lest sarnaneb laibashyulul1ud rinnakee kaks latavalised kusjuures kolmnurkpeaga noclshy

teada laibamatustest st ringidest ornamenshyIJjuline aas Selliseid st (tahv XI5) Raatshyisematust samasuguse d aga alumised harud lad matused on dateeshyiarnaneb ka Alatskivi

ompleks koos moninshy108) Moned leiud on suletuses peab kahtshy

a Raatvere omadcga e kuulunud azuursete

m saadud lillest Jauga bmalt 11 sajandi teise a ilmselt lisna varase I uue varre kiilge mis

lmiste harudega noela c sormustc kaelavoru ~ tc ning savinoukildllshyI naise matusest (SeIishyJse ning suitsctega on t Rahll kalrne naiseshy~al jllhul vaid katkendshyisse Taolisi noelu on lstita ning sageli ral1dshyISlltllsel Selic variandi ~tud leillkonteksti Dad ilmllsid kasutusse td klljU poolest hiliseshyIdega kaksikristpeaga naks l11onikord kumeshyel tavaliselt kumer voi voi poolring Hiliseid

iihendharulisi kaksikristpeaga noelu leidub veel ka hilisrauaaja laibamatustega kalmistutes (Tammiku Pada Kaberla) enamasti kiill juba teiseselt kasutatuna st pea on kinnitatud uue varre kiilge

Nagu juba rongaspeaga noelte juures naidatud on lahtiste harudega kaksikshyristpeanoelad seotud 9 sajandi ristikujulise laiendiga rongaspeanoeltega vaid kaudselt omades samu eelkaijaid ristpeaga noelte nao Siiski kerkib lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelte juures paratamatult kiisimus kas ei voi nende oigeusu risti meenutav kuju olla tahenduslikus seoses oigeusu risti ja ristiusu vastuvatmisega Venemaal 10 sajandi lopul Pidepunkte sellele hiipoteesile pakub tosiasi et erinevalt koigist iilejaanud ehtenoeltest on lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelu leitud peamiselt Eesti idaosast so piirkonnast kus rinnashynoelte kandmise tava oli sinnamaani peaaegu puudunud II sajandi algul kui iiheaegselt suurte lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noeltega tulid kasutusele samasugused kuid iihendatud alumiste harudega noelad voib viimastele leida samuti analooge varases ikoonimaalis Venemaal

Nimetatud mottekaik on kWI ahvatlev kuid omab siiski liialt vahe pideshypunkte et olla tosiseltvoetav Ilmselt ei voi kaksikristpeaga naelte kandmise tava seostada nende kandjate ristiusustatusega kuna need esinevad iildiseit paganliku ilmega naisematustes ning peaaegu alati paarikaupa Et mingi kujund voib uude kultuurikonteksti vastuv6etuna omandada taiesti uue tahenduse ei saa seost idashypoolsete ristiusustatud aladega (miks mitte kuni Biitsantsini valja) siiski taielishykult eitada Igal juhul kandsid 11 sajandi keskel kasutusse ilmunud iihendshyharulised kaksikristpeaga noelad juba taiesti uut voimalik et etnilise identiteeshydiga seotud tahendust Need on iseloomulikud iiksnes Eestile ning levinud enamshyvahem iihtlaselt iile kogu maa

Selirand on dateerinud Eesti kaksikristpeaga noelad n -12 sajandisse oletashydes et rohkemal maaral ilmusid need kasutusse ailes II sajandi teisel poolel (1974 146) Olen juba varem oletanud et kaksikristpeaga noelad (lahtiste harushydega variant) voeti Eestis kasutusele siiski juba 10 sajandi ll (Magi-L6ugas 1995a 280-281) Nagu kiiesolevas arutelus naidatud olen jaanud samale arvashymusele ka niiiid Kuna osa iihendatud aumiste harudega naelu sarnaneb kuju iiksikasjades taielikult varasemate lahtiste harudega variantidega vaib oletada et ka selle variandi noelad ilmusid kasutusse 10 sajandi lapu 11 sajandi esimesel poole kanti samaaegselt nii esimese kui ka teise variandi noelu kuid sajandi keskel asendusid need ~aielikult iihendharuliste noeltega

Ehtenoelte kandmisviisist

Siinkohal tahaksin liihidalt peatuda ka probleemistikul kes ja kuidas on rinnashynoelu kandnud Eesti materjal on selles sulltes siiski vordlemisi napp l1aabermaade vordlused ei pruugi aga olla otseselt siinsetele aladele tile kantavad

Kindlasti vaib vaita ning seda toendab ka naabermaade materjal et enamikku rongaspeanoeltest on kantud iihekaupa mingi pealisriiii kinnitusena ees rinnai

I

Marika Magi50 EeSli merovillgi- ja

Vahemalt suuremad ripatsitest ja naastudest gamituuriga ekscmplarid on kuulunud meestele Soomes seaJjuures enamasti rikkalike hauapanustega eliitshys6jameestele (Lehtosalo-Hilandcr 1982 109) Viidates baltiparastele r6ngaspeashyn6eltele mida kandsid naised kee kinnitustena on L6ugas oletanud et ka Eesti r6ngaspean6elu on kandnud naised (1973 126) Vuhemalt suurte kettakujuliste laienditega ning ripatsitest garnituuriga n6elu v6ib siiski ka siinmail pidada iisna kindlalt meestele kuulunuiks Tegemist on vuga silmatorkavate ehetega millel on baltiparaste noeltega vahe iihist Minu arvates on vagJ ebausutav et Soome pealikud oleksid ennast ehtinud Eestis naiste ehete hulb kuuluvate n6eltega

Ristikujulise laiendiga rongaspean6elte kohta on Hackman vaitnud et need esinevad Soomes alati iihekaupao kuid neid on kandnud nii mehed klli naised (1938 114) Vaadates labi Soome vastavaid n6elu sealses rahvllsmuuseumis torkas siiski silma et 1922 aastal kaevatud Uskela Lukkarinmaki kalmistult on ristikujlliise laiendiga noelu leitud kahel voi koguni kolmel juhul ilmselt paarikaupa St leiunumbrid on k6ryuti ning noelad on taiesti y6i peaaegu iihesugused (KM 8067 A 34 5 7 v6ib-olla ka 2930 andmed Soome Rahvusshymuuseumj arheoloogiaosakonna arhiivist Helsingis) Kui t6mmata paralleele Baltimaade ristpeaga n6elte kandmisYiisidega yoib sellistel juhtudel olla tegcshymist naiste ehetega mida on kantud kummalgi olal ning mille yahel on y6ib-olla rippunud rinnakee

Ka Eestis pole r6ngaspeanoelad olnud ilmselt ainult meeste ehted Keila peitleid (tahy IV) sisaldas lisaks yariandi 12a rongaspeaga n6elale just naise ehteid ning on seega kllulunudki ilmselt naisele Tegemist on siiski aryatayalt yeidi hilisema n6elaga ning ilmselt juba 9 sajandisse kuulllya peitleiuga (vt eespool) Kuigi nagu eespool naidatud Kunilepa peitleid ei kujutanud enesest suletud leiukomplekti v6ib siiski oletada ct sealne ristikujulise laiendiga r6ngaspean6el v6is olla leitud koos t6enaoliselt samasuguse noelaga millest on aga sailinud iiksnes pear6ngas Ei saa yalistada et needki n6elad on kuulunud naisele ja neid on kantud paarikaupa

MeroYingi- ja yarayiikingiaegsed ornamentimata kolmnurkpeaga noeJad esineyad mitmel juhul paarikaupa samuti on neisl mitme kiiljes sailinud ketishykatkeid Enamikul juhtudel koosneb kett laiematest lamekumerast ribast llilidest ning iiksikutest massiiYsematest iimmarguse labiloikega r6ngastesl Pajumaa noela kiiljes npub kaks ristkiilikukujulist naastu (tahv III 4) mist6ttu v6ib arYata et seda on kantud uhekaupa

Omaette kiisimus on kas kolmnurkpeaga n6elad kuulusid iiksnes naiste ehete hulka y6i kandsid neid ka mehed Ebaselge on ka nende v6imalik kandmisyiis Eesti arheoloogilised leiud sene kohta kahjuks kuigiY6rd pidepunkte ei pakll seeparast tuleb taas poorduda naabermaade vordleya materjali poole Leedus on kantud nuppotstega kolmnurkpeaga n6elu alati iihekaupa nagu ilmneb sealsetest laibamatustest (Volkaite-Kulikauskiene 1970 (69) Muu hulgas yiitaYad selleIe nende kiilge sageli kinnitatud ripatsitega keekandjad

Kuna rongaspt samal ajal on lo( V6imalik et vale peaga noclad mct naised hakanud k meeste pealisroivl ka kolmnurkpeagl

Hiljemalt alat( naiste ehetest tervikuna sailinud test ketist kahe nil on lehtomamendi pikk kahekordset ja v6imalik et lei Lilnulu-kujuline k~ tiiiipi keckandjagi iihekordse ketiga kantud m6nel juh1 taoline noel

Saaremaa tili ilmselt kuulusid n tud reeglina kah~ n6eltega leitud ka kuulusid k6ik sam

Eraldi tuleb m peaga n6cla (AI yen n6eltest on stilise baltiparane kringl tiiiipi noela kiiljes juurde kuuluv naa Ebatavaline on lis test iimmarguse n

kandjad kuulusid nocltega v6ib nim

Ka kaJ(sikrist) kompleksis puudu oli kinnitunud otse kuulus kaks vara nnnakees (tahy X teada oleyate iahti

ristpeaga n6elte jl ning mitmereahnl (tahy XI 5 X)

lvlarika Miigi Eesfi I11crovingi- ja viikillgiaegsed rinnanoelad - v66rapiirasedja ollad 51

19a eksemplarid on hauapanustega cliitshy

iparastele rongaspeashyoletanud et ka Ees ti suurte kettakujuliste siinmail pidada iisna ate ehetega millel on ~bausutav et Soome 111uvate n5eltega nan viiitnud et need Iii mehed kui naised s rahvusmuuseumis inmaki kalmistult on ~olmel juhul ilmselt

taiesti voi peaaegu lmed Soome Rahvusshy

tommata paralleele el juhtudel olla tegeshylie vahel on v6ib-olla

meeste ehted Keila ga n6elale just naise t on siiski arvatavalt mluva peitleiuga (vt ei kujutanud enesest

istiku julise laiendiga fe noelaga millest on i noelad on kuulunud

mnurkpeaga noelad kiiljes sailinud ketishyImerast ribast lulidest

rongastest Pajumaa III 4) mist5ttu voib

id uksnes naiste ehete voimalik kandmisviis i pidepunkte ei paku rjali poole Leedus on Iagu ilmneb sealsetest mlgas viitavad sellele

Kuna rongaspeaga ja kolmnurkpeaga noelu kanti Eestis samas piirkonnas ja sarnaI ajal on Joogiline oletada et iihed neist olid naiste teised meeste ehted V5imalik et vaJdavah ongi kolmnurkpeaga n5elad kuulunud naistele rongasshypeaga n5eJad meestele Samas on v6imalik et alates umbes 9 sajandist on ka naised hakanud kandma r6ngaspeaga noelu olgu siis iihe- voi kahekaupa ning meeste pealisroivaid on hakatud kinnitama iiksnes hoburaudsolgedega Ilmselt on ka kolmnurkpeaga n5elu kantud vahel iihekaupa toenaoliselt samuti naiste poolt

Hiljemalt alates 10 sajandist v5ib Eesti s riiiikida ehtenoeltest kui iiksnes naiste ehetest Lehtornamendiga kolmnurkpeaga noeltest on teada iiks tervikuna siiilirmd kee Liivalt Sec koosneb ainult iihest kahekordsetest rongasshytest ketist kane noela vahel Keekandjaid kasutatud ei ok Mitmel teiseJgi juhul on lehtornamendiga noelu leitud paarikaupa voi on iihe noela kiiljes rippunud pikk kahekordsetest liilidest kett Uimanda Kabelivaljalt saadud kolmnurkpeaga ja voi malik et lehtomamendiga noela (AI 382238) kiilge on siiski sulanud ka lunua-kujuline keekandja iiks Maidla taoline noel on aga leitud koos saaremaa tiiiipi keekandjaga Naib et enamasti on sellised noelad kuulunud siiski vaid iihekordse ketiga rinnakeedesse Ei saa vaJistada et Ichtomamendiga noelu on kantud monel juhul ka veel iihekaupa - naiteks Haimre naisematuses oli vaid iiks taoJine noel

Saaremaa tiilipi ehtenoelad esinevad juba niivord sageli paarikaupa et ilmselt kuuLusid need alati rinnakeega kokku Seda tiiiipi noelte kiilge on kinnitashytud reeglina kahekordsetest rongastest kette Sagelj on koos saaremaa tUiipi noeltega leitud ka samemaa tiiupi keekandjaid ning kee vaheliilisid mis ilmselt kuulusid koik samasse rinnaehtesse

Eraldi tuleb mainida Saaremaalt juhuleiuna saadud kaht lameda kolmnurkshypeaga noela (AI K 8546 107) mis on ilmselt kuu lunud iihte rinnakeesse Uks noeltest on stiliseeritud korvplettomamendiga saaremaa tiiiipi noel teine aga baltiparane kringlikujuliste laienditega lameda koJmnurkpeaga noel Saaremaa tiiiipi noela kii~es oleva pika ketikatke kiilj es on sailinud mingi voib-olla noatupe juurde kuuluv naast ning azuurse arvatavasti nn puull10tiiviga keekandja katke Ebatavaline on lisaks semgalliaparaseie noelale ka kelt mis koosneb massiivseshytest iimmarguse ristloikega iihekordsetest rongastest Kuna puumotiiviga keeshykandjad kuulusid iildjuhul kokku J J sajandi esimese poole kaksikristpeaga nocltega voib nimetatud rinnakee dateerida samasse aega

Ka kaksikristpeaga noelad esinevad kompleksides paarikaupa Aseri leiushykompleks is puudusid keekandjad ning sel juhul ilmselt vaid iiherealine rinnakee oli kinnitunud otse noeltele Keekandjaid ei olnud ka Verevi naisematuses kuhu kuulus kaks varasemat kaksikristpeaga noela samuti puudusid need Riuma rmnakees (tahv XI 4) Hil isemate S 0 1] sajandi esimese poole laibamatustest teada olevate lahtiste harudega voi ainult alumiste iihendatud harudega kaksikshyristpeaga noelte j uurde kuulusid alati azuursed nn puumotiiviga keekandjad ning mitmereal ine kahekordsetest rongastest rinnakee koos vaheliilidega (tahv XI 5 X)

Marika Magi52 Eesti merovillgi- jll

Ehtenoelte levikupiirkond

Pilk artiklis kasitletud merovingi- ja viikingiaegsete ehtenoelte levikukaartishydele naitab et Eesti v6ib selle esemeliigi p6hjal jagada kahte ossa Selleks tuleb t6mmata m6tteline diagonaal Virumaalt Parnu lahte kusjuures Virumaa on piirkond milles esineb m6lemale poolele iseloomulikke jooni M6ttelisest jooshynest pohja ja Winde jaab ala kus r6ivaste kinnitamine ehten6eltega oli traditshysiooniJine Eesti ida- ja 16unaosas v6eti ehten6elad laiemalt kasutusele aIles 10 sajandil Samasugune jaotus kehtib ka teiste ehteliikide puhul (Magi-Lou gas 1994 1995a) mistottu v6ib ilmselt raakida kahest eraldi kllltuuripiirkonnast mille r6ivastus ja kombed teineteisest erinesid

Rongaspeaga n6elu on ootusparaselt leitud eelkoige P6hja- ja Uiiine-Eestist ning Saaremaalt st aladelt kus oli merovingi- ja varaviikingiajal olemas ehteshyn6elte kandmise traditsioon (joon 11) Sarna voib beIda nuppotsaliste kolmnurkshypeaga n6elte kohta mis on dateeritud enam-vahem samasse aega (joon 12-13) Uksikud Eesti idapoolsest kultuuripiirkonnast leitud n6elad on valdavalt baltiparased v6imalik et l6unanaabritelt otseselt imporditud esemed 10 sajandi teisest poolest levima hakanud lameda kolmnurkpeaga saaremaa tUlipi ehten6elte suhtes on varasemad uurijad olnud seisukohal et tegemist on Saaremaale iseloomulike ehetega mid a mandrile on j6udnud vaid liksikud eksemplarid (Kustin 1962a 70 Selirand 1974 145) Praegustel andmetel on neid Jeitud Mandri-Eesti laaneosast siiski peaaegu samapalju kui saartelt (lisa) Lameda kolmnurkpeaga ehten6elte leviku v6ib seega seostada pigem saarte ja LaaneshyEesti lihise kultuuripiirkonnaga

Samaaegselt saaremaa tUlipi n6eltega (joon 14) ilmus ka Eesti ida- ja 16unaossa esimene omamaine ehten6elte tUlip lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad Valja arvatud moni liksik erand on neid leitud eelkoige Eesti idaosast kaasa arvatud Virumaa (joon 15) Kaksikristpeaga noelte tihendatud alumiste harudega variandi noelu on aga leitud juba tile kogu Eesti ehkki harvalt (joon 16) nagu ka neile jargnenud tileni tihendharulisi noelu

Lopetuseks

Muinastihiskonnas toimunud protsesside kajastajana on ehetel kahtlemata relvastuse jarel teisejargllline osa Muutuvad ju ehtetUtibid aeglasemalt on pikeshymalt kasutllsel ega levi nii kergesti naabermaadesse Ometigi on ehteid arheoshyloogilises materjalis tunduvalt enam kui relvi Eeskatt on see seotud matmisshykommetega midajargides maeti koos ehetega nii mehi kui naisi Ehted ei olnud ka nii viiartuslikud mist6ttu neist loobuti (naiteks hauapanusteks) kergema stidamega samuti laks neid sagedamini kaotsi Kui Eestis voib merovingi- ja viikingiaja relvastuses tiiheldada rahvusvaheliseks muutumist siis ehted peegeldavad eeskatt

bull 1

bull 2

Joan II Ronl

Fig II I

bull 1

bull 2

Joan 12 Variandi 21 k

Fig 12 Dislribuliorkohalikke eriparasid nii Eesti-siseselt kui v6rdluses naabermaadega

Marika Magi Eesti Ilerovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 53

lenoelte levikukaartishyte ossa Selleks tuleb sjuures Virumaa on loni Mottelisest jooshytenoeltega oli traditshynalt kasutusele alles puhul (Magi-Lougas kultuuripiirkonnast

hja- ja Laane-Eestist ingiajal olemas ehteshyppotsaliste kolmnurkshy~ aega (joon 12-13) oelad on valdavaJt ~ esemed 10 sajandi maa ttiiipi ehten6elte mist on Saaremaale Uksikud eksemplarid netel on neid leitud ~rtelt (lisa) Lameda em saarte ja Laaneshy

us ka Eesti ida- ja dega kaksikristpeaga Ikoige Eesti idaosast iihendatud alumiste ehkki harvalt (joon

n ehetel kahtlemata aeglasemalt on pikeshyigi on ehteid arheoshysee seotud matmisshy

si Ehted ei olnud ka ) kergema sUdamega Ivingi- ja viikingiaja peegeldavad eeskatt

adega

bull 1 Cl

bull 2

Joan J J RongaspeanoeJte levik J - Oks eksempJar 2 - kaks voi enam ekscmpJari

Fig J J Distribution of ring-headed pins J one find 2 two or more finds

Cl

bull 2

Joan J 2 Variandi 2 J kolmnurkpeaga noeJte Jevik J - Oks eksemplar 2 - kaks voi enam eksempJali

Fig 12 Distribution of triangular-headed rins of variant 2 J lone find 2 two or more finds

EeSfi merovingi- jaMarika Mdgi 54

bull 1

bull 2

loon J 5 Lahtiste hJoon 13 Nuppotsalistc lchtomamcndiga n6clte levik I - iiks ekscrnplar 2 - kaks v6i cnam cksernpl31i

Fig 13 Distribution of triangular-headed pins with end knobs and leafdcltoration lone lind 2 two or Fig 15 Distribution (more finds

bull 1

bull 2

Joon 16 Dhendatud a

Joa n 14 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6e1tc levik I - Oks ekscrnplar 2 - kaks v6i enam ckscmplari Fig 16 Distribution of Fig 14 Distribution of triangular-headed pins of Saarcmaa type lone find 2 two or more finds

Marika Miigi

~aks voi enam ekscmplari

Ilion 10m tind 2 two or

~t)l~j) -- C i

gt I middotmiddotmiddot~ 1 0 5 (gt~f bull bull J_

Eesli 11 crovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnallocad shy voorapiirascd ja (JlI1ad 55

bull 1 o

bull 2

Joon 15 Lahtiste harudcga kaksikristpeaga nacltc levik I - Uks eksemplar 2 - kaks vai enam eksemplari

Fig 15 Distribution of double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals lone find 2 two or more finds

bull 1 CJ

bull 2

Joon 16 Dhcndatud alumiste harudcga kaksikristpeaga naelte 1evik I - Uks eksemplar 2 - kaks v6i enam eksemplari

oi enam eksemplari Fig 16 Distribution of double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals lone find 2 two

nd 2 two or more finds or more finds

)

Marika Magi 56 Eesti merovillgi- ja

Ehten6elu on ajaloo jooksul kandnud nii mehed kui naised Vahe v6is olla tiksnes kandmisviisis (naiteks meestel tihe- naistel kahekaupa) eri n6elattilipides v6i ka eri perioodides Nii ei ole Eesti mehed ilustanud end ehten6elaga viikingiaja teisel poole Ehten6elad on kuulunud eeskatt saarte ja Laane-Eesti ehtekandmistraditsiooni Jda- ja L6una-Eestisse illmusid esimesed kohapealsed ttitibid alles viikingiaja keskel

Tbb esemete ning arhiivimaterjaliga v6imaldas esitada enamiku Eesti merovingi- ja vilkingiaja n6elte kohta tapsustatud ttipoloogia ning dateeringud Uoon 17) Loodetavasti 6nnestus luua varasemast tervikilikum pilt rinnan6elte morfoloogilisest arengust Tapsustatud dateeringud v6imaldavad loodetavasti liigitada Uipsemalt ka tilejaanud Eesti kasitletavate perioodide ieiukomplekse ning luua seelabi parema ettekujutuse kogu tolleaegsest tihiskonnast tervikuna

600 700 800 900 1000 1100

loon 17 Noelte dateeringud

Fi g 17 Dates of pins

Tanuavaldus

Autor tanab k6iki kes aitasid kaasa kaesoleva artikli valmimisele eeskatt fotograafe Rein Karneritja Enno V~iljalit ning kunstnikke Kersti Siitanit ja Jaana Ratast samuti inglise keele korrektorit Gordon Snowd

Kasutatud kirjandus

Ariste E 1938 Die eS Ll andisehen Ringkop fnade ln - OES Toim XXX 48-64 Aroalho J 1978 Lieto Haimionmaki Nuoremman rautakauden polttokenttakalmisto Aurajokishylaaksossa Pro gradu-tutkielma - Karhullhammas 2 Turku Cleve N 1978 Skelettgravfiilten pa Kjuloholm i Kjulo II Vikingatid oeh korstagstid Gravfaltet C - SMYA XLIV 2 Edgren T 1973 En baltisk smyckenal frltln Veitakkala i Salo - SMY A 75 30--31 Hackman A 1938 Das Brandgriiberfcld von Pukkila in Isokyro - SMYA XLI Hardh B 1976 Wikingerzeitliche Depotfunde atls Slidschwcdcn Katalog und Tafeln Lund

Indreko R 1937 Aru (Kasikiri AI-s) Jaanusson H 1971 ] 99-104 Jansson I 1995 Dres Kivikoski E 1941 Wi Kivikoski E 1942 Ka Kivikoski E 1973 Di1 Justin A 19621 Ran( Kustin A I962h Saal 13 sajandi alguseni) D Kustin A 1965 An aasta Tallinn (Kiisikir Kustin A 1969 Aruan Lang V 1996 Muistl Loode-Eestis eri ti Pirit Latvijas PSR arhcologij Lavi A 1986a Raatve AI-s) Lavi A 19S6b Arual (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1988 Aruan (Kasikiri A1-s) LehtosaIo-Hiiander P Ligi P 1993 Vadjapar Liiugas V 1973 Das I

SMYA 75117-131 Lougas V amp Magi-Lo TATU 127- 33 Mandel M 1980 Aru 1977 aastal Tallinn (K Mandel M 1982 Linn Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Moora H 1932 Aru~ kaevamisest 1-8 ja 14 Miigi-Lougas M 1994 484 Miigi-Lougas M 1995a Magi-Lougas M 1995t Nerman B r929 Die jlingcrell Eisellzeit - KUI Pauts H 1995 Uiane-E Parss A 1950 Kalmc Koola k Veski Ll) maa Ranta H 1996 Persona Finland Helsinki 36-50 Salmo H 1941 Mcrov SM XLVII 11-39 Schmiedehelm M 1930 ku ucsczcniu sicdemdl B i hI ioteka Prchistoryczna SchmiedeheJm M 1939

1100

57 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

lised Vahe v6is olla oa) eri n6elatiiiipides ud end ehten6elaga aarte ja Uiane-Eesti imesed kohapealsed

ada enamiku Eesti gia ning dateeringud kum pilt rinnan6elte aldavad loodetavasti pdide leiukomplekse konnast tervikuna

valmimisele eeskiitt ersti Siitanitja Jaana

48-64 kenWikalmisto Aurajokishy

eh korstagslid Gravfaltet

7530--31 oXLL g und Tafcln Lund

Indreko R 1937 Aruanne kaevamistest Haimre koolimaja 6ues 19 VII 37 - 20 Vll 37 a Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Jaanusson H 197 L Ett estniskt korsformat hange fran Bjurhovda i Vasteras - Fornvannen 2 99-104 Jansson I 1995 Dress pins of East Baltic type made on Gotland - AEW 83-90 Kivikoski E 1941 Itabalttian ja Suomen suhteista viikinkiajalla - SM XLVIl 40-50 Kivikoski E 1942 Kappale Salon seudun rautakautta - SM XLVlII 13-30 Kivikoski E 1973 Die Eisenzeit Finnlands Bildwerk und Text Neuausgabe Helsinki Kustin A 1962a Randvere kivikalmistu SaaremaaL - MKA 58- 130 Kustin A 1962b Saaremaa ja Muhu muistised feodalismi Uirkamise perioodist (II sajandist kuni J3 sajandi alguseni) Diss kand Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Kustin A J965 Aruanne Kurevere ki vikuhelik-kalmistu arheoloogilisest kaevamisest 1965 aastal Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Kustin A 1969 Aruanne Rahu kivikalme kaevamisest 1959 aastal Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lang V 1996 Muistne Riivala Muistised kronoloogia ja maaviljclusliku asustuse kujunemine Loode-Eestis eriti Pirita joe alamjooksu piirkonnas - MT 4 Latvijas PSR arheologija 1974 RIga Lavi A 1986a Raat vere maa-aluse kalmistu arheoloogilisest uurimisest 19) I a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1986b Aruanne arheoloogilistest kaevamistest Raatvere kalmemael 1982 a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1988 Aruanne Raatvere kalmemae ala arheoloogilisest uurimisest 1983 a Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Lehtosalo-Hilander P - L 1982 Luistari II The Artefacts - SMY A 822 Ligi P 1993 Vadjaparased kalmed Eestis 9-16 sajandiL - MT 2 7-175 Lougas V 1973 Das mitteleisenzeitliche Steingrab von Lehmja Loo in der Nahe von Tallinn shySMYA 75117-131 Luugas V amp Magi-Lougas M 1994 Investigation of ancient monuments at Poide 1991-1992 shyTATO 127-33 Mandel M 1980 ArUal1l1e Uugla kivikalme ja p611ukivihunniku arheoloogi1istest kaevamistest 1977 aastaL Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Mandel M 1982 Linnam~ie maa-aluse p61etuskalmistu kaevamiste aruanne 1976-1980 aastast Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Moora H 1932 Aruanne Rannu kihelk Vcrevi kUla Safldimardi talu maal oleva kivikalme kaevamisest 1-8 ja 14 juun 1932 Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Magi-Lougas M 1994 Eesti viik j ngiaeg~ed hoburauds61ed ja nende ornament - TATO 4 465shy484 Magi-Lougas M 1995a Eesti viikingiaegsed kiiev6rud ja nende ornament - MT 3 271-325 Magi-Liiugas M 1995b lila matus Arhcoloogilised kacvarnised pabcril - TATO 516-531 Nerman n 1929 Die Verbindungen zwischen SkandinaviGn und dem Ostbaltikum in der jiingcren Eiscnzeit - Kungl Vitterhets ock Antikvitets Akadcmien Handlingar 40 1 Stockholm Pauts H 1995 Liiiine-Eesti hoburaudsolcd (8-13 sajand) Diplomitoli Tartu (Kiisikiri AI-s) Piirss A 1950 Kalmc J6geva rajooni Koala kiilanoukogu 9 mai kolhoosi (end Laiuse khk K60la kL Veski tl) maaL Kacv 7-23 VIII 1950 a (Juh H Moora) Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Ranta H 1996 Personal ornaments - Vainionmaki - a Merovingian Period Cemetery in Laitila Finland Helsinki 36-50 SaImo H 1941 Merovinkiaikaisen ratsusotilaan hautakalusto Euran pitajan Pappilanmaesta shySM XLVII 11-39 Schmiedehelm M 1930 Einige Funde der mittleren Eisenzeit aus Estland - Ksi~ga pamiqtkowa ku ucsczeniu siedemdziesiqtej roezniey urodzin prof dr Wlodzimierza Demetrykiewieza Biblioteka Prehistoryclna L Poznan 318-329 Schmiedehelm M 1939 Kuusalu Pajulinn - MEL 121-138

Marika Magi58 EeSfi merovilgi- ja

Selirand J 1974 Eestlaste matmiskombed varafeodaalsete suhete Uirkamise perioodil (11-13 sajand) Tallinn Selirand J 1993 Aruanne kaevamistest Madi kivikalmel Viljandi rajoonis (end Viljandi kihelkond) 1962 a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Stromberg M 1961 Untersuchungen wr jOngcren Eisenzeit in Schonen Vblkerwanderungseit shyWikingerzeit I-II Acta Archaeologica Lundensia series in 4deg no 4 Lund Snore R 1930 Dzelzs laikmeta latvidu rotas adatas - LatvieSll aizvestures materiilli Riga Tallgren A M 1925 Zur Arehiiologie Eestis II Von 500 bis etwa 1250 n Chr Dorpat Tamla T 1991 lamenevate otstega kaevorud Eesti noorema rauaaja (10-13 sajandi) leidudes shyMT I 134--145 TautayWiene B 1981 III-XVI a sidabriniai ir sidabru puosti dirbiniai Vilnius The Road from the Varangians w the Greeks and from the Greeks 1996 Catalogue of the Exibition State Historical Museum MOSlOW fhumnark-Nylen L 1983 Gotland och OstbaJtikum - Gutar och vikingar Stockholm 306-322 Thunmark-Nylen L 1995 Churchyard Finds from Gotland (1llh - It centuries) -AEW 161shy193 Tonisson E 1974 Die Gauja-Liven und ihre materielle Kultur (II lh - Anfang 13 1hs) Tallinn Volkaitc-Kulikauskienc R 1970 Lieluviai IX- XII 3mziais Vilnius

Ayn M 1992 ApXeOJIOIWleCKHe naM5ITHllKH BTOPOH nononHHbl I-ro TblC5I4eneTWI H 3 B IOroshyBOCTOLlflOii 3CTOHIIH TanJlHlll1 CenoB B n 1985 l-b60pcK B 8-10 BeKax - HAn 119-130 CenOBa M B 1981 IOneJlllpllble I131CJIH5I )]pcllllero H06ropona (X-XV 66) MOCK6a CmmblH A A 1896 Kyprallbl c-ne-repfiyprCKOii ly6CpHHII R pacKonKax n K HBaIlOBCKoro - MaTcpllanbl no apxeoJlonm POCCIIII 20 C-neTep6ypl IIIMHnexeJJbM M X 1959 loponflluc PblYIC II IOro-BocT0411oii 3nOllllii - Bonpocbl 3TH114eshyCKOH HCTOPlfH lIapO)WB npH6a~nlKII 110 )lltlIlIlblM apxeoJlorI-lII 3TlIOlpaXilII H 3HTpOIlOnOllm MocKna 154--185

Marika Magi

DECORA TIVE PINS OF THE MEROVINGIAN AND VIKING AGES IN ESTONIA FOREIGN AND LOCAL

Summary

The Merovingian Period (600-800) and the Viking Age (800-1050) have been treated as comparati vely empty of finds in Estonian archaeology The local culture has been believed to have developed since only the [ lth century The dating of artefacts from these periods has been imprecise and usually later than in Finland or Scandinavia

In this paper 253 Estonian decorative pins from the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age have been analysed (Appendix ) They were all meant for fastening coats or dresses small pins for fastening linen kerchiefs appear in the burials only at the end of the Viking Age

According to the general point of view in Estonian archaeology artefact complexes are almost completely lacking in our archaeological material during

the Merovingian I burial customs of has proved howe cremations have b

Altogether 41 (

ff a fron pills

Eight iron pins at least one of then Ariste 1938 PI Il resemble their pre

i lb Bronze pills v

The shape of thi the head ring has decorated with a sn

All plI1S of thi specimens were u wrapping and somt

f2a PillS with simi

The upper and I marked with straigh case

f2h PinI with ciru

Pins of this sub- have also been foun flanges around the r disks have been de luxurious of this t)

pllaques

rkamise pcrioodil (11 -13

Ii rajoonis (end Viljandi

In Viilkerwanderungsze il shymd ures materiali Riga 0 n Chr Dorpat 0-13 sajandi) leidudes shy

Vilnius 1996 Catalogue of the

ngar Stockholm 306-322 h centuries) -AEW 161shy

-Anfang 13 1d1S) Tallinn

TbIC~4CJlCTlll H 3 13 IOro-

V Btl) MOCKua

middotnKax 11 K VlllallOI3CKoro

~HIIII - BOflPOCbl JTHWleshy

)rpaXIII I anTpOIIOJlOrl1H

I VIKING AGES IN L

ge (800-1050) have lrchaeology The local the II th century The and usually later than

erovingian Period and t were all meant for erchiefs appear in the

archaeology artefact )gical material during

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 59

the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The basis for this view has been the burial customs of these times especially cremations My research in our archives has proved however that more or less certamiddotin complexes in stone graves with cremations have been undervalued

1 Ring-headed pins

Altogether 41 ring-headed pins are known from Estonia

11 Earlier variant of ring-headed pins

1la 1ron pins

Eight iron pins have been found in Estonia up to now Though simply shaped at least one of them has been fitted with a rectangular plaque (Kuma AM 2968 Ariste 1938 PI III6) These pins are the oldest ones of the type and closely resemble their predecessors shepherd-crook pins

1lb Bronze pins with widening or profiled neck (Pl 1l11 2)

The shape of these pins is similar to that of the iron specimens In three cases the head ring has been wrapped with silver wire The neck is sometimes decorated with a small round decorative shield (Fig 14 PI IH2)

12 Later variant of ring-headed pins

All pins of this variant had necks of triangular cross-section The later specimens were usually bigger more decorated especially by silver-wire wrapping and sometimes fitted with plaques All of them were made of bronze

12a Pins with silllple triangular neck (Fig 21 2 Pl 1V)

The upper and lower edges of the front side of the neck of these pins were marked with straight ridges The head ring has been wrapped by wire only in one case

12b Pins with circular flanges around their neck (Fig 2 3 PI 111 5 V 1-3)

Pins of this sub-variant were most typical to Estonia though some specimens have also been found in Finland and Latvia There were usually three circular flanges around the neck In most cases both the head ring and the edges of the disks have been decorated with silver wrapping These pins were the most luxurious of this type usually bigger than the others and often fitted with plaques

Marika Magi60 Eesti merovingi- ja

12c Pins with cross-shaped extension (Fig 2 4 Pl X 2-3)

Three pins of this sub-variant have been found in Estonia at Kuusalu (AI 2827) Pajumaa (AM 134 19) and Kunilepa (AI 2483 16) These have been treated as later specimens of ring-headed pins and as specifically Estonian (Tallgren 192581 Ariste 19383754 Kivikoski 197367)

Discussion

Estonian ring-headed pins originated from small pins of the same type in Latvia especially in Semgallien and in northern Lithuania Small Lithuanian ring-headed pins were dated to the 7th-8th centuries bigger ones to the 9th century (Volkaite-Kulikauskiene 1970 168) Numbers of these pins have been found in Finland where they were treated as ornaments of Estonian origin and dated usually to the 7th-8th centuries (Hackman 1938 105-115 LehtosaloshyHilander 1982 109 Ranta 199642) Specimens with a cross-shaped extension could be dated to the 9th century too (Hackman 1938 114) However a ringshyheaded pin of variant ~ 2a from Lillmalmsbacken was found together with a hexahedral ring from a penannular brooch and some other items and could thus be dated to the 9th century too (data from archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki)

Twelve ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were known in Finland in 1973 (Kivikoski 1973 67) and only three specimens in Estonia Estonian pins of this sub-variant have been found in coastal areas or in a deposit at Kunilepa which also contains some other items of Finnish origin (eg early penannular brooches with flat ring) Thus most probably can we talk about a Finnish rather than an Estonian origin for these pins At least two such pins have also been found in Latvia (Snore 1930 Pl IX 15 22)

Tallgren has suggested that ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were predecessors of double-cross-headed pins (1925 81) Ariste (1938) did not support this theory because the dates of these ornaments differed too much It should be noted that some cross-headed pins of Southern Baltic origin with three terminals were spread at the same time in Finland One specimen has been also found in Estonia (PI X 1) Ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extensions could be speciall Finnish ornaments connected both with the ring-headed and cross-headed pins Both concepts are particuhlrly evident in a ring-headed pin with a cross-shaped extension from Liedon Sauvala which is fitted with a supplementary cross inside its head ring (Hackman 1938 Fig 35)

Only one of the Estonian ring-headed pins has been found in an undisturbed find complex in a deposit at Keila (PI IV) This find was probably not complete however because it lacked a second fastener for the chain (another pin) The find could be dated to the 9th century A collection of finds from Kunilepa usually treated as a deposit were obviously picked up from an earlier destroyed grave as

became clear frc probable grave cc spots the grave oj the later part of P Asva to the 8th-91

Ariste has da~

beginning of the supposed making 10th-II th centur~ to my study the I

the 7th century or mainly during the in the 9th century

Only triangulaJ These pins have 1

knobs Mushroom shaped ones to be study both variant pins are described I

This variant in usuaJly earlier but

21a Pins with sma

Fifteen pins fro were all smaller spe

21 h Pins with a Sir

Nine pins of th average in size an sometimes decorate(

21 c Pins with a del

Only four pins fl (PI IX I) was dec~ import from Curonia

61 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - vooraparasedja omad

I)

Estonia at Kuusalu 6) These have been

pecifically Estonian I

of the same type in ia Small Lithuanian ~ger ones to the 9th hese pins have been Estonian origin and 105-1 ] 5 Lehtosaloshyass-shaped extension 4) However a ringshylund together with a items and cou ld thus f the department of

ion were known In

~ecimens in Estonia areas or in a deposit

ish origin (eg early can we talk about a ~ t two such pins have

bss-shaped extension Ariste (1938) did not differed too much It tltic origin with three ~cimen has been also k shaped extensions the ring-headed and in a ring-headed pin lich is fitted with a ~ 35) nd in an undisturbed obably no complete lother pin) The find ~m Kunilepa usually r destroyed grave as

became clear from a conversation with a descendant of the landowner The probable grave could be dated to the 8th-9th centuries From the rest of the find spots the grave of Lehmja-Loo was dated to the 7th century (LOugas 1973 129) the later part of Presti grave to the 7th-8th centuries and the later dwelling layer in Asva to the 8th-9th centuries (Lougas amp Mligi-L6ugas 199432-33)

Ariste has dated Estonian ring-headed pillS from the 7th century up to the beginning of the 10th century (1938 62) Schmiedehelm and Selirand have supposed making reference to Ariste that these pins were also in use during the 10th-11th centuries (Schmiedehelm 1939 136 Selirand 1974 ] 44) According to my study the earlier variant of Estonian ring-headed pins cOUild be dated to the 7th century only The later variant pins with more local character were used mainly during the 8th century Pins of sub-variants 12a and 12c were in use also in the 9th century

2 Triangular-headed pins

Only triangular-headed pins with end knobs were discussed in this paper These pins have up to now been typologized according to the shape of their knobs Mushroom-shaped terminaLs were considered to be earlier and conicshyshaped ones to be later variants (Tangren 1925 80) According to the present study both variants were in use at the same time End knobs typical of the later pins are described in this paper as hat-shaped (Fig 3)

21 Pins without any special decoration

This variant includes 41 pins of different size Smaller specimens were usually earlier but there were quite a number of exceptions to this rule

21a Pins with smooth heads (PI VI 1 3)

Fifteen pins from the Merovingian Period belong to this sub-variant They were all smaller specimens with mushroom- or conic-shaped end knobs

21 h Pins with a smooth triangular hollow

Nine pins of this sub-variant are known in Estonia They were small or average in size and half of them had hat-shaped end knobs The head is sometimes decorated with a single knob in the middle

21 c Pins with a decoration ofconcentric triangles

Only four pins from Estonia belong to this sub-variant A pin from ViI tina (PI IX 1) was decorated with two ammal (horse) figures and is probably an import from Curonia or Semgallien

Marika Magi 62 Eesti merovillgimiddot jl

21d Pins with afaceted triangular hollow (Pi 111 3 4 VI 2)

Sixteen medium-sized or bigger pins belong to this sub-variant Only one of them had a hat-shaped end knob (Presti PI In 3) all the others had only mushroom- or conic-shaped knobs Many of these pins had a faceted neck (Fig 4 4)

22 Pins with a decoration of leaves (Pi V 4-5 V1I V11I 1- 3)

The shape of these pins resembled that of the former variant but the smooth hollow in the head was decorated with three leaves 46 pins or fragments of pins of this variant are known in Estonia Many of them were found in cremations and were bad1ly burnt Hat-shaped end knobs were characteristic of these pins The neck was faceted in 11 specimens (Fig 5) The reverse of some of these pins was decorated with eyes (PI V 5) Such specimens had almost no faceted neck Pins with a faceted neck were thus morphologically ear(jer and the specimens with a decoration on their reverse sides were later in this variant group

Discussion

Triangular-headed pins were widespread in Latvia and Lithuania where their decoration usually differed clearly from that of Estonian pins Pins with mushroom-shaped end knobs were dated to the 7th-9th centuries in L ithuania (Tautaviciene 1981 169) Triangular-headed pms appeared in Latvia as early as 500 and were spread mainly in Semgallien and in the Lower-Daugava area (Snore 1930 PI XXIX 1 Latvijas 1974 PI 40 4 I 3) Some specimens have also been found in Russia (Sedova 198173 Sedov 1985 123 F ig 1 7 8) Triangular-headed pins in FinlJand have been treated as ornaments of Latvian or Estonian origin and dated to the Merovingian Period or the beginning of the Viking Age (Kivikoski 197367-6899 Fig 448 72 l Lehtosalo-Hilander 1982 108)

Pins with leaf decoration were found not only in Estonia but also in Semgallien and Curonia Probably only one specimen has been found in Finland (Rusko Kankare Kivikoski 197367 99) Some pins with leaf decoration were known from Gotland (Nerman 1929 Fig 173-174 177 Thunmark-Nylen 1983 Fig 10 Jansson 1995 88-89 Fig 8) and from the mainland of Sweden (Stromberg 1961 165 PI 73 8 9) One has been found at Trelleborg in Denmark (Michael Andersen pers comm) Two fragmentary pins of this variant belonged to a silver hoard from Baldringe in Skanc (Hardh 1976 PI 20 10 11) and were interesting for us because of their material Ali triangular-headed pins in Estonii were made of bronze The finds in Baldringe proved that the Estonians used to make similar ornaments of both materials but the silver specimens were probably re-cast later

Some of the complexes Thret some bracelets 1

cremation at Hai could be dated to and Maidla gravi datcd to the same

Seven pins of in 1m have been XXVII 4-5) The 8th centuries in (Schmiedehelm 11 L6ugas 1994 32shy

Schmiedehelm (1930) The pins according to Kus According to my Merovingian Perilt the end of the 9th 10th century Arou

Pins of this var and are therefore I

shaped terminals al have been found u majority of them hi draw parallels with elaborated decorati consisting only of broken off and fixel

23a Pins with lea

Six pins of this These pins were pre

23b Pins with plail

Plait decoration not very widespreao and the 11 til centul)

Marika Miigi Eesli merovingi- ja viikil1gi(egsed rinl1aHoelad shy viJiJrapiirasedja ()mad 63

2)

I-variant Only one of the others had oniy

l a faceted neck (Fig

II VIII 1-3)

ariant but the smooth s or fragments of pins und in cremations and tic of these pins The ome of these pins was no faceted neck Pins the specimens with a

roup

~ithuania where their ~ ian pins Pins with centuries in Lithuania d in Latvia as early as Lower-Daugava area

Some specimens have 5 123 Fig I 7 8) naments of Latvian or the beginning of the

Itosalo-Hilander 1982

Estonia but also in een found in Finland

1 leaf decoration were hunmark-Nylen 1983 mainland of Sweden und at Trelleborg in ary pins of this variant h 1976 PI 20 to 11) triangular-headed pins inge proved that the terials but the silver

Some of the Estonian triangubr-headed pins were found in closed find complexes Three pins of variant 21 belonged to a deposit at Inju together with some bracelets which allowed the find to be dated to the 7th-8th centuries A cremation at Haimre (PI V) contained only one pin with leaf decoration and could be dated to the 10th century Some similar pins from Rahu (Kustin 1969) and Maidla graves (data from find lists and plans of Mati Mandel) could be dated to the same time because of the other finds in the burials

Seven pins of the earlier variant have been found in hill-forts Two specimens in Iru have been dated to the 6l7th-8th centuries (Lang 1996 96-97 102 PI XXVII 4--5) The layers where the pins were found have been dated to the 7thshy

8th centuries in Rouge (AYH 1992 65) to the 6th-9th centuries in Otepali (Schmiedehelm 195963) and to the 7th-9th centuries in Pbide (Lougas amp MagishyL6ugas 199432-33)

Schmiedehelm dated Estonian pins of variant 2 J to the 6th-9th centuries (1930) The pins with leaf decoration were used during the II th-12th centuries according to Kustin and Selirand (Kustin J962b 405 Selirand 1974 145) According to my study the pins of variant 21 were used during the whole Merovingian Period and the 9th century Pins with leaf decoration appeared at the end of the 9th century at the latcst and were in use during the whole of the 10th century Around 1000 they were replaced by pins of the next variant

23 Pins of Saaremaa type

Pins of this variant differ morphologically from the above-discussed variants and are therefore treated separately here These pins were flat with flat heartshyshaped terminals and a high loop on their neck (Fig 6) Altogether 63 specimens have been found up to now as many as 49 of them on Saaremaa (Osel) The majority of them have been found in cremations and were badly burnt If we may draw parallels with the other ornament types the more massive specimens with elaborated decoration were earlier than the thin pins with stylised decoration consisting only of a few lines In many cases the heads of these pins had been broken off and fixed to a new iron shaft ie recycled

23a Pins with leal decoration (PI VI 4 VIII 6-7)

Six pins of this variant have a more or less stylised decoration of three leaves These pins were probably the earliest ones in vanant 23

23b Pins with plait decoration (Fig 8 PI VIII 5 IX 2)

Plait decoration was popular in L atvia and Lithuania over a long period but not very widespread in Estonia On Saaremaa bracelets of the late Viking Age and the 11 th century had often the same pattern In six cases also the reverse of

Marika Magi64 Eesti merovingi- ja

the pins had been decorated mostly with eyes These specimens were also more massive ie probably somewhat earlier

23c Pins with some other kind ofdecoration (Fig 7 Pl VI 5 VIII 4 IX 4-5)

Different kinds of simple patterns were spread on the pins of Saaremaa type most of them having counterparts in Latvia More and less massive specimens occurred in this sub-variant too Though the pattern usually consisted of different lines some pins were decorated with one or more eyes only (Fig 7 Pl IX 4) These could probably be treated as imports from Latvia like some other somewhat unusual pins of this sub-variant

Discussion

Pins of this variant were widespread in Latvia particularly in Curonia and Semgallien but also in the Lower-Daugava area They were dated to the lOthshy12th centuries there (Snore 1930 Pl XV LA 1974 Pl 481 5014 15525 T6nisson 1974 Pl XXXVI2) The decoration of Latvian pins usually differed from that of Estonian pins and even plait decoration seems to have not been very popular on this type of pins in Latvia

Only single pins of this variant have been found in the other neighbouring countries most of them specifically Latvian (Nerrnan 1929 Figs 175-178 Kivikoski 1973 99 Fig 720 Jansson 1995 88-89) The only exceptions were two pins from Garda churchyard on Gotland which were decorated with leaves (Thunmark-Nylen 1995 185 Fig 13) A small piece of a similar pin has been found as a stray find in Roskilde Denmark (Andersen pers comm)

In Uugla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin with leaf decoration has been found together with a knife pieces of chain arrangement a bronze plaque and a bracelet (Mandel 1980) The grave could be dated to the end of the 10th century or to the beginning of the 11 th century according to the bracelet (Magi-Lougas 1995b 521) In Maidla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin was found in the same chain arrangement with a pin of variant 22 (data from find lists and plans of Mandel) In Randvere graveyard a pin of variant 23 fixed to an iron shaft was found together with a penannular brooch with poppy-shaped terminals and with sherds of fine-grained pottery (data from Kustin 1962a 64-65 97) The complex could be dated around 1000

Kustin dated Saaremaa type pins to the 11th-12th centuries (1962a 70) As proved above the earlier specimens of this variant appeared as early as the 10th century and were used contemporarily with pins of variant 22 Saaremaa type pins stayed in use during the whole 11 th century and were replaced by doubleshycross-headed pins with united terminals at the beginning of the 12th century at the latest

Only some sin Viking Age have terminals appear 0

centuries Only lht local ornament typ

Double-cross-hl number of pin he probably for a lon

41 PillS

A tolal of 42 pi have been found il variants but the b thus SUbjective Tt specific construclio but a decoration of bigger thinner ofte (Fig 10) The earl ones were usually n

42 Pi

This group incl specimens as in the of these two groups

43

These pins appea the 11th century Ill

variant resemble late

Few specimens 01 Estonia They had be in Finland Pins frO centuries (Cleve 191

65 Marilw Magi Eesfi mcOvingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad - vooraparased ja onwd

imens were also more

VI 5 VI 4 IX 4-5)

pins of Saaremaa type ~ss massive specimens

usually consisted of e eyes only (Fig 7 PI Jatvia like some other

ularly in Curonia and ere dated to the 10thshy4815014 15525 ~ pins usually differed to have not been very

he other neighbouring 1929 Figs 175-178

only exceptions were decorated with leaves

a similar pin has been s comm) Dration has been found bronze plaque and a

nd of the 10th century bracelet (Miigi-L6ugas Nas found in the same find lists and plans of d to an iron shaft was )ed terminals and with -6597) The complex

Ituries (l962a 70) As ed as early as the 10th lilt 22 Saaremaa type re replaced by doubleshyof the 12th century at

3 Early cross-headed pins (PI X 1 XI 2)

Only some single cross-headed pins dated to the Merovingian Period or the Viking Age have been found in Estonia Small cross-headed pins with united terminals appear only after the Viking Age and were used over a period of some centuries Only the idea of cross-headed pins was borrowed from the Baits and a local ornament type was created on its base a double-cross-headed pin

4 Double-cross-headed pins

Double-cross-headed pins were specifically Estonian ornaments Quite a number of pin heads of this type have been fixed to an iron shaft and used probably for a long time after they were made

41 Pins with unconnected terminals (Pt X 4-6 XI 1 3-5)

A total of 42 pins with unconnected te rminals or pieces of such kind of pins have been found in Estonia They could be divided into earlier and later subshyvariants but the border between these two groups would be too undefined and thus subjective The earlier specimens were usually smaller thicker and with specific construction of their neck (Fig 9) They were often decorated with eyes but a decoration of conce ntric circles was also possible Later pins were always bigger thinner often silver-plated and had a special trapezoid loop on their neck (Fig 10) The earlier specimens were often deformed and burnt but the later ones were usually not burnt and in several cases found in inhumations

42 Pins with connected lower terminals (Pl X 7 XII)

This group includes 21 pins Thc same criteria about earlier and later specimens as in the former variant were also valid in this variant hence the pins of these two groups were at least partly contemporary

43 Pins with completely connected terminals

These pins appeared at the very end of the Viking Age ic at the middle of the 11 th century and will thus be not considered here Some specimens of thi s variant ]escmble iatcr specimens of the fonner variants

Discussion

Few specimens of pins with unconnected terminals have been found outSIde E stonia They had been usually used as pendants Five of them have been found in Finland Pins from Lillmalmsbacken and EU-cl were dated to the 9th-10th centuries (Cleve 1978 105) Two pins have been found in inhumations in

Marika Miigi66 Eesti merovingi- ja

Kjuloholm and dated to the beginning of the II th century (Cleve 1978 105 PI 8 15) Pendants from Estonian double-cross-headed pins have been found in late Viking Age cremations in Bjurhovda Central-Sweden (Jaanusson 1971) in North Norway and Gotland (Jansson 1995 88 fig 7) Some of them were

known from barrows in Northwest Russia (ClII1UbIH 1896 PI V 6 XVII 32) No double-cross pins have been found in Latvia or Lithuania according to the literature

A pin from Koola graveyard (PI X 4) was unearthed together with pieces of chain a glassbead bronze spirals and a bracelet all badly burnt (Parss 1950) Two pins from Verevi had belonged to the same chain arrangement and were found together with a bracelet a bell piece of neck-ring and a penannular brooch pi n with narrow base (Moora 1932) Both these burials could belong to the 10th century

In a womans grave in Aseri two doub Pe-cross-headed pins of earlier character were found with bracelets with thickening ends a spiral bracelet chain pieces and bronze spirals This complex could not be later than the middle of the 10th century because of the bracelets of earlier type in it (M~igi-Lougas 1995a 280 ff Fig 30)

A double-cross-pin of later character belonged to a deposit at Piihaste which also contained some other ornaments and could be dated to the first half of the 11 th century Some pairs of pins with specifically later features have been found in inhumations Graves from Alatskivi Raatvere and Tooste could be mentioned here all dated to the first half of the ] I th century (PI XI 5) A small doubJeshycross-headed pin fixed secondarily to a bronze stem belonged to a cremation of the second half of the 11 th century in Jouga (Ligi 1993 53-54 PI XXVIII 5)

Two double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals had belonged to a womans grave in Madi together with chain fragments bronze spira ls fingershyrings pieces of neck-rings a knife a belt buckle a comb a fire-steel bits and potsherds (Sel irand 1993) In Rahu a pin of the same variant occurred together with a penannular brooch chain arrangements a finger-ring and bits (Kustin 1969) Both these complexes could be dated to the 11th century Two pins of variant 42 belonged to a female inhumation grave in Raatvere and were dated to the first half of the J I th century (PI XII)

As proved above the double-cross-headed pins were cOl1nected with ringshyheaded pins with cross-shaped extension only through common predecessors ie cross-headed pins Looking at the shape of double-cross-headed pins one can ask if they could be connected with the Orthodox cross and perhaps with the conversion of Russia at the end of the 10th century The idea could be supported by the distribution of these pins the double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals were the only variant of dress fastening pins that were concentrated in the eastern half of Estonia

As the double-cross-headed pins appeared in Estonia before the end of the JOth century they cannot be directly connected with the Christianization of

Russia but influe not be discounteo definite evidence (

Selirand has ( centuries (1974 I terminals As pm appeared by the m morphologically t( were in use up to variant 43

Some findings used Parallels in could differ among

As most of the these ornaments WI men in Finland (I Latvia and Lithuan suggested that Esto Estonian ring-head southern neighbour Finland wore the sa

Hackman has re in Finland were all these pins were fa numbers were in s (KM 8067 A3 4 S of archaeology in N variant in Estonia h pin that could belo Keila was found tc woman (PI IV)

In conclusion on and the big luxuriol and 12c were used by women It is po during the 9th centUl

The triangular-he and were sometime~

arrangement Only 0

plaques and had prot

67 Marika Miigi Eesti mcrovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

(Cleve 1978 105 PI have been found in late (Jaanusson 1971) in

Some of them were

6 PI V 6 XVII 32) uania according to the

together with pieces of lIy burnt (Piirss 1950) arrangement and were ing and a penannuJar mrials could belong to

lins of earlier character bracelet chain pieces

the middle of the 10th -L6ugas I995a 280 ff

posit at Ptihaste which to the first half of the ~tures have been found te could be mentioned 1 5) A small doubleshynged to a cremation of -54 PI XXYIlI 5) erminals had belonged bronze spirals fingershy

0 a fire-steel bits and ~ [wnt occurred toget h er -ring and bits (KUstin century Two pins of

vere and were dated to

connected with riDgshyImon predecessors ie -headed pins one can and perhaps with the

lea could be supported pins with unconnected it were concentrated in

before the end of the he Christianization of

Russia but influences from Christian cOllntriesin the East (Byzantium) could not be discounted In any case the double-cross-headed pins do not provide definite evidence of the Christianity of their owners

Selirand has dated double-crass-headed pins to the 11th up to the 12th centuries (1974 146) which is correct for the variant with completely connected terminals As proved above the pins with unconnected terminals had already appeared by the middle of the 10th century The earlier pins of variant 4 2 belong morphologically to the end of the 10th century at the latest Both these variants were in use lip to the m iddle of the 11th century when they were replaced by variant 43

Use of dress fastening pins

Some findings in Estonia let us determine how and by Wh0111 the pins were used Parallels in the neighbouring countries cannot be used here directly and could differ among neighbours

As most of the ring-headed pins were single finds it is most plausible that these ornaments were worn singly Luxurious ring-headed pins had belonged to men in Finland (Lehtosalo-Hiander 1982 109) but the small specimens in Latvia and Lithuania were worn by women and always in pairs Vello Lougas suggested that Estnnian ring-headed pins were also used by women 0 973 126) Estonian ring-headed pins however definitely differ from the small ones of our southern neighbours It seems to be hardly believable that wealthy horsemen in Finland wore the same pins as women in Estonia

Hackman has reported that the ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extension in Finland were alI single finds (1938 114) However in two or even three cases these pins were found obviously in pairs in Uskcla Lukkarinmaki ie their numbers were in sequence and they had almost or completely the same shape (KM 8067 A3 4 57 perhaps also 29 30 data fram archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki) A Kunilcpa pin of the same subshyvariant in Estonia has been found together with a head-ring fragment of a similar pin that could belong to the same sub-variant The pin of sub-variant 12a in Keila was found together with female ornaments and had thus belonged to a woman (PI IV)

In conclusion one can suppose that the ring-headed pins of the earlier variant and the big luxurious pins were worn by men in Estonia Pins of variants 12a and 12c were used by both sexes or especially in the case of variant 12c only by women It is possible that the ring-headed pins became female ornaments during the 9th century

The triangular-headed pins of variant 21 occuned in several cases in pairs and were sometimes fitted with a long chain ie they had belonged to a chain arrangement Only one pin from Pajumaa (PI III4) was fitted with rectangular plaques and had probably been worn on its own

Marika Mdgi68 Eesti merovingi- ja

As ring-headed pins and triangular-headed pins had been in use contemporarily and in the same area it can be supposed that the former were worn by men and the latter by women It is possible that men stopped using pins some time in the 9th century and started to fasten their coats only with penannular brooches Since the 10th century at the latest one can talk about pins as specifically female ornaments in Estonia

Two triangular-headed pins connected with a single chain have been found in Liiva In some cases these pins were unearthed in pairs or single specimens often stray finds were fitted with a long chain Chain holders have been found together with these pins only twice However triangular-headed pins with leaf decoration were sometimes worn probably also singly as in the grave of Hairnre (PI VII)

Triangular-headed pins of Saaremaa type were found in pairs in several cases These pins occurred typically with half-oval chain holders and other pieces of chain arrangement which proves that the chain arrangements with these pins consisted of several rows of chains

Moreover the double-cross-headed pins occur usually in pairs and together with other pieces of a chain arrangement The pins of earlier character were connected only with a single chain (Aseri Verevi Riuma PI XI 4) but the later ones fastened chain arrangements with several rows of chains which were fixed to the pins with openwork chain holders (PI XI 5 XII)

Distribution

Estonia could be divided into two parts according to the local ornaments of the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The same division is valid also in the case of the decorative pins The tradition of fastening the dress with pins was strong in the western part of the Estonian mainland and on the islands but was almost absent in the eastern part during the whole Merovingian Period and the firs t half of the Viking Age The first local pin types - the double-cross-headed pins - occurred there only in the 10th century Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals and with completely connected terminals were spread already allover Estonia providing evidence of the standardisation of ornamental culture

English version checked by Gordon Snow Oxford

1 Rongaspeaga e

1 Ring-headed p

I Juuru Kunilepa 2 J6eJahtme Prest 3 Jiiri Kuma (AM 4 Juri Lagedi (Ar-shy5 JUri Lehmja-Lolt 6 Kaarma Aste (S 7 Karuse Pajumaa 8 Keila (AM 234 9 Kihelkonna Oda to Kihelkonna Paj II Kihclkonna Vii 12 Koeru Preedi (1 13 Kul lamua Vaik 14 KUllsalu (AI 28 15 Karla Kaarmise 16 Ktirla Paevere 17 Karia Paikiila ( 18 Liiganuse PUssi 19 Palamuse Nava 20 Peetri Painurme 21 Parnu-Jaagupi F 22 Pbide Asva (Al 23 Pbidc Tomimae 24 Ridala Ahli (H~ 25 R6ngu Kivivare 26 Viru- Nigllia Pal 27 Viru-Nigllla KUl

2 Kolmnurkpeaga

2 Triangular-head

21 Ornamentimatpoundl

21 Pins without spe

I 16eIahtme lru (AI 2 J6elahtme Presti (

Marika Magi

s had been in use d that the former were men stopped using pins their coats only with one can talk about pins

Jain have been found in s or single specimens )Iders have been found --headed pins with leaf in the grave of Haimre

n pairs in several cases ~rs and other pieces of ments with these pins

v in pairs and together earlier character were PI XI 4) but the later ains which were fixed

the local ornaments of ivision is valid also in he dress with pins was n the islands but was ingian Period and the e double-cross-headed ross-headcd pins with terminah were spread

disation of ornamental

Gordol Snow Oxford

69Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoeiad - vooraparased ja omad

Lisa Appendix

1 Rongaspeaga ehtenoelad Eestis (kaart joon 11)

1 Ring-headed pins in Estonia (map fig 11)

I Juuru Kunilepa (AI 2483 16 17) 2 Joelahtme Presti (AI 5490386 7) 3 Juri Kuma (AM 31 5 AM 2968 69 71) 4 Juri Lagedi (AM 2768) 5 Juri Lehmja-Loo (AI 444499184211 247278283) 6 Kaarma Aste (SM 7675 12) 7 Karuse Pajumaa (AM 134 18 19) 8 Keila (AM 2343) 9 Kihelkonna Odalatsi (AI 3822303) 10 Kihelkonna Paju (AI K 68) 11 Kihelkonna Viki (AI 251373) 12 Koeru Preedi (AI 4426616) 13 Kullamaa Vaike-Kalju (AI 3445) 14 Kuusalu (AI 2827) 15 Karla Kaarmise (AI 3501) 16 Karia Paevere (AI 2657 1) 17 Karia Paikula (AI 25024) 18 Luganuse Piissi (AM 99) 19 Palamuse Nava (AI 39681167) 20 Peetri PaillurmC (AM 11710) 21 Parnu-Jaagupi Parasmaa (AM 493 12) 22 Pbide Asva (AI 4366 1004) 23 Pbide Tomimae (AI 4338 1117) 24 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045220) 25 Rongu Kivivare (AI 47267) 26 Viru- Nigula Pada (AI 536641) 27 Viru-Nigula Kunda (AM 88 113 114)

2 Kolmnurkpeaga noelad Eestis

2 Triangular-headed pins in Estonia

21 Ornamentimata voi lihtsatest joontest ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 12)

21 Pins without special decoration (map fig 12)

1 JoeHihtme lru (AI 4051 9491097) 2 Joellihtme Presti (AI 5490374)

Eesti merovillgi- ja70 Marika Magi

3 J6hvi Toila (AI 3952299 362) 4 Kamse Pajumaa (AM 13414) 5 Kihelkonna K6mse (AI 2643 111 112113) 6 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 14832) 7 Lliganuse Purtse (AI 50388) 8 Martna Ehmp (AM 554605 615 665 81 J 823) 9 Muhu Mala (AI K 2 1234 89) 10 Nissi Vardi (AM 368 13) 11 Otepaa linnamagihillfort (AI 4036 IV203) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 491 122 852 1024) 13 Parnu-Jaagupi M6isaklila (AI 575925) 14 Pbide maalinnhillfort (SM 1460401) 15 Pbide Viltina (AI 38843515) 16 Puha Leina (AI 2643366) 17 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817333) J8 Rouge linnam~igihillfort (AI 40402313162) 19 Saaremaa (AI K 848) 20 Viru-Jaagupi Inju (AI 2794232425) 21 Vandra khklparish (P~lM 23912) 22 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 382 37764)

22 Lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 13)

22 PillS with leaves-decoration (map fig 13)

1 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 1) 2 Keila Uksnurme (AM 68 1) 3 Juri Moigu-Peetri (AI 4877 100) 4 Kaarma khklparish (AI K 67 17 1845 AI 507 6) 5 Kaarrna Uduvere (AI 15184) 6 Kihelkonna Lumanda (AI 382233 3438 35) 7 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 531 1352 1549 1696 1886 23834153

26892690297831483163310131023115) 8 Mihkli Sol va (AI 251318) 9 Muhu Liiva (SM 931 2) 10 Marjamaa Hairnre (AI 3614 I) 11 Nissi Polli (AI 3926 I) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 49120206 584a 584b 760) 13 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884 ) 14 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045 219) 15 Saaremaa (AI K 846) 16 Valjala khklparish (SM K 5410) 17 Valjala Rahu (AI 423922 44 758) 18 Leiukoht teadmatalFindspot unknown (AI 3027)

23 Saaremaa tii

23 PillS ofSaart

1 Hanila Komsi I

2 Kaarma khk I~ 3 Kaarma Loona 4 Kaarma Uduve 5 Karja Valja (A 6 Karuse Pajuma 7 Kihelkonna Ka 8 Kihelkonna khl 9 Kihelkonna Ku 10 Kihelkonna L 11 Kihelkonna 12 Kihelkonna P 13 Kose Paunkiil 14 Kullamaa Mai 15 Karla khk Ipa 16 Karla Kogula 17 Karla Orikiila 18 Uiiine-Niguia 19 Martna Ehmja 20 Pamu Jaagupi 21 Parnu-Jaagupi 22 Parnumaa (Pal 23 Pbide K6igust 24 P6ide Randvel 25 P6ide Viltina ( 26 Piiha Ilpla (AI 27 Saaremaa (AI 28 Valjala Konnu 29 Valjala Rahu (

3 Merovingi- voi

3 Merovingian connected termin

I Karja khklparis 2 Kodavere Lahef 3 Kodavere Savas 4 Mihkli Kurese ( 5 lPoide AudIa (S~ 6 Aksi Raigastven

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja (Jmad

23 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad (kaartjoon 14)

71

~)

96 1886 2383 4153

)760)

23 Pins ofSa a rema a type (map fig 14)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510940) 2 Kaarma khk parish(AI K 67 1944) 3 Kaarma Loona (AK K 1776 LVYM 650911393) 4 Kaarma Uduvere (AI K 15185 186 187 188) 5 Kalja Valja (AI K 76 1) 6 Karu se Pajumaa (AM 134 I 5) 7 Kihelkonna Kalmu (AI 3822]57 158 194) 8 Kihelkonna khk parish (AI K 741) 9 Kihelkonna Kurevere (AI 43686998 102) 10 Kihelkonna Loona (AI 3822233a) 11 Kihelkonna Liimanda (AK 382268 136) 12 Kihelkonna Paju (L VVM 20A 128) 13 Kose Paunkiila (AM 73 1) 14 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 3160 3635 3637 5000 6085) 15 KarIa khk pari sh (AI K 79101819) 16 Karia Kogula (AI K 2951 52) 17 Karla Orikiila (AI K 4 102 103) 18 Laane-Nigula Uugla (AM 500503) 19 Martna Ehmja (AM 554824) 20 Pamu Jaagupi Pooravere (PaM 2364) 21 Pamu-J aagupi Linnamae (AM 491170) 22 Parnumaa (PaM ) 23 Poide Koiguste (AI 436 I 2) 24 Poide Randvere (AI 26972 AI 3895 257) 25 Poide Viltina (AI 3884391 2588b 2755 3128 4300) 26 Piiha IJpla (AI 3822315 382 K 1 78) 27 Saaremaa (AI K 843 57 AI K 8546107 AI 3529 SM ) 28 Valjala Konnu (AI 5151) 29 Valjala Rahu (AI 4239202 670 1114)

3 Merovingi- voi varaviikingiaegsed lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad

3 Merovingian Period or earJy Viking Age cross-headed pins with unshyconnected terminals

1 Karja khkparish (AI K 774) 2 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 198433) 3 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 1483 1) 4 Mihkli Kurese (AI 2513 17) 5 Poide AudIa (SM K 49 I) 6 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885)

72 Marika Magi

7 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (AM aj 98)

4 Kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

4 Double-cross-headed pins

41 Lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad (kaart joon 15)

41 Double-cross-headed pins with unconnecled terminals (map fig 15)

I Haljala Essu (AM 8327) 2 Harju-Jaani Kehra (AI 35849 10) 3 Iisaku J6uga (AI 510062) 4 JUllm Kaiu jarvLake Kaiu (AI 5251) 5 Karksi Kiiti (AI 1353 1) 6 Kodavere Alatskivi (AI 1893la Ib) 7 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 4976 159) 8 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 516957 5295210a 210b) 9 Kose Ardu (AI 26744) 10 Laiuse Koola (AI 40245) Ii Nissi Varbola (AI 3865 128) 12 Nao Unipiha linnamagihillfort (AI 2901 11) 13 Otepaa PaidJa (AI 19973) 14 P6ltsamaa Pajusi (AI 1871 8) 15 Pamu-Jaagupi Anelema (AI 42255) 16 Parnumaa (PaM A 2361) 17 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884153) 18 Piiha IJpla (AI K 1 77) 19 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817 307311) 20 R6ngu Piihaste (AI 3667 I) 21 Rapina Tooste (AI 41085 7) 22 Tarvastu Riuma (AI 12073a 3b) 23 Viljandi Kuude (VM 331 2 43 17A 312) 24 Viljandimaa (VM ) 25 Vim-Nigula Aseri (RM 1211A 57683 7879) 26 Vim-Nigula Kohala (RM 30791A 51 12) 27 Vim-Nigula Kunda (AI 157933 4002) 28 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 5343c)

29 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (LVVM 58923A I 798)

42 Uhendatud alumiste harudega kaksikristpeaga l10elad (kaartjoon 16)

42 Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals (map fig 16)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510103188218507)

Eest merovillgi-(I v

2 Harju-Jaani Raa 3 Kodavere Raatv( 4 Kullamaa Maid 5 Liiganllse Kalme 6 Mihkli Veltsa (A 7 Marjal1laa Konol 8 Marjamaa Moka 9 P61tsal1laa Pajusi 10 Rannu Verevi ( 11 VaUala Rahu (A 12 Viljandi Madi ( 13 Vaike-Maarja A 14 Leiukoht teadl1l1

Marika Magi Eesti merovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy viJorapiirased ja omarl 73

15)

(Ilapjig 15)

I 798)

kaartjOOIi16)

als(mapjig16)

2 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 16) 3 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 5295 121a 12Ib) 4 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 5802 18 2323) 5 Liiganuse Kalmeistri (AI 28244) 6 MihkJi Ve1tsa (AI 4944) 7 Marjamaa Konovere linnamagihillfort (AI 4571159) 8 Marjamaa Moka (AI 371021) 9 P51tsamaa Pajusi (AI 19996) 10 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817234) 11 Valjala Rahu (AI 423970) 12 Viljandi Macli (AI 25906166172174) 13 V~iike-Maalja Antu (AM 102 I) 14 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 26362)

I

Marika Magi50 EeSli merovillgi- ja

Vahemalt suuremad ripatsitest ja naastudest gamituuriga ekscmplarid on kuulunud meestele Soomes seaJjuures enamasti rikkalike hauapanustega eliitshys6jameestele (Lehtosalo-Hilandcr 1982 109) Viidates baltiparastele r6ngaspeashyn6eltele mida kandsid naised kee kinnitustena on L6ugas oletanud et ka Eesti r6ngaspean6elu on kandnud naised (1973 126) Vuhemalt suurte kettakujuliste laienditega ning ripatsitest garnituuriga n6elu v6ib siiski ka siinmail pidada iisna kindlalt meestele kuulunuiks Tegemist on vuga silmatorkavate ehetega millel on baltiparaste noeltega vahe iihist Minu arvates on vagJ ebausutav et Soome pealikud oleksid ennast ehtinud Eestis naiste ehete hulb kuuluvate n6eltega

Ristikujulise laiendiga rongaspean6elte kohta on Hackman vaitnud et need esinevad Soomes alati iihekaupao kuid neid on kandnud nii mehed klli naised (1938 114) Vaadates labi Soome vastavaid n6elu sealses rahvllsmuuseumis torkas siiski silma et 1922 aastal kaevatud Uskela Lukkarinmaki kalmistult on ristikujlliise laiendiga noelu leitud kahel voi koguni kolmel juhul ilmselt paarikaupa St leiunumbrid on k6ryuti ning noelad on taiesti y6i peaaegu iihesugused (KM 8067 A 34 5 7 v6ib-olla ka 2930 andmed Soome Rahvusshymuuseumj arheoloogiaosakonna arhiivist Helsingis) Kui t6mmata paralleele Baltimaade ristpeaga n6elte kandmisYiisidega yoib sellistel juhtudel olla tegcshymist naiste ehetega mida on kantud kummalgi olal ning mille yahel on y6ib-olla rippunud rinnakee

Ka Eestis pole r6ngaspeanoelad olnud ilmselt ainult meeste ehted Keila peitleid (tahy IV) sisaldas lisaks yariandi 12a rongaspeaga n6elale just naise ehteid ning on seega kllulunudki ilmselt naisele Tegemist on siiski aryatayalt yeidi hilisema n6elaga ning ilmselt juba 9 sajandisse kuulllya peitleiuga (vt eespool) Kuigi nagu eespool naidatud Kunilepa peitleid ei kujutanud enesest suletud leiukomplekti v6ib siiski oletada ct sealne ristikujulise laiendiga r6ngaspean6el v6is olla leitud koos t6enaoliselt samasuguse noelaga millest on aga sailinud iiksnes pear6ngas Ei saa yalistada et needki n6elad on kuulunud naisele ja neid on kantud paarikaupa

MeroYingi- ja yarayiikingiaegsed ornamentimata kolmnurkpeaga noeJad esineyad mitmel juhul paarikaupa samuti on neisl mitme kiiljes sailinud ketishykatkeid Enamikul juhtudel koosneb kett laiematest lamekumerast ribast llilidest ning iiksikutest massiiYsematest iimmarguse labiloikega r6ngastesl Pajumaa noela kiiljes npub kaks ristkiilikukujulist naastu (tahv III 4) mist6ttu v6ib arYata et seda on kantud uhekaupa

Omaette kiisimus on kas kolmnurkpeaga n6elad kuulusid iiksnes naiste ehete hulka y6i kandsid neid ka mehed Ebaselge on ka nende v6imalik kandmisyiis Eesti arheoloogilised leiud sene kohta kahjuks kuigiY6rd pidepunkte ei pakll seeparast tuleb taas poorduda naabermaade vordleya materjali poole Leedus on kantud nuppotstega kolmnurkpeaga n6elu alati iihekaupa nagu ilmneb sealsetest laibamatustest (Volkaite-Kulikauskiene 1970 (69) Muu hulgas yiitaYad selleIe nende kiilge sageli kinnitatud ripatsitega keekandjad

Kuna rongaspt samal ajal on lo( V6imalik et vale peaga noclad mct naised hakanud k meeste pealisroivl ka kolmnurkpeagl

Hiljemalt alat( naiste ehetest tervikuna sailinud test ketist kahe nil on lehtomamendi pikk kahekordset ja v6imalik et lei Lilnulu-kujuline k~ tiiiipi keckandjagi iihekordse ketiga kantud m6nel juh1 taoline noel

Saaremaa tili ilmselt kuulusid n tud reeglina kah~ n6eltega leitud ka kuulusid k6ik sam

Eraldi tuleb m peaga n6cla (AI yen n6eltest on stilise baltiparane kringl tiiiipi noela kiiljes juurde kuuluv naa Ebatavaline on lis test iimmarguse n

kandjad kuulusid nocltega v6ib nim

Ka kaJ(sikrist) kompleksis puudu oli kinnitunud otse kuulus kaks vara nnnakees (tahy X teada oleyate iahti

ristpeaga n6elte jl ning mitmereahnl (tahy XI 5 X)

lvlarika Miigi Eesfi I11crovingi- ja viikillgiaegsed rinnanoelad - v66rapiirasedja ollad 51

19a eksemplarid on hauapanustega cliitshy

iparastele rongaspeashyoletanud et ka Ees ti suurte kettakujuliste siinmail pidada iisna ate ehetega millel on ~bausutav et Soome 111uvate n5eltega nan viiitnud et need Iii mehed kui naised s rahvusmuuseumis inmaki kalmistult on ~olmel juhul ilmselt

taiesti voi peaaegu lmed Soome Rahvusshy

tommata paralleele el juhtudel olla tegeshylie vahel on v6ib-olla

meeste ehted Keila ga n6elale just naise t on siiski arvatavalt mluva peitleiuga (vt ei kujutanud enesest

istiku julise laiendiga fe noelaga millest on i noelad on kuulunud

mnurkpeaga noelad kiiljes sailinud ketishyImerast ribast lulidest

rongastest Pajumaa III 4) mist5ttu voib

id uksnes naiste ehete voimalik kandmisviis i pidepunkte ei paku rjali poole Leedus on Iagu ilmneb sealsetest mlgas viitavad sellele

Kuna rongaspeaga ja kolmnurkpeaga noelu kanti Eestis samas piirkonnas ja sarnaI ajal on Joogiline oletada et iihed neist olid naiste teised meeste ehted V5imalik et vaJdavah ongi kolmnurkpeaga n5elad kuulunud naistele rongasshypeaga n5eJad meestele Samas on v6imalik et alates umbes 9 sajandist on ka naised hakanud kandma r6ngaspeaga noelu olgu siis iihe- voi kahekaupa ning meeste pealisroivaid on hakatud kinnitama iiksnes hoburaudsolgedega Ilmselt on ka kolmnurkpeaga n5elu kantud vahel iihekaupa toenaoliselt samuti naiste poolt

Hiljemalt alates 10 sajandist v5ib Eesti s riiiikida ehtenoeltest kui iiksnes naiste ehetest Lehtornamendiga kolmnurkpeaga noeltest on teada iiks tervikuna siiilirmd kee Liivalt Sec koosneb ainult iihest kahekordsetest rongasshytest ketist kane noela vahel Keekandjaid kasutatud ei ok Mitmel teiseJgi juhul on lehtornamendiga noelu leitud paarikaupa voi on iihe noela kiiljes rippunud pikk kahekordsetest liilidest kett Uimanda Kabelivaljalt saadud kolmnurkpeaga ja voi malik et lehtomamendiga noela (AI 382238) kiilge on siiski sulanud ka lunua-kujuline keekandja iiks Maidla taoline noel on aga leitud koos saaremaa tiiiipi keekandjaga Naib et enamasti on sellised noelad kuulunud siiski vaid iihekordse ketiga rinnakeedesse Ei saa vaJistada et Ichtomamendiga noelu on kantud monel juhul ka veel iihekaupa - naiteks Haimre naisematuses oli vaid iiks taoJine noel

Saaremaa tiilipi ehtenoelad esinevad juba niivord sageli paarikaupa et ilmselt kuuLusid need alati rinnakeega kokku Seda tiiiipi noelte kiilge on kinnitashytud reeglina kahekordsetest rongastest kette Sagelj on koos saaremaa tUiipi noeltega leitud ka samemaa tiiupi keekandjaid ning kee vaheliilisid mis ilmselt kuulusid koik samasse rinnaehtesse

Eraldi tuleb mainida Saaremaalt juhuleiuna saadud kaht lameda kolmnurkshypeaga noela (AI K 8546 107) mis on ilmselt kuu lunud iihte rinnakeesse Uks noeltest on stiliseeritud korvplettomamendiga saaremaa tiiiipi noel teine aga baltiparane kringlikujuliste laienditega lameda koJmnurkpeaga noel Saaremaa tiiiipi noela kii~es oleva pika ketikatke kiilj es on sailinud mingi voib-olla noatupe juurde kuuluv naast ning azuurse arvatavasti nn puull10tiiviga keekandja katke Ebatavaline on lisaks semgalliaparaseie noelale ka kelt mis koosneb massiivseshytest iimmarguse ristloikega iihekordsetest rongastest Kuna puumotiiviga keeshykandjad kuulusid iildjuhul kokku J J sajandi esimese poole kaksikristpeaga nocltega voib nimetatud rinnakee dateerida samasse aega

Ka kaksikristpeaga noelad esinevad kompleksides paarikaupa Aseri leiushykompleks is puudusid keekandjad ning sel juhul ilmselt vaid iiherealine rinnakee oli kinnitunud otse noeltele Keekandjaid ei olnud ka Verevi naisematuses kuhu kuulus kaks varasemat kaksikristpeaga noela samuti puudusid need Riuma rmnakees (tahv XI 4) Hil isemate S 0 1] sajandi esimese poole laibamatustest teada olevate lahtiste harudega voi ainult alumiste iihendatud harudega kaksikshyristpeaga noelte j uurde kuulusid alati azuursed nn puumotiiviga keekandjad ning mitmereal ine kahekordsetest rongastest rinnakee koos vaheliilidega (tahv XI 5 X)

Marika Magi52 Eesti merovillgi- jll

Ehtenoelte levikupiirkond

Pilk artiklis kasitletud merovingi- ja viikingiaegsete ehtenoelte levikukaartishydele naitab et Eesti v6ib selle esemeliigi p6hjal jagada kahte ossa Selleks tuleb t6mmata m6tteline diagonaal Virumaalt Parnu lahte kusjuures Virumaa on piirkond milles esineb m6lemale poolele iseloomulikke jooni M6ttelisest jooshynest pohja ja Winde jaab ala kus r6ivaste kinnitamine ehten6eltega oli traditshysiooniJine Eesti ida- ja 16unaosas v6eti ehten6elad laiemalt kasutusele aIles 10 sajandil Samasugune jaotus kehtib ka teiste ehteliikide puhul (Magi-Lou gas 1994 1995a) mistottu v6ib ilmselt raakida kahest eraldi kllltuuripiirkonnast mille r6ivastus ja kombed teineteisest erinesid

Rongaspeaga n6elu on ootusparaselt leitud eelkoige P6hja- ja Uiiine-Eestist ning Saaremaalt st aladelt kus oli merovingi- ja varaviikingiajal olemas ehteshyn6elte kandmise traditsioon (joon 11) Sarna voib beIda nuppotsaliste kolmnurkshypeaga n6elte kohta mis on dateeritud enam-vahem samasse aega (joon 12-13) Uksikud Eesti idapoolsest kultuuripiirkonnast leitud n6elad on valdavalt baltiparased v6imalik et l6unanaabritelt otseselt imporditud esemed 10 sajandi teisest poolest levima hakanud lameda kolmnurkpeaga saaremaa tUlipi ehten6elte suhtes on varasemad uurijad olnud seisukohal et tegemist on Saaremaale iseloomulike ehetega mid a mandrile on j6udnud vaid liksikud eksemplarid (Kustin 1962a 70 Selirand 1974 145) Praegustel andmetel on neid Jeitud Mandri-Eesti laaneosast siiski peaaegu samapalju kui saartelt (lisa) Lameda kolmnurkpeaga ehten6elte leviku v6ib seega seostada pigem saarte ja LaaneshyEesti lihise kultuuripiirkonnaga

Samaaegselt saaremaa tUlipi n6eltega (joon 14) ilmus ka Eesti ida- ja 16unaossa esimene omamaine ehten6elte tUlip lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad Valja arvatud moni liksik erand on neid leitud eelkoige Eesti idaosast kaasa arvatud Virumaa (joon 15) Kaksikristpeaga noelte tihendatud alumiste harudega variandi noelu on aga leitud juba tile kogu Eesti ehkki harvalt (joon 16) nagu ka neile jargnenud tileni tihendharulisi noelu

Lopetuseks

Muinastihiskonnas toimunud protsesside kajastajana on ehetel kahtlemata relvastuse jarel teisejargllline osa Muutuvad ju ehtetUtibid aeglasemalt on pikeshymalt kasutllsel ega levi nii kergesti naabermaadesse Ometigi on ehteid arheoshyloogilises materjalis tunduvalt enam kui relvi Eeskatt on see seotud matmisshykommetega midajargides maeti koos ehetega nii mehi kui naisi Ehted ei olnud ka nii viiartuslikud mist6ttu neist loobuti (naiteks hauapanusteks) kergema stidamega samuti laks neid sagedamini kaotsi Kui Eestis voib merovingi- ja viikingiaja relvastuses tiiheldada rahvusvaheliseks muutumist siis ehted peegeldavad eeskatt

bull 1

bull 2

Joan II Ronl

Fig II I

bull 1

bull 2

Joan 12 Variandi 21 k

Fig 12 Dislribuliorkohalikke eriparasid nii Eesti-siseselt kui v6rdluses naabermaadega

Marika Magi Eesti Ilerovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 53

lenoelte levikukaartishyte ossa Selleks tuleb sjuures Virumaa on loni Mottelisest jooshytenoeltega oli traditshynalt kasutusele alles puhul (Magi-Lougas kultuuripiirkonnast

hja- ja Laane-Eestist ingiajal olemas ehteshyppotsaliste kolmnurkshy~ aega (joon 12-13) oelad on valdavaJt ~ esemed 10 sajandi maa ttiiipi ehten6elte mist on Saaremaale Uksikud eksemplarid netel on neid leitud ~rtelt (lisa) Lameda em saarte ja Laaneshy

us ka Eesti ida- ja dega kaksikristpeaga Ikoige Eesti idaosast iihendatud alumiste ehkki harvalt (joon

n ehetel kahtlemata aeglasemalt on pikeshyigi on ehteid arheoshysee seotud matmisshy

si Ehted ei olnud ka ) kergema sUdamega Ivingi- ja viikingiaja peegeldavad eeskatt

adega

bull 1 Cl

bull 2

Joan J J RongaspeanoeJte levik J - Oks eksempJar 2 - kaks voi enam ekscmpJari

Fig J J Distribution of ring-headed pins J one find 2 two or more finds

Cl

bull 2

Joan J 2 Variandi 2 J kolmnurkpeaga noeJte Jevik J - Oks eksemplar 2 - kaks voi enam eksempJali

Fig 12 Distribution of triangular-headed rins of variant 2 J lone find 2 two or more finds

EeSfi merovingi- jaMarika Mdgi 54

bull 1

bull 2

loon J 5 Lahtiste hJoon 13 Nuppotsalistc lchtomamcndiga n6clte levik I - iiks ekscrnplar 2 - kaks v6i cnam cksernpl31i

Fig 13 Distribution of triangular-headed pins with end knobs and leafdcltoration lone lind 2 two or Fig 15 Distribution (more finds

bull 1

bull 2

Joon 16 Dhendatud a

Joa n 14 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6e1tc levik I - Oks ekscrnplar 2 - kaks v6i enam ckscmplari Fig 16 Distribution of Fig 14 Distribution of triangular-headed pins of Saarcmaa type lone find 2 two or more finds

Marika Miigi

~aks voi enam ekscmplari

Ilion 10m tind 2 two or

~t)l~j) -- C i

gt I middotmiddotmiddot~ 1 0 5 (gt~f bull bull J_

Eesli 11 crovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnallocad shy voorapiirascd ja (JlI1ad 55

bull 1 o

bull 2

Joon 15 Lahtiste harudcga kaksikristpeaga nacltc levik I - Uks eksemplar 2 - kaks vai enam eksemplari

Fig 15 Distribution of double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals lone find 2 two or more finds

bull 1 CJ

bull 2

Joon 16 Dhcndatud alumiste harudcga kaksikristpeaga naelte 1evik I - Uks eksemplar 2 - kaks v6i enam eksemplari

oi enam eksemplari Fig 16 Distribution of double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals lone find 2 two

nd 2 two or more finds or more finds

)

Marika Magi 56 Eesti merovillgi- ja

Ehten6elu on ajaloo jooksul kandnud nii mehed kui naised Vahe v6is olla tiksnes kandmisviisis (naiteks meestel tihe- naistel kahekaupa) eri n6elattilipides v6i ka eri perioodides Nii ei ole Eesti mehed ilustanud end ehten6elaga viikingiaja teisel poole Ehten6elad on kuulunud eeskatt saarte ja Laane-Eesti ehtekandmistraditsiooni Jda- ja L6una-Eestisse illmusid esimesed kohapealsed ttitibid alles viikingiaja keskel

Tbb esemete ning arhiivimaterjaliga v6imaldas esitada enamiku Eesti merovingi- ja vilkingiaja n6elte kohta tapsustatud ttipoloogia ning dateeringud Uoon 17) Loodetavasti 6nnestus luua varasemast tervikilikum pilt rinnan6elte morfoloogilisest arengust Tapsustatud dateeringud v6imaldavad loodetavasti liigitada Uipsemalt ka tilejaanud Eesti kasitletavate perioodide ieiukomplekse ning luua seelabi parema ettekujutuse kogu tolleaegsest tihiskonnast tervikuna

600 700 800 900 1000 1100

loon 17 Noelte dateeringud

Fi g 17 Dates of pins

Tanuavaldus

Autor tanab k6iki kes aitasid kaasa kaesoleva artikli valmimisele eeskatt fotograafe Rein Karneritja Enno V~iljalit ning kunstnikke Kersti Siitanit ja Jaana Ratast samuti inglise keele korrektorit Gordon Snowd

Kasutatud kirjandus

Ariste E 1938 Die eS Ll andisehen Ringkop fnade ln - OES Toim XXX 48-64 Aroalho J 1978 Lieto Haimionmaki Nuoremman rautakauden polttokenttakalmisto Aurajokishylaaksossa Pro gradu-tutkielma - Karhullhammas 2 Turku Cleve N 1978 Skelettgravfiilten pa Kjuloholm i Kjulo II Vikingatid oeh korstagstid Gravfaltet C - SMYA XLIV 2 Edgren T 1973 En baltisk smyckenal frltln Veitakkala i Salo - SMY A 75 30--31 Hackman A 1938 Das Brandgriiberfcld von Pukkila in Isokyro - SMYA XLI Hardh B 1976 Wikingerzeitliche Depotfunde atls Slidschwcdcn Katalog und Tafeln Lund

Indreko R 1937 Aru (Kasikiri AI-s) Jaanusson H 1971 ] 99-104 Jansson I 1995 Dres Kivikoski E 1941 Wi Kivikoski E 1942 Ka Kivikoski E 1973 Di1 Justin A 19621 Ran( Kustin A I962h Saal 13 sajandi alguseni) D Kustin A 1965 An aasta Tallinn (Kiisikir Kustin A 1969 Aruan Lang V 1996 Muistl Loode-Eestis eri ti Pirit Latvijas PSR arhcologij Lavi A 1986a Raatve AI-s) Lavi A 19S6b Arual (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1988 Aruan (Kasikiri A1-s) LehtosaIo-Hiiander P Ligi P 1993 Vadjapar Liiugas V 1973 Das I

SMYA 75117-131 Lougas V amp Magi-Lo TATU 127- 33 Mandel M 1980 Aru 1977 aastal Tallinn (K Mandel M 1982 Linn Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Moora H 1932 Aru~ kaevamisest 1-8 ja 14 Miigi-Lougas M 1994 484 Miigi-Lougas M 1995a Magi-Lougas M 1995t Nerman B r929 Die jlingcrell Eisellzeit - KUI Pauts H 1995 Uiane-E Parss A 1950 Kalmc Koola k Veski Ll) maa Ranta H 1996 Persona Finland Helsinki 36-50 Salmo H 1941 Mcrov SM XLVII 11-39 Schmiedehelm M 1930 ku ucsczcniu sicdemdl B i hI ioteka Prchistoryczna SchmiedeheJm M 1939

1100

57 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

lised Vahe v6is olla oa) eri n6elatiiiipides ud end ehten6elaga aarte ja Uiane-Eesti imesed kohapealsed

ada enamiku Eesti gia ning dateeringud kum pilt rinnan6elte aldavad loodetavasti pdide leiukomplekse konnast tervikuna

valmimisele eeskiitt ersti Siitanitja Jaana

48-64 kenWikalmisto Aurajokishy

eh korstagslid Gravfaltet

7530--31 oXLL g und Tafcln Lund

Indreko R 1937 Aruanne kaevamistest Haimre koolimaja 6ues 19 VII 37 - 20 Vll 37 a Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Jaanusson H 197 L Ett estniskt korsformat hange fran Bjurhovda i Vasteras - Fornvannen 2 99-104 Jansson I 1995 Dress pins of East Baltic type made on Gotland - AEW 83-90 Kivikoski E 1941 Itabalttian ja Suomen suhteista viikinkiajalla - SM XLVIl 40-50 Kivikoski E 1942 Kappale Salon seudun rautakautta - SM XLVlII 13-30 Kivikoski E 1973 Die Eisenzeit Finnlands Bildwerk und Text Neuausgabe Helsinki Kustin A 1962a Randvere kivikalmistu SaaremaaL - MKA 58- 130 Kustin A 1962b Saaremaa ja Muhu muistised feodalismi Uirkamise perioodist (II sajandist kuni J3 sajandi alguseni) Diss kand Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Kustin A J965 Aruanne Kurevere ki vikuhelik-kalmistu arheoloogilisest kaevamisest 1965 aastal Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Kustin A 1969 Aruanne Rahu kivikalme kaevamisest 1959 aastal Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lang V 1996 Muistne Riivala Muistised kronoloogia ja maaviljclusliku asustuse kujunemine Loode-Eestis eriti Pirita joe alamjooksu piirkonnas - MT 4 Latvijas PSR arheologija 1974 RIga Lavi A 1986a Raat vere maa-aluse kalmistu arheoloogilisest uurimisest 19) I a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1986b Aruanne arheoloogilistest kaevamistest Raatvere kalmemael 1982 a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1988 Aruanne Raatvere kalmemae ala arheoloogilisest uurimisest 1983 a Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Lehtosalo-Hilander P - L 1982 Luistari II The Artefacts - SMY A 822 Ligi P 1993 Vadjaparased kalmed Eestis 9-16 sajandiL - MT 2 7-175 Lougas V 1973 Das mitteleisenzeitliche Steingrab von Lehmja Loo in der Nahe von Tallinn shySMYA 75117-131 Luugas V amp Magi-Lougas M 1994 Investigation of ancient monuments at Poide 1991-1992 shyTATO 127-33 Mandel M 1980 ArUal1l1e Uugla kivikalme ja p611ukivihunniku arheoloogi1istest kaevamistest 1977 aastaL Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Mandel M 1982 Linnam~ie maa-aluse p61etuskalmistu kaevamiste aruanne 1976-1980 aastast Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Moora H 1932 Aruanne Rannu kihelk Vcrevi kUla Safldimardi talu maal oleva kivikalme kaevamisest 1-8 ja 14 juun 1932 Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Magi-Lougas M 1994 Eesti viik j ngiaeg~ed hoburauds61ed ja nende ornament - TATO 4 465shy484 Magi-Lougas M 1995a Eesti viikingiaegsed kiiev6rud ja nende ornament - MT 3 271-325 Magi-Liiugas M 1995b lila matus Arhcoloogilised kacvarnised pabcril - TATO 516-531 Nerman n 1929 Die Verbindungen zwischen SkandinaviGn und dem Ostbaltikum in der jiingcren Eiscnzeit - Kungl Vitterhets ock Antikvitets Akadcmien Handlingar 40 1 Stockholm Pauts H 1995 Liiiine-Eesti hoburaudsolcd (8-13 sajand) Diplomitoli Tartu (Kiisikiri AI-s) Piirss A 1950 Kalmc J6geva rajooni Koala kiilanoukogu 9 mai kolhoosi (end Laiuse khk K60la kL Veski tl) maaL Kacv 7-23 VIII 1950 a (Juh H Moora) Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Ranta H 1996 Personal ornaments - Vainionmaki - a Merovingian Period Cemetery in Laitila Finland Helsinki 36-50 SaImo H 1941 Merovinkiaikaisen ratsusotilaan hautakalusto Euran pitajan Pappilanmaesta shySM XLVII 11-39 Schmiedehelm M 1930 Einige Funde der mittleren Eisenzeit aus Estland - Ksi~ga pamiqtkowa ku ucsczeniu siedemdziesiqtej roezniey urodzin prof dr Wlodzimierza Demetrykiewieza Biblioteka Prehistoryclna L Poznan 318-329 Schmiedehelm M 1939 Kuusalu Pajulinn - MEL 121-138

Marika Magi58 EeSfi merovilgi- ja

Selirand J 1974 Eestlaste matmiskombed varafeodaalsete suhete Uirkamise perioodil (11-13 sajand) Tallinn Selirand J 1993 Aruanne kaevamistest Madi kivikalmel Viljandi rajoonis (end Viljandi kihelkond) 1962 a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Stromberg M 1961 Untersuchungen wr jOngcren Eisenzeit in Schonen Vblkerwanderungseit shyWikingerzeit I-II Acta Archaeologica Lundensia series in 4deg no 4 Lund Snore R 1930 Dzelzs laikmeta latvidu rotas adatas - LatvieSll aizvestures materiilli Riga Tallgren A M 1925 Zur Arehiiologie Eestis II Von 500 bis etwa 1250 n Chr Dorpat Tamla T 1991 lamenevate otstega kaevorud Eesti noorema rauaaja (10-13 sajandi) leidudes shyMT I 134--145 TautayWiene B 1981 III-XVI a sidabriniai ir sidabru puosti dirbiniai Vilnius The Road from the Varangians w the Greeks and from the Greeks 1996 Catalogue of the Exibition State Historical Museum MOSlOW fhumnark-Nylen L 1983 Gotland och OstbaJtikum - Gutar och vikingar Stockholm 306-322 Thunmark-Nylen L 1995 Churchyard Finds from Gotland (1llh - It centuries) -AEW 161shy193 Tonisson E 1974 Die Gauja-Liven und ihre materielle Kultur (II lh - Anfang 13 1hs) Tallinn Volkaitc-Kulikauskienc R 1970 Lieluviai IX- XII 3mziais Vilnius

Ayn M 1992 ApXeOJIOIWleCKHe naM5ITHllKH BTOPOH nononHHbl I-ro TblC5I4eneTWI H 3 B IOroshyBOCTOLlflOii 3CTOHIIH TanJlHlll1 CenoB B n 1985 l-b60pcK B 8-10 BeKax - HAn 119-130 CenOBa M B 1981 IOneJlllpllble I131CJIH5I )]pcllllero H06ropona (X-XV 66) MOCK6a CmmblH A A 1896 Kyprallbl c-ne-repfiyprCKOii ly6CpHHII R pacKonKax n K HBaIlOBCKoro - MaTcpllanbl no apxeoJlonm POCCIIII 20 C-neTep6ypl IIIMHnexeJJbM M X 1959 loponflluc PblYIC II IOro-BocT0411oii 3nOllllii - Bonpocbl 3TH114eshyCKOH HCTOPlfH lIapO)WB npH6a~nlKII 110 )lltlIlIlblM apxeoJlorI-lII 3TlIOlpaXilII H 3HTpOIlOnOllm MocKna 154--185

Marika Magi

DECORA TIVE PINS OF THE MEROVINGIAN AND VIKING AGES IN ESTONIA FOREIGN AND LOCAL

Summary

The Merovingian Period (600-800) and the Viking Age (800-1050) have been treated as comparati vely empty of finds in Estonian archaeology The local culture has been believed to have developed since only the [ lth century The dating of artefacts from these periods has been imprecise and usually later than in Finland or Scandinavia

In this paper 253 Estonian decorative pins from the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age have been analysed (Appendix ) They were all meant for fastening coats or dresses small pins for fastening linen kerchiefs appear in the burials only at the end of the Viking Age

According to the general point of view in Estonian archaeology artefact complexes are almost completely lacking in our archaeological material during

the Merovingian I burial customs of has proved howe cremations have b

Altogether 41 (

ff a fron pills

Eight iron pins at least one of then Ariste 1938 PI Il resemble their pre

i lb Bronze pills v

The shape of thi the head ring has decorated with a sn

All plI1S of thi specimens were u wrapping and somt

f2a PillS with simi

The upper and I marked with straigh case

f2h PinI with ciru

Pins of this sub- have also been foun flanges around the r disks have been de luxurious of this t)

pllaques

rkamise pcrioodil (11 -13

Ii rajoonis (end Viljandi

In Viilkerwanderungsze il shymd ures materiali Riga 0 n Chr Dorpat 0-13 sajandi) leidudes shy

Vilnius 1996 Catalogue of the

ngar Stockholm 306-322 h centuries) -AEW 161shy

-Anfang 13 1d1S) Tallinn

TbIC~4CJlCTlll H 3 13 IOro-

V Btl) MOCKua

middotnKax 11 K VlllallOI3CKoro

~HIIII - BOflPOCbl JTHWleshy

)rpaXIII I anTpOIIOJlOrl1H

I VIKING AGES IN L

ge (800-1050) have lrchaeology The local the II th century The and usually later than

erovingian Period and t were all meant for erchiefs appear in the

archaeology artefact )gical material during

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 59

the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The basis for this view has been the burial customs of these times especially cremations My research in our archives has proved however that more or less certamiddotin complexes in stone graves with cremations have been undervalued

1 Ring-headed pins

Altogether 41 ring-headed pins are known from Estonia

11 Earlier variant of ring-headed pins

1la 1ron pins

Eight iron pins have been found in Estonia up to now Though simply shaped at least one of them has been fitted with a rectangular plaque (Kuma AM 2968 Ariste 1938 PI III6) These pins are the oldest ones of the type and closely resemble their predecessors shepherd-crook pins

1lb Bronze pins with widening or profiled neck (Pl 1l11 2)

The shape of these pins is similar to that of the iron specimens In three cases the head ring has been wrapped with silver wire The neck is sometimes decorated with a small round decorative shield (Fig 14 PI IH2)

12 Later variant of ring-headed pins

All pins of this variant had necks of triangular cross-section The later specimens were usually bigger more decorated especially by silver-wire wrapping and sometimes fitted with plaques All of them were made of bronze

12a Pins with silllple triangular neck (Fig 21 2 Pl 1V)

The upper and lower edges of the front side of the neck of these pins were marked with straight ridges The head ring has been wrapped by wire only in one case

12b Pins with circular flanges around their neck (Fig 2 3 PI 111 5 V 1-3)

Pins of this sub-variant were most typical to Estonia though some specimens have also been found in Finland and Latvia There were usually three circular flanges around the neck In most cases both the head ring and the edges of the disks have been decorated with silver wrapping These pins were the most luxurious of this type usually bigger than the others and often fitted with plaques

Marika Magi60 Eesti merovingi- ja

12c Pins with cross-shaped extension (Fig 2 4 Pl X 2-3)

Three pins of this sub-variant have been found in Estonia at Kuusalu (AI 2827) Pajumaa (AM 134 19) and Kunilepa (AI 2483 16) These have been treated as later specimens of ring-headed pins and as specifically Estonian (Tallgren 192581 Ariste 19383754 Kivikoski 197367)

Discussion

Estonian ring-headed pins originated from small pins of the same type in Latvia especially in Semgallien and in northern Lithuania Small Lithuanian ring-headed pins were dated to the 7th-8th centuries bigger ones to the 9th century (Volkaite-Kulikauskiene 1970 168) Numbers of these pins have been found in Finland where they were treated as ornaments of Estonian origin and dated usually to the 7th-8th centuries (Hackman 1938 105-115 LehtosaloshyHilander 1982 109 Ranta 199642) Specimens with a cross-shaped extension could be dated to the 9th century too (Hackman 1938 114) However a ringshyheaded pin of variant ~ 2a from Lillmalmsbacken was found together with a hexahedral ring from a penannular brooch and some other items and could thus be dated to the 9th century too (data from archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki)

Twelve ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were known in Finland in 1973 (Kivikoski 1973 67) and only three specimens in Estonia Estonian pins of this sub-variant have been found in coastal areas or in a deposit at Kunilepa which also contains some other items of Finnish origin (eg early penannular brooches with flat ring) Thus most probably can we talk about a Finnish rather than an Estonian origin for these pins At least two such pins have also been found in Latvia (Snore 1930 Pl IX 15 22)

Tallgren has suggested that ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were predecessors of double-cross-headed pins (1925 81) Ariste (1938) did not support this theory because the dates of these ornaments differed too much It should be noted that some cross-headed pins of Southern Baltic origin with three terminals were spread at the same time in Finland One specimen has been also found in Estonia (PI X 1) Ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extensions could be speciall Finnish ornaments connected both with the ring-headed and cross-headed pins Both concepts are particuhlrly evident in a ring-headed pin with a cross-shaped extension from Liedon Sauvala which is fitted with a supplementary cross inside its head ring (Hackman 1938 Fig 35)

Only one of the Estonian ring-headed pins has been found in an undisturbed find complex in a deposit at Keila (PI IV) This find was probably not complete however because it lacked a second fastener for the chain (another pin) The find could be dated to the 9th century A collection of finds from Kunilepa usually treated as a deposit were obviously picked up from an earlier destroyed grave as

became clear frc probable grave cc spots the grave oj the later part of P Asva to the 8th-91

Ariste has da~

beginning of the supposed making 10th-II th centur~ to my study the I

the 7th century or mainly during the in the 9th century

Only triangulaJ These pins have 1

knobs Mushroom shaped ones to be study both variant pins are described I

This variant in usuaJly earlier but

21a Pins with sma

Fifteen pins fro were all smaller spe

21 h Pins with a Sir

Nine pins of th average in size an sometimes decorate(

21 c Pins with a del

Only four pins fl (PI IX I) was dec~ import from Curonia

61 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - vooraparasedja omad

I)

Estonia at Kuusalu 6) These have been

pecifically Estonian I

of the same type in ia Small Lithuanian ~ger ones to the 9th hese pins have been Estonian origin and 105-1 ] 5 Lehtosaloshyass-shaped extension 4) However a ringshylund together with a items and cou ld thus f the department of

ion were known In

~ecimens in Estonia areas or in a deposit

ish origin (eg early can we talk about a ~ t two such pins have

bss-shaped extension Ariste (1938) did not differed too much It tltic origin with three ~cimen has been also k shaped extensions the ring-headed and in a ring-headed pin lich is fitted with a ~ 35) nd in an undisturbed obably no complete lother pin) The find ~m Kunilepa usually r destroyed grave as

became clear from a conversation with a descendant of the landowner The probable grave could be dated to the 8th-9th centuries From the rest of the find spots the grave of Lehmja-Loo was dated to the 7th century (LOugas 1973 129) the later part of Presti grave to the 7th-8th centuries and the later dwelling layer in Asva to the 8th-9th centuries (Lougas amp Mligi-L6ugas 199432-33)

Ariste has dated Estonian ring-headed pillS from the 7th century up to the beginning of the 10th century (1938 62) Schmiedehelm and Selirand have supposed making reference to Ariste that these pins were also in use during the 10th-11th centuries (Schmiedehelm 1939 136 Selirand 1974 ] 44) According to my study the earlier variant of Estonian ring-headed pins cOUild be dated to the 7th century only The later variant pins with more local character were used mainly during the 8th century Pins of sub-variants 12a and 12c were in use also in the 9th century

2 Triangular-headed pins

Only triangular-headed pins with end knobs were discussed in this paper These pins have up to now been typologized according to the shape of their knobs Mushroom-shaped terminaLs were considered to be earlier and conicshyshaped ones to be later variants (Tangren 1925 80) According to the present study both variants were in use at the same time End knobs typical of the later pins are described in this paper as hat-shaped (Fig 3)

21 Pins without any special decoration

This variant includes 41 pins of different size Smaller specimens were usually earlier but there were quite a number of exceptions to this rule

21a Pins with smooth heads (PI VI 1 3)

Fifteen pins from the Merovingian Period belong to this sub-variant They were all smaller specimens with mushroom- or conic-shaped end knobs

21 h Pins with a smooth triangular hollow

Nine pins of this sub-variant are known in Estonia They were small or average in size and half of them had hat-shaped end knobs The head is sometimes decorated with a single knob in the middle

21 c Pins with a decoration ofconcentric triangles

Only four pins from Estonia belong to this sub-variant A pin from ViI tina (PI IX 1) was decorated with two ammal (horse) figures and is probably an import from Curonia or Semgallien

Marika Magi 62 Eesti merovillgimiddot jl

21d Pins with afaceted triangular hollow (Pi 111 3 4 VI 2)

Sixteen medium-sized or bigger pins belong to this sub-variant Only one of them had a hat-shaped end knob (Presti PI In 3) all the others had only mushroom- or conic-shaped knobs Many of these pins had a faceted neck (Fig 4 4)

22 Pins with a decoration of leaves (Pi V 4-5 V1I V11I 1- 3)

The shape of these pins resembled that of the former variant but the smooth hollow in the head was decorated with three leaves 46 pins or fragments of pins of this variant are known in Estonia Many of them were found in cremations and were bad1ly burnt Hat-shaped end knobs were characteristic of these pins The neck was faceted in 11 specimens (Fig 5) The reverse of some of these pins was decorated with eyes (PI V 5) Such specimens had almost no faceted neck Pins with a faceted neck were thus morphologically ear(jer and the specimens with a decoration on their reverse sides were later in this variant group

Discussion

Triangular-headed pins were widespread in Latvia and Lithuania where their decoration usually differed clearly from that of Estonian pins Pins with mushroom-shaped end knobs were dated to the 7th-9th centuries in L ithuania (Tautaviciene 1981 169) Triangular-headed pms appeared in Latvia as early as 500 and were spread mainly in Semgallien and in the Lower-Daugava area (Snore 1930 PI XXIX 1 Latvijas 1974 PI 40 4 I 3) Some specimens have also been found in Russia (Sedova 198173 Sedov 1985 123 F ig 1 7 8) Triangular-headed pins in FinlJand have been treated as ornaments of Latvian or Estonian origin and dated to the Merovingian Period or the beginning of the Viking Age (Kivikoski 197367-6899 Fig 448 72 l Lehtosalo-Hilander 1982 108)

Pins with leaf decoration were found not only in Estonia but also in Semgallien and Curonia Probably only one specimen has been found in Finland (Rusko Kankare Kivikoski 197367 99) Some pins with leaf decoration were known from Gotland (Nerman 1929 Fig 173-174 177 Thunmark-Nylen 1983 Fig 10 Jansson 1995 88-89 Fig 8) and from the mainland of Sweden (Stromberg 1961 165 PI 73 8 9) One has been found at Trelleborg in Denmark (Michael Andersen pers comm) Two fragmentary pins of this variant belonged to a silver hoard from Baldringe in Skanc (Hardh 1976 PI 20 10 11) and were interesting for us because of their material Ali triangular-headed pins in Estonii were made of bronze The finds in Baldringe proved that the Estonians used to make similar ornaments of both materials but the silver specimens were probably re-cast later

Some of the complexes Thret some bracelets 1

cremation at Hai could be dated to and Maidla gravi datcd to the same

Seven pins of in 1m have been XXVII 4-5) The 8th centuries in (Schmiedehelm 11 L6ugas 1994 32shy

Schmiedehelm (1930) The pins according to Kus According to my Merovingian Perilt the end of the 9th 10th century Arou

Pins of this var and are therefore I

shaped terminals al have been found u majority of them hi draw parallels with elaborated decorati consisting only of broken off and fixel

23a Pins with lea

Six pins of this These pins were pre

23b Pins with plail

Plait decoration not very widespreao and the 11 til centul)

Marika Miigi Eesli merovingi- ja viikil1gi(egsed rinl1aHoelad shy viJiJrapiirasedja ()mad 63

2)

I-variant Only one of the others had oniy

l a faceted neck (Fig

II VIII 1-3)

ariant but the smooth s or fragments of pins und in cremations and tic of these pins The ome of these pins was no faceted neck Pins the specimens with a

roup

~ithuania where their ~ ian pins Pins with centuries in Lithuania d in Latvia as early as Lower-Daugava area

Some specimens have 5 123 Fig I 7 8) naments of Latvian or the beginning of the

Itosalo-Hilander 1982

Estonia but also in een found in Finland

1 leaf decoration were hunmark-Nylen 1983 mainland of Sweden und at Trelleborg in ary pins of this variant h 1976 PI 20 to 11) triangular-headed pins inge proved that the terials but the silver

Some of the Estonian triangubr-headed pins were found in closed find complexes Three pins of variant 21 belonged to a deposit at Inju together with some bracelets which allowed the find to be dated to the 7th-8th centuries A cremation at Haimre (PI V) contained only one pin with leaf decoration and could be dated to the 10th century Some similar pins from Rahu (Kustin 1969) and Maidla graves (data from find lists and plans of Mati Mandel) could be dated to the same time because of the other finds in the burials

Seven pins of the earlier variant have been found in hill-forts Two specimens in Iru have been dated to the 6l7th-8th centuries (Lang 1996 96-97 102 PI XXVII 4--5) The layers where the pins were found have been dated to the 7thshy

8th centuries in Rouge (AYH 1992 65) to the 6th-9th centuries in Otepali (Schmiedehelm 195963) and to the 7th-9th centuries in Pbide (Lougas amp MagishyL6ugas 199432-33)

Schmiedehelm dated Estonian pins of variant 2 J to the 6th-9th centuries (1930) The pins with leaf decoration were used during the II th-12th centuries according to Kustin and Selirand (Kustin J962b 405 Selirand 1974 145) According to my study the pins of variant 21 were used during the whole Merovingian Period and the 9th century Pins with leaf decoration appeared at the end of the 9th century at the latcst and were in use during the whole of the 10th century Around 1000 they were replaced by pins of the next variant

23 Pins of Saaremaa type

Pins of this variant differ morphologically from the above-discussed variants and are therefore treated separately here These pins were flat with flat heartshyshaped terminals and a high loop on their neck (Fig 6) Altogether 63 specimens have been found up to now as many as 49 of them on Saaremaa (Osel) The majority of them have been found in cremations and were badly burnt If we may draw parallels with the other ornament types the more massive specimens with elaborated decoration were earlier than the thin pins with stylised decoration consisting only of a few lines In many cases the heads of these pins had been broken off and fixed to a new iron shaft ie recycled

23a Pins with leal decoration (PI VI 4 VIII 6-7)

Six pins of this variant have a more or less stylised decoration of three leaves These pins were probably the earliest ones in vanant 23

23b Pins with plait decoration (Fig 8 PI VIII 5 IX 2)

Plait decoration was popular in L atvia and Lithuania over a long period but not very widespread in Estonia On Saaremaa bracelets of the late Viking Age and the 11 th century had often the same pattern In six cases also the reverse of

Marika Magi64 Eesti merovingi- ja

the pins had been decorated mostly with eyes These specimens were also more massive ie probably somewhat earlier

23c Pins with some other kind ofdecoration (Fig 7 Pl VI 5 VIII 4 IX 4-5)

Different kinds of simple patterns were spread on the pins of Saaremaa type most of them having counterparts in Latvia More and less massive specimens occurred in this sub-variant too Though the pattern usually consisted of different lines some pins were decorated with one or more eyes only (Fig 7 Pl IX 4) These could probably be treated as imports from Latvia like some other somewhat unusual pins of this sub-variant

Discussion

Pins of this variant were widespread in Latvia particularly in Curonia and Semgallien but also in the Lower-Daugava area They were dated to the lOthshy12th centuries there (Snore 1930 Pl XV LA 1974 Pl 481 5014 15525 T6nisson 1974 Pl XXXVI2) The decoration of Latvian pins usually differed from that of Estonian pins and even plait decoration seems to have not been very popular on this type of pins in Latvia

Only single pins of this variant have been found in the other neighbouring countries most of them specifically Latvian (Nerrnan 1929 Figs 175-178 Kivikoski 1973 99 Fig 720 Jansson 1995 88-89) The only exceptions were two pins from Garda churchyard on Gotland which were decorated with leaves (Thunmark-Nylen 1995 185 Fig 13) A small piece of a similar pin has been found as a stray find in Roskilde Denmark (Andersen pers comm)

In Uugla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin with leaf decoration has been found together with a knife pieces of chain arrangement a bronze plaque and a bracelet (Mandel 1980) The grave could be dated to the end of the 10th century or to the beginning of the 11 th century according to the bracelet (Magi-Lougas 1995b 521) In Maidla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin was found in the same chain arrangement with a pin of variant 22 (data from find lists and plans of Mandel) In Randvere graveyard a pin of variant 23 fixed to an iron shaft was found together with a penannular brooch with poppy-shaped terminals and with sherds of fine-grained pottery (data from Kustin 1962a 64-65 97) The complex could be dated around 1000

Kustin dated Saaremaa type pins to the 11th-12th centuries (1962a 70) As proved above the earlier specimens of this variant appeared as early as the 10th century and were used contemporarily with pins of variant 22 Saaremaa type pins stayed in use during the whole 11 th century and were replaced by doubleshycross-headed pins with united terminals at the beginning of the 12th century at the latest

Only some sin Viking Age have terminals appear 0

centuries Only lht local ornament typ

Double-cross-hl number of pin he probably for a lon

41 PillS

A tolal of 42 pi have been found il variants but the b thus SUbjective Tt specific construclio but a decoration of bigger thinner ofte (Fig 10) The earl ones were usually n

42 Pi

This group incl specimens as in the of these two groups

43

These pins appea the 11th century Ill

variant resemble late

Few specimens 01 Estonia They had be in Finland Pins frO centuries (Cleve 191

65 Marilw Magi Eesfi mcOvingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad - vooraparased ja onwd

imens were also more

VI 5 VI 4 IX 4-5)

pins of Saaremaa type ~ss massive specimens

usually consisted of e eyes only (Fig 7 PI Jatvia like some other

ularly in Curonia and ere dated to the 10thshy4815014 15525 ~ pins usually differed to have not been very

he other neighbouring 1929 Figs 175-178

only exceptions were decorated with leaves

a similar pin has been s comm) Dration has been found bronze plaque and a

nd of the 10th century bracelet (Miigi-L6ugas Nas found in the same find lists and plans of d to an iron shaft was )ed terminals and with -6597) The complex

Ituries (l962a 70) As ed as early as the 10th lilt 22 Saaremaa type re replaced by doubleshyof the 12th century at

3 Early cross-headed pins (PI X 1 XI 2)

Only some single cross-headed pins dated to the Merovingian Period or the Viking Age have been found in Estonia Small cross-headed pins with united terminals appear only after the Viking Age and were used over a period of some centuries Only the idea of cross-headed pins was borrowed from the Baits and a local ornament type was created on its base a double-cross-headed pin

4 Double-cross-headed pins

Double-cross-headed pins were specifically Estonian ornaments Quite a number of pin heads of this type have been fixed to an iron shaft and used probably for a long time after they were made

41 Pins with unconnected terminals (Pt X 4-6 XI 1 3-5)

A total of 42 pins with unconnected te rminals or pieces of such kind of pins have been found in Estonia They could be divided into earlier and later subshyvariants but the border between these two groups would be too undefined and thus subjective The earlier specimens were usually smaller thicker and with specific construction of their neck (Fig 9) They were often decorated with eyes but a decoration of conce ntric circles was also possible Later pins were always bigger thinner often silver-plated and had a special trapezoid loop on their neck (Fig 10) The earlier specimens were often deformed and burnt but the later ones were usually not burnt and in several cases found in inhumations

42 Pins with connected lower terminals (Pl X 7 XII)

This group includes 21 pins Thc same criteria about earlier and later specimens as in the former variant were also valid in this variant hence the pins of these two groups were at least partly contemporary

43 Pins with completely connected terminals

These pins appeared at the very end of the Viking Age ic at the middle of the 11 th century and will thus be not considered here Some specimens of thi s variant ]escmble iatcr specimens of the fonner variants

Discussion

Few specimens of pins with unconnected terminals have been found outSIde E stonia They had been usually used as pendants Five of them have been found in Finland Pins from Lillmalmsbacken and EU-cl were dated to the 9th-10th centuries (Cleve 1978 105) Two pins have been found in inhumations in

Marika Miigi66 Eesti merovingi- ja

Kjuloholm and dated to the beginning of the II th century (Cleve 1978 105 PI 8 15) Pendants from Estonian double-cross-headed pins have been found in late Viking Age cremations in Bjurhovda Central-Sweden (Jaanusson 1971) in North Norway and Gotland (Jansson 1995 88 fig 7) Some of them were

known from barrows in Northwest Russia (ClII1UbIH 1896 PI V 6 XVII 32) No double-cross pins have been found in Latvia or Lithuania according to the literature

A pin from Koola graveyard (PI X 4) was unearthed together with pieces of chain a glassbead bronze spirals and a bracelet all badly burnt (Parss 1950) Two pins from Verevi had belonged to the same chain arrangement and were found together with a bracelet a bell piece of neck-ring and a penannular brooch pi n with narrow base (Moora 1932) Both these burials could belong to the 10th century

In a womans grave in Aseri two doub Pe-cross-headed pins of earlier character were found with bracelets with thickening ends a spiral bracelet chain pieces and bronze spirals This complex could not be later than the middle of the 10th century because of the bracelets of earlier type in it (M~igi-Lougas 1995a 280 ff Fig 30)

A double-cross-pin of later character belonged to a deposit at Piihaste which also contained some other ornaments and could be dated to the first half of the 11 th century Some pairs of pins with specifically later features have been found in inhumations Graves from Alatskivi Raatvere and Tooste could be mentioned here all dated to the first half of the ] I th century (PI XI 5) A small doubJeshycross-headed pin fixed secondarily to a bronze stem belonged to a cremation of the second half of the 11 th century in Jouga (Ligi 1993 53-54 PI XXVIII 5)

Two double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals had belonged to a womans grave in Madi together with chain fragments bronze spira ls fingershyrings pieces of neck-rings a knife a belt buckle a comb a fire-steel bits and potsherds (Sel irand 1993) In Rahu a pin of the same variant occurred together with a penannular brooch chain arrangements a finger-ring and bits (Kustin 1969) Both these complexes could be dated to the 11th century Two pins of variant 42 belonged to a female inhumation grave in Raatvere and were dated to the first half of the J I th century (PI XII)

As proved above the double-cross-headed pins were cOl1nected with ringshyheaded pins with cross-shaped extension only through common predecessors ie cross-headed pins Looking at the shape of double-cross-headed pins one can ask if they could be connected with the Orthodox cross and perhaps with the conversion of Russia at the end of the 10th century The idea could be supported by the distribution of these pins the double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals were the only variant of dress fastening pins that were concentrated in the eastern half of Estonia

As the double-cross-headed pins appeared in Estonia before the end of the JOth century they cannot be directly connected with the Christianization of

Russia but influe not be discounteo definite evidence (

Selirand has ( centuries (1974 I terminals As pm appeared by the m morphologically t( were in use up to variant 43

Some findings used Parallels in could differ among

As most of the these ornaments WI men in Finland (I Latvia and Lithuan suggested that Esto Estonian ring-head southern neighbour Finland wore the sa

Hackman has re in Finland were all these pins were fa numbers were in s (KM 8067 A3 4 S of archaeology in N variant in Estonia h pin that could belo Keila was found tc woman (PI IV)

In conclusion on and the big luxuriol and 12c were used by women It is po during the 9th centUl

The triangular-he and were sometime~

arrangement Only 0

plaques and had prot

67 Marika Miigi Eesti mcrovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

(Cleve 1978 105 PI have been found in late (Jaanusson 1971) in

Some of them were

6 PI V 6 XVII 32) uania according to the

together with pieces of lIy burnt (Piirss 1950) arrangement and were ing and a penannuJar mrials could belong to

lins of earlier character bracelet chain pieces

the middle of the 10th -L6ugas I995a 280 ff

posit at Ptihaste which to the first half of the ~tures have been found te could be mentioned 1 5) A small doubleshynged to a cremation of -54 PI XXYIlI 5) erminals had belonged bronze spirals fingershy

0 a fire-steel bits and ~ [wnt occurred toget h er -ring and bits (KUstin century Two pins of

vere and were dated to

connected with riDgshyImon predecessors ie -headed pins one can and perhaps with the

lea could be supported pins with unconnected it were concentrated in

before the end of the he Christianization of

Russia but influences from Christian cOllntriesin the East (Byzantium) could not be discounted In any case the double-cross-headed pins do not provide definite evidence of the Christianity of their owners

Selirand has dated double-crass-headed pins to the 11th up to the 12th centuries (1974 146) which is correct for the variant with completely connected terminals As proved above the pins with unconnected terminals had already appeared by the middle of the 10th century The earlier pins of variant 4 2 belong morphologically to the end of the 10th century at the latest Both these variants were in use lip to the m iddle of the 11th century when they were replaced by variant 43

Use of dress fastening pins

Some findings in Estonia let us determine how and by Wh0111 the pins were used Parallels in the neighbouring countries cannot be used here directly and could differ among neighbours

As most of the ring-headed pins were single finds it is most plausible that these ornaments were worn singly Luxurious ring-headed pins had belonged to men in Finland (Lehtosalo-Hiander 1982 109) but the small specimens in Latvia and Lithuania were worn by women and always in pairs Vello Lougas suggested that Estnnian ring-headed pins were also used by women 0 973 126) Estonian ring-headed pins however definitely differ from the small ones of our southern neighbours It seems to be hardly believable that wealthy horsemen in Finland wore the same pins as women in Estonia

Hackman has reported that the ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extension in Finland were alI single finds (1938 114) However in two or even three cases these pins were found obviously in pairs in Uskcla Lukkarinmaki ie their numbers were in sequence and they had almost or completely the same shape (KM 8067 A3 4 57 perhaps also 29 30 data fram archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki) A Kunilcpa pin of the same subshyvariant in Estonia has been found together with a head-ring fragment of a similar pin that could belong to the same sub-variant The pin of sub-variant 12a in Keila was found together with female ornaments and had thus belonged to a woman (PI IV)

In conclusion one can suppose that the ring-headed pins of the earlier variant and the big luxurious pins were worn by men in Estonia Pins of variants 12a and 12c were used by both sexes or especially in the case of variant 12c only by women It is possible that the ring-headed pins became female ornaments during the 9th century

The triangular-headed pins of variant 21 occuned in several cases in pairs and were sometimes fitted with a long chain ie they had belonged to a chain arrangement Only one pin from Pajumaa (PI III4) was fitted with rectangular plaques and had probably been worn on its own

Marika Mdgi68 Eesti merovingi- ja

As ring-headed pins and triangular-headed pins had been in use contemporarily and in the same area it can be supposed that the former were worn by men and the latter by women It is possible that men stopped using pins some time in the 9th century and started to fasten their coats only with penannular brooches Since the 10th century at the latest one can talk about pins as specifically female ornaments in Estonia

Two triangular-headed pins connected with a single chain have been found in Liiva In some cases these pins were unearthed in pairs or single specimens often stray finds were fitted with a long chain Chain holders have been found together with these pins only twice However triangular-headed pins with leaf decoration were sometimes worn probably also singly as in the grave of Hairnre (PI VII)

Triangular-headed pins of Saaremaa type were found in pairs in several cases These pins occurred typically with half-oval chain holders and other pieces of chain arrangement which proves that the chain arrangements with these pins consisted of several rows of chains

Moreover the double-cross-headed pins occur usually in pairs and together with other pieces of a chain arrangement The pins of earlier character were connected only with a single chain (Aseri Verevi Riuma PI XI 4) but the later ones fastened chain arrangements with several rows of chains which were fixed to the pins with openwork chain holders (PI XI 5 XII)

Distribution

Estonia could be divided into two parts according to the local ornaments of the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The same division is valid also in the case of the decorative pins The tradition of fastening the dress with pins was strong in the western part of the Estonian mainland and on the islands but was almost absent in the eastern part during the whole Merovingian Period and the firs t half of the Viking Age The first local pin types - the double-cross-headed pins - occurred there only in the 10th century Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals and with completely connected terminals were spread already allover Estonia providing evidence of the standardisation of ornamental culture

English version checked by Gordon Snow Oxford

1 Rongaspeaga e

1 Ring-headed p

I Juuru Kunilepa 2 J6eJahtme Prest 3 Jiiri Kuma (AM 4 Juri Lagedi (Ar-shy5 JUri Lehmja-Lolt 6 Kaarma Aste (S 7 Karuse Pajumaa 8 Keila (AM 234 9 Kihelkonna Oda to Kihelkonna Paj II Kihclkonna Vii 12 Koeru Preedi (1 13 Kul lamua Vaik 14 KUllsalu (AI 28 15 Karla Kaarmise 16 Ktirla Paevere 17 Karia Paikiila ( 18 Liiganuse PUssi 19 Palamuse Nava 20 Peetri Painurme 21 Parnu-Jaagupi F 22 Pbide Asva (Al 23 Pbidc Tomimae 24 Ridala Ahli (H~ 25 R6ngu Kivivare 26 Viru- Nigllia Pal 27 Viru-Nigllla KUl

2 Kolmnurkpeaga

2 Triangular-head

21 Ornamentimatpoundl

21 Pins without spe

I 16eIahtme lru (AI 2 J6elahtme Presti (

Marika Magi

s had been in use d that the former were men stopped using pins their coats only with one can talk about pins

Jain have been found in s or single specimens )Iders have been found --headed pins with leaf in the grave of Haimre

n pairs in several cases ~rs and other pieces of ments with these pins

v in pairs and together earlier character were PI XI 4) but the later ains which were fixed

the local ornaments of ivision is valid also in he dress with pins was n the islands but was ingian Period and the e double-cross-headed ross-headcd pins with terminah were spread

disation of ornamental

Gordol Snow Oxford

69Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoeiad - vooraparased ja omad

Lisa Appendix

1 Rongaspeaga ehtenoelad Eestis (kaart joon 11)

1 Ring-headed pins in Estonia (map fig 11)

I Juuru Kunilepa (AI 2483 16 17) 2 Joelahtme Presti (AI 5490386 7) 3 Juri Kuma (AM 31 5 AM 2968 69 71) 4 Juri Lagedi (AM 2768) 5 Juri Lehmja-Loo (AI 444499184211 247278283) 6 Kaarma Aste (SM 7675 12) 7 Karuse Pajumaa (AM 134 18 19) 8 Keila (AM 2343) 9 Kihelkonna Odalatsi (AI 3822303) 10 Kihelkonna Paju (AI K 68) 11 Kihelkonna Viki (AI 251373) 12 Koeru Preedi (AI 4426616) 13 Kullamaa Vaike-Kalju (AI 3445) 14 Kuusalu (AI 2827) 15 Karla Kaarmise (AI 3501) 16 Karia Paevere (AI 2657 1) 17 Karia Paikula (AI 25024) 18 Luganuse Piissi (AM 99) 19 Palamuse Nava (AI 39681167) 20 Peetri PaillurmC (AM 11710) 21 Parnu-Jaagupi Parasmaa (AM 493 12) 22 Pbide Asva (AI 4366 1004) 23 Pbide Tomimae (AI 4338 1117) 24 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045220) 25 Rongu Kivivare (AI 47267) 26 Viru- Nigula Pada (AI 536641) 27 Viru-Nigula Kunda (AM 88 113 114)

2 Kolmnurkpeaga noelad Eestis

2 Triangular-headed pins in Estonia

21 Ornamentimata voi lihtsatest joontest ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 12)

21 Pins without special decoration (map fig 12)

1 JoeHihtme lru (AI 4051 9491097) 2 Joellihtme Presti (AI 5490374)

Eesti merovillgi- ja70 Marika Magi

3 J6hvi Toila (AI 3952299 362) 4 Kamse Pajumaa (AM 13414) 5 Kihelkonna K6mse (AI 2643 111 112113) 6 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 14832) 7 Lliganuse Purtse (AI 50388) 8 Martna Ehmp (AM 554605 615 665 81 J 823) 9 Muhu Mala (AI K 2 1234 89) 10 Nissi Vardi (AM 368 13) 11 Otepaa linnamagihillfort (AI 4036 IV203) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 491 122 852 1024) 13 Parnu-Jaagupi M6isaklila (AI 575925) 14 Pbide maalinnhillfort (SM 1460401) 15 Pbide Viltina (AI 38843515) 16 Puha Leina (AI 2643366) 17 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817333) J8 Rouge linnam~igihillfort (AI 40402313162) 19 Saaremaa (AI K 848) 20 Viru-Jaagupi Inju (AI 2794232425) 21 Vandra khklparish (P~lM 23912) 22 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 382 37764)

22 Lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 13)

22 PillS with leaves-decoration (map fig 13)

1 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 1) 2 Keila Uksnurme (AM 68 1) 3 Juri Moigu-Peetri (AI 4877 100) 4 Kaarma khklparish (AI K 67 17 1845 AI 507 6) 5 Kaarrna Uduvere (AI 15184) 6 Kihelkonna Lumanda (AI 382233 3438 35) 7 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 531 1352 1549 1696 1886 23834153

26892690297831483163310131023115) 8 Mihkli Sol va (AI 251318) 9 Muhu Liiva (SM 931 2) 10 Marjamaa Hairnre (AI 3614 I) 11 Nissi Polli (AI 3926 I) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 49120206 584a 584b 760) 13 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884 ) 14 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045 219) 15 Saaremaa (AI K 846) 16 Valjala khklparish (SM K 5410) 17 Valjala Rahu (AI 423922 44 758) 18 Leiukoht teadmatalFindspot unknown (AI 3027)

23 Saaremaa tii

23 PillS ofSaart

1 Hanila Komsi I

2 Kaarma khk I~ 3 Kaarma Loona 4 Kaarma Uduve 5 Karja Valja (A 6 Karuse Pajuma 7 Kihelkonna Ka 8 Kihelkonna khl 9 Kihelkonna Ku 10 Kihelkonna L 11 Kihelkonna 12 Kihelkonna P 13 Kose Paunkiil 14 Kullamaa Mai 15 Karla khk Ipa 16 Karla Kogula 17 Karla Orikiila 18 Uiiine-Niguia 19 Martna Ehmja 20 Pamu Jaagupi 21 Parnu-Jaagupi 22 Parnumaa (Pal 23 Pbide K6igust 24 P6ide Randvel 25 P6ide Viltina ( 26 Piiha Ilpla (AI 27 Saaremaa (AI 28 Valjala Konnu 29 Valjala Rahu (

3 Merovingi- voi

3 Merovingian connected termin

I Karja khklparis 2 Kodavere Lahef 3 Kodavere Savas 4 Mihkli Kurese ( 5 lPoide AudIa (S~ 6 Aksi Raigastven

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja (Jmad

23 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad (kaartjoon 14)

71

~)

96 1886 2383 4153

)760)

23 Pins ofSa a rema a type (map fig 14)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510940) 2 Kaarma khk parish(AI K 67 1944) 3 Kaarma Loona (AK K 1776 LVYM 650911393) 4 Kaarma Uduvere (AI K 15185 186 187 188) 5 Kalja Valja (AI K 76 1) 6 Karu se Pajumaa (AM 134 I 5) 7 Kihelkonna Kalmu (AI 3822]57 158 194) 8 Kihelkonna khk parish (AI K 741) 9 Kihelkonna Kurevere (AI 43686998 102) 10 Kihelkonna Loona (AI 3822233a) 11 Kihelkonna Liimanda (AK 382268 136) 12 Kihelkonna Paju (L VVM 20A 128) 13 Kose Paunkiila (AM 73 1) 14 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 3160 3635 3637 5000 6085) 15 KarIa khk pari sh (AI K 79101819) 16 Karia Kogula (AI K 2951 52) 17 Karla Orikiila (AI K 4 102 103) 18 Laane-Nigula Uugla (AM 500503) 19 Martna Ehmja (AM 554824) 20 Pamu Jaagupi Pooravere (PaM 2364) 21 Pamu-J aagupi Linnamae (AM 491170) 22 Parnumaa (PaM ) 23 Poide Koiguste (AI 436 I 2) 24 Poide Randvere (AI 26972 AI 3895 257) 25 Poide Viltina (AI 3884391 2588b 2755 3128 4300) 26 Piiha IJpla (AI 3822315 382 K 1 78) 27 Saaremaa (AI K 843 57 AI K 8546107 AI 3529 SM ) 28 Valjala Konnu (AI 5151) 29 Valjala Rahu (AI 4239202 670 1114)

3 Merovingi- voi varaviikingiaegsed lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad

3 Merovingian Period or earJy Viking Age cross-headed pins with unshyconnected terminals

1 Karja khkparish (AI K 774) 2 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 198433) 3 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 1483 1) 4 Mihkli Kurese (AI 2513 17) 5 Poide AudIa (SM K 49 I) 6 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885)

72 Marika Magi

7 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (AM aj 98)

4 Kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

4 Double-cross-headed pins

41 Lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad (kaart joon 15)

41 Double-cross-headed pins with unconnecled terminals (map fig 15)

I Haljala Essu (AM 8327) 2 Harju-Jaani Kehra (AI 35849 10) 3 Iisaku J6uga (AI 510062) 4 JUllm Kaiu jarvLake Kaiu (AI 5251) 5 Karksi Kiiti (AI 1353 1) 6 Kodavere Alatskivi (AI 1893la Ib) 7 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 4976 159) 8 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 516957 5295210a 210b) 9 Kose Ardu (AI 26744) 10 Laiuse Koola (AI 40245) Ii Nissi Varbola (AI 3865 128) 12 Nao Unipiha linnamagihillfort (AI 2901 11) 13 Otepaa PaidJa (AI 19973) 14 P6ltsamaa Pajusi (AI 1871 8) 15 Pamu-Jaagupi Anelema (AI 42255) 16 Parnumaa (PaM A 2361) 17 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884153) 18 Piiha IJpla (AI K 1 77) 19 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817 307311) 20 R6ngu Piihaste (AI 3667 I) 21 Rapina Tooste (AI 41085 7) 22 Tarvastu Riuma (AI 12073a 3b) 23 Viljandi Kuude (VM 331 2 43 17A 312) 24 Viljandimaa (VM ) 25 Vim-Nigula Aseri (RM 1211A 57683 7879) 26 Vim-Nigula Kohala (RM 30791A 51 12) 27 Vim-Nigula Kunda (AI 157933 4002) 28 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 5343c)

29 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (LVVM 58923A I 798)

42 Uhendatud alumiste harudega kaksikristpeaga l10elad (kaartjoon 16)

42 Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals (map fig 16)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510103188218507)

Eest merovillgi-(I v

2 Harju-Jaani Raa 3 Kodavere Raatv( 4 Kullamaa Maid 5 Liiganllse Kalme 6 Mihkli Veltsa (A 7 Marjal1laa Konol 8 Marjamaa Moka 9 P61tsal1laa Pajusi 10 Rannu Verevi ( 11 VaUala Rahu (A 12 Viljandi Madi ( 13 Vaike-Maarja A 14 Leiukoht teadl1l1

Marika Magi Eesti merovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy viJorapiirased ja omarl 73

15)

(Ilapjig 15)

I 798)

kaartjOOIi16)

als(mapjig16)

2 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 16) 3 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 5295 121a 12Ib) 4 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 5802 18 2323) 5 Liiganuse Kalmeistri (AI 28244) 6 MihkJi Ve1tsa (AI 4944) 7 Marjamaa Konovere linnamagihillfort (AI 4571159) 8 Marjamaa Moka (AI 371021) 9 P51tsamaa Pajusi (AI 19996) 10 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817234) 11 Valjala Rahu (AI 423970) 12 Viljandi Macli (AI 25906166172174) 13 V~iike-Maalja Antu (AM 102 I) 14 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 26362)

lvlarika Miigi Eesfi I11crovingi- ja viikillgiaegsed rinnanoelad - v66rapiirasedja ollad 51

19a eksemplarid on hauapanustega cliitshy

iparastele rongaspeashyoletanud et ka Ees ti suurte kettakujuliste siinmail pidada iisna ate ehetega millel on ~bausutav et Soome 111uvate n5eltega nan viiitnud et need Iii mehed kui naised s rahvusmuuseumis inmaki kalmistult on ~olmel juhul ilmselt

taiesti voi peaaegu lmed Soome Rahvusshy

tommata paralleele el juhtudel olla tegeshylie vahel on v6ib-olla

meeste ehted Keila ga n6elale just naise t on siiski arvatavalt mluva peitleiuga (vt ei kujutanud enesest

istiku julise laiendiga fe noelaga millest on i noelad on kuulunud

mnurkpeaga noelad kiiljes sailinud ketishyImerast ribast lulidest

rongastest Pajumaa III 4) mist5ttu voib

id uksnes naiste ehete voimalik kandmisviis i pidepunkte ei paku rjali poole Leedus on Iagu ilmneb sealsetest mlgas viitavad sellele

Kuna rongaspeaga ja kolmnurkpeaga noelu kanti Eestis samas piirkonnas ja sarnaI ajal on Joogiline oletada et iihed neist olid naiste teised meeste ehted V5imalik et vaJdavah ongi kolmnurkpeaga n5elad kuulunud naistele rongasshypeaga n5eJad meestele Samas on v6imalik et alates umbes 9 sajandist on ka naised hakanud kandma r6ngaspeaga noelu olgu siis iihe- voi kahekaupa ning meeste pealisroivaid on hakatud kinnitama iiksnes hoburaudsolgedega Ilmselt on ka kolmnurkpeaga n5elu kantud vahel iihekaupa toenaoliselt samuti naiste poolt

Hiljemalt alates 10 sajandist v5ib Eesti s riiiikida ehtenoeltest kui iiksnes naiste ehetest Lehtornamendiga kolmnurkpeaga noeltest on teada iiks tervikuna siiilirmd kee Liivalt Sec koosneb ainult iihest kahekordsetest rongasshytest ketist kane noela vahel Keekandjaid kasutatud ei ok Mitmel teiseJgi juhul on lehtornamendiga noelu leitud paarikaupa voi on iihe noela kiiljes rippunud pikk kahekordsetest liilidest kett Uimanda Kabelivaljalt saadud kolmnurkpeaga ja voi malik et lehtomamendiga noela (AI 382238) kiilge on siiski sulanud ka lunua-kujuline keekandja iiks Maidla taoline noel on aga leitud koos saaremaa tiiiipi keekandjaga Naib et enamasti on sellised noelad kuulunud siiski vaid iihekordse ketiga rinnakeedesse Ei saa vaJistada et Ichtomamendiga noelu on kantud monel juhul ka veel iihekaupa - naiteks Haimre naisematuses oli vaid iiks taoJine noel

Saaremaa tiilipi ehtenoelad esinevad juba niivord sageli paarikaupa et ilmselt kuuLusid need alati rinnakeega kokku Seda tiiiipi noelte kiilge on kinnitashytud reeglina kahekordsetest rongastest kette Sagelj on koos saaremaa tUiipi noeltega leitud ka samemaa tiiupi keekandjaid ning kee vaheliilisid mis ilmselt kuulusid koik samasse rinnaehtesse

Eraldi tuleb mainida Saaremaalt juhuleiuna saadud kaht lameda kolmnurkshypeaga noela (AI K 8546 107) mis on ilmselt kuu lunud iihte rinnakeesse Uks noeltest on stiliseeritud korvplettomamendiga saaremaa tiiiipi noel teine aga baltiparane kringlikujuliste laienditega lameda koJmnurkpeaga noel Saaremaa tiiiipi noela kii~es oleva pika ketikatke kiilj es on sailinud mingi voib-olla noatupe juurde kuuluv naast ning azuurse arvatavasti nn puull10tiiviga keekandja katke Ebatavaline on lisaks semgalliaparaseie noelale ka kelt mis koosneb massiivseshytest iimmarguse ristloikega iihekordsetest rongastest Kuna puumotiiviga keeshykandjad kuulusid iildjuhul kokku J J sajandi esimese poole kaksikristpeaga nocltega voib nimetatud rinnakee dateerida samasse aega

Ka kaksikristpeaga noelad esinevad kompleksides paarikaupa Aseri leiushykompleks is puudusid keekandjad ning sel juhul ilmselt vaid iiherealine rinnakee oli kinnitunud otse noeltele Keekandjaid ei olnud ka Verevi naisematuses kuhu kuulus kaks varasemat kaksikristpeaga noela samuti puudusid need Riuma rmnakees (tahv XI 4) Hil isemate S 0 1] sajandi esimese poole laibamatustest teada olevate lahtiste harudega voi ainult alumiste iihendatud harudega kaksikshyristpeaga noelte j uurde kuulusid alati azuursed nn puumotiiviga keekandjad ning mitmereal ine kahekordsetest rongastest rinnakee koos vaheliilidega (tahv XI 5 X)

Marika Magi52 Eesti merovillgi- jll

Ehtenoelte levikupiirkond

Pilk artiklis kasitletud merovingi- ja viikingiaegsete ehtenoelte levikukaartishydele naitab et Eesti v6ib selle esemeliigi p6hjal jagada kahte ossa Selleks tuleb t6mmata m6tteline diagonaal Virumaalt Parnu lahte kusjuures Virumaa on piirkond milles esineb m6lemale poolele iseloomulikke jooni M6ttelisest jooshynest pohja ja Winde jaab ala kus r6ivaste kinnitamine ehten6eltega oli traditshysiooniJine Eesti ida- ja 16unaosas v6eti ehten6elad laiemalt kasutusele aIles 10 sajandil Samasugune jaotus kehtib ka teiste ehteliikide puhul (Magi-Lou gas 1994 1995a) mistottu v6ib ilmselt raakida kahest eraldi kllltuuripiirkonnast mille r6ivastus ja kombed teineteisest erinesid

Rongaspeaga n6elu on ootusparaselt leitud eelkoige P6hja- ja Uiiine-Eestist ning Saaremaalt st aladelt kus oli merovingi- ja varaviikingiajal olemas ehteshyn6elte kandmise traditsioon (joon 11) Sarna voib beIda nuppotsaliste kolmnurkshypeaga n6elte kohta mis on dateeritud enam-vahem samasse aega (joon 12-13) Uksikud Eesti idapoolsest kultuuripiirkonnast leitud n6elad on valdavalt baltiparased v6imalik et l6unanaabritelt otseselt imporditud esemed 10 sajandi teisest poolest levima hakanud lameda kolmnurkpeaga saaremaa tUlipi ehten6elte suhtes on varasemad uurijad olnud seisukohal et tegemist on Saaremaale iseloomulike ehetega mid a mandrile on j6udnud vaid liksikud eksemplarid (Kustin 1962a 70 Selirand 1974 145) Praegustel andmetel on neid Jeitud Mandri-Eesti laaneosast siiski peaaegu samapalju kui saartelt (lisa) Lameda kolmnurkpeaga ehten6elte leviku v6ib seega seostada pigem saarte ja LaaneshyEesti lihise kultuuripiirkonnaga

Samaaegselt saaremaa tUlipi n6eltega (joon 14) ilmus ka Eesti ida- ja 16unaossa esimene omamaine ehten6elte tUlip lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad Valja arvatud moni liksik erand on neid leitud eelkoige Eesti idaosast kaasa arvatud Virumaa (joon 15) Kaksikristpeaga noelte tihendatud alumiste harudega variandi noelu on aga leitud juba tile kogu Eesti ehkki harvalt (joon 16) nagu ka neile jargnenud tileni tihendharulisi noelu

Lopetuseks

Muinastihiskonnas toimunud protsesside kajastajana on ehetel kahtlemata relvastuse jarel teisejargllline osa Muutuvad ju ehtetUtibid aeglasemalt on pikeshymalt kasutllsel ega levi nii kergesti naabermaadesse Ometigi on ehteid arheoshyloogilises materjalis tunduvalt enam kui relvi Eeskatt on see seotud matmisshykommetega midajargides maeti koos ehetega nii mehi kui naisi Ehted ei olnud ka nii viiartuslikud mist6ttu neist loobuti (naiteks hauapanusteks) kergema stidamega samuti laks neid sagedamini kaotsi Kui Eestis voib merovingi- ja viikingiaja relvastuses tiiheldada rahvusvaheliseks muutumist siis ehted peegeldavad eeskatt

bull 1

bull 2

Joan II Ronl

Fig II I

bull 1

bull 2

Joan 12 Variandi 21 k

Fig 12 Dislribuliorkohalikke eriparasid nii Eesti-siseselt kui v6rdluses naabermaadega

Marika Magi Eesti Ilerovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 53

lenoelte levikukaartishyte ossa Selleks tuleb sjuures Virumaa on loni Mottelisest jooshytenoeltega oli traditshynalt kasutusele alles puhul (Magi-Lougas kultuuripiirkonnast

hja- ja Laane-Eestist ingiajal olemas ehteshyppotsaliste kolmnurkshy~ aega (joon 12-13) oelad on valdavaJt ~ esemed 10 sajandi maa ttiiipi ehten6elte mist on Saaremaale Uksikud eksemplarid netel on neid leitud ~rtelt (lisa) Lameda em saarte ja Laaneshy

us ka Eesti ida- ja dega kaksikristpeaga Ikoige Eesti idaosast iihendatud alumiste ehkki harvalt (joon

n ehetel kahtlemata aeglasemalt on pikeshyigi on ehteid arheoshysee seotud matmisshy

si Ehted ei olnud ka ) kergema sUdamega Ivingi- ja viikingiaja peegeldavad eeskatt

adega

bull 1 Cl

bull 2

Joan J J RongaspeanoeJte levik J - Oks eksempJar 2 - kaks voi enam ekscmpJari

Fig J J Distribution of ring-headed pins J one find 2 two or more finds

Cl

bull 2

Joan J 2 Variandi 2 J kolmnurkpeaga noeJte Jevik J - Oks eksemplar 2 - kaks voi enam eksempJali

Fig 12 Distribution of triangular-headed rins of variant 2 J lone find 2 two or more finds

EeSfi merovingi- jaMarika Mdgi 54

bull 1

bull 2

loon J 5 Lahtiste hJoon 13 Nuppotsalistc lchtomamcndiga n6clte levik I - iiks ekscrnplar 2 - kaks v6i cnam cksernpl31i

Fig 13 Distribution of triangular-headed pins with end knobs and leafdcltoration lone lind 2 two or Fig 15 Distribution (more finds

bull 1

bull 2

Joon 16 Dhendatud a

Joa n 14 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6e1tc levik I - Oks ekscrnplar 2 - kaks v6i enam ckscmplari Fig 16 Distribution of Fig 14 Distribution of triangular-headed pins of Saarcmaa type lone find 2 two or more finds

Marika Miigi

~aks voi enam ekscmplari

Ilion 10m tind 2 two or

~t)l~j) -- C i

gt I middotmiddotmiddot~ 1 0 5 (gt~f bull bull J_

Eesli 11 crovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnallocad shy voorapiirascd ja (JlI1ad 55

bull 1 o

bull 2

Joon 15 Lahtiste harudcga kaksikristpeaga nacltc levik I - Uks eksemplar 2 - kaks vai enam eksemplari

Fig 15 Distribution of double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals lone find 2 two or more finds

bull 1 CJ

bull 2

Joon 16 Dhcndatud alumiste harudcga kaksikristpeaga naelte 1evik I - Uks eksemplar 2 - kaks v6i enam eksemplari

oi enam eksemplari Fig 16 Distribution of double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals lone find 2 two

nd 2 two or more finds or more finds

)

Marika Magi 56 Eesti merovillgi- ja

Ehten6elu on ajaloo jooksul kandnud nii mehed kui naised Vahe v6is olla tiksnes kandmisviisis (naiteks meestel tihe- naistel kahekaupa) eri n6elattilipides v6i ka eri perioodides Nii ei ole Eesti mehed ilustanud end ehten6elaga viikingiaja teisel poole Ehten6elad on kuulunud eeskatt saarte ja Laane-Eesti ehtekandmistraditsiooni Jda- ja L6una-Eestisse illmusid esimesed kohapealsed ttitibid alles viikingiaja keskel

Tbb esemete ning arhiivimaterjaliga v6imaldas esitada enamiku Eesti merovingi- ja vilkingiaja n6elte kohta tapsustatud ttipoloogia ning dateeringud Uoon 17) Loodetavasti 6nnestus luua varasemast tervikilikum pilt rinnan6elte morfoloogilisest arengust Tapsustatud dateeringud v6imaldavad loodetavasti liigitada Uipsemalt ka tilejaanud Eesti kasitletavate perioodide ieiukomplekse ning luua seelabi parema ettekujutuse kogu tolleaegsest tihiskonnast tervikuna

600 700 800 900 1000 1100

loon 17 Noelte dateeringud

Fi g 17 Dates of pins

Tanuavaldus

Autor tanab k6iki kes aitasid kaasa kaesoleva artikli valmimisele eeskatt fotograafe Rein Karneritja Enno V~iljalit ning kunstnikke Kersti Siitanit ja Jaana Ratast samuti inglise keele korrektorit Gordon Snowd

Kasutatud kirjandus

Ariste E 1938 Die eS Ll andisehen Ringkop fnade ln - OES Toim XXX 48-64 Aroalho J 1978 Lieto Haimionmaki Nuoremman rautakauden polttokenttakalmisto Aurajokishylaaksossa Pro gradu-tutkielma - Karhullhammas 2 Turku Cleve N 1978 Skelettgravfiilten pa Kjuloholm i Kjulo II Vikingatid oeh korstagstid Gravfaltet C - SMYA XLIV 2 Edgren T 1973 En baltisk smyckenal frltln Veitakkala i Salo - SMY A 75 30--31 Hackman A 1938 Das Brandgriiberfcld von Pukkila in Isokyro - SMYA XLI Hardh B 1976 Wikingerzeitliche Depotfunde atls Slidschwcdcn Katalog und Tafeln Lund

Indreko R 1937 Aru (Kasikiri AI-s) Jaanusson H 1971 ] 99-104 Jansson I 1995 Dres Kivikoski E 1941 Wi Kivikoski E 1942 Ka Kivikoski E 1973 Di1 Justin A 19621 Ran( Kustin A I962h Saal 13 sajandi alguseni) D Kustin A 1965 An aasta Tallinn (Kiisikir Kustin A 1969 Aruan Lang V 1996 Muistl Loode-Eestis eri ti Pirit Latvijas PSR arhcologij Lavi A 1986a Raatve AI-s) Lavi A 19S6b Arual (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1988 Aruan (Kasikiri A1-s) LehtosaIo-Hiiander P Ligi P 1993 Vadjapar Liiugas V 1973 Das I

SMYA 75117-131 Lougas V amp Magi-Lo TATU 127- 33 Mandel M 1980 Aru 1977 aastal Tallinn (K Mandel M 1982 Linn Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Moora H 1932 Aru~ kaevamisest 1-8 ja 14 Miigi-Lougas M 1994 484 Miigi-Lougas M 1995a Magi-Lougas M 1995t Nerman B r929 Die jlingcrell Eisellzeit - KUI Pauts H 1995 Uiane-E Parss A 1950 Kalmc Koola k Veski Ll) maa Ranta H 1996 Persona Finland Helsinki 36-50 Salmo H 1941 Mcrov SM XLVII 11-39 Schmiedehelm M 1930 ku ucsczcniu sicdemdl B i hI ioteka Prchistoryczna SchmiedeheJm M 1939

1100

57 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

lised Vahe v6is olla oa) eri n6elatiiiipides ud end ehten6elaga aarte ja Uiane-Eesti imesed kohapealsed

ada enamiku Eesti gia ning dateeringud kum pilt rinnan6elte aldavad loodetavasti pdide leiukomplekse konnast tervikuna

valmimisele eeskiitt ersti Siitanitja Jaana

48-64 kenWikalmisto Aurajokishy

eh korstagslid Gravfaltet

7530--31 oXLL g und Tafcln Lund

Indreko R 1937 Aruanne kaevamistest Haimre koolimaja 6ues 19 VII 37 - 20 Vll 37 a Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Jaanusson H 197 L Ett estniskt korsformat hange fran Bjurhovda i Vasteras - Fornvannen 2 99-104 Jansson I 1995 Dress pins of East Baltic type made on Gotland - AEW 83-90 Kivikoski E 1941 Itabalttian ja Suomen suhteista viikinkiajalla - SM XLVIl 40-50 Kivikoski E 1942 Kappale Salon seudun rautakautta - SM XLVlII 13-30 Kivikoski E 1973 Die Eisenzeit Finnlands Bildwerk und Text Neuausgabe Helsinki Kustin A 1962a Randvere kivikalmistu SaaremaaL - MKA 58- 130 Kustin A 1962b Saaremaa ja Muhu muistised feodalismi Uirkamise perioodist (II sajandist kuni J3 sajandi alguseni) Diss kand Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Kustin A J965 Aruanne Kurevere ki vikuhelik-kalmistu arheoloogilisest kaevamisest 1965 aastal Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Kustin A 1969 Aruanne Rahu kivikalme kaevamisest 1959 aastal Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lang V 1996 Muistne Riivala Muistised kronoloogia ja maaviljclusliku asustuse kujunemine Loode-Eestis eriti Pirita joe alamjooksu piirkonnas - MT 4 Latvijas PSR arheologija 1974 RIga Lavi A 1986a Raat vere maa-aluse kalmistu arheoloogilisest uurimisest 19) I a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1986b Aruanne arheoloogilistest kaevamistest Raatvere kalmemael 1982 a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1988 Aruanne Raatvere kalmemae ala arheoloogilisest uurimisest 1983 a Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Lehtosalo-Hilander P - L 1982 Luistari II The Artefacts - SMY A 822 Ligi P 1993 Vadjaparased kalmed Eestis 9-16 sajandiL - MT 2 7-175 Lougas V 1973 Das mitteleisenzeitliche Steingrab von Lehmja Loo in der Nahe von Tallinn shySMYA 75117-131 Luugas V amp Magi-Lougas M 1994 Investigation of ancient monuments at Poide 1991-1992 shyTATO 127-33 Mandel M 1980 ArUal1l1e Uugla kivikalme ja p611ukivihunniku arheoloogi1istest kaevamistest 1977 aastaL Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Mandel M 1982 Linnam~ie maa-aluse p61etuskalmistu kaevamiste aruanne 1976-1980 aastast Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Moora H 1932 Aruanne Rannu kihelk Vcrevi kUla Safldimardi talu maal oleva kivikalme kaevamisest 1-8 ja 14 juun 1932 Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Magi-Lougas M 1994 Eesti viik j ngiaeg~ed hoburauds61ed ja nende ornament - TATO 4 465shy484 Magi-Lougas M 1995a Eesti viikingiaegsed kiiev6rud ja nende ornament - MT 3 271-325 Magi-Liiugas M 1995b lila matus Arhcoloogilised kacvarnised pabcril - TATO 516-531 Nerman n 1929 Die Verbindungen zwischen SkandinaviGn und dem Ostbaltikum in der jiingcren Eiscnzeit - Kungl Vitterhets ock Antikvitets Akadcmien Handlingar 40 1 Stockholm Pauts H 1995 Liiiine-Eesti hoburaudsolcd (8-13 sajand) Diplomitoli Tartu (Kiisikiri AI-s) Piirss A 1950 Kalmc J6geva rajooni Koala kiilanoukogu 9 mai kolhoosi (end Laiuse khk K60la kL Veski tl) maaL Kacv 7-23 VIII 1950 a (Juh H Moora) Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Ranta H 1996 Personal ornaments - Vainionmaki - a Merovingian Period Cemetery in Laitila Finland Helsinki 36-50 SaImo H 1941 Merovinkiaikaisen ratsusotilaan hautakalusto Euran pitajan Pappilanmaesta shySM XLVII 11-39 Schmiedehelm M 1930 Einige Funde der mittleren Eisenzeit aus Estland - Ksi~ga pamiqtkowa ku ucsczeniu siedemdziesiqtej roezniey urodzin prof dr Wlodzimierza Demetrykiewieza Biblioteka Prehistoryclna L Poznan 318-329 Schmiedehelm M 1939 Kuusalu Pajulinn - MEL 121-138

Marika Magi58 EeSfi merovilgi- ja

Selirand J 1974 Eestlaste matmiskombed varafeodaalsete suhete Uirkamise perioodil (11-13 sajand) Tallinn Selirand J 1993 Aruanne kaevamistest Madi kivikalmel Viljandi rajoonis (end Viljandi kihelkond) 1962 a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Stromberg M 1961 Untersuchungen wr jOngcren Eisenzeit in Schonen Vblkerwanderungseit shyWikingerzeit I-II Acta Archaeologica Lundensia series in 4deg no 4 Lund Snore R 1930 Dzelzs laikmeta latvidu rotas adatas - LatvieSll aizvestures materiilli Riga Tallgren A M 1925 Zur Arehiiologie Eestis II Von 500 bis etwa 1250 n Chr Dorpat Tamla T 1991 lamenevate otstega kaevorud Eesti noorema rauaaja (10-13 sajandi) leidudes shyMT I 134--145 TautayWiene B 1981 III-XVI a sidabriniai ir sidabru puosti dirbiniai Vilnius The Road from the Varangians w the Greeks and from the Greeks 1996 Catalogue of the Exibition State Historical Museum MOSlOW fhumnark-Nylen L 1983 Gotland och OstbaJtikum - Gutar och vikingar Stockholm 306-322 Thunmark-Nylen L 1995 Churchyard Finds from Gotland (1llh - It centuries) -AEW 161shy193 Tonisson E 1974 Die Gauja-Liven und ihre materielle Kultur (II lh - Anfang 13 1hs) Tallinn Volkaitc-Kulikauskienc R 1970 Lieluviai IX- XII 3mziais Vilnius

Ayn M 1992 ApXeOJIOIWleCKHe naM5ITHllKH BTOPOH nononHHbl I-ro TblC5I4eneTWI H 3 B IOroshyBOCTOLlflOii 3CTOHIIH TanJlHlll1 CenoB B n 1985 l-b60pcK B 8-10 BeKax - HAn 119-130 CenOBa M B 1981 IOneJlllpllble I131CJIH5I )]pcllllero H06ropona (X-XV 66) MOCK6a CmmblH A A 1896 Kyprallbl c-ne-repfiyprCKOii ly6CpHHII R pacKonKax n K HBaIlOBCKoro - MaTcpllanbl no apxeoJlonm POCCIIII 20 C-neTep6ypl IIIMHnexeJJbM M X 1959 loponflluc PblYIC II IOro-BocT0411oii 3nOllllii - Bonpocbl 3TH114eshyCKOH HCTOPlfH lIapO)WB npH6a~nlKII 110 )lltlIlIlblM apxeoJlorI-lII 3TlIOlpaXilII H 3HTpOIlOnOllm MocKna 154--185

Marika Magi

DECORA TIVE PINS OF THE MEROVINGIAN AND VIKING AGES IN ESTONIA FOREIGN AND LOCAL

Summary

The Merovingian Period (600-800) and the Viking Age (800-1050) have been treated as comparati vely empty of finds in Estonian archaeology The local culture has been believed to have developed since only the [ lth century The dating of artefacts from these periods has been imprecise and usually later than in Finland or Scandinavia

In this paper 253 Estonian decorative pins from the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age have been analysed (Appendix ) They were all meant for fastening coats or dresses small pins for fastening linen kerchiefs appear in the burials only at the end of the Viking Age

According to the general point of view in Estonian archaeology artefact complexes are almost completely lacking in our archaeological material during

the Merovingian I burial customs of has proved howe cremations have b

Altogether 41 (

ff a fron pills

Eight iron pins at least one of then Ariste 1938 PI Il resemble their pre

i lb Bronze pills v

The shape of thi the head ring has decorated with a sn

All plI1S of thi specimens were u wrapping and somt

f2a PillS with simi

The upper and I marked with straigh case

f2h PinI with ciru

Pins of this sub- have also been foun flanges around the r disks have been de luxurious of this t)

pllaques

rkamise pcrioodil (11 -13

Ii rajoonis (end Viljandi

In Viilkerwanderungsze il shymd ures materiali Riga 0 n Chr Dorpat 0-13 sajandi) leidudes shy

Vilnius 1996 Catalogue of the

ngar Stockholm 306-322 h centuries) -AEW 161shy

-Anfang 13 1d1S) Tallinn

TbIC~4CJlCTlll H 3 13 IOro-

V Btl) MOCKua

middotnKax 11 K VlllallOI3CKoro

~HIIII - BOflPOCbl JTHWleshy

)rpaXIII I anTpOIIOJlOrl1H

I VIKING AGES IN L

ge (800-1050) have lrchaeology The local the II th century The and usually later than

erovingian Period and t were all meant for erchiefs appear in the

archaeology artefact )gical material during

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 59

the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The basis for this view has been the burial customs of these times especially cremations My research in our archives has proved however that more or less certamiddotin complexes in stone graves with cremations have been undervalued

1 Ring-headed pins

Altogether 41 ring-headed pins are known from Estonia

11 Earlier variant of ring-headed pins

1la 1ron pins

Eight iron pins have been found in Estonia up to now Though simply shaped at least one of them has been fitted with a rectangular plaque (Kuma AM 2968 Ariste 1938 PI III6) These pins are the oldest ones of the type and closely resemble their predecessors shepherd-crook pins

1lb Bronze pins with widening or profiled neck (Pl 1l11 2)

The shape of these pins is similar to that of the iron specimens In three cases the head ring has been wrapped with silver wire The neck is sometimes decorated with a small round decorative shield (Fig 14 PI IH2)

12 Later variant of ring-headed pins

All pins of this variant had necks of triangular cross-section The later specimens were usually bigger more decorated especially by silver-wire wrapping and sometimes fitted with plaques All of them were made of bronze

12a Pins with silllple triangular neck (Fig 21 2 Pl 1V)

The upper and lower edges of the front side of the neck of these pins were marked with straight ridges The head ring has been wrapped by wire only in one case

12b Pins with circular flanges around their neck (Fig 2 3 PI 111 5 V 1-3)

Pins of this sub-variant were most typical to Estonia though some specimens have also been found in Finland and Latvia There were usually three circular flanges around the neck In most cases both the head ring and the edges of the disks have been decorated with silver wrapping These pins were the most luxurious of this type usually bigger than the others and often fitted with plaques

Marika Magi60 Eesti merovingi- ja

12c Pins with cross-shaped extension (Fig 2 4 Pl X 2-3)

Three pins of this sub-variant have been found in Estonia at Kuusalu (AI 2827) Pajumaa (AM 134 19) and Kunilepa (AI 2483 16) These have been treated as later specimens of ring-headed pins and as specifically Estonian (Tallgren 192581 Ariste 19383754 Kivikoski 197367)

Discussion

Estonian ring-headed pins originated from small pins of the same type in Latvia especially in Semgallien and in northern Lithuania Small Lithuanian ring-headed pins were dated to the 7th-8th centuries bigger ones to the 9th century (Volkaite-Kulikauskiene 1970 168) Numbers of these pins have been found in Finland where they were treated as ornaments of Estonian origin and dated usually to the 7th-8th centuries (Hackman 1938 105-115 LehtosaloshyHilander 1982 109 Ranta 199642) Specimens with a cross-shaped extension could be dated to the 9th century too (Hackman 1938 114) However a ringshyheaded pin of variant ~ 2a from Lillmalmsbacken was found together with a hexahedral ring from a penannular brooch and some other items and could thus be dated to the 9th century too (data from archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki)

Twelve ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were known in Finland in 1973 (Kivikoski 1973 67) and only three specimens in Estonia Estonian pins of this sub-variant have been found in coastal areas or in a deposit at Kunilepa which also contains some other items of Finnish origin (eg early penannular brooches with flat ring) Thus most probably can we talk about a Finnish rather than an Estonian origin for these pins At least two such pins have also been found in Latvia (Snore 1930 Pl IX 15 22)

Tallgren has suggested that ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were predecessors of double-cross-headed pins (1925 81) Ariste (1938) did not support this theory because the dates of these ornaments differed too much It should be noted that some cross-headed pins of Southern Baltic origin with three terminals were spread at the same time in Finland One specimen has been also found in Estonia (PI X 1) Ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extensions could be speciall Finnish ornaments connected both with the ring-headed and cross-headed pins Both concepts are particuhlrly evident in a ring-headed pin with a cross-shaped extension from Liedon Sauvala which is fitted with a supplementary cross inside its head ring (Hackman 1938 Fig 35)

Only one of the Estonian ring-headed pins has been found in an undisturbed find complex in a deposit at Keila (PI IV) This find was probably not complete however because it lacked a second fastener for the chain (another pin) The find could be dated to the 9th century A collection of finds from Kunilepa usually treated as a deposit were obviously picked up from an earlier destroyed grave as

became clear frc probable grave cc spots the grave oj the later part of P Asva to the 8th-91

Ariste has da~

beginning of the supposed making 10th-II th centur~ to my study the I

the 7th century or mainly during the in the 9th century

Only triangulaJ These pins have 1

knobs Mushroom shaped ones to be study both variant pins are described I

This variant in usuaJly earlier but

21a Pins with sma

Fifteen pins fro were all smaller spe

21 h Pins with a Sir

Nine pins of th average in size an sometimes decorate(

21 c Pins with a del

Only four pins fl (PI IX I) was dec~ import from Curonia

61 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - vooraparasedja omad

I)

Estonia at Kuusalu 6) These have been

pecifically Estonian I

of the same type in ia Small Lithuanian ~ger ones to the 9th hese pins have been Estonian origin and 105-1 ] 5 Lehtosaloshyass-shaped extension 4) However a ringshylund together with a items and cou ld thus f the department of

ion were known In

~ecimens in Estonia areas or in a deposit

ish origin (eg early can we talk about a ~ t two such pins have

bss-shaped extension Ariste (1938) did not differed too much It tltic origin with three ~cimen has been also k shaped extensions the ring-headed and in a ring-headed pin lich is fitted with a ~ 35) nd in an undisturbed obably no complete lother pin) The find ~m Kunilepa usually r destroyed grave as

became clear from a conversation with a descendant of the landowner The probable grave could be dated to the 8th-9th centuries From the rest of the find spots the grave of Lehmja-Loo was dated to the 7th century (LOugas 1973 129) the later part of Presti grave to the 7th-8th centuries and the later dwelling layer in Asva to the 8th-9th centuries (Lougas amp Mligi-L6ugas 199432-33)

Ariste has dated Estonian ring-headed pillS from the 7th century up to the beginning of the 10th century (1938 62) Schmiedehelm and Selirand have supposed making reference to Ariste that these pins were also in use during the 10th-11th centuries (Schmiedehelm 1939 136 Selirand 1974 ] 44) According to my study the earlier variant of Estonian ring-headed pins cOUild be dated to the 7th century only The later variant pins with more local character were used mainly during the 8th century Pins of sub-variants 12a and 12c were in use also in the 9th century

2 Triangular-headed pins

Only triangular-headed pins with end knobs were discussed in this paper These pins have up to now been typologized according to the shape of their knobs Mushroom-shaped terminaLs were considered to be earlier and conicshyshaped ones to be later variants (Tangren 1925 80) According to the present study both variants were in use at the same time End knobs typical of the later pins are described in this paper as hat-shaped (Fig 3)

21 Pins without any special decoration

This variant includes 41 pins of different size Smaller specimens were usually earlier but there were quite a number of exceptions to this rule

21a Pins with smooth heads (PI VI 1 3)

Fifteen pins from the Merovingian Period belong to this sub-variant They were all smaller specimens with mushroom- or conic-shaped end knobs

21 h Pins with a smooth triangular hollow

Nine pins of this sub-variant are known in Estonia They were small or average in size and half of them had hat-shaped end knobs The head is sometimes decorated with a single knob in the middle

21 c Pins with a decoration ofconcentric triangles

Only four pins from Estonia belong to this sub-variant A pin from ViI tina (PI IX 1) was decorated with two ammal (horse) figures and is probably an import from Curonia or Semgallien

Marika Magi 62 Eesti merovillgimiddot jl

21d Pins with afaceted triangular hollow (Pi 111 3 4 VI 2)

Sixteen medium-sized or bigger pins belong to this sub-variant Only one of them had a hat-shaped end knob (Presti PI In 3) all the others had only mushroom- or conic-shaped knobs Many of these pins had a faceted neck (Fig 4 4)

22 Pins with a decoration of leaves (Pi V 4-5 V1I V11I 1- 3)

The shape of these pins resembled that of the former variant but the smooth hollow in the head was decorated with three leaves 46 pins or fragments of pins of this variant are known in Estonia Many of them were found in cremations and were bad1ly burnt Hat-shaped end knobs were characteristic of these pins The neck was faceted in 11 specimens (Fig 5) The reverse of some of these pins was decorated with eyes (PI V 5) Such specimens had almost no faceted neck Pins with a faceted neck were thus morphologically ear(jer and the specimens with a decoration on their reverse sides were later in this variant group

Discussion

Triangular-headed pins were widespread in Latvia and Lithuania where their decoration usually differed clearly from that of Estonian pins Pins with mushroom-shaped end knobs were dated to the 7th-9th centuries in L ithuania (Tautaviciene 1981 169) Triangular-headed pms appeared in Latvia as early as 500 and were spread mainly in Semgallien and in the Lower-Daugava area (Snore 1930 PI XXIX 1 Latvijas 1974 PI 40 4 I 3) Some specimens have also been found in Russia (Sedova 198173 Sedov 1985 123 F ig 1 7 8) Triangular-headed pins in FinlJand have been treated as ornaments of Latvian or Estonian origin and dated to the Merovingian Period or the beginning of the Viking Age (Kivikoski 197367-6899 Fig 448 72 l Lehtosalo-Hilander 1982 108)

Pins with leaf decoration were found not only in Estonia but also in Semgallien and Curonia Probably only one specimen has been found in Finland (Rusko Kankare Kivikoski 197367 99) Some pins with leaf decoration were known from Gotland (Nerman 1929 Fig 173-174 177 Thunmark-Nylen 1983 Fig 10 Jansson 1995 88-89 Fig 8) and from the mainland of Sweden (Stromberg 1961 165 PI 73 8 9) One has been found at Trelleborg in Denmark (Michael Andersen pers comm) Two fragmentary pins of this variant belonged to a silver hoard from Baldringe in Skanc (Hardh 1976 PI 20 10 11) and were interesting for us because of their material Ali triangular-headed pins in Estonii were made of bronze The finds in Baldringe proved that the Estonians used to make similar ornaments of both materials but the silver specimens were probably re-cast later

Some of the complexes Thret some bracelets 1

cremation at Hai could be dated to and Maidla gravi datcd to the same

Seven pins of in 1m have been XXVII 4-5) The 8th centuries in (Schmiedehelm 11 L6ugas 1994 32shy

Schmiedehelm (1930) The pins according to Kus According to my Merovingian Perilt the end of the 9th 10th century Arou

Pins of this var and are therefore I

shaped terminals al have been found u majority of them hi draw parallels with elaborated decorati consisting only of broken off and fixel

23a Pins with lea

Six pins of this These pins were pre

23b Pins with plail

Plait decoration not very widespreao and the 11 til centul)

Marika Miigi Eesli merovingi- ja viikil1gi(egsed rinl1aHoelad shy viJiJrapiirasedja ()mad 63

2)

I-variant Only one of the others had oniy

l a faceted neck (Fig

II VIII 1-3)

ariant but the smooth s or fragments of pins und in cremations and tic of these pins The ome of these pins was no faceted neck Pins the specimens with a

roup

~ithuania where their ~ ian pins Pins with centuries in Lithuania d in Latvia as early as Lower-Daugava area

Some specimens have 5 123 Fig I 7 8) naments of Latvian or the beginning of the

Itosalo-Hilander 1982

Estonia but also in een found in Finland

1 leaf decoration were hunmark-Nylen 1983 mainland of Sweden und at Trelleborg in ary pins of this variant h 1976 PI 20 to 11) triangular-headed pins inge proved that the terials but the silver

Some of the Estonian triangubr-headed pins were found in closed find complexes Three pins of variant 21 belonged to a deposit at Inju together with some bracelets which allowed the find to be dated to the 7th-8th centuries A cremation at Haimre (PI V) contained only one pin with leaf decoration and could be dated to the 10th century Some similar pins from Rahu (Kustin 1969) and Maidla graves (data from find lists and plans of Mati Mandel) could be dated to the same time because of the other finds in the burials

Seven pins of the earlier variant have been found in hill-forts Two specimens in Iru have been dated to the 6l7th-8th centuries (Lang 1996 96-97 102 PI XXVII 4--5) The layers where the pins were found have been dated to the 7thshy

8th centuries in Rouge (AYH 1992 65) to the 6th-9th centuries in Otepali (Schmiedehelm 195963) and to the 7th-9th centuries in Pbide (Lougas amp MagishyL6ugas 199432-33)

Schmiedehelm dated Estonian pins of variant 2 J to the 6th-9th centuries (1930) The pins with leaf decoration were used during the II th-12th centuries according to Kustin and Selirand (Kustin J962b 405 Selirand 1974 145) According to my study the pins of variant 21 were used during the whole Merovingian Period and the 9th century Pins with leaf decoration appeared at the end of the 9th century at the latcst and were in use during the whole of the 10th century Around 1000 they were replaced by pins of the next variant

23 Pins of Saaremaa type

Pins of this variant differ morphologically from the above-discussed variants and are therefore treated separately here These pins were flat with flat heartshyshaped terminals and a high loop on their neck (Fig 6) Altogether 63 specimens have been found up to now as many as 49 of them on Saaremaa (Osel) The majority of them have been found in cremations and were badly burnt If we may draw parallels with the other ornament types the more massive specimens with elaborated decoration were earlier than the thin pins with stylised decoration consisting only of a few lines In many cases the heads of these pins had been broken off and fixed to a new iron shaft ie recycled

23a Pins with leal decoration (PI VI 4 VIII 6-7)

Six pins of this variant have a more or less stylised decoration of three leaves These pins were probably the earliest ones in vanant 23

23b Pins with plait decoration (Fig 8 PI VIII 5 IX 2)

Plait decoration was popular in L atvia and Lithuania over a long period but not very widespread in Estonia On Saaremaa bracelets of the late Viking Age and the 11 th century had often the same pattern In six cases also the reverse of

Marika Magi64 Eesti merovingi- ja

the pins had been decorated mostly with eyes These specimens were also more massive ie probably somewhat earlier

23c Pins with some other kind ofdecoration (Fig 7 Pl VI 5 VIII 4 IX 4-5)

Different kinds of simple patterns were spread on the pins of Saaremaa type most of them having counterparts in Latvia More and less massive specimens occurred in this sub-variant too Though the pattern usually consisted of different lines some pins were decorated with one or more eyes only (Fig 7 Pl IX 4) These could probably be treated as imports from Latvia like some other somewhat unusual pins of this sub-variant

Discussion

Pins of this variant were widespread in Latvia particularly in Curonia and Semgallien but also in the Lower-Daugava area They were dated to the lOthshy12th centuries there (Snore 1930 Pl XV LA 1974 Pl 481 5014 15525 T6nisson 1974 Pl XXXVI2) The decoration of Latvian pins usually differed from that of Estonian pins and even plait decoration seems to have not been very popular on this type of pins in Latvia

Only single pins of this variant have been found in the other neighbouring countries most of them specifically Latvian (Nerrnan 1929 Figs 175-178 Kivikoski 1973 99 Fig 720 Jansson 1995 88-89) The only exceptions were two pins from Garda churchyard on Gotland which were decorated with leaves (Thunmark-Nylen 1995 185 Fig 13) A small piece of a similar pin has been found as a stray find in Roskilde Denmark (Andersen pers comm)

In Uugla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin with leaf decoration has been found together with a knife pieces of chain arrangement a bronze plaque and a bracelet (Mandel 1980) The grave could be dated to the end of the 10th century or to the beginning of the 11 th century according to the bracelet (Magi-Lougas 1995b 521) In Maidla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin was found in the same chain arrangement with a pin of variant 22 (data from find lists and plans of Mandel) In Randvere graveyard a pin of variant 23 fixed to an iron shaft was found together with a penannular brooch with poppy-shaped terminals and with sherds of fine-grained pottery (data from Kustin 1962a 64-65 97) The complex could be dated around 1000

Kustin dated Saaremaa type pins to the 11th-12th centuries (1962a 70) As proved above the earlier specimens of this variant appeared as early as the 10th century and were used contemporarily with pins of variant 22 Saaremaa type pins stayed in use during the whole 11 th century and were replaced by doubleshycross-headed pins with united terminals at the beginning of the 12th century at the latest

Only some sin Viking Age have terminals appear 0

centuries Only lht local ornament typ

Double-cross-hl number of pin he probably for a lon

41 PillS

A tolal of 42 pi have been found il variants but the b thus SUbjective Tt specific construclio but a decoration of bigger thinner ofte (Fig 10) The earl ones were usually n

42 Pi

This group incl specimens as in the of these two groups

43

These pins appea the 11th century Ill

variant resemble late

Few specimens 01 Estonia They had be in Finland Pins frO centuries (Cleve 191

65 Marilw Magi Eesfi mcOvingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad - vooraparased ja onwd

imens were also more

VI 5 VI 4 IX 4-5)

pins of Saaremaa type ~ss massive specimens

usually consisted of e eyes only (Fig 7 PI Jatvia like some other

ularly in Curonia and ere dated to the 10thshy4815014 15525 ~ pins usually differed to have not been very

he other neighbouring 1929 Figs 175-178

only exceptions were decorated with leaves

a similar pin has been s comm) Dration has been found bronze plaque and a

nd of the 10th century bracelet (Miigi-L6ugas Nas found in the same find lists and plans of d to an iron shaft was )ed terminals and with -6597) The complex

Ituries (l962a 70) As ed as early as the 10th lilt 22 Saaremaa type re replaced by doubleshyof the 12th century at

3 Early cross-headed pins (PI X 1 XI 2)

Only some single cross-headed pins dated to the Merovingian Period or the Viking Age have been found in Estonia Small cross-headed pins with united terminals appear only after the Viking Age and were used over a period of some centuries Only the idea of cross-headed pins was borrowed from the Baits and a local ornament type was created on its base a double-cross-headed pin

4 Double-cross-headed pins

Double-cross-headed pins were specifically Estonian ornaments Quite a number of pin heads of this type have been fixed to an iron shaft and used probably for a long time after they were made

41 Pins with unconnected terminals (Pt X 4-6 XI 1 3-5)

A total of 42 pins with unconnected te rminals or pieces of such kind of pins have been found in Estonia They could be divided into earlier and later subshyvariants but the border between these two groups would be too undefined and thus subjective The earlier specimens were usually smaller thicker and with specific construction of their neck (Fig 9) They were often decorated with eyes but a decoration of conce ntric circles was also possible Later pins were always bigger thinner often silver-plated and had a special trapezoid loop on their neck (Fig 10) The earlier specimens were often deformed and burnt but the later ones were usually not burnt and in several cases found in inhumations

42 Pins with connected lower terminals (Pl X 7 XII)

This group includes 21 pins Thc same criteria about earlier and later specimens as in the former variant were also valid in this variant hence the pins of these two groups were at least partly contemporary

43 Pins with completely connected terminals

These pins appeared at the very end of the Viking Age ic at the middle of the 11 th century and will thus be not considered here Some specimens of thi s variant ]escmble iatcr specimens of the fonner variants

Discussion

Few specimens of pins with unconnected terminals have been found outSIde E stonia They had been usually used as pendants Five of them have been found in Finland Pins from Lillmalmsbacken and EU-cl were dated to the 9th-10th centuries (Cleve 1978 105) Two pins have been found in inhumations in

Marika Miigi66 Eesti merovingi- ja

Kjuloholm and dated to the beginning of the II th century (Cleve 1978 105 PI 8 15) Pendants from Estonian double-cross-headed pins have been found in late Viking Age cremations in Bjurhovda Central-Sweden (Jaanusson 1971) in North Norway and Gotland (Jansson 1995 88 fig 7) Some of them were

known from barrows in Northwest Russia (ClII1UbIH 1896 PI V 6 XVII 32) No double-cross pins have been found in Latvia or Lithuania according to the literature

A pin from Koola graveyard (PI X 4) was unearthed together with pieces of chain a glassbead bronze spirals and a bracelet all badly burnt (Parss 1950) Two pins from Verevi had belonged to the same chain arrangement and were found together with a bracelet a bell piece of neck-ring and a penannular brooch pi n with narrow base (Moora 1932) Both these burials could belong to the 10th century

In a womans grave in Aseri two doub Pe-cross-headed pins of earlier character were found with bracelets with thickening ends a spiral bracelet chain pieces and bronze spirals This complex could not be later than the middle of the 10th century because of the bracelets of earlier type in it (M~igi-Lougas 1995a 280 ff Fig 30)

A double-cross-pin of later character belonged to a deposit at Piihaste which also contained some other ornaments and could be dated to the first half of the 11 th century Some pairs of pins with specifically later features have been found in inhumations Graves from Alatskivi Raatvere and Tooste could be mentioned here all dated to the first half of the ] I th century (PI XI 5) A small doubJeshycross-headed pin fixed secondarily to a bronze stem belonged to a cremation of the second half of the 11 th century in Jouga (Ligi 1993 53-54 PI XXVIII 5)

Two double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals had belonged to a womans grave in Madi together with chain fragments bronze spira ls fingershyrings pieces of neck-rings a knife a belt buckle a comb a fire-steel bits and potsherds (Sel irand 1993) In Rahu a pin of the same variant occurred together with a penannular brooch chain arrangements a finger-ring and bits (Kustin 1969) Both these complexes could be dated to the 11th century Two pins of variant 42 belonged to a female inhumation grave in Raatvere and were dated to the first half of the J I th century (PI XII)

As proved above the double-cross-headed pins were cOl1nected with ringshyheaded pins with cross-shaped extension only through common predecessors ie cross-headed pins Looking at the shape of double-cross-headed pins one can ask if they could be connected with the Orthodox cross and perhaps with the conversion of Russia at the end of the 10th century The idea could be supported by the distribution of these pins the double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals were the only variant of dress fastening pins that were concentrated in the eastern half of Estonia

As the double-cross-headed pins appeared in Estonia before the end of the JOth century they cannot be directly connected with the Christianization of

Russia but influe not be discounteo definite evidence (

Selirand has ( centuries (1974 I terminals As pm appeared by the m morphologically t( were in use up to variant 43

Some findings used Parallels in could differ among

As most of the these ornaments WI men in Finland (I Latvia and Lithuan suggested that Esto Estonian ring-head southern neighbour Finland wore the sa

Hackman has re in Finland were all these pins were fa numbers were in s (KM 8067 A3 4 S of archaeology in N variant in Estonia h pin that could belo Keila was found tc woman (PI IV)

In conclusion on and the big luxuriol and 12c were used by women It is po during the 9th centUl

The triangular-he and were sometime~

arrangement Only 0

plaques and had prot

67 Marika Miigi Eesti mcrovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

(Cleve 1978 105 PI have been found in late (Jaanusson 1971) in

Some of them were

6 PI V 6 XVII 32) uania according to the

together with pieces of lIy burnt (Piirss 1950) arrangement and were ing and a penannuJar mrials could belong to

lins of earlier character bracelet chain pieces

the middle of the 10th -L6ugas I995a 280 ff

posit at Ptihaste which to the first half of the ~tures have been found te could be mentioned 1 5) A small doubleshynged to a cremation of -54 PI XXYIlI 5) erminals had belonged bronze spirals fingershy

0 a fire-steel bits and ~ [wnt occurred toget h er -ring and bits (KUstin century Two pins of

vere and were dated to

connected with riDgshyImon predecessors ie -headed pins one can and perhaps with the

lea could be supported pins with unconnected it were concentrated in

before the end of the he Christianization of

Russia but influences from Christian cOllntriesin the East (Byzantium) could not be discounted In any case the double-cross-headed pins do not provide definite evidence of the Christianity of their owners

Selirand has dated double-crass-headed pins to the 11th up to the 12th centuries (1974 146) which is correct for the variant with completely connected terminals As proved above the pins with unconnected terminals had already appeared by the middle of the 10th century The earlier pins of variant 4 2 belong morphologically to the end of the 10th century at the latest Both these variants were in use lip to the m iddle of the 11th century when they were replaced by variant 43

Use of dress fastening pins

Some findings in Estonia let us determine how and by Wh0111 the pins were used Parallels in the neighbouring countries cannot be used here directly and could differ among neighbours

As most of the ring-headed pins were single finds it is most plausible that these ornaments were worn singly Luxurious ring-headed pins had belonged to men in Finland (Lehtosalo-Hiander 1982 109) but the small specimens in Latvia and Lithuania were worn by women and always in pairs Vello Lougas suggested that Estnnian ring-headed pins were also used by women 0 973 126) Estonian ring-headed pins however definitely differ from the small ones of our southern neighbours It seems to be hardly believable that wealthy horsemen in Finland wore the same pins as women in Estonia

Hackman has reported that the ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extension in Finland were alI single finds (1938 114) However in two or even three cases these pins were found obviously in pairs in Uskcla Lukkarinmaki ie their numbers were in sequence and they had almost or completely the same shape (KM 8067 A3 4 57 perhaps also 29 30 data fram archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki) A Kunilcpa pin of the same subshyvariant in Estonia has been found together with a head-ring fragment of a similar pin that could belong to the same sub-variant The pin of sub-variant 12a in Keila was found together with female ornaments and had thus belonged to a woman (PI IV)

In conclusion one can suppose that the ring-headed pins of the earlier variant and the big luxurious pins were worn by men in Estonia Pins of variants 12a and 12c were used by both sexes or especially in the case of variant 12c only by women It is possible that the ring-headed pins became female ornaments during the 9th century

The triangular-headed pins of variant 21 occuned in several cases in pairs and were sometimes fitted with a long chain ie they had belonged to a chain arrangement Only one pin from Pajumaa (PI III4) was fitted with rectangular plaques and had probably been worn on its own

Marika Mdgi68 Eesti merovingi- ja

As ring-headed pins and triangular-headed pins had been in use contemporarily and in the same area it can be supposed that the former were worn by men and the latter by women It is possible that men stopped using pins some time in the 9th century and started to fasten their coats only with penannular brooches Since the 10th century at the latest one can talk about pins as specifically female ornaments in Estonia

Two triangular-headed pins connected with a single chain have been found in Liiva In some cases these pins were unearthed in pairs or single specimens often stray finds were fitted with a long chain Chain holders have been found together with these pins only twice However triangular-headed pins with leaf decoration were sometimes worn probably also singly as in the grave of Hairnre (PI VII)

Triangular-headed pins of Saaremaa type were found in pairs in several cases These pins occurred typically with half-oval chain holders and other pieces of chain arrangement which proves that the chain arrangements with these pins consisted of several rows of chains

Moreover the double-cross-headed pins occur usually in pairs and together with other pieces of a chain arrangement The pins of earlier character were connected only with a single chain (Aseri Verevi Riuma PI XI 4) but the later ones fastened chain arrangements with several rows of chains which were fixed to the pins with openwork chain holders (PI XI 5 XII)

Distribution

Estonia could be divided into two parts according to the local ornaments of the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The same division is valid also in the case of the decorative pins The tradition of fastening the dress with pins was strong in the western part of the Estonian mainland and on the islands but was almost absent in the eastern part during the whole Merovingian Period and the firs t half of the Viking Age The first local pin types - the double-cross-headed pins - occurred there only in the 10th century Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals and with completely connected terminals were spread already allover Estonia providing evidence of the standardisation of ornamental culture

English version checked by Gordon Snow Oxford

1 Rongaspeaga e

1 Ring-headed p

I Juuru Kunilepa 2 J6eJahtme Prest 3 Jiiri Kuma (AM 4 Juri Lagedi (Ar-shy5 JUri Lehmja-Lolt 6 Kaarma Aste (S 7 Karuse Pajumaa 8 Keila (AM 234 9 Kihelkonna Oda to Kihelkonna Paj II Kihclkonna Vii 12 Koeru Preedi (1 13 Kul lamua Vaik 14 KUllsalu (AI 28 15 Karla Kaarmise 16 Ktirla Paevere 17 Karia Paikiila ( 18 Liiganuse PUssi 19 Palamuse Nava 20 Peetri Painurme 21 Parnu-Jaagupi F 22 Pbide Asva (Al 23 Pbidc Tomimae 24 Ridala Ahli (H~ 25 R6ngu Kivivare 26 Viru- Nigllia Pal 27 Viru-Nigllla KUl

2 Kolmnurkpeaga

2 Triangular-head

21 Ornamentimatpoundl

21 Pins without spe

I 16eIahtme lru (AI 2 J6elahtme Presti (

Marika Magi

s had been in use d that the former were men stopped using pins their coats only with one can talk about pins

Jain have been found in s or single specimens )Iders have been found --headed pins with leaf in the grave of Haimre

n pairs in several cases ~rs and other pieces of ments with these pins

v in pairs and together earlier character were PI XI 4) but the later ains which were fixed

the local ornaments of ivision is valid also in he dress with pins was n the islands but was ingian Period and the e double-cross-headed ross-headcd pins with terminah were spread

disation of ornamental

Gordol Snow Oxford

69Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoeiad - vooraparased ja omad

Lisa Appendix

1 Rongaspeaga ehtenoelad Eestis (kaart joon 11)

1 Ring-headed pins in Estonia (map fig 11)

I Juuru Kunilepa (AI 2483 16 17) 2 Joelahtme Presti (AI 5490386 7) 3 Juri Kuma (AM 31 5 AM 2968 69 71) 4 Juri Lagedi (AM 2768) 5 Juri Lehmja-Loo (AI 444499184211 247278283) 6 Kaarma Aste (SM 7675 12) 7 Karuse Pajumaa (AM 134 18 19) 8 Keila (AM 2343) 9 Kihelkonna Odalatsi (AI 3822303) 10 Kihelkonna Paju (AI K 68) 11 Kihelkonna Viki (AI 251373) 12 Koeru Preedi (AI 4426616) 13 Kullamaa Vaike-Kalju (AI 3445) 14 Kuusalu (AI 2827) 15 Karla Kaarmise (AI 3501) 16 Karia Paevere (AI 2657 1) 17 Karia Paikula (AI 25024) 18 Luganuse Piissi (AM 99) 19 Palamuse Nava (AI 39681167) 20 Peetri PaillurmC (AM 11710) 21 Parnu-Jaagupi Parasmaa (AM 493 12) 22 Pbide Asva (AI 4366 1004) 23 Pbide Tomimae (AI 4338 1117) 24 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045220) 25 Rongu Kivivare (AI 47267) 26 Viru- Nigula Pada (AI 536641) 27 Viru-Nigula Kunda (AM 88 113 114)

2 Kolmnurkpeaga noelad Eestis

2 Triangular-headed pins in Estonia

21 Ornamentimata voi lihtsatest joontest ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 12)

21 Pins without special decoration (map fig 12)

1 JoeHihtme lru (AI 4051 9491097) 2 Joellihtme Presti (AI 5490374)

Eesti merovillgi- ja70 Marika Magi

3 J6hvi Toila (AI 3952299 362) 4 Kamse Pajumaa (AM 13414) 5 Kihelkonna K6mse (AI 2643 111 112113) 6 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 14832) 7 Lliganuse Purtse (AI 50388) 8 Martna Ehmp (AM 554605 615 665 81 J 823) 9 Muhu Mala (AI K 2 1234 89) 10 Nissi Vardi (AM 368 13) 11 Otepaa linnamagihillfort (AI 4036 IV203) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 491 122 852 1024) 13 Parnu-Jaagupi M6isaklila (AI 575925) 14 Pbide maalinnhillfort (SM 1460401) 15 Pbide Viltina (AI 38843515) 16 Puha Leina (AI 2643366) 17 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817333) J8 Rouge linnam~igihillfort (AI 40402313162) 19 Saaremaa (AI K 848) 20 Viru-Jaagupi Inju (AI 2794232425) 21 Vandra khklparish (P~lM 23912) 22 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 382 37764)

22 Lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 13)

22 PillS with leaves-decoration (map fig 13)

1 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 1) 2 Keila Uksnurme (AM 68 1) 3 Juri Moigu-Peetri (AI 4877 100) 4 Kaarma khklparish (AI K 67 17 1845 AI 507 6) 5 Kaarrna Uduvere (AI 15184) 6 Kihelkonna Lumanda (AI 382233 3438 35) 7 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 531 1352 1549 1696 1886 23834153

26892690297831483163310131023115) 8 Mihkli Sol va (AI 251318) 9 Muhu Liiva (SM 931 2) 10 Marjamaa Hairnre (AI 3614 I) 11 Nissi Polli (AI 3926 I) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 49120206 584a 584b 760) 13 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884 ) 14 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045 219) 15 Saaremaa (AI K 846) 16 Valjala khklparish (SM K 5410) 17 Valjala Rahu (AI 423922 44 758) 18 Leiukoht teadmatalFindspot unknown (AI 3027)

23 Saaremaa tii

23 PillS ofSaart

1 Hanila Komsi I

2 Kaarma khk I~ 3 Kaarma Loona 4 Kaarma Uduve 5 Karja Valja (A 6 Karuse Pajuma 7 Kihelkonna Ka 8 Kihelkonna khl 9 Kihelkonna Ku 10 Kihelkonna L 11 Kihelkonna 12 Kihelkonna P 13 Kose Paunkiil 14 Kullamaa Mai 15 Karla khk Ipa 16 Karla Kogula 17 Karla Orikiila 18 Uiiine-Niguia 19 Martna Ehmja 20 Pamu Jaagupi 21 Parnu-Jaagupi 22 Parnumaa (Pal 23 Pbide K6igust 24 P6ide Randvel 25 P6ide Viltina ( 26 Piiha Ilpla (AI 27 Saaremaa (AI 28 Valjala Konnu 29 Valjala Rahu (

3 Merovingi- voi

3 Merovingian connected termin

I Karja khklparis 2 Kodavere Lahef 3 Kodavere Savas 4 Mihkli Kurese ( 5 lPoide AudIa (S~ 6 Aksi Raigastven

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja (Jmad

23 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad (kaartjoon 14)

71

~)

96 1886 2383 4153

)760)

23 Pins ofSa a rema a type (map fig 14)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510940) 2 Kaarma khk parish(AI K 67 1944) 3 Kaarma Loona (AK K 1776 LVYM 650911393) 4 Kaarma Uduvere (AI K 15185 186 187 188) 5 Kalja Valja (AI K 76 1) 6 Karu se Pajumaa (AM 134 I 5) 7 Kihelkonna Kalmu (AI 3822]57 158 194) 8 Kihelkonna khk parish (AI K 741) 9 Kihelkonna Kurevere (AI 43686998 102) 10 Kihelkonna Loona (AI 3822233a) 11 Kihelkonna Liimanda (AK 382268 136) 12 Kihelkonna Paju (L VVM 20A 128) 13 Kose Paunkiila (AM 73 1) 14 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 3160 3635 3637 5000 6085) 15 KarIa khk pari sh (AI K 79101819) 16 Karia Kogula (AI K 2951 52) 17 Karla Orikiila (AI K 4 102 103) 18 Laane-Nigula Uugla (AM 500503) 19 Martna Ehmja (AM 554824) 20 Pamu Jaagupi Pooravere (PaM 2364) 21 Pamu-J aagupi Linnamae (AM 491170) 22 Parnumaa (PaM ) 23 Poide Koiguste (AI 436 I 2) 24 Poide Randvere (AI 26972 AI 3895 257) 25 Poide Viltina (AI 3884391 2588b 2755 3128 4300) 26 Piiha IJpla (AI 3822315 382 K 1 78) 27 Saaremaa (AI K 843 57 AI K 8546107 AI 3529 SM ) 28 Valjala Konnu (AI 5151) 29 Valjala Rahu (AI 4239202 670 1114)

3 Merovingi- voi varaviikingiaegsed lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad

3 Merovingian Period or earJy Viking Age cross-headed pins with unshyconnected terminals

1 Karja khkparish (AI K 774) 2 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 198433) 3 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 1483 1) 4 Mihkli Kurese (AI 2513 17) 5 Poide AudIa (SM K 49 I) 6 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885)

72 Marika Magi

7 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (AM aj 98)

4 Kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

4 Double-cross-headed pins

41 Lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad (kaart joon 15)

41 Double-cross-headed pins with unconnecled terminals (map fig 15)

I Haljala Essu (AM 8327) 2 Harju-Jaani Kehra (AI 35849 10) 3 Iisaku J6uga (AI 510062) 4 JUllm Kaiu jarvLake Kaiu (AI 5251) 5 Karksi Kiiti (AI 1353 1) 6 Kodavere Alatskivi (AI 1893la Ib) 7 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 4976 159) 8 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 516957 5295210a 210b) 9 Kose Ardu (AI 26744) 10 Laiuse Koola (AI 40245) Ii Nissi Varbola (AI 3865 128) 12 Nao Unipiha linnamagihillfort (AI 2901 11) 13 Otepaa PaidJa (AI 19973) 14 P6ltsamaa Pajusi (AI 1871 8) 15 Pamu-Jaagupi Anelema (AI 42255) 16 Parnumaa (PaM A 2361) 17 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884153) 18 Piiha IJpla (AI K 1 77) 19 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817 307311) 20 R6ngu Piihaste (AI 3667 I) 21 Rapina Tooste (AI 41085 7) 22 Tarvastu Riuma (AI 12073a 3b) 23 Viljandi Kuude (VM 331 2 43 17A 312) 24 Viljandimaa (VM ) 25 Vim-Nigula Aseri (RM 1211A 57683 7879) 26 Vim-Nigula Kohala (RM 30791A 51 12) 27 Vim-Nigula Kunda (AI 157933 4002) 28 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 5343c)

29 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (LVVM 58923A I 798)

42 Uhendatud alumiste harudega kaksikristpeaga l10elad (kaartjoon 16)

42 Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals (map fig 16)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510103188218507)

Eest merovillgi-(I v

2 Harju-Jaani Raa 3 Kodavere Raatv( 4 Kullamaa Maid 5 Liiganllse Kalme 6 Mihkli Veltsa (A 7 Marjal1laa Konol 8 Marjamaa Moka 9 P61tsal1laa Pajusi 10 Rannu Verevi ( 11 VaUala Rahu (A 12 Viljandi Madi ( 13 Vaike-Maarja A 14 Leiukoht teadl1l1

Marika Magi Eesti merovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy viJorapiirased ja omarl 73

15)

(Ilapjig 15)

I 798)

kaartjOOIi16)

als(mapjig16)

2 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 16) 3 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 5295 121a 12Ib) 4 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 5802 18 2323) 5 Liiganuse Kalmeistri (AI 28244) 6 MihkJi Ve1tsa (AI 4944) 7 Marjamaa Konovere linnamagihillfort (AI 4571159) 8 Marjamaa Moka (AI 371021) 9 P51tsamaa Pajusi (AI 19996) 10 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817234) 11 Valjala Rahu (AI 423970) 12 Viljandi Macli (AI 25906166172174) 13 V~iike-Maalja Antu (AM 102 I) 14 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 26362)

Marika Magi52 Eesti merovillgi- jll

Ehtenoelte levikupiirkond

Pilk artiklis kasitletud merovingi- ja viikingiaegsete ehtenoelte levikukaartishydele naitab et Eesti v6ib selle esemeliigi p6hjal jagada kahte ossa Selleks tuleb t6mmata m6tteline diagonaal Virumaalt Parnu lahte kusjuures Virumaa on piirkond milles esineb m6lemale poolele iseloomulikke jooni M6ttelisest jooshynest pohja ja Winde jaab ala kus r6ivaste kinnitamine ehten6eltega oli traditshysiooniJine Eesti ida- ja 16unaosas v6eti ehten6elad laiemalt kasutusele aIles 10 sajandil Samasugune jaotus kehtib ka teiste ehteliikide puhul (Magi-Lou gas 1994 1995a) mistottu v6ib ilmselt raakida kahest eraldi kllltuuripiirkonnast mille r6ivastus ja kombed teineteisest erinesid

Rongaspeaga n6elu on ootusparaselt leitud eelkoige P6hja- ja Uiiine-Eestist ning Saaremaalt st aladelt kus oli merovingi- ja varaviikingiajal olemas ehteshyn6elte kandmise traditsioon (joon 11) Sarna voib beIda nuppotsaliste kolmnurkshypeaga n6elte kohta mis on dateeritud enam-vahem samasse aega (joon 12-13) Uksikud Eesti idapoolsest kultuuripiirkonnast leitud n6elad on valdavalt baltiparased v6imalik et l6unanaabritelt otseselt imporditud esemed 10 sajandi teisest poolest levima hakanud lameda kolmnurkpeaga saaremaa tUlipi ehten6elte suhtes on varasemad uurijad olnud seisukohal et tegemist on Saaremaale iseloomulike ehetega mid a mandrile on j6udnud vaid liksikud eksemplarid (Kustin 1962a 70 Selirand 1974 145) Praegustel andmetel on neid Jeitud Mandri-Eesti laaneosast siiski peaaegu samapalju kui saartelt (lisa) Lameda kolmnurkpeaga ehten6elte leviku v6ib seega seostada pigem saarte ja LaaneshyEesti lihise kultuuripiirkonnaga

Samaaegselt saaremaa tUlipi n6eltega (joon 14) ilmus ka Eesti ida- ja 16unaossa esimene omamaine ehten6elte tUlip lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad Valja arvatud moni liksik erand on neid leitud eelkoige Eesti idaosast kaasa arvatud Virumaa (joon 15) Kaksikristpeaga noelte tihendatud alumiste harudega variandi noelu on aga leitud juba tile kogu Eesti ehkki harvalt (joon 16) nagu ka neile jargnenud tileni tihendharulisi noelu

Lopetuseks

Muinastihiskonnas toimunud protsesside kajastajana on ehetel kahtlemata relvastuse jarel teisejargllline osa Muutuvad ju ehtetUtibid aeglasemalt on pikeshymalt kasutllsel ega levi nii kergesti naabermaadesse Ometigi on ehteid arheoshyloogilises materjalis tunduvalt enam kui relvi Eeskatt on see seotud matmisshykommetega midajargides maeti koos ehetega nii mehi kui naisi Ehted ei olnud ka nii viiartuslikud mist6ttu neist loobuti (naiteks hauapanusteks) kergema stidamega samuti laks neid sagedamini kaotsi Kui Eestis voib merovingi- ja viikingiaja relvastuses tiiheldada rahvusvaheliseks muutumist siis ehted peegeldavad eeskatt

bull 1

bull 2

Joan II Ronl

Fig II I

bull 1

bull 2

Joan 12 Variandi 21 k

Fig 12 Dislribuliorkohalikke eriparasid nii Eesti-siseselt kui v6rdluses naabermaadega

Marika Magi Eesti Ilerovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 53

lenoelte levikukaartishyte ossa Selleks tuleb sjuures Virumaa on loni Mottelisest jooshytenoeltega oli traditshynalt kasutusele alles puhul (Magi-Lougas kultuuripiirkonnast

hja- ja Laane-Eestist ingiajal olemas ehteshyppotsaliste kolmnurkshy~ aega (joon 12-13) oelad on valdavaJt ~ esemed 10 sajandi maa ttiiipi ehten6elte mist on Saaremaale Uksikud eksemplarid netel on neid leitud ~rtelt (lisa) Lameda em saarte ja Laaneshy

us ka Eesti ida- ja dega kaksikristpeaga Ikoige Eesti idaosast iihendatud alumiste ehkki harvalt (joon

n ehetel kahtlemata aeglasemalt on pikeshyigi on ehteid arheoshysee seotud matmisshy

si Ehted ei olnud ka ) kergema sUdamega Ivingi- ja viikingiaja peegeldavad eeskatt

adega

bull 1 Cl

bull 2

Joan J J RongaspeanoeJte levik J - Oks eksempJar 2 - kaks voi enam ekscmpJari

Fig J J Distribution of ring-headed pins J one find 2 two or more finds

Cl

bull 2

Joan J 2 Variandi 2 J kolmnurkpeaga noeJte Jevik J - Oks eksemplar 2 - kaks voi enam eksempJali

Fig 12 Distribution of triangular-headed rins of variant 2 J lone find 2 two or more finds

EeSfi merovingi- jaMarika Mdgi 54

bull 1

bull 2

loon J 5 Lahtiste hJoon 13 Nuppotsalistc lchtomamcndiga n6clte levik I - iiks ekscrnplar 2 - kaks v6i cnam cksernpl31i

Fig 13 Distribution of triangular-headed pins with end knobs and leafdcltoration lone lind 2 two or Fig 15 Distribution (more finds

bull 1

bull 2

Joon 16 Dhendatud a

Joa n 14 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6e1tc levik I - Oks ekscrnplar 2 - kaks v6i enam ckscmplari Fig 16 Distribution of Fig 14 Distribution of triangular-headed pins of Saarcmaa type lone find 2 two or more finds

Marika Miigi

~aks voi enam ekscmplari

Ilion 10m tind 2 two or

~t)l~j) -- C i

gt I middotmiddotmiddot~ 1 0 5 (gt~f bull bull J_

Eesli 11 crovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnallocad shy voorapiirascd ja (JlI1ad 55

bull 1 o

bull 2

Joon 15 Lahtiste harudcga kaksikristpeaga nacltc levik I - Uks eksemplar 2 - kaks vai enam eksemplari

Fig 15 Distribution of double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals lone find 2 two or more finds

bull 1 CJ

bull 2

Joon 16 Dhcndatud alumiste harudcga kaksikristpeaga naelte 1evik I - Uks eksemplar 2 - kaks v6i enam eksemplari

oi enam eksemplari Fig 16 Distribution of double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals lone find 2 two

nd 2 two or more finds or more finds

)

Marika Magi 56 Eesti merovillgi- ja

Ehten6elu on ajaloo jooksul kandnud nii mehed kui naised Vahe v6is olla tiksnes kandmisviisis (naiteks meestel tihe- naistel kahekaupa) eri n6elattilipides v6i ka eri perioodides Nii ei ole Eesti mehed ilustanud end ehten6elaga viikingiaja teisel poole Ehten6elad on kuulunud eeskatt saarte ja Laane-Eesti ehtekandmistraditsiooni Jda- ja L6una-Eestisse illmusid esimesed kohapealsed ttitibid alles viikingiaja keskel

Tbb esemete ning arhiivimaterjaliga v6imaldas esitada enamiku Eesti merovingi- ja vilkingiaja n6elte kohta tapsustatud ttipoloogia ning dateeringud Uoon 17) Loodetavasti 6nnestus luua varasemast tervikilikum pilt rinnan6elte morfoloogilisest arengust Tapsustatud dateeringud v6imaldavad loodetavasti liigitada Uipsemalt ka tilejaanud Eesti kasitletavate perioodide ieiukomplekse ning luua seelabi parema ettekujutuse kogu tolleaegsest tihiskonnast tervikuna

600 700 800 900 1000 1100

loon 17 Noelte dateeringud

Fi g 17 Dates of pins

Tanuavaldus

Autor tanab k6iki kes aitasid kaasa kaesoleva artikli valmimisele eeskatt fotograafe Rein Karneritja Enno V~iljalit ning kunstnikke Kersti Siitanit ja Jaana Ratast samuti inglise keele korrektorit Gordon Snowd

Kasutatud kirjandus

Ariste E 1938 Die eS Ll andisehen Ringkop fnade ln - OES Toim XXX 48-64 Aroalho J 1978 Lieto Haimionmaki Nuoremman rautakauden polttokenttakalmisto Aurajokishylaaksossa Pro gradu-tutkielma - Karhullhammas 2 Turku Cleve N 1978 Skelettgravfiilten pa Kjuloholm i Kjulo II Vikingatid oeh korstagstid Gravfaltet C - SMYA XLIV 2 Edgren T 1973 En baltisk smyckenal frltln Veitakkala i Salo - SMY A 75 30--31 Hackman A 1938 Das Brandgriiberfcld von Pukkila in Isokyro - SMYA XLI Hardh B 1976 Wikingerzeitliche Depotfunde atls Slidschwcdcn Katalog und Tafeln Lund

Indreko R 1937 Aru (Kasikiri AI-s) Jaanusson H 1971 ] 99-104 Jansson I 1995 Dres Kivikoski E 1941 Wi Kivikoski E 1942 Ka Kivikoski E 1973 Di1 Justin A 19621 Ran( Kustin A I962h Saal 13 sajandi alguseni) D Kustin A 1965 An aasta Tallinn (Kiisikir Kustin A 1969 Aruan Lang V 1996 Muistl Loode-Eestis eri ti Pirit Latvijas PSR arhcologij Lavi A 1986a Raatve AI-s) Lavi A 19S6b Arual (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1988 Aruan (Kasikiri A1-s) LehtosaIo-Hiiander P Ligi P 1993 Vadjapar Liiugas V 1973 Das I

SMYA 75117-131 Lougas V amp Magi-Lo TATU 127- 33 Mandel M 1980 Aru 1977 aastal Tallinn (K Mandel M 1982 Linn Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Moora H 1932 Aru~ kaevamisest 1-8 ja 14 Miigi-Lougas M 1994 484 Miigi-Lougas M 1995a Magi-Lougas M 1995t Nerman B r929 Die jlingcrell Eisellzeit - KUI Pauts H 1995 Uiane-E Parss A 1950 Kalmc Koola k Veski Ll) maa Ranta H 1996 Persona Finland Helsinki 36-50 Salmo H 1941 Mcrov SM XLVII 11-39 Schmiedehelm M 1930 ku ucsczcniu sicdemdl B i hI ioteka Prchistoryczna SchmiedeheJm M 1939

1100

57 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

lised Vahe v6is olla oa) eri n6elatiiiipides ud end ehten6elaga aarte ja Uiane-Eesti imesed kohapealsed

ada enamiku Eesti gia ning dateeringud kum pilt rinnan6elte aldavad loodetavasti pdide leiukomplekse konnast tervikuna

valmimisele eeskiitt ersti Siitanitja Jaana

48-64 kenWikalmisto Aurajokishy

eh korstagslid Gravfaltet

7530--31 oXLL g und Tafcln Lund

Indreko R 1937 Aruanne kaevamistest Haimre koolimaja 6ues 19 VII 37 - 20 Vll 37 a Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Jaanusson H 197 L Ett estniskt korsformat hange fran Bjurhovda i Vasteras - Fornvannen 2 99-104 Jansson I 1995 Dress pins of East Baltic type made on Gotland - AEW 83-90 Kivikoski E 1941 Itabalttian ja Suomen suhteista viikinkiajalla - SM XLVIl 40-50 Kivikoski E 1942 Kappale Salon seudun rautakautta - SM XLVlII 13-30 Kivikoski E 1973 Die Eisenzeit Finnlands Bildwerk und Text Neuausgabe Helsinki Kustin A 1962a Randvere kivikalmistu SaaremaaL - MKA 58- 130 Kustin A 1962b Saaremaa ja Muhu muistised feodalismi Uirkamise perioodist (II sajandist kuni J3 sajandi alguseni) Diss kand Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Kustin A J965 Aruanne Kurevere ki vikuhelik-kalmistu arheoloogilisest kaevamisest 1965 aastal Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Kustin A 1969 Aruanne Rahu kivikalme kaevamisest 1959 aastal Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lang V 1996 Muistne Riivala Muistised kronoloogia ja maaviljclusliku asustuse kujunemine Loode-Eestis eriti Pirita joe alamjooksu piirkonnas - MT 4 Latvijas PSR arheologija 1974 RIga Lavi A 1986a Raat vere maa-aluse kalmistu arheoloogilisest uurimisest 19) I a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1986b Aruanne arheoloogilistest kaevamistest Raatvere kalmemael 1982 a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1988 Aruanne Raatvere kalmemae ala arheoloogilisest uurimisest 1983 a Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Lehtosalo-Hilander P - L 1982 Luistari II The Artefacts - SMY A 822 Ligi P 1993 Vadjaparased kalmed Eestis 9-16 sajandiL - MT 2 7-175 Lougas V 1973 Das mitteleisenzeitliche Steingrab von Lehmja Loo in der Nahe von Tallinn shySMYA 75117-131 Luugas V amp Magi-Lougas M 1994 Investigation of ancient monuments at Poide 1991-1992 shyTATO 127-33 Mandel M 1980 ArUal1l1e Uugla kivikalme ja p611ukivihunniku arheoloogi1istest kaevamistest 1977 aastaL Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Mandel M 1982 Linnam~ie maa-aluse p61etuskalmistu kaevamiste aruanne 1976-1980 aastast Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Moora H 1932 Aruanne Rannu kihelk Vcrevi kUla Safldimardi talu maal oleva kivikalme kaevamisest 1-8 ja 14 juun 1932 Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Magi-Lougas M 1994 Eesti viik j ngiaeg~ed hoburauds61ed ja nende ornament - TATO 4 465shy484 Magi-Lougas M 1995a Eesti viikingiaegsed kiiev6rud ja nende ornament - MT 3 271-325 Magi-Liiugas M 1995b lila matus Arhcoloogilised kacvarnised pabcril - TATO 516-531 Nerman n 1929 Die Verbindungen zwischen SkandinaviGn und dem Ostbaltikum in der jiingcren Eiscnzeit - Kungl Vitterhets ock Antikvitets Akadcmien Handlingar 40 1 Stockholm Pauts H 1995 Liiiine-Eesti hoburaudsolcd (8-13 sajand) Diplomitoli Tartu (Kiisikiri AI-s) Piirss A 1950 Kalmc J6geva rajooni Koala kiilanoukogu 9 mai kolhoosi (end Laiuse khk K60la kL Veski tl) maaL Kacv 7-23 VIII 1950 a (Juh H Moora) Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Ranta H 1996 Personal ornaments - Vainionmaki - a Merovingian Period Cemetery in Laitila Finland Helsinki 36-50 SaImo H 1941 Merovinkiaikaisen ratsusotilaan hautakalusto Euran pitajan Pappilanmaesta shySM XLVII 11-39 Schmiedehelm M 1930 Einige Funde der mittleren Eisenzeit aus Estland - Ksi~ga pamiqtkowa ku ucsczeniu siedemdziesiqtej roezniey urodzin prof dr Wlodzimierza Demetrykiewieza Biblioteka Prehistoryclna L Poznan 318-329 Schmiedehelm M 1939 Kuusalu Pajulinn - MEL 121-138

Marika Magi58 EeSfi merovilgi- ja

Selirand J 1974 Eestlaste matmiskombed varafeodaalsete suhete Uirkamise perioodil (11-13 sajand) Tallinn Selirand J 1993 Aruanne kaevamistest Madi kivikalmel Viljandi rajoonis (end Viljandi kihelkond) 1962 a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Stromberg M 1961 Untersuchungen wr jOngcren Eisenzeit in Schonen Vblkerwanderungseit shyWikingerzeit I-II Acta Archaeologica Lundensia series in 4deg no 4 Lund Snore R 1930 Dzelzs laikmeta latvidu rotas adatas - LatvieSll aizvestures materiilli Riga Tallgren A M 1925 Zur Arehiiologie Eestis II Von 500 bis etwa 1250 n Chr Dorpat Tamla T 1991 lamenevate otstega kaevorud Eesti noorema rauaaja (10-13 sajandi) leidudes shyMT I 134--145 TautayWiene B 1981 III-XVI a sidabriniai ir sidabru puosti dirbiniai Vilnius The Road from the Varangians w the Greeks and from the Greeks 1996 Catalogue of the Exibition State Historical Museum MOSlOW fhumnark-Nylen L 1983 Gotland och OstbaJtikum - Gutar och vikingar Stockholm 306-322 Thunmark-Nylen L 1995 Churchyard Finds from Gotland (1llh - It centuries) -AEW 161shy193 Tonisson E 1974 Die Gauja-Liven und ihre materielle Kultur (II lh - Anfang 13 1hs) Tallinn Volkaitc-Kulikauskienc R 1970 Lieluviai IX- XII 3mziais Vilnius

Ayn M 1992 ApXeOJIOIWleCKHe naM5ITHllKH BTOPOH nononHHbl I-ro TblC5I4eneTWI H 3 B IOroshyBOCTOLlflOii 3CTOHIIH TanJlHlll1 CenoB B n 1985 l-b60pcK B 8-10 BeKax - HAn 119-130 CenOBa M B 1981 IOneJlllpllble I131CJIH5I )]pcllllero H06ropona (X-XV 66) MOCK6a CmmblH A A 1896 Kyprallbl c-ne-repfiyprCKOii ly6CpHHII R pacKonKax n K HBaIlOBCKoro - MaTcpllanbl no apxeoJlonm POCCIIII 20 C-neTep6ypl IIIMHnexeJJbM M X 1959 loponflluc PblYIC II IOro-BocT0411oii 3nOllllii - Bonpocbl 3TH114eshyCKOH HCTOPlfH lIapO)WB npH6a~nlKII 110 )lltlIlIlblM apxeoJlorI-lII 3TlIOlpaXilII H 3HTpOIlOnOllm MocKna 154--185

Marika Magi

DECORA TIVE PINS OF THE MEROVINGIAN AND VIKING AGES IN ESTONIA FOREIGN AND LOCAL

Summary

The Merovingian Period (600-800) and the Viking Age (800-1050) have been treated as comparati vely empty of finds in Estonian archaeology The local culture has been believed to have developed since only the [ lth century The dating of artefacts from these periods has been imprecise and usually later than in Finland or Scandinavia

In this paper 253 Estonian decorative pins from the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age have been analysed (Appendix ) They were all meant for fastening coats or dresses small pins for fastening linen kerchiefs appear in the burials only at the end of the Viking Age

According to the general point of view in Estonian archaeology artefact complexes are almost completely lacking in our archaeological material during

the Merovingian I burial customs of has proved howe cremations have b

Altogether 41 (

ff a fron pills

Eight iron pins at least one of then Ariste 1938 PI Il resemble their pre

i lb Bronze pills v

The shape of thi the head ring has decorated with a sn

All plI1S of thi specimens were u wrapping and somt

f2a PillS with simi

The upper and I marked with straigh case

f2h PinI with ciru

Pins of this sub- have also been foun flanges around the r disks have been de luxurious of this t)

pllaques

rkamise pcrioodil (11 -13

Ii rajoonis (end Viljandi

In Viilkerwanderungsze il shymd ures materiali Riga 0 n Chr Dorpat 0-13 sajandi) leidudes shy

Vilnius 1996 Catalogue of the

ngar Stockholm 306-322 h centuries) -AEW 161shy

-Anfang 13 1d1S) Tallinn

TbIC~4CJlCTlll H 3 13 IOro-

V Btl) MOCKua

middotnKax 11 K VlllallOI3CKoro

~HIIII - BOflPOCbl JTHWleshy

)rpaXIII I anTpOIIOJlOrl1H

I VIKING AGES IN L

ge (800-1050) have lrchaeology The local the II th century The and usually later than

erovingian Period and t were all meant for erchiefs appear in the

archaeology artefact )gical material during

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 59

the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The basis for this view has been the burial customs of these times especially cremations My research in our archives has proved however that more or less certamiddotin complexes in stone graves with cremations have been undervalued

1 Ring-headed pins

Altogether 41 ring-headed pins are known from Estonia

11 Earlier variant of ring-headed pins

1la 1ron pins

Eight iron pins have been found in Estonia up to now Though simply shaped at least one of them has been fitted with a rectangular plaque (Kuma AM 2968 Ariste 1938 PI III6) These pins are the oldest ones of the type and closely resemble their predecessors shepherd-crook pins

1lb Bronze pins with widening or profiled neck (Pl 1l11 2)

The shape of these pins is similar to that of the iron specimens In three cases the head ring has been wrapped with silver wire The neck is sometimes decorated with a small round decorative shield (Fig 14 PI IH2)

12 Later variant of ring-headed pins

All pins of this variant had necks of triangular cross-section The later specimens were usually bigger more decorated especially by silver-wire wrapping and sometimes fitted with plaques All of them were made of bronze

12a Pins with silllple triangular neck (Fig 21 2 Pl 1V)

The upper and lower edges of the front side of the neck of these pins were marked with straight ridges The head ring has been wrapped by wire only in one case

12b Pins with circular flanges around their neck (Fig 2 3 PI 111 5 V 1-3)

Pins of this sub-variant were most typical to Estonia though some specimens have also been found in Finland and Latvia There were usually three circular flanges around the neck In most cases both the head ring and the edges of the disks have been decorated with silver wrapping These pins were the most luxurious of this type usually bigger than the others and often fitted with plaques

Marika Magi60 Eesti merovingi- ja

12c Pins with cross-shaped extension (Fig 2 4 Pl X 2-3)

Three pins of this sub-variant have been found in Estonia at Kuusalu (AI 2827) Pajumaa (AM 134 19) and Kunilepa (AI 2483 16) These have been treated as later specimens of ring-headed pins and as specifically Estonian (Tallgren 192581 Ariste 19383754 Kivikoski 197367)

Discussion

Estonian ring-headed pins originated from small pins of the same type in Latvia especially in Semgallien and in northern Lithuania Small Lithuanian ring-headed pins were dated to the 7th-8th centuries bigger ones to the 9th century (Volkaite-Kulikauskiene 1970 168) Numbers of these pins have been found in Finland where they were treated as ornaments of Estonian origin and dated usually to the 7th-8th centuries (Hackman 1938 105-115 LehtosaloshyHilander 1982 109 Ranta 199642) Specimens with a cross-shaped extension could be dated to the 9th century too (Hackman 1938 114) However a ringshyheaded pin of variant ~ 2a from Lillmalmsbacken was found together with a hexahedral ring from a penannular brooch and some other items and could thus be dated to the 9th century too (data from archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki)

Twelve ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were known in Finland in 1973 (Kivikoski 1973 67) and only three specimens in Estonia Estonian pins of this sub-variant have been found in coastal areas or in a deposit at Kunilepa which also contains some other items of Finnish origin (eg early penannular brooches with flat ring) Thus most probably can we talk about a Finnish rather than an Estonian origin for these pins At least two such pins have also been found in Latvia (Snore 1930 Pl IX 15 22)

Tallgren has suggested that ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were predecessors of double-cross-headed pins (1925 81) Ariste (1938) did not support this theory because the dates of these ornaments differed too much It should be noted that some cross-headed pins of Southern Baltic origin with three terminals were spread at the same time in Finland One specimen has been also found in Estonia (PI X 1) Ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extensions could be speciall Finnish ornaments connected both with the ring-headed and cross-headed pins Both concepts are particuhlrly evident in a ring-headed pin with a cross-shaped extension from Liedon Sauvala which is fitted with a supplementary cross inside its head ring (Hackman 1938 Fig 35)

Only one of the Estonian ring-headed pins has been found in an undisturbed find complex in a deposit at Keila (PI IV) This find was probably not complete however because it lacked a second fastener for the chain (another pin) The find could be dated to the 9th century A collection of finds from Kunilepa usually treated as a deposit were obviously picked up from an earlier destroyed grave as

became clear frc probable grave cc spots the grave oj the later part of P Asva to the 8th-91

Ariste has da~

beginning of the supposed making 10th-II th centur~ to my study the I

the 7th century or mainly during the in the 9th century

Only triangulaJ These pins have 1

knobs Mushroom shaped ones to be study both variant pins are described I

This variant in usuaJly earlier but

21a Pins with sma

Fifteen pins fro were all smaller spe

21 h Pins with a Sir

Nine pins of th average in size an sometimes decorate(

21 c Pins with a del

Only four pins fl (PI IX I) was dec~ import from Curonia

61 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - vooraparasedja omad

I)

Estonia at Kuusalu 6) These have been

pecifically Estonian I

of the same type in ia Small Lithuanian ~ger ones to the 9th hese pins have been Estonian origin and 105-1 ] 5 Lehtosaloshyass-shaped extension 4) However a ringshylund together with a items and cou ld thus f the department of

ion were known In

~ecimens in Estonia areas or in a deposit

ish origin (eg early can we talk about a ~ t two such pins have

bss-shaped extension Ariste (1938) did not differed too much It tltic origin with three ~cimen has been also k shaped extensions the ring-headed and in a ring-headed pin lich is fitted with a ~ 35) nd in an undisturbed obably no complete lother pin) The find ~m Kunilepa usually r destroyed grave as

became clear from a conversation with a descendant of the landowner The probable grave could be dated to the 8th-9th centuries From the rest of the find spots the grave of Lehmja-Loo was dated to the 7th century (LOugas 1973 129) the later part of Presti grave to the 7th-8th centuries and the later dwelling layer in Asva to the 8th-9th centuries (Lougas amp Mligi-L6ugas 199432-33)

Ariste has dated Estonian ring-headed pillS from the 7th century up to the beginning of the 10th century (1938 62) Schmiedehelm and Selirand have supposed making reference to Ariste that these pins were also in use during the 10th-11th centuries (Schmiedehelm 1939 136 Selirand 1974 ] 44) According to my study the earlier variant of Estonian ring-headed pins cOUild be dated to the 7th century only The later variant pins with more local character were used mainly during the 8th century Pins of sub-variants 12a and 12c were in use also in the 9th century

2 Triangular-headed pins

Only triangular-headed pins with end knobs were discussed in this paper These pins have up to now been typologized according to the shape of their knobs Mushroom-shaped terminaLs were considered to be earlier and conicshyshaped ones to be later variants (Tangren 1925 80) According to the present study both variants were in use at the same time End knobs typical of the later pins are described in this paper as hat-shaped (Fig 3)

21 Pins without any special decoration

This variant includes 41 pins of different size Smaller specimens were usually earlier but there were quite a number of exceptions to this rule

21a Pins with smooth heads (PI VI 1 3)

Fifteen pins from the Merovingian Period belong to this sub-variant They were all smaller specimens with mushroom- or conic-shaped end knobs

21 h Pins with a smooth triangular hollow

Nine pins of this sub-variant are known in Estonia They were small or average in size and half of them had hat-shaped end knobs The head is sometimes decorated with a single knob in the middle

21 c Pins with a decoration ofconcentric triangles

Only four pins from Estonia belong to this sub-variant A pin from ViI tina (PI IX 1) was decorated with two ammal (horse) figures and is probably an import from Curonia or Semgallien

Marika Magi 62 Eesti merovillgimiddot jl

21d Pins with afaceted triangular hollow (Pi 111 3 4 VI 2)

Sixteen medium-sized or bigger pins belong to this sub-variant Only one of them had a hat-shaped end knob (Presti PI In 3) all the others had only mushroom- or conic-shaped knobs Many of these pins had a faceted neck (Fig 4 4)

22 Pins with a decoration of leaves (Pi V 4-5 V1I V11I 1- 3)

The shape of these pins resembled that of the former variant but the smooth hollow in the head was decorated with three leaves 46 pins or fragments of pins of this variant are known in Estonia Many of them were found in cremations and were bad1ly burnt Hat-shaped end knobs were characteristic of these pins The neck was faceted in 11 specimens (Fig 5) The reverse of some of these pins was decorated with eyes (PI V 5) Such specimens had almost no faceted neck Pins with a faceted neck were thus morphologically ear(jer and the specimens with a decoration on their reverse sides were later in this variant group

Discussion

Triangular-headed pins were widespread in Latvia and Lithuania where their decoration usually differed clearly from that of Estonian pins Pins with mushroom-shaped end knobs were dated to the 7th-9th centuries in L ithuania (Tautaviciene 1981 169) Triangular-headed pms appeared in Latvia as early as 500 and were spread mainly in Semgallien and in the Lower-Daugava area (Snore 1930 PI XXIX 1 Latvijas 1974 PI 40 4 I 3) Some specimens have also been found in Russia (Sedova 198173 Sedov 1985 123 F ig 1 7 8) Triangular-headed pins in FinlJand have been treated as ornaments of Latvian or Estonian origin and dated to the Merovingian Period or the beginning of the Viking Age (Kivikoski 197367-6899 Fig 448 72 l Lehtosalo-Hilander 1982 108)

Pins with leaf decoration were found not only in Estonia but also in Semgallien and Curonia Probably only one specimen has been found in Finland (Rusko Kankare Kivikoski 197367 99) Some pins with leaf decoration were known from Gotland (Nerman 1929 Fig 173-174 177 Thunmark-Nylen 1983 Fig 10 Jansson 1995 88-89 Fig 8) and from the mainland of Sweden (Stromberg 1961 165 PI 73 8 9) One has been found at Trelleborg in Denmark (Michael Andersen pers comm) Two fragmentary pins of this variant belonged to a silver hoard from Baldringe in Skanc (Hardh 1976 PI 20 10 11) and were interesting for us because of their material Ali triangular-headed pins in Estonii were made of bronze The finds in Baldringe proved that the Estonians used to make similar ornaments of both materials but the silver specimens were probably re-cast later

Some of the complexes Thret some bracelets 1

cremation at Hai could be dated to and Maidla gravi datcd to the same

Seven pins of in 1m have been XXVII 4-5) The 8th centuries in (Schmiedehelm 11 L6ugas 1994 32shy

Schmiedehelm (1930) The pins according to Kus According to my Merovingian Perilt the end of the 9th 10th century Arou

Pins of this var and are therefore I

shaped terminals al have been found u majority of them hi draw parallels with elaborated decorati consisting only of broken off and fixel

23a Pins with lea

Six pins of this These pins were pre

23b Pins with plail

Plait decoration not very widespreao and the 11 til centul)

Marika Miigi Eesli merovingi- ja viikil1gi(egsed rinl1aHoelad shy viJiJrapiirasedja ()mad 63

2)

I-variant Only one of the others had oniy

l a faceted neck (Fig

II VIII 1-3)

ariant but the smooth s or fragments of pins und in cremations and tic of these pins The ome of these pins was no faceted neck Pins the specimens with a

roup

~ithuania where their ~ ian pins Pins with centuries in Lithuania d in Latvia as early as Lower-Daugava area

Some specimens have 5 123 Fig I 7 8) naments of Latvian or the beginning of the

Itosalo-Hilander 1982

Estonia but also in een found in Finland

1 leaf decoration were hunmark-Nylen 1983 mainland of Sweden und at Trelleborg in ary pins of this variant h 1976 PI 20 to 11) triangular-headed pins inge proved that the terials but the silver

Some of the Estonian triangubr-headed pins were found in closed find complexes Three pins of variant 21 belonged to a deposit at Inju together with some bracelets which allowed the find to be dated to the 7th-8th centuries A cremation at Haimre (PI V) contained only one pin with leaf decoration and could be dated to the 10th century Some similar pins from Rahu (Kustin 1969) and Maidla graves (data from find lists and plans of Mati Mandel) could be dated to the same time because of the other finds in the burials

Seven pins of the earlier variant have been found in hill-forts Two specimens in Iru have been dated to the 6l7th-8th centuries (Lang 1996 96-97 102 PI XXVII 4--5) The layers where the pins were found have been dated to the 7thshy

8th centuries in Rouge (AYH 1992 65) to the 6th-9th centuries in Otepali (Schmiedehelm 195963) and to the 7th-9th centuries in Pbide (Lougas amp MagishyL6ugas 199432-33)

Schmiedehelm dated Estonian pins of variant 2 J to the 6th-9th centuries (1930) The pins with leaf decoration were used during the II th-12th centuries according to Kustin and Selirand (Kustin J962b 405 Selirand 1974 145) According to my study the pins of variant 21 were used during the whole Merovingian Period and the 9th century Pins with leaf decoration appeared at the end of the 9th century at the latcst and were in use during the whole of the 10th century Around 1000 they were replaced by pins of the next variant

23 Pins of Saaremaa type

Pins of this variant differ morphologically from the above-discussed variants and are therefore treated separately here These pins were flat with flat heartshyshaped terminals and a high loop on their neck (Fig 6) Altogether 63 specimens have been found up to now as many as 49 of them on Saaremaa (Osel) The majority of them have been found in cremations and were badly burnt If we may draw parallels with the other ornament types the more massive specimens with elaborated decoration were earlier than the thin pins with stylised decoration consisting only of a few lines In many cases the heads of these pins had been broken off and fixed to a new iron shaft ie recycled

23a Pins with leal decoration (PI VI 4 VIII 6-7)

Six pins of this variant have a more or less stylised decoration of three leaves These pins were probably the earliest ones in vanant 23

23b Pins with plait decoration (Fig 8 PI VIII 5 IX 2)

Plait decoration was popular in L atvia and Lithuania over a long period but not very widespread in Estonia On Saaremaa bracelets of the late Viking Age and the 11 th century had often the same pattern In six cases also the reverse of

Marika Magi64 Eesti merovingi- ja

the pins had been decorated mostly with eyes These specimens were also more massive ie probably somewhat earlier

23c Pins with some other kind ofdecoration (Fig 7 Pl VI 5 VIII 4 IX 4-5)

Different kinds of simple patterns were spread on the pins of Saaremaa type most of them having counterparts in Latvia More and less massive specimens occurred in this sub-variant too Though the pattern usually consisted of different lines some pins were decorated with one or more eyes only (Fig 7 Pl IX 4) These could probably be treated as imports from Latvia like some other somewhat unusual pins of this sub-variant

Discussion

Pins of this variant were widespread in Latvia particularly in Curonia and Semgallien but also in the Lower-Daugava area They were dated to the lOthshy12th centuries there (Snore 1930 Pl XV LA 1974 Pl 481 5014 15525 T6nisson 1974 Pl XXXVI2) The decoration of Latvian pins usually differed from that of Estonian pins and even plait decoration seems to have not been very popular on this type of pins in Latvia

Only single pins of this variant have been found in the other neighbouring countries most of them specifically Latvian (Nerrnan 1929 Figs 175-178 Kivikoski 1973 99 Fig 720 Jansson 1995 88-89) The only exceptions were two pins from Garda churchyard on Gotland which were decorated with leaves (Thunmark-Nylen 1995 185 Fig 13) A small piece of a similar pin has been found as a stray find in Roskilde Denmark (Andersen pers comm)

In Uugla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin with leaf decoration has been found together with a knife pieces of chain arrangement a bronze plaque and a bracelet (Mandel 1980) The grave could be dated to the end of the 10th century or to the beginning of the 11 th century according to the bracelet (Magi-Lougas 1995b 521) In Maidla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin was found in the same chain arrangement with a pin of variant 22 (data from find lists and plans of Mandel) In Randvere graveyard a pin of variant 23 fixed to an iron shaft was found together with a penannular brooch with poppy-shaped terminals and with sherds of fine-grained pottery (data from Kustin 1962a 64-65 97) The complex could be dated around 1000

Kustin dated Saaremaa type pins to the 11th-12th centuries (1962a 70) As proved above the earlier specimens of this variant appeared as early as the 10th century and were used contemporarily with pins of variant 22 Saaremaa type pins stayed in use during the whole 11 th century and were replaced by doubleshycross-headed pins with united terminals at the beginning of the 12th century at the latest

Only some sin Viking Age have terminals appear 0

centuries Only lht local ornament typ

Double-cross-hl number of pin he probably for a lon

41 PillS

A tolal of 42 pi have been found il variants but the b thus SUbjective Tt specific construclio but a decoration of bigger thinner ofte (Fig 10) The earl ones were usually n

42 Pi

This group incl specimens as in the of these two groups

43

These pins appea the 11th century Ill

variant resemble late

Few specimens 01 Estonia They had be in Finland Pins frO centuries (Cleve 191

65 Marilw Magi Eesfi mcOvingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad - vooraparased ja onwd

imens were also more

VI 5 VI 4 IX 4-5)

pins of Saaremaa type ~ss massive specimens

usually consisted of e eyes only (Fig 7 PI Jatvia like some other

ularly in Curonia and ere dated to the 10thshy4815014 15525 ~ pins usually differed to have not been very

he other neighbouring 1929 Figs 175-178

only exceptions were decorated with leaves

a similar pin has been s comm) Dration has been found bronze plaque and a

nd of the 10th century bracelet (Miigi-L6ugas Nas found in the same find lists and plans of d to an iron shaft was )ed terminals and with -6597) The complex

Ituries (l962a 70) As ed as early as the 10th lilt 22 Saaremaa type re replaced by doubleshyof the 12th century at

3 Early cross-headed pins (PI X 1 XI 2)

Only some single cross-headed pins dated to the Merovingian Period or the Viking Age have been found in Estonia Small cross-headed pins with united terminals appear only after the Viking Age and were used over a period of some centuries Only the idea of cross-headed pins was borrowed from the Baits and a local ornament type was created on its base a double-cross-headed pin

4 Double-cross-headed pins

Double-cross-headed pins were specifically Estonian ornaments Quite a number of pin heads of this type have been fixed to an iron shaft and used probably for a long time after they were made

41 Pins with unconnected terminals (Pt X 4-6 XI 1 3-5)

A total of 42 pins with unconnected te rminals or pieces of such kind of pins have been found in Estonia They could be divided into earlier and later subshyvariants but the border between these two groups would be too undefined and thus subjective The earlier specimens were usually smaller thicker and with specific construction of their neck (Fig 9) They were often decorated with eyes but a decoration of conce ntric circles was also possible Later pins were always bigger thinner often silver-plated and had a special trapezoid loop on their neck (Fig 10) The earlier specimens were often deformed and burnt but the later ones were usually not burnt and in several cases found in inhumations

42 Pins with connected lower terminals (Pl X 7 XII)

This group includes 21 pins Thc same criteria about earlier and later specimens as in the former variant were also valid in this variant hence the pins of these two groups were at least partly contemporary

43 Pins with completely connected terminals

These pins appeared at the very end of the Viking Age ic at the middle of the 11 th century and will thus be not considered here Some specimens of thi s variant ]escmble iatcr specimens of the fonner variants

Discussion

Few specimens of pins with unconnected terminals have been found outSIde E stonia They had been usually used as pendants Five of them have been found in Finland Pins from Lillmalmsbacken and EU-cl were dated to the 9th-10th centuries (Cleve 1978 105) Two pins have been found in inhumations in

Marika Miigi66 Eesti merovingi- ja

Kjuloholm and dated to the beginning of the II th century (Cleve 1978 105 PI 8 15) Pendants from Estonian double-cross-headed pins have been found in late Viking Age cremations in Bjurhovda Central-Sweden (Jaanusson 1971) in North Norway and Gotland (Jansson 1995 88 fig 7) Some of them were

known from barrows in Northwest Russia (ClII1UbIH 1896 PI V 6 XVII 32) No double-cross pins have been found in Latvia or Lithuania according to the literature

A pin from Koola graveyard (PI X 4) was unearthed together with pieces of chain a glassbead bronze spirals and a bracelet all badly burnt (Parss 1950) Two pins from Verevi had belonged to the same chain arrangement and were found together with a bracelet a bell piece of neck-ring and a penannular brooch pi n with narrow base (Moora 1932) Both these burials could belong to the 10th century

In a womans grave in Aseri two doub Pe-cross-headed pins of earlier character were found with bracelets with thickening ends a spiral bracelet chain pieces and bronze spirals This complex could not be later than the middle of the 10th century because of the bracelets of earlier type in it (M~igi-Lougas 1995a 280 ff Fig 30)

A double-cross-pin of later character belonged to a deposit at Piihaste which also contained some other ornaments and could be dated to the first half of the 11 th century Some pairs of pins with specifically later features have been found in inhumations Graves from Alatskivi Raatvere and Tooste could be mentioned here all dated to the first half of the ] I th century (PI XI 5) A small doubJeshycross-headed pin fixed secondarily to a bronze stem belonged to a cremation of the second half of the 11 th century in Jouga (Ligi 1993 53-54 PI XXVIII 5)

Two double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals had belonged to a womans grave in Madi together with chain fragments bronze spira ls fingershyrings pieces of neck-rings a knife a belt buckle a comb a fire-steel bits and potsherds (Sel irand 1993) In Rahu a pin of the same variant occurred together with a penannular brooch chain arrangements a finger-ring and bits (Kustin 1969) Both these complexes could be dated to the 11th century Two pins of variant 42 belonged to a female inhumation grave in Raatvere and were dated to the first half of the J I th century (PI XII)

As proved above the double-cross-headed pins were cOl1nected with ringshyheaded pins with cross-shaped extension only through common predecessors ie cross-headed pins Looking at the shape of double-cross-headed pins one can ask if they could be connected with the Orthodox cross and perhaps with the conversion of Russia at the end of the 10th century The idea could be supported by the distribution of these pins the double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals were the only variant of dress fastening pins that were concentrated in the eastern half of Estonia

As the double-cross-headed pins appeared in Estonia before the end of the JOth century they cannot be directly connected with the Christianization of

Russia but influe not be discounteo definite evidence (

Selirand has ( centuries (1974 I terminals As pm appeared by the m morphologically t( were in use up to variant 43

Some findings used Parallels in could differ among

As most of the these ornaments WI men in Finland (I Latvia and Lithuan suggested that Esto Estonian ring-head southern neighbour Finland wore the sa

Hackman has re in Finland were all these pins were fa numbers were in s (KM 8067 A3 4 S of archaeology in N variant in Estonia h pin that could belo Keila was found tc woman (PI IV)

In conclusion on and the big luxuriol and 12c were used by women It is po during the 9th centUl

The triangular-he and were sometime~

arrangement Only 0

plaques and had prot

67 Marika Miigi Eesti mcrovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

(Cleve 1978 105 PI have been found in late (Jaanusson 1971) in

Some of them were

6 PI V 6 XVII 32) uania according to the

together with pieces of lIy burnt (Piirss 1950) arrangement and were ing and a penannuJar mrials could belong to

lins of earlier character bracelet chain pieces

the middle of the 10th -L6ugas I995a 280 ff

posit at Ptihaste which to the first half of the ~tures have been found te could be mentioned 1 5) A small doubleshynged to a cremation of -54 PI XXYIlI 5) erminals had belonged bronze spirals fingershy

0 a fire-steel bits and ~ [wnt occurred toget h er -ring and bits (KUstin century Two pins of

vere and were dated to

connected with riDgshyImon predecessors ie -headed pins one can and perhaps with the

lea could be supported pins with unconnected it were concentrated in

before the end of the he Christianization of

Russia but influences from Christian cOllntriesin the East (Byzantium) could not be discounted In any case the double-cross-headed pins do not provide definite evidence of the Christianity of their owners

Selirand has dated double-crass-headed pins to the 11th up to the 12th centuries (1974 146) which is correct for the variant with completely connected terminals As proved above the pins with unconnected terminals had already appeared by the middle of the 10th century The earlier pins of variant 4 2 belong morphologically to the end of the 10th century at the latest Both these variants were in use lip to the m iddle of the 11th century when they were replaced by variant 43

Use of dress fastening pins

Some findings in Estonia let us determine how and by Wh0111 the pins were used Parallels in the neighbouring countries cannot be used here directly and could differ among neighbours

As most of the ring-headed pins were single finds it is most plausible that these ornaments were worn singly Luxurious ring-headed pins had belonged to men in Finland (Lehtosalo-Hiander 1982 109) but the small specimens in Latvia and Lithuania were worn by women and always in pairs Vello Lougas suggested that Estnnian ring-headed pins were also used by women 0 973 126) Estonian ring-headed pins however definitely differ from the small ones of our southern neighbours It seems to be hardly believable that wealthy horsemen in Finland wore the same pins as women in Estonia

Hackman has reported that the ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extension in Finland were alI single finds (1938 114) However in two or even three cases these pins were found obviously in pairs in Uskcla Lukkarinmaki ie their numbers were in sequence and they had almost or completely the same shape (KM 8067 A3 4 57 perhaps also 29 30 data fram archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki) A Kunilcpa pin of the same subshyvariant in Estonia has been found together with a head-ring fragment of a similar pin that could belong to the same sub-variant The pin of sub-variant 12a in Keila was found together with female ornaments and had thus belonged to a woman (PI IV)

In conclusion one can suppose that the ring-headed pins of the earlier variant and the big luxurious pins were worn by men in Estonia Pins of variants 12a and 12c were used by both sexes or especially in the case of variant 12c only by women It is possible that the ring-headed pins became female ornaments during the 9th century

The triangular-headed pins of variant 21 occuned in several cases in pairs and were sometimes fitted with a long chain ie they had belonged to a chain arrangement Only one pin from Pajumaa (PI III4) was fitted with rectangular plaques and had probably been worn on its own

Marika Mdgi68 Eesti merovingi- ja

As ring-headed pins and triangular-headed pins had been in use contemporarily and in the same area it can be supposed that the former were worn by men and the latter by women It is possible that men stopped using pins some time in the 9th century and started to fasten their coats only with penannular brooches Since the 10th century at the latest one can talk about pins as specifically female ornaments in Estonia

Two triangular-headed pins connected with a single chain have been found in Liiva In some cases these pins were unearthed in pairs or single specimens often stray finds were fitted with a long chain Chain holders have been found together with these pins only twice However triangular-headed pins with leaf decoration were sometimes worn probably also singly as in the grave of Hairnre (PI VII)

Triangular-headed pins of Saaremaa type were found in pairs in several cases These pins occurred typically with half-oval chain holders and other pieces of chain arrangement which proves that the chain arrangements with these pins consisted of several rows of chains

Moreover the double-cross-headed pins occur usually in pairs and together with other pieces of a chain arrangement The pins of earlier character were connected only with a single chain (Aseri Verevi Riuma PI XI 4) but the later ones fastened chain arrangements with several rows of chains which were fixed to the pins with openwork chain holders (PI XI 5 XII)

Distribution

Estonia could be divided into two parts according to the local ornaments of the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The same division is valid also in the case of the decorative pins The tradition of fastening the dress with pins was strong in the western part of the Estonian mainland and on the islands but was almost absent in the eastern part during the whole Merovingian Period and the firs t half of the Viking Age The first local pin types - the double-cross-headed pins - occurred there only in the 10th century Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals and with completely connected terminals were spread already allover Estonia providing evidence of the standardisation of ornamental culture

English version checked by Gordon Snow Oxford

1 Rongaspeaga e

1 Ring-headed p

I Juuru Kunilepa 2 J6eJahtme Prest 3 Jiiri Kuma (AM 4 Juri Lagedi (Ar-shy5 JUri Lehmja-Lolt 6 Kaarma Aste (S 7 Karuse Pajumaa 8 Keila (AM 234 9 Kihelkonna Oda to Kihelkonna Paj II Kihclkonna Vii 12 Koeru Preedi (1 13 Kul lamua Vaik 14 KUllsalu (AI 28 15 Karla Kaarmise 16 Ktirla Paevere 17 Karia Paikiila ( 18 Liiganuse PUssi 19 Palamuse Nava 20 Peetri Painurme 21 Parnu-Jaagupi F 22 Pbide Asva (Al 23 Pbidc Tomimae 24 Ridala Ahli (H~ 25 R6ngu Kivivare 26 Viru- Nigllia Pal 27 Viru-Nigllla KUl

2 Kolmnurkpeaga

2 Triangular-head

21 Ornamentimatpoundl

21 Pins without spe

I 16eIahtme lru (AI 2 J6elahtme Presti (

Marika Magi

s had been in use d that the former were men stopped using pins their coats only with one can talk about pins

Jain have been found in s or single specimens )Iders have been found --headed pins with leaf in the grave of Haimre

n pairs in several cases ~rs and other pieces of ments with these pins

v in pairs and together earlier character were PI XI 4) but the later ains which were fixed

the local ornaments of ivision is valid also in he dress with pins was n the islands but was ingian Period and the e double-cross-headed ross-headcd pins with terminah were spread

disation of ornamental

Gordol Snow Oxford

69Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoeiad - vooraparased ja omad

Lisa Appendix

1 Rongaspeaga ehtenoelad Eestis (kaart joon 11)

1 Ring-headed pins in Estonia (map fig 11)

I Juuru Kunilepa (AI 2483 16 17) 2 Joelahtme Presti (AI 5490386 7) 3 Juri Kuma (AM 31 5 AM 2968 69 71) 4 Juri Lagedi (AM 2768) 5 Juri Lehmja-Loo (AI 444499184211 247278283) 6 Kaarma Aste (SM 7675 12) 7 Karuse Pajumaa (AM 134 18 19) 8 Keila (AM 2343) 9 Kihelkonna Odalatsi (AI 3822303) 10 Kihelkonna Paju (AI K 68) 11 Kihelkonna Viki (AI 251373) 12 Koeru Preedi (AI 4426616) 13 Kullamaa Vaike-Kalju (AI 3445) 14 Kuusalu (AI 2827) 15 Karla Kaarmise (AI 3501) 16 Karia Paevere (AI 2657 1) 17 Karia Paikula (AI 25024) 18 Luganuse Piissi (AM 99) 19 Palamuse Nava (AI 39681167) 20 Peetri PaillurmC (AM 11710) 21 Parnu-Jaagupi Parasmaa (AM 493 12) 22 Pbide Asva (AI 4366 1004) 23 Pbide Tomimae (AI 4338 1117) 24 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045220) 25 Rongu Kivivare (AI 47267) 26 Viru- Nigula Pada (AI 536641) 27 Viru-Nigula Kunda (AM 88 113 114)

2 Kolmnurkpeaga noelad Eestis

2 Triangular-headed pins in Estonia

21 Ornamentimata voi lihtsatest joontest ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 12)

21 Pins without special decoration (map fig 12)

1 JoeHihtme lru (AI 4051 9491097) 2 Joellihtme Presti (AI 5490374)

Eesti merovillgi- ja70 Marika Magi

3 J6hvi Toila (AI 3952299 362) 4 Kamse Pajumaa (AM 13414) 5 Kihelkonna K6mse (AI 2643 111 112113) 6 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 14832) 7 Lliganuse Purtse (AI 50388) 8 Martna Ehmp (AM 554605 615 665 81 J 823) 9 Muhu Mala (AI K 2 1234 89) 10 Nissi Vardi (AM 368 13) 11 Otepaa linnamagihillfort (AI 4036 IV203) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 491 122 852 1024) 13 Parnu-Jaagupi M6isaklila (AI 575925) 14 Pbide maalinnhillfort (SM 1460401) 15 Pbide Viltina (AI 38843515) 16 Puha Leina (AI 2643366) 17 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817333) J8 Rouge linnam~igihillfort (AI 40402313162) 19 Saaremaa (AI K 848) 20 Viru-Jaagupi Inju (AI 2794232425) 21 Vandra khklparish (P~lM 23912) 22 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 382 37764)

22 Lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 13)

22 PillS with leaves-decoration (map fig 13)

1 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 1) 2 Keila Uksnurme (AM 68 1) 3 Juri Moigu-Peetri (AI 4877 100) 4 Kaarma khklparish (AI K 67 17 1845 AI 507 6) 5 Kaarrna Uduvere (AI 15184) 6 Kihelkonna Lumanda (AI 382233 3438 35) 7 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 531 1352 1549 1696 1886 23834153

26892690297831483163310131023115) 8 Mihkli Sol va (AI 251318) 9 Muhu Liiva (SM 931 2) 10 Marjamaa Hairnre (AI 3614 I) 11 Nissi Polli (AI 3926 I) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 49120206 584a 584b 760) 13 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884 ) 14 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045 219) 15 Saaremaa (AI K 846) 16 Valjala khklparish (SM K 5410) 17 Valjala Rahu (AI 423922 44 758) 18 Leiukoht teadmatalFindspot unknown (AI 3027)

23 Saaremaa tii

23 PillS ofSaart

1 Hanila Komsi I

2 Kaarma khk I~ 3 Kaarma Loona 4 Kaarma Uduve 5 Karja Valja (A 6 Karuse Pajuma 7 Kihelkonna Ka 8 Kihelkonna khl 9 Kihelkonna Ku 10 Kihelkonna L 11 Kihelkonna 12 Kihelkonna P 13 Kose Paunkiil 14 Kullamaa Mai 15 Karla khk Ipa 16 Karla Kogula 17 Karla Orikiila 18 Uiiine-Niguia 19 Martna Ehmja 20 Pamu Jaagupi 21 Parnu-Jaagupi 22 Parnumaa (Pal 23 Pbide K6igust 24 P6ide Randvel 25 P6ide Viltina ( 26 Piiha Ilpla (AI 27 Saaremaa (AI 28 Valjala Konnu 29 Valjala Rahu (

3 Merovingi- voi

3 Merovingian connected termin

I Karja khklparis 2 Kodavere Lahef 3 Kodavere Savas 4 Mihkli Kurese ( 5 lPoide AudIa (S~ 6 Aksi Raigastven

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja (Jmad

23 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad (kaartjoon 14)

71

~)

96 1886 2383 4153

)760)

23 Pins ofSa a rema a type (map fig 14)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510940) 2 Kaarma khk parish(AI K 67 1944) 3 Kaarma Loona (AK K 1776 LVYM 650911393) 4 Kaarma Uduvere (AI K 15185 186 187 188) 5 Kalja Valja (AI K 76 1) 6 Karu se Pajumaa (AM 134 I 5) 7 Kihelkonna Kalmu (AI 3822]57 158 194) 8 Kihelkonna khk parish (AI K 741) 9 Kihelkonna Kurevere (AI 43686998 102) 10 Kihelkonna Loona (AI 3822233a) 11 Kihelkonna Liimanda (AK 382268 136) 12 Kihelkonna Paju (L VVM 20A 128) 13 Kose Paunkiila (AM 73 1) 14 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 3160 3635 3637 5000 6085) 15 KarIa khk pari sh (AI K 79101819) 16 Karia Kogula (AI K 2951 52) 17 Karla Orikiila (AI K 4 102 103) 18 Laane-Nigula Uugla (AM 500503) 19 Martna Ehmja (AM 554824) 20 Pamu Jaagupi Pooravere (PaM 2364) 21 Pamu-J aagupi Linnamae (AM 491170) 22 Parnumaa (PaM ) 23 Poide Koiguste (AI 436 I 2) 24 Poide Randvere (AI 26972 AI 3895 257) 25 Poide Viltina (AI 3884391 2588b 2755 3128 4300) 26 Piiha IJpla (AI 3822315 382 K 1 78) 27 Saaremaa (AI K 843 57 AI K 8546107 AI 3529 SM ) 28 Valjala Konnu (AI 5151) 29 Valjala Rahu (AI 4239202 670 1114)

3 Merovingi- voi varaviikingiaegsed lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad

3 Merovingian Period or earJy Viking Age cross-headed pins with unshyconnected terminals

1 Karja khkparish (AI K 774) 2 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 198433) 3 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 1483 1) 4 Mihkli Kurese (AI 2513 17) 5 Poide AudIa (SM K 49 I) 6 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885)

72 Marika Magi

7 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (AM aj 98)

4 Kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

4 Double-cross-headed pins

41 Lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad (kaart joon 15)

41 Double-cross-headed pins with unconnecled terminals (map fig 15)

I Haljala Essu (AM 8327) 2 Harju-Jaani Kehra (AI 35849 10) 3 Iisaku J6uga (AI 510062) 4 JUllm Kaiu jarvLake Kaiu (AI 5251) 5 Karksi Kiiti (AI 1353 1) 6 Kodavere Alatskivi (AI 1893la Ib) 7 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 4976 159) 8 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 516957 5295210a 210b) 9 Kose Ardu (AI 26744) 10 Laiuse Koola (AI 40245) Ii Nissi Varbola (AI 3865 128) 12 Nao Unipiha linnamagihillfort (AI 2901 11) 13 Otepaa PaidJa (AI 19973) 14 P6ltsamaa Pajusi (AI 1871 8) 15 Pamu-Jaagupi Anelema (AI 42255) 16 Parnumaa (PaM A 2361) 17 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884153) 18 Piiha IJpla (AI K 1 77) 19 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817 307311) 20 R6ngu Piihaste (AI 3667 I) 21 Rapina Tooste (AI 41085 7) 22 Tarvastu Riuma (AI 12073a 3b) 23 Viljandi Kuude (VM 331 2 43 17A 312) 24 Viljandimaa (VM ) 25 Vim-Nigula Aseri (RM 1211A 57683 7879) 26 Vim-Nigula Kohala (RM 30791A 51 12) 27 Vim-Nigula Kunda (AI 157933 4002) 28 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 5343c)

29 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (LVVM 58923A I 798)

42 Uhendatud alumiste harudega kaksikristpeaga l10elad (kaartjoon 16)

42 Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals (map fig 16)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510103188218507)

Eest merovillgi-(I v

2 Harju-Jaani Raa 3 Kodavere Raatv( 4 Kullamaa Maid 5 Liiganllse Kalme 6 Mihkli Veltsa (A 7 Marjal1laa Konol 8 Marjamaa Moka 9 P61tsal1laa Pajusi 10 Rannu Verevi ( 11 VaUala Rahu (A 12 Viljandi Madi ( 13 Vaike-Maarja A 14 Leiukoht teadl1l1

Marika Magi Eesti merovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy viJorapiirased ja omarl 73

15)

(Ilapjig 15)

I 798)

kaartjOOIi16)

als(mapjig16)

2 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 16) 3 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 5295 121a 12Ib) 4 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 5802 18 2323) 5 Liiganuse Kalmeistri (AI 28244) 6 MihkJi Ve1tsa (AI 4944) 7 Marjamaa Konovere linnamagihillfort (AI 4571159) 8 Marjamaa Moka (AI 371021) 9 P51tsamaa Pajusi (AI 19996) 10 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817234) 11 Valjala Rahu (AI 423970) 12 Viljandi Macli (AI 25906166172174) 13 V~iike-Maalja Antu (AM 102 I) 14 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 26362)

Marika Magi Eesti Ilerovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 53

lenoelte levikukaartishyte ossa Selleks tuleb sjuures Virumaa on loni Mottelisest jooshytenoeltega oli traditshynalt kasutusele alles puhul (Magi-Lougas kultuuripiirkonnast

hja- ja Laane-Eestist ingiajal olemas ehteshyppotsaliste kolmnurkshy~ aega (joon 12-13) oelad on valdavaJt ~ esemed 10 sajandi maa ttiiipi ehten6elte mist on Saaremaale Uksikud eksemplarid netel on neid leitud ~rtelt (lisa) Lameda em saarte ja Laaneshy

us ka Eesti ida- ja dega kaksikristpeaga Ikoige Eesti idaosast iihendatud alumiste ehkki harvalt (joon

n ehetel kahtlemata aeglasemalt on pikeshyigi on ehteid arheoshysee seotud matmisshy

si Ehted ei olnud ka ) kergema sUdamega Ivingi- ja viikingiaja peegeldavad eeskatt

adega

bull 1 Cl

bull 2

Joan J J RongaspeanoeJte levik J - Oks eksempJar 2 - kaks voi enam ekscmpJari

Fig J J Distribution of ring-headed pins J one find 2 two or more finds

Cl

bull 2

Joan J 2 Variandi 2 J kolmnurkpeaga noeJte Jevik J - Oks eksemplar 2 - kaks voi enam eksempJali

Fig 12 Distribution of triangular-headed rins of variant 2 J lone find 2 two or more finds

EeSfi merovingi- jaMarika Mdgi 54

bull 1

bull 2

loon J 5 Lahtiste hJoon 13 Nuppotsalistc lchtomamcndiga n6clte levik I - iiks ekscrnplar 2 - kaks v6i cnam cksernpl31i

Fig 13 Distribution of triangular-headed pins with end knobs and leafdcltoration lone lind 2 two or Fig 15 Distribution (more finds

bull 1

bull 2

Joon 16 Dhendatud a

Joa n 14 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6e1tc levik I - Oks ekscrnplar 2 - kaks v6i enam ckscmplari Fig 16 Distribution of Fig 14 Distribution of triangular-headed pins of Saarcmaa type lone find 2 two or more finds

Marika Miigi

~aks voi enam ekscmplari

Ilion 10m tind 2 two or

~t)l~j) -- C i

gt I middotmiddotmiddot~ 1 0 5 (gt~f bull bull J_

Eesli 11 crovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnallocad shy voorapiirascd ja (JlI1ad 55

bull 1 o

bull 2

Joon 15 Lahtiste harudcga kaksikristpeaga nacltc levik I - Uks eksemplar 2 - kaks vai enam eksemplari

Fig 15 Distribution of double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals lone find 2 two or more finds

bull 1 CJ

bull 2

Joon 16 Dhcndatud alumiste harudcga kaksikristpeaga naelte 1evik I - Uks eksemplar 2 - kaks v6i enam eksemplari

oi enam eksemplari Fig 16 Distribution of double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals lone find 2 two

nd 2 two or more finds or more finds

)

Marika Magi 56 Eesti merovillgi- ja

Ehten6elu on ajaloo jooksul kandnud nii mehed kui naised Vahe v6is olla tiksnes kandmisviisis (naiteks meestel tihe- naistel kahekaupa) eri n6elattilipides v6i ka eri perioodides Nii ei ole Eesti mehed ilustanud end ehten6elaga viikingiaja teisel poole Ehten6elad on kuulunud eeskatt saarte ja Laane-Eesti ehtekandmistraditsiooni Jda- ja L6una-Eestisse illmusid esimesed kohapealsed ttitibid alles viikingiaja keskel

Tbb esemete ning arhiivimaterjaliga v6imaldas esitada enamiku Eesti merovingi- ja vilkingiaja n6elte kohta tapsustatud ttipoloogia ning dateeringud Uoon 17) Loodetavasti 6nnestus luua varasemast tervikilikum pilt rinnan6elte morfoloogilisest arengust Tapsustatud dateeringud v6imaldavad loodetavasti liigitada Uipsemalt ka tilejaanud Eesti kasitletavate perioodide ieiukomplekse ning luua seelabi parema ettekujutuse kogu tolleaegsest tihiskonnast tervikuna

600 700 800 900 1000 1100

loon 17 Noelte dateeringud

Fi g 17 Dates of pins

Tanuavaldus

Autor tanab k6iki kes aitasid kaasa kaesoleva artikli valmimisele eeskatt fotograafe Rein Karneritja Enno V~iljalit ning kunstnikke Kersti Siitanit ja Jaana Ratast samuti inglise keele korrektorit Gordon Snowd

Kasutatud kirjandus

Ariste E 1938 Die eS Ll andisehen Ringkop fnade ln - OES Toim XXX 48-64 Aroalho J 1978 Lieto Haimionmaki Nuoremman rautakauden polttokenttakalmisto Aurajokishylaaksossa Pro gradu-tutkielma - Karhullhammas 2 Turku Cleve N 1978 Skelettgravfiilten pa Kjuloholm i Kjulo II Vikingatid oeh korstagstid Gravfaltet C - SMYA XLIV 2 Edgren T 1973 En baltisk smyckenal frltln Veitakkala i Salo - SMY A 75 30--31 Hackman A 1938 Das Brandgriiberfcld von Pukkila in Isokyro - SMYA XLI Hardh B 1976 Wikingerzeitliche Depotfunde atls Slidschwcdcn Katalog und Tafeln Lund

Indreko R 1937 Aru (Kasikiri AI-s) Jaanusson H 1971 ] 99-104 Jansson I 1995 Dres Kivikoski E 1941 Wi Kivikoski E 1942 Ka Kivikoski E 1973 Di1 Justin A 19621 Ran( Kustin A I962h Saal 13 sajandi alguseni) D Kustin A 1965 An aasta Tallinn (Kiisikir Kustin A 1969 Aruan Lang V 1996 Muistl Loode-Eestis eri ti Pirit Latvijas PSR arhcologij Lavi A 1986a Raatve AI-s) Lavi A 19S6b Arual (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1988 Aruan (Kasikiri A1-s) LehtosaIo-Hiiander P Ligi P 1993 Vadjapar Liiugas V 1973 Das I

SMYA 75117-131 Lougas V amp Magi-Lo TATU 127- 33 Mandel M 1980 Aru 1977 aastal Tallinn (K Mandel M 1982 Linn Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Moora H 1932 Aru~ kaevamisest 1-8 ja 14 Miigi-Lougas M 1994 484 Miigi-Lougas M 1995a Magi-Lougas M 1995t Nerman B r929 Die jlingcrell Eisellzeit - KUI Pauts H 1995 Uiane-E Parss A 1950 Kalmc Koola k Veski Ll) maa Ranta H 1996 Persona Finland Helsinki 36-50 Salmo H 1941 Mcrov SM XLVII 11-39 Schmiedehelm M 1930 ku ucsczcniu sicdemdl B i hI ioteka Prchistoryczna SchmiedeheJm M 1939

1100

57 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

lised Vahe v6is olla oa) eri n6elatiiiipides ud end ehten6elaga aarte ja Uiane-Eesti imesed kohapealsed

ada enamiku Eesti gia ning dateeringud kum pilt rinnan6elte aldavad loodetavasti pdide leiukomplekse konnast tervikuna

valmimisele eeskiitt ersti Siitanitja Jaana

48-64 kenWikalmisto Aurajokishy

eh korstagslid Gravfaltet

7530--31 oXLL g und Tafcln Lund

Indreko R 1937 Aruanne kaevamistest Haimre koolimaja 6ues 19 VII 37 - 20 Vll 37 a Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Jaanusson H 197 L Ett estniskt korsformat hange fran Bjurhovda i Vasteras - Fornvannen 2 99-104 Jansson I 1995 Dress pins of East Baltic type made on Gotland - AEW 83-90 Kivikoski E 1941 Itabalttian ja Suomen suhteista viikinkiajalla - SM XLVIl 40-50 Kivikoski E 1942 Kappale Salon seudun rautakautta - SM XLVlII 13-30 Kivikoski E 1973 Die Eisenzeit Finnlands Bildwerk und Text Neuausgabe Helsinki Kustin A 1962a Randvere kivikalmistu SaaremaaL - MKA 58- 130 Kustin A 1962b Saaremaa ja Muhu muistised feodalismi Uirkamise perioodist (II sajandist kuni J3 sajandi alguseni) Diss kand Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Kustin A J965 Aruanne Kurevere ki vikuhelik-kalmistu arheoloogilisest kaevamisest 1965 aastal Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Kustin A 1969 Aruanne Rahu kivikalme kaevamisest 1959 aastal Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lang V 1996 Muistne Riivala Muistised kronoloogia ja maaviljclusliku asustuse kujunemine Loode-Eestis eriti Pirita joe alamjooksu piirkonnas - MT 4 Latvijas PSR arheologija 1974 RIga Lavi A 1986a Raat vere maa-aluse kalmistu arheoloogilisest uurimisest 19) I a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1986b Aruanne arheoloogilistest kaevamistest Raatvere kalmemael 1982 a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1988 Aruanne Raatvere kalmemae ala arheoloogilisest uurimisest 1983 a Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Lehtosalo-Hilander P - L 1982 Luistari II The Artefacts - SMY A 822 Ligi P 1993 Vadjaparased kalmed Eestis 9-16 sajandiL - MT 2 7-175 Lougas V 1973 Das mitteleisenzeitliche Steingrab von Lehmja Loo in der Nahe von Tallinn shySMYA 75117-131 Luugas V amp Magi-Lougas M 1994 Investigation of ancient monuments at Poide 1991-1992 shyTATO 127-33 Mandel M 1980 ArUal1l1e Uugla kivikalme ja p611ukivihunniku arheoloogi1istest kaevamistest 1977 aastaL Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Mandel M 1982 Linnam~ie maa-aluse p61etuskalmistu kaevamiste aruanne 1976-1980 aastast Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Moora H 1932 Aruanne Rannu kihelk Vcrevi kUla Safldimardi talu maal oleva kivikalme kaevamisest 1-8 ja 14 juun 1932 Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Magi-Lougas M 1994 Eesti viik j ngiaeg~ed hoburauds61ed ja nende ornament - TATO 4 465shy484 Magi-Lougas M 1995a Eesti viikingiaegsed kiiev6rud ja nende ornament - MT 3 271-325 Magi-Liiugas M 1995b lila matus Arhcoloogilised kacvarnised pabcril - TATO 516-531 Nerman n 1929 Die Verbindungen zwischen SkandinaviGn und dem Ostbaltikum in der jiingcren Eiscnzeit - Kungl Vitterhets ock Antikvitets Akadcmien Handlingar 40 1 Stockholm Pauts H 1995 Liiiine-Eesti hoburaudsolcd (8-13 sajand) Diplomitoli Tartu (Kiisikiri AI-s) Piirss A 1950 Kalmc J6geva rajooni Koala kiilanoukogu 9 mai kolhoosi (end Laiuse khk K60la kL Veski tl) maaL Kacv 7-23 VIII 1950 a (Juh H Moora) Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Ranta H 1996 Personal ornaments - Vainionmaki - a Merovingian Period Cemetery in Laitila Finland Helsinki 36-50 SaImo H 1941 Merovinkiaikaisen ratsusotilaan hautakalusto Euran pitajan Pappilanmaesta shySM XLVII 11-39 Schmiedehelm M 1930 Einige Funde der mittleren Eisenzeit aus Estland - Ksi~ga pamiqtkowa ku ucsczeniu siedemdziesiqtej roezniey urodzin prof dr Wlodzimierza Demetrykiewieza Biblioteka Prehistoryclna L Poznan 318-329 Schmiedehelm M 1939 Kuusalu Pajulinn - MEL 121-138

Marika Magi58 EeSfi merovilgi- ja

Selirand J 1974 Eestlaste matmiskombed varafeodaalsete suhete Uirkamise perioodil (11-13 sajand) Tallinn Selirand J 1993 Aruanne kaevamistest Madi kivikalmel Viljandi rajoonis (end Viljandi kihelkond) 1962 a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Stromberg M 1961 Untersuchungen wr jOngcren Eisenzeit in Schonen Vblkerwanderungseit shyWikingerzeit I-II Acta Archaeologica Lundensia series in 4deg no 4 Lund Snore R 1930 Dzelzs laikmeta latvidu rotas adatas - LatvieSll aizvestures materiilli Riga Tallgren A M 1925 Zur Arehiiologie Eestis II Von 500 bis etwa 1250 n Chr Dorpat Tamla T 1991 lamenevate otstega kaevorud Eesti noorema rauaaja (10-13 sajandi) leidudes shyMT I 134--145 TautayWiene B 1981 III-XVI a sidabriniai ir sidabru puosti dirbiniai Vilnius The Road from the Varangians w the Greeks and from the Greeks 1996 Catalogue of the Exibition State Historical Museum MOSlOW fhumnark-Nylen L 1983 Gotland och OstbaJtikum - Gutar och vikingar Stockholm 306-322 Thunmark-Nylen L 1995 Churchyard Finds from Gotland (1llh - It centuries) -AEW 161shy193 Tonisson E 1974 Die Gauja-Liven und ihre materielle Kultur (II lh - Anfang 13 1hs) Tallinn Volkaitc-Kulikauskienc R 1970 Lieluviai IX- XII 3mziais Vilnius

Ayn M 1992 ApXeOJIOIWleCKHe naM5ITHllKH BTOPOH nononHHbl I-ro TblC5I4eneTWI H 3 B IOroshyBOCTOLlflOii 3CTOHIIH TanJlHlll1 CenoB B n 1985 l-b60pcK B 8-10 BeKax - HAn 119-130 CenOBa M B 1981 IOneJlllpllble I131CJIH5I )]pcllllero H06ropona (X-XV 66) MOCK6a CmmblH A A 1896 Kyprallbl c-ne-repfiyprCKOii ly6CpHHII R pacKonKax n K HBaIlOBCKoro - MaTcpllanbl no apxeoJlonm POCCIIII 20 C-neTep6ypl IIIMHnexeJJbM M X 1959 loponflluc PblYIC II IOro-BocT0411oii 3nOllllii - Bonpocbl 3TH114eshyCKOH HCTOPlfH lIapO)WB npH6a~nlKII 110 )lltlIlIlblM apxeoJlorI-lII 3TlIOlpaXilII H 3HTpOIlOnOllm MocKna 154--185

Marika Magi

DECORA TIVE PINS OF THE MEROVINGIAN AND VIKING AGES IN ESTONIA FOREIGN AND LOCAL

Summary

The Merovingian Period (600-800) and the Viking Age (800-1050) have been treated as comparati vely empty of finds in Estonian archaeology The local culture has been believed to have developed since only the [ lth century The dating of artefacts from these periods has been imprecise and usually later than in Finland or Scandinavia

In this paper 253 Estonian decorative pins from the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age have been analysed (Appendix ) They were all meant for fastening coats or dresses small pins for fastening linen kerchiefs appear in the burials only at the end of the Viking Age

According to the general point of view in Estonian archaeology artefact complexes are almost completely lacking in our archaeological material during

the Merovingian I burial customs of has proved howe cremations have b

Altogether 41 (

ff a fron pills

Eight iron pins at least one of then Ariste 1938 PI Il resemble their pre

i lb Bronze pills v

The shape of thi the head ring has decorated with a sn

All plI1S of thi specimens were u wrapping and somt

f2a PillS with simi

The upper and I marked with straigh case

f2h PinI with ciru

Pins of this sub- have also been foun flanges around the r disks have been de luxurious of this t)

pllaques

rkamise pcrioodil (11 -13

Ii rajoonis (end Viljandi

In Viilkerwanderungsze il shymd ures materiali Riga 0 n Chr Dorpat 0-13 sajandi) leidudes shy

Vilnius 1996 Catalogue of the

ngar Stockholm 306-322 h centuries) -AEW 161shy

-Anfang 13 1d1S) Tallinn

TbIC~4CJlCTlll H 3 13 IOro-

V Btl) MOCKua

middotnKax 11 K VlllallOI3CKoro

~HIIII - BOflPOCbl JTHWleshy

)rpaXIII I anTpOIIOJlOrl1H

I VIKING AGES IN L

ge (800-1050) have lrchaeology The local the II th century The and usually later than

erovingian Period and t were all meant for erchiefs appear in the

archaeology artefact )gical material during

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 59

the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The basis for this view has been the burial customs of these times especially cremations My research in our archives has proved however that more or less certamiddotin complexes in stone graves with cremations have been undervalued

1 Ring-headed pins

Altogether 41 ring-headed pins are known from Estonia

11 Earlier variant of ring-headed pins

1la 1ron pins

Eight iron pins have been found in Estonia up to now Though simply shaped at least one of them has been fitted with a rectangular plaque (Kuma AM 2968 Ariste 1938 PI III6) These pins are the oldest ones of the type and closely resemble their predecessors shepherd-crook pins

1lb Bronze pins with widening or profiled neck (Pl 1l11 2)

The shape of these pins is similar to that of the iron specimens In three cases the head ring has been wrapped with silver wire The neck is sometimes decorated with a small round decorative shield (Fig 14 PI IH2)

12 Later variant of ring-headed pins

All pins of this variant had necks of triangular cross-section The later specimens were usually bigger more decorated especially by silver-wire wrapping and sometimes fitted with plaques All of them were made of bronze

12a Pins with silllple triangular neck (Fig 21 2 Pl 1V)

The upper and lower edges of the front side of the neck of these pins were marked with straight ridges The head ring has been wrapped by wire only in one case

12b Pins with circular flanges around their neck (Fig 2 3 PI 111 5 V 1-3)

Pins of this sub-variant were most typical to Estonia though some specimens have also been found in Finland and Latvia There were usually three circular flanges around the neck In most cases both the head ring and the edges of the disks have been decorated with silver wrapping These pins were the most luxurious of this type usually bigger than the others and often fitted with plaques

Marika Magi60 Eesti merovingi- ja

12c Pins with cross-shaped extension (Fig 2 4 Pl X 2-3)

Three pins of this sub-variant have been found in Estonia at Kuusalu (AI 2827) Pajumaa (AM 134 19) and Kunilepa (AI 2483 16) These have been treated as later specimens of ring-headed pins and as specifically Estonian (Tallgren 192581 Ariste 19383754 Kivikoski 197367)

Discussion

Estonian ring-headed pins originated from small pins of the same type in Latvia especially in Semgallien and in northern Lithuania Small Lithuanian ring-headed pins were dated to the 7th-8th centuries bigger ones to the 9th century (Volkaite-Kulikauskiene 1970 168) Numbers of these pins have been found in Finland where they were treated as ornaments of Estonian origin and dated usually to the 7th-8th centuries (Hackman 1938 105-115 LehtosaloshyHilander 1982 109 Ranta 199642) Specimens with a cross-shaped extension could be dated to the 9th century too (Hackman 1938 114) However a ringshyheaded pin of variant ~ 2a from Lillmalmsbacken was found together with a hexahedral ring from a penannular brooch and some other items and could thus be dated to the 9th century too (data from archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki)

Twelve ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were known in Finland in 1973 (Kivikoski 1973 67) and only three specimens in Estonia Estonian pins of this sub-variant have been found in coastal areas or in a deposit at Kunilepa which also contains some other items of Finnish origin (eg early penannular brooches with flat ring) Thus most probably can we talk about a Finnish rather than an Estonian origin for these pins At least two such pins have also been found in Latvia (Snore 1930 Pl IX 15 22)

Tallgren has suggested that ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were predecessors of double-cross-headed pins (1925 81) Ariste (1938) did not support this theory because the dates of these ornaments differed too much It should be noted that some cross-headed pins of Southern Baltic origin with three terminals were spread at the same time in Finland One specimen has been also found in Estonia (PI X 1) Ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extensions could be speciall Finnish ornaments connected both with the ring-headed and cross-headed pins Both concepts are particuhlrly evident in a ring-headed pin with a cross-shaped extension from Liedon Sauvala which is fitted with a supplementary cross inside its head ring (Hackman 1938 Fig 35)

Only one of the Estonian ring-headed pins has been found in an undisturbed find complex in a deposit at Keila (PI IV) This find was probably not complete however because it lacked a second fastener for the chain (another pin) The find could be dated to the 9th century A collection of finds from Kunilepa usually treated as a deposit were obviously picked up from an earlier destroyed grave as

became clear frc probable grave cc spots the grave oj the later part of P Asva to the 8th-91

Ariste has da~

beginning of the supposed making 10th-II th centur~ to my study the I

the 7th century or mainly during the in the 9th century

Only triangulaJ These pins have 1

knobs Mushroom shaped ones to be study both variant pins are described I

This variant in usuaJly earlier but

21a Pins with sma

Fifteen pins fro were all smaller spe

21 h Pins with a Sir

Nine pins of th average in size an sometimes decorate(

21 c Pins with a del

Only four pins fl (PI IX I) was dec~ import from Curonia

61 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - vooraparasedja omad

I)

Estonia at Kuusalu 6) These have been

pecifically Estonian I

of the same type in ia Small Lithuanian ~ger ones to the 9th hese pins have been Estonian origin and 105-1 ] 5 Lehtosaloshyass-shaped extension 4) However a ringshylund together with a items and cou ld thus f the department of

ion were known In

~ecimens in Estonia areas or in a deposit

ish origin (eg early can we talk about a ~ t two such pins have

bss-shaped extension Ariste (1938) did not differed too much It tltic origin with three ~cimen has been also k shaped extensions the ring-headed and in a ring-headed pin lich is fitted with a ~ 35) nd in an undisturbed obably no complete lother pin) The find ~m Kunilepa usually r destroyed grave as

became clear from a conversation with a descendant of the landowner The probable grave could be dated to the 8th-9th centuries From the rest of the find spots the grave of Lehmja-Loo was dated to the 7th century (LOugas 1973 129) the later part of Presti grave to the 7th-8th centuries and the later dwelling layer in Asva to the 8th-9th centuries (Lougas amp Mligi-L6ugas 199432-33)

Ariste has dated Estonian ring-headed pillS from the 7th century up to the beginning of the 10th century (1938 62) Schmiedehelm and Selirand have supposed making reference to Ariste that these pins were also in use during the 10th-11th centuries (Schmiedehelm 1939 136 Selirand 1974 ] 44) According to my study the earlier variant of Estonian ring-headed pins cOUild be dated to the 7th century only The later variant pins with more local character were used mainly during the 8th century Pins of sub-variants 12a and 12c were in use also in the 9th century

2 Triangular-headed pins

Only triangular-headed pins with end knobs were discussed in this paper These pins have up to now been typologized according to the shape of their knobs Mushroom-shaped terminaLs were considered to be earlier and conicshyshaped ones to be later variants (Tangren 1925 80) According to the present study both variants were in use at the same time End knobs typical of the later pins are described in this paper as hat-shaped (Fig 3)

21 Pins without any special decoration

This variant includes 41 pins of different size Smaller specimens were usually earlier but there were quite a number of exceptions to this rule

21a Pins with smooth heads (PI VI 1 3)

Fifteen pins from the Merovingian Period belong to this sub-variant They were all smaller specimens with mushroom- or conic-shaped end knobs

21 h Pins with a smooth triangular hollow

Nine pins of this sub-variant are known in Estonia They were small or average in size and half of them had hat-shaped end knobs The head is sometimes decorated with a single knob in the middle

21 c Pins with a decoration ofconcentric triangles

Only four pins from Estonia belong to this sub-variant A pin from ViI tina (PI IX 1) was decorated with two ammal (horse) figures and is probably an import from Curonia or Semgallien

Marika Magi 62 Eesti merovillgimiddot jl

21d Pins with afaceted triangular hollow (Pi 111 3 4 VI 2)

Sixteen medium-sized or bigger pins belong to this sub-variant Only one of them had a hat-shaped end knob (Presti PI In 3) all the others had only mushroom- or conic-shaped knobs Many of these pins had a faceted neck (Fig 4 4)

22 Pins with a decoration of leaves (Pi V 4-5 V1I V11I 1- 3)

The shape of these pins resembled that of the former variant but the smooth hollow in the head was decorated with three leaves 46 pins or fragments of pins of this variant are known in Estonia Many of them were found in cremations and were bad1ly burnt Hat-shaped end knobs were characteristic of these pins The neck was faceted in 11 specimens (Fig 5) The reverse of some of these pins was decorated with eyes (PI V 5) Such specimens had almost no faceted neck Pins with a faceted neck were thus morphologically ear(jer and the specimens with a decoration on their reverse sides were later in this variant group

Discussion

Triangular-headed pins were widespread in Latvia and Lithuania where their decoration usually differed clearly from that of Estonian pins Pins with mushroom-shaped end knobs were dated to the 7th-9th centuries in L ithuania (Tautaviciene 1981 169) Triangular-headed pms appeared in Latvia as early as 500 and were spread mainly in Semgallien and in the Lower-Daugava area (Snore 1930 PI XXIX 1 Latvijas 1974 PI 40 4 I 3) Some specimens have also been found in Russia (Sedova 198173 Sedov 1985 123 F ig 1 7 8) Triangular-headed pins in FinlJand have been treated as ornaments of Latvian or Estonian origin and dated to the Merovingian Period or the beginning of the Viking Age (Kivikoski 197367-6899 Fig 448 72 l Lehtosalo-Hilander 1982 108)

Pins with leaf decoration were found not only in Estonia but also in Semgallien and Curonia Probably only one specimen has been found in Finland (Rusko Kankare Kivikoski 197367 99) Some pins with leaf decoration were known from Gotland (Nerman 1929 Fig 173-174 177 Thunmark-Nylen 1983 Fig 10 Jansson 1995 88-89 Fig 8) and from the mainland of Sweden (Stromberg 1961 165 PI 73 8 9) One has been found at Trelleborg in Denmark (Michael Andersen pers comm) Two fragmentary pins of this variant belonged to a silver hoard from Baldringe in Skanc (Hardh 1976 PI 20 10 11) and were interesting for us because of their material Ali triangular-headed pins in Estonii were made of bronze The finds in Baldringe proved that the Estonians used to make similar ornaments of both materials but the silver specimens were probably re-cast later

Some of the complexes Thret some bracelets 1

cremation at Hai could be dated to and Maidla gravi datcd to the same

Seven pins of in 1m have been XXVII 4-5) The 8th centuries in (Schmiedehelm 11 L6ugas 1994 32shy

Schmiedehelm (1930) The pins according to Kus According to my Merovingian Perilt the end of the 9th 10th century Arou

Pins of this var and are therefore I

shaped terminals al have been found u majority of them hi draw parallels with elaborated decorati consisting only of broken off and fixel

23a Pins with lea

Six pins of this These pins were pre

23b Pins with plail

Plait decoration not very widespreao and the 11 til centul)

Marika Miigi Eesli merovingi- ja viikil1gi(egsed rinl1aHoelad shy viJiJrapiirasedja ()mad 63

2)

I-variant Only one of the others had oniy

l a faceted neck (Fig

II VIII 1-3)

ariant but the smooth s or fragments of pins und in cremations and tic of these pins The ome of these pins was no faceted neck Pins the specimens with a

roup

~ithuania where their ~ ian pins Pins with centuries in Lithuania d in Latvia as early as Lower-Daugava area

Some specimens have 5 123 Fig I 7 8) naments of Latvian or the beginning of the

Itosalo-Hilander 1982

Estonia but also in een found in Finland

1 leaf decoration were hunmark-Nylen 1983 mainland of Sweden und at Trelleborg in ary pins of this variant h 1976 PI 20 to 11) triangular-headed pins inge proved that the terials but the silver

Some of the Estonian triangubr-headed pins were found in closed find complexes Three pins of variant 21 belonged to a deposit at Inju together with some bracelets which allowed the find to be dated to the 7th-8th centuries A cremation at Haimre (PI V) contained only one pin with leaf decoration and could be dated to the 10th century Some similar pins from Rahu (Kustin 1969) and Maidla graves (data from find lists and plans of Mati Mandel) could be dated to the same time because of the other finds in the burials

Seven pins of the earlier variant have been found in hill-forts Two specimens in Iru have been dated to the 6l7th-8th centuries (Lang 1996 96-97 102 PI XXVII 4--5) The layers where the pins were found have been dated to the 7thshy

8th centuries in Rouge (AYH 1992 65) to the 6th-9th centuries in Otepali (Schmiedehelm 195963) and to the 7th-9th centuries in Pbide (Lougas amp MagishyL6ugas 199432-33)

Schmiedehelm dated Estonian pins of variant 2 J to the 6th-9th centuries (1930) The pins with leaf decoration were used during the II th-12th centuries according to Kustin and Selirand (Kustin J962b 405 Selirand 1974 145) According to my study the pins of variant 21 were used during the whole Merovingian Period and the 9th century Pins with leaf decoration appeared at the end of the 9th century at the latcst and were in use during the whole of the 10th century Around 1000 they were replaced by pins of the next variant

23 Pins of Saaremaa type

Pins of this variant differ morphologically from the above-discussed variants and are therefore treated separately here These pins were flat with flat heartshyshaped terminals and a high loop on their neck (Fig 6) Altogether 63 specimens have been found up to now as many as 49 of them on Saaremaa (Osel) The majority of them have been found in cremations and were badly burnt If we may draw parallels with the other ornament types the more massive specimens with elaborated decoration were earlier than the thin pins with stylised decoration consisting only of a few lines In many cases the heads of these pins had been broken off and fixed to a new iron shaft ie recycled

23a Pins with leal decoration (PI VI 4 VIII 6-7)

Six pins of this variant have a more or less stylised decoration of three leaves These pins were probably the earliest ones in vanant 23

23b Pins with plait decoration (Fig 8 PI VIII 5 IX 2)

Plait decoration was popular in L atvia and Lithuania over a long period but not very widespread in Estonia On Saaremaa bracelets of the late Viking Age and the 11 th century had often the same pattern In six cases also the reverse of

Marika Magi64 Eesti merovingi- ja

the pins had been decorated mostly with eyes These specimens were also more massive ie probably somewhat earlier

23c Pins with some other kind ofdecoration (Fig 7 Pl VI 5 VIII 4 IX 4-5)

Different kinds of simple patterns were spread on the pins of Saaremaa type most of them having counterparts in Latvia More and less massive specimens occurred in this sub-variant too Though the pattern usually consisted of different lines some pins were decorated with one or more eyes only (Fig 7 Pl IX 4) These could probably be treated as imports from Latvia like some other somewhat unusual pins of this sub-variant

Discussion

Pins of this variant were widespread in Latvia particularly in Curonia and Semgallien but also in the Lower-Daugava area They were dated to the lOthshy12th centuries there (Snore 1930 Pl XV LA 1974 Pl 481 5014 15525 T6nisson 1974 Pl XXXVI2) The decoration of Latvian pins usually differed from that of Estonian pins and even plait decoration seems to have not been very popular on this type of pins in Latvia

Only single pins of this variant have been found in the other neighbouring countries most of them specifically Latvian (Nerrnan 1929 Figs 175-178 Kivikoski 1973 99 Fig 720 Jansson 1995 88-89) The only exceptions were two pins from Garda churchyard on Gotland which were decorated with leaves (Thunmark-Nylen 1995 185 Fig 13) A small piece of a similar pin has been found as a stray find in Roskilde Denmark (Andersen pers comm)

In Uugla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin with leaf decoration has been found together with a knife pieces of chain arrangement a bronze plaque and a bracelet (Mandel 1980) The grave could be dated to the end of the 10th century or to the beginning of the 11 th century according to the bracelet (Magi-Lougas 1995b 521) In Maidla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin was found in the same chain arrangement with a pin of variant 22 (data from find lists and plans of Mandel) In Randvere graveyard a pin of variant 23 fixed to an iron shaft was found together with a penannular brooch with poppy-shaped terminals and with sherds of fine-grained pottery (data from Kustin 1962a 64-65 97) The complex could be dated around 1000

Kustin dated Saaremaa type pins to the 11th-12th centuries (1962a 70) As proved above the earlier specimens of this variant appeared as early as the 10th century and were used contemporarily with pins of variant 22 Saaremaa type pins stayed in use during the whole 11 th century and were replaced by doubleshycross-headed pins with united terminals at the beginning of the 12th century at the latest

Only some sin Viking Age have terminals appear 0

centuries Only lht local ornament typ

Double-cross-hl number of pin he probably for a lon

41 PillS

A tolal of 42 pi have been found il variants but the b thus SUbjective Tt specific construclio but a decoration of bigger thinner ofte (Fig 10) The earl ones were usually n

42 Pi

This group incl specimens as in the of these two groups

43

These pins appea the 11th century Ill

variant resemble late

Few specimens 01 Estonia They had be in Finland Pins frO centuries (Cleve 191

65 Marilw Magi Eesfi mcOvingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad - vooraparased ja onwd

imens were also more

VI 5 VI 4 IX 4-5)

pins of Saaremaa type ~ss massive specimens

usually consisted of e eyes only (Fig 7 PI Jatvia like some other

ularly in Curonia and ere dated to the 10thshy4815014 15525 ~ pins usually differed to have not been very

he other neighbouring 1929 Figs 175-178

only exceptions were decorated with leaves

a similar pin has been s comm) Dration has been found bronze plaque and a

nd of the 10th century bracelet (Miigi-L6ugas Nas found in the same find lists and plans of d to an iron shaft was )ed terminals and with -6597) The complex

Ituries (l962a 70) As ed as early as the 10th lilt 22 Saaremaa type re replaced by doubleshyof the 12th century at

3 Early cross-headed pins (PI X 1 XI 2)

Only some single cross-headed pins dated to the Merovingian Period or the Viking Age have been found in Estonia Small cross-headed pins with united terminals appear only after the Viking Age and were used over a period of some centuries Only the idea of cross-headed pins was borrowed from the Baits and a local ornament type was created on its base a double-cross-headed pin

4 Double-cross-headed pins

Double-cross-headed pins were specifically Estonian ornaments Quite a number of pin heads of this type have been fixed to an iron shaft and used probably for a long time after they were made

41 Pins with unconnected terminals (Pt X 4-6 XI 1 3-5)

A total of 42 pins with unconnected te rminals or pieces of such kind of pins have been found in Estonia They could be divided into earlier and later subshyvariants but the border between these two groups would be too undefined and thus subjective The earlier specimens were usually smaller thicker and with specific construction of their neck (Fig 9) They were often decorated with eyes but a decoration of conce ntric circles was also possible Later pins were always bigger thinner often silver-plated and had a special trapezoid loop on their neck (Fig 10) The earlier specimens were often deformed and burnt but the later ones were usually not burnt and in several cases found in inhumations

42 Pins with connected lower terminals (Pl X 7 XII)

This group includes 21 pins Thc same criteria about earlier and later specimens as in the former variant were also valid in this variant hence the pins of these two groups were at least partly contemporary

43 Pins with completely connected terminals

These pins appeared at the very end of the Viking Age ic at the middle of the 11 th century and will thus be not considered here Some specimens of thi s variant ]escmble iatcr specimens of the fonner variants

Discussion

Few specimens of pins with unconnected terminals have been found outSIde E stonia They had been usually used as pendants Five of them have been found in Finland Pins from Lillmalmsbacken and EU-cl were dated to the 9th-10th centuries (Cleve 1978 105) Two pins have been found in inhumations in

Marika Miigi66 Eesti merovingi- ja

Kjuloholm and dated to the beginning of the II th century (Cleve 1978 105 PI 8 15) Pendants from Estonian double-cross-headed pins have been found in late Viking Age cremations in Bjurhovda Central-Sweden (Jaanusson 1971) in North Norway and Gotland (Jansson 1995 88 fig 7) Some of them were

known from barrows in Northwest Russia (ClII1UbIH 1896 PI V 6 XVII 32) No double-cross pins have been found in Latvia or Lithuania according to the literature

A pin from Koola graveyard (PI X 4) was unearthed together with pieces of chain a glassbead bronze spirals and a bracelet all badly burnt (Parss 1950) Two pins from Verevi had belonged to the same chain arrangement and were found together with a bracelet a bell piece of neck-ring and a penannular brooch pi n with narrow base (Moora 1932) Both these burials could belong to the 10th century

In a womans grave in Aseri two doub Pe-cross-headed pins of earlier character were found with bracelets with thickening ends a spiral bracelet chain pieces and bronze spirals This complex could not be later than the middle of the 10th century because of the bracelets of earlier type in it (M~igi-Lougas 1995a 280 ff Fig 30)

A double-cross-pin of later character belonged to a deposit at Piihaste which also contained some other ornaments and could be dated to the first half of the 11 th century Some pairs of pins with specifically later features have been found in inhumations Graves from Alatskivi Raatvere and Tooste could be mentioned here all dated to the first half of the ] I th century (PI XI 5) A small doubJeshycross-headed pin fixed secondarily to a bronze stem belonged to a cremation of the second half of the 11 th century in Jouga (Ligi 1993 53-54 PI XXVIII 5)

Two double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals had belonged to a womans grave in Madi together with chain fragments bronze spira ls fingershyrings pieces of neck-rings a knife a belt buckle a comb a fire-steel bits and potsherds (Sel irand 1993) In Rahu a pin of the same variant occurred together with a penannular brooch chain arrangements a finger-ring and bits (Kustin 1969) Both these complexes could be dated to the 11th century Two pins of variant 42 belonged to a female inhumation grave in Raatvere and were dated to the first half of the J I th century (PI XII)

As proved above the double-cross-headed pins were cOl1nected with ringshyheaded pins with cross-shaped extension only through common predecessors ie cross-headed pins Looking at the shape of double-cross-headed pins one can ask if they could be connected with the Orthodox cross and perhaps with the conversion of Russia at the end of the 10th century The idea could be supported by the distribution of these pins the double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals were the only variant of dress fastening pins that were concentrated in the eastern half of Estonia

As the double-cross-headed pins appeared in Estonia before the end of the JOth century they cannot be directly connected with the Christianization of

Russia but influe not be discounteo definite evidence (

Selirand has ( centuries (1974 I terminals As pm appeared by the m morphologically t( were in use up to variant 43

Some findings used Parallels in could differ among

As most of the these ornaments WI men in Finland (I Latvia and Lithuan suggested that Esto Estonian ring-head southern neighbour Finland wore the sa

Hackman has re in Finland were all these pins were fa numbers were in s (KM 8067 A3 4 S of archaeology in N variant in Estonia h pin that could belo Keila was found tc woman (PI IV)

In conclusion on and the big luxuriol and 12c were used by women It is po during the 9th centUl

The triangular-he and were sometime~

arrangement Only 0

plaques and had prot

67 Marika Miigi Eesti mcrovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

(Cleve 1978 105 PI have been found in late (Jaanusson 1971) in

Some of them were

6 PI V 6 XVII 32) uania according to the

together with pieces of lIy burnt (Piirss 1950) arrangement and were ing and a penannuJar mrials could belong to

lins of earlier character bracelet chain pieces

the middle of the 10th -L6ugas I995a 280 ff

posit at Ptihaste which to the first half of the ~tures have been found te could be mentioned 1 5) A small doubleshynged to a cremation of -54 PI XXYIlI 5) erminals had belonged bronze spirals fingershy

0 a fire-steel bits and ~ [wnt occurred toget h er -ring and bits (KUstin century Two pins of

vere and were dated to

connected with riDgshyImon predecessors ie -headed pins one can and perhaps with the

lea could be supported pins with unconnected it were concentrated in

before the end of the he Christianization of

Russia but influences from Christian cOllntriesin the East (Byzantium) could not be discounted In any case the double-cross-headed pins do not provide definite evidence of the Christianity of their owners

Selirand has dated double-crass-headed pins to the 11th up to the 12th centuries (1974 146) which is correct for the variant with completely connected terminals As proved above the pins with unconnected terminals had already appeared by the middle of the 10th century The earlier pins of variant 4 2 belong morphologically to the end of the 10th century at the latest Both these variants were in use lip to the m iddle of the 11th century when they were replaced by variant 43

Use of dress fastening pins

Some findings in Estonia let us determine how and by Wh0111 the pins were used Parallels in the neighbouring countries cannot be used here directly and could differ among neighbours

As most of the ring-headed pins were single finds it is most plausible that these ornaments were worn singly Luxurious ring-headed pins had belonged to men in Finland (Lehtosalo-Hiander 1982 109) but the small specimens in Latvia and Lithuania were worn by women and always in pairs Vello Lougas suggested that Estnnian ring-headed pins were also used by women 0 973 126) Estonian ring-headed pins however definitely differ from the small ones of our southern neighbours It seems to be hardly believable that wealthy horsemen in Finland wore the same pins as women in Estonia

Hackman has reported that the ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extension in Finland were alI single finds (1938 114) However in two or even three cases these pins were found obviously in pairs in Uskcla Lukkarinmaki ie their numbers were in sequence and they had almost or completely the same shape (KM 8067 A3 4 57 perhaps also 29 30 data fram archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki) A Kunilcpa pin of the same subshyvariant in Estonia has been found together with a head-ring fragment of a similar pin that could belong to the same sub-variant The pin of sub-variant 12a in Keila was found together with female ornaments and had thus belonged to a woman (PI IV)

In conclusion one can suppose that the ring-headed pins of the earlier variant and the big luxurious pins were worn by men in Estonia Pins of variants 12a and 12c were used by both sexes or especially in the case of variant 12c only by women It is possible that the ring-headed pins became female ornaments during the 9th century

The triangular-headed pins of variant 21 occuned in several cases in pairs and were sometimes fitted with a long chain ie they had belonged to a chain arrangement Only one pin from Pajumaa (PI III4) was fitted with rectangular plaques and had probably been worn on its own

Marika Mdgi68 Eesti merovingi- ja

As ring-headed pins and triangular-headed pins had been in use contemporarily and in the same area it can be supposed that the former were worn by men and the latter by women It is possible that men stopped using pins some time in the 9th century and started to fasten their coats only with penannular brooches Since the 10th century at the latest one can talk about pins as specifically female ornaments in Estonia

Two triangular-headed pins connected with a single chain have been found in Liiva In some cases these pins were unearthed in pairs or single specimens often stray finds were fitted with a long chain Chain holders have been found together with these pins only twice However triangular-headed pins with leaf decoration were sometimes worn probably also singly as in the grave of Hairnre (PI VII)

Triangular-headed pins of Saaremaa type were found in pairs in several cases These pins occurred typically with half-oval chain holders and other pieces of chain arrangement which proves that the chain arrangements with these pins consisted of several rows of chains

Moreover the double-cross-headed pins occur usually in pairs and together with other pieces of a chain arrangement The pins of earlier character were connected only with a single chain (Aseri Verevi Riuma PI XI 4) but the later ones fastened chain arrangements with several rows of chains which were fixed to the pins with openwork chain holders (PI XI 5 XII)

Distribution

Estonia could be divided into two parts according to the local ornaments of the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The same division is valid also in the case of the decorative pins The tradition of fastening the dress with pins was strong in the western part of the Estonian mainland and on the islands but was almost absent in the eastern part during the whole Merovingian Period and the firs t half of the Viking Age The first local pin types - the double-cross-headed pins - occurred there only in the 10th century Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals and with completely connected terminals were spread already allover Estonia providing evidence of the standardisation of ornamental culture

English version checked by Gordon Snow Oxford

1 Rongaspeaga e

1 Ring-headed p

I Juuru Kunilepa 2 J6eJahtme Prest 3 Jiiri Kuma (AM 4 Juri Lagedi (Ar-shy5 JUri Lehmja-Lolt 6 Kaarma Aste (S 7 Karuse Pajumaa 8 Keila (AM 234 9 Kihelkonna Oda to Kihelkonna Paj II Kihclkonna Vii 12 Koeru Preedi (1 13 Kul lamua Vaik 14 KUllsalu (AI 28 15 Karla Kaarmise 16 Ktirla Paevere 17 Karia Paikiila ( 18 Liiganuse PUssi 19 Palamuse Nava 20 Peetri Painurme 21 Parnu-Jaagupi F 22 Pbide Asva (Al 23 Pbidc Tomimae 24 Ridala Ahli (H~ 25 R6ngu Kivivare 26 Viru- Nigllia Pal 27 Viru-Nigllla KUl

2 Kolmnurkpeaga

2 Triangular-head

21 Ornamentimatpoundl

21 Pins without spe

I 16eIahtme lru (AI 2 J6elahtme Presti (

Marika Magi

s had been in use d that the former were men stopped using pins their coats only with one can talk about pins

Jain have been found in s or single specimens )Iders have been found --headed pins with leaf in the grave of Haimre

n pairs in several cases ~rs and other pieces of ments with these pins

v in pairs and together earlier character were PI XI 4) but the later ains which were fixed

the local ornaments of ivision is valid also in he dress with pins was n the islands but was ingian Period and the e double-cross-headed ross-headcd pins with terminah were spread

disation of ornamental

Gordol Snow Oxford

69Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoeiad - vooraparased ja omad

Lisa Appendix

1 Rongaspeaga ehtenoelad Eestis (kaart joon 11)

1 Ring-headed pins in Estonia (map fig 11)

I Juuru Kunilepa (AI 2483 16 17) 2 Joelahtme Presti (AI 5490386 7) 3 Juri Kuma (AM 31 5 AM 2968 69 71) 4 Juri Lagedi (AM 2768) 5 Juri Lehmja-Loo (AI 444499184211 247278283) 6 Kaarma Aste (SM 7675 12) 7 Karuse Pajumaa (AM 134 18 19) 8 Keila (AM 2343) 9 Kihelkonna Odalatsi (AI 3822303) 10 Kihelkonna Paju (AI K 68) 11 Kihelkonna Viki (AI 251373) 12 Koeru Preedi (AI 4426616) 13 Kullamaa Vaike-Kalju (AI 3445) 14 Kuusalu (AI 2827) 15 Karla Kaarmise (AI 3501) 16 Karia Paevere (AI 2657 1) 17 Karia Paikula (AI 25024) 18 Luganuse Piissi (AM 99) 19 Palamuse Nava (AI 39681167) 20 Peetri PaillurmC (AM 11710) 21 Parnu-Jaagupi Parasmaa (AM 493 12) 22 Pbide Asva (AI 4366 1004) 23 Pbide Tomimae (AI 4338 1117) 24 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045220) 25 Rongu Kivivare (AI 47267) 26 Viru- Nigula Pada (AI 536641) 27 Viru-Nigula Kunda (AM 88 113 114)

2 Kolmnurkpeaga noelad Eestis

2 Triangular-headed pins in Estonia

21 Ornamentimata voi lihtsatest joontest ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 12)

21 Pins without special decoration (map fig 12)

1 JoeHihtme lru (AI 4051 9491097) 2 Joellihtme Presti (AI 5490374)

Eesti merovillgi- ja70 Marika Magi

3 J6hvi Toila (AI 3952299 362) 4 Kamse Pajumaa (AM 13414) 5 Kihelkonna K6mse (AI 2643 111 112113) 6 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 14832) 7 Lliganuse Purtse (AI 50388) 8 Martna Ehmp (AM 554605 615 665 81 J 823) 9 Muhu Mala (AI K 2 1234 89) 10 Nissi Vardi (AM 368 13) 11 Otepaa linnamagihillfort (AI 4036 IV203) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 491 122 852 1024) 13 Parnu-Jaagupi M6isaklila (AI 575925) 14 Pbide maalinnhillfort (SM 1460401) 15 Pbide Viltina (AI 38843515) 16 Puha Leina (AI 2643366) 17 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817333) J8 Rouge linnam~igihillfort (AI 40402313162) 19 Saaremaa (AI K 848) 20 Viru-Jaagupi Inju (AI 2794232425) 21 Vandra khklparish (P~lM 23912) 22 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 382 37764)

22 Lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 13)

22 PillS with leaves-decoration (map fig 13)

1 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 1) 2 Keila Uksnurme (AM 68 1) 3 Juri Moigu-Peetri (AI 4877 100) 4 Kaarma khklparish (AI K 67 17 1845 AI 507 6) 5 Kaarrna Uduvere (AI 15184) 6 Kihelkonna Lumanda (AI 382233 3438 35) 7 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 531 1352 1549 1696 1886 23834153

26892690297831483163310131023115) 8 Mihkli Sol va (AI 251318) 9 Muhu Liiva (SM 931 2) 10 Marjamaa Hairnre (AI 3614 I) 11 Nissi Polli (AI 3926 I) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 49120206 584a 584b 760) 13 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884 ) 14 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045 219) 15 Saaremaa (AI K 846) 16 Valjala khklparish (SM K 5410) 17 Valjala Rahu (AI 423922 44 758) 18 Leiukoht teadmatalFindspot unknown (AI 3027)

23 Saaremaa tii

23 PillS ofSaart

1 Hanila Komsi I

2 Kaarma khk I~ 3 Kaarma Loona 4 Kaarma Uduve 5 Karja Valja (A 6 Karuse Pajuma 7 Kihelkonna Ka 8 Kihelkonna khl 9 Kihelkonna Ku 10 Kihelkonna L 11 Kihelkonna 12 Kihelkonna P 13 Kose Paunkiil 14 Kullamaa Mai 15 Karla khk Ipa 16 Karla Kogula 17 Karla Orikiila 18 Uiiine-Niguia 19 Martna Ehmja 20 Pamu Jaagupi 21 Parnu-Jaagupi 22 Parnumaa (Pal 23 Pbide K6igust 24 P6ide Randvel 25 P6ide Viltina ( 26 Piiha Ilpla (AI 27 Saaremaa (AI 28 Valjala Konnu 29 Valjala Rahu (

3 Merovingi- voi

3 Merovingian connected termin

I Karja khklparis 2 Kodavere Lahef 3 Kodavere Savas 4 Mihkli Kurese ( 5 lPoide AudIa (S~ 6 Aksi Raigastven

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja (Jmad

23 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad (kaartjoon 14)

71

~)

96 1886 2383 4153

)760)

23 Pins ofSa a rema a type (map fig 14)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510940) 2 Kaarma khk parish(AI K 67 1944) 3 Kaarma Loona (AK K 1776 LVYM 650911393) 4 Kaarma Uduvere (AI K 15185 186 187 188) 5 Kalja Valja (AI K 76 1) 6 Karu se Pajumaa (AM 134 I 5) 7 Kihelkonna Kalmu (AI 3822]57 158 194) 8 Kihelkonna khk parish (AI K 741) 9 Kihelkonna Kurevere (AI 43686998 102) 10 Kihelkonna Loona (AI 3822233a) 11 Kihelkonna Liimanda (AK 382268 136) 12 Kihelkonna Paju (L VVM 20A 128) 13 Kose Paunkiila (AM 73 1) 14 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 3160 3635 3637 5000 6085) 15 KarIa khk pari sh (AI K 79101819) 16 Karia Kogula (AI K 2951 52) 17 Karla Orikiila (AI K 4 102 103) 18 Laane-Nigula Uugla (AM 500503) 19 Martna Ehmja (AM 554824) 20 Pamu Jaagupi Pooravere (PaM 2364) 21 Pamu-J aagupi Linnamae (AM 491170) 22 Parnumaa (PaM ) 23 Poide Koiguste (AI 436 I 2) 24 Poide Randvere (AI 26972 AI 3895 257) 25 Poide Viltina (AI 3884391 2588b 2755 3128 4300) 26 Piiha IJpla (AI 3822315 382 K 1 78) 27 Saaremaa (AI K 843 57 AI K 8546107 AI 3529 SM ) 28 Valjala Konnu (AI 5151) 29 Valjala Rahu (AI 4239202 670 1114)

3 Merovingi- voi varaviikingiaegsed lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad

3 Merovingian Period or earJy Viking Age cross-headed pins with unshyconnected terminals

1 Karja khkparish (AI K 774) 2 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 198433) 3 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 1483 1) 4 Mihkli Kurese (AI 2513 17) 5 Poide AudIa (SM K 49 I) 6 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885)

72 Marika Magi

7 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (AM aj 98)

4 Kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

4 Double-cross-headed pins

41 Lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad (kaart joon 15)

41 Double-cross-headed pins with unconnecled terminals (map fig 15)

I Haljala Essu (AM 8327) 2 Harju-Jaani Kehra (AI 35849 10) 3 Iisaku J6uga (AI 510062) 4 JUllm Kaiu jarvLake Kaiu (AI 5251) 5 Karksi Kiiti (AI 1353 1) 6 Kodavere Alatskivi (AI 1893la Ib) 7 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 4976 159) 8 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 516957 5295210a 210b) 9 Kose Ardu (AI 26744) 10 Laiuse Koola (AI 40245) Ii Nissi Varbola (AI 3865 128) 12 Nao Unipiha linnamagihillfort (AI 2901 11) 13 Otepaa PaidJa (AI 19973) 14 P6ltsamaa Pajusi (AI 1871 8) 15 Pamu-Jaagupi Anelema (AI 42255) 16 Parnumaa (PaM A 2361) 17 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884153) 18 Piiha IJpla (AI K 1 77) 19 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817 307311) 20 R6ngu Piihaste (AI 3667 I) 21 Rapina Tooste (AI 41085 7) 22 Tarvastu Riuma (AI 12073a 3b) 23 Viljandi Kuude (VM 331 2 43 17A 312) 24 Viljandimaa (VM ) 25 Vim-Nigula Aseri (RM 1211A 57683 7879) 26 Vim-Nigula Kohala (RM 30791A 51 12) 27 Vim-Nigula Kunda (AI 157933 4002) 28 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 5343c)

29 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (LVVM 58923A I 798)

42 Uhendatud alumiste harudega kaksikristpeaga l10elad (kaartjoon 16)

42 Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals (map fig 16)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510103188218507)

Eest merovillgi-(I v

2 Harju-Jaani Raa 3 Kodavere Raatv( 4 Kullamaa Maid 5 Liiganllse Kalme 6 Mihkli Veltsa (A 7 Marjal1laa Konol 8 Marjamaa Moka 9 P61tsal1laa Pajusi 10 Rannu Verevi ( 11 VaUala Rahu (A 12 Viljandi Madi ( 13 Vaike-Maarja A 14 Leiukoht teadl1l1

Marika Magi Eesti merovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy viJorapiirased ja omarl 73

15)

(Ilapjig 15)

I 798)

kaartjOOIi16)

als(mapjig16)

2 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 16) 3 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 5295 121a 12Ib) 4 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 5802 18 2323) 5 Liiganuse Kalmeistri (AI 28244) 6 MihkJi Ve1tsa (AI 4944) 7 Marjamaa Konovere linnamagihillfort (AI 4571159) 8 Marjamaa Moka (AI 371021) 9 P51tsamaa Pajusi (AI 19996) 10 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817234) 11 Valjala Rahu (AI 423970) 12 Viljandi Macli (AI 25906166172174) 13 V~iike-Maalja Antu (AM 102 I) 14 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 26362)

EeSfi merovingi- jaMarika Mdgi 54

bull 1

bull 2

loon J 5 Lahtiste hJoon 13 Nuppotsalistc lchtomamcndiga n6clte levik I - iiks ekscrnplar 2 - kaks v6i cnam cksernpl31i

Fig 13 Distribution of triangular-headed pins with end knobs and leafdcltoration lone lind 2 two or Fig 15 Distribution (more finds

bull 1

bull 2

Joon 16 Dhendatud a

Joa n 14 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6e1tc levik I - Oks ekscrnplar 2 - kaks v6i enam ckscmplari Fig 16 Distribution of Fig 14 Distribution of triangular-headed pins of Saarcmaa type lone find 2 two or more finds

Marika Miigi

~aks voi enam ekscmplari

Ilion 10m tind 2 two or

~t)l~j) -- C i

gt I middotmiddotmiddot~ 1 0 5 (gt~f bull bull J_

Eesli 11 crovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnallocad shy voorapiirascd ja (JlI1ad 55

bull 1 o

bull 2

Joon 15 Lahtiste harudcga kaksikristpeaga nacltc levik I - Uks eksemplar 2 - kaks vai enam eksemplari

Fig 15 Distribution of double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals lone find 2 two or more finds

bull 1 CJ

bull 2

Joon 16 Dhcndatud alumiste harudcga kaksikristpeaga naelte 1evik I - Uks eksemplar 2 - kaks v6i enam eksemplari

oi enam eksemplari Fig 16 Distribution of double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals lone find 2 two

nd 2 two or more finds or more finds

)

Marika Magi 56 Eesti merovillgi- ja

Ehten6elu on ajaloo jooksul kandnud nii mehed kui naised Vahe v6is olla tiksnes kandmisviisis (naiteks meestel tihe- naistel kahekaupa) eri n6elattilipides v6i ka eri perioodides Nii ei ole Eesti mehed ilustanud end ehten6elaga viikingiaja teisel poole Ehten6elad on kuulunud eeskatt saarte ja Laane-Eesti ehtekandmistraditsiooni Jda- ja L6una-Eestisse illmusid esimesed kohapealsed ttitibid alles viikingiaja keskel

Tbb esemete ning arhiivimaterjaliga v6imaldas esitada enamiku Eesti merovingi- ja vilkingiaja n6elte kohta tapsustatud ttipoloogia ning dateeringud Uoon 17) Loodetavasti 6nnestus luua varasemast tervikilikum pilt rinnan6elte morfoloogilisest arengust Tapsustatud dateeringud v6imaldavad loodetavasti liigitada Uipsemalt ka tilejaanud Eesti kasitletavate perioodide ieiukomplekse ning luua seelabi parema ettekujutuse kogu tolleaegsest tihiskonnast tervikuna

600 700 800 900 1000 1100

loon 17 Noelte dateeringud

Fi g 17 Dates of pins

Tanuavaldus

Autor tanab k6iki kes aitasid kaasa kaesoleva artikli valmimisele eeskatt fotograafe Rein Karneritja Enno V~iljalit ning kunstnikke Kersti Siitanit ja Jaana Ratast samuti inglise keele korrektorit Gordon Snowd

Kasutatud kirjandus

Ariste E 1938 Die eS Ll andisehen Ringkop fnade ln - OES Toim XXX 48-64 Aroalho J 1978 Lieto Haimionmaki Nuoremman rautakauden polttokenttakalmisto Aurajokishylaaksossa Pro gradu-tutkielma - Karhullhammas 2 Turku Cleve N 1978 Skelettgravfiilten pa Kjuloholm i Kjulo II Vikingatid oeh korstagstid Gravfaltet C - SMYA XLIV 2 Edgren T 1973 En baltisk smyckenal frltln Veitakkala i Salo - SMY A 75 30--31 Hackman A 1938 Das Brandgriiberfcld von Pukkila in Isokyro - SMYA XLI Hardh B 1976 Wikingerzeitliche Depotfunde atls Slidschwcdcn Katalog und Tafeln Lund

Indreko R 1937 Aru (Kasikiri AI-s) Jaanusson H 1971 ] 99-104 Jansson I 1995 Dres Kivikoski E 1941 Wi Kivikoski E 1942 Ka Kivikoski E 1973 Di1 Justin A 19621 Ran( Kustin A I962h Saal 13 sajandi alguseni) D Kustin A 1965 An aasta Tallinn (Kiisikir Kustin A 1969 Aruan Lang V 1996 Muistl Loode-Eestis eri ti Pirit Latvijas PSR arhcologij Lavi A 1986a Raatve AI-s) Lavi A 19S6b Arual (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1988 Aruan (Kasikiri A1-s) LehtosaIo-Hiiander P Ligi P 1993 Vadjapar Liiugas V 1973 Das I

SMYA 75117-131 Lougas V amp Magi-Lo TATU 127- 33 Mandel M 1980 Aru 1977 aastal Tallinn (K Mandel M 1982 Linn Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Moora H 1932 Aru~ kaevamisest 1-8 ja 14 Miigi-Lougas M 1994 484 Miigi-Lougas M 1995a Magi-Lougas M 1995t Nerman B r929 Die jlingcrell Eisellzeit - KUI Pauts H 1995 Uiane-E Parss A 1950 Kalmc Koola k Veski Ll) maa Ranta H 1996 Persona Finland Helsinki 36-50 Salmo H 1941 Mcrov SM XLVII 11-39 Schmiedehelm M 1930 ku ucsczcniu sicdemdl B i hI ioteka Prchistoryczna SchmiedeheJm M 1939

1100

57 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

lised Vahe v6is olla oa) eri n6elatiiiipides ud end ehten6elaga aarte ja Uiane-Eesti imesed kohapealsed

ada enamiku Eesti gia ning dateeringud kum pilt rinnan6elte aldavad loodetavasti pdide leiukomplekse konnast tervikuna

valmimisele eeskiitt ersti Siitanitja Jaana

48-64 kenWikalmisto Aurajokishy

eh korstagslid Gravfaltet

7530--31 oXLL g und Tafcln Lund

Indreko R 1937 Aruanne kaevamistest Haimre koolimaja 6ues 19 VII 37 - 20 Vll 37 a Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Jaanusson H 197 L Ett estniskt korsformat hange fran Bjurhovda i Vasteras - Fornvannen 2 99-104 Jansson I 1995 Dress pins of East Baltic type made on Gotland - AEW 83-90 Kivikoski E 1941 Itabalttian ja Suomen suhteista viikinkiajalla - SM XLVIl 40-50 Kivikoski E 1942 Kappale Salon seudun rautakautta - SM XLVlII 13-30 Kivikoski E 1973 Die Eisenzeit Finnlands Bildwerk und Text Neuausgabe Helsinki Kustin A 1962a Randvere kivikalmistu SaaremaaL - MKA 58- 130 Kustin A 1962b Saaremaa ja Muhu muistised feodalismi Uirkamise perioodist (II sajandist kuni J3 sajandi alguseni) Diss kand Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Kustin A J965 Aruanne Kurevere ki vikuhelik-kalmistu arheoloogilisest kaevamisest 1965 aastal Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Kustin A 1969 Aruanne Rahu kivikalme kaevamisest 1959 aastal Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lang V 1996 Muistne Riivala Muistised kronoloogia ja maaviljclusliku asustuse kujunemine Loode-Eestis eriti Pirita joe alamjooksu piirkonnas - MT 4 Latvijas PSR arheologija 1974 RIga Lavi A 1986a Raat vere maa-aluse kalmistu arheoloogilisest uurimisest 19) I a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1986b Aruanne arheoloogilistest kaevamistest Raatvere kalmemael 1982 a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1988 Aruanne Raatvere kalmemae ala arheoloogilisest uurimisest 1983 a Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Lehtosalo-Hilander P - L 1982 Luistari II The Artefacts - SMY A 822 Ligi P 1993 Vadjaparased kalmed Eestis 9-16 sajandiL - MT 2 7-175 Lougas V 1973 Das mitteleisenzeitliche Steingrab von Lehmja Loo in der Nahe von Tallinn shySMYA 75117-131 Luugas V amp Magi-Lougas M 1994 Investigation of ancient monuments at Poide 1991-1992 shyTATO 127-33 Mandel M 1980 ArUal1l1e Uugla kivikalme ja p611ukivihunniku arheoloogi1istest kaevamistest 1977 aastaL Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Mandel M 1982 Linnam~ie maa-aluse p61etuskalmistu kaevamiste aruanne 1976-1980 aastast Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Moora H 1932 Aruanne Rannu kihelk Vcrevi kUla Safldimardi talu maal oleva kivikalme kaevamisest 1-8 ja 14 juun 1932 Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Magi-Lougas M 1994 Eesti viik j ngiaeg~ed hoburauds61ed ja nende ornament - TATO 4 465shy484 Magi-Lougas M 1995a Eesti viikingiaegsed kiiev6rud ja nende ornament - MT 3 271-325 Magi-Liiugas M 1995b lila matus Arhcoloogilised kacvarnised pabcril - TATO 516-531 Nerman n 1929 Die Verbindungen zwischen SkandinaviGn und dem Ostbaltikum in der jiingcren Eiscnzeit - Kungl Vitterhets ock Antikvitets Akadcmien Handlingar 40 1 Stockholm Pauts H 1995 Liiiine-Eesti hoburaudsolcd (8-13 sajand) Diplomitoli Tartu (Kiisikiri AI-s) Piirss A 1950 Kalmc J6geva rajooni Koala kiilanoukogu 9 mai kolhoosi (end Laiuse khk K60la kL Veski tl) maaL Kacv 7-23 VIII 1950 a (Juh H Moora) Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Ranta H 1996 Personal ornaments - Vainionmaki - a Merovingian Period Cemetery in Laitila Finland Helsinki 36-50 SaImo H 1941 Merovinkiaikaisen ratsusotilaan hautakalusto Euran pitajan Pappilanmaesta shySM XLVII 11-39 Schmiedehelm M 1930 Einige Funde der mittleren Eisenzeit aus Estland - Ksi~ga pamiqtkowa ku ucsczeniu siedemdziesiqtej roezniey urodzin prof dr Wlodzimierza Demetrykiewieza Biblioteka Prehistoryclna L Poznan 318-329 Schmiedehelm M 1939 Kuusalu Pajulinn - MEL 121-138

Marika Magi58 EeSfi merovilgi- ja

Selirand J 1974 Eestlaste matmiskombed varafeodaalsete suhete Uirkamise perioodil (11-13 sajand) Tallinn Selirand J 1993 Aruanne kaevamistest Madi kivikalmel Viljandi rajoonis (end Viljandi kihelkond) 1962 a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Stromberg M 1961 Untersuchungen wr jOngcren Eisenzeit in Schonen Vblkerwanderungseit shyWikingerzeit I-II Acta Archaeologica Lundensia series in 4deg no 4 Lund Snore R 1930 Dzelzs laikmeta latvidu rotas adatas - LatvieSll aizvestures materiilli Riga Tallgren A M 1925 Zur Arehiiologie Eestis II Von 500 bis etwa 1250 n Chr Dorpat Tamla T 1991 lamenevate otstega kaevorud Eesti noorema rauaaja (10-13 sajandi) leidudes shyMT I 134--145 TautayWiene B 1981 III-XVI a sidabriniai ir sidabru puosti dirbiniai Vilnius The Road from the Varangians w the Greeks and from the Greeks 1996 Catalogue of the Exibition State Historical Museum MOSlOW fhumnark-Nylen L 1983 Gotland och OstbaJtikum - Gutar och vikingar Stockholm 306-322 Thunmark-Nylen L 1995 Churchyard Finds from Gotland (1llh - It centuries) -AEW 161shy193 Tonisson E 1974 Die Gauja-Liven und ihre materielle Kultur (II lh - Anfang 13 1hs) Tallinn Volkaitc-Kulikauskienc R 1970 Lieluviai IX- XII 3mziais Vilnius

Ayn M 1992 ApXeOJIOIWleCKHe naM5ITHllKH BTOPOH nononHHbl I-ro TblC5I4eneTWI H 3 B IOroshyBOCTOLlflOii 3CTOHIIH TanJlHlll1 CenoB B n 1985 l-b60pcK B 8-10 BeKax - HAn 119-130 CenOBa M B 1981 IOneJlllpllble I131CJIH5I )]pcllllero H06ropona (X-XV 66) MOCK6a CmmblH A A 1896 Kyprallbl c-ne-repfiyprCKOii ly6CpHHII R pacKonKax n K HBaIlOBCKoro - MaTcpllanbl no apxeoJlonm POCCIIII 20 C-neTep6ypl IIIMHnexeJJbM M X 1959 loponflluc PblYIC II IOro-BocT0411oii 3nOllllii - Bonpocbl 3TH114eshyCKOH HCTOPlfH lIapO)WB npH6a~nlKII 110 )lltlIlIlblM apxeoJlorI-lII 3TlIOlpaXilII H 3HTpOIlOnOllm MocKna 154--185

Marika Magi

DECORA TIVE PINS OF THE MEROVINGIAN AND VIKING AGES IN ESTONIA FOREIGN AND LOCAL

Summary

The Merovingian Period (600-800) and the Viking Age (800-1050) have been treated as comparati vely empty of finds in Estonian archaeology The local culture has been believed to have developed since only the [ lth century The dating of artefacts from these periods has been imprecise and usually later than in Finland or Scandinavia

In this paper 253 Estonian decorative pins from the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age have been analysed (Appendix ) They were all meant for fastening coats or dresses small pins for fastening linen kerchiefs appear in the burials only at the end of the Viking Age

According to the general point of view in Estonian archaeology artefact complexes are almost completely lacking in our archaeological material during

the Merovingian I burial customs of has proved howe cremations have b

Altogether 41 (

ff a fron pills

Eight iron pins at least one of then Ariste 1938 PI Il resemble their pre

i lb Bronze pills v

The shape of thi the head ring has decorated with a sn

All plI1S of thi specimens were u wrapping and somt

f2a PillS with simi

The upper and I marked with straigh case

f2h PinI with ciru

Pins of this sub- have also been foun flanges around the r disks have been de luxurious of this t)

pllaques

rkamise pcrioodil (11 -13

Ii rajoonis (end Viljandi

In Viilkerwanderungsze il shymd ures materiali Riga 0 n Chr Dorpat 0-13 sajandi) leidudes shy

Vilnius 1996 Catalogue of the

ngar Stockholm 306-322 h centuries) -AEW 161shy

-Anfang 13 1d1S) Tallinn

TbIC~4CJlCTlll H 3 13 IOro-

V Btl) MOCKua

middotnKax 11 K VlllallOI3CKoro

~HIIII - BOflPOCbl JTHWleshy

)rpaXIII I anTpOIIOJlOrl1H

I VIKING AGES IN L

ge (800-1050) have lrchaeology The local the II th century The and usually later than

erovingian Period and t were all meant for erchiefs appear in the

archaeology artefact )gical material during

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 59

the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The basis for this view has been the burial customs of these times especially cremations My research in our archives has proved however that more or less certamiddotin complexes in stone graves with cremations have been undervalued

1 Ring-headed pins

Altogether 41 ring-headed pins are known from Estonia

11 Earlier variant of ring-headed pins

1la 1ron pins

Eight iron pins have been found in Estonia up to now Though simply shaped at least one of them has been fitted with a rectangular plaque (Kuma AM 2968 Ariste 1938 PI III6) These pins are the oldest ones of the type and closely resemble their predecessors shepherd-crook pins

1lb Bronze pins with widening or profiled neck (Pl 1l11 2)

The shape of these pins is similar to that of the iron specimens In three cases the head ring has been wrapped with silver wire The neck is sometimes decorated with a small round decorative shield (Fig 14 PI IH2)

12 Later variant of ring-headed pins

All pins of this variant had necks of triangular cross-section The later specimens were usually bigger more decorated especially by silver-wire wrapping and sometimes fitted with plaques All of them were made of bronze

12a Pins with silllple triangular neck (Fig 21 2 Pl 1V)

The upper and lower edges of the front side of the neck of these pins were marked with straight ridges The head ring has been wrapped by wire only in one case

12b Pins with circular flanges around their neck (Fig 2 3 PI 111 5 V 1-3)

Pins of this sub-variant were most typical to Estonia though some specimens have also been found in Finland and Latvia There were usually three circular flanges around the neck In most cases both the head ring and the edges of the disks have been decorated with silver wrapping These pins were the most luxurious of this type usually bigger than the others and often fitted with plaques

Marika Magi60 Eesti merovingi- ja

12c Pins with cross-shaped extension (Fig 2 4 Pl X 2-3)

Three pins of this sub-variant have been found in Estonia at Kuusalu (AI 2827) Pajumaa (AM 134 19) and Kunilepa (AI 2483 16) These have been treated as later specimens of ring-headed pins and as specifically Estonian (Tallgren 192581 Ariste 19383754 Kivikoski 197367)

Discussion

Estonian ring-headed pins originated from small pins of the same type in Latvia especially in Semgallien and in northern Lithuania Small Lithuanian ring-headed pins were dated to the 7th-8th centuries bigger ones to the 9th century (Volkaite-Kulikauskiene 1970 168) Numbers of these pins have been found in Finland where they were treated as ornaments of Estonian origin and dated usually to the 7th-8th centuries (Hackman 1938 105-115 LehtosaloshyHilander 1982 109 Ranta 199642) Specimens with a cross-shaped extension could be dated to the 9th century too (Hackman 1938 114) However a ringshyheaded pin of variant ~ 2a from Lillmalmsbacken was found together with a hexahedral ring from a penannular brooch and some other items and could thus be dated to the 9th century too (data from archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki)

Twelve ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were known in Finland in 1973 (Kivikoski 1973 67) and only three specimens in Estonia Estonian pins of this sub-variant have been found in coastal areas or in a deposit at Kunilepa which also contains some other items of Finnish origin (eg early penannular brooches with flat ring) Thus most probably can we talk about a Finnish rather than an Estonian origin for these pins At least two such pins have also been found in Latvia (Snore 1930 Pl IX 15 22)

Tallgren has suggested that ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were predecessors of double-cross-headed pins (1925 81) Ariste (1938) did not support this theory because the dates of these ornaments differed too much It should be noted that some cross-headed pins of Southern Baltic origin with three terminals were spread at the same time in Finland One specimen has been also found in Estonia (PI X 1) Ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extensions could be speciall Finnish ornaments connected both with the ring-headed and cross-headed pins Both concepts are particuhlrly evident in a ring-headed pin with a cross-shaped extension from Liedon Sauvala which is fitted with a supplementary cross inside its head ring (Hackman 1938 Fig 35)

Only one of the Estonian ring-headed pins has been found in an undisturbed find complex in a deposit at Keila (PI IV) This find was probably not complete however because it lacked a second fastener for the chain (another pin) The find could be dated to the 9th century A collection of finds from Kunilepa usually treated as a deposit were obviously picked up from an earlier destroyed grave as

became clear frc probable grave cc spots the grave oj the later part of P Asva to the 8th-91

Ariste has da~

beginning of the supposed making 10th-II th centur~ to my study the I

the 7th century or mainly during the in the 9th century

Only triangulaJ These pins have 1

knobs Mushroom shaped ones to be study both variant pins are described I

This variant in usuaJly earlier but

21a Pins with sma

Fifteen pins fro were all smaller spe

21 h Pins with a Sir

Nine pins of th average in size an sometimes decorate(

21 c Pins with a del

Only four pins fl (PI IX I) was dec~ import from Curonia

61 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - vooraparasedja omad

I)

Estonia at Kuusalu 6) These have been

pecifically Estonian I

of the same type in ia Small Lithuanian ~ger ones to the 9th hese pins have been Estonian origin and 105-1 ] 5 Lehtosaloshyass-shaped extension 4) However a ringshylund together with a items and cou ld thus f the department of

ion were known In

~ecimens in Estonia areas or in a deposit

ish origin (eg early can we talk about a ~ t two such pins have

bss-shaped extension Ariste (1938) did not differed too much It tltic origin with three ~cimen has been also k shaped extensions the ring-headed and in a ring-headed pin lich is fitted with a ~ 35) nd in an undisturbed obably no complete lother pin) The find ~m Kunilepa usually r destroyed grave as

became clear from a conversation with a descendant of the landowner The probable grave could be dated to the 8th-9th centuries From the rest of the find spots the grave of Lehmja-Loo was dated to the 7th century (LOugas 1973 129) the later part of Presti grave to the 7th-8th centuries and the later dwelling layer in Asva to the 8th-9th centuries (Lougas amp Mligi-L6ugas 199432-33)

Ariste has dated Estonian ring-headed pillS from the 7th century up to the beginning of the 10th century (1938 62) Schmiedehelm and Selirand have supposed making reference to Ariste that these pins were also in use during the 10th-11th centuries (Schmiedehelm 1939 136 Selirand 1974 ] 44) According to my study the earlier variant of Estonian ring-headed pins cOUild be dated to the 7th century only The later variant pins with more local character were used mainly during the 8th century Pins of sub-variants 12a and 12c were in use also in the 9th century

2 Triangular-headed pins

Only triangular-headed pins with end knobs were discussed in this paper These pins have up to now been typologized according to the shape of their knobs Mushroom-shaped terminaLs were considered to be earlier and conicshyshaped ones to be later variants (Tangren 1925 80) According to the present study both variants were in use at the same time End knobs typical of the later pins are described in this paper as hat-shaped (Fig 3)

21 Pins without any special decoration

This variant includes 41 pins of different size Smaller specimens were usually earlier but there were quite a number of exceptions to this rule

21a Pins with smooth heads (PI VI 1 3)

Fifteen pins from the Merovingian Period belong to this sub-variant They were all smaller specimens with mushroom- or conic-shaped end knobs

21 h Pins with a smooth triangular hollow

Nine pins of this sub-variant are known in Estonia They were small or average in size and half of them had hat-shaped end knobs The head is sometimes decorated with a single knob in the middle

21 c Pins with a decoration ofconcentric triangles

Only four pins from Estonia belong to this sub-variant A pin from ViI tina (PI IX 1) was decorated with two ammal (horse) figures and is probably an import from Curonia or Semgallien

Marika Magi 62 Eesti merovillgimiddot jl

21d Pins with afaceted triangular hollow (Pi 111 3 4 VI 2)

Sixteen medium-sized or bigger pins belong to this sub-variant Only one of them had a hat-shaped end knob (Presti PI In 3) all the others had only mushroom- or conic-shaped knobs Many of these pins had a faceted neck (Fig 4 4)

22 Pins with a decoration of leaves (Pi V 4-5 V1I V11I 1- 3)

The shape of these pins resembled that of the former variant but the smooth hollow in the head was decorated with three leaves 46 pins or fragments of pins of this variant are known in Estonia Many of them were found in cremations and were bad1ly burnt Hat-shaped end knobs were characteristic of these pins The neck was faceted in 11 specimens (Fig 5) The reverse of some of these pins was decorated with eyes (PI V 5) Such specimens had almost no faceted neck Pins with a faceted neck were thus morphologically ear(jer and the specimens with a decoration on their reverse sides were later in this variant group

Discussion

Triangular-headed pins were widespread in Latvia and Lithuania where their decoration usually differed clearly from that of Estonian pins Pins with mushroom-shaped end knobs were dated to the 7th-9th centuries in L ithuania (Tautaviciene 1981 169) Triangular-headed pms appeared in Latvia as early as 500 and were spread mainly in Semgallien and in the Lower-Daugava area (Snore 1930 PI XXIX 1 Latvijas 1974 PI 40 4 I 3) Some specimens have also been found in Russia (Sedova 198173 Sedov 1985 123 F ig 1 7 8) Triangular-headed pins in FinlJand have been treated as ornaments of Latvian or Estonian origin and dated to the Merovingian Period or the beginning of the Viking Age (Kivikoski 197367-6899 Fig 448 72 l Lehtosalo-Hilander 1982 108)

Pins with leaf decoration were found not only in Estonia but also in Semgallien and Curonia Probably only one specimen has been found in Finland (Rusko Kankare Kivikoski 197367 99) Some pins with leaf decoration were known from Gotland (Nerman 1929 Fig 173-174 177 Thunmark-Nylen 1983 Fig 10 Jansson 1995 88-89 Fig 8) and from the mainland of Sweden (Stromberg 1961 165 PI 73 8 9) One has been found at Trelleborg in Denmark (Michael Andersen pers comm) Two fragmentary pins of this variant belonged to a silver hoard from Baldringe in Skanc (Hardh 1976 PI 20 10 11) and were interesting for us because of their material Ali triangular-headed pins in Estonii were made of bronze The finds in Baldringe proved that the Estonians used to make similar ornaments of both materials but the silver specimens were probably re-cast later

Some of the complexes Thret some bracelets 1

cremation at Hai could be dated to and Maidla gravi datcd to the same

Seven pins of in 1m have been XXVII 4-5) The 8th centuries in (Schmiedehelm 11 L6ugas 1994 32shy

Schmiedehelm (1930) The pins according to Kus According to my Merovingian Perilt the end of the 9th 10th century Arou

Pins of this var and are therefore I

shaped terminals al have been found u majority of them hi draw parallels with elaborated decorati consisting only of broken off and fixel

23a Pins with lea

Six pins of this These pins were pre

23b Pins with plail

Plait decoration not very widespreao and the 11 til centul)

Marika Miigi Eesli merovingi- ja viikil1gi(egsed rinl1aHoelad shy viJiJrapiirasedja ()mad 63

2)

I-variant Only one of the others had oniy

l a faceted neck (Fig

II VIII 1-3)

ariant but the smooth s or fragments of pins und in cremations and tic of these pins The ome of these pins was no faceted neck Pins the specimens with a

roup

~ithuania where their ~ ian pins Pins with centuries in Lithuania d in Latvia as early as Lower-Daugava area

Some specimens have 5 123 Fig I 7 8) naments of Latvian or the beginning of the

Itosalo-Hilander 1982

Estonia but also in een found in Finland

1 leaf decoration were hunmark-Nylen 1983 mainland of Sweden und at Trelleborg in ary pins of this variant h 1976 PI 20 to 11) triangular-headed pins inge proved that the terials but the silver

Some of the Estonian triangubr-headed pins were found in closed find complexes Three pins of variant 21 belonged to a deposit at Inju together with some bracelets which allowed the find to be dated to the 7th-8th centuries A cremation at Haimre (PI V) contained only one pin with leaf decoration and could be dated to the 10th century Some similar pins from Rahu (Kustin 1969) and Maidla graves (data from find lists and plans of Mati Mandel) could be dated to the same time because of the other finds in the burials

Seven pins of the earlier variant have been found in hill-forts Two specimens in Iru have been dated to the 6l7th-8th centuries (Lang 1996 96-97 102 PI XXVII 4--5) The layers where the pins were found have been dated to the 7thshy

8th centuries in Rouge (AYH 1992 65) to the 6th-9th centuries in Otepali (Schmiedehelm 195963) and to the 7th-9th centuries in Pbide (Lougas amp MagishyL6ugas 199432-33)

Schmiedehelm dated Estonian pins of variant 2 J to the 6th-9th centuries (1930) The pins with leaf decoration were used during the II th-12th centuries according to Kustin and Selirand (Kustin J962b 405 Selirand 1974 145) According to my study the pins of variant 21 were used during the whole Merovingian Period and the 9th century Pins with leaf decoration appeared at the end of the 9th century at the latcst and were in use during the whole of the 10th century Around 1000 they were replaced by pins of the next variant

23 Pins of Saaremaa type

Pins of this variant differ morphologically from the above-discussed variants and are therefore treated separately here These pins were flat with flat heartshyshaped terminals and a high loop on their neck (Fig 6) Altogether 63 specimens have been found up to now as many as 49 of them on Saaremaa (Osel) The majority of them have been found in cremations and were badly burnt If we may draw parallels with the other ornament types the more massive specimens with elaborated decoration were earlier than the thin pins with stylised decoration consisting only of a few lines In many cases the heads of these pins had been broken off and fixed to a new iron shaft ie recycled

23a Pins with leal decoration (PI VI 4 VIII 6-7)

Six pins of this variant have a more or less stylised decoration of three leaves These pins were probably the earliest ones in vanant 23

23b Pins with plait decoration (Fig 8 PI VIII 5 IX 2)

Plait decoration was popular in L atvia and Lithuania over a long period but not very widespread in Estonia On Saaremaa bracelets of the late Viking Age and the 11 th century had often the same pattern In six cases also the reverse of

Marika Magi64 Eesti merovingi- ja

the pins had been decorated mostly with eyes These specimens were also more massive ie probably somewhat earlier

23c Pins with some other kind ofdecoration (Fig 7 Pl VI 5 VIII 4 IX 4-5)

Different kinds of simple patterns were spread on the pins of Saaremaa type most of them having counterparts in Latvia More and less massive specimens occurred in this sub-variant too Though the pattern usually consisted of different lines some pins were decorated with one or more eyes only (Fig 7 Pl IX 4) These could probably be treated as imports from Latvia like some other somewhat unusual pins of this sub-variant

Discussion

Pins of this variant were widespread in Latvia particularly in Curonia and Semgallien but also in the Lower-Daugava area They were dated to the lOthshy12th centuries there (Snore 1930 Pl XV LA 1974 Pl 481 5014 15525 T6nisson 1974 Pl XXXVI2) The decoration of Latvian pins usually differed from that of Estonian pins and even plait decoration seems to have not been very popular on this type of pins in Latvia

Only single pins of this variant have been found in the other neighbouring countries most of them specifically Latvian (Nerrnan 1929 Figs 175-178 Kivikoski 1973 99 Fig 720 Jansson 1995 88-89) The only exceptions were two pins from Garda churchyard on Gotland which were decorated with leaves (Thunmark-Nylen 1995 185 Fig 13) A small piece of a similar pin has been found as a stray find in Roskilde Denmark (Andersen pers comm)

In Uugla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin with leaf decoration has been found together with a knife pieces of chain arrangement a bronze plaque and a bracelet (Mandel 1980) The grave could be dated to the end of the 10th century or to the beginning of the 11 th century according to the bracelet (Magi-Lougas 1995b 521) In Maidla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin was found in the same chain arrangement with a pin of variant 22 (data from find lists and plans of Mandel) In Randvere graveyard a pin of variant 23 fixed to an iron shaft was found together with a penannular brooch with poppy-shaped terminals and with sherds of fine-grained pottery (data from Kustin 1962a 64-65 97) The complex could be dated around 1000

Kustin dated Saaremaa type pins to the 11th-12th centuries (1962a 70) As proved above the earlier specimens of this variant appeared as early as the 10th century and were used contemporarily with pins of variant 22 Saaremaa type pins stayed in use during the whole 11 th century and were replaced by doubleshycross-headed pins with united terminals at the beginning of the 12th century at the latest

Only some sin Viking Age have terminals appear 0

centuries Only lht local ornament typ

Double-cross-hl number of pin he probably for a lon

41 PillS

A tolal of 42 pi have been found il variants but the b thus SUbjective Tt specific construclio but a decoration of bigger thinner ofte (Fig 10) The earl ones were usually n

42 Pi

This group incl specimens as in the of these two groups

43

These pins appea the 11th century Ill

variant resemble late

Few specimens 01 Estonia They had be in Finland Pins frO centuries (Cleve 191

65 Marilw Magi Eesfi mcOvingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad - vooraparased ja onwd

imens were also more

VI 5 VI 4 IX 4-5)

pins of Saaremaa type ~ss massive specimens

usually consisted of e eyes only (Fig 7 PI Jatvia like some other

ularly in Curonia and ere dated to the 10thshy4815014 15525 ~ pins usually differed to have not been very

he other neighbouring 1929 Figs 175-178

only exceptions were decorated with leaves

a similar pin has been s comm) Dration has been found bronze plaque and a

nd of the 10th century bracelet (Miigi-L6ugas Nas found in the same find lists and plans of d to an iron shaft was )ed terminals and with -6597) The complex

Ituries (l962a 70) As ed as early as the 10th lilt 22 Saaremaa type re replaced by doubleshyof the 12th century at

3 Early cross-headed pins (PI X 1 XI 2)

Only some single cross-headed pins dated to the Merovingian Period or the Viking Age have been found in Estonia Small cross-headed pins with united terminals appear only after the Viking Age and were used over a period of some centuries Only the idea of cross-headed pins was borrowed from the Baits and a local ornament type was created on its base a double-cross-headed pin

4 Double-cross-headed pins

Double-cross-headed pins were specifically Estonian ornaments Quite a number of pin heads of this type have been fixed to an iron shaft and used probably for a long time after they were made

41 Pins with unconnected terminals (Pt X 4-6 XI 1 3-5)

A total of 42 pins with unconnected te rminals or pieces of such kind of pins have been found in Estonia They could be divided into earlier and later subshyvariants but the border between these two groups would be too undefined and thus subjective The earlier specimens were usually smaller thicker and with specific construction of their neck (Fig 9) They were often decorated with eyes but a decoration of conce ntric circles was also possible Later pins were always bigger thinner often silver-plated and had a special trapezoid loop on their neck (Fig 10) The earlier specimens were often deformed and burnt but the later ones were usually not burnt and in several cases found in inhumations

42 Pins with connected lower terminals (Pl X 7 XII)

This group includes 21 pins Thc same criteria about earlier and later specimens as in the former variant were also valid in this variant hence the pins of these two groups were at least partly contemporary

43 Pins with completely connected terminals

These pins appeared at the very end of the Viking Age ic at the middle of the 11 th century and will thus be not considered here Some specimens of thi s variant ]escmble iatcr specimens of the fonner variants

Discussion

Few specimens of pins with unconnected terminals have been found outSIde E stonia They had been usually used as pendants Five of them have been found in Finland Pins from Lillmalmsbacken and EU-cl were dated to the 9th-10th centuries (Cleve 1978 105) Two pins have been found in inhumations in

Marika Miigi66 Eesti merovingi- ja

Kjuloholm and dated to the beginning of the II th century (Cleve 1978 105 PI 8 15) Pendants from Estonian double-cross-headed pins have been found in late Viking Age cremations in Bjurhovda Central-Sweden (Jaanusson 1971) in North Norway and Gotland (Jansson 1995 88 fig 7) Some of them were

known from barrows in Northwest Russia (ClII1UbIH 1896 PI V 6 XVII 32) No double-cross pins have been found in Latvia or Lithuania according to the literature

A pin from Koola graveyard (PI X 4) was unearthed together with pieces of chain a glassbead bronze spirals and a bracelet all badly burnt (Parss 1950) Two pins from Verevi had belonged to the same chain arrangement and were found together with a bracelet a bell piece of neck-ring and a penannular brooch pi n with narrow base (Moora 1932) Both these burials could belong to the 10th century

In a womans grave in Aseri two doub Pe-cross-headed pins of earlier character were found with bracelets with thickening ends a spiral bracelet chain pieces and bronze spirals This complex could not be later than the middle of the 10th century because of the bracelets of earlier type in it (M~igi-Lougas 1995a 280 ff Fig 30)

A double-cross-pin of later character belonged to a deposit at Piihaste which also contained some other ornaments and could be dated to the first half of the 11 th century Some pairs of pins with specifically later features have been found in inhumations Graves from Alatskivi Raatvere and Tooste could be mentioned here all dated to the first half of the ] I th century (PI XI 5) A small doubJeshycross-headed pin fixed secondarily to a bronze stem belonged to a cremation of the second half of the 11 th century in Jouga (Ligi 1993 53-54 PI XXVIII 5)

Two double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals had belonged to a womans grave in Madi together with chain fragments bronze spira ls fingershyrings pieces of neck-rings a knife a belt buckle a comb a fire-steel bits and potsherds (Sel irand 1993) In Rahu a pin of the same variant occurred together with a penannular brooch chain arrangements a finger-ring and bits (Kustin 1969) Both these complexes could be dated to the 11th century Two pins of variant 42 belonged to a female inhumation grave in Raatvere and were dated to the first half of the J I th century (PI XII)

As proved above the double-cross-headed pins were cOl1nected with ringshyheaded pins with cross-shaped extension only through common predecessors ie cross-headed pins Looking at the shape of double-cross-headed pins one can ask if they could be connected with the Orthodox cross and perhaps with the conversion of Russia at the end of the 10th century The idea could be supported by the distribution of these pins the double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals were the only variant of dress fastening pins that were concentrated in the eastern half of Estonia

As the double-cross-headed pins appeared in Estonia before the end of the JOth century they cannot be directly connected with the Christianization of

Russia but influe not be discounteo definite evidence (

Selirand has ( centuries (1974 I terminals As pm appeared by the m morphologically t( were in use up to variant 43

Some findings used Parallels in could differ among

As most of the these ornaments WI men in Finland (I Latvia and Lithuan suggested that Esto Estonian ring-head southern neighbour Finland wore the sa

Hackman has re in Finland were all these pins were fa numbers were in s (KM 8067 A3 4 S of archaeology in N variant in Estonia h pin that could belo Keila was found tc woman (PI IV)

In conclusion on and the big luxuriol and 12c were used by women It is po during the 9th centUl

The triangular-he and were sometime~

arrangement Only 0

plaques and had prot

67 Marika Miigi Eesti mcrovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

(Cleve 1978 105 PI have been found in late (Jaanusson 1971) in

Some of them were

6 PI V 6 XVII 32) uania according to the

together with pieces of lIy burnt (Piirss 1950) arrangement and were ing and a penannuJar mrials could belong to

lins of earlier character bracelet chain pieces

the middle of the 10th -L6ugas I995a 280 ff

posit at Ptihaste which to the first half of the ~tures have been found te could be mentioned 1 5) A small doubleshynged to a cremation of -54 PI XXYIlI 5) erminals had belonged bronze spirals fingershy

0 a fire-steel bits and ~ [wnt occurred toget h er -ring and bits (KUstin century Two pins of

vere and were dated to

connected with riDgshyImon predecessors ie -headed pins one can and perhaps with the

lea could be supported pins with unconnected it were concentrated in

before the end of the he Christianization of

Russia but influences from Christian cOllntriesin the East (Byzantium) could not be discounted In any case the double-cross-headed pins do not provide definite evidence of the Christianity of their owners

Selirand has dated double-crass-headed pins to the 11th up to the 12th centuries (1974 146) which is correct for the variant with completely connected terminals As proved above the pins with unconnected terminals had already appeared by the middle of the 10th century The earlier pins of variant 4 2 belong morphologically to the end of the 10th century at the latest Both these variants were in use lip to the m iddle of the 11th century when they were replaced by variant 43

Use of dress fastening pins

Some findings in Estonia let us determine how and by Wh0111 the pins were used Parallels in the neighbouring countries cannot be used here directly and could differ among neighbours

As most of the ring-headed pins were single finds it is most plausible that these ornaments were worn singly Luxurious ring-headed pins had belonged to men in Finland (Lehtosalo-Hiander 1982 109) but the small specimens in Latvia and Lithuania were worn by women and always in pairs Vello Lougas suggested that Estnnian ring-headed pins were also used by women 0 973 126) Estonian ring-headed pins however definitely differ from the small ones of our southern neighbours It seems to be hardly believable that wealthy horsemen in Finland wore the same pins as women in Estonia

Hackman has reported that the ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extension in Finland were alI single finds (1938 114) However in two or even three cases these pins were found obviously in pairs in Uskcla Lukkarinmaki ie their numbers were in sequence and they had almost or completely the same shape (KM 8067 A3 4 57 perhaps also 29 30 data fram archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki) A Kunilcpa pin of the same subshyvariant in Estonia has been found together with a head-ring fragment of a similar pin that could belong to the same sub-variant The pin of sub-variant 12a in Keila was found together with female ornaments and had thus belonged to a woman (PI IV)

In conclusion one can suppose that the ring-headed pins of the earlier variant and the big luxurious pins were worn by men in Estonia Pins of variants 12a and 12c were used by both sexes or especially in the case of variant 12c only by women It is possible that the ring-headed pins became female ornaments during the 9th century

The triangular-headed pins of variant 21 occuned in several cases in pairs and were sometimes fitted with a long chain ie they had belonged to a chain arrangement Only one pin from Pajumaa (PI III4) was fitted with rectangular plaques and had probably been worn on its own

Marika Mdgi68 Eesti merovingi- ja

As ring-headed pins and triangular-headed pins had been in use contemporarily and in the same area it can be supposed that the former were worn by men and the latter by women It is possible that men stopped using pins some time in the 9th century and started to fasten their coats only with penannular brooches Since the 10th century at the latest one can talk about pins as specifically female ornaments in Estonia

Two triangular-headed pins connected with a single chain have been found in Liiva In some cases these pins were unearthed in pairs or single specimens often stray finds were fitted with a long chain Chain holders have been found together with these pins only twice However triangular-headed pins with leaf decoration were sometimes worn probably also singly as in the grave of Hairnre (PI VII)

Triangular-headed pins of Saaremaa type were found in pairs in several cases These pins occurred typically with half-oval chain holders and other pieces of chain arrangement which proves that the chain arrangements with these pins consisted of several rows of chains

Moreover the double-cross-headed pins occur usually in pairs and together with other pieces of a chain arrangement The pins of earlier character were connected only with a single chain (Aseri Verevi Riuma PI XI 4) but the later ones fastened chain arrangements with several rows of chains which were fixed to the pins with openwork chain holders (PI XI 5 XII)

Distribution

Estonia could be divided into two parts according to the local ornaments of the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The same division is valid also in the case of the decorative pins The tradition of fastening the dress with pins was strong in the western part of the Estonian mainland and on the islands but was almost absent in the eastern part during the whole Merovingian Period and the firs t half of the Viking Age The first local pin types - the double-cross-headed pins - occurred there only in the 10th century Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals and with completely connected terminals were spread already allover Estonia providing evidence of the standardisation of ornamental culture

English version checked by Gordon Snow Oxford

1 Rongaspeaga e

1 Ring-headed p

I Juuru Kunilepa 2 J6eJahtme Prest 3 Jiiri Kuma (AM 4 Juri Lagedi (Ar-shy5 JUri Lehmja-Lolt 6 Kaarma Aste (S 7 Karuse Pajumaa 8 Keila (AM 234 9 Kihelkonna Oda to Kihelkonna Paj II Kihclkonna Vii 12 Koeru Preedi (1 13 Kul lamua Vaik 14 KUllsalu (AI 28 15 Karla Kaarmise 16 Ktirla Paevere 17 Karia Paikiila ( 18 Liiganuse PUssi 19 Palamuse Nava 20 Peetri Painurme 21 Parnu-Jaagupi F 22 Pbide Asva (Al 23 Pbidc Tomimae 24 Ridala Ahli (H~ 25 R6ngu Kivivare 26 Viru- Nigllia Pal 27 Viru-Nigllla KUl

2 Kolmnurkpeaga

2 Triangular-head

21 Ornamentimatpoundl

21 Pins without spe

I 16eIahtme lru (AI 2 J6elahtme Presti (

Marika Magi

s had been in use d that the former were men stopped using pins their coats only with one can talk about pins

Jain have been found in s or single specimens )Iders have been found --headed pins with leaf in the grave of Haimre

n pairs in several cases ~rs and other pieces of ments with these pins

v in pairs and together earlier character were PI XI 4) but the later ains which were fixed

the local ornaments of ivision is valid also in he dress with pins was n the islands but was ingian Period and the e double-cross-headed ross-headcd pins with terminah were spread

disation of ornamental

Gordol Snow Oxford

69Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoeiad - vooraparased ja omad

Lisa Appendix

1 Rongaspeaga ehtenoelad Eestis (kaart joon 11)

1 Ring-headed pins in Estonia (map fig 11)

I Juuru Kunilepa (AI 2483 16 17) 2 Joelahtme Presti (AI 5490386 7) 3 Juri Kuma (AM 31 5 AM 2968 69 71) 4 Juri Lagedi (AM 2768) 5 Juri Lehmja-Loo (AI 444499184211 247278283) 6 Kaarma Aste (SM 7675 12) 7 Karuse Pajumaa (AM 134 18 19) 8 Keila (AM 2343) 9 Kihelkonna Odalatsi (AI 3822303) 10 Kihelkonna Paju (AI K 68) 11 Kihelkonna Viki (AI 251373) 12 Koeru Preedi (AI 4426616) 13 Kullamaa Vaike-Kalju (AI 3445) 14 Kuusalu (AI 2827) 15 Karla Kaarmise (AI 3501) 16 Karia Paevere (AI 2657 1) 17 Karia Paikula (AI 25024) 18 Luganuse Piissi (AM 99) 19 Palamuse Nava (AI 39681167) 20 Peetri PaillurmC (AM 11710) 21 Parnu-Jaagupi Parasmaa (AM 493 12) 22 Pbide Asva (AI 4366 1004) 23 Pbide Tomimae (AI 4338 1117) 24 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045220) 25 Rongu Kivivare (AI 47267) 26 Viru- Nigula Pada (AI 536641) 27 Viru-Nigula Kunda (AM 88 113 114)

2 Kolmnurkpeaga noelad Eestis

2 Triangular-headed pins in Estonia

21 Ornamentimata voi lihtsatest joontest ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 12)

21 Pins without special decoration (map fig 12)

1 JoeHihtme lru (AI 4051 9491097) 2 Joellihtme Presti (AI 5490374)

Eesti merovillgi- ja70 Marika Magi

3 J6hvi Toila (AI 3952299 362) 4 Kamse Pajumaa (AM 13414) 5 Kihelkonna K6mse (AI 2643 111 112113) 6 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 14832) 7 Lliganuse Purtse (AI 50388) 8 Martna Ehmp (AM 554605 615 665 81 J 823) 9 Muhu Mala (AI K 2 1234 89) 10 Nissi Vardi (AM 368 13) 11 Otepaa linnamagihillfort (AI 4036 IV203) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 491 122 852 1024) 13 Parnu-Jaagupi M6isaklila (AI 575925) 14 Pbide maalinnhillfort (SM 1460401) 15 Pbide Viltina (AI 38843515) 16 Puha Leina (AI 2643366) 17 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817333) J8 Rouge linnam~igihillfort (AI 40402313162) 19 Saaremaa (AI K 848) 20 Viru-Jaagupi Inju (AI 2794232425) 21 Vandra khklparish (P~lM 23912) 22 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 382 37764)

22 Lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 13)

22 PillS with leaves-decoration (map fig 13)

1 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 1) 2 Keila Uksnurme (AM 68 1) 3 Juri Moigu-Peetri (AI 4877 100) 4 Kaarma khklparish (AI K 67 17 1845 AI 507 6) 5 Kaarrna Uduvere (AI 15184) 6 Kihelkonna Lumanda (AI 382233 3438 35) 7 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 531 1352 1549 1696 1886 23834153

26892690297831483163310131023115) 8 Mihkli Sol va (AI 251318) 9 Muhu Liiva (SM 931 2) 10 Marjamaa Hairnre (AI 3614 I) 11 Nissi Polli (AI 3926 I) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 49120206 584a 584b 760) 13 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884 ) 14 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045 219) 15 Saaremaa (AI K 846) 16 Valjala khklparish (SM K 5410) 17 Valjala Rahu (AI 423922 44 758) 18 Leiukoht teadmatalFindspot unknown (AI 3027)

23 Saaremaa tii

23 PillS ofSaart

1 Hanila Komsi I

2 Kaarma khk I~ 3 Kaarma Loona 4 Kaarma Uduve 5 Karja Valja (A 6 Karuse Pajuma 7 Kihelkonna Ka 8 Kihelkonna khl 9 Kihelkonna Ku 10 Kihelkonna L 11 Kihelkonna 12 Kihelkonna P 13 Kose Paunkiil 14 Kullamaa Mai 15 Karla khk Ipa 16 Karla Kogula 17 Karla Orikiila 18 Uiiine-Niguia 19 Martna Ehmja 20 Pamu Jaagupi 21 Parnu-Jaagupi 22 Parnumaa (Pal 23 Pbide K6igust 24 P6ide Randvel 25 P6ide Viltina ( 26 Piiha Ilpla (AI 27 Saaremaa (AI 28 Valjala Konnu 29 Valjala Rahu (

3 Merovingi- voi

3 Merovingian connected termin

I Karja khklparis 2 Kodavere Lahef 3 Kodavere Savas 4 Mihkli Kurese ( 5 lPoide AudIa (S~ 6 Aksi Raigastven

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja (Jmad

23 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad (kaartjoon 14)

71

~)

96 1886 2383 4153

)760)

23 Pins ofSa a rema a type (map fig 14)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510940) 2 Kaarma khk parish(AI K 67 1944) 3 Kaarma Loona (AK K 1776 LVYM 650911393) 4 Kaarma Uduvere (AI K 15185 186 187 188) 5 Kalja Valja (AI K 76 1) 6 Karu se Pajumaa (AM 134 I 5) 7 Kihelkonna Kalmu (AI 3822]57 158 194) 8 Kihelkonna khk parish (AI K 741) 9 Kihelkonna Kurevere (AI 43686998 102) 10 Kihelkonna Loona (AI 3822233a) 11 Kihelkonna Liimanda (AK 382268 136) 12 Kihelkonna Paju (L VVM 20A 128) 13 Kose Paunkiila (AM 73 1) 14 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 3160 3635 3637 5000 6085) 15 KarIa khk pari sh (AI K 79101819) 16 Karia Kogula (AI K 2951 52) 17 Karla Orikiila (AI K 4 102 103) 18 Laane-Nigula Uugla (AM 500503) 19 Martna Ehmja (AM 554824) 20 Pamu Jaagupi Pooravere (PaM 2364) 21 Pamu-J aagupi Linnamae (AM 491170) 22 Parnumaa (PaM ) 23 Poide Koiguste (AI 436 I 2) 24 Poide Randvere (AI 26972 AI 3895 257) 25 Poide Viltina (AI 3884391 2588b 2755 3128 4300) 26 Piiha IJpla (AI 3822315 382 K 1 78) 27 Saaremaa (AI K 843 57 AI K 8546107 AI 3529 SM ) 28 Valjala Konnu (AI 5151) 29 Valjala Rahu (AI 4239202 670 1114)

3 Merovingi- voi varaviikingiaegsed lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad

3 Merovingian Period or earJy Viking Age cross-headed pins with unshyconnected terminals

1 Karja khkparish (AI K 774) 2 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 198433) 3 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 1483 1) 4 Mihkli Kurese (AI 2513 17) 5 Poide AudIa (SM K 49 I) 6 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885)

72 Marika Magi

7 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (AM aj 98)

4 Kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

4 Double-cross-headed pins

41 Lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad (kaart joon 15)

41 Double-cross-headed pins with unconnecled terminals (map fig 15)

I Haljala Essu (AM 8327) 2 Harju-Jaani Kehra (AI 35849 10) 3 Iisaku J6uga (AI 510062) 4 JUllm Kaiu jarvLake Kaiu (AI 5251) 5 Karksi Kiiti (AI 1353 1) 6 Kodavere Alatskivi (AI 1893la Ib) 7 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 4976 159) 8 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 516957 5295210a 210b) 9 Kose Ardu (AI 26744) 10 Laiuse Koola (AI 40245) Ii Nissi Varbola (AI 3865 128) 12 Nao Unipiha linnamagihillfort (AI 2901 11) 13 Otepaa PaidJa (AI 19973) 14 P6ltsamaa Pajusi (AI 1871 8) 15 Pamu-Jaagupi Anelema (AI 42255) 16 Parnumaa (PaM A 2361) 17 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884153) 18 Piiha IJpla (AI K 1 77) 19 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817 307311) 20 R6ngu Piihaste (AI 3667 I) 21 Rapina Tooste (AI 41085 7) 22 Tarvastu Riuma (AI 12073a 3b) 23 Viljandi Kuude (VM 331 2 43 17A 312) 24 Viljandimaa (VM ) 25 Vim-Nigula Aseri (RM 1211A 57683 7879) 26 Vim-Nigula Kohala (RM 30791A 51 12) 27 Vim-Nigula Kunda (AI 157933 4002) 28 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 5343c)

29 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (LVVM 58923A I 798)

42 Uhendatud alumiste harudega kaksikristpeaga l10elad (kaartjoon 16)

42 Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals (map fig 16)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510103188218507)

Eest merovillgi-(I v

2 Harju-Jaani Raa 3 Kodavere Raatv( 4 Kullamaa Maid 5 Liiganllse Kalme 6 Mihkli Veltsa (A 7 Marjal1laa Konol 8 Marjamaa Moka 9 P61tsal1laa Pajusi 10 Rannu Verevi ( 11 VaUala Rahu (A 12 Viljandi Madi ( 13 Vaike-Maarja A 14 Leiukoht teadl1l1

Marika Magi Eesti merovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy viJorapiirased ja omarl 73

15)

(Ilapjig 15)

I 798)

kaartjOOIi16)

als(mapjig16)

2 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 16) 3 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 5295 121a 12Ib) 4 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 5802 18 2323) 5 Liiganuse Kalmeistri (AI 28244) 6 MihkJi Ve1tsa (AI 4944) 7 Marjamaa Konovere linnamagihillfort (AI 4571159) 8 Marjamaa Moka (AI 371021) 9 P51tsamaa Pajusi (AI 19996) 10 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817234) 11 Valjala Rahu (AI 423970) 12 Viljandi Macli (AI 25906166172174) 13 V~iike-Maalja Antu (AM 102 I) 14 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 26362)

Marika Miigi

~aks voi enam ekscmplari

Ilion 10m tind 2 two or

~t)l~j) -- C i

gt I middotmiddotmiddot~ 1 0 5 (gt~f bull bull J_

Eesli 11 crovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnallocad shy voorapiirascd ja (JlI1ad 55

bull 1 o

bull 2

Joon 15 Lahtiste harudcga kaksikristpeaga nacltc levik I - Uks eksemplar 2 - kaks vai enam eksemplari

Fig 15 Distribution of double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals lone find 2 two or more finds

bull 1 CJ

bull 2

Joon 16 Dhcndatud alumiste harudcga kaksikristpeaga naelte 1evik I - Uks eksemplar 2 - kaks v6i enam eksemplari

oi enam eksemplari Fig 16 Distribution of double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals lone find 2 two

nd 2 two or more finds or more finds

)

Marika Magi 56 Eesti merovillgi- ja

Ehten6elu on ajaloo jooksul kandnud nii mehed kui naised Vahe v6is olla tiksnes kandmisviisis (naiteks meestel tihe- naistel kahekaupa) eri n6elattilipides v6i ka eri perioodides Nii ei ole Eesti mehed ilustanud end ehten6elaga viikingiaja teisel poole Ehten6elad on kuulunud eeskatt saarte ja Laane-Eesti ehtekandmistraditsiooni Jda- ja L6una-Eestisse illmusid esimesed kohapealsed ttitibid alles viikingiaja keskel

Tbb esemete ning arhiivimaterjaliga v6imaldas esitada enamiku Eesti merovingi- ja vilkingiaja n6elte kohta tapsustatud ttipoloogia ning dateeringud Uoon 17) Loodetavasti 6nnestus luua varasemast tervikilikum pilt rinnan6elte morfoloogilisest arengust Tapsustatud dateeringud v6imaldavad loodetavasti liigitada Uipsemalt ka tilejaanud Eesti kasitletavate perioodide ieiukomplekse ning luua seelabi parema ettekujutuse kogu tolleaegsest tihiskonnast tervikuna

600 700 800 900 1000 1100

loon 17 Noelte dateeringud

Fi g 17 Dates of pins

Tanuavaldus

Autor tanab k6iki kes aitasid kaasa kaesoleva artikli valmimisele eeskatt fotograafe Rein Karneritja Enno V~iljalit ning kunstnikke Kersti Siitanit ja Jaana Ratast samuti inglise keele korrektorit Gordon Snowd

Kasutatud kirjandus

Ariste E 1938 Die eS Ll andisehen Ringkop fnade ln - OES Toim XXX 48-64 Aroalho J 1978 Lieto Haimionmaki Nuoremman rautakauden polttokenttakalmisto Aurajokishylaaksossa Pro gradu-tutkielma - Karhullhammas 2 Turku Cleve N 1978 Skelettgravfiilten pa Kjuloholm i Kjulo II Vikingatid oeh korstagstid Gravfaltet C - SMYA XLIV 2 Edgren T 1973 En baltisk smyckenal frltln Veitakkala i Salo - SMY A 75 30--31 Hackman A 1938 Das Brandgriiberfcld von Pukkila in Isokyro - SMYA XLI Hardh B 1976 Wikingerzeitliche Depotfunde atls Slidschwcdcn Katalog und Tafeln Lund

Indreko R 1937 Aru (Kasikiri AI-s) Jaanusson H 1971 ] 99-104 Jansson I 1995 Dres Kivikoski E 1941 Wi Kivikoski E 1942 Ka Kivikoski E 1973 Di1 Justin A 19621 Ran( Kustin A I962h Saal 13 sajandi alguseni) D Kustin A 1965 An aasta Tallinn (Kiisikir Kustin A 1969 Aruan Lang V 1996 Muistl Loode-Eestis eri ti Pirit Latvijas PSR arhcologij Lavi A 1986a Raatve AI-s) Lavi A 19S6b Arual (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1988 Aruan (Kasikiri A1-s) LehtosaIo-Hiiander P Ligi P 1993 Vadjapar Liiugas V 1973 Das I

SMYA 75117-131 Lougas V amp Magi-Lo TATU 127- 33 Mandel M 1980 Aru 1977 aastal Tallinn (K Mandel M 1982 Linn Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Moora H 1932 Aru~ kaevamisest 1-8 ja 14 Miigi-Lougas M 1994 484 Miigi-Lougas M 1995a Magi-Lougas M 1995t Nerman B r929 Die jlingcrell Eisellzeit - KUI Pauts H 1995 Uiane-E Parss A 1950 Kalmc Koola k Veski Ll) maa Ranta H 1996 Persona Finland Helsinki 36-50 Salmo H 1941 Mcrov SM XLVII 11-39 Schmiedehelm M 1930 ku ucsczcniu sicdemdl B i hI ioteka Prchistoryczna SchmiedeheJm M 1939

1100

57 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

lised Vahe v6is olla oa) eri n6elatiiiipides ud end ehten6elaga aarte ja Uiane-Eesti imesed kohapealsed

ada enamiku Eesti gia ning dateeringud kum pilt rinnan6elte aldavad loodetavasti pdide leiukomplekse konnast tervikuna

valmimisele eeskiitt ersti Siitanitja Jaana

48-64 kenWikalmisto Aurajokishy

eh korstagslid Gravfaltet

7530--31 oXLL g und Tafcln Lund

Indreko R 1937 Aruanne kaevamistest Haimre koolimaja 6ues 19 VII 37 - 20 Vll 37 a Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Jaanusson H 197 L Ett estniskt korsformat hange fran Bjurhovda i Vasteras - Fornvannen 2 99-104 Jansson I 1995 Dress pins of East Baltic type made on Gotland - AEW 83-90 Kivikoski E 1941 Itabalttian ja Suomen suhteista viikinkiajalla - SM XLVIl 40-50 Kivikoski E 1942 Kappale Salon seudun rautakautta - SM XLVlII 13-30 Kivikoski E 1973 Die Eisenzeit Finnlands Bildwerk und Text Neuausgabe Helsinki Kustin A 1962a Randvere kivikalmistu SaaremaaL - MKA 58- 130 Kustin A 1962b Saaremaa ja Muhu muistised feodalismi Uirkamise perioodist (II sajandist kuni J3 sajandi alguseni) Diss kand Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Kustin A J965 Aruanne Kurevere ki vikuhelik-kalmistu arheoloogilisest kaevamisest 1965 aastal Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Kustin A 1969 Aruanne Rahu kivikalme kaevamisest 1959 aastal Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lang V 1996 Muistne Riivala Muistised kronoloogia ja maaviljclusliku asustuse kujunemine Loode-Eestis eriti Pirita joe alamjooksu piirkonnas - MT 4 Latvijas PSR arheologija 1974 RIga Lavi A 1986a Raat vere maa-aluse kalmistu arheoloogilisest uurimisest 19) I a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1986b Aruanne arheoloogilistest kaevamistest Raatvere kalmemael 1982 a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1988 Aruanne Raatvere kalmemae ala arheoloogilisest uurimisest 1983 a Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Lehtosalo-Hilander P - L 1982 Luistari II The Artefacts - SMY A 822 Ligi P 1993 Vadjaparased kalmed Eestis 9-16 sajandiL - MT 2 7-175 Lougas V 1973 Das mitteleisenzeitliche Steingrab von Lehmja Loo in der Nahe von Tallinn shySMYA 75117-131 Luugas V amp Magi-Lougas M 1994 Investigation of ancient monuments at Poide 1991-1992 shyTATO 127-33 Mandel M 1980 ArUal1l1e Uugla kivikalme ja p611ukivihunniku arheoloogi1istest kaevamistest 1977 aastaL Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Mandel M 1982 Linnam~ie maa-aluse p61etuskalmistu kaevamiste aruanne 1976-1980 aastast Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Moora H 1932 Aruanne Rannu kihelk Vcrevi kUla Safldimardi talu maal oleva kivikalme kaevamisest 1-8 ja 14 juun 1932 Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Magi-Lougas M 1994 Eesti viik j ngiaeg~ed hoburauds61ed ja nende ornament - TATO 4 465shy484 Magi-Lougas M 1995a Eesti viikingiaegsed kiiev6rud ja nende ornament - MT 3 271-325 Magi-Liiugas M 1995b lila matus Arhcoloogilised kacvarnised pabcril - TATO 516-531 Nerman n 1929 Die Verbindungen zwischen SkandinaviGn und dem Ostbaltikum in der jiingcren Eiscnzeit - Kungl Vitterhets ock Antikvitets Akadcmien Handlingar 40 1 Stockholm Pauts H 1995 Liiiine-Eesti hoburaudsolcd (8-13 sajand) Diplomitoli Tartu (Kiisikiri AI-s) Piirss A 1950 Kalmc J6geva rajooni Koala kiilanoukogu 9 mai kolhoosi (end Laiuse khk K60la kL Veski tl) maaL Kacv 7-23 VIII 1950 a (Juh H Moora) Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Ranta H 1996 Personal ornaments - Vainionmaki - a Merovingian Period Cemetery in Laitila Finland Helsinki 36-50 SaImo H 1941 Merovinkiaikaisen ratsusotilaan hautakalusto Euran pitajan Pappilanmaesta shySM XLVII 11-39 Schmiedehelm M 1930 Einige Funde der mittleren Eisenzeit aus Estland - Ksi~ga pamiqtkowa ku ucsczeniu siedemdziesiqtej roezniey urodzin prof dr Wlodzimierza Demetrykiewieza Biblioteka Prehistoryclna L Poznan 318-329 Schmiedehelm M 1939 Kuusalu Pajulinn - MEL 121-138

Marika Magi58 EeSfi merovilgi- ja

Selirand J 1974 Eestlaste matmiskombed varafeodaalsete suhete Uirkamise perioodil (11-13 sajand) Tallinn Selirand J 1993 Aruanne kaevamistest Madi kivikalmel Viljandi rajoonis (end Viljandi kihelkond) 1962 a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Stromberg M 1961 Untersuchungen wr jOngcren Eisenzeit in Schonen Vblkerwanderungseit shyWikingerzeit I-II Acta Archaeologica Lundensia series in 4deg no 4 Lund Snore R 1930 Dzelzs laikmeta latvidu rotas adatas - LatvieSll aizvestures materiilli Riga Tallgren A M 1925 Zur Arehiiologie Eestis II Von 500 bis etwa 1250 n Chr Dorpat Tamla T 1991 lamenevate otstega kaevorud Eesti noorema rauaaja (10-13 sajandi) leidudes shyMT I 134--145 TautayWiene B 1981 III-XVI a sidabriniai ir sidabru puosti dirbiniai Vilnius The Road from the Varangians w the Greeks and from the Greeks 1996 Catalogue of the Exibition State Historical Museum MOSlOW fhumnark-Nylen L 1983 Gotland och OstbaJtikum - Gutar och vikingar Stockholm 306-322 Thunmark-Nylen L 1995 Churchyard Finds from Gotland (1llh - It centuries) -AEW 161shy193 Tonisson E 1974 Die Gauja-Liven und ihre materielle Kultur (II lh - Anfang 13 1hs) Tallinn Volkaitc-Kulikauskienc R 1970 Lieluviai IX- XII 3mziais Vilnius

Ayn M 1992 ApXeOJIOIWleCKHe naM5ITHllKH BTOPOH nononHHbl I-ro TblC5I4eneTWI H 3 B IOroshyBOCTOLlflOii 3CTOHIIH TanJlHlll1 CenoB B n 1985 l-b60pcK B 8-10 BeKax - HAn 119-130 CenOBa M B 1981 IOneJlllpllble I131CJIH5I )]pcllllero H06ropona (X-XV 66) MOCK6a CmmblH A A 1896 Kyprallbl c-ne-repfiyprCKOii ly6CpHHII R pacKonKax n K HBaIlOBCKoro - MaTcpllanbl no apxeoJlonm POCCIIII 20 C-neTep6ypl IIIMHnexeJJbM M X 1959 loponflluc PblYIC II IOro-BocT0411oii 3nOllllii - Bonpocbl 3TH114eshyCKOH HCTOPlfH lIapO)WB npH6a~nlKII 110 )lltlIlIlblM apxeoJlorI-lII 3TlIOlpaXilII H 3HTpOIlOnOllm MocKna 154--185

Marika Magi

DECORA TIVE PINS OF THE MEROVINGIAN AND VIKING AGES IN ESTONIA FOREIGN AND LOCAL

Summary

The Merovingian Period (600-800) and the Viking Age (800-1050) have been treated as comparati vely empty of finds in Estonian archaeology The local culture has been believed to have developed since only the [ lth century The dating of artefacts from these periods has been imprecise and usually later than in Finland or Scandinavia

In this paper 253 Estonian decorative pins from the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age have been analysed (Appendix ) They were all meant for fastening coats or dresses small pins for fastening linen kerchiefs appear in the burials only at the end of the Viking Age

According to the general point of view in Estonian archaeology artefact complexes are almost completely lacking in our archaeological material during

the Merovingian I burial customs of has proved howe cremations have b

Altogether 41 (

ff a fron pills

Eight iron pins at least one of then Ariste 1938 PI Il resemble their pre

i lb Bronze pills v

The shape of thi the head ring has decorated with a sn

All plI1S of thi specimens were u wrapping and somt

f2a PillS with simi

The upper and I marked with straigh case

f2h PinI with ciru

Pins of this sub- have also been foun flanges around the r disks have been de luxurious of this t)

pllaques

rkamise pcrioodil (11 -13

Ii rajoonis (end Viljandi

In Viilkerwanderungsze il shymd ures materiali Riga 0 n Chr Dorpat 0-13 sajandi) leidudes shy

Vilnius 1996 Catalogue of the

ngar Stockholm 306-322 h centuries) -AEW 161shy

-Anfang 13 1d1S) Tallinn

TbIC~4CJlCTlll H 3 13 IOro-

V Btl) MOCKua

middotnKax 11 K VlllallOI3CKoro

~HIIII - BOflPOCbl JTHWleshy

)rpaXIII I anTpOIIOJlOrl1H

I VIKING AGES IN L

ge (800-1050) have lrchaeology The local the II th century The and usually later than

erovingian Period and t were all meant for erchiefs appear in the

archaeology artefact )gical material during

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 59

the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The basis for this view has been the burial customs of these times especially cremations My research in our archives has proved however that more or less certamiddotin complexes in stone graves with cremations have been undervalued

1 Ring-headed pins

Altogether 41 ring-headed pins are known from Estonia

11 Earlier variant of ring-headed pins

1la 1ron pins

Eight iron pins have been found in Estonia up to now Though simply shaped at least one of them has been fitted with a rectangular plaque (Kuma AM 2968 Ariste 1938 PI III6) These pins are the oldest ones of the type and closely resemble their predecessors shepherd-crook pins

1lb Bronze pins with widening or profiled neck (Pl 1l11 2)

The shape of these pins is similar to that of the iron specimens In three cases the head ring has been wrapped with silver wire The neck is sometimes decorated with a small round decorative shield (Fig 14 PI IH2)

12 Later variant of ring-headed pins

All pins of this variant had necks of triangular cross-section The later specimens were usually bigger more decorated especially by silver-wire wrapping and sometimes fitted with plaques All of them were made of bronze

12a Pins with silllple triangular neck (Fig 21 2 Pl 1V)

The upper and lower edges of the front side of the neck of these pins were marked with straight ridges The head ring has been wrapped by wire only in one case

12b Pins with circular flanges around their neck (Fig 2 3 PI 111 5 V 1-3)

Pins of this sub-variant were most typical to Estonia though some specimens have also been found in Finland and Latvia There were usually three circular flanges around the neck In most cases both the head ring and the edges of the disks have been decorated with silver wrapping These pins were the most luxurious of this type usually bigger than the others and often fitted with plaques

Marika Magi60 Eesti merovingi- ja

12c Pins with cross-shaped extension (Fig 2 4 Pl X 2-3)

Three pins of this sub-variant have been found in Estonia at Kuusalu (AI 2827) Pajumaa (AM 134 19) and Kunilepa (AI 2483 16) These have been treated as later specimens of ring-headed pins and as specifically Estonian (Tallgren 192581 Ariste 19383754 Kivikoski 197367)

Discussion

Estonian ring-headed pins originated from small pins of the same type in Latvia especially in Semgallien and in northern Lithuania Small Lithuanian ring-headed pins were dated to the 7th-8th centuries bigger ones to the 9th century (Volkaite-Kulikauskiene 1970 168) Numbers of these pins have been found in Finland where they were treated as ornaments of Estonian origin and dated usually to the 7th-8th centuries (Hackman 1938 105-115 LehtosaloshyHilander 1982 109 Ranta 199642) Specimens with a cross-shaped extension could be dated to the 9th century too (Hackman 1938 114) However a ringshyheaded pin of variant ~ 2a from Lillmalmsbacken was found together with a hexahedral ring from a penannular brooch and some other items and could thus be dated to the 9th century too (data from archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki)

Twelve ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were known in Finland in 1973 (Kivikoski 1973 67) and only three specimens in Estonia Estonian pins of this sub-variant have been found in coastal areas or in a deposit at Kunilepa which also contains some other items of Finnish origin (eg early penannular brooches with flat ring) Thus most probably can we talk about a Finnish rather than an Estonian origin for these pins At least two such pins have also been found in Latvia (Snore 1930 Pl IX 15 22)

Tallgren has suggested that ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were predecessors of double-cross-headed pins (1925 81) Ariste (1938) did not support this theory because the dates of these ornaments differed too much It should be noted that some cross-headed pins of Southern Baltic origin with three terminals were spread at the same time in Finland One specimen has been also found in Estonia (PI X 1) Ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extensions could be speciall Finnish ornaments connected both with the ring-headed and cross-headed pins Both concepts are particuhlrly evident in a ring-headed pin with a cross-shaped extension from Liedon Sauvala which is fitted with a supplementary cross inside its head ring (Hackman 1938 Fig 35)

Only one of the Estonian ring-headed pins has been found in an undisturbed find complex in a deposit at Keila (PI IV) This find was probably not complete however because it lacked a second fastener for the chain (another pin) The find could be dated to the 9th century A collection of finds from Kunilepa usually treated as a deposit were obviously picked up from an earlier destroyed grave as

became clear frc probable grave cc spots the grave oj the later part of P Asva to the 8th-91

Ariste has da~

beginning of the supposed making 10th-II th centur~ to my study the I

the 7th century or mainly during the in the 9th century

Only triangulaJ These pins have 1

knobs Mushroom shaped ones to be study both variant pins are described I

This variant in usuaJly earlier but

21a Pins with sma

Fifteen pins fro were all smaller spe

21 h Pins with a Sir

Nine pins of th average in size an sometimes decorate(

21 c Pins with a del

Only four pins fl (PI IX I) was dec~ import from Curonia

61 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - vooraparasedja omad

I)

Estonia at Kuusalu 6) These have been

pecifically Estonian I

of the same type in ia Small Lithuanian ~ger ones to the 9th hese pins have been Estonian origin and 105-1 ] 5 Lehtosaloshyass-shaped extension 4) However a ringshylund together with a items and cou ld thus f the department of

ion were known In

~ecimens in Estonia areas or in a deposit

ish origin (eg early can we talk about a ~ t two such pins have

bss-shaped extension Ariste (1938) did not differed too much It tltic origin with three ~cimen has been also k shaped extensions the ring-headed and in a ring-headed pin lich is fitted with a ~ 35) nd in an undisturbed obably no complete lother pin) The find ~m Kunilepa usually r destroyed grave as

became clear from a conversation with a descendant of the landowner The probable grave could be dated to the 8th-9th centuries From the rest of the find spots the grave of Lehmja-Loo was dated to the 7th century (LOugas 1973 129) the later part of Presti grave to the 7th-8th centuries and the later dwelling layer in Asva to the 8th-9th centuries (Lougas amp Mligi-L6ugas 199432-33)

Ariste has dated Estonian ring-headed pillS from the 7th century up to the beginning of the 10th century (1938 62) Schmiedehelm and Selirand have supposed making reference to Ariste that these pins were also in use during the 10th-11th centuries (Schmiedehelm 1939 136 Selirand 1974 ] 44) According to my study the earlier variant of Estonian ring-headed pins cOUild be dated to the 7th century only The later variant pins with more local character were used mainly during the 8th century Pins of sub-variants 12a and 12c were in use also in the 9th century

2 Triangular-headed pins

Only triangular-headed pins with end knobs were discussed in this paper These pins have up to now been typologized according to the shape of their knobs Mushroom-shaped terminaLs were considered to be earlier and conicshyshaped ones to be later variants (Tangren 1925 80) According to the present study both variants were in use at the same time End knobs typical of the later pins are described in this paper as hat-shaped (Fig 3)

21 Pins without any special decoration

This variant includes 41 pins of different size Smaller specimens were usually earlier but there were quite a number of exceptions to this rule

21a Pins with smooth heads (PI VI 1 3)

Fifteen pins from the Merovingian Period belong to this sub-variant They were all smaller specimens with mushroom- or conic-shaped end knobs

21 h Pins with a smooth triangular hollow

Nine pins of this sub-variant are known in Estonia They were small or average in size and half of them had hat-shaped end knobs The head is sometimes decorated with a single knob in the middle

21 c Pins with a decoration ofconcentric triangles

Only four pins from Estonia belong to this sub-variant A pin from ViI tina (PI IX 1) was decorated with two ammal (horse) figures and is probably an import from Curonia or Semgallien

Marika Magi 62 Eesti merovillgimiddot jl

21d Pins with afaceted triangular hollow (Pi 111 3 4 VI 2)

Sixteen medium-sized or bigger pins belong to this sub-variant Only one of them had a hat-shaped end knob (Presti PI In 3) all the others had only mushroom- or conic-shaped knobs Many of these pins had a faceted neck (Fig 4 4)

22 Pins with a decoration of leaves (Pi V 4-5 V1I V11I 1- 3)

The shape of these pins resembled that of the former variant but the smooth hollow in the head was decorated with three leaves 46 pins or fragments of pins of this variant are known in Estonia Many of them were found in cremations and were bad1ly burnt Hat-shaped end knobs were characteristic of these pins The neck was faceted in 11 specimens (Fig 5) The reverse of some of these pins was decorated with eyes (PI V 5) Such specimens had almost no faceted neck Pins with a faceted neck were thus morphologically ear(jer and the specimens with a decoration on their reverse sides were later in this variant group

Discussion

Triangular-headed pins were widespread in Latvia and Lithuania where their decoration usually differed clearly from that of Estonian pins Pins with mushroom-shaped end knobs were dated to the 7th-9th centuries in L ithuania (Tautaviciene 1981 169) Triangular-headed pms appeared in Latvia as early as 500 and were spread mainly in Semgallien and in the Lower-Daugava area (Snore 1930 PI XXIX 1 Latvijas 1974 PI 40 4 I 3) Some specimens have also been found in Russia (Sedova 198173 Sedov 1985 123 F ig 1 7 8) Triangular-headed pins in FinlJand have been treated as ornaments of Latvian or Estonian origin and dated to the Merovingian Period or the beginning of the Viking Age (Kivikoski 197367-6899 Fig 448 72 l Lehtosalo-Hilander 1982 108)

Pins with leaf decoration were found not only in Estonia but also in Semgallien and Curonia Probably only one specimen has been found in Finland (Rusko Kankare Kivikoski 197367 99) Some pins with leaf decoration were known from Gotland (Nerman 1929 Fig 173-174 177 Thunmark-Nylen 1983 Fig 10 Jansson 1995 88-89 Fig 8) and from the mainland of Sweden (Stromberg 1961 165 PI 73 8 9) One has been found at Trelleborg in Denmark (Michael Andersen pers comm) Two fragmentary pins of this variant belonged to a silver hoard from Baldringe in Skanc (Hardh 1976 PI 20 10 11) and were interesting for us because of their material Ali triangular-headed pins in Estonii were made of bronze The finds in Baldringe proved that the Estonians used to make similar ornaments of both materials but the silver specimens were probably re-cast later

Some of the complexes Thret some bracelets 1

cremation at Hai could be dated to and Maidla gravi datcd to the same

Seven pins of in 1m have been XXVII 4-5) The 8th centuries in (Schmiedehelm 11 L6ugas 1994 32shy

Schmiedehelm (1930) The pins according to Kus According to my Merovingian Perilt the end of the 9th 10th century Arou

Pins of this var and are therefore I

shaped terminals al have been found u majority of them hi draw parallels with elaborated decorati consisting only of broken off and fixel

23a Pins with lea

Six pins of this These pins were pre

23b Pins with plail

Plait decoration not very widespreao and the 11 til centul)

Marika Miigi Eesli merovingi- ja viikil1gi(egsed rinl1aHoelad shy viJiJrapiirasedja ()mad 63

2)

I-variant Only one of the others had oniy

l a faceted neck (Fig

II VIII 1-3)

ariant but the smooth s or fragments of pins und in cremations and tic of these pins The ome of these pins was no faceted neck Pins the specimens with a

roup

~ithuania where their ~ ian pins Pins with centuries in Lithuania d in Latvia as early as Lower-Daugava area

Some specimens have 5 123 Fig I 7 8) naments of Latvian or the beginning of the

Itosalo-Hilander 1982

Estonia but also in een found in Finland

1 leaf decoration were hunmark-Nylen 1983 mainland of Sweden und at Trelleborg in ary pins of this variant h 1976 PI 20 to 11) triangular-headed pins inge proved that the terials but the silver

Some of the Estonian triangubr-headed pins were found in closed find complexes Three pins of variant 21 belonged to a deposit at Inju together with some bracelets which allowed the find to be dated to the 7th-8th centuries A cremation at Haimre (PI V) contained only one pin with leaf decoration and could be dated to the 10th century Some similar pins from Rahu (Kustin 1969) and Maidla graves (data from find lists and plans of Mati Mandel) could be dated to the same time because of the other finds in the burials

Seven pins of the earlier variant have been found in hill-forts Two specimens in Iru have been dated to the 6l7th-8th centuries (Lang 1996 96-97 102 PI XXVII 4--5) The layers where the pins were found have been dated to the 7thshy

8th centuries in Rouge (AYH 1992 65) to the 6th-9th centuries in Otepali (Schmiedehelm 195963) and to the 7th-9th centuries in Pbide (Lougas amp MagishyL6ugas 199432-33)

Schmiedehelm dated Estonian pins of variant 2 J to the 6th-9th centuries (1930) The pins with leaf decoration were used during the II th-12th centuries according to Kustin and Selirand (Kustin J962b 405 Selirand 1974 145) According to my study the pins of variant 21 were used during the whole Merovingian Period and the 9th century Pins with leaf decoration appeared at the end of the 9th century at the latcst and were in use during the whole of the 10th century Around 1000 they were replaced by pins of the next variant

23 Pins of Saaremaa type

Pins of this variant differ morphologically from the above-discussed variants and are therefore treated separately here These pins were flat with flat heartshyshaped terminals and a high loop on their neck (Fig 6) Altogether 63 specimens have been found up to now as many as 49 of them on Saaremaa (Osel) The majority of them have been found in cremations and were badly burnt If we may draw parallels with the other ornament types the more massive specimens with elaborated decoration were earlier than the thin pins with stylised decoration consisting only of a few lines In many cases the heads of these pins had been broken off and fixed to a new iron shaft ie recycled

23a Pins with leal decoration (PI VI 4 VIII 6-7)

Six pins of this variant have a more or less stylised decoration of three leaves These pins were probably the earliest ones in vanant 23

23b Pins with plait decoration (Fig 8 PI VIII 5 IX 2)

Plait decoration was popular in L atvia and Lithuania over a long period but not very widespread in Estonia On Saaremaa bracelets of the late Viking Age and the 11 th century had often the same pattern In six cases also the reverse of

Marika Magi64 Eesti merovingi- ja

the pins had been decorated mostly with eyes These specimens were also more massive ie probably somewhat earlier

23c Pins with some other kind ofdecoration (Fig 7 Pl VI 5 VIII 4 IX 4-5)

Different kinds of simple patterns were spread on the pins of Saaremaa type most of them having counterparts in Latvia More and less massive specimens occurred in this sub-variant too Though the pattern usually consisted of different lines some pins were decorated with one or more eyes only (Fig 7 Pl IX 4) These could probably be treated as imports from Latvia like some other somewhat unusual pins of this sub-variant

Discussion

Pins of this variant were widespread in Latvia particularly in Curonia and Semgallien but also in the Lower-Daugava area They were dated to the lOthshy12th centuries there (Snore 1930 Pl XV LA 1974 Pl 481 5014 15525 T6nisson 1974 Pl XXXVI2) The decoration of Latvian pins usually differed from that of Estonian pins and even plait decoration seems to have not been very popular on this type of pins in Latvia

Only single pins of this variant have been found in the other neighbouring countries most of them specifically Latvian (Nerrnan 1929 Figs 175-178 Kivikoski 1973 99 Fig 720 Jansson 1995 88-89) The only exceptions were two pins from Garda churchyard on Gotland which were decorated with leaves (Thunmark-Nylen 1995 185 Fig 13) A small piece of a similar pin has been found as a stray find in Roskilde Denmark (Andersen pers comm)

In Uugla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin with leaf decoration has been found together with a knife pieces of chain arrangement a bronze plaque and a bracelet (Mandel 1980) The grave could be dated to the end of the 10th century or to the beginning of the 11 th century according to the bracelet (Magi-Lougas 1995b 521) In Maidla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin was found in the same chain arrangement with a pin of variant 22 (data from find lists and plans of Mandel) In Randvere graveyard a pin of variant 23 fixed to an iron shaft was found together with a penannular brooch with poppy-shaped terminals and with sherds of fine-grained pottery (data from Kustin 1962a 64-65 97) The complex could be dated around 1000

Kustin dated Saaremaa type pins to the 11th-12th centuries (1962a 70) As proved above the earlier specimens of this variant appeared as early as the 10th century and were used contemporarily with pins of variant 22 Saaremaa type pins stayed in use during the whole 11 th century and were replaced by doubleshycross-headed pins with united terminals at the beginning of the 12th century at the latest

Only some sin Viking Age have terminals appear 0

centuries Only lht local ornament typ

Double-cross-hl number of pin he probably for a lon

41 PillS

A tolal of 42 pi have been found il variants but the b thus SUbjective Tt specific construclio but a decoration of bigger thinner ofte (Fig 10) The earl ones were usually n

42 Pi

This group incl specimens as in the of these two groups

43

These pins appea the 11th century Ill

variant resemble late

Few specimens 01 Estonia They had be in Finland Pins frO centuries (Cleve 191

65 Marilw Magi Eesfi mcOvingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad - vooraparased ja onwd

imens were also more

VI 5 VI 4 IX 4-5)

pins of Saaremaa type ~ss massive specimens

usually consisted of e eyes only (Fig 7 PI Jatvia like some other

ularly in Curonia and ere dated to the 10thshy4815014 15525 ~ pins usually differed to have not been very

he other neighbouring 1929 Figs 175-178

only exceptions were decorated with leaves

a similar pin has been s comm) Dration has been found bronze plaque and a

nd of the 10th century bracelet (Miigi-L6ugas Nas found in the same find lists and plans of d to an iron shaft was )ed terminals and with -6597) The complex

Ituries (l962a 70) As ed as early as the 10th lilt 22 Saaremaa type re replaced by doubleshyof the 12th century at

3 Early cross-headed pins (PI X 1 XI 2)

Only some single cross-headed pins dated to the Merovingian Period or the Viking Age have been found in Estonia Small cross-headed pins with united terminals appear only after the Viking Age and were used over a period of some centuries Only the idea of cross-headed pins was borrowed from the Baits and a local ornament type was created on its base a double-cross-headed pin

4 Double-cross-headed pins

Double-cross-headed pins were specifically Estonian ornaments Quite a number of pin heads of this type have been fixed to an iron shaft and used probably for a long time after they were made

41 Pins with unconnected terminals (Pt X 4-6 XI 1 3-5)

A total of 42 pins with unconnected te rminals or pieces of such kind of pins have been found in Estonia They could be divided into earlier and later subshyvariants but the border between these two groups would be too undefined and thus subjective The earlier specimens were usually smaller thicker and with specific construction of their neck (Fig 9) They were often decorated with eyes but a decoration of conce ntric circles was also possible Later pins were always bigger thinner often silver-plated and had a special trapezoid loop on their neck (Fig 10) The earlier specimens were often deformed and burnt but the later ones were usually not burnt and in several cases found in inhumations

42 Pins with connected lower terminals (Pl X 7 XII)

This group includes 21 pins Thc same criteria about earlier and later specimens as in the former variant were also valid in this variant hence the pins of these two groups were at least partly contemporary

43 Pins with completely connected terminals

These pins appeared at the very end of the Viking Age ic at the middle of the 11 th century and will thus be not considered here Some specimens of thi s variant ]escmble iatcr specimens of the fonner variants

Discussion

Few specimens of pins with unconnected terminals have been found outSIde E stonia They had been usually used as pendants Five of them have been found in Finland Pins from Lillmalmsbacken and EU-cl were dated to the 9th-10th centuries (Cleve 1978 105) Two pins have been found in inhumations in

Marika Miigi66 Eesti merovingi- ja

Kjuloholm and dated to the beginning of the II th century (Cleve 1978 105 PI 8 15) Pendants from Estonian double-cross-headed pins have been found in late Viking Age cremations in Bjurhovda Central-Sweden (Jaanusson 1971) in North Norway and Gotland (Jansson 1995 88 fig 7) Some of them were

known from barrows in Northwest Russia (ClII1UbIH 1896 PI V 6 XVII 32) No double-cross pins have been found in Latvia or Lithuania according to the literature

A pin from Koola graveyard (PI X 4) was unearthed together with pieces of chain a glassbead bronze spirals and a bracelet all badly burnt (Parss 1950) Two pins from Verevi had belonged to the same chain arrangement and were found together with a bracelet a bell piece of neck-ring and a penannular brooch pi n with narrow base (Moora 1932) Both these burials could belong to the 10th century

In a womans grave in Aseri two doub Pe-cross-headed pins of earlier character were found with bracelets with thickening ends a spiral bracelet chain pieces and bronze spirals This complex could not be later than the middle of the 10th century because of the bracelets of earlier type in it (M~igi-Lougas 1995a 280 ff Fig 30)

A double-cross-pin of later character belonged to a deposit at Piihaste which also contained some other ornaments and could be dated to the first half of the 11 th century Some pairs of pins with specifically later features have been found in inhumations Graves from Alatskivi Raatvere and Tooste could be mentioned here all dated to the first half of the ] I th century (PI XI 5) A small doubJeshycross-headed pin fixed secondarily to a bronze stem belonged to a cremation of the second half of the 11 th century in Jouga (Ligi 1993 53-54 PI XXVIII 5)

Two double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals had belonged to a womans grave in Madi together with chain fragments bronze spira ls fingershyrings pieces of neck-rings a knife a belt buckle a comb a fire-steel bits and potsherds (Sel irand 1993) In Rahu a pin of the same variant occurred together with a penannular brooch chain arrangements a finger-ring and bits (Kustin 1969) Both these complexes could be dated to the 11th century Two pins of variant 42 belonged to a female inhumation grave in Raatvere and were dated to the first half of the J I th century (PI XII)

As proved above the double-cross-headed pins were cOl1nected with ringshyheaded pins with cross-shaped extension only through common predecessors ie cross-headed pins Looking at the shape of double-cross-headed pins one can ask if they could be connected with the Orthodox cross and perhaps with the conversion of Russia at the end of the 10th century The idea could be supported by the distribution of these pins the double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals were the only variant of dress fastening pins that were concentrated in the eastern half of Estonia

As the double-cross-headed pins appeared in Estonia before the end of the JOth century they cannot be directly connected with the Christianization of

Russia but influe not be discounteo definite evidence (

Selirand has ( centuries (1974 I terminals As pm appeared by the m morphologically t( were in use up to variant 43

Some findings used Parallels in could differ among

As most of the these ornaments WI men in Finland (I Latvia and Lithuan suggested that Esto Estonian ring-head southern neighbour Finland wore the sa

Hackman has re in Finland were all these pins were fa numbers were in s (KM 8067 A3 4 S of archaeology in N variant in Estonia h pin that could belo Keila was found tc woman (PI IV)

In conclusion on and the big luxuriol and 12c were used by women It is po during the 9th centUl

The triangular-he and were sometime~

arrangement Only 0

plaques and had prot

67 Marika Miigi Eesti mcrovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

(Cleve 1978 105 PI have been found in late (Jaanusson 1971) in

Some of them were

6 PI V 6 XVII 32) uania according to the

together with pieces of lIy burnt (Piirss 1950) arrangement and were ing and a penannuJar mrials could belong to

lins of earlier character bracelet chain pieces

the middle of the 10th -L6ugas I995a 280 ff

posit at Ptihaste which to the first half of the ~tures have been found te could be mentioned 1 5) A small doubleshynged to a cremation of -54 PI XXYIlI 5) erminals had belonged bronze spirals fingershy

0 a fire-steel bits and ~ [wnt occurred toget h er -ring and bits (KUstin century Two pins of

vere and were dated to

connected with riDgshyImon predecessors ie -headed pins one can and perhaps with the

lea could be supported pins with unconnected it were concentrated in

before the end of the he Christianization of

Russia but influences from Christian cOllntriesin the East (Byzantium) could not be discounted In any case the double-cross-headed pins do not provide definite evidence of the Christianity of their owners

Selirand has dated double-crass-headed pins to the 11th up to the 12th centuries (1974 146) which is correct for the variant with completely connected terminals As proved above the pins with unconnected terminals had already appeared by the middle of the 10th century The earlier pins of variant 4 2 belong morphologically to the end of the 10th century at the latest Both these variants were in use lip to the m iddle of the 11th century when they were replaced by variant 43

Use of dress fastening pins

Some findings in Estonia let us determine how and by Wh0111 the pins were used Parallels in the neighbouring countries cannot be used here directly and could differ among neighbours

As most of the ring-headed pins were single finds it is most plausible that these ornaments were worn singly Luxurious ring-headed pins had belonged to men in Finland (Lehtosalo-Hiander 1982 109) but the small specimens in Latvia and Lithuania were worn by women and always in pairs Vello Lougas suggested that Estnnian ring-headed pins were also used by women 0 973 126) Estonian ring-headed pins however definitely differ from the small ones of our southern neighbours It seems to be hardly believable that wealthy horsemen in Finland wore the same pins as women in Estonia

Hackman has reported that the ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extension in Finland were alI single finds (1938 114) However in two or even three cases these pins were found obviously in pairs in Uskcla Lukkarinmaki ie their numbers were in sequence and they had almost or completely the same shape (KM 8067 A3 4 57 perhaps also 29 30 data fram archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki) A Kunilcpa pin of the same subshyvariant in Estonia has been found together with a head-ring fragment of a similar pin that could belong to the same sub-variant The pin of sub-variant 12a in Keila was found together with female ornaments and had thus belonged to a woman (PI IV)

In conclusion one can suppose that the ring-headed pins of the earlier variant and the big luxurious pins were worn by men in Estonia Pins of variants 12a and 12c were used by both sexes or especially in the case of variant 12c only by women It is possible that the ring-headed pins became female ornaments during the 9th century

The triangular-headed pins of variant 21 occuned in several cases in pairs and were sometimes fitted with a long chain ie they had belonged to a chain arrangement Only one pin from Pajumaa (PI III4) was fitted with rectangular plaques and had probably been worn on its own

Marika Mdgi68 Eesti merovingi- ja

As ring-headed pins and triangular-headed pins had been in use contemporarily and in the same area it can be supposed that the former were worn by men and the latter by women It is possible that men stopped using pins some time in the 9th century and started to fasten their coats only with penannular brooches Since the 10th century at the latest one can talk about pins as specifically female ornaments in Estonia

Two triangular-headed pins connected with a single chain have been found in Liiva In some cases these pins were unearthed in pairs or single specimens often stray finds were fitted with a long chain Chain holders have been found together with these pins only twice However triangular-headed pins with leaf decoration were sometimes worn probably also singly as in the grave of Hairnre (PI VII)

Triangular-headed pins of Saaremaa type were found in pairs in several cases These pins occurred typically with half-oval chain holders and other pieces of chain arrangement which proves that the chain arrangements with these pins consisted of several rows of chains

Moreover the double-cross-headed pins occur usually in pairs and together with other pieces of a chain arrangement The pins of earlier character were connected only with a single chain (Aseri Verevi Riuma PI XI 4) but the later ones fastened chain arrangements with several rows of chains which were fixed to the pins with openwork chain holders (PI XI 5 XII)

Distribution

Estonia could be divided into two parts according to the local ornaments of the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The same division is valid also in the case of the decorative pins The tradition of fastening the dress with pins was strong in the western part of the Estonian mainland and on the islands but was almost absent in the eastern part during the whole Merovingian Period and the firs t half of the Viking Age The first local pin types - the double-cross-headed pins - occurred there only in the 10th century Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals and with completely connected terminals were spread already allover Estonia providing evidence of the standardisation of ornamental culture

English version checked by Gordon Snow Oxford

1 Rongaspeaga e

1 Ring-headed p

I Juuru Kunilepa 2 J6eJahtme Prest 3 Jiiri Kuma (AM 4 Juri Lagedi (Ar-shy5 JUri Lehmja-Lolt 6 Kaarma Aste (S 7 Karuse Pajumaa 8 Keila (AM 234 9 Kihelkonna Oda to Kihelkonna Paj II Kihclkonna Vii 12 Koeru Preedi (1 13 Kul lamua Vaik 14 KUllsalu (AI 28 15 Karla Kaarmise 16 Ktirla Paevere 17 Karia Paikiila ( 18 Liiganuse PUssi 19 Palamuse Nava 20 Peetri Painurme 21 Parnu-Jaagupi F 22 Pbide Asva (Al 23 Pbidc Tomimae 24 Ridala Ahli (H~ 25 R6ngu Kivivare 26 Viru- Nigllia Pal 27 Viru-Nigllla KUl

2 Kolmnurkpeaga

2 Triangular-head

21 Ornamentimatpoundl

21 Pins without spe

I 16eIahtme lru (AI 2 J6elahtme Presti (

Marika Magi

s had been in use d that the former were men stopped using pins their coats only with one can talk about pins

Jain have been found in s or single specimens )Iders have been found --headed pins with leaf in the grave of Haimre

n pairs in several cases ~rs and other pieces of ments with these pins

v in pairs and together earlier character were PI XI 4) but the later ains which were fixed

the local ornaments of ivision is valid also in he dress with pins was n the islands but was ingian Period and the e double-cross-headed ross-headcd pins with terminah were spread

disation of ornamental

Gordol Snow Oxford

69Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoeiad - vooraparased ja omad

Lisa Appendix

1 Rongaspeaga ehtenoelad Eestis (kaart joon 11)

1 Ring-headed pins in Estonia (map fig 11)

I Juuru Kunilepa (AI 2483 16 17) 2 Joelahtme Presti (AI 5490386 7) 3 Juri Kuma (AM 31 5 AM 2968 69 71) 4 Juri Lagedi (AM 2768) 5 Juri Lehmja-Loo (AI 444499184211 247278283) 6 Kaarma Aste (SM 7675 12) 7 Karuse Pajumaa (AM 134 18 19) 8 Keila (AM 2343) 9 Kihelkonna Odalatsi (AI 3822303) 10 Kihelkonna Paju (AI K 68) 11 Kihelkonna Viki (AI 251373) 12 Koeru Preedi (AI 4426616) 13 Kullamaa Vaike-Kalju (AI 3445) 14 Kuusalu (AI 2827) 15 Karla Kaarmise (AI 3501) 16 Karia Paevere (AI 2657 1) 17 Karia Paikula (AI 25024) 18 Luganuse Piissi (AM 99) 19 Palamuse Nava (AI 39681167) 20 Peetri PaillurmC (AM 11710) 21 Parnu-Jaagupi Parasmaa (AM 493 12) 22 Pbide Asva (AI 4366 1004) 23 Pbide Tomimae (AI 4338 1117) 24 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045220) 25 Rongu Kivivare (AI 47267) 26 Viru- Nigula Pada (AI 536641) 27 Viru-Nigula Kunda (AM 88 113 114)

2 Kolmnurkpeaga noelad Eestis

2 Triangular-headed pins in Estonia

21 Ornamentimata voi lihtsatest joontest ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 12)

21 Pins without special decoration (map fig 12)

1 JoeHihtme lru (AI 4051 9491097) 2 Joellihtme Presti (AI 5490374)

Eesti merovillgi- ja70 Marika Magi

3 J6hvi Toila (AI 3952299 362) 4 Kamse Pajumaa (AM 13414) 5 Kihelkonna K6mse (AI 2643 111 112113) 6 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 14832) 7 Lliganuse Purtse (AI 50388) 8 Martna Ehmp (AM 554605 615 665 81 J 823) 9 Muhu Mala (AI K 2 1234 89) 10 Nissi Vardi (AM 368 13) 11 Otepaa linnamagihillfort (AI 4036 IV203) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 491 122 852 1024) 13 Parnu-Jaagupi M6isaklila (AI 575925) 14 Pbide maalinnhillfort (SM 1460401) 15 Pbide Viltina (AI 38843515) 16 Puha Leina (AI 2643366) 17 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817333) J8 Rouge linnam~igihillfort (AI 40402313162) 19 Saaremaa (AI K 848) 20 Viru-Jaagupi Inju (AI 2794232425) 21 Vandra khklparish (P~lM 23912) 22 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 382 37764)

22 Lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 13)

22 PillS with leaves-decoration (map fig 13)

1 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 1) 2 Keila Uksnurme (AM 68 1) 3 Juri Moigu-Peetri (AI 4877 100) 4 Kaarma khklparish (AI K 67 17 1845 AI 507 6) 5 Kaarrna Uduvere (AI 15184) 6 Kihelkonna Lumanda (AI 382233 3438 35) 7 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 531 1352 1549 1696 1886 23834153

26892690297831483163310131023115) 8 Mihkli Sol va (AI 251318) 9 Muhu Liiva (SM 931 2) 10 Marjamaa Hairnre (AI 3614 I) 11 Nissi Polli (AI 3926 I) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 49120206 584a 584b 760) 13 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884 ) 14 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045 219) 15 Saaremaa (AI K 846) 16 Valjala khklparish (SM K 5410) 17 Valjala Rahu (AI 423922 44 758) 18 Leiukoht teadmatalFindspot unknown (AI 3027)

23 Saaremaa tii

23 PillS ofSaart

1 Hanila Komsi I

2 Kaarma khk I~ 3 Kaarma Loona 4 Kaarma Uduve 5 Karja Valja (A 6 Karuse Pajuma 7 Kihelkonna Ka 8 Kihelkonna khl 9 Kihelkonna Ku 10 Kihelkonna L 11 Kihelkonna 12 Kihelkonna P 13 Kose Paunkiil 14 Kullamaa Mai 15 Karla khk Ipa 16 Karla Kogula 17 Karla Orikiila 18 Uiiine-Niguia 19 Martna Ehmja 20 Pamu Jaagupi 21 Parnu-Jaagupi 22 Parnumaa (Pal 23 Pbide K6igust 24 P6ide Randvel 25 P6ide Viltina ( 26 Piiha Ilpla (AI 27 Saaremaa (AI 28 Valjala Konnu 29 Valjala Rahu (

3 Merovingi- voi

3 Merovingian connected termin

I Karja khklparis 2 Kodavere Lahef 3 Kodavere Savas 4 Mihkli Kurese ( 5 lPoide AudIa (S~ 6 Aksi Raigastven

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja (Jmad

23 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad (kaartjoon 14)

71

~)

96 1886 2383 4153

)760)

23 Pins ofSa a rema a type (map fig 14)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510940) 2 Kaarma khk parish(AI K 67 1944) 3 Kaarma Loona (AK K 1776 LVYM 650911393) 4 Kaarma Uduvere (AI K 15185 186 187 188) 5 Kalja Valja (AI K 76 1) 6 Karu se Pajumaa (AM 134 I 5) 7 Kihelkonna Kalmu (AI 3822]57 158 194) 8 Kihelkonna khk parish (AI K 741) 9 Kihelkonna Kurevere (AI 43686998 102) 10 Kihelkonna Loona (AI 3822233a) 11 Kihelkonna Liimanda (AK 382268 136) 12 Kihelkonna Paju (L VVM 20A 128) 13 Kose Paunkiila (AM 73 1) 14 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 3160 3635 3637 5000 6085) 15 KarIa khk pari sh (AI K 79101819) 16 Karia Kogula (AI K 2951 52) 17 Karla Orikiila (AI K 4 102 103) 18 Laane-Nigula Uugla (AM 500503) 19 Martna Ehmja (AM 554824) 20 Pamu Jaagupi Pooravere (PaM 2364) 21 Pamu-J aagupi Linnamae (AM 491170) 22 Parnumaa (PaM ) 23 Poide Koiguste (AI 436 I 2) 24 Poide Randvere (AI 26972 AI 3895 257) 25 Poide Viltina (AI 3884391 2588b 2755 3128 4300) 26 Piiha IJpla (AI 3822315 382 K 1 78) 27 Saaremaa (AI K 843 57 AI K 8546107 AI 3529 SM ) 28 Valjala Konnu (AI 5151) 29 Valjala Rahu (AI 4239202 670 1114)

3 Merovingi- voi varaviikingiaegsed lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad

3 Merovingian Period or earJy Viking Age cross-headed pins with unshyconnected terminals

1 Karja khkparish (AI K 774) 2 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 198433) 3 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 1483 1) 4 Mihkli Kurese (AI 2513 17) 5 Poide AudIa (SM K 49 I) 6 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885)

72 Marika Magi

7 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (AM aj 98)

4 Kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

4 Double-cross-headed pins

41 Lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad (kaart joon 15)

41 Double-cross-headed pins with unconnecled terminals (map fig 15)

I Haljala Essu (AM 8327) 2 Harju-Jaani Kehra (AI 35849 10) 3 Iisaku J6uga (AI 510062) 4 JUllm Kaiu jarvLake Kaiu (AI 5251) 5 Karksi Kiiti (AI 1353 1) 6 Kodavere Alatskivi (AI 1893la Ib) 7 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 4976 159) 8 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 516957 5295210a 210b) 9 Kose Ardu (AI 26744) 10 Laiuse Koola (AI 40245) Ii Nissi Varbola (AI 3865 128) 12 Nao Unipiha linnamagihillfort (AI 2901 11) 13 Otepaa PaidJa (AI 19973) 14 P6ltsamaa Pajusi (AI 1871 8) 15 Pamu-Jaagupi Anelema (AI 42255) 16 Parnumaa (PaM A 2361) 17 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884153) 18 Piiha IJpla (AI K 1 77) 19 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817 307311) 20 R6ngu Piihaste (AI 3667 I) 21 Rapina Tooste (AI 41085 7) 22 Tarvastu Riuma (AI 12073a 3b) 23 Viljandi Kuude (VM 331 2 43 17A 312) 24 Viljandimaa (VM ) 25 Vim-Nigula Aseri (RM 1211A 57683 7879) 26 Vim-Nigula Kohala (RM 30791A 51 12) 27 Vim-Nigula Kunda (AI 157933 4002) 28 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 5343c)

29 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (LVVM 58923A I 798)

42 Uhendatud alumiste harudega kaksikristpeaga l10elad (kaartjoon 16)

42 Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals (map fig 16)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510103188218507)

Eest merovillgi-(I v

2 Harju-Jaani Raa 3 Kodavere Raatv( 4 Kullamaa Maid 5 Liiganllse Kalme 6 Mihkli Veltsa (A 7 Marjal1laa Konol 8 Marjamaa Moka 9 P61tsal1laa Pajusi 10 Rannu Verevi ( 11 VaUala Rahu (A 12 Viljandi Madi ( 13 Vaike-Maarja A 14 Leiukoht teadl1l1

Marika Magi Eesti merovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy viJorapiirased ja omarl 73

15)

(Ilapjig 15)

I 798)

kaartjOOIi16)

als(mapjig16)

2 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 16) 3 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 5295 121a 12Ib) 4 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 5802 18 2323) 5 Liiganuse Kalmeistri (AI 28244) 6 MihkJi Ve1tsa (AI 4944) 7 Marjamaa Konovere linnamagihillfort (AI 4571159) 8 Marjamaa Moka (AI 371021) 9 P51tsamaa Pajusi (AI 19996) 10 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817234) 11 Valjala Rahu (AI 423970) 12 Viljandi Macli (AI 25906166172174) 13 V~iike-Maalja Antu (AM 102 I) 14 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 26362)

Marika Magi 56 Eesti merovillgi- ja

Ehten6elu on ajaloo jooksul kandnud nii mehed kui naised Vahe v6is olla tiksnes kandmisviisis (naiteks meestel tihe- naistel kahekaupa) eri n6elattilipides v6i ka eri perioodides Nii ei ole Eesti mehed ilustanud end ehten6elaga viikingiaja teisel poole Ehten6elad on kuulunud eeskatt saarte ja Laane-Eesti ehtekandmistraditsiooni Jda- ja L6una-Eestisse illmusid esimesed kohapealsed ttitibid alles viikingiaja keskel

Tbb esemete ning arhiivimaterjaliga v6imaldas esitada enamiku Eesti merovingi- ja vilkingiaja n6elte kohta tapsustatud ttipoloogia ning dateeringud Uoon 17) Loodetavasti 6nnestus luua varasemast tervikilikum pilt rinnan6elte morfoloogilisest arengust Tapsustatud dateeringud v6imaldavad loodetavasti liigitada Uipsemalt ka tilejaanud Eesti kasitletavate perioodide ieiukomplekse ning luua seelabi parema ettekujutuse kogu tolleaegsest tihiskonnast tervikuna

600 700 800 900 1000 1100

loon 17 Noelte dateeringud

Fi g 17 Dates of pins

Tanuavaldus

Autor tanab k6iki kes aitasid kaasa kaesoleva artikli valmimisele eeskatt fotograafe Rein Karneritja Enno V~iljalit ning kunstnikke Kersti Siitanit ja Jaana Ratast samuti inglise keele korrektorit Gordon Snowd

Kasutatud kirjandus

Ariste E 1938 Die eS Ll andisehen Ringkop fnade ln - OES Toim XXX 48-64 Aroalho J 1978 Lieto Haimionmaki Nuoremman rautakauden polttokenttakalmisto Aurajokishylaaksossa Pro gradu-tutkielma - Karhullhammas 2 Turku Cleve N 1978 Skelettgravfiilten pa Kjuloholm i Kjulo II Vikingatid oeh korstagstid Gravfaltet C - SMYA XLIV 2 Edgren T 1973 En baltisk smyckenal frltln Veitakkala i Salo - SMY A 75 30--31 Hackman A 1938 Das Brandgriiberfcld von Pukkila in Isokyro - SMYA XLI Hardh B 1976 Wikingerzeitliche Depotfunde atls Slidschwcdcn Katalog und Tafeln Lund

Indreko R 1937 Aru (Kasikiri AI-s) Jaanusson H 1971 ] 99-104 Jansson I 1995 Dres Kivikoski E 1941 Wi Kivikoski E 1942 Ka Kivikoski E 1973 Di1 Justin A 19621 Ran( Kustin A I962h Saal 13 sajandi alguseni) D Kustin A 1965 An aasta Tallinn (Kiisikir Kustin A 1969 Aruan Lang V 1996 Muistl Loode-Eestis eri ti Pirit Latvijas PSR arhcologij Lavi A 1986a Raatve AI-s) Lavi A 19S6b Arual (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1988 Aruan (Kasikiri A1-s) LehtosaIo-Hiiander P Ligi P 1993 Vadjapar Liiugas V 1973 Das I

SMYA 75117-131 Lougas V amp Magi-Lo TATU 127- 33 Mandel M 1980 Aru 1977 aastal Tallinn (K Mandel M 1982 Linn Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Moora H 1932 Aru~ kaevamisest 1-8 ja 14 Miigi-Lougas M 1994 484 Miigi-Lougas M 1995a Magi-Lougas M 1995t Nerman B r929 Die jlingcrell Eisellzeit - KUI Pauts H 1995 Uiane-E Parss A 1950 Kalmc Koola k Veski Ll) maa Ranta H 1996 Persona Finland Helsinki 36-50 Salmo H 1941 Mcrov SM XLVII 11-39 Schmiedehelm M 1930 ku ucsczcniu sicdemdl B i hI ioteka Prchistoryczna SchmiedeheJm M 1939

1100

57 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

lised Vahe v6is olla oa) eri n6elatiiiipides ud end ehten6elaga aarte ja Uiane-Eesti imesed kohapealsed

ada enamiku Eesti gia ning dateeringud kum pilt rinnan6elte aldavad loodetavasti pdide leiukomplekse konnast tervikuna

valmimisele eeskiitt ersti Siitanitja Jaana

48-64 kenWikalmisto Aurajokishy

eh korstagslid Gravfaltet

7530--31 oXLL g und Tafcln Lund

Indreko R 1937 Aruanne kaevamistest Haimre koolimaja 6ues 19 VII 37 - 20 Vll 37 a Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Jaanusson H 197 L Ett estniskt korsformat hange fran Bjurhovda i Vasteras - Fornvannen 2 99-104 Jansson I 1995 Dress pins of East Baltic type made on Gotland - AEW 83-90 Kivikoski E 1941 Itabalttian ja Suomen suhteista viikinkiajalla - SM XLVIl 40-50 Kivikoski E 1942 Kappale Salon seudun rautakautta - SM XLVlII 13-30 Kivikoski E 1973 Die Eisenzeit Finnlands Bildwerk und Text Neuausgabe Helsinki Kustin A 1962a Randvere kivikalmistu SaaremaaL - MKA 58- 130 Kustin A 1962b Saaremaa ja Muhu muistised feodalismi Uirkamise perioodist (II sajandist kuni J3 sajandi alguseni) Diss kand Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Kustin A J965 Aruanne Kurevere ki vikuhelik-kalmistu arheoloogilisest kaevamisest 1965 aastal Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Kustin A 1969 Aruanne Rahu kivikalme kaevamisest 1959 aastal Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lang V 1996 Muistne Riivala Muistised kronoloogia ja maaviljclusliku asustuse kujunemine Loode-Eestis eriti Pirita joe alamjooksu piirkonnas - MT 4 Latvijas PSR arheologija 1974 RIga Lavi A 1986a Raat vere maa-aluse kalmistu arheoloogilisest uurimisest 19) I a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1986b Aruanne arheoloogilistest kaevamistest Raatvere kalmemael 1982 a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1988 Aruanne Raatvere kalmemae ala arheoloogilisest uurimisest 1983 a Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Lehtosalo-Hilander P - L 1982 Luistari II The Artefacts - SMY A 822 Ligi P 1993 Vadjaparased kalmed Eestis 9-16 sajandiL - MT 2 7-175 Lougas V 1973 Das mitteleisenzeitliche Steingrab von Lehmja Loo in der Nahe von Tallinn shySMYA 75117-131 Luugas V amp Magi-Lougas M 1994 Investigation of ancient monuments at Poide 1991-1992 shyTATO 127-33 Mandel M 1980 ArUal1l1e Uugla kivikalme ja p611ukivihunniku arheoloogi1istest kaevamistest 1977 aastaL Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Mandel M 1982 Linnam~ie maa-aluse p61etuskalmistu kaevamiste aruanne 1976-1980 aastast Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Moora H 1932 Aruanne Rannu kihelk Vcrevi kUla Safldimardi talu maal oleva kivikalme kaevamisest 1-8 ja 14 juun 1932 Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Magi-Lougas M 1994 Eesti viik j ngiaeg~ed hoburauds61ed ja nende ornament - TATO 4 465shy484 Magi-Lougas M 1995a Eesti viikingiaegsed kiiev6rud ja nende ornament - MT 3 271-325 Magi-Liiugas M 1995b lila matus Arhcoloogilised kacvarnised pabcril - TATO 516-531 Nerman n 1929 Die Verbindungen zwischen SkandinaviGn und dem Ostbaltikum in der jiingcren Eiscnzeit - Kungl Vitterhets ock Antikvitets Akadcmien Handlingar 40 1 Stockholm Pauts H 1995 Liiiine-Eesti hoburaudsolcd (8-13 sajand) Diplomitoli Tartu (Kiisikiri AI-s) Piirss A 1950 Kalmc J6geva rajooni Koala kiilanoukogu 9 mai kolhoosi (end Laiuse khk K60la kL Veski tl) maaL Kacv 7-23 VIII 1950 a (Juh H Moora) Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Ranta H 1996 Personal ornaments - Vainionmaki - a Merovingian Period Cemetery in Laitila Finland Helsinki 36-50 SaImo H 1941 Merovinkiaikaisen ratsusotilaan hautakalusto Euran pitajan Pappilanmaesta shySM XLVII 11-39 Schmiedehelm M 1930 Einige Funde der mittleren Eisenzeit aus Estland - Ksi~ga pamiqtkowa ku ucsczeniu siedemdziesiqtej roezniey urodzin prof dr Wlodzimierza Demetrykiewieza Biblioteka Prehistoryclna L Poznan 318-329 Schmiedehelm M 1939 Kuusalu Pajulinn - MEL 121-138

Marika Magi58 EeSfi merovilgi- ja

Selirand J 1974 Eestlaste matmiskombed varafeodaalsete suhete Uirkamise perioodil (11-13 sajand) Tallinn Selirand J 1993 Aruanne kaevamistest Madi kivikalmel Viljandi rajoonis (end Viljandi kihelkond) 1962 a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Stromberg M 1961 Untersuchungen wr jOngcren Eisenzeit in Schonen Vblkerwanderungseit shyWikingerzeit I-II Acta Archaeologica Lundensia series in 4deg no 4 Lund Snore R 1930 Dzelzs laikmeta latvidu rotas adatas - LatvieSll aizvestures materiilli Riga Tallgren A M 1925 Zur Arehiiologie Eestis II Von 500 bis etwa 1250 n Chr Dorpat Tamla T 1991 lamenevate otstega kaevorud Eesti noorema rauaaja (10-13 sajandi) leidudes shyMT I 134--145 TautayWiene B 1981 III-XVI a sidabriniai ir sidabru puosti dirbiniai Vilnius The Road from the Varangians w the Greeks and from the Greeks 1996 Catalogue of the Exibition State Historical Museum MOSlOW fhumnark-Nylen L 1983 Gotland och OstbaJtikum - Gutar och vikingar Stockholm 306-322 Thunmark-Nylen L 1995 Churchyard Finds from Gotland (1llh - It centuries) -AEW 161shy193 Tonisson E 1974 Die Gauja-Liven und ihre materielle Kultur (II lh - Anfang 13 1hs) Tallinn Volkaitc-Kulikauskienc R 1970 Lieluviai IX- XII 3mziais Vilnius

Ayn M 1992 ApXeOJIOIWleCKHe naM5ITHllKH BTOPOH nononHHbl I-ro TblC5I4eneTWI H 3 B IOroshyBOCTOLlflOii 3CTOHIIH TanJlHlll1 CenoB B n 1985 l-b60pcK B 8-10 BeKax - HAn 119-130 CenOBa M B 1981 IOneJlllpllble I131CJIH5I )]pcllllero H06ropona (X-XV 66) MOCK6a CmmblH A A 1896 Kyprallbl c-ne-repfiyprCKOii ly6CpHHII R pacKonKax n K HBaIlOBCKoro - MaTcpllanbl no apxeoJlonm POCCIIII 20 C-neTep6ypl IIIMHnexeJJbM M X 1959 loponflluc PblYIC II IOro-BocT0411oii 3nOllllii - Bonpocbl 3TH114eshyCKOH HCTOPlfH lIapO)WB npH6a~nlKII 110 )lltlIlIlblM apxeoJlorI-lII 3TlIOlpaXilII H 3HTpOIlOnOllm MocKna 154--185

Marika Magi

DECORA TIVE PINS OF THE MEROVINGIAN AND VIKING AGES IN ESTONIA FOREIGN AND LOCAL

Summary

The Merovingian Period (600-800) and the Viking Age (800-1050) have been treated as comparati vely empty of finds in Estonian archaeology The local culture has been believed to have developed since only the [ lth century The dating of artefacts from these periods has been imprecise and usually later than in Finland or Scandinavia

In this paper 253 Estonian decorative pins from the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age have been analysed (Appendix ) They were all meant for fastening coats or dresses small pins for fastening linen kerchiefs appear in the burials only at the end of the Viking Age

According to the general point of view in Estonian archaeology artefact complexes are almost completely lacking in our archaeological material during

the Merovingian I burial customs of has proved howe cremations have b

Altogether 41 (

ff a fron pills

Eight iron pins at least one of then Ariste 1938 PI Il resemble their pre

i lb Bronze pills v

The shape of thi the head ring has decorated with a sn

All plI1S of thi specimens were u wrapping and somt

f2a PillS with simi

The upper and I marked with straigh case

f2h PinI with ciru

Pins of this sub- have also been foun flanges around the r disks have been de luxurious of this t)

pllaques

rkamise pcrioodil (11 -13

Ii rajoonis (end Viljandi

In Viilkerwanderungsze il shymd ures materiali Riga 0 n Chr Dorpat 0-13 sajandi) leidudes shy

Vilnius 1996 Catalogue of the

ngar Stockholm 306-322 h centuries) -AEW 161shy

-Anfang 13 1d1S) Tallinn

TbIC~4CJlCTlll H 3 13 IOro-

V Btl) MOCKua

middotnKax 11 K VlllallOI3CKoro

~HIIII - BOflPOCbl JTHWleshy

)rpaXIII I anTpOIIOJlOrl1H

I VIKING AGES IN L

ge (800-1050) have lrchaeology The local the II th century The and usually later than

erovingian Period and t were all meant for erchiefs appear in the

archaeology artefact )gical material during

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 59

the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The basis for this view has been the burial customs of these times especially cremations My research in our archives has proved however that more or less certamiddotin complexes in stone graves with cremations have been undervalued

1 Ring-headed pins

Altogether 41 ring-headed pins are known from Estonia

11 Earlier variant of ring-headed pins

1la 1ron pins

Eight iron pins have been found in Estonia up to now Though simply shaped at least one of them has been fitted with a rectangular plaque (Kuma AM 2968 Ariste 1938 PI III6) These pins are the oldest ones of the type and closely resemble their predecessors shepherd-crook pins

1lb Bronze pins with widening or profiled neck (Pl 1l11 2)

The shape of these pins is similar to that of the iron specimens In three cases the head ring has been wrapped with silver wire The neck is sometimes decorated with a small round decorative shield (Fig 14 PI IH2)

12 Later variant of ring-headed pins

All pins of this variant had necks of triangular cross-section The later specimens were usually bigger more decorated especially by silver-wire wrapping and sometimes fitted with plaques All of them were made of bronze

12a Pins with silllple triangular neck (Fig 21 2 Pl 1V)

The upper and lower edges of the front side of the neck of these pins were marked with straight ridges The head ring has been wrapped by wire only in one case

12b Pins with circular flanges around their neck (Fig 2 3 PI 111 5 V 1-3)

Pins of this sub-variant were most typical to Estonia though some specimens have also been found in Finland and Latvia There were usually three circular flanges around the neck In most cases both the head ring and the edges of the disks have been decorated with silver wrapping These pins were the most luxurious of this type usually bigger than the others and often fitted with plaques

Marika Magi60 Eesti merovingi- ja

12c Pins with cross-shaped extension (Fig 2 4 Pl X 2-3)

Three pins of this sub-variant have been found in Estonia at Kuusalu (AI 2827) Pajumaa (AM 134 19) and Kunilepa (AI 2483 16) These have been treated as later specimens of ring-headed pins and as specifically Estonian (Tallgren 192581 Ariste 19383754 Kivikoski 197367)

Discussion

Estonian ring-headed pins originated from small pins of the same type in Latvia especially in Semgallien and in northern Lithuania Small Lithuanian ring-headed pins were dated to the 7th-8th centuries bigger ones to the 9th century (Volkaite-Kulikauskiene 1970 168) Numbers of these pins have been found in Finland where they were treated as ornaments of Estonian origin and dated usually to the 7th-8th centuries (Hackman 1938 105-115 LehtosaloshyHilander 1982 109 Ranta 199642) Specimens with a cross-shaped extension could be dated to the 9th century too (Hackman 1938 114) However a ringshyheaded pin of variant ~ 2a from Lillmalmsbacken was found together with a hexahedral ring from a penannular brooch and some other items and could thus be dated to the 9th century too (data from archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki)

Twelve ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were known in Finland in 1973 (Kivikoski 1973 67) and only three specimens in Estonia Estonian pins of this sub-variant have been found in coastal areas or in a deposit at Kunilepa which also contains some other items of Finnish origin (eg early penannular brooches with flat ring) Thus most probably can we talk about a Finnish rather than an Estonian origin for these pins At least two such pins have also been found in Latvia (Snore 1930 Pl IX 15 22)

Tallgren has suggested that ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were predecessors of double-cross-headed pins (1925 81) Ariste (1938) did not support this theory because the dates of these ornaments differed too much It should be noted that some cross-headed pins of Southern Baltic origin with three terminals were spread at the same time in Finland One specimen has been also found in Estonia (PI X 1) Ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extensions could be speciall Finnish ornaments connected both with the ring-headed and cross-headed pins Both concepts are particuhlrly evident in a ring-headed pin with a cross-shaped extension from Liedon Sauvala which is fitted with a supplementary cross inside its head ring (Hackman 1938 Fig 35)

Only one of the Estonian ring-headed pins has been found in an undisturbed find complex in a deposit at Keila (PI IV) This find was probably not complete however because it lacked a second fastener for the chain (another pin) The find could be dated to the 9th century A collection of finds from Kunilepa usually treated as a deposit were obviously picked up from an earlier destroyed grave as

became clear frc probable grave cc spots the grave oj the later part of P Asva to the 8th-91

Ariste has da~

beginning of the supposed making 10th-II th centur~ to my study the I

the 7th century or mainly during the in the 9th century

Only triangulaJ These pins have 1

knobs Mushroom shaped ones to be study both variant pins are described I

This variant in usuaJly earlier but

21a Pins with sma

Fifteen pins fro were all smaller spe

21 h Pins with a Sir

Nine pins of th average in size an sometimes decorate(

21 c Pins with a del

Only four pins fl (PI IX I) was dec~ import from Curonia

61 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - vooraparasedja omad

I)

Estonia at Kuusalu 6) These have been

pecifically Estonian I

of the same type in ia Small Lithuanian ~ger ones to the 9th hese pins have been Estonian origin and 105-1 ] 5 Lehtosaloshyass-shaped extension 4) However a ringshylund together with a items and cou ld thus f the department of

ion were known In

~ecimens in Estonia areas or in a deposit

ish origin (eg early can we talk about a ~ t two such pins have

bss-shaped extension Ariste (1938) did not differed too much It tltic origin with three ~cimen has been also k shaped extensions the ring-headed and in a ring-headed pin lich is fitted with a ~ 35) nd in an undisturbed obably no complete lother pin) The find ~m Kunilepa usually r destroyed grave as

became clear from a conversation with a descendant of the landowner The probable grave could be dated to the 8th-9th centuries From the rest of the find spots the grave of Lehmja-Loo was dated to the 7th century (LOugas 1973 129) the later part of Presti grave to the 7th-8th centuries and the later dwelling layer in Asva to the 8th-9th centuries (Lougas amp Mligi-L6ugas 199432-33)

Ariste has dated Estonian ring-headed pillS from the 7th century up to the beginning of the 10th century (1938 62) Schmiedehelm and Selirand have supposed making reference to Ariste that these pins were also in use during the 10th-11th centuries (Schmiedehelm 1939 136 Selirand 1974 ] 44) According to my study the earlier variant of Estonian ring-headed pins cOUild be dated to the 7th century only The later variant pins with more local character were used mainly during the 8th century Pins of sub-variants 12a and 12c were in use also in the 9th century

2 Triangular-headed pins

Only triangular-headed pins with end knobs were discussed in this paper These pins have up to now been typologized according to the shape of their knobs Mushroom-shaped terminaLs were considered to be earlier and conicshyshaped ones to be later variants (Tangren 1925 80) According to the present study both variants were in use at the same time End knobs typical of the later pins are described in this paper as hat-shaped (Fig 3)

21 Pins without any special decoration

This variant includes 41 pins of different size Smaller specimens were usually earlier but there were quite a number of exceptions to this rule

21a Pins with smooth heads (PI VI 1 3)

Fifteen pins from the Merovingian Period belong to this sub-variant They were all smaller specimens with mushroom- or conic-shaped end knobs

21 h Pins with a smooth triangular hollow

Nine pins of this sub-variant are known in Estonia They were small or average in size and half of them had hat-shaped end knobs The head is sometimes decorated with a single knob in the middle

21 c Pins with a decoration ofconcentric triangles

Only four pins from Estonia belong to this sub-variant A pin from ViI tina (PI IX 1) was decorated with two ammal (horse) figures and is probably an import from Curonia or Semgallien

Marika Magi 62 Eesti merovillgimiddot jl

21d Pins with afaceted triangular hollow (Pi 111 3 4 VI 2)

Sixteen medium-sized or bigger pins belong to this sub-variant Only one of them had a hat-shaped end knob (Presti PI In 3) all the others had only mushroom- or conic-shaped knobs Many of these pins had a faceted neck (Fig 4 4)

22 Pins with a decoration of leaves (Pi V 4-5 V1I V11I 1- 3)

The shape of these pins resembled that of the former variant but the smooth hollow in the head was decorated with three leaves 46 pins or fragments of pins of this variant are known in Estonia Many of them were found in cremations and were bad1ly burnt Hat-shaped end knobs were characteristic of these pins The neck was faceted in 11 specimens (Fig 5) The reverse of some of these pins was decorated with eyes (PI V 5) Such specimens had almost no faceted neck Pins with a faceted neck were thus morphologically ear(jer and the specimens with a decoration on their reverse sides were later in this variant group

Discussion

Triangular-headed pins were widespread in Latvia and Lithuania where their decoration usually differed clearly from that of Estonian pins Pins with mushroom-shaped end knobs were dated to the 7th-9th centuries in L ithuania (Tautaviciene 1981 169) Triangular-headed pms appeared in Latvia as early as 500 and were spread mainly in Semgallien and in the Lower-Daugava area (Snore 1930 PI XXIX 1 Latvijas 1974 PI 40 4 I 3) Some specimens have also been found in Russia (Sedova 198173 Sedov 1985 123 F ig 1 7 8) Triangular-headed pins in FinlJand have been treated as ornaments of Latvian or Estonian origin and dated to the Merovingian Period or the beginning of the Viking Age (Kivikoski 197367-6899 Fig 448 72 l Lehtosalo-Hilander 1982 108)

Pins with leaf decoration were found not only in Estonia but also in Semgallien and Curonia Probably only one specimen has been found in Finland (Rusko Kankare Kivikoski 197367 99) Some pins with leaf decoration were known from Gotland (Nerman 1929 Fig 173-174 177 Thunmark-Nylen 1983 Fig 10 Jansson 1995 88-89 Fig 8) and from the mainland of Sweden (Stromberg 1961 165 PI 73 8 9) One has been found at Trelleborg in Denmark (Michael Andersen pers comm) Two fragmentary pins of this variant belonged to a silver hoard from Baldringe in Skanc (Hardh 1976 PI 20 10 11) and were interesting for us because of their material Ali triangular-headed pins in Estonii were made of bronze The finds in Baldringe proved that the Estonians used to make similar ornaments of both materials but the silver specimens were probably re-cast later

Some of the complexes Thret some bracelets 1

cremation at Hai could be dated to and Maidla gravi datcd to the same

Seven pins of in 1m have been XXVII 4-5) The 8th centuries in (Schmiedehelm 11 L6ugas 1994 32shy

Schmiedehelm (1930) The pins according to Kus According to my Merovingian Perilt the end of the 9th 10th century Arou

Pins of this var and are therefore I

shaped terminals al have been found u majority of them hi draw parallels with elaborated decorati consisting only of broken off and fixel

23a Pins with lea

Six pins of this These pins were pre

23b Pins with plail

Plait decoration not very widespreao and the 11 til centul)

Marika Miigi Eesli merovingi- ja viikil1gi(egsed rinl1aHoelad shy viJiJrapiirasedja ()mad 63

2)

I-variant Only one of the others had oniy

l a faceted neck (Fig

II VIII 1-3)

ariant but the smooth s or fragments of pins und in cremations and tic of these pins The ome of these pins was no faceted neck Pins the specimens with a

roup

~ithuania where their ~ ian pins Pins with centuries in Lithuania d in Latvia as early as Lower-Daugava area

Some specimens have 5 123 Fig I 7 8) naments of Latvian or the beginning of the

Itosalo-Hilander 1982

Estonia but also in een found in Finland

1 leaf decoration were hunmark-Nylen 1983 mainland of Sweden und at Trelleborg in ary pins of this variant h 1976 PI 20 to 11) triangular-headed pins inge proved that the terials but the silver

Some of the Estonian triangubr-headed pins were found in closed find complexes Three pins of variant 21 belonged to a deposit at Inju together with some bracelets which allowed the find to be dated to the 7th-8th centuries A cremation at Haimre (PI V) contained only one pin with leaf decoration and could be dated to the 10th century Some similar pins from Rahu (Kustin 1969) and Maidla graves (data from find lists and plans of Mati Mandel) could be dated to the same time because of the other finds in the burials

Seven pins of the earlier variant have been found in hill-forts Two specimens in Iru have been dated to the 6l7th-8th centuries (Lang 1996 96-97 102 PI XXVII 4--5) The layers where the pins were found have been dated to the 7thshy

8th centuries in Rouge (AYH 1992 65) to the 6th-9th centuries in Otepali (Schmiedehelm 195963) and to the 7th-9th centuries in Pbide (Lougas amp MagishyL6ugas 199432-33)

Schmiedehelm dated Estonian pins of variant 2 J to the 6th-9th centuries (1930) The pins with leaf decoration were used during the II th-12th centuries according to Kustin and Selirand (Kustin J962b 405 Selirand 1974 145) According to my study the pins of variant 21 were used during the whole Merovingian Period and the 9th century Pins with leaf decoration appeared at the end of the 9th century at the latcst and were in use during the whole of the 10th century Around 1000 they were replaced by pins of the next variant

23 Pins of Saaremaa type

Pins of this variant differ morphologically from the above-discussed variants and are therefore treated separately here These pins were flat with flat heartshyshaped terminals and a high loop on their neck (Fig 6) Altogether 63 specimens have been found up to now as many as 49 of them on Saaremaa (Osel) The majority of them have been found in cremations and were badly burnt If we may draw parallels with the other ornament types the more massive specimens with elaborated decoration were earlier than the thin pins with stylised decoration consisting only of a few lines In many cases the heads of these pins had been broken off and fixed to a new iron shaft ie recycled

23a Pins with leal decoration (PI VI 4 VIII 6-7)

Six pins of this variant have a more or less stylised decoration of three leaves These pins were probably the earliest ones in vanant 23

23b Pins with plait decoration (Fig 8 PI VIII 5 IX 2)

Plait decoration was popular in L atvia and Lithuania over a long period but not very widespread in Estonia On Saaremaa bracelets of the late Viking Age and the 11 th century had often the same pattern In six cases also the reverse of

Marika Magi64 Eesti merovingi- ja

the pins had been decorated mostly with eyes These specimens were also more massive ie probably somewhat earlier

23c Pins with some other kind ofdecoration (Fig 7 Pl VI 5 VIII 4 IX 4-5)

Different kinds of simple patterns were spread on the pins of Saaremaa type most of them having counterparts in Latvia More and less massive specimens occurred in this sub-variant too Though the pattern usually consisted of different lines some pins were decorated with one or more eyes only (Fig 7 Pl IX 4) These could probably be treated as imports from Latvia like some other somewhat unusual pins of this sub-variant

Discussion

Pins of this variant were widespread in Latvia particularly in Curonia and Semgallien but also in the Lower-Daugava area They were dated to the lOthshy12th centuries there (Snore 1930 Pl XV LA 1974 Pl 481 5014 15525 T6nisson 1974 Pl XXXVI2) The decoration of Latvian pins usually differed from that of Estonian pins and even plait decoration seems to have not been very popular on this type of pins in Latvia

Only single pins of this variant have been found in the other neighbouring countries most of them specifically Latvian (Nerrnan 1929 Figs 175-178 Kivikoski 1973 99 Fig 720 Jansson 1995 88-89) The only exceptions were two pins from Garda churchyard on Gotland which were decorated with leaves (Thunmark-Nylen 1995 185 Fig 13) A small piece of a similar pin has been found as a stray find in Roskilde Denmark (Andersen pers comm)

In Uugla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin with leaf decoration has been found together with a knife pieces of chain arrangement a bronze plaque and a bracelet (Mandel 1980) The grave could be dated to the end of the 10th century or to the beginning of the 11 th century according to the bracelet (Magi-Lougas 1995b 521) In Maidla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin was found in the same chain arrangement with a pin of variant 22 (data from find lists and plans of Mandel) In Randvere graveyard a pin of variant 23 fixed to an iron shaft was found together with a penannular brooch with poppy-shaped terminals and with sherds of fine-grained pottery (data from Kustin 1962a 64-65 97) The complex could be dated around 1000

Kustin dated Saaremaa type pins to the 11th-12th centuries (1962a 70) As proved above the earlier specimens of this variant appeared as early as the 10th century and were used contemporarily with pins of variant 22 Saaremaa type pins stayed in use during the whole 11 th century and were replaced by doubleshycross-headed pins with united terminals at the beginning of the 12th century at the latest

Only some sin Viking Age have terminals appear 0

centuries Only lht local ornament typ

Double-cross-hl number of pin he probably for a lon

41 PillS

A tolal of 42 pi have been found il variants but the b thus SUbjective Tt specific construclio but a decoration of bigger thinner ofte (Fig 10) The earl ones were usually n

42 Pi

This group incl specimens as in the of these two groups

43

These pins appea the 11th century Ill

variant resemble late

Few specimens 01 Estonia They had be in Finland Pins frO centuries (Cleve 191

65 Marilw Magi Eesfi mcOvingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad - vooraparased ja onwd

imens were also more

VI 5 VI 4 IX 4-5)

pins of Saaremaa type ~ss massive specimens

usually consisted of e eyes only (Fig 7 PI Jatvia like some other

ularly in Curonia and ere dated to the 10thshy4815014 15525 ~ pins usually differed to have not been very

he other neighbouring 1929 Figs 175-178

only exceptions were decorated with leaves

a similar pin has been s comm) Dration has been found bronze plaque and a

nd of the 10th century bracelet (Miigi-L6ugas Nas found in the same find lists and plans of d to an iron shaft was )ed terminals and with -6597) The complex

Ituries (l962a 70) As ed as early as the 10th lilt 22 Saaremaa type re replaced by doubleshyof the 12th century at

3 Early cross-headed pins (PI X 1 XI 2)

Only some single cross-headed pins dated to the Merovingian Period or the Viking Age have been found in Estonia Small cross-headed pins with united terminals appear only after the Viking Age and were used over a period of some centuries Only the idea of cross-headed pins was borrowed from the Baits and a local ornament type was created on its base a double-cross-headed pin

4 Double-cross-headed pins

Double-cross-headed pins were specifically Estonian ornaments Quite a number of pin heads of this type have been fixed to an iron shaft and used probably for a long time after they were made

41 Pins with unconnected terminals (Pt X 4-6 XI 1 3-5)

A total of 42 pins with unconnected te rminals or pieces of such kind of pins have been found in Estonia They could be divided into earlier and later subshyvariants but the border between these two groups would be too undefined and thus subjective The earlier specimens were usually smaller thicker and with specific construction of their neck (Fig 9) They were often decorated with eyes but a decoration of conce ntric circles was also possible Later pins were always bigger thinner often silver-plated and had a special trapezoid loop on their neck (Fig 10) The earlier specimens were often deformed and burnt but the later ones were usually not burnt and in several cases found in inhumations

42 Pins with connected lower terminals (Pl X 7 XII)

This group includes 21 pins Thc same criteria about earlier and later specimens as in the former variant were also valid in this variant hence the pins of these two groups were at least partly contemporary

43 Pins with completely connected terminals

These pins appeared at the very end of the Viking Age ic at the middle of the 11 th century and will thus be not considered here Some specimens of thi s variant ]escmble iatcr specimens of the fonner variants

Discussion

Few specimens of pins with unconnected terminals have been found outSIde E stonia They had been usually used as pendants Five of them have been found in Finland Pins from Lillmalmsbacken and EU-cl were dated to the 9th-10th centuries (Cleve 1978 105) Two pins have been found in inhumations in

Marika Miigi66 Eesti merovingi- ja

Kjuloholm and dated to the beginning of the II th century (Cleve 1978 105 PI 8 15) Pendants from Estonian double-cross-headed pins have been found in late Viking Age cremations in Bjurhovda Central-Sweden (Jaanusson 1971) in North Norway and Gotland (Jansson 1995 88 fig 7) Some of them were

known from barrows in Northwest Russia (ClII1UbIH 1896 PI V 6 XVII 32) No double-cross pins have been found in Latvia or Lithuania according to the literature

A pin from Koola graveyard (PI X 4) was unearthed together with pieces of chain a glassbead bronze spirals and a bracelet all badly burnt (Parss 1950) Two pins from Verevi had belonged to the same chain arrangement and were found together with a bracelet a bell piece of neck-ring and a penannular brooch pi n with narrow base (Moora 1932) Both these burials could belong to the 10th century

In a womans grave in Aseri two doub Pe-cross-headed pins of earlier character were found with bracelets with thickening ends a spiral bracelet chain pieces and bronze spirals This complex could not be later than the middle of the 10th century because of the bracelets of earlier type in it (M~igi-Lougas 1995a 280 ff Fig 30)

A double-cross-pin of later character belonged to a deposit at Piihaste which also contained some other ornaments and could be dated to the first half of the 11 th century Some pairs of pins with specifically later features have been found in inhumations Graves from Alatskivi Raatvere and Tooste could be mentioned here all dated to the first half of the ] I th century (PI XI 5) A small doubJeshycross-headed pin fixed secondarily to a bronze stem belonged to a cremation of the second half of the 11 th century in Jouga (Ligi 1993 53-54 PI XXVIII 5)

Two double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals had belonged to a womans grave in Madi together with chain fragments bronze spira ls fingershyrings pieces of neck-rings a knife a belt buckle a comb a fire-steel bits and potsherds (Sel irand 1993) In Rahu a pin of the same variant occurred together with a penannular brooch chain arrangements a finger-ring and bits (Kustin 1969) Both these complexes could be dated to the 11th century Two pins of variant 42 belonged to a female inhumation grave in Raatvere and were dated to the first half of the J I th century (PI XII)

As proved above the double-cross-headed pins were cOl1nected with ringshyheaded pins with cross-shaped extension only through common predecessors ie cross-headed pins Looking at the shape of double-cross-headed pins one can ask if they could be connected with the Orthodox cross and perhaps with the conversion of Russia at the end of the 10th century The idea could be supported by the distribution of these pins the double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals were the only variant of dress fastening pins that were concentrated in the eastern half of Estonia

As the double-cross-headed pins appeared in Estonia before the end of the JOth century they cannot be directly connected with the Christianization of

Russia but influe not be discounteo definite evidence (

Selirand has ( centuries (1974 I terminals As pm appeared by the m morphologically t( were in use up to variant 43

Some findings used Parallels in could differ among

As most of the these ornaments WI men in Finland (I Latvia and Lithuan suggested that Esto Estonian ring-head southern neighbour Finland wore the sa

Hackman has re in Finland were all these pins were fa numbers were in s (KM 8067 A3 4 S of archaeology in N variant in Estonia h pin that could belo Keila was found tc woman (PI IV)

In conclusion on and the big luxuriol and 12c were used by women It is po during the 9th centUl

The triangular-he and were sometime~

arrangement Only 0

plaques and had prot

67 Marika Miigi Eesti mcrovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

(Cleve 1978 105 PI have been found in late (Jaanusson 1971) in

Some of them were

6 PI V 6 XVII 32) uania according to the

together with pieces of lIy burnt (Piirss 1950) arrangement and were ing and a penannuJar mrials could belong to

lins of earlier character bracelet chain pieces

the middle of the 10th -L6ugas I995a 280 ff

posit at Ptihaste which to the first half of the ~tures have been found te could be mentioned 1 5) A small doubleshynged to a cremation of -54 PI XXYIlI 5) erminals had belonged bronze spirals fingershy

0 a fire-steel bits and ~ [wnt occurred toget h er -ring and bits (KUstin century Two pins of

vere and were dated to

connected with riDgshyImon predecessors ie -headed pins one can and perhaps with the

lea could be supported pins with unconnected it were concentrated in

before the end of the he Christianization of

Russia but influences from Christian cOllntriesin the East (Byzantium) could not be discounted In any case the double-cross-headed pins do not provide definite evidence of the Christianity of their owners

Selirand has dated double-crass-headed pins to the 11th up to the 12th centuries (1974 146) which is correct for the variant with completely connected terminals As proved above the pins with unconnected terminals had already appeared by the middle of the 10th century The earlier pins of variant 4 2 belong morphologically to the end of the 10th century at the latest Both these variants were in use lip to the m iddle of the 11th century when they were replaced by variant 43

Use of dress fastening pins

Some findings in Estonia let us determine how and by Wh0111 the pins were used Parallels in the neighbouring countries cannot be used here directly and could differ among neighbours

As most of the ring-headed pins were single finds it is most plausible that these ornaments were worn singly Luxurious ring-headed pins had belonged to men in Finland (Lehtosalo-Hiander 1982 109) but the small specimens in Latvia and Lithuania were worn by women and always in pairs Vello Lougas suggested that Estnnian ring-headed pins were also used by women 0 973 126) Estonian ring-headed pins however definitely differ from the small ones of our southern neighbours It seems to be hardly believable that wealthy horsemen in Finland wore the same pins as women in Estonia

Hackman has reported that the ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extension in Finland were alI single finds (1938 114) However in two or even three cases these pins were found obviously in pairs in Uskcla Lukkarinmaki ie their numbers were in sequence and they had almost or completely the same shape (KM 8067 A3 4 57 perhaps also 29 30 data fram archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki) A Kunilcpa pin of the same subshyvariant in Estonia has been found together with a head-ring fragment of a similar pin that could belong to the same sub-variant The pin of sub-variant 12a in Keila was found together with female ornaments and had thus belonged to a woman (PI IV)

In conclusion one can suppose that the ring-headed pins of the earlier variant and the big luxurious pins were worn by men in Estonia Pins of variants 12a and 12c were used by both sexes or especially in the case of variant 12c only by women It is possible that the ring-headed pins became female ornaments during the 9th century

The triangular-headed pins of variant 21 occuned in several cases in pairs and were sometimes fitted with a long chain ie they had belonged to a chain arrangement Only one pin from Pajumaa (PI III4) was fitted with rectangular plaques and had probably been worn on its own

Marika Mdgi68 Eesti merovingi- ja

As ring-headed pins and triangular-headed pins had been in use contemporarily and in the same area it can be supposed that the former were worn by men and the latter by women It is possible that men stopped using pins some time in the 9th century and started to fasten their coats only with penannular brooches Since the 10th century at the latest one can talk about pins as specifically female ornaments in Estonia

Two triangular-headed pins connected with a single chain have been found in Liiva In some cases these pins were unearthed in pairs or single specimens often stray finds were fitted with a long chain Chain holders have been found together with these pins only twice However triangular-headed pins with leaf decoration were sometimes worn probably also singly as in the grave of Hairnre (PI VII)

Triangular-headed pins of Saaremaa type were found in pairs in several cases These pins occurred typically with half-oval chain holders and other pieces of chain arrangement which proves that the chain arrangements with these pins consisted of several rows of chains

Moreover the double-cross-headed pins occur usually in pairs and together with other pieces of a chain arrangement The pins of earlier character were connected only with a single chain (Aseri Verevi Riuma PI XI 4) but the later ones fastened chain arrangements with several rows of chains which were fixed to the pins with openwork chain holders (PI XI 5 XII)

Distribution

Estonia could be divided into two parts according to the local ornaments of the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The same division is valid also in the case of the decorative pins The tradition of fastening the dress with pins was strong in the western part of the Estonian mainland and on the islands but was almost absent in the eastern part during the whole Merovingian Period and the firs t half of the Viking Age The first local pin types - the double-cross-headed pins - occurred there only in the 10th century Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals and with completely connected terminals were spread already allover Estonia providing evidence of the standardisation of ornamental culture

English version checked by Gordon Snow Oxford

1 Rongaspeaga e

1 Ring-headed p

I Juuru Kunilepa 2 J6eJahtme Prest 3 Jiiri Kuma (AM 4 Juri Lagedi (Ar-shy5 JUri Lehmja-Lolt 6 Kaarma Aste (S 7 Karuse Pajumaa 8 Keila (AM 234 9 Kihelkonna Oda to Kihelkonna Paj II Kihclkonna Vii 12 Koeru Preedi (1 13 Kul lamua Vaik 14 KUllsalu (AI 28 15 Karla Kaarmise 16 Ktirla Paevere 17 Karia Paikiila ( 18 Liiganuse PUssi 19 Palamuse Nava 20 Peetri Painurme 21 Parnu-Jaagupi F 22 Pbide Asva (Al 23 Pbidc Tomimae 24 Ridala Ahli (H~ 25 R6ngu Kivivare 26 Viru- Nigllia Pal 27 Viru-Nigllla KUl

2 Kolmnurkpeaga

2 Triangular-head

21 Ornamentimatpoundl

21 Pins without spe

I 16eIahtme lru (AI 2 J6elahtme Presti (

Marika Magi

s had been in use d that the former were men stopped using pins their coats only with one can talk about pins

Jain have been found in s or single specimens )Iders have been found --headed pins with leaf in the grave of Haimre

n pairs in several cases ~rs and other pieces of ments with these pins

v in pairs and together earlier character were PI XI 4) but the later ains which were fixed

the local ornaments of ivision is valid also in he dress with pins was n the islands but was ingian Period and the e double-cross-headed ross-headcd pins with terminah were spread

disation of ornamental

Gordol Snow Oxford

69Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoeiad - vooraparased ja omad

Lisa Appendix

1 Rongaspeaga ehtenoelad Eestis (kaart joon 11)

1 Ring-headed pins in Estonia (map fig 11)

I Juuru Kunilepa (AI 2483 16 17) 2 Joelahtme Presti (AI 5490386 7) 3 Juri Kuma (AM 31 5 AM 2968 69 71) 4 Juri Lagedi (AM 2768) 5 Juri Lehmja-Loo (AI 444499184211 247278283) 6 Kaarma Aste (SM 7675 12) 7 Karuse Pajumaa (AM 134 18 19) 8 Keila (AM 2343) 9 Kihelkonna Odalatsi (AI 3822303) 10 Kihelkonna Paju (AI K 68) 11 Kihelkonna Viki (AI 251373) 12 Koeru Preedi (AI 4426616) 13 Kullamaa Vaike-Kalju (AI 3445) 14 Kuusalu (AI 2827) 15 Karla Kaarmise (AI 3501) 16 Karia Paevere (AI 2657 1) 17 Karia Paikula (AI 25024) 18 Luganuse Piissi (AM 99) 19 Palamuse Nava (AI 39681167) 20 Peetri PaillurmC (AM 11710) 21 Parnu-Jaagupi Parasmaa (AM 493 12) 22 Pbide Asva (AI 4366 1004) 23 Pbide Tomimae (AI 4338 1117) 24 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045220) 25 Rongu Kivivare (AI 47267) 26 Viru- Nigula Pada (AI 536641) 27 Viru-Nigula Kunda (AM 88 113 114)

2 Kolmnurkpeaga noelad Eestis

2 Triangular-headed pins in Estonia

21 Ornamentimata voi lihtsatest joontest ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 12)

21 Pins without special decoration (map fig 12)

1 JoeHihtme lru (AI 4051 9491097) 2 Joellihtme Presti (AI 5490374)

Eesti merovillgi- ja70 Marika Magi

3 J6hvi Toila (AI 3952299 362) 4 Kamse Pajumaa (AM 13414) 5 Kihelkonna K6mse (AI 2643 111 112113) 6 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 14832) 7 Lliganuse Purtse (AI 50388) 8 Martna Ehmp (AM 554605 615 665 81 J 823) 9 Muhu Mala (AI K 2 1234 89) 10 Nissi Vardi (AM 368 13) 11 Otepaa linnamagihillfort (AI 4036 IV203) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 491 122 852 1024) 13 Parnu-Jaagupi M6isaklila (AI 575925) 14 Pbide maalinnhillfort (SM 1460401) 15 Pbide Viltina (AI 38843515) 16 Puha Leina (AI 2643366) 17 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817333) J8 Rouge linnam~igihillfort (AI 40402313162) 19 Saaremaa (AI K 848) 20 Viru-Jaagupi Inju (AI 2794232425) 21 Vandra khklparish (P~lM 23912) 22 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 382 37764)

22 Lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 13)

22 PillS with leaves-decoration (map fig 13)

1 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 1) 2 Keila Uksnurme (AM 68 1) 3 Juri Moigu-Peetri (AI 4877 100) 4 Kaarma khklparish (AI K 67 17 1845 AI 507 6) 5 Kaarrna Uduvere (AI 15184) 6 Kihelkonna Lumanda (AI 382233 3438 35) 7 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 531 1352 1549 1696 1886 23834153

26892690297831483163310131023115) 8 Mihkli Sol va (AI 251318) 9 Muhu Liiva (SM 931 2) 10 Marjamaa Hairnre (AI 3614 I) 11 Nissi Polli (AI 3926 I) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 49120206 584a 584b 760) 13 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884 ) 14 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045 219) 15 Saaremaa (AI K 846) 16 Valjala khklparish (SM K 5410) 17 Valjala Rahu (AI 423922 44 758) 18 Leiukoht teadmatalFindspot unknown (AI 3027)

23 Saaremaa tii

23 PillS ofSaart

1 Hanila Komsi I

2 Kaarma khk I~ 3 Kaarma Loona 4 Kaarma Uduve 5 Karja Valja (A 6 Karuse Pajuma 7 Kihelkonna Ka 8 Kihelkonna khl 9 Kihelkonna Ku 10 Kihelkonna L 11 Kihelkonna 12 Kihelkonna P 13 Kose Paunkiil 14 Kullamaa Mai 15 Karla khk Ipa 16 Karla Kogula 17 Karla Orikiila 18 Uiiine-Niguia 19 Martna Ehmja 20 Pamu Jaagupi 21 Parnu-Jaagupi 22 Parnumaa (Pal 23 Pbide K6igust 24 P6ide Randvel 25 P6ide Viltina ( 26 Piiha Ilpla (AI 27 Saaremaa (AI 28 Valjala Konnu 29 Valjala Rahu (

3 Merovingi- voi

3 Merovingian connected termin

I Karja khklparis 2 Kodavere Lahef 3 Kodavere Savas 4 Mihkli Kurese ( 5 lPoide AudIa (S~ 6 Aksi Raigastven

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja (Jmad

23 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad (kaartjoon 14)

71

~)

96 1886 2383 4153

)760)

23 Pins ofSa a rema a type (map fig 14)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510940) 2 Kaarma khk parish(AI K 67 1944) 3 Kaarma Loona (AK K 1776 LVYM 650911393) 4 Kaarma Uduvere (AI K 15185 186 187 188) 5 Kalja Valja (AI K 76 1) 6 Karu se Pajumaa (AM 134 I 5) 7 Kihelkonna Kalmu (AI 3822]57 158 194) 8 Kihelkonna khk parish (AI K 741) 9 Kihelkonna Kurevere (AI 43686998 102) 10 Kihelkonna Loona (AI 3822233a) 11 Kihelkonna Liimanda (AK 382268 136) 12 Kihelkonna Paju (L VVM 20A 128) 13 Kose Paunkiila (AM 73 1) 14 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 3160 3635 3637 5000 6085) 15 KarIa khk pari sh (AI K 79101819) 16 Karia Kogula (AI K 2951 52) 17 Karla Orikiila (AI K 4 102 103) 18 Laane-Nigula Uugla (AM 500503) 19 Martna Ehmja (AM 554824) 20 Pamu Jaagupi Pooravere (PaM 2364) 21 Pamu-J aagupi Linnamae (AM 491170) 22 Parnumaa (PaM ) 23 Poide Koiguste (AI 436 I 2) 24 Poide Randvere (AI 26972 AI 3895 257) 25 Poide Viltina (AI 3884391 2588b 2755 3128 4300) 26 Piiha IJpla (AI 3822315 382 K 1 78) 27 Saaremaa (AI K 843 57 AI K 8546107 AI 3529 SM ) 28 Valjala Konnu (AI 5151) 29 Valjala Rahu (AI 4239202 670 1114)

3 Merovingi- voi varaviikingiaegsed lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad

3 Merovingian Period or earJy Viking Age cross-headed pins with unshyconnected terminals

1 Karja khkparish (AI K 774) 2 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 198433) 3 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 1483 1) 4 Mihkli Kurese (AI 2513 17) 5 Poide AudIa (SM K 49 I) 6 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885)

72 Marika Magi

7 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (AM aj 98)

4 Kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

4 Double-cross-headed pins

41 Lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad (kaart joon 15)

41 Double-cross-headed pins with unconnecled terminals (map fig 15)

I Haljala Essu (AM 8327) 2 Harju-Jaani Kehra (AI 35849 10) 3 Iisaku J6uga (AI 510062) 4 JUllm Kaiu jarvLake Kaiu (AI 5251) 5 Karksi Kiiti (AI 1353 1) 6 Kodavere Alatskivi (AI 1893la Ib) 7 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 4976 159) 8 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 516957 5295210a 210b) 9 Kose Ardu (AI 26744) 10 Laiuse Koola (AI 40245) Ii Nissi Varbola (AI 3865 128) 12 Nao Unipiha linnamagihillfort (AI 2901 11) 13 Otepaa PaidJa (AI 19973) 14 P6ltsamaa Pajusi (AI 1871 8) 15 Pamu-Jaagupi Anelema (AI 42255) 16 Parnumaa (PaM A 2361) 17 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884153) 18 Piiha IJpla (AI K 1 77) 19 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817 307311) 20 R6ngu Piihaste (AI 3667 I) 21 Rapina Tooste (AI 41085 7) 22 Tarvastu Riuma (AI 12073a 3b) 23 Viljandi Kuude (VM 331 2 43 17A 312) 24 Viljandimaa (VM ) 25 Vim-Nigula Aseri (RM 1211A 57683 7879) 26 Vim-Nigula Kohala (RM 30791A 51 12) 27 Vim-Nigula Kunda (AI 157933 4002) 28 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 5343c)

29 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (LVVM 58923A I 798)

42 Uhendatud alumiste harudega kaksikristpeaga l10elad (kaartjoon 16)

42 Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals (map fig 16)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510103188218507)

Eest merovillgi-(I v

2 Harju-Jaani Raa 3 Kodavere Raatv( 4 Kullamaa Maid 5 Liiganllse Kalme 6 Mihkli Veltsa (A 7 Marjal1laa Konol 8 Marjamaa Moka 9 P61tsal1laa Pajusi 10 Rannu Verevi ( 11 VaUala Rahu (A 12 Viljandi Madi ( 13 Vaike-Maarja A 14 Leiukoht teadl1l1

Marika Magi Eesti merovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy viJorapiirased ja omarl 73

15)

(Ilapjig 15)

I 798)

kaartjOOIi16)

als(mapjig16)

2 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 16) 3 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 5295 121a 12Ib) 4 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 5802 18 2323) 5 Liiganuse Kalmeistri (AI 28244) 6 MihkJi Ve1tsa (AI 4944) 7 Marjamaa Konovere linnamagihillfort (AI 4571159) 8 Marjamaa Moka (AI 371021) 9 P51tsamaa Pajusi (AI 19996) 10 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817234) 11 Valjala Rahu (AI 423970) 12 Viljandi Macli (AI 25906166172174) 13 V~iike-Maalja Antu (AM 102 I) 14 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 26362)

1100

57 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

lised Vahe v6is olla oa) eri n6elatiiiipides ud end ehten6elaga aarte ja Uiane-Eesti imesed kohapealsed

ada enamiku Eesti gia ning dateeringud kum pilt rinnan6elte aldavad loodetavasti pdide leiukomplekse konnast tervikuna

valmimisele eeskiitt ersti Siitanitja Jaana

48-64 kenWikalmisto Aurajokishy

eh korstagslid Gravfaltet

7530--31 oXLL g und Tafcln Lund

Indreko R 1937 Aruanne kaevamistest Haimre koolimaja 6ues 19 VII 37 - 20 Vll 37 a Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Jaanusson H 197 L Ett estniskt korsformat hange fran Bjurhovda i Vasteras - Fornvannen 2 99-104 Jansson I 1995 Dress pins of East Baltic type made on Gotland - AEW 83-90 Kivikoski E 1941 Itabalttian ja Suomen suhteista viikinkiajalla - SM XLVIl 40-50 Kivikoski E 1942 Kappale Salon seudun rautakautta - SM XLVlII 13-30 Kivikoski E 1973 Die Eisenzeit Finnlands Bildwerk und Text Neuausgabe Helsinki Kustin A 1962a Randvere kivikalmistu SaaremaaL - MKA 58- 130 Kustin A 1962b Saaremaa ja Muhu muistised feodalismi Uirkamise perioodist (II sajandist kuni J3 sajandi alguseni) Diss kand Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Kustin A J965 Aruanne Kurevere ki vikuhelik-kalmistu arheoloogilisest kaevamisest 1965 aastal Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Kustin A 1969 Aruanne Rahu kivikalme kaevamisest 1959 aastal Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lang V 1996 Muistne Riivala Muistised kronoloogia ja maaviljclusliku asustuse kujunemine Loode-Eestis eriti Pirita joe alamjooksu piirkonnas - MT 4 Latvijas PSR arheologija 1974 RIga Lavi A 1986a Raat vere maa-aluse kalmistu arheoloogilisest uurimisest 19) I a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1986b Aruanne arheoloogilistest kaevamistest Raatvere kalmemael 1982 a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Lavi A 1988 Aruanne Raatvere kalmemae ala arheoloogilisest uurimisest 1983 a Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Lehtosalo-Hilander P - L 1982 Luistari II The Artefacts - SMY A 822 Ligi P 1993 Vadjaparased kalmed Eestis 9-16 sajandiL - MT 2 7-175 Lougas V 1973 Das mitteleisenzeitliche Steingrab von Lehmja Loo in der Nahe von Tallinn shySMYA 75117-131 Luugas V amp Magi-Lougas M 1994 Investigation of ancient monuments at Poide 1991-1992 shyTATO 127-33 Mandel M 1980 ArUal1l1e Uugla kivikalme ja p611ukivihunniku arheoloogi1istest kaevamistest 1977 aastaL Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Mandel M 1982 Linnam~ie maa-aluse p61etuskalmistu kaevamiste aruanne 1976-1980 aastast Tallinn (Kiisikiri AI-s) Moora H 1932 Aruanne Rannu kihelk Vcrevi kUla Safldimardi talu maal oleva kivikalme kaevamisest 1-8 ja 14 juun 1932 Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Magi-Lougas M 1994 Eesti viik j ngiaeg~ed hoburauds61ed ja nende ornament - TATO 4 465shy484 Magi-Lougas M 1995a Eesti viikingiaegsed kiiev6rud ja nende ornament - MT 3 271-325 Magi-Liiugas M 1995b lila matus Arhcoloogilised kacvarnised pabcril - TATO 516-531 Nerman n 1929 Die Verbindungen zwischen SkandinaviGn und dem Ostbaltikum in der jiingcren Eiscnzeit - Kungl Vitterhets ock Antikvitets Akadcmien Handlingar 40 1 Stockholm Pauts H 1995 Liiiine-Eesti hoburaudsolcd (8-13 sajand) Diplomitoli Tartu (Kiisikiri AI-s) Piirss A 1950 Kalmc J6geva rajooni Koala kiilanoukogu 9 mai kolhoosi (end Laiuse khk K60la kL Veski tl) maaL Kacv 7-23 VIII 1950 a (Juh H Moora) Tartu (Kasikiri AI-s) Ranta H 1996 Personal ornaments - Vainionmaki - a Merovingian Period Cemetery in Laitila Finland Helsinki 36-50 SaImo H 1941 Merovinkiaikaisen ratsusotilaan hautakalusto Euran pitajan Pappilanmaesta shySM XLVII 11-39 Schmiedehelm M 1930 Einige Funde der mittleren Eisenzeit aus Estland - Ksi~ga pamiqtkowa ku ucsczeniu siedemdziesiqtej roezniey urodzin prof dr Wlodzimierza Demetrykiewieza Biblioteka Prehistoryclna L Poznan 318-329 Schmiedehelm M 1939 Kuusalu Pajulinn - MEL 121-138

Marika Magi58 EeSfi merovilgi- ja

Selirand J 1974 Eestlaste matmiskombed varafeodaalsete suhete Uirkamise perioodil (11-13 sajand) Tallinn Selirand J 1993 Aruanne kaevamistest Madi kivikalmel Viljandi rajoonis (end Viljandi kihelkond) 1962 a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Stromberg M 1961 Untersuchungen wr jOngcren Eisenzeit in Schonen Vblkerwanderungseit shyWikingerzeit I-II Acta Archaeologica Lundensia series in 4deg no 4 Lund Snore R 1930 Dzelzs laikmeta latvidu rotas adatas - LatvieSll aizvestures materiilli Riga Tallgren A M 1925 Zur Arehiiologie Eestis II Von 500 bis etwa 1250 n Chr Dorpat Tamla T 1991 lamenevate otstega kaevorud Eesti noorema rauaaja (10-13 sajandi) leidudes shyMT I 134--145 TautayWiene B 1981 III-XVI a sidabriniai ir sidabru puosti dirbiniai Vilnius The Road from the Varangians w the Greeks and from the Greeks 1996 Catalogue of the Exibition State Historical Museum MOSlOW fhumnark-Nylen L 1983 Gotland och OstbaJtikum - Gutar och vikingar Stockholm 306-322 Thunmark-Nylen L 1995 Churchyard Finds from Gotland (1llh - It centuries) -AEW 161shy193 Tonisson E 1974 Die Gauja-Liven und ihre materielle Kultur (II lh - Anfang 13 1hs) Tallinn Volkaitc-Kulikauskienc R 1970 Lieluviai IX- XII 3mziais Vilnius

Ayn M 1992 ApXeOJIOIWleCKHe naM5ITHllKH BTOPOH nononHHbl I-ro TblC5I4eneTWI H 3 B IOroshyBOCTOLlflOii 3CTOHIIH TanJlHlll1 CenoB B n 1985 l-b60pcK B 8-10 BeKax - HAn 119-130 CenOBa M B 1981 IOneJlllpllble I131CJIH5I )]pcllllero H06ropona (X-XV 66) MOCK6a CmmblH A A 1896 Kyprallbl c-ne-repfiyprCKOii ly6CpHHII R pacKonKax n K HBaIlOBCKoro - MaTcpllanbl no apxeoJlonm POCCIIII 20 C-neTep6ypl IIIMHnexeJJbM M X 1959 loponflluc PblYIC II IOro-BocT0411oii 3nOllllii - Bonpocbl 3TH114eshyCKOH HCTOPlfH lIapO)WB npH6a~nlKII 110 )lltlIlIlblM apxeoJlorI-lII 3TlIOlpaXilII H 3HTpOIlOnOllm MocKna 154--185

Marika Magi

DECORA TIVE PINS OF THE MEROVINGIAN AND VIKING AGES IN ESTONIA FOREIGN AND LOCAL

Summary

The Merovingian Period (600-800) and the Viking Age (800-1050) have been treated as comparati vely empty of finds in Estonian archaeology The local culture has been believed to have developed since only the [ lth century The dating of artefacts from these periods has been imprecise and usually later than in Finland or Scandinavia

In this paper 253 Estonian decorative pins from the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age have been analysed (Appendix ) They were all meant for fastening coats or dresses small pins for fastening linen kerchiefs appear in the burials only at the end of the Viking Age

According to the general point of view in Estonian archaeology artefact complexes are almost completely lacking in our archaeological material during

the Merovingian I burial customs of has proved howe cremations have b

Altogether 41 (

ff a fron pills

Eight iron pins at least one of then Ariste 1938 PI Il resemble their pre

i lb Bronze pills v

The shape of thi the head ring has decorated with a sn

All plI1S of thi specimens were u wrapping and somt

f2a PillS with simi

The upper and I marked with straigh case

f2h PinI with ciru

Pins of this sub- have also been foun flanges around the r disks have been de luxurious of this t)

pllaques

rkamise pcrioodil (11 -13

Ii rajoonis (end Viljandi

In Viilkerwanderungsze il shymd ures materiali Riga 0 n Chr Dorpat 0-13 sajandi) leidudes shy

Vilnius 1996 Catalogue of the

ngar Stockholm 306-322 h centuries) -AEW 161shy

-Anfang 13 1d1S) Tallinn

TbIC~4CJlCTlll H 3 13 IOro-

V Btl) MOCKua

middotnKax 11 K VlllallOI3CKoro

~HIIII - BOflPOCbl JTHWleshy

)rpaXIII I anTpOIIOJlOrl1H

I VIKING AGES IN L

ge (800-1050) have lrchaeology The local the II th century The and usually later than

erovingian Period and t were all meant for erchiefs appear in the

archaeology artefact )gical material during

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 59

the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The basis for this view has been the burial customs of these times especially cremations My research in our archives has proved however that more or less certamiddotin complexes in stone graves with cremations have been undervalued

1 Ring-headed pins

Altogether 41 ring-headed pins are known from Estonia

11 Earlier variant of ring-headed pins

1la 1ron pins

Eight iron pins have been found in Estonia up to now Though simply shaped at least one of them has been fitted with a rectangular plaque (Kuma AM 2968 Ariste 1938 PI III6) These pins are the oldest ones of the type and closely resemble their predecessors shepherd-crook pins

1lb Bronze pins with widening or profiled neck (Pl 1l11 2)

The shape of these pins is similar to that of the iron specimens In three cases the head ring has been wrapped with silver wire The neck is sometimes decorated with a small round decorative shield (Fig 14 PI IH2)

12 Later variant of ring-headed pins

All pins of this variant had necks of triangular cross-section The later specimens were usually bigger more decorated especially by silver-wire wrapping and sometimes fitted with plaques All of them were made of bronze

12a Pins with silllple triangular neck (Fig 21 2 Pl 1V)

The upper and lower edges of the front side of the neck of these pins were marked with straight ridges The head ring has been wrapped by wire only in one case

12b Pins with circular flanges around their neck (Fig 2 3 PI 111 5 V 1-3)

Pins of this sub-variant were most typical to Estonia though some specimens have also been found in Finland and Latvia There were usually three circular flanges around the neck In most cases both the head ring and the edges of the disks have been decorated with silver wrapping These pins were the most luxurious of this type usually bigger than the others and often fitted with plaques

Marika Magi60 Eesti merovingi- ja

12c Pins with cross-shaped extension (Fig 2 4 Pl X 2-3)

Three pins of this sub-variant have been found in Estonia at Kuusalu (AI 2827) Pajumaa (AM 134 19) and Kunilepa (AI 2483 16) These have been treated as later specimens of ring-headed pins and as specifically Estonian (Tallgren 192581 Ariste 19383754 Kivikoski 197367)

Discussion

Estonian ring-headed pins originated from small pins of the same type in Latvia especially in Semgallien and in northern Lithuania Small Lithuanian ring-headed pins were dated to the 7th-8th centuries bigger ones to the 9th century (Volkaite-Kulikauskiene 1970 168) Numbers of these pins have been found in Finland where they were treated as ornaments of Estonian origin and dated usually to the 7th-8th centuries (Hackman 1938 105-115 LehtosaloshyHilander 1982 109 Ranta 199642) Specimens with a cross-shaped extension could be dated to the 9th century too (Hackman 1938 114) However a ringshyheaded pin of variant ~ 2a from Lillmalmsbacken was found together with a hexahedral ring from a penannular brooch and some other items and could thus be dated to the 9th century too (data from archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki)

Twelve ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were known in Finland in 1973 (Kivikoski 1973 67) and only three specimens in Estonia Estonian pins of this sub-variant have been found in coastal areas or in a deposit at Kunilepa which also contains some other items of Finnish origin (eg early penannular brooches with flat ring) Thus most probably can we talk about a Finnish rather than an Estonian origin for these pins At least two such pins have also been found in Latvia (Snore 1930 Pl IX 15 22)

Tallgren has suggested that ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were predecessors of double-cross-headed pins (1925 81) Ariste (1938) did not support this theory because the dates of these ornaments differed too much It should be noted that some cross-headed pins of Southern Baltic origin with three terminals were spread at the same time in Finland One specimen has been also found in Estonia (PI X 1) Ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extensions could be speciall Finnish ornaments connected both with the ring-headed and cross-headed pins Both concepts are particuhlrly evident in a ring-headed pin with a cross-shaped extension from Liedon Sauvala which is fitted with a supplementary cross inside its head ring (Hackman 1938 Fig 35)

Only one of the Estonian ring-headed pins has been found in an undisturbed find complex in a deposit at Keila (PI IV) This find was probably not complete however because it lacked a second fastener for the chain (another pin) The find could be dated to the 9th century A collection of finds from Kunilepa usually treated as a deposit were obviously picked up from an earlier destroyed grave as

became clear frc probable grave cc spots the grave oj the later part of P Asva to the 8th-91

Ariste has da~

beginning of the supposed making 10th-II th centur~ to my study the I

the 7th century or mainly during the in the 9th century

Only triangulaJ These pins have 1

knobs Mushroom shaped ones to be study both variant pins are described I

This variant in usuaJly earlier but

21a Pins with sma

Fifteen pins fro were all smaller spe

21 h Pins with a Sir

Nine pins of th average in size an sometimes decorate(

21 c Pins with a del

Only four pins fl (PI IX I) was dec~ import from Curonia

61 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - vooraparasedja omad

I)

Estonia at Kuusalu 6) These have been

pecifically Estonian I

of the same type in ia Small Lithuanian ~ger ones to the 9th hese pins have been Estonian origin and 105-1 ] 5 Lehtosaloshyass-shaped extension 4) However a ringshylund together with a items and cou ld thus f the department of

ion were known In

~ecimens in Estonia areas or in a deposit

ish origin (eg early can we talk about a ~ t two such pins have

bss-shaped extension Ariste (1938) did not differed too much It tltic origin with three ~cimen has been also k shaped extensions the ring-headed and in a ring-headed pin lich is fitted with a ~ 35) nd in an undisturbed obably no complete lother pin) The find ~m Kunilepa usually r destroyed grave as

became clear from a conversation with a descendant of the landowner The probable grave could be dated to the 8th-9th centuries From the rest of the find spots the grave of Lehmja-Loo was dated to the 7th century (LOugas 1973 129) the later part of Presti grave to the 7th-8th centuries and the later dwelling layer in Asva to the 8th-9th centuries (Lougas amp Mligi-L6ugas 199432-33)

Ariste has dated Estonian ring-headed pillS from the 7th century up to the beginning of the 10th century (1938 62) Schmiedehelm and Selirand have supposed making reference to Ariste that these pins were also in use during the 10th-11th centuries (Schmiedehelm 1939 136 Selirand 1974 ] 44) According to my study the earlier variant of Estonian ring-headed pins cOUild be dated to the 7th century only The later variant pins with more local character were used mainly during the 8th century Pins of sub-variants 12a and 12c were in use also in the 9th century

2 Triangular-headed pins

Only triangular-headed pins with end knobs were discussed in this paper These pins have up to now been typologized according to the shape of their knobs Mushroom-shaped terminaLs were considered to be earlier and conicshyshaped ones to be later variants (Tangren 1925 80) According to the present study both variants were in use at the same time End knobs typical of the later pins are described in this paper as hat-shaped (Fig 3)

21 Pins without any special decoration

This variant includes 41 pins of different size Smaller specimens were usually earlier but there were quite a number of exceptions to this rule

21a Pins with smooth heads (PI VI 1 3)

Fifteen pins from the Merovingian Period belong to this sub-variant They were all smaller specimens with mushroom- or conic-shaped end knobs

21 h Pins with a smooth triangular hollow

Nine pins of this sub-variant are known in Estonia They were small or average in size and half of them had hat-shaped end knobs The head is sometimes decorated with a single knob in the middle

21 c Pins with a decoration ofconcentric triangles

Only four pins from Estonia belong to this sub-variant A pin from ViI tina (PI IX 1) was decorated with two ammal (horse) figures and is probably an import from Curonia or Semgallien

Marika Magi 62 Eesti merovillgimiddot jl

21d Pins with afaceted triangular hollow (Pi 111 3 4 VI 2)

Sixteen medium-sized or bigger pins belong to this sub-variant Only one of them had a hat-shaped end knob (Presti PI In 3) all the others had only mushroom- or conic-shaped knobs Many of these pins had a faceted neck (Fig 4 4)

22 Pins with a decoration of leaves (Pi V 4-5 V1I V11I 1- 3)

The shape of these pins resembled that of the former variant but the smooth hollow in the head was decorated with three leaves 46 pins or fragments of pins of this variant are known in Estonia Many of them were found in cremations and were bad1ly burnt Hat-shaped end knobs were characteristic of these pins The neck was faceted in 11 specimens (Fig 5) The reverse of some of these pins was decorated with eyes (PI V 5) Such specimens had almost no faceted neck Pins with a faceted neck were thus morphologically ear(jer and the specimens with a decoration on their reverse sides were later in this variant group

Discussion

Triangular-headed pins were widespread in Latvia and Lithuania where their decoration usually differed clearly from that of Estonian pins Pins with mushroom-shaped end knobs were dated to the 7th-9th centuries in L ithuania (Tautaviciene 1981 169) Triangular-headed pms appeared in Latvia as early as 500 and were spread mainly in Semgallien and in the Lower-Daugava area (Snore 1930 PI XXIX 1 Latvijas 1974 PI 40 4 I 3) Some specimens have also been found in Russia (Sedova 198173 Sedov 1985 123 F ig 1 7 8) Triangular-headed pins in FinlJand have been treated as ornaments of Latvian or Estonian origin and dated to the Merovingian Period or the beginning of the Viking Age (Kivikoski 197367-6899 Fig 448 72 l Lehtosalo-Hilander 1982 108)

Pins with leaf decoration were found not only in Estonia but also in Semgallien and Curonia Probably only one specimen has been found in Finland (Rusko Kankare Kivikoski 197367 99) Some pins with leaf decoration were known from Gotland (Nerman 1929 Fig 173-174 177 Thunmark-Nylen 1983 Fig 10 Jansson 1995 88-89 Fig 8) and from the mainland of Sweden (Stromberg 1961 165 PI 73 8 9) One has been found at Trelleborg in Denmark (Michael Andersen pers comm) Two fragmentary pins of this variant belonged to a silver hoard from Baldringe in Skanc (Hardh 1976 PI 20 10 11) and were interesting for us because of their material Ali triangular-headed pins in Estonii were made of bronze The finds in Baldringe proved that the Estonians used to make similar ornaments of both materials but the silver specimens were probably re-cast later

Some of the complexes Thret some bracelets 1

cremation at Hai could be dated to and Maidla gravi datcd to the same

Seven pins of in 1m have been XXVII 4-5) The 8th centuries in (Schmiedehelm 11 L6ugas 1994 32shy

Schmiedehelm (1930) The pins according to Kus According to my Merovingian Perilt the end of the 9th 10th century Arou

Pins of this var and are therefore I

shaped terminals al have been found u majority of them hi draw parallels with elaborated decorati consisting only of broken off and fixel

23a Pins with lea

Six pins of this These pins were pre

23b Pins with plail

Plait decoration not very widespreao and the 11 til centul)

Marika Miigi Eesli merovingi- ja viikil1gi(egsed rinl1aHoelad shy viJiJrapiirasedja ()mad 63

2)

I-variant Only one of the others had oniy

l a faceted neck (Fig

II VIII 1-3)

ariant but the smooth s or fragments of pins und in cremations and tic of these pins The ome of these pins was no faceted neck Pins the specimens with a

roup

~ithuania where their ~ ian pins Pins with centuries in Lithuania d in Latvia as early as Lower-Daugava area

Some specimens have 5 123 Fig I 7 8) naments of Latvian or the beginning of the

Itosalo-Hilander 1982

Estonia but also in een found in Finland

1 leaf decoration were hunmark-Nylen 1983 mainland of Sweden und at Trelleborg in ary pins of this variant h 1976 PI 20 to 11) triangular-headed pins inge proved that the terials but the silver

Some of the Estonian triangubr-headed pins were found in closed find complexes Three pins of variant 21 belonged to a deposit at Inju together with some bracelets which allowed the find to be dated to the 7th-8th centuries A cremation at Haimre (PI V) contained only one pin with leaf decoration and could be dated to the 10th century Some similar pins from Rahu (Kustin 1969) and Maidla graves (data from find lists and plans of Mati Mandel) could be dated to the same time because of the other finds in the burials

Seven pins of the earlier variant have been found in hill-forts Two specimens in Iru have been dated to the 6l7th-8th centuries (Lang 1996 96-97 102 PI XXVII 4--5) The layers where the pins were found have been dated to the 7thshy

8th centuries in Rouge (AYH 1992 65) to the 6th-9th centuries in Otepali (Schmiedehelm 195963) and to the 7th-9th centuries in Pbide (Lougas amp MagishyL6ugas 199432-33)

Schmiedehelm dated Estonian pins of variant 2 J to the 6th-9th centuries (1930) The pins with leaf decoration were used during the II th-12th centuries according to Kustin and Selirand (Kustin J962b 405 Selirand 1974 145) According to my study the pins of variant 21 were used during the whole Merovingian Period and the 9th century Pins with leaf decoration appeared at the end of the 9th century at the latcst and were in use during the whole of the 10th century Around 1000 they were replaced by pins of the next variant

23 Pins of Saaremaa type

Pins of this variant differ morphologically from the above-discussed variants and are therefore treated separately here These pins were flat with flat heartshyshaped terminals and a high loop on their neck (Fig 6) Altogether 63 specimens have been found up to now as many as 49 of them on Saaremaa (Osel) The majority of them have been found in cremations and were badly burnt If we may draw parallels with the other ornament types the more massive specimens with elaborated decoration were earlier than the thin pins with stylised decoration consisting only of a few lines In many cases the heads of these pins had been broken off and fixed to a new iron shaft ie recycled

23a Pins with leal decoration (PI VI 4 VIII 6-7)

Six pins of this variant have a more or less stylised decoration of three leaves These pins were probably the earliest ones in vanant 23

23b Pins with plait decoration (Fig 8 PI VIII 5 IX 2)

Plait decoration was popular in L atvia and Lithuania over a long period but not very widespread in Estonia On Saaremaa bracelets of the late Viking Age and the 11 th century had often the same pattern In six cases also the reverse of

Marika Magi64 Eesti merovingi- ja

the pins had been decorated mostly with eyes These specimens were also more massive ie probably somewhat earlier

23c Pins with some other kind ofdecoration (Fig 7 Pl VI 5 VIII 4 IX 4-5)

Different kinds of simple patterns were spread on the pins of Saaremaa type most of them having counterparts in Latvia More and less massive specimens occurred in this sub-variant too Though the pattern usually consisted of different lines some pins were decorated with one or more eyes only (Fig 7 Pl IX 4) These could probably be treated as imports from Latvia like some other somewhat unusual pins of this sub-variant

Discussion

Pins of this variant were widespread in Latvia particularly in Curonia and Semgallien but also in the Lower-Daugava area They were dated to the lOthshy12th centuries there (Snore 1930 Pl XV LA 1974 Pl 481 5014 15525 T6nisson 1974 Pl XXXVI2) The decoration of Latvian pins usually differed from that of Estonian pins and even plait decoration seems to have not been very popular on this type of pins in Latvia

Only single pins of this variant have been found in the other neighbouring countries most of them specifically Latvian (Nerrnan 1929 Figs 175-178 Kivikoski 1973 99 Fig 720 Jansson 1995 88-89) The only exceptions were two pins from Garda churchyard on Gotland which were decorated with leaves (Thunmark-Nylen 1995 185 Fig 13) A small piece of a similar pin has been found as a stray find in Roskilde Denmark (Andersen pers comm)

In Uugla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin with leaf decoration has been found together with a knife pieces of chain arrangement a bronze plaque and a bracelet (Mandel 1980) The grave could be dated to the end of the 10th century or to the beginning of the 11 th century according to the bracelet (Magi-Lougas 1995b 521) In Maidla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin was found in the same chain arrangement with a pin of variant 22 (data from find lists and plans of Mandel) In Randvere graveyard a pin of variant 23 fixed to an iron shaft was found together with a penannular brooch with poppy-shaped terminals and with sherds of fine-grained pottery (data from Kustin 1962a 64-65 97) The complex could be dated around 1000

Kustin dated Saaremaa type pins to the 11th-12th centuries (1962a 70) As proved above the earlier specimens of this variant appeared as early as the 10th century and were used contemporarily with pins of variant 22 Saaremaa type pins stayed in use during the whole 11 th century and were replaced by doubleshycross-headed pins with united terminals at the beginning of the 12th century at the latest

Only some sin Viking Age have terminals appear 0

centuries Only lht local ornament typ

Double-cross-hl number of pin he probably for a lon

41 PillS

A tolal of 42 pi have been found il variants but the b thus SUbjective Tt specific construclio but a decoration of bigger thinner ofte (Fig 10) The earl ones were usually n

42 Pi

This group incl specimens as in the of these two groups

43

These pins appea the 11th century Ill

variant resemble late

Few specimens 01 Estonia They had be in Finland Pins frO centuries (Cleve 191

65 Marilw Magi Eesfi mcOvingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad - vooraparased ja onwd

imens were also more

VI 5 VI 4 IX 4-5)

pins of Saaremaa type ~ss massive specimens

usually consisted of e eyes only (Fig 7 PI Jatvia like some other

ularly in Curonia and ere dated to the 10thshy4815014 15525 ~ pins usually differed to have not been very

he other neighbouring 1929 Figs 175-178

only exceptions were decorated with leaves

a similar pin has been s comm) Dration has been found bronze plaque and a

nd of the 10th century bracelet (Miigi-L6ugas Nas found in the same find lists and plans of d to an iron shaft was )ed terminals and with -6597) The complex

Ituries (l962a 70) As ed as early as the 10th lilt 22 Saaremaa type re replaced by doubleshyof the 12th century at

3 Early cross-headed pins (PI X 1 XI 2)

Only some single cross-headed pins dated to the Merovingian Period or the Viking Age have been found in Estonia Small cross-headed pins with united terminals appear only after the Viking Age and were used over a period of some centuries Only the idea of cross-headed pins was borrowed from the Baits and a local ornament type was created on its base a double-cross-headed pin

4 Double-cross-headed pins

Double-cross-headed pins were specifically Estonian ornaments Quite a number of pin heads of this type have been fixed to an iron shaft and used probably for a long time after they were made

41 Pins with unconnected terminals (Pt X 4-6 XI 1 3-5)

A total of 42 pins with unconnected te rminals or pieces of such kind of pins have been found in Estonia They could be divided into earlier and later subshyvariants but the border between these two groups would be too undefined and thus subjective The earlier specimens were usually smaller thicker and with specific construction of their neck (Fig 9) They were often decorated with eyes but a decoration of conce ntric circles was also possible Later pins were always bigger thinner often silver-plated and had a special trapezoid loop on their neck (Fig 10) The earlier specimens were often deformed and burnt but the later ones were usually not burnt and in several cases found in inhumations

42 Pins with connected lower terminals (Pl X 7 XII)

This group includes 21 pins Thc same criteria about earlier and later specimens as in the former variant were also valid in this variant hence the pins of these two groups were at least partly contemporary

43 Pins with completely connected terminals

These pins appeared at the very end of the Viking Age ic at the middle of the 11 th century and will thus be not considered here Some specimens of thi s variant ]escmble iatcr specimens of the fonner variants

Discussion

Few specimens of pins with unconnected terminals have been found outSIde E stonia They had been usually used as pendants Five of them have been found in Finland Pins from Lillmalmsbacken and EU-cl were dated to the 9th-10th centuries (Cleve 1978 105) Two pins have been found in inhumations in

Marika Miigi66 Eesti merovingi- ja

Kjuloholm and dated to the beginning of the II th century (Cleve 1978 105 PI 8 15) Pendants from Estonian double-cross-headed pins have been found in late Viking Age cremations in Bjurhovda Central-Sweden (Jaanusson 1971) in North Norway and Gotland (Jansson 1995 88 fig 7) Some of them were

known from barrows in Northwest Russia (ClII1UbIH 1896 PI V 6 XVII 32) No double-cross pins have been found in Latvia or Lithuania according to the literature

A pin from Koola graveyard (PI X 4) was unearthed together with pieces of chain a glassbead bronze spirals and a bracelet all badly burnt (Parss 1950) Two pins from Verevi had belonged to the same chain arrangement and were found together with a bracelet a bell piece of neck-ring and a penannular brooch pi n with narrow base (Moora 1932) Both these burials could belong to the 10th century

In a womans grave in Aseri two doub Pe-cross-headed pins of earlier character were found with bracelets with thickening ends a spiral bracelet chain pieces and bronze spirals This complex could not be later than the middle of the 10th century because of the bracelets of earlier type in it (M~igi-Lougas 1995a 280 ff Fig 30)

A double-cross-pin of later character belonged to a deposit at Piihaste which also contained some other ornaments and could be dated to the first half of the 11 th century Some pairs of pins with specifically later features have been found in inhumations Graves from Alatskivi Raatvere and Tooste could be mentioned here all dated to the first half of the ] I th century (PI XI 5) A small doubJeshycross-headed pin fixed secondarily to a bronze stem belonged to a cremation of the second half of the 11 th century in Jouga (Ligi 1993 53-54 PI XXVIII 5)

Two double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals had belonged to a womans grave in Madi together with chain fragments bronze spira ls fingershyrings pieces of neck-rings a knife a belt buckle a comb a fire-steel bits and potsherds (Sel irand 1993) In Rahu a pin of the same variant occurred together with a penannular brooch chain arrangements a finger-ring and bits (Kustin 1969) Both these complexes could be dated to the 11th century Two pins of variant 42 belonged to a female inhumation grave in Raatvere and were dated to the first half of the J I th century (PI XII)

As proved above the double-cross-headed pins were cOl1nected with ringshyheaded pins with cross-shaped extension only through common predecessors ie cross-headed pins Looking at the shape of double-cross-headed pins one can ask if they could be connected with the Orthodox cross and perhaps with the conversion of Russia at the end of the 10th century The idea could be supported by the distribution of these pins the double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals were the only variant of dress fastening pins that were concentrated in the eastern half of Estonia

As the double-cross-headed pins appeared in Estonia before the end of the JOth century they cannot be directly connected with the Christianization of

Russia but influe not be discounteo definite evidence (

Selirand has ( centuries (1974 I terminals As pm appeared by the m morphologically t( were in use up to variant 43

Some findings used Parallels in could differ among

As most of the these ornaments WI men in Finland (I Latvia and Lithuan suggested that Esto Estonian ring-head southern neighbour Finland wore the sa

Hackman has re in Finland were all these pins were fa numbers were in s (KM 8067 A3 4 S of archaeology in N variant in Estonia h pin that could belo Keila was found tc woman (PI IV)

In conclusion on and the big luxuriol and 12c were used by women It is po during the 9th centUl

The triangular-he and were sometime~

arrangement Only 0

plaques and had prot

67 Marika Miigi Eesti mcrovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

(Cleve 1978 105 PI have been found in late (Jaanusson 1971) in

Some of them were

6 PI V 6 XVII 32) uania according to the

together with pieces of lIy burnt (Piirss 1950) arrangement and were ing and a penannuJar mrials could belong to

lins of earlier character bracelet chain pieces

the middle of the 10th -L6ugas I995a 280 ff

posit at Ptihaste which to the first half of the ~tures have been found te could be mentioned 1 5) A small doubleshynged to a cremation of -54 PI XXYIlI 5) erminals had belonged bronze spirals fingershy

0 a fire-steel bits and ~ [wnt occurred toget h er -ring and bits (KUstin century Two pins of

vere and were dated to

connected with riDgshyImon predecessors ie -headed pins one can and perhaps with the

lea could be supported pins with unconnected it were concentrated in

before the end of the he Christianization of

Russia but influences from Christian cOllntriesin the East (Byzantium) could not be discounted In any case the double-cross-headed pins do not provide definite evidence of the Christianity of their owners

Selirand has dated double-crass-headed pins to the 11th up to the 12th centuries (1974 146) which is correct for the variant with completely connected terminals As proved above the pins with unconnected terminals had already appeared by the middle of the 10th century The earlier pins of variant 4 2 belong morphologically to the end of the 10th century at the latest Both these variants were in use lip to the m iddle of the 11th century when they were replaced by variant 43

Use of dress fastening pins

Some findings in Estonia let us determine how and by Wh0111 the pins were used Parallels in the neighbouring countries cannot be used here directly and could differ among neighbours

As most of the ring-headed pins were single finds it is most plausible that these ornaments were worn singly Luxurious ring-headed pins had belonged to men in Finland (Lehtosalo-Hiander 1982 109) but the small specimens in Latvia and Lithuania were worn by women and always in pairs Vello Lougas suggested that Estnnian ring-headed pins were also used by women 0 973 126) Estonian ring-headed pins however definitely differ from the small ones of our southern neighbours It seems to be hardly believable that wealthy horsemen in Finland wore the same pins as women in Estonia

Hackman has reported that the ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extension in Finland were alI single finds (1938 114) However in two or even three cases these pins were found obviously in pairs in Uskcla Lukkarinmaki ie their numbers were in sequence and they had almost or completely the same shape (KM 8067 A3 4 57 perhaps also 29 30 data fram archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki) A Kunilcpa pin of the same subshyvariant in Estonia has been found together with a head-ring fragment of a similar pin that could belong to the same sub-variant The pin of sub-variant 12a in Keila was found together with female ornaments and had thus belonged to a woman (PI IV)

In conclusion one can suppose that the ring-headed pins of the earlier variant and the big luxurious pins were worn by men in Estonia Pins of variants 12a and 12c were used by both sexes or especially in the case of variant 12c only by women It is possible that the ring-headed pins became female ornaments during the 9th century

The triangular-headed pins of variant 21 occuned in several cases in pairs and were sometimes fitted with a long chain ie they had belonged to a chain arrangement Only one pin from Pajumaa (PI III4) was fitted with rectangular plaques and had probably been worn on its own

Marika Mdgi68 Eesti merovingi- ja

As ring-headed pins and triangular-headed pins had been in use contemporarily and in the same area it can be supposed that the former were worn by men and the latter by women It is possible that men stopped using pins some time in the 9th century and started to fasten their coats only with penannular brooches Since the 10th century at the latest one can talk about pins as specifically female ornaments in Estonia

Two triangular-headed pins connected with a single chain have been found in Liiva In some cases these pins were unearthed in pairs or single specimens often stray finds were fitted with a long chain Chain holders have been found together with these pins only twice However triangular-headed pins with leaf decoration were sometimes worn probably also singly as in the grave of Hairnre (PI VII)

Triangular-headed pins of Saaremaa type were found in pairs in several cases These pins occurred typically with half-oval chain holders and other pieces of chain arrangement which proves that the chain arrangements with these pins consisted of several rows of chains

Moreover the double-cross-headed pins occur usually in pairs and together with other pieces of a chain arrangement The pins of earlier character were connected only with a single chain (Aseri Verevi Riuma PI XI 4) but the later ones fastened chain arrangements with several rows of chains which were fixed to the pins with openwork chain holders (PI XI 5 XII)

Distribution

Estonia could be divided into two parts according to the local ornaments of the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The same division is valid also in the case of the decorative pins The tradition of fastening the dress with pins was strong in the western part of the Estonian mainland and on the islands but was almost absent in the eastern part during the whole Merovingian Period and the firs t half of the Viking Age The first local pin types - the double-cross-headed pins - occurred there only in the 10th century Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals and with completely connected terminals were spread already allover Estonia providing evidence of the standardisation of ornamental culture

English version checked by Gordon Snow Oxford

1 Rongaspeaga e

1 Ring-headed p

I Juuru Kunilepa 2 J6eJahtme Prest 3 Jiiri Kuma (AM 4 Juri Lagedi (Ar-shy5 JUri Lehmja-Lolt 6 Kaarma Aste (S 7 Karuse Pajumaa 8 Keila (AM 234 9 Kihelkonna Oda to Kihelkonna Paj II Kihclkonna Vii 12 Koeru Preedi (1 13 Kul lamua Vaik 14 KUllsalu (AI 28 15 Karla Kaarmise 16 Ktirla Paevere 17 Karia Paikiila ( 18 Liiganuse PUssi 19 Palamuse Nava 20 Peetri Painurme 21 Parnu-Jaagupi F 22 Pbide Asva (Al 23 Pbidc Tomimae 24 Ridala Ahli (H~ 25 R6ngu Kivivare 26 Viru- Nigllia Pal 27 Viru-Nigllla KUl

2 Kolmnurkpeaga

2 Triangular-head

21 Ornamentimatpoundl

21 Pins without spe

I 16eIahtme lru (AI 2 J6elahtme Presti (

Marika Magi

s had been in use d that the former were men stopped using pins their coats only with one can talk about pins

Jain have been found in s or single specimens )Iders have been found --headed pins with leaf in the grave of Haimre

n pairs in several cases ~rs and other pieces of ments with these pins

v in pairs and together earlier character were PI XI 4) but the later ains which were fixed

the local ornaments of ivision is valid also in he dress with pins was n the islands but was ingian Period and the e double-cross-headed ross-headcd pins with terminah were spread

disation of ornamental

Gordol Snow Oxford

69Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoeiad - vooraparased ja omad

Lisa Appendix

1 Rongaspeaga ehtenoelad Eestis (kaart joon 11)

1 Ring-headed pins in Estonia (map fig 11)

I Juuru Kunilepa (AI 2483 16 17) 2 Joelahtme Presti (AI 5490386 7) 3 Juri Kuma (AM 31 5 AM 2968 69 71) 4 Juri Lagedi (AM 2768) 5 Juri Lehmja-Loo (AI 444499184211 247278283) 6 Kaarma Aste (SM 7675 12) 7 Karuse Pajumaa (AM 134 18 19) 8 Keila (AM 2343) 9 Kihelkonna Odalatsi (AI 3822303) 10 Kihelkonna Paju (AI K 68) 11 Kihelkonna Viki (AI 251373) 12 Koeru Preedi (AI 4426616) 13 Kullamaa Vaike-Kalju (AI 3445) 14 Kuusalu (AI 2827) 15 Karla Kaarmise (AI 3501) 16 Karia Paevere (AI 2657 1) 17 Karia Paikula (AI 25024) 18 Luganuse Piissi (AM 99) 19 Palamuse Nava (AI 39681167) 20 Peetri PaillurmC (AM 11710) 21 Parnu-Jaagupi Parasmaa (AM 493 12) 22 Pbide Asva (AI 4366 1004) 23 Pbide Tomimae (AI 4338 1117) 24 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045220) 25 Rongu Kivivare (AI 47267) 26 Viru- Nigula Pada (AI 536641) 27 Viru-Nigula Kunda (AM 88 113 114)

2 Kolmnurkpeaga noelad Eestis

2 Triangular-headed pins in Estonia

21 Ornamentimata voi lihtsatest joontest ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 12)

21 Pins without special decoration (map fig 12)

1 JoeHihtme lru (AI 4051 9491097) 2 Joellihtme Presti (AI 5490374)

Eesti merovillgi- ja70 Marika Magi

3 J6hvi Toila (AI 3952299 362) 4 Kamse Pajumaa (AM 13414) 5 Kihelkonna K6mse (AI 2643 111 112113) 6 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 14832) 7 Lliganuse Purtse (AI 50388) 8 Martna Ehmp (AM 554605 615 665 81 J 823) 9 Muhu Mala (AI K 2 1234 89) 10 Nissi Vardi (AM 368 13) 11 Otepaa linnamagihillfort (AI 4036 IV203) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 491 122 852 1024) 13 Parnu-Jaagupi M6isaklila (AI 575925) 14 Pbide maalinnhillfort (SM 1460401) 15 Pbide Viltina (AI 38843515) 16 Puha Leina (AI 2643366) 17 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817333) J8 Rouge linnam~igihillfort (AI 40402313162) 19 Saaremaa (AI K 848) 20 Viru-Jaagupi Inju (AI 2794232425) 21 Vandra khklparish (P~lM 23912) 22 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 382 37764)

22 Lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 13)

22 PillS with leaves-decoration (map fig 13)

1 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 1) 2 Keila Uksnurme (AM 68 1) 3 Juri Moigu-Peetri (AI 4877 100) 4 Kaarma khklparish (AI K 67 17 1845 AI 507 6) 5 Kaarrna Uduvere (AI 15184) 6 Kihelkonna Lumanda (AI 382233 3438 35) 7 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 531 1352 1549 1696 1886 23834153

26892690297831483163310131023115) 8 Mihkli Sol va (AI 251318) 9 Muhu Liiva (SM 931 2) 10 Marjamaa Hairnre (AI 3614 I) 11 Nissi Polli (AI 3926 I) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 49120206 584a 584b 760) 13 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884 ) 14 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045 219) 15 Saaremaa (AI K 846) 16 Valjala khklparish (SM K 5410) 17 Valjala Rahu (AI 423922 44 758) 18 Leiukoht teadmatalFindspot unknown (AI 3027)

23 Saaremaa tii

23 PillS ofSaart

1 Hanila Komsi I

2 Kaarma khk I~ 3 Kaarma Loona 4 Kaarma Uduve 5 Karja Valja (A 6 Karuse Pajuma 7 Kihelkonna Ka 8 Kihelkonna khl 9 Kihelkonna Ku 10 Kihelkonna L 11 Kihelkonna 12 Kihelkonna P 13 Kose Paunkiil 14 Kullamaa Mai 15 Karla khk Ipa 16 Karla Kogula 17 Karla Orikiila 18 Uiiine-Niguia 19 Martna Ehmja 20 Pamu Jaagupi 21 Parnu-Jaagupi 22 Parnumaa (Pal 23 Pbide K6igust 24 P6ide Randvel 25 P6ide Viltina ( 26 Piiha Ilpla (AI 27 Saaremaa (AI 28 Valjala Konnu 29 Valjala Rahu (

3 Merovingi- voi

3 Merovingian connected termin

I Karja khklparis 2 Kodavere Lahef 3 Kodavere Savas 4 Mihkli Kurese ( 5 lPoide AudIa (S~ 6 Aksi Raigastven

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja (Jmad

23 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad (kaartjoon 14)

71

~)

96 1886 2383 4153

)760)

23 Pins ofSa a rema a type (map fig 14)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510940) 2 Kaarma khk parish(AI K 67 1944) 3 Kaarma Loona (AK K 1776 LVYM 650911393) 4 Kaarma Uduvere (AI K 15185 186 187 188) 5 Kalja Valja (AI K 76 1) 6 Karu se Pajumaa (AM 134 I 5) 7 Kihelkonna Kalmu (AI 3822]57 158 194) 8 Kihelkonna khk parish (AI K 741) 9 Kihelkonna Kurevere (AI 43686998 102) 10 Kihelkonna Loona (AI 3822233a) 11 Kihelkonna Liimanda (AK 382268 136) 12 Kihelkonna Paju (L VVM 20A 128) 13 Kose Paunkiila (AM 73 1) 14 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 3160 3635 3637 5000 6085) 15 KarIa khk pari sh (AI K 79101819) 16 Karia Kogula (AI K 2951 52) 17 Karla Orikiila (AI K 4 102 103) 18 Laane-Nigula Uugla (AM 500503) 19 Martna Ehmja (AM 554824) 20 Pamu Jaagupi Pooravere (PaM 2364) 21 Pamu-J aagupi Linnamae (AM 491170) 22 Parnumaa (PaM ) 23 Poide Koiguste (AI 436 I 2) 24 Poide Randvere (AI 26972 AI 3895 257) 25 Poide Viltina (AI 3884391 2588b 2755 3128 4300) 26 Piiha IJpla (AI 3822315 382 K 1 78) 27 Saaremaa (AI K 843 57 AI K 8546107 AI 3529 SM ) 28 Valjala Konnu (AI 5151) 29 Valjala Rahu (AI 4239202 670 1114)

3 Merovingi- voi varaviikingiaegsed lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad

3 Merovingian Period or earJy Viking Age cross-headed pins with unshyconnected terminals

1 Karja khkparish (AI K 774) 2 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 198433) 3 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 1483 1) 4 Mihkli Kurese (AI 2513 17) 5 Poide AudIa (SM K 49 I) 6 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885)

72 Marika Magi

7 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (AM aj 98)

4 Kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

4 Double-cross-headed pins

41 Lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad (kaart joon 15)

41 Double-cross-headed pins with unconnecled terminals (map fig 15)

I Haljala Essu (AM 8327) 2 Harju-Jaani Kehra (AI 35849 10) 3 Iisaku J6uga (AI 510062) 4 JUllm Kaiu jarvLake Kaiu (AI 5251) 5 Karksi Kiiti (AI 1353 1) 6 Kodavere Alatskivi (AI 1893la Ib) 7 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 4976 159) 8 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 516957 5295210a 210b) 9 Kose Ardu (AI 26744) 10 Laiuse Koola (AI 40245) Ii Nissi Varbola (AI 3865 128) 12 Nao Unipiha linnamagihillfort (AI 2901 11) 13 Otepaa PaidJa (AI 19973) 14 P6ltsamaa Pajusi (AI 1871 8) 15 Pamu-Jaagupi Anelema (AI 42255) 16 Parnumaa (PaM A 2361) 17 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884153) 18 Piiha IJpla (AI K 1 77) 19 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817 307311) 20 R6ngu Piihaste (AI 3667 I) 21 Rapina Tooste (AI 41085 7) 22 Tarvastu Riuma (AI 12073a 3b) 23 Viljandi Kuude (VM 331 2 43 17A 312) 24 Viljandimaa (VM ) 25 Vim-Nigula Aseri (RM 1211A 57683 7879) 26 Vim-Nigula Kohala (RM 30791A 51 12) 27 Vim-Nigula Kunda (AI 157933 4002) 28 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 5343c)

29 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (LVVM 58923A I 798)

42 Uhendatud alumiste harudega kaksikristpeaga l10elad (kaartjoon 16)

42 Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals (map fig 16)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510103188218507)

Eest merovillgi-(I v

2 Harju-Jaani Raa 3 Kodavere Raatv( 4 Kullamaa Maid 5 Liiganllse Kalme 6 Mihkli Veltsa (A 7 Marjal1laa Konol 8 Marjamaa Moka 9 P61tsal1laa Pajusi 10 Rannu Verevi ( 11 VaUala Rahu (A 12 Viljandi Madi ( 13 Vaike-Maarja A 14 Leiukoht teadl1l1

Marika Magi Eesti merovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy viJorapiirased ja omarl 73

15)

(Ilapjig 15)

I 798)

kaartjOOIi16)

als(mapjig16)

2 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 16) 3 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 5295 121a 12Ib) 4 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 5802 18 2323) 5 Liiganuse Kalmeistri (AI 28244) 6 MihkJi Ve1tsa (AI 4944) 7 Marjamaa Konovere linnamagihillfort (AI 4571159) 8 Marjamaa Moka (AI 371021) 9 P51tsamaa Pajusi (AI 19996) 10 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817234) 11 Valjala Rahu (AI 423970) 12 Viljandi Macli (AI 25906166172174) 13 V~iike-Maalja Antu (AM 102 I) 14 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 26362)

Marika Magi58 EeSfi merovilgi- ja

Selirand J 1974 Eestlaste matmiskombed varafeodaalsete suhete Uirkamise perioodil (11-13 sajand) Tallinn Selirand J 1993 Aruanne kaevamistest Madi kivikalmel Viljandi rajoonis (end Viljandi kihelkond) 1962 a Tallinn (Kasikiri AI-s) Stromberg M 1961 Untersuchungen wr jOngcren Eisenzeit in Schonen Vblkerwanderungseit shyWikingerzeit I-II Acta Archaeologica Lundensia series in 4deg no 4 Lund Snore R 1930 Dzelzs laikmeta latvidu rotas adatas - LatvieSll aizvestures materiilli Riga Tallgren A M 1925 Zur Arehiiologie Eestis II Von 500 bis etwa 1250 n Chr Dorpat Tamla T 1991 lamenevate otstega kaevorud Eesti noorema rauaaja (10-13 sajandi) leidudes shyMT I 134--145 TautayWiene B 1981 III-XVI a sidabriniai ir sidabru puosti dirbiniai Vilnius The Road from the Varangians w the Greeks and from the Greeks 1996 Catalogue of the Exibition State Historical Museum MOSlOW fhumnark-Nylen L 1983 Gotland och OstbaJtikum - Gutar och vikingar Stockholm 306-322 Thunmark-Nylen L 1995 Churchyard Finds from Gotland (1llh - It centuries) -AEW 161shy193 Tonisson E 1974 Die Gauja-Liven und ihre materielle Kultur (II lh - Anfang 13 1hs) Tallinn Volkaitc-Kulikauskienc R 1970 Lieluviai IX- XII 3mziais Vilnius

Ayn M 1992 ApXeOJIOIWleCKHe naM5ITHllKH BTOPOH nononHHbl I-ro TblC5I4eneTWI H 3 B IOroshyBOCTOLlflOii 3CTOHIIH TanJlHlll1 CenoB B n 1985 l-b60pcK B 8-10 BeKax - HAn 119-130 CenOBa M B 1981 IOneJlllpllble I131CJIH5I )]pcllllero H06ropona (X-XV 66) MOCK6a CmmblH A A 1896 Kyprallbl c-ne-repfiyprCKOii ly6CpHHII R pacKonKax n K HBaIlOBCKoro - MaTcpllanbl no apxeoJlonm POCCIIII 20 C-neTep6ypl IIIMHnexeJJbM M X 1959 loponflluc PblYIC II IOro-BocT0411oii 3nOllllii - Bonpocbl 3TH114eshyCKOH HCTOPlfH lIapO)WB npH6a~nlKII 110 )lltlIlIlblM apxeoJlorI-lII 3TlIOlpaXilII H 3HTpOIlOnOllm MocKna 154--185

Marika Magi

DECORA TIVE PINS OF THE MEROVINGIAN AND VIKING AGES IN ESTONIA FOREIGN AND LOCAL

Summary

The Merovingian Period (600-800) and the Viking Age (800-1050) have been treated as comparati vely empty of finds in Estonian archaeology The local culture has been believed to have developed since only the [ lth century The dating of artefacts from these periods has been imprecise and usually later than in Finland or Scandinavia

In this paper 253 Estonian decorative pins from the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age have been analysed (Appendix ) They were all meant for fastening coats or dresses small pins for fastening linen kerchiefs appear in the burials only at the end of the Viking Age

According to the general point of view in Estonian archaeology artefact complexes are almost completely lacking in our archaeological material during

the Merovingian I burial customs of has proved howe cremations have b

Altogether 41 (

ff a fron pills

Eight iron pins at least one of then Ariste 1938 PI Il resemble their pre

i lb Bronze pills v

The shape of thi the head ring has decorated with a sn

All plI1S of thi specimens were u wrapping and somt

f2a PillS with simi

The upper and I marked with straigh case

f2h PinI with ciru

Pins of this sub- have also been foun flanges around the r disks have been de luxurious of this t)

pllaques

rkamise pcrioodil (11 -13

Ii rajoonis (end Viljandi

In Viilkerwanderungsze il shymd ures materiali Riga 0 n Chr Dorpat 0-13 sajandi) leidudes shy

Vilnius 1996 Catalogue of the

ngar Stockholm 306-322 h centuries) -AEW 161shy

-Anfang 13 1d1S) Tallinn

TbIC~4CJlCTlll H 3 13 IOro-

V Btl) MOCKua

middotnKax 11 K VlllallOI3CKoro

~HIIII - BOflPOCbl JTHWleshy

)rpaXIII I anTpOIIOJlOrl1H

I VIKING AGES IN L

ge (800-1050) have lrchaeology The local the II th century The and usually later than

erovingian Period and t were all meant for erchiefs appear in the

archaeology artefact )gical material during

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 59

the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The basis for this view has been the burial customs of these times especially cremations My research in our archives has proved however that more or less certamiddotin complexes in stone graves with cremations have been undervalued

1 Ring-headed pins

Altogether 41 ring-headed pins are known from Estonia

11 Earlier variant of ring-headed pins

1la 1ron pins

Eight iron pins have been found in Estonia up to now Though simply shaped at least one of them has been fitted with a rectangular plaque (Kuma AM 2968 Ariste 1938 PI III6) These pins are the oldest ones of the type and closely resemble their predecessors shepherd-crook pins

1lb Bronze pins with widening or profiled neck (Pl 1l11 2)

The shape of these pins is similar to that of the iron specimens In three cases the head ring has been wrapped with silver wire The neck is sometimes decorated with a small round decorative shield (Fig 14 PI IH2)

12 Later variant of ring-headed pins

All pins of this variant had necks of triangular cross-section The later specimens were usually bigger more decorated especially by silver-wire wrapping and sometimes fitted with plaques All of them were made of bronze

12a Pins with silllple triangular neck (Fig 21 2 Pl 1V)

The upper and lower edges of the front side of the neck of these pins were marked with straight ridges The head ring has been wrapped by wire only in one case

12b Pins with circular flanges around their neck (Fig 2 3 PI 111 5 V 1-3)

Pins of this sub-variant were most typical to Estonia though some specimens have also been found in Finland and Latvia There were usually three circular flanges around the neck In most cases both the head ring and the edges of the disks have been decorated with silver wrapping These pins were the most luxurious of this type usually bigger than the others and often fitted with plaques

Marika Magi60 Eesti merovingi- ja

12c Pins with cross-shaped extension (Fig 2 4 Pl X 2-3)

Three pins of this sub-variant have been found in Estonia at Kuusalu (AI 2827) Pajumaa (AM 134 19) and Kunilepa (AI 2483 16) These have been treated as later specimens of ring-headed pins and as specifically Estonian (Tallgren 192581 Ariste 19383754 Kivikoski 197367)

Discussion

Estonian ring-headed pins originated from small pins of the same type in Latvia especially in Semgallien and in northern Lithuania Small Lithuanian ring-headed pins were dated to the 7th-8th centuries bigger ones to the 9th century (Volkaite-Kulikauskiene 1970 168) Numbers of these pins have been found in Finland where they were treated as ornaments of Estonian origin and dated usually to the 7th-8th centuries (Hackman 1938 105-115 LehtosaloshyHilander 1982 109 Ranta 199642) Specimens with a cross-shaped extension could be dated to the 9th century too (Hackman 1938 114) However a ringshyheaded pin of variant ~ 2a from Lillmalmsbacken was found together with a hexahedral ring from a penannular brooch and some other items and could thus be dated to the 9th century too (data from archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki)

Twelve ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were known in Finland in 1973 (Kivikoski 1973 67) and only three specimens in Estonia Estonian pins of this sub-variant have been found in coastal areas or in a deposit at Kunilepa which also contains some other items of Finnish origin (eg early penannular brooches with flat ring) Thus most probably can we talk about a Finnish rather than an Estonian origin for these pins At least two such pins have also been found in Latvia (Snore 1930 Pl IX 15 22)

Tallgren has suggested that ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were predecessors of double-cross-headed pins (1925 81) Ariste (1938) did not support this theory because the dates of these ornaments differed too much It should be noted that some cross-headed pins of Southern Baltic origin with three terminals were spread at the same time in Finland One specimen has been also found in Estonia (PI X 1) Ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extensions could be speciall Finnish ornaments connected both with the ring-headed and cross-headed pins Both concepts are particuhlrly evident in a ring-headed pin with a cross-shaped extension from Liedon Sauvala which is fitted with a supplementary cross inside its head ring (Hackman 1938 Fig 35)

Only one of the Estonian ring-headed pins has been found in an undisturbed find complex in a deposit at Keila (PI IV) This find was probably not complete however because it lacked a second fastener for the chain (another pin) The find could be dated to the 9th century A collection of finds from Kunilepa usually treated as a deposit were obviously picked up from an earlier destroyed grave as

became clear frc probable grave cc spots the grave oj the later part of P Asva to the 8th-91

Ariste has da~

beginning of the supposed making 10th-II th centur~ to my study the I

the 7th century or mainly during the in the 9th century

Only triangulaJ These pins have 1

knobs Mushroom shaped ones to be study both variant pins are described I

This variant in usuaJly earlier but

21a Pins with sma

Fifteen pins fro were all smaller spe

21 h Pins with a Sir

Nine pins of th average in size an sometimes decorate(

21 c Pins with a del

Only four pins fl (PI IX I) was dec~ import from Curonia

61 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - vooraparasedja omad

I)

Estonia at Kuusalu 6) These have been

pecifically Estonian I

of the same type in ia Small Lithuanian ~ger ones to the 9th hese pins have been Estonian origin and 105-1 ] 5 Lehtosaloshyass-shaped extension 4) However a ringshylund together with a items and cou ld thus f the department of

ion were known In

~ecimens in Estonia areas or in a deposit

ish origin (eg early can we talk about a ~ t two such pins have

bss-shaped extension Ariste (1938) did not differed too much It tltic origin with three ~cimen has been also k shaped extensions the ring-headed and in a ring-headed pin lich is fitted with a ~ 35) nd in an undisturbed obably no complete lother pin) The find ~m Kunilepa usually r destroyed grave as

became clear from a conversation with a descendant of the landowner The probable grave could be dated to the 8th-9th centuries From the rest of the find spots the grave of Lehmja-Loo was dated to the 7th century (LOugas 1973 129) the later part of Presti grave to the 7th-8th centuries and the later dwelling layer in Asva to the 8th-9th centuries (Lougas amp Mligi-L6ugas 199432-33)

Ariste has dated Estonian ring-headed pillS from the 7th century up to the beginning of the 10th century (1938 62) Schmiedehelm and Selirand have supposed making reference to Ariste that these pins were also in use during the 10th-11th centuries (Schmiedehelm 1939 136 Selirand 1974 ] 44) According to my study the earlier variant of Estonian ring-headed pins cOUild be dated to the 7th century only The later variant pins with more local character were used mainly during the 8th century Pins of sub-variants 12a and 12c were in use also in the 9th century

2 Triangular-headed pins

Only triangular-headed pins with end knobs were discussed in this paper These pins have up to now been typologized according to the shape of their knobs Mushroom-shaped terminaLs were considered to be earlier and conicshyshaped ones to be later variants (Tangren 1925 80) According to the present study both variants were in use at the same time End knobs typical of the later pins are described in this paper as hat-shaped (Fig 3)

21 Pins without any special decoration

This variant includes 41 pins of different size Smaller specimens were usually earlier but there were quite a number of exceptions to this rule

21a Pins with smooth heads (PI VI 1 3)

Fifteen pins from the Merovingian Period belong to this sub-variant They were all smaller specimens with mushroom- or conic-shaped end knobs

21 h Pins with a smooth triangular hollow

Nine pins of this sub-variant are known in Estonia They were small or average in size and half of them had hat-shaped end knobs The head is sometimes decorated with a single knob in the middle

21 c Pins with a decoration ofconcentric triangles

Only four pins from Estonia belong to this sub-variant A pin from ViI tina (PI IX 1) was decorated with two ammal (horse) figures and is probably an import from Curonia or Semgallien

Marika Magi 62 Eesti merovillgimiddot jl

21d Pins with afaceted triangular hollow (Pi 111 3 4 VI 2)

Sixteen medium-sized or bigger pins belong to this sub-variant Only one of them had a hat-shaped end knob (Presti PI In 3) all the others had only mushroom- or conic-shaped knobs Many of these pins had a faceted neck (Fig 4 4)

22 Pins with a decoration of leaves (Pi V 4-5 V1I V11I 1- 3)

The shape of these pins resembled that of the former variant but the smooth hollow in the head was decorated with three leaves 46 pins or fragments of pins of this variant are known in Estonia Many of them were found in cremations and were bad1ly burnt Hat-shaped end knobs were characteristic of these pins The neck was faceted in 11 specimens (Fig 5) The reverse of some of these pins was decorated with eyes (PI V 5) Such specimens had almost no faceted neck Pins with a faceted neck were thus morphologically ear(jer and the specimens with a decoration on their reverse sides were later in this variant group

Discussion

Triangular-headed pins were widespread in Latvia and Lithuania where their decoration usually differed clearly from that of Estonian pins Pins with mushroom-shaped end knobs were dated to the 7th-9th centuries in L ithuania (Tautaviciene 1981 169) Triangular-headed pms appeared in Latvia as early as 500 and were spread mainly in Semgallien and in the Lower-Daugava area (Snore 1930 PI XXIX 1 Latvijas 1974 PI 40 4 I 3) Some specimens have also been found in Russia (Sedova 198173 Sedov 1985 123 F ig 1 7 8) Triangular-headed pins in FinlJand have been treated as ornaments of Latvian or Estonian origin and dated to the Merovingian Period or the beginning of the Viking Age (Kivikoski 197367-6899 Fig 448 72 l Lehtosalo-Hilander 1982 108)

Pins with leaf decoration were found not only in Estonia but also in Semgallien and Curonia Probably only one specimen has been found in Finland (Rusko Kankare Kivikoski 197367 99) Some pins with leaf decoration were known from Gotland (Nerman 1929 Fig 173-174 177 Thunmark-Nylen 1983 Fig 10 Jansson 1995 88-89 Fig 8) and from the mainland of Sweden (Stromberg 1961 165 PI 73 8 9) One has been found at Trelleborg in Denmark (Michael Andersen pers comm) Two fragmentary pins of this variant belonged to a silver hoard from Baldringe in Skanc (Hardh 1976 PI 20 10 11) and were interesting for us because of their material Ali triangular-headed pins in Estonii were made of bronze The finds in Baldringe proved that the Estonians used to make similar ornaments of both materials but the silver specimens were probably re-cast later

Some of the complexes Thret some bracelets 1

cremation at Hai could be dated to and Maidla gravi datcd to the same

Seven pins of in 1m have been XXVII 4-5) The 8th centuries in (Schmiedehelm 11 L6ugas 1994 32shy

Schmiedehelm (1930) The pins according to Kus According to my Merovingian Perilt the end of the 9th 10th century Arou

Pins of this var and are therefore I

shaped terminals al have been found u majority of them hi draw parallels with elaborated decorati consisting only of broken off and fixel

23a Pins with lea

Six pins of this These pins were pre

23b Pins with plail

Plait decoration not very widespreao and the 11 til centul)

Marika Miigi Eesli merovingi- ja viikil1gi(egsed rinl1aHoelad shy viJiJrapiirasedja ()mad 63

2)

I-variant Only one of the others had oniy

l a faceted neck (Fig

II VIII 1-3)

ariant but the smooth s or fragments of pins und in cremations and tic of these pins The ome of these pins was no faceted neck Pins the specimens with a

roup

~ithuania where their ~ ian pins Pins with centuries in Lithuania d in Latvia as early as Lower-Daugava area

Some specimens have 5 123 Fig I 7 8) naments of Latvian or the beginning of the

Itosalo-Hilander 1982

Estonia but also in een found in Finland

1 leaf decoration were hunmark-Nylen 1983 mainland of Sweden und at Trelleborg in ary pins of this variant h 1976 PI 20 to 11) triangular-headed pins inge proved that the terials but the silver

Some of the Estonian triangubr-headed pins were found in closed find complexes Three pins of variant 21 belonged to a deposit at Inju together with some bracelets which allowed the find to be dated to the 7th-8th centuries A cremation at Haimre (PI V) contained only one pin with leaf decoration and could be dated to the 10th century Some similar pins from Rahu (Kustin 1969) and Maidla graves (data from find lists and plans of Mati Mandel) could be dated to the same time because of the other finds in the burials

Seven pins of the earlier variant have been found in hill-forts Two specimens in Iru have been dated to the 6l7th-8th centuries (Lang 1996 96-97 102 PI XXVII 4--5) The layers where the pins were found have been dated to the 7thshy

8th centuries in Rouge (AYH 1992 65) to the 6th-9th centuries in Otepali (Schmiedehelm 195963) and to the 7th-9th centuries in Pbide (Lougas amp MagishyL6ugas 199432-33)

Schmiedehelm dated Estonian pins of variant 2 J to the 6th-9th centuries (1930) The pins with leaf decoration were used during the II th-12th centuries according to Kustin and Selirand (Kustin J962b 405 Selirand 1974 145) According to my study the pins of variant 21 were used during the whole Merovingian Period and the 9th century Pins with leaf decoration appeared at the end of the 9th century at the latcst and were in use during the whole of the 10th century Around 1000 they were replaced by pins of the next variant

23 Pins of Saaremaa type

Pins of this variant differ morphologically from the above-discussed variants and are therefore treated separately here These pins were flat with flat heartshyshaped terminals and a high loop on their neck (Fig 6) Altogether 63 specimens have been found up to now as many as 49 of them on Saaremaa (Osel) The majority of them have been found in cremations and were badly burnt If we may draw parallels with the other ornament types the more massive specimens with elaborated decoration were earlier than the thin pins with stylised decoration consisting only of a few lines In many cases the heads of these pins had been broken off and fixed to a new iron shaft ie recycled

23a Pins with leal decoration (PI VI 4 VIII 6-7)

Six pins of this variant have a more or less stylised decoration of three leaves These pins were probably the earliest ones in vanant 23

23b Pins with plait decoration (Fig 8 PI VIII 5 IX 2)

Plait decoration was popular in L atvia and Lithuania over a long period but not very widespread in Estonia On Saaremaa bracelets of the late Viking Age and the 11 th century had often the same pattern In six cases also the reverse of

Marika Magi64 Eesti merovingi- ja

the pins had been decorated mostly with eyes These specimens were also more massive ie probably somewhat earlier

23c Pins with some other kind ofdecoration (Fig 7 Pl VI 5 VIII 4 IX 4-5)

Different kinds of simple patterns were spread on the pins of Saaremaa type most of them having counterparts in Latvia More and less massive specimens occurred in this sub-variant too Though the pattern usually consisted of different lines some pins were decorated with one or more eyes only (Fig 7 Pl IX 4) These could probably be treated as imports from Latvia like some other somewhat unusual pins of this sub-variant

Discussion

Pins of this variant were widespread in Latvia particularly in Curonia and Semgallien but also in the Lower-Daugava area They were dated to the lOthshy12th centuries there (Snore 1930 Pl XV LA 1974 Pl 481 5014 15525 T6nisson 1974 Pl XXXVI2) The decoration of Latvian pins usually differed from that of Estonian pins and even plait decoration seems to have not been very popular on this type of pins in Latvia

Only single pins of this variant have been found in the other neighbouring countries most of them specifically Latvian (Nerrnan 1929 Figs 175-178 Kivikoski 1973 99 Fig 720 Jansson 1995 88-89) The only exceptions were two pins from Garda churchyard on Gotland which were decorated with leaves (Thunmark-Nylen 1995 185 Fig 13) A small piece of a similar pin has been found as a stray find in Roskilde Denmark (Andersen pers comm)

In Uugla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin with leaf decoration has been found together with a knife pieces of chain arrangement a bronze plaque and a bracelet (Mandel 1980) The grave could be dated to the end of the 10th century or to the beginning of the 11 th century according to the bracelet (Magi-Lougas 1995b 521) In Maidla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin was found in the same chain arrangement with a pin of variant 22 (data from find lists and plans of Mandel) In Randvere graveyard a pin of variant 23 fixed to an iron shaft was found together with a penannular brooch with poppy-shaped terminals and with sherds of fine-grained pottery (data from Kustin 1962a 64-65 97) The complex could be dated around 1000

Kustin dated Saaremaa type pins to the 11th-12th centuries (1962a 70) As proved above the earlier specimens of this variant appeared as early as the 10th century and were used contemporarily with pins of variant 22 Saaremaa type pins stayed in use during the whole 11 th century and were replaced by doubleshycross-headed pins with united terminals at the beginning of the 12th century at the latest

Only some sin Viking Age have terminals appear 0

centuries Only lht local ornament typ

Double-cross-hl number of pin he probably for a lon

41 PillS

A tolal of 42 pi have been found il variants but the b thus SUbjective Tt specific construclio but a decoration of bigger thinner ofte (Fig 10) The earl ones were usually n

42 Pi

This group incl specimens as in the of these two groups

43

These pins appea the 11th century Ill

variant resemble late

Few specimens 01 Estonia They had be in Finland Pins frO centuries (Cleve 191

65 Marilw Magi Eesfi mcOvingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad - vooraparased ja onwd

imens were also more

VI 5 VI 4 IX 4-5)

pins of Saaremaa type ~ss massive specimens

usually consisted of e eyes only (Fig 7 PI Jatvia like some other

ularly in Curonia and ere dated to the 10thshy4815014 15525 ~ pins usually differed to have not been very

he other neighbouring 1929 Figs 175-178

only exceptions were decorated with leaves

a similar pin has been s comm) Dration has been found bronze plaque and a

nd of the 10th century bracelet (Miigi-L6ugas Nas found in the same find lists and plans of d to an iron shaft was )ed terminals and with -6597) The complex

Ituries (l962a 70) As ed as early as the 10th lilt 22 Saaremaa type re replaced by doubleshyof the 12th century at

3 Early cross-headed pins (PI X 1 XI 2)

Only some single cross-headed pins dated to the Merovingian Period or the Viking Age have been found in Estonia Small cross-headed pins with united terminals appear only after the Viking Age and were used over a period of some centuries Only the idea of cross-headed pins was borrowed from the Baits and a local ornament type was created on its base a double-cross-headed pin

4 Double-cross-headed pins

Double-cross-headed pins were specifically Estonian ornaments Quite a number of pin heads of this type have been fixed to an iron shaft and used probably for a long time after they were made

41 Pins with unconnected terminals (Pt X 4-6 XI 1 3-5)

A total of 42 pins with unconnected te rminals or pieces of such kind of pins have been found in Estonia They could be divided into earlier and later subshyvariants but the border between these two groups would be too undefined and thus subjective The earlier specimens were usually smaller thicker and with specific construction of their neck (Fig 9) They were often decorated with eyes but a decoration of conce ntric circles was also possible Later pins were always bigger thinner often silver-plated and had a special trapezoid loop on their neck (Fig 10) The earlier specimens were often deformed and burnt but the later ones were usually not burnt and in several cases found in inhumations

42 Pins with connected lower terminals (Pl X 7 XII)

This group includes 21 pins Thc same criteria about earlier and later specimens as in the former variant were also valid in this variant hence the pins of these two groups were at least partly contemporary

43 Pins with completely connected terminals

These pins appeared at the very end of the Viking Age ic at the middle of the 11 th century and will thus be not considered here Some specimens of thi s variant ]escmble iatcr specimens of the fonner variants

Discussion

Few specimens of pins with unconnected terminals have been found outSIde E stonia They had been usually used as pendants Five of them have been found in Finland Pins from Lillmalmsbacken and EU-cl were dated to the 9th-10th centuries (Cleve 1978 105) Two pins have been found in inhumations in

Marika Miigi66 Eesti merovingi- ja

Kjuloholm and dated to the beginning of the II th century (Cleve 1978 105 PI 8 15) Pendants from Estonian double-cross-headed pins have been found in late Viking Age cremations in Bjurhovda Central-Sweden (Jaanusson 1971) in North Norway and Gotland (Jansson 1995 88 fig 7) Some of them were

known from barrows in Northwest Russia (ClII1UbIH 1896 PI V 6 XVII 32) No double-cross pins have been found in Latvia or Lithuania according to the literature

A pin from Koola graveyard (PI X 4) was unearthed together with pieces of chain a glassbead bronze spirals and a bracelet all badly burnt (Parss 1950) Two pins from Verevi had belonged to the same chain arrangement and were found together with a bracelet a bell piece of neck-ring and a penannular brooch pi n with narrow base (Moora 1932) Both these burials could belong to the 10th century

In a womans grave in Aseri two doub Pe-cross-headed pins of earlier character were found with bracelets with thickening ends a spiral bracelet chain pieces and bronze spirals This complex could not be later than the middle of the 10th century because of the bracelets of earlier type in it (M~igi-Lougas 1995a 280 ff Fig 30)

A double-cross-pin of later character belonged to a deposit at Piihaste which also contained some other ornaments and could be dated to the first half of the 11 th century Some pairs of pins with specifically later features have been found in inhumations Graves from Alatskivi Raatvere and Tooste could be mentioned here all dated to the first half of the ] I th century (PI XI 5) A small doubJeshycross-headed pin fixed secondarily to a bronze stem belonged to a cremation of the second half of the 11 th century in Jouga (Ligi 1993 53-54 PI XXVIII 5)

Two double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals had belonged to a womans grave in Madi together with chain fragments bronze spira ls fingershyrings pieces of neck-rings a knife a belt buckle a comb a fire-steel bits and potsherds (Sel irand 1993) In Rahu a pin of the same variant occurred together with a penannular brooch chain arrangements a finger-ring and bits (Kustin 1969) Both these complexes could be dated to the 11th century Two pins of variant 42 belonged to a female inhumation grave in Raatvere and were dated to the first half of the J I th century (PI XII)

As proved above the double-cross-headed pins were cOl1nected with ringshyheaded pins with cross-shaped extension only through common predecessors ie cross-headed pins Looking at the shape of double-cross-headed pins one can ask if they could be connected with the Orthodox cross and perhaps with the conversion of Russia at the end of the 10th century The idea could be supported by the distribution of these pins the double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals were the only variant of dress fastening pins that were concentrated in the eastern half of Estonia

As the double-cross-headed pins appeared in Estonia before the end of the JOth century they cannot be directly connected with the Christianization of

Russia but influe not be discounteo definite evidence (

Selirand has ( centuries (1974 I terminals As pm appeared by the m morphologically t( were in use up to variant 43

Some findings used Parallels in could differ among

As most of the these ornaments WI men in Finland (I Latvia and Lithuan suggested that Esto Estonian ring-head southern neighbour Finland wore the sa

Hackman has re in Finland were all these pins were fa numbers were in s (KM 8067 A3 4 S of archaeology in N variant in Estonia h pin that could belo Keila was found tc woman (PI IV)

In conclusion on and the big luxuriol and 12c were used by women It is po during the 9th centUl

The triangular-he and were sometime~

arrangement Only 0

plaques and had prot

67 Marika Miigi Eesti mcrovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

(Cleve 1978 105 PI have been found in late (Jaanusson 1971) in

Some of them were

6 PI V 6 XVII 32) uania according to the

together with pieces of lIy burnt (Piirss 1950) arrangement and were ing and a penannuJar mrials could belong to

lins of earlier character bracelet chain pieces

the middle of the 10th -L6ugas I995a 280 ff

posit at Ptihaste which to the first half of the ~tures have been found te could be mentioned 1 5) A small doubleshynged to a cremation of -54 PI XXYIlI 5) erminals had belonged bronze spirals fingershy

0 a fire-steel bits and ~ [wnt occurred toget h er -ring and bits (KUstin century Two pins of

vere and were dated to

connected with riDgshyImon predecessors ie -headed pins one can and perhaps with the

lea could be supported pins with unconnected it were concentrated in

before the end of the he Christianization of

Russia but influences from Christian cOllntriesin the East (Byzantium) could not be discounted In any case the double-cross-headed pins do not provide definite evidence of the Christianity of their owners

Selirand has dated double-crass-headed pins to the 11th up to the 12th centuries (1974 146) which is correct for the variant with completely connected terminals As proved above the pins with unconnected terminals had already appeared by the middle of the 10th century The earlier pins of variant 4 2 belong morphologically to the end of the 10th century at the latest Both these variants were in use lip to the m iddle of the 11th century when they were replaced by variant 43

Use of dress fastening pins

Some findings in Estonia let us determine how and by Wh0111 the pins were used Parallels in the neighbouring countries cannot be used here directly and could differ among neighbours

As most of the ring-headed pins were single finds it is most plausible that these ornaments were worn singly Luxurious ring-headed pins had belonged to men in Finland (Lehtosalo-Hiander 1982 109) but the small specimens in Latvia and Lithuania were worn by women and always in pairs Vello Lougas suggested that Estnnian ring-headed pins were also used by women 0 973 126) Estonian ring-headed pins however definitely differ from the small ones of our southern neighbours It seems to be hardly believable that wealthy horsemen in Finland wore the same pins as women in Estonia

Hackman has reported that the ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extension in Finland were alI single finds (1938 114) However in two or even three cases these pins were found obviously in pairs in Uskcla Lukkarinmaki ie their numbers were in sequence and they had almost or completely the same shape (KM 8067 A3 4 57 perhaps also 29 30 data fram archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki) A Kunilcpa pin of the same subshyvariant in Estonia has been found together with a head-ring fragment of a similar pin that could belong to the same sub-variant The pin of sub-variant 12a in Keila was found together with female ornaments and had thus belonged to a woman (PI IV)

In conclusion one can suppose that the ring-headed pins of the earlier variant and the big luxurious pins were worn by men in Estonia Pins of variants 12a and 12c were used by both sexes or especially in the case of variant 12c only by women It is possible that the ring-headed pins became female ornaments during the 9th century

The triangular-headed pins of variant 21 occuned in several cases in pairs and were sometimes fitted with a long chain ie they had belonged to a chain arrangement Only one pin from Pajumaa (PI III4) was fitted with rectangular plaques and had probably been worn on its own

Marika Mdgi68 Eesti merovingi- ja

As ring-headed pins and triangular-headed pins had been in use contemporarily and in the same area it can be supposed that the former were worn by men and the latter by women It is possible that men stopped using pins some time in the 9th century and started to fasten their coats only with penannular brooches Since the 10th century at the latest one can talk about pins as specifically female ornaments in Estonia

Two triangular-headed pins connected with a single chain have been found in Liiva In some cases these pins were unearthed in pairs or single specimens often stray finds were fitted with a long chain Chain holders have been found together with these pins only twice However triangular-headed pins with leaf decoration were sometimes worn probably also singly as in the grave of Hairnre (PI VII)

Triangular-headed pins of Saaremaa type were found in pairs in several cases These pins occurred typically with half-oval chain holders and other pieces of chain arrangement which proves that the chain arrangements with these pins consisted of several rows of chains

Moreover the double-cross-headed pins occur usually in pairs and together with other pieces of a chain arrangement The pins of earlier character were connected only with a single chain (Aseri Verevi Riuma PI XI 4) but the later ones fastened chain arrangements with several rows of chains which were fixed to the pins with openwork chain holders (PI XI 5 XII)

Distribution

Estonia could be divided into two parts according to the local ornaments of the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The same division is valid also in the case of the decorative pins The tradition of fastening the dress with pins was strong in the western part of the Estonian mainland and on the islands but was almost absent in the eastern part during the whole Merovingian Period and the firs t half of the Viking Age The first local pin types - the double-cross-headed pins - occurred there only in the 10th century Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals and with completely connected terminals were spread already allover Estonia providing evidence of the standardisation of ornamental culture

English version checked by Gordon Snow Oxford

1 Rongaspeaga e

1 Ring-headed p

I Juuru Kunilepa 2 J6eJahtme Prest 3 Jiiri Kuma (AM 4 Juri Lagedi (Ar-shy5 JUri Lehmja-Lolt 6 Kaarma Aste (S 7 Karuse Pajumaa 8 Keila (AM 234 9 Kihelkonna Oda to Kihelkonna Paj II Kihclkonna Vii 12 Koeru Preedi (1 13 Kul lamua Vaik 14 KUllsalu (AI 28 15 Karla Kaarmise 16 Ktirla Paevere 17 Karia Paikiila ( 18 Liiganuse PUssi 19 Palamuse Nava 20 Peetri Painurme 21 Parnu-Jaagupi F 22 Pbide Asva (Al 23 Pbidc Tomimae 24 Ridala Ahli (H~ 25 R6ngu Kivivare 26 Viru- Nigllia Pal 27 Viru-Nigllla KUl

2 Kolmnurkpeaga

2 Triangular-head

21 Ornamentimatpoundl

21 Pins without spe

I 16eIahtme lru (AI 2 J6elahtme Presti (

Marika Magi

s had been in use d that the former were men stopped using pins their coats only with one can talk about pins

Jain have been found in s or single specimens )Iders have been found --headed pins with leaf in the grave of Haimre

n pairs in several cases ~rs and other pieces of ments with these pins

v in pairs and together earlier character were PI XI 4) but the later ains which were fixed

the local ornaments of ivision is valid also in he dress with pins was n the islands but was ingian Period and the e double-cross-headed ross-headcd pins with terminah were spread

disation of ornamental

Gordol Snow Oxford

69Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoeiad - vooraparased ja omad

Lisa Appendix

1 Rongaspeaga ehtenoelad Eestis (kaart joon 11)

1 Ring-headed pins in Estonia (map fig 11)

I Juuru Kunilepa (AI 2483 16 17) 2 Joelahtme Presti (AI 5490386 7) 3 Juri Kuma (AM 31 5 AM 2968 69 71) 4 Juri Lagedi (AM 2768) 5 Juri Lehmja-Loo (AI 444499184211 247278283) 6 Kaarma Aste (SM 7675 12) 7 Karuse Pajumaa (AM 134 18 19) 8 Keila (AM 2343) 9 Kihelkonna Odalatsi (AI 3822303) 10 Kihelkonna Paju (AI K 68) 11 Kihelkonna Viki (AI 251373) 12 Koeru Preedi (AI 4426616) 13 Kullamaa Vaike-Kalju (AI 3445) 14 Kuusalu (AI 2827) 15 Karla Kaarmise (AI 3501) 16 Karia Paevere (AI 2657 1) 17 Karia Paikula (AI 25024) 18 Luganuse Piissi (AM 99) 19 Palamuse Nava (AI 39681167) 20 Peetri PaillurmC (AM 11710) 21 Parnu-Jaagupi Parasmaa (AM 493 12) 22 Pbide Asva (AI 4366 1004) 23 Pbide Tomimae (AI 4338 1117) 24 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045220) 25 Rongu Kivivare (AI 47267) 26 Viru- Nigula Pada (AI 536641) 27 Viru-Nigula Kunda (AM 88 113 114)

2 Kolmnurkpeaga noelad Eestis

2 Triangular-headed pins in Estonia

21 Ornamentimata voi lihtsatest joontest ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 12)

21 Pins without special decoration (map fig 12)

1 JoeHihtme lru (AI 4051 9491097) 2 Joellihtme Presti (AI 5490374)

Eesti merovillgi- ja70 Marika Magi

3 J6hvi Toila (AI 3952299 362) 4 Kamse Pajumaa (AM 13414) 5 Kihelkonna K6mse (AI 2643 111 112113) 6 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 14832) 7 Lliganuse Purtse (AI 50388) 8 Martna Ehmp (AM 554605 615 665 81 J 823) 9 Muhu Mala (AI K 2 1234 89) 10 Nissi Vardi (AM 368 13) 11 Otepaa linnamagihillfort (AI 4036 IV203) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 491 122 852 1024) 13 Parnu-Jaagupi M6isaklila (AI 575925) 14 Pbide maalinnhillfort (SM 1460401) 15 Pbide Viltina (AI 38843515) 16 Puha Leina (AI 2643366) 17 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817333) J8 Rouge linnam~igihillfort (AI 40402313162) 19 Saaremaa (AI K 848) 20 Viru-Jaagupi Inju (AI 2794232425) 21 Vandra khklparish (P~lM 23912) 22 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 382 37764)

22 Lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 13)

22 PillS with leaves-decoration (map fig 13)

1 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 1) 2 Keila Uksnurme (AM 68 1) 3 Juri Moigu-Peetri (AI 4877 100) 4 Kaarma khklparish (AI K 67 17 1845 AI 507 6) 5 Kaarrna Uduvere (AI 15184) 6 Kihelkonna Lumanda (AI 382233 3438 35) 7 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 531 1352 1549 1696 1886 23834153

26892690297831483163310131023115) 8 Mihkli Sol va (AI 251318) 9 Muhu Liiva (SM 931 2) 10 Marjamaa Hairnre (AI 3614 I) 11 Nissi Polli (AI 3926 I) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 49120206 584a 584b 760) 13 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884 ) 14 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045 219) 15 Saaremaa (AI K 846) 16 Valjala khklparish (SM K 5410) 17 Valjala Rahu (AI 423922 44 758) 18 Leiukoht teadmatalFindspot unknown (AI 3027)

23 Saaremaa tii

23 PillS ofSaart

1 Hanila Komsi I

2 Kaarma khk I~ 3 Kaarma Loona 4 Kaarma Uduve 5 Karja Valja (A 6 Karuse Pajuma 7 Kihelkonna Ka 8 Kihelkonna khl 9 Kihelkonna Ku 10 Kihelkonna L 11 Kihelkonna 12 Kihelkonna P 13 Kose Paunkiil 14 Kullamaa Mai 15 Karla khk Ipa 16 Karla Kogula 17 Karla Orikiila 18 Uiiine-Niguia 19 Martna Ehmja 20 Pamu Jaagupi 21 Parnu-Jaagupi 22 Parnumaa (Pal 23 Pbide K6igust 24 P6ide Randvel 25 P6ide Viltina ( 26 Piiha Ilpla (AI 27 Saaremaa (AI 28 Valjala Konnu 29 Valjala Rahu (

3 Merovingi- voi

3 Merovingian connected termin

I Karja khklparis 2 Kodavere Lahef 3 Kodavere Savas 4 Mihkli Kurese ( 5 lPoide AudIa (S~ 6 Aksi Raigastven

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja (Jmad

23 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad (kaartjoon 14)

71

~)

96 1886 2383 4153

)760)

23 Pins ofSa a rema a type (map fig 14)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510940) 2 Kaarma khk parish(AI K 67 1944) 3 Kaarma Loona (AK K 1776 LVYM 650911393) 4 Kaarma Uduvere (AI K 15185 186 187 188) 5 Kalja Valja (AI K 76 1) 6 Karu se Pajumaa (AM 134 I 5) 7 Kihelkonna Kalmu (AI 3822]57 158 194) 8 Kihelkonna khk parish (AI K 741) 9 Kihelkonna Kurevere (AI 43686998 102) 10 Kihelkonna Loona (AI 3822233a) 11 Kihelkonna Liimanda (AK 382268 136) 12 Kihelkonna Paju (L VVM 20A 128) 13 Kose Paunkiila (AM 73 1) 14 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 3160 3635 3637 5000 6085) 15 KarIa khk pari sh (AI K 79101819) 16 Karia Kogula (AI K 2951 52) 17 Karla Orikiila (AI K 4 102 103) 18 Laane-Nigula Uugla (AM 500503) 19 Martna Ehmja (AM 554824) 20 Pamu Jaagupi Pooravere (PaM 2364) 21 Pamu-J aagupi Linnamae (AM 491170) 22 Parnumaa (PaM ) 23 Poide Koiguste (AI 436 I 2) 24 Poide Randvere (AI 26972 AI 3895 257) 25 Poide Viltina (AI 3884391 2588b 2755 3128 4300) 26 Piiha IJpla (AI 3822315 382 K 1 78) 27 Saaremaa (AI K 843 57 AI K 8546107 AI 3529 SM ) 28 Valjala Konnu (AI 5151) 29 Valjala Rahu (AI 4239202 670 1114)

3 Merovingi- voi varaviikingiaegsed lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad

3 Merovingian Period or earJy Viking Age cross-headed pins with unshyconnected terminals

1 Karja khkparish (AI K 774) 2 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 198433) 3 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 1483 1) 4 Mihkli Kurese (AI 2513 17) 5 Poide AudIa (SM K 49 I) 6 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885)

72 Marika Magi

7 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (AM aj 98)

4 Kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

4 Double-cross-headed pins

41 Lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad (kaart joon 15)

41 Double-cross-headed pins with unconnecled terminals (map fig 15)

I Haljala Essu (AM 8327) 2 Harju-Jaani Kehra (AI 35849 10) 3 Iisaku J6uga (AI 510062) 4 JUllm Kaiu jarvLake Kaiu (AI 5251) 5 Karksi Kiiti (AI 1353 1) 6 Kodavere Alatskivi (AI 1893la Ib) 7 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 4976 159) 8 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 516957 5295210a 210b) 9 Kose Ardu (AI 26744) 10 Laiuse Koola (AI 40245) Ii Nissi Varbola (AI 3865 128) 12 Nao Unipiha linnamagihillfort (AI 2901 11) 13 Otepaa PaidJa (AI 19973) 14 P6ltsamaa Pajusi (AI 1871 8) 15 Pamu-Jaagupi Anelema (AI 42255) 16 Parnumaa (PaM A 2361) 17 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884153) 18 Piiha IJpla (AI K 1 77) 19 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817 307311) 20 R6ngu Piihaste (AI 3667 I) 21 Rapina Tooste (AI 41085 7) 22 Tarvastu Riuma (AI 12073a 3b) 23 Viljandi Kuude (VM 331 2 43 17A 312) 24 Viljandimaa (VM ) 25 Vim-Nigula Aseri (RM 1211A 57683 7879) 26 Vim-Nigula Kohala (RM 30791A 51 12) 27 Vim-Nigula Kunda (AI 157933 4002) 28 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 5343c)

29 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (LVVM 58923A I 798)

42 Uhendatud alumiste harudega kaksikristpeaga l10elad (kaartjoon 16)

42 Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals (map fig 16)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510103188218507)

Eest merovillgi-(I v

2 Harju-Jaani Raa 3 Kodavere Raatv( 4 Kullamaa Maid 5 Liiganllse Kalme 6 Mihkli Veltsa (A 7 Marjal1laa Konol 8 Marjamaa Moka 9 P61tsal1laa Pajusi 10 Rannu Verevi ( 11 VaUala Rahu (A 12 Viljandi Madi ( 13 Vaike-Maarja A 14 Leiukoht teadl1l1

Marika Magi Eesti merovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy viJorapiirased ja omarl 73

15)

(Ilapjig 15)

I 798)

kaartjOOIi16)

als(mapjig16)

2 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 16) 3 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 5295 121a 12Ib) 4 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 5802 18 2323) 5 Liiganuse Kalmeistri (AI 28244) 6 MihkJi Ve1tsa (AI 4944) 7 Marjamaa Konovere linnamagihillfort (AI 4571159) 8 Marjamaa Moka (AI 371021) 9 P51tsamaa Pajusi (AI 19996) 10 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817234) 11 Valjala Rahu (AI 423970) 12 Viljandi Macli (AI 25906166172174) 13 V~iike-Maalja Antu (AM 102 I) 14 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 26362)

rkamise pcrioodil (11 -13

Ii rajoonis (end Viljandi

In Viilkerwanderungsze il shymd ures materiali Riga 0 n Chr Dorpat 0-13 sajandi) leidudes shy

Vilnius 1996 Catalogue of the

ngar Stockholm 306-322 h centuries) -AEW 161shy

-Anfang 13 1d1S) Tallinn

TbIC~4CJlCTlll H 3 13 IOro-

V Btl) MOCKua

middotnKax 11 K VlllallOI3CKoro

~HIIII - BOflPOCbl JTHWleshy

)rpaXIII I anTpOIIOJlOrl1H

I VIKING AGES IN L

ge (800-1050) have lrchaeology The local the II th century The and usually later than

erovingian Period and t were all meant for erchiefs appear in the

archaeology artefact )gical material during

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja omad 59

the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The basis for this view has been the burial customs of these times especially cremations My research in our archives has proved however that more or less certamiddotin complexes in stone graves with cremations have been undervalued

1 Ring-headed pins

Altogether 41 ring-headed pins are known from Estonia

11 Earlier variant of ring-headed pins

1la 1ron pins

Eight iron pins have been found in Estonia up to now Though simply shaped at least one of them has been fitted with a rectangular plaque (Kuma AM 2968 Ariste 1938 PI III6) These pins are the oldest ones of the type and closely resemble their predecessors shepherd-crook pins

1lb Bronze pins with widening or profiled neck (Pl 1l11 2)

The shape of these pins is similar to that of the iron specimens In three cases the head ring has been wrapped with silver wire The neck is sometimes decorated with a small round decorative shield (Fig 14 PI IH2)

12 Later variant of ring-headed pins

All pins of this variant had necks of triangular cross-section The later specimens were usually bigger more decorated especially by silver-wire wrapping and sometimes fitted with plaques All of them were made of bronze

12a Pins with silllple triangular neck (Fig 21 2 Pl 1V)

The upper and lower edges of the front side of the neck of these pins were marked with straight ridges The head ring has been wrapped by wire only in one case

12b Pins with circular flanges around their neck (Fig 2 3 PI 111 5 V 1-3)

Pins of this sub-variant were most typical to Estonia though some specimens have also been found in Finland and Latvia There were usually three circular flanges around the neck In most cases both the head ring and the edges of the disks have been decorated with silver wrapping These pins were the most luxurious of this type usually bigger than the others and often fitted with plaques

Marika Magi60 Eesti merovingi- ja

12c Pins with cross-shaped extension (Fig 2 4 Pl X 2-3)

Three pins of this sub-variant have been found in Estonia at Kuusalu (AI 2827) Pajumaa (AM 134 19) and Kunilepa (AI 2483 16) These have been treated as later specimens of ring-headed pins and as specifically Estonian (Tallgren 192581 Ariste 19383754 Kivikoski 197367)

Discussion

Estonian ring-headed pins originated from small pins of the same type in Latvia especially in Semgallien and in northern Lithuania Small Lithuanian ring-headed pins were dated to the 7th-8th centuries bigger ones to the 9th century (Volkaite-Kulikauskiene 1970 168) Numbers of these pins have been found in Finland where they were treated as ornaments of Estonian origin and dated usually to the 7th-8th centuries (Hackman 1938 105-115 LehtosaloshyHilander 1982 109 Ranta 199642) Specimens with a cross-shaped extension could be dated to the 9th century too (Hackman 1938 114) However a ringshyheaded pin of variant ~ 2a from Lillmalmsbacken was found together with a hexahedral ring from a penannular brooch and some other items and could thus be dated to the 9th century too (data from archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki)

Twelve ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were known in Finland in 1973 (Kivikoski 1973 67) and only three specimens in Estonia Estonian pins of this sub-variant have been found in coastal areas or in a deposit at Kunilepa which also contains some other items of Finnish origin (eg early penannular brooches with flat ring) Thus most probably can we talk about a Finnish rather than an Estonian origin for these pins At least two such pins have also been found in Latvia (Snore 1930 Pl IX 15 22)

Tallgren has suggested that ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were predecessors of double-cross-headed pins (1925 81) Ariste (1938) did not support this theory because the dates of these ornaments differed too much It should be noted that some cross-headed pins of Southern Baltic origin with three terminals were spread at the same time in Finland One specimen has been also found in Estonia (PI X 1) Ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extensions could be speciall Finnish ornaments connected both with the ring-headed and cross-headed pins Both concepts are particuhlrly evident in a ring-headed pin with a cross-shaped extension from Liedon Sauvala which is fitted with a supplementary cross inside its head ring (Hackman 1938 Fig 35)

Only one of the Estonian ring-headed pins has been found in an undisturbed find complex in a deposit at Keila (PI IV) This find was probably not complete however because it lacked a second fastener for the chain (another pin) The find could be dated to the 9th century A collection of finds from Kunilepa usually treated as a deposit were obviously picked up from an earlier destroyed grave as

became clear frc probable grave cc spots the grave oj the later part of P Asva to the 8th-91

Ariste has da~

beginning of the supposed making 10th-II th centur~ to my study the I

the 7th century or mainly during the in the 9th century

Only triangulaJ These pins have 1

knobs Mushroom shaped ones to be study both variant pins are described I

This variant in usuaJly earlier but

21a Pins with sma

Fifteen pins fro were all smaller spe

21 h Pins with a Sir

Nine pins of th average in size an sometimes decorate(

21 c Pins with a del

Only four pins fl (PI IX I) was dec~ import from Curonia

61 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - vooraparasedja omad

I)

Estonia at Kuusalu 6) These have been

pecifically Estonian I

of the same type in ia Small Lithuanian ~ger ones to the 9th hese pins have been Estonian origin and 105-1 ] 5 Lehtosaloshyass-shaped extension 4) However a ringshylund together with a items and cou ld thus f the department of

ion were known In

~ecimens in Estonia areas or in a deposit

ish origin (eg early can we talk about a ~ t two such pins have

bss-shaped extension Ariste (1938) did not differed too much It tltic origin with three ~cimen has been also k shaped extensions the ring-headed and in a ring-headed pin lich is fitted with a ~ 35) nd in an undisturbed obably no complete lother pin) The find ~m Kunilepa usually r destroyed grave as

became clear from a conversation with a descendant of the landowner The probable grave could be dated to the 8th-9th centuries From the rest of the find spots the grave of Lehmja-Loo was dated to the 7th century (LOugas 1973 129) the later part of Presti grave to the 7th-8th centuries and the later dwelling layer in Asva to the 8th-9th centuries (Lougas amp Mligi-L6ugas 199432-33)

Ariste has dated Estonian ring-headed pillS from the 7th century up to the beginning of the 10th century (1938 62) Schmiedehelm and Selirand have supposed making reference to Ariste that these pins were also in use during the 10th-11th centuries (Schmiedehelm 1939 136 Selirand 1974 ] 44) According to my study the earlier variant of Estonian ring-headed pins cOUild be dated to the 7th century only The later variant pins with more local character were used mainly during the 8th century Pins of sub-variants 12a and 12c were in use also in the 9th century

2 Triangular-headed pins

Only triangular-headed pins with end knobs were discussed in this paper These pins have up to now been typologized according to the shape of their knobs Mushroom-shaped terminaLs were considered to be earlier and conicshyshaped ones to be later variants (Tangren 1925 80) According to the present study both variants were in use at the same time End knobs typical of the later pins are described in this paper as hat-shaped (Fig 3)

21 Pins without any special decoration

This variant includes 41 pins of different size Smaller specimens were usually earlier but there were quite a number of exceptions to this rule

21a Pins with smooth heads (PI VI 1 3)

Fifteen pins from the Merovingian Period belong to this sub-variant They were all smaller specimens with mushroom- or conic-shaped end knobs

21 h Pins with a smooth triangular hollow

Nine pins of this sub-variant are known in Estonia They were small or average in size and half of them had hat-shaped end knobs The head is sometimes decorated with a single knob in the middle

21 c Pins with a decoration ofconcentric triangles

Only four pins from Estonia belong to this sub-variant A pin from ViI tina (PI IX 1) was decorated with two ammal (horse) figures and is probably an import from Curonia or Semgallien

Marika Magi 62 Eesti merovillgimiddot jl

21d Pins with afaceted triangular hollow (Pi 111 3 4 VI 2)

Sixteen medium-sized or bigger pins belong to this sub-variant Only one of them had a hat-shaped end knob (Presti PI In 3) all the others had only mushroom- or conic-shaped knobs Many of these pins had a faceted neck (Fig 4 4)

22 Pins with a decoration of leaves (Pi V 4-5 V1I V11I 1- 3)

The shape of these pins resembled that of the former variant but the smooth hollow in the head was decorated with three leaves 46 pins or fragments of pins of this variant are known in Estonia Many of them were found in cremations and were bad1ly burnt Hat-shaped end knobs were characteristic of these pins The neck was faceted in 11 specimens (Fig 5) The reverse of some of these pins was decorated with eyes (PI V 5) Such specimens had almost no faceted neck Pins with a faceted neck were thus morphologically ear(jer and the specimens with a decoration on their reverse sides were later in this variant group

Discussion

Triangular-headed pins were widespread in Latvia and Lithuania where their decoration usually differed clearly from that of Estonian pins Pins with mushroom-shaped end knobs were dated to the 7th-9th centuries in L ithuania (Tautaviciene 1981 169) Triangular-headed pms appeared in Latvia as early as 500 and were spread mainly in Semgallien and in the Lower-Daugava area (Snore 1930 PI XXIX 1 Latvijas 1974 PI 40 4 I 3) Some specimens have also been found in Russia (Sedova 198173 Sedov 1985 123 F ig 1 7 8) Triangular-headed pins in FinlJand have been treated as ornaments of Latvian or Estonian origin and dated to the Merovingian Period or the beginning of the Viking Age (Kivikoski 197367-6899 Fig 448 72 l Lehtosalo-Hilander 1982 108)

Pins with leaf decoration were found not only in Estonia but also in Semgallien and Curonia Probably only one specimen has been found in Finland (Rusko Kankare Kivikoski 197367 99) Some pins with leaf decoration were known from Gotland (Nerman 1929 Fig 173-174 177 Thunmark-Nylen 1983 Fig 10 Jansson 1995 88-89 Fig 8) and from the mainland of Sweden (Stromberg 1961 165 PI 73 8 9) One has been found at Trelleborg in Denmark (Michael Andersen pers comm) Two fragmentary pins of this variant belonged to a silver hoard from Baldringe in Skanc (Hardh 1976 PI 20 10 11) and were interesting for us because of their material Ali triangular-headed pins in Estonii were made of bronze The finds in Baldringe proved that the Estonians used to make similar ornaments of both materials but the silver specimens were probably re-cast later

Some of the complexes Thret some bracelets 1

cremation at Hai could be dated to and Maidla gravi datcd to the same

Seven pins of in 1m have been XXVII 4-5) The 8th centuries in (Schmiedehelm 11 L6ugas 1994 32shy

Schmiedehelm (1930) The pins according to Kus According to my Merovingian Perilt the end of the 9th 10th century Arou

Pins of this var and are therefore I

shaped terminals al have been found u majority of them hi draw parallels with elaborated decorati consisting only of broken off and fixel

23a Pins with lea

Six pins of this These pins were pre

23b Pins with plail

Plait decoration not very widespreao and the 11 til centul)

Marika Miigi Eesli merovingi- ja viikil1gi(egsed rinl1aHoelad shy viJiJrapiirasedja ()mad 63

2)

I-variant Only one of the others had oniy

l a faceted neck (Fig

II VIII 1-3)

ariant but the smooth s or fragments of pins und in cremations and tic of these pins The ome of these pins was no faceted neck Pins the specimens with a

roup

~ithuania where their ~ ian pins Pins with centuries in Lithuania d in Latvia as early as Lower-Daugava area

Some specimens have 5 123 Fig I 7 8) naments of Latvian or the beginning of the

Itosalo-Hilander 1982

Estonia but also in een found in Finland

1 leaf decoration were hunmark-Nylen 1983 mainland of Sweden und at Trelleborg in ary pins of this variant h 1976 PI 20 to 11) triangular-headed pins inge proved that the terials but the silver

Some of the Estonian triangubr-headed pins were found in closed find complexes Three pins of variant 21 belonged to a deposit at Inju together with some bracelets which allowed the find to be dated to the 7th-8th centuries A cremation at Haimre (PI V) contained only one pin with leaf decoration and could be dated to the 10th century Some similar pins from Rahu (Kustin 1969) and Maidla graves (data from find lists and plans of Mati Mandel) could be dated to the same time because of the other finds in the burials

Seven pins of the earlier variant have been found in hill-forts Two specimens in Iru have been dated to the 6l7th-8th centuries (Lang 1996 96-97 102 PI XXVII 4--5) The layers where the pins were found have been dated to the 7thshy

8th centuries in Rouge (AYH 1992 65) to the 6th-9th centuries in Otepali (Schmiedehelm 195963) and to the 7th-9th centuries in Pbide (Lougas amp MagishyL6ugas 199432-33)

Schmiedehelm dated Estonian pins of variant 2 J to the 6th-9th centuries (1930) The pins with leaf decoration were used during the II th-12th centuries according to Kustin and Selirand (Kustin J962b 405 Selirand 1974 145) According to my study the pins of variant 21 were used during the whole Merovingian Period and the 9th century Pins with leaf decoration appeared at the end of the 9th century at the latcst and were in use during the whole of the 10th century Around 1000 they were replaced by pins of the next variant

23 Pins of Saaremaa type

Pins of this variant differ morphologically from the above-discussed variants and are therefore treated separately here These pins were flat with flat heartshyshaped terminals and a high loop on their neck (Fig 6) Altogether 63 specimens have been found up to now as many as 49 of them on Saaremaa (Osel) The majority of them have been found in cremations and were badly burnt If we may draw parallels with the other ornament types the more massive specimens with elaborated decoration were earlier than the thin pins with stylised decoration consisting only of a few lines In many cases the heads of these pins had been broken off and fixed to a new iron shaft ie recycled

23a Pins with leal decoration (PI VI 4 VIII 6-7)

Six pins of this variant have a more or less stylised decoration of three leaves These pins were probably the earliest ones in vanant 23

23b Pins with plait decoration (Fig 8 PI VIII 5 IX 2)

Plait decoration was popular in L atvia and Lithuania over a long period but not very widespread in Estonia On Saaremaa bracelets of the late Viking Age and the 11 th century had often the same pattern In six cases also the reverse of

Marika Magi64 Eesti merovingi- ja

the pins had been decorated mostly with eyes These specimens were also more massive ie probably somewhat earlier

23c Pins with some other kind ofdecoration (Fig 7 Pl VI 5 VIII 4 IX 4-5)

Different kinds of simple patterns were spread on the pins of Saaremaa type most of them having counterparts in Latvia More and less massive specimens occurred in this sub-variant too Though the pattern usually consisted of different lines some pins were decorated with one or more eyes only (Fig 7 Pl IX 4) These could probably be treated as imports from Latvia like some other somewhat unusual pins of this sub-variant

Discussion

Pins of this variant were widespread in Latvia particularly in Curonia and Semgallien but also in the Lower-Daugava area They were dated to the lOthshy12th centuries there (Snore 1930 Pl XV LA 1974 Pl 481 5014 15525 T6nisson 1974 Pl XXXVI2) The decoration of Latvian pins usually differed from that of Estonian pins and even plait decoration seems to have not been very popular on this type of pins in Latvia

Only single pins of this variant have been found in the other neighbouring countries most of them specifically Latvian (Nerrnan 1929 Figs 175-178 Kivikoski 1973 99 Fig 720 Jansson 1995 88-89) The only exceptions were two pins from Garda churchyard on Gotland which were decorated with leaves (Thunmark-Nylen 1995 185 Fig 13) A small piece of a similar pin has been found as a stray find in Roskilde Denmark (Andersen pers comm)

In Uugla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin with leaf decoration has been found together with a knife pieces of chain arrangement a bronze plaque and a bracelet (Mandel 1980) The grave could be dated to the end of the 10th century or to the beginning of the 11 th century according to the bracelet (Magi-Lougas 1995b 521) In Maidla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin was found in the same chain arrangement with a pin of variant 22 (data from find lists and plans of Mandel) In Randvere graveyard a pin of variant 23 fixed to an iron shaft was found together with a penannular brooch with poppy-shaped terminals and with sherds of fine-grained pottery (data from Kustin 1962a 64-65 97) The complex could be dated around 1000

Kustin dated Saaremaa type pins to the 11th-12th centuries (1962a 70) As proved above the earlier specimens of this variant appeared as early as the 10th century and were used contemporarily with pins of variant 22 Saaremaa type pins stayed in use during the whole 11 th century and were replaced by doubleshycross-headed pins with united terminals at the beginning of the 12th century at the latest

Only some sin Viking Age have terminals appear 0

centuries Only lht local ornament typ

Double-cross-hl number of pin he probably for a lon

41 PillS

A tolal of 42 pi have been found il variants but the b thus SUbjective Tt specific construclio but a decoration of bigger thinner ofte (Fig 10) The earl ones were usually n

42 Pi

This group incl specimens as in the of these two groups

43

These pins appea the 11th century Ill

variant resemble late

Few specimens 01 Estonia They had be in Finland Pins frO centuries (Cleve 191

65 Marilw Magi Eesfi mcOvingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad - vooraparased ja onwd

imens were also more

VI 5 VI 4 IX 4-5)

pins of Saaremaa type ~ss massive specimens

usually consisted of e eyes only (Fig 7 PI Jatvia like some other

ularly in Curonia and ere dated to the 10thshy4815014 15525 ~ pins usually differed to have not been very

he other neighbouring 1929 Figs 175-178

only exceptions were decorated with leaves

a similar pin has been s comm) Dration has been found bronze plaque and a

nd of the 10th century bracelet (Miigi-L6ugas Nas found in the same find lists and plans of d to an iron shaft was )ed terminals and with -6597) The complex

Ituries (l962a 70) As ed as early as the 10th lilt 22 Saaremaa type re replaced by doubleshyof the 12th century at

3 Early cross-headed pins (PI X 1 XI 2)

Only some single cross-headed pins dated to the Merovingian Period or the Viking Age have been found in Estonia Small cross-headed pins with united terminals appear only after the Viking Age and were used over a period of some centuries Only the idea of cross-headed pins was borrowed from the Baits and a local ornament type was created on its base a double-cross-headed pin

4 Double-cross-headed pins

Double-cross-headed pins were specifically Estonian ornaments Quite a number of pin heads of this type have been fixed to an iron shaft and used probably for a long time after they were made

41 Pins with unconnected terminals (Pt X 4-6 XI 1 3-5)

A total of 42 pins with unconnected te rminals or pieces of such kind of pins have been found in Estonia They could be divided into earlier and later subshyvariants but the border between these two groups would be too undefined and thus subjective The earlier specimens were usually smaller thicker and with specific construction of their neck (Fig 9) They were often decorated with eyes but a decoration of conce ntric circles was also possible Later pins were always bigger thinner often silver-plated and had a special trapezoid loop on their neck (Fig 10) The earlier specimens were often deformed and burnt but the later ones were usually not burnt and in several cases found in inhumations

42 Pins with connected lower terminals (Pl X 7 XII)

This group includes 21 pins Thc same criteria about earlier and later specimens as in the former variant were also valid in this variant hence the pins of these two groups were at least partly contemporary

43 Pins with completely connected terminals

These pins appeared at the very end of the Viking Age ic at the middle of the 11 th century and will thus be not considered here Some specimens of thi s variant ]escmble iatcr specimens of the fonner variants

Discussion

Few specimens of pins with unconnected terminals have been found outSIde E stonia They had been usually used as pendants Five of them have been found in Finland Pins from Lillmalmsbacken and EU-cl were dated to the 9th-10th centuries (Cleve 1978 105) Two pins have been found in inhumations in

Marika Miigi66 Eesti merovingi- ja

Kjuloholm and dated to the beginning of the II th century (Cleve 1978 105 PI 8 15) Pendants from Estonian double-cross-headed pins have been found in late Viking Age cremations in Bjurhovda Central-Sweden (Jaanusson 1971) in North Norway and Gotland (Jansson 1995 88 fig 7) Some of them were

known from barrows in Northwest Russia (ClII1UbIH 1896 PI V 6 XVII 32) No double-cross pins have been found in Latvia or Lithuania according to the literature

A pin from Koola graveyard (PI X 4) was unearthed together with pieces of chain a glassbead bronze spirals and a bracelet all badly burnt (Parss 1950) Two pins from Verevi had belonged to the same chain arrangement and were found together with a bracelet a bell piece of neck-ring and a penannular brooch pi n with narrow base (Moora 1932) Both these burials could belong to the 10th century

In a womans grave in Aseri two doub Pe-cross-headed pins of earlier character were found with bracelets with thickening ends a spiral bracelet chain pieces and bronze spirals This complex could not be later than the middle of the 10th century because of the bracelets of earlier type in it (M~igi-Lougas 1995a 280 ff Fig 30)

A double-cross-pin of later character belonged to a deposit at Piihaste which also contained some other ornaments and could be dated to the first half of the 11 th century Some pairs of pins with specifically later features have been found in inhumations Graves from Alatskivi Raatvere and Tooste could be mentioned here all dated to the first half of the ] I th century (PI XI 5) A small doubJeshycross-headed pin fixed secondarily to a bronze stem belonged to a cremation of the second half of the 11 th century in Jouga (Ligi 1993 53-54 PI XXVIII 5)

Two double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals had belonged to a womans grave in Madi together with chain fragments bronze spira ls fingershyrings pieces of neck-rings a knife a belt buckle a comb a fire-steel bits and potsherds (Sel irand 1993) In Rahu a pin of the same variant occurred together with a penannular brooch chain arrangements a finger-ring and bits (Kustin 1969) Both these complexes could be dated to the 11th century Two pins of variant 42 belonged to a female inhumation grave in Raatvere and were dated to the first half of the J I th century (PI XII)

As proved above the double-cross-headed pins were cOl1nected with ringshyheaded pins with cross-shaped extension only through common predecessors ie cross-headed pins Looking at the shape of double-cross-headed pins one can ask if they could be connected with the Orthodox cross and perhaps with the conversion of Russia at the end of the 10th century The idea could be supported by the distribution of these pins the double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals were the only variant of dress fastening pins that were concentrated in the eastern half of Estonia

As the double-cross-headed pins appeared in Estonia before the end of the JOth century they cannot be directly connected with the Christianization of

Russia but influe not be discounteo definite evidence (

Selirand has ( centuries (1974 I terminals As pm appeared by the m morphologically t( were in use up to variant 43

Some findings used Parallels in could differ among

As most of the these ornaments WI men in Finland (I Latvia and Lithuan suggested that Esto Estonian ring-head southern neighbour Finland wore the sa

Hackman has re in Finland were all these pins were fa numbers were in s (KM 8067 A3 4 S of archaeology in N variant in Estonia h pin that could belo Keila was found tc woman (PI IV)

In conclusion on and the big luxuriol and 12c were used by women It is po during the 9th centUl

The triangular-he and were sometime~

arrangement Only 0

plaques and had prot

67 Marika Miigi Eesti mcrovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

(Cleve 1978 105 PI have been found in late (Jaanusson 1971) in

Some of them were

6 PI V 6 XVII 32) uania according to the

together with pieces of lIy burnt (Piirss 1950) arrangement and were ing and a penannuJar mrials could belong to

lins of earlier character bracelet chain pieces

the middle of the 10th -L6ugas I995a 280 ff

posit at Ptihaste which to the first half of the ~tures have been found te could be mentioned 1 5) A small doubleshynged to a cremation of -54 PI XXYIlI 5) erminals had belonged bronze spirals fingershy

0 a fire-steel bits and ~ [wnt occurred toget h er -ring and bits (KUstin century Two pins of

vere and were dated to

connected with riDgshyImon predecessors ie -headed pins one can and perhaps with the

lea could be supported pins with unconnected it were concentrated in

before the end of the he Christianization of

Russia but influences from Christian cOllntriesin the East (Byzantium) could not be discounted In any case the double-cross-headed pins do not provide definite evidence of the Christianity of their owners

Selirand has dated double-crass-headed pins to the 11th up to the 12th centuries (1974 146) which is correct for the variant with completely connected terminals As proved above the pins with unconnected terminals had already appeared by the middle of the 10th century The earlier pins of variant 4 2 belong morphologically to the end of the 10th century at the latest Both these variants were in use lip to the m iddle of the 11th century when they were replaced by variant 43

Use of dress fastening pins

Some findings in Estonia let us determine how and by Wh0111 the pins were used Parallels in the neighbouring countries cannot be used here directly and could differ among neighbours

As most of the ring-headed pins were single finds it is most plausible that these ornaments were worn singly Luxurious ring-headed pins had belonged to men in Finland (Lehtosalo-Hiander 1982 109) but the small specimens in Latvia and Lithuania were worn by women and always in pairs Vello Lougas suggested that Estnnian ring-headed pins were also used by women 0 973 126) Estonian ring-headed pins however definitely differ from the small ones of our southern neighbours It seems to be hardly believable that wealthy horsemen in Finland wore the same pins as women in Estonia

Hackman has reported that the ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extension in Finland were alI single finds (1938 114) However in two or even three cases these pins were found obviously in pairs in Uskcla Lukkarinmaki ie their numbers were in sequence and they had almost or completely the same shape (KM 8067 A3 4 57 perhaps also 29 30 data fram archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki) A Kunilcpa pin of the same subshyvariant in Estonia has been found together with a head-ring fragment of a similar pin that could belong to the same sub-variant The pin of sub-variant 12a in Keila was found together with female ornaments and had thus belonged to a woman (PI IV)

In conclusion one can suppose that the ring-headed pins of the earlier variant and the big luxurious pins were worn by men in Estonia Pins of variants 12a and 12c were used by both sexes or especially in the case of variant 12c only by women It is possible that the ring-headed pins became female ornaments during the 9th century

The triangular-headed pins of variant 21 occuned in several cases in pairs and were sometimes fitted with a long chain ie they had belonged to a chain arrangement Only one pin from Pajumaa (PI III4) was fitted with rectangular plaques and had probably been worn on its own

Marika Mdgi68 Eesti merovingi- ja

As ring-headed pins and triangular-headed pins had been in use contemporarily and in the same area it can be supposed that the former were worn by men and the latter by women It is possible that men stopped using pins some time in the 9th century and started to fasten their coats only with penannular brooches Since the 10th century at the latest one can talk about pins as specifically female ornaments in Estonia

Two triangular-headed pins connected with a single chain have been found in Liiva In some cases these pins were unearthed in pairs or single specimens often stray finds were fitted with a long chain Chain holders have been found together with these pins only twice However triangular-headed pins with leaf decoration were sometimes worn probably also singly as in the grave of Hairnre (PI VII)

Triangular-headed pins of Saaremaa type were found in pairs in several cases These pins occurred typically with half-oval chain holders and other pieces of chain arrangement which proves that the chain arrangements with these pins consisted of several rows of chains

Moreover the double-cross-headed pins occur usually in pairs and together with other pieces of a chain arrangement The pins of earlier character were connected only with a single chain (Aseri Verevi Riuma PI XI 4) but the later ones fastened chain arrangements with several rows of chains which were fixed to the pins with openwork chain holders (PI XI 5 XII)

Distribution

Estonia could be divided into two parts according to the local ornaments of the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The same division is valid also in the case of the decorative pins The tradition of fastening the dress with pins was strong in the western part of the Estonian mainland and on the islands but was almost absent in the eastern part during the whole Merovingian Period and the firs t half of the Viking Age The first local pin types - the double-cross-headed pins - occurred there only in the 10th century Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals and with completely connected terminals were spread already allover Estonia providing evidence of the standardisation of ornamental culture

English version checked by Gordon Snow Oxford

1 Rongaspeaga e

1 Ring-headed p

I Juuru Kunilepa 2 J6eJahtme Prest 3 Jiiri Kuma (AM 4 Juri Lagedi (Ar-shy5 JUri Lehmja-Lolt 6 Kaarma Aste (S 7 Karuse Pajumaa 8 Keila (AM 234 9 Kihelkonna Oda to Kihelkonna Paj II Kihclkonna Vii 12 Koeru Preedi (1 13 Kul lamua Vaik 14 KUllsalu (AI 28 15 Karla Kaarmise 16 Ktirla Paevere 17 Karia Paikiila ( 18 Liiganuse PUssi 19 Palamuse Nava 20 Peetri Painurme 21 Parnu-Jaagupi F 22 Pbide Asva (Al 23 Pbidc Tomimae 24 Ridala Ahli (H~ 25 R6ngu Kivivare 26 Viru- Nigllia Pal 27 Viru-Nigllla KUl

2 Kolmnurkpeaga

2 Triangular-head

21 Ornamentimatpoundl

21 Pins without spe

I 16eIahtme lru (AI 2 J6elahtme Presti (

Marika Magi

s had been in use d that the former were men stopped using pins their coats only with one can talk about pins

Jain have been found in s or single specimens )Iders have been found --headed pins with leaf in the grave of Haimre

n pairs in several cases ~rs and other pieces of ments with these pins

v in pairs and together earlier character were PI XI 4) but the later ains which were fixed

the local ornaments of ivision is valid also in he dress with pins was n the islands but was ingian Period and the e double-cross-headed ross-headcd pins with terminah were spread

disation of ornamental

Gordol Snow Oxford

69Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoeiad - vooraparased ja omad

Lisa Appendix

1 Rongaspeaga ehtenoelad Eestis (kaart joon 11)

1 Ring-headed pins in Estonia (map fig 11)

I Juuru Kunilepa (AI 2483 16 17) 2 Joelahtme Presti (AI 5490386 7) 3 Juri Kuma (AM 31 5 AM 2968 69 71) 4 Juri Lagedi (AM 2768) 5 Juri Lehmja-Loo (AI 444499184211 247278283) 6 Kaarma Aste (SM 7675 12) 7 Karuse Pajumaa (AM 134 18 19) 8 Keila (AM 2343) 9 Kihelkonna Odalatsi (AI 3822303) 10 Kihelkonna Paju (AI K 68) 11 Kihelkonna Viki (AI 251373) 12 Koeru Preedi (AI 4426616) 13 Kullamaa Vaike-Kalju (AI 3445) 14 Kuusalu (AI 2827) 15 Karla Kaarmise (AI 3501) 16 Karia Paevere (AI 2657 1) 17 Karia Paikula (AI 25024) 18 Luganuse Piissi (AM 99) 19 Palamuse Nava (AI 39681167) 20 Peetri PaillurmC (AM 11710) 21 Parnu-Jaagupi Parasmaa (AM 493 12) 22 Pbide Asva (AI 4366 1004) 23 Pbide Tomimae (AI 4338 1117) 24 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045220) 25 Rongu Kivivare (AI 47267) 26 Viru- Nigula Pada (AI 536641) 27 Viru-Nigula Kunda (AM 88 113 114)

2 Kolmnurkpeaga noelad Eestis

2 Triangular-headed pins in Estonia

21 Ornamentimata voi lihtsatest joontest ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 12)

21 Pins without special decoration (map fig 12)

1 JoeHihtme lru (AI 4051 9491097) 2 Joellihtme Presti (AI 5490374)

Eesti merovillgi- ja70 Marika Magi

3 J6hvi Toila (AI 3952299 362) 4 Kamse Pajumaa (AM 13414) 5 Kihelkonna K6mse (AI 2643 111 112113) 6 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 14832) 7 Lliganuse Purtse (AI 50388) 8 Martna Ehmp (AM 554605 615 665 81 J 823) 9 Muhu Mala (AI K 2 1234 89) 10 Nissi Vardi (AM 368 13) 11 Otepaa linnamagihillfort (AI 4036 IV203) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 491 122 852 1024) 13 Parnu-Jaagupi M6isaklila (AI 575925) 14 Pbide maalinnhillfort (SM 1460401) 15 Pbide Viltina (AI 38843515) 16 Puha Leina (AI 2643366) 17 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817333) J8 Rouge linnam~igihillfort (AI 40402313162) 19 Saaremaa (AI K 848) 20 Viru-Jaagupi Inju (AI 2794232425) 21 Vandra khklparish (P~lM 23912) 22 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 382 37764)

22 Lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 13)

22 PillS with leaves-decoration (map fig 13)

1 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 1) 2 Keila Uksnurme (AM 68 1) 3 Juri Moigu-Peetri (AI 4877 100) 4 Kaarma khklparish (AI K 67 17 1845 AI 507 6) 5 Kaarrna Uduvere (AI 15184) 6 Kihelkonna Lumanda (AI 382233 3438 35) 7 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 531 1352 1549 1696 1886 23834153

26892690297831483163310131023115) 8 Mihkli Sol va (AI 251318) 9 Muhu Liiva (SM 931 2) 10 Marjamaa Hairnre (AI 3614 I) 11 Nissi Polli (AI 3926 I) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 49120206 584a 584b 760) 13 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884 ) 14 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045 219) 15 Saaremaa (AI K 846) 16 Valjala khklparish (SM K 5410) 17 Valjala Rahu (AI 423922 44 758) 18 Leiukoht teadmatalFindspot unknown (AI 3027)

23 Saaremaa tii

23 PillS ofSaart

1 Hanila Komsi I

2 Kaarma khk I~ 3 Kaarma Loona 4 Kaarma Uduve 5 Karja Valja (A 6 Karuse Pajuma 7 Kihelkonna Ka 8 Kihelkonna khl 9 Kihelkonna Ku 10 Kihelkonna L 11 Kihelkonna 12 Kihelkonna P 13 Kose Paunkiil 14 Kullamaa Mai 15 Karla khk Ipa 16 Karla Kogula 17 Karla Orikiila 18 Uiiine-Niguia 19 Martna Ehmja 20 Pamu Jaagupi 21 Parnu-Jaagupi 22 Parnumaa (Pal 23 Pbide K6igust 24 P6ide Randvel 25 P6ide Viltina ( 26 Piiha Ilpla (AI 27 Saaremaa (AI 28 Valjala Konnu 29 Valjala Rahu (

3 Merovingi- voi

3 Merovingian connected termin

I Karja khklparis 2 Kodavere Lahef 3 Kodavere Savas 4 Mihkli Kurese ( 5 lPoide AudIa (S~ 6 Aksi Raigastven

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja (Jmad

23 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad (kaartjoon 14)

71

~)

96 1886 2383 4153

)760)

23 Pins ofSa a rema a type (map fig 14)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510940) 2 Kaarma khk parish(AI K 67 1944) 3 Kaarma Loona (AK K 1776 LVYM 650911393) 4 Kaarma Uduvere (AI K 15185 186 187 188) 5 Kalja Valja (AI K 76 1) 6 Karu se Pajumaa (AM 134 I 5) 7 Kihelkonna Kalmu (AI 3822]57 158 194) 8 Kihelkonna khk parish (AI K 741) 9 Kihelkonna Kurevere (AI 43686998 102) 10 Kihelkonna Loona (AI 3822233a) 11 Kihelkonna Liimanda (AK 382268 136) 12 Kihelkonna Paju (L VVM 20A 128) 13 Kose Paunkiila (AM 73 1) 14 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 3160 3635 3637 5000 6085) 15 KarIa khk pari sh (AI K 79101819) 16 Karia Kogula (AI K 2951 52) 17 Karla Orikiila (AI K 4 102 103) 18 Laane-Nigula Uugla (AM 500503) 19 Martna Ehmja (AM 554824) 20 Pamu Jaagupi Pooravere (PaM 2364) 21 Pamu-J aagupi Linnamae (AM 491170) 22 Parnumaa (PaM ) 23 Poide Koiguste (AI 436 I 2) 24 Poide Randvere (AI 26972 AI 3895 257) 25 Poide Viltina (AI 3884391 2588b 2755 3128 4300) 26 Piiha IJpla (AI 3822315 382 K 1 78) 27 Saaremaa (AI K 843 57 AI K 8546107 AI 3529 SM ) 28 Valjala Konnu (AI 5151) 29 Valjala Rahu (AI 4239202 670 1114)

3 Merovingi- voi varaviikingiaegsed lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad

3 Merovingian Period or earJy Viking Age cross-headed pins with unshyconnected terminals

1 Karja khkparish (AI K 774) 2 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 198433) 3 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 1483 1) 4 Mihkli Kurese (AI 2513 17) 5 Poide AudIa (SM K 49 I) 6 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885)

72 Marika Magi

7 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (AM aj 98)

4 Kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

4 Double-cross-headed pins

41 Lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad (kaart joon 15)

41 Double-cross-headed pins with unconnecled terminals (map fig 15)

I Haljala Essu (AM 8327) 2 Harju-Jaani Kehra (AI 35849 10) 3 Iisaku J6uga (AI 510062) 4 JUllm Kaiu jarvLake Kaiu (AI 5251) 5 Karksi Kiiti (AI 1353 1) 6 Kodavere Alatskivi (AI 1893la Ib) 7 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 4976 159) 8 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 516957 5295210a 210b) 9 Kose Ardu (AI 26744) 10 Laiuse Koola (AI 40245) Ii Nissi Varbola (AI 3865 128) 12 Nao Unipiha linnamagihillfort (AI 2901 11) 13 Otepaa PaidJa (AI 19973) 14 P6ltsamaa Pajusi (AI 1871 8) 15 Pamu-Jaagupi Anelema (AI 42255) 16 Parnumaa (PaM A 2361) 17 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884153) 18 Piiha IJpla (AI K 1 77) 19 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817 307311) 20 R6ngu Piihaste (AI 3667 I) 21 Rapina Tooste (AI 41085 7) 22 Tarvastu Riuma (AI 12073a 3b) 23 Viljandi Kuude (VM 331 2 43 17A 312) 24 Viljandimaa (VM ) 25 Vim-Nigula Aseri (RM 1211A 57683 7879) 26 Vim-Nigula Kohala (RM 30791A 51 12) 27 Vim-Nigula Kunda (AI 157933 4002) 28 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 5343c)

29 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (LVVM 58923A I 798)

42 Uhendatud alumiste harudega kaksikristpeaga l10elad (kaartjoon 16)

42 Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals (map fig 16)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510103188218507)

Eest merovillgi-(I v

2 Harju-Jaani Raa 3 Kodavere Raatv( 4 Kullamaa Maid 5 Liiganllse Kalme 6 Mihkli Veltsa (A 7 Marjal1laa Konol 8 Marjamaa Moka 9 P61tsal1laa Pajusi 10 Rannu Verevi ( 11 VaUala Rahu (A 12 Viljandi Madi ( 13 Vaike-Maarja A 14 Leiukoht teadl1l1

Marika Magi Eesti merovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy viJorapiirased ja omarl 73

15)

(Ilapjig 15)

I 798)

kaartjOOIi16)

als(mapjig16)

2 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 16) 3 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 5295 121a 12Ib) 4 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 5802 18 2323) 5 Liiganuse Kalmeistri (AI 28244) 6 MihkJi Ve1tsa (AI 4944) 7 Marjamaa Konovere linnamagihillfort (AI 4571159) 8 Marjamaa Moka (AI 371021) 9 P51tsamaa Pajusi (AI 19996) 10 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817234) 11 Valjala Rahu (AI 423970) 12 Viljandi Macli (AI 25906166172174) 13 V~iike-Maalja Antu (AM 102 I) 14 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 26362)

Marika Magi60 Eesti merovingi- ja

12c Pins with cross-shaped extension (Fig 2 4 Pl X 2-3)

Three pins of this sub-variant have been found in Estonia at Kuusalu (AI 2827) Pajumaa (AM 134 19) and Kunilepa (AI 2483 16) These have been treated as later specimens of ring-headed pins and as specifically Estonian (Tallgren 192581 Ariste 19383754 Kivikoski 197367)

Discussion

Estonian ring-headed pins originated from small pins of the same type in Latvia especially in Semgallien and in northern Lithuania Small Lithuanian ring-headed pins were dated to the 7th-8th centuries bigger ones to the 9th century (Volkaite-Kulikauskiene 1970 168) Numbers of these pins have been found in Finland where they were treated as ornaments of Estonian origin and dated usually to the 7th-8th centuries (Hackman 1938 105-115 LehtosaloshyHilander 1982 109 Ranta 199642) Specimens with a cross-shaped extension could be dated to the 9th century too (Hackman 1938 114) However a ringshyheaded pin of variant ~ 2a from Lillmalmsbacken was found together with a hexahedral ring from a penannular brooch and some other items and could thus be dated to the 9th century too (data from archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki)

Twelve ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were known in Finland in 1973 (Kivikoski 1973 67) and only three specimens in Estonia Estonian pins of this sub-variant have been found in coastal areas or in a deposit at Kunilepa which also contains some other items of Finnish origin (eg early penannular brooches with flat ring) Thus most probably can we talk about a Finnish rather than an Estonian origin for these pins At least two such pins have also been found in Latvia (Snore 1930 Pl IX 15 22)

Tallgren has suggested that ring-headed pins with a cross-shaped extension were predecessors of double-cross-headed pins (1925 81) Ariste (1938) did not support this theory because the dates of these ornaments differed too much It should be noted that some cross-headed pins of Southern Baltic origin with three terminals were spread at the same time in Finland One specimen has been also found in Estonia (PI X 1) Ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extensions could be speciall Finnish ornaments connected both with the ring-headed and cross-headed pins Both concepts are particuhlrly evident in a ring-headed pin with a cross-shaped extension from Liedon Sauvala which is fitted with a supplementary cross inside its head ring (Hackman 1938 Fig 35)

Only one of the Estonian ring-headed pins has been found in an undisturbed find complex in a deposit at Keila (PI IV) This find was probably not complete however because it lacked a second fastener for the chain (another pin) The find could be dated to the 9th century A collection of finds from Kunilepa usually treated as a deposit were obviously picked up from an earlier destroyed grave as

became clear frc probable grave cc spots the grave oj the later part of P Asva to the 8th-91

Ariste has da~

beginning of the supposed making 10th-II th centur~ to my study the I

the 7th century or mainly during the in the 9th century

Only triangulaJ These pins have 1

knobs Mushroom shaped ones to be study both variant pins are described I

This variant in usuaJly earlier but

21a Pins with sma

Fifteen pins fro were all smaller spe

21 h Pins with a Sir

Nine pins of th average in size an sometimes decorate(

21 c Pins with a del

Only four pins fl (PI IX I) was dec~ import from Curonia

61 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - vooraparasedja omad

I)

Estonia at Kuusalu 6) These have been

pecifically Estonian I

of the same type in ia Small Lithuanian ~ger ones to the 9th hese pins have been Estonian origin and 105-1 ] 5 Lehtosaloshyass-shaped extension 4) However a ringshylund together with a items and cou ld thus f the department of

ion were known In

~ecimens in Estonia areas or in a deposit

ish origin (eg early can we talk about a ~ t two such pins have

bss-shaped extension Ariste (1938) did not differed too much It tltic origin with three ~cimen has been also k shaped extensions the ring-headed and in a ring-headed pin lich is fitted with a ~ 35) nd in an undisturbed obably no complete lother pin) The find ~m Kunilepa usually r destroyed grave as

became clear from a conversation with a descendant of the landowner The probable grave could be dated to the 8th-9th centuries From the rest of the find spots the grave of Lehmja-Loo was dated to the 7th century (LOugas 1973 129) the later part of Presti grave to the 7th-8th centuries and the later dwelling layer in Asva to the 8th-9th centuries (Lougas amp Mligi-L6ugas 199432-33)

Ariste has dated Estonian ring-headed pillS from the 7th century up to the beginning of the 10th century (1938 62) Schmiedehelm and Selirand have supposed making reference to Ariste that these pins were also in use during the 10th-11th centuries (Schmiedehelm 1939 136 Selirand 1974 ] 44) According to my study the earlier variant of Estonian ring-headed pins cOUild be dated to the 7th century only The later variant pins with more local character were used mainly during the 8th century Pins of sub-variants 12a and 12c were in use also in the 9th century

2 Triangular-headed pins

Only triangular-headed pins with end knobs were discussed in this paper These pins have up to now been typologized according to the shape of their knobs Mushroom-shaped terminaLs were considered to be earlier and conicshyshaped ones to be later variants (Tangren 1925 80) According to the present study both variants were in use at the same time End knobs typical of the later pins are described in this paper as hat-shaped (Fig 3)

21 Pins without any special decoration

This variant includes 41 pins of different size Smaller specimens were usually earlier but there were quite a number of exceptions to this rule

21a Pins with smooth heads (PI VI 1 3)

Fifteen pins from the Merovingian Period belong to this sub-variant They were all smaller specimens with mushroom- or conic-shaped end knobs

21 h Pins with a smooth triangular hollow

Nine pins of this sub-variant are known in Estonia They were small or average in size and half of them had hat-shaped end knobs The head is sometimes decorated with a single knob in the middle

21 c Pins with a decoration ofconcentric triangles

Only four pins from Estonia belong to this sub-variant A pin from ViI tina (PI IX 1) was decorated with two ammal (horse) figures and is probably an import from Curonia or Semgallien

Marika Magi 62 Eesti merovillgimiddot jl

21d Pins with afaceted triangular hollow (Pi 111 3 4 VI 2)

Sixteen medium-sized or bigger pins belong to this sub-variant Only one of them had a hat-shaped end knob (Presti PI In 3) all the others had only mushroom- or conic-shaped knobs Many of these pins had a faceted neck (Fig 4 4)

22 Pins with a decoration of leaves (Pi V 4-5 V1I V11I 1- 3)

The shape of these pins resembled that of the former variant but the smooth hollow in the head was decorated with three leaves 46 pins or fragments of pins of this variant are known in Estonia Many of them were found in cremations and were bad1ly burnt Hat-shaped end knobs were characteristic of these pins The neck was faceted in 11 specimens (Fig 5) The reverse of some of these pins was decorated with eyes (PI V 5) Such specimens had almost no faceted neck Pins with a faceted neck were thus morphologically ear(jer and the specimens with a decoration on their reverse sides were later in this variant group

Discussion

Triangular-headed pins were widespread in Latvia and Lithuania where their decoration usually differed clearly from that of Estonian pins Pins with mushroom-shaped end knobs were dated to the 7th-9th centuries in L ithuania (Tautaviciene 1981 169) Triangular-headed pms appeared in Latvia as early as 500 and were spread mainly in Semgallien and in the Lower-Daugava area (Snore 1930 PI XXIX 1 Latvijas 1974 PI 40 4 I 3) Some specimens have also been found in Russia (Sedova 198173 Sedov 1985 123 F ig 1 7 8) Triangular-headed pins in FinlJand have been treated as ornaments of Latvian or Estonian origin and dated to the Merovingian Period or the beginning of the Viking Age (Kivikoski 197367-6899 Fig 448 72 l Lehtosalo-Hilander 1982 108)

Pins with leaf decoration were found not only in Estonia but also in Semgallien and Curonia Probably only one specimen has been found in Finland (Rusko Kankare Kivikoski 197367 99) Some pins with leaf decoration were known from Gotland (Nerman 1929 Fig 173-174 177 Thunmark-Nylen 1983 Fig 10 Jansson 1995 88-89 Fig 8) and from the mainland of Sweden (Stromberg 1961 165 PI 73 8 9) One has been found at Trelleborg in Denmark (Michael Andersen pers comm) Two fragmentary pins of this variant belonged to a silver hoard from Baldringe in Skanc (Hardh 1976 PI 20 10 11) and were interesting for us because of their material Ali triangular-headed pins in Estonii were made of bronze The finds in Baldringe proved that the Estonians used to make similar ornaments of both materials but the silver specimens were probably re-cast later

Some of the complexes Thret some bracelets 1

cremation at Hai could be dated to and Maidla gravi datcd to the same

Seven pins of in 1m have been XXVII 4-5) The 8th centuries in (Schmiedehelm 11 L6ugas 1994 32shy

Schmiedehelm (1930) The pins according to Kus According to my Merovingian Perilt the end of the 9th 10th century Arou

Pins of this var and are therefore I

shaped terminals al have been found u majority of them hi draw parallels with elaborated decorati consisting only of broken off and fixel

23a Pins with lea

Six pins of this These pins were pre

23b Pins with plail

Plait decoration not very widespreao and the 11 til centul)

Marika Miigi Eesli merovingi- ja viikil1gi(egsed rinl1aHoelad shy viJiJrapiirasedja ()mad 63

2)

I-variant Only one of the others had oniy

l a faceted neck (Fig

II VIII 1-3)

ariant but the smooth s or fragments of pins und in cremations and tic of these pins The ome of these pins was no faceted neck Pins the specimens with a

roup

~ithuania where their ~ ian pins Pins with centuries in Lithuania d in Latvia as early as Lower-Daugava area

Some specimens have 5 123 Fig I 7 8) naments of Latvian or the beginning of the

Itosalo-Hilander 1982

Estonia but also in een found in Finland

1 leaf decoration were hunmark-Nylen 1983 mainland of Sweden und at Trelleborg in ary pins of this variant h 1976 PI 20 to 11) triangular-headed pins inge proved that the terials but the silver

Some of the Estonian triangubr-headed pins were found in closed find complexes Three pins of variant 21 belonged to a deposit at Inju together with some bracelets which allowed the find to be dated to the 7th-8th centuries A cremation at Haimre (PI V) contained only one pin with leaf decoration and could be dated to the 10th century Some similar pins from Rahu (Kustin 1969) and Maidla graves (data from find lists and plans of Mati Mandel) could be dated to the same time because of the other finds in the burials

Seven pins of the earlier variant have been found in hill-forts Two specimens in Iru have been dated to the 6l7th-8th centuries (Lang 1996 96-97 102 PI XXVII 4--5) The layers where the pins were found have been dated to the 7thshy

8th centuries in Rouge (AYH 1992 65) to the 6th-9th centuries in Otepali (Schmiedehelm 195963) and to the 7th-9th centuries in Pbide (Lougas amp MagishyL6ugas 199432-33)

Schmiedehelm dated Estonian pins of variant 2 J to the 6th-9th centuries (1930) The pins with leaf decoration were used during the II th-12th centuries according to Kustin and Selirand (Kustin J962b 405 Selirand 1974 145) According to my study the pins of variant 21 were used during the whole Merovingian Period and the 9th century Pins with leaf decoration appeared at the end of the 9th century at the latcst and were in use during the whole of the 10th century Around 1000 they were replaced by pins of the next variant

23 Pins of Saaremaa type

Pins of this variant differ morphologically from the above-discussed variants and are therefore treated separately here These pins were flat with flat heartshyshaped terminals and a high loop on their neck (Fig 6) Altogether 63 specimens have been found up to now as many as 49 of them on Saaremaa (Osel) The majority of them have been found in cremations and were badly burnt If we may draw parallels with the other ornament types the more massive specimens with elaborated decoration were earlier than the thin pins with stylised decoration consisting only of a few lines In many cases the heads of these pins had been broken off and fixed to a new iron shaft ie recycled

23a Pins with leal decoration (PI VI 4 VIII 6-7)

Six pins of this variant have a more or less stylised decoration of three leaves These pins were probably the earliest ones in vanant 23

23b Pins with plait decoration (Fig 8 PI VIII 5 IX 2)

Plait decoration was popular in L atvia and Lithuania over a long period but not very widespread in Estonia On Saaremaa bracelets of the late Viking Age and the 11 th century had often the same pattern In six cases also the reverse of

Marika Magi64 Eesti merovingi- ja

the pins had been decorated mostly with eyes These specimens were also more massive ie probably somewhat earlier

23c Pins with some other kind ofdecoration (Fig 7 Pl VI 5 VIII 4 IX 4-5)

Different kinds of simple patterns were spread on the pins of Saaremaa type most of them having counterparts in Latvia More and less massive specimens occurred in this sub-variant too Though the pattern usually consisted of different lines some pins were decorated with one or more eyes only (Fig 7 Pl IX 4) These could probably be treated as imports from Latvia like some other somewhat unusual pins of this sub-variant

Discussion

Pins of this variant were widespread in Latvia particularly in Curonia and Semgallien but also in the Lower-Daugava area They were dated to the lOthshy12th centuries there (Snore 1930 Pl XV LA 1974 Pl 481 5014 15525 T6nisson 1974 Pl XXXVI2) The decoration of Latvian pins usually differed from that of Estonian pins and even plait decoration seems to have not been very popular on this type of pins in Latvia

Only single pins of this variant have been found in the other neighbouring countries most of them specifically Latvian (Nerrnan 1929 Figs 175-178 Kivikoski 1973 99 Fig 720 Jansson 1995 88-89) The only exceptions were two pins from Garda churchyard on Gotland which were decorated with leaves (Thunmark-Nylen 1995 185 Fig 13) A small piece of a similar pin has been found as a stray find in Roskilde Denmark (Andersen pers comm)

In Uugla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin with leaf decoration has been found together with a knife pieces of chain arrangement a bronze plaque and a bracelet (Mandel 1980) The grave could be dated to the end of the 10th century or to the beginning of the 11 th century according to the bracelet (Magi-Lougas 1995b 521) In Maidla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin was found in the same chain arrangement with a pin of variant 22 (data from find lists and plans of Mandel) In Randvere graveyard a pin of variant 23 fixed to an iron shaft was found together with a penannular brooch with poppy-shaped terminals and with sherds of fine-grained pottery (data from Kustin 1962a 64-65 97) The complex could be dated around 1000

Kustin dated Saaremaa type pins to the 11th-12th centuries (1962a 70) As proved above the earlier specimens of this variant appeared as early as the 10th century and were used contemporarily with pins of variant 22 Saaremaa type pins stayed in use during the whole 11 th century and were replaced by doubleshycross-headed pins with united terminals at the beginning of the 12th century at the latest

Only some sin Viking Age have terminals appear 0

centuries Only lht local ornament typ

Double-cross-hl number of pin he probably for a lon

41 PillS

A tolal of 42 pi have been found il variants but the b thus SUbjective Tt specific construclio but a decoration of bigger thinner ofte (Fig 10) The earl ones were usually n

42 Pi

This group incl specimens as in the of these two groups

43

These pins appea the 11th century Ill

variant resemble late

Few specimens 01 Estonia They had be in Finland Pins frO centuries (Cleve 191

65 Marilw Magi Eesfi mcOvingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad - vooraparased ja onwd

imens were also more

VI 5 VI 4 IX 4-5)

pins of Saaremaa type ~ss massive specimens

usually consisted of e eyes only (Fig 7 PI Jatvia like some other

ularly in Curonia and ere dated to the 10thshy4815014 15525 ~ pins usually differed to have not been very

he other neighbouring 1929 Figs 175-178

only exceptions were decorated with leaves

a similar pin has been s comm) Dration has been found bronze plaque and a

nd of the 10th century bracelet (Miigi-L6ugas Nas found in the same find lists and plans of d to an iron shaft was )ed terminals and with -6597) The complex

Ituries (l962a 70) As ed as early as the 10th lilt 22 Saaremaa type re replaced by doubleshyof the 12th century at

3 Early cross-headed pins (PI X 1 XI 2)

Only some single cross-headed pins dated to the Merovingian Period or the Viking Age have been found in Estonia Small cross-headed pins with united terminals appear only after the Viking Age and were used over a period of some centuries Only the idea of cross-headed pins was borrowed from the Baits and a local ornament type was created on its base a double-cross-headed pin

4 Double-cross-headed pins

Double-cross-headed pins were specifically Estonian ornaments Quite a number of pin heads of this type have been fixed to an iron shaft and used probably for a long time after they were made

41 Pins with unconnected terminals (Pt X 4-6 XI 1 3-5)

A total of 42 pins with unconnected te rminals or pieces of such kind of pins have been found in Estonia They could be divided into earlier and later subshyvariants but the border between these two groups would be too undefined and thus subjective The earlier specimens were usually smaller thicker and with specific construction of their neck (Fig 9) They were often decorated with eyes but a decoration of conce ntric circles was also possible Later pins were always bigger thinner often silver-plated and had a special trapezoid loop on their neck (Fig 10) The earlier specimens were often deformed and burnt but the later ones were usually not burnt and in several cases found in inhumations

42 Pins with connected lower terminals (Pl X 7 XII)

This group includes 21 pins Thc same criteria about earlier and later specimens as in the former variant were also valid in this variant hence the pins of these two groups were at least partly contemporary

43 Pins with completely connected terminals

These pins appeared at the very end of the Viking Age ic at the middle of the 11 th century and will thus be not considered here Some specimens of thi s variant ]escmble iatcr specimens of the fonner variants

Discussion

Few specimens of pins with unconnected terminals have been found outSIde E stonia They had been usually used as pendants Five of them have been found in Finland Pins from Lillmalmsbacken and EU-cl were dated to the 9th-10th centuries (Cleve 1978 105) Two pins have been found in inhumations in

Marika Miigi66 Eesti merovingi- ja

Kjuloholm and dated to the beginning of the II th century (Cleve 1978 105 PI 8 15) Pendants from Estonian double-cross-headed pins have been found in late Viking Age cremations in Bjurhovda Central-Sweden (Jaanusson 1971) in North Norway and Gotland (Jansson 1995 88 fig 7) Some of them were

known from barrows in Northwest Russia (ClII1UbIH 1896 PI V 6 XVII 32) No double-cross pins have been found in Latvia or Lithuania according to the literature

A pin from Koola graveyard (PI X 4) was unearthed together with pieces of chain a glassbead bronze spirals and a bracelet all badly burnt (Parss 1950) Two pins from Verevi had belonged to the same chain arrangement and were found together with a bracelet a bell piece of neck-ring and a penannular brooch pi n with narrow base (Moora 1932) Both these burials could belong to the 10th century

In a womans grave in Aseri two doub Pe-cross-headed pins of earlier character were found with bracelets with thickening ends a spiral bracelet chain pieces and bronze spirals This complex could not be later than the middle of the 10th century because of the bracelets of earlier type in it (M~igi-Lougas 1995a 280 ff Fig 30)

A double-cross-pin of later character belonged to a deposit at Piihaste which also contained some other ornaments and could be dated to the first half of the 11 th century Some pairs of pins with specifically later features have been found in inhumations Graves from Alatskivi Raatvere and Tooste could be mentioned here all dated to the first half of the ] I th century (PI XI 5) A small doubJeshycross-headed pin fixed secondarily to a bronze stem belonged to a cremation of the second half of the 11 th century in Jouga (Ligi 1993 53-54 PI XXVIII 5)

Two double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals had belonged to a womans grave in Madi together with chain fragments bronze spira ls fingershyrings pieces of neck-rings a knife a belt buckle a comb a fire-steel bits and potsherds (Sel irand 1993) In Rahu a pin of the same variant occurred together with a penannular brooch chain arrangements a finger-ring and bits (Kustin 1969) Both these complexes could be dated to the 11th century Two pins of variant 42 belonged to a female inhumation grave in Raatvere and were dated to the first half of the J I th century (PI XII)

As proved above the double-cross-headed pins were cOl1nected with ringshyheaded pins with cross-shaped extension only through common predecessors ie cross-headed pins Looking at the shape of double-cross-headed pins one can ask if they could be connected with the Orthodox cross and perhaps with the conversion of Russia at the end of the 10th century The idea could be supported by the distribution of these pins the double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals were the only variant of dress fastening pins that were concentrated in the eastern half of Estonia

As the double-cross-headed pins appeared in Estonia before the end of the JOth century they cannot be directly connected with the Christianization of

Russia but influe not be discounteo definite evidence (

Selirand has ( centuries (1974 I terminals As pm appeared by the m morphologically t( were in use up to variant 43

Some findings used Parallels in could differ among

As most of the these ornaments WI men in Finland (I Latvia and Lithuan suggested that Esto Estonian ring-head southern neighbour Finland wore the sa

Hackman has re in Finland were all these pins were fa numbers were in s (KM 8067 A3 4 S of archaeology in N variant in Estonia h pin that could belo Keila was found tc woman (PI IV)

In conclusion on and the big luxuriol and 12c were used by women It is po during the 9th centUl

The triangular-he and were sometime~

arrangement Only 0

plaques and had prot

67 Marika Miigi Eesti mcrovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

(Cleve 1978 105 PI have been found in late (Jaanusson 1971) in

Some of them were

6 PI V 6 XVII 32) uania according to the

together with pieces of lIy burnt (Piirss 1950) arrangement and were ing and a penannuJar mrials could belong to

lins of earlier character bracelet chain pieces

the middle of the 10th -L6ugas I995a 280 ff

posit at Ptihaste which to the first half of the ~tures have been found te could be mentioned 1 5) A small doubleshynged to a cremation of -54 PI XXYIlI 5) erminals had belonged bronze spirals fingershy

0 a fire-steel bits and ~ [wnt occurred toget h er -ring and bits (KUstin century Two pins of

vere and were dated to

connected with riDgshyImon predecessors ie -headed pins one can and perhaps with the

lea could be supported pins with unconnected it were concentrated in

before the end of the he Christianization of

Russia but influences from Christian cOllntriesin the East (Byzantium) could not be discounted In any case the double-cross-headed pins do not provide definite evidence of the Christianity of their owners

Selirand has dated double-crass-headed pins to the 11th up to the 12th centuries (1974 146) which is correct for the variant with completely connected terminals As proved above the pins with unconnected terminals had already appeared by the middle of the 10th century The earlier pins of variant 4 2 belong morphologically to the end of the 10th century at the latest Both these variants were in use lip to the m iddle of the 11th century when they were replaced by variant 43

Use of dress fastening pins

Some findings in Estonia let us determine how and by Wh0111 the pins were used Parallels in the neighbouring countries cannot be used here directly and could differ among neighbours

As most of the ring-headed pins were single finds it is most plausible that these ornaments were worn singly Luxurious ring-headed pins had belonged to men in Finland (Lehtosalo-Hiander 1982 109) but the small specimens in Latvia and Lithuania were worn by women and always in pairs Vello Lougas suggested that Estnnian ring-headed pins were also used by women 0 973 126) Estonian ring-headed pins however definitely differ from the small ones of our southern neighbours It seems to be hardly believable that wealthy horsemen in Finland wore the same pins as women in Estonia

Hackman has reported that the ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extension in Finland were alI single finds (1938 114) However in two or even three cases these pins were found obviously in pairs in Uskcla Lukkarinmaki ie their numbers were in sequence and they had almost or completely the same shape (KM 8067 A3 4 57 perhaps also 29 30 data fram archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki) A Kunilcpa pin of the same subshyvariant in Estonia has been found together with a head-ring fragment of a similar pin that could belong to the same sub-variant The pin of sub-variant 12a in Keila was found together with female ornaments and had thus belonged to a woman (PI IV)

In conclusion one can suppose that the ring-headed pins of the earlier variant and the big luxurious pins were worn by men in Estonia Pins of variants 12a and 12c were used by both sexes or especially in the case of variant 12c only by women It is possible that the ring-headed pins became female ornaments during the 9th century

The triangular-headed pins of variant 21 occuned in several cases in pairs and were sometimes fitted with a long chain ie they had belonged to a chain arrangement Only one pin from Pajumaa (PI III4) was fitted with rectangular plaques and had probably been worn on its own

Marika Mdgi68 Eesti merovingi- ja

As ring-headed pins and triangular-headed pins had been in use contemporarily and in the same area it can be supposed that the former were worn by men and the latter by women It is possible that men stopped using pins some time in the 9th century and started to fasten their coats only with penannular brooches Since the 10th century at the latest one can talk about pins as specifically female ornaments in Estonia

Two triangular-headed pins connected with a single chain have been found in Liiva In some cases these pins were unearthed in pairs or single specimens often stray finds were fitted with a long chain Chain holders have been found together with these pins only twice However triangular-headed pins with leaf decoration were sometimes worn probably also singly as in the grave of Hairnre (PI VII)

Triangular-headed pins of Saaremaa type were found in pairs in several cases These pins occurred typically with half-oval chain holders and other pieces of chain arrangement which proves that the chain arrangements with these pins consisted of several rows of chains

Moreover the double-cross-headed pins occur usually in pairs and together with other pieces of a chain arrangement The pins of earlier character were connected only with a single chain (Aseri Verevi Riuma PI XI 4) but the later ones fastened chain arrangements with several rows of chains which were fixed to the pins with openwork chain holders (PI XI 5 XII)

Distribution

Estonia could be divided into two parts according to the local ornaments of the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The same division is valid also in the case of the decorative pins The tradition of fastening the dress with pins was strong in the western part of the Estonian mainland and on the islands but was almost absent in the eastern part during the whole Merovingian Period and the firs t half of the Viking Age The first local pin types - the double-cross-headed pins - occurred there only in the 10th century Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals and with completely connected terminals were spread already allover Estonia providing evidence of the standardisation of ornamental culture

English version checked by Gordon Snow Oxford

1 Rongaspeaga e

1 Ring-headed p

I Juuru Kunilepa 2 J6eJahtme Prest 3 Jiiri Kuma (AM 4 Juri Lagedi (Ar-shy5 JUri Lehmja-Lolt 6 Kaarma Aste (S 7 Karuse Pajumaa 8 Keila (AM 234 9 Kihelkonna Oda to Kihelkonna Paj II Kihclkonna Vii 12 Koeru Preedi (1 13 Kul lamua Vaik 14 KUllsalu (AI 28 15 Karla Kaarmise 16 Ktirla Paevere 17 Karia Paikiila ( 18 Liiganuse PUssi 19 Palamuse Nava 20 Peetri Painurme 21 Parnu-Jaagupi F 22 Pbide Asva (Al 23 Pbidc Tomimae 24 Ridala Ahli (H~ 25 R6ngu Kivivare 26 Viru- Nigllia Pal 27 Viru-Nigllla KUl

2 Kolmnurkpeaga

2 Triangular-head

21 Ornamentimatpoundl

21 Pins without spe

I 16eIahtme lru (AI 2 J6elahtme Presti (

Marika Magi

s had been in use d that the former were men stopped using pins their coats only with one can talk about pins

Jain have been found in s or single specimens )Iders have been found --headed pins with leaf in the grave of Haimre

n pairs in several cases ~rs and other pieces of ments with these pins

v in pairs and together earlier character were PI XI 4) but the later ains which were fixed

the local ornaments of ivision is valid also in he dress with pins was n the islands but was ingian Period and the e double-cross-headed ross-headcd pins with terminah were spread

disation of ornamental

Gordol Snow Oxford

69Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoeiad - vooraparased ja omad

Lisa Appendix

1 Rongaspeaga ehtenoelad Eestis (kaart joon 11)

1 Ring-headed pins in Estonia (map fig 11)

I Juuru Kunilepa (AI 2483 16 17) 2 Joelahtme Presti (AI 5490386 7) 3 Juri Kuma (AM 31 5 AM 2968 69 71) 4 Juri Lagedi (AM 2768) 5 Juri Lehmja-Loo (AI 444499184211 247278283) 6 Kaarma Aste (SM 7675 12) 7 Karuse Pajumaa (AM 134 18 19) 8 Keila (AM 2343) 9 Kihelkonna Odalatsi (AI 3822303) 10 Kihelkonna Paju (AI K 68) 11 Kihelkonna Viki (AI 251373) 12 Koeru Preedi (AI 4426616) 13 Kullamaa Vaike-Kalju (AI 3445) 14 Kuusalu (AI 2827) 15 Karla Kaarmise (AI 3501) 16 Karia Paevere (AI 2657 1) 17 Karia Paikula (AI 25024) 18 Luganuse Piissi (AM 99) 19 Palamuse Nava (AI 39681167) 20 Peetri PaillurmC (AM 11710) 21 Parnu-Jaagupi Parasmaa (AM 493 12) 22 Pbide Asva (AI 4366 1004) 23 Pbide Tomimae (AI 4338 1117) 24 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045220) 25 Rongu Kivivare (AI 47267) 26 Viru- Nigula Pada (AI 536641) 27 Viru-Nigula Kunda (AM 88 113 114)

2 Kolmnurkpeaga noelad Eestis

2 Triangular-headed pins in Estonia

21 Ornamentimata voi lihtsatest joontest ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 12)

21 Pins without special decoration (map fig 12)

1 JoeHihtme lru (AI 4051 9491097) 2 Joellihtme Presti (AI 5490374)

Eesti merovillgi- ja70 Marika Magi

3 J6hvi Toila (AI 3952299 362) 4 Kamse Pajumaa (AM 13414) 5 Kihelkonna K6mse (AI 2643 111 112113) 6 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 14832) 7 Lliganuse Purtse (AI 50388) 8 Martna Ehmp (AM 554605 615 665 81 J 823) 9 Muhu Mala (AI K 2 1234 89) 10 Nissi Vardi (AM 368 13) 11 Otepaa linnamagihillfort (AI 4036 IV203) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 491 122 852 1024) 13 Parnu-Jaagupi M6isaklila (AI 575925) 14 Pbide maalinnhillfort (SM 1460401) 15 Pbide Viltina (AI 38843515) 16 Puha Leina (AI 2643366) 17 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817333) J8 Rouge linnam~igihillfort (AI 40402313162) 19 Saaremaa (AI K 848) 20 Viru-Jaagupi Inju (AI 2794232425) 21 Vandra khklparish (P~lM 23912) 22 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 382 37764)

22 Lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 13)

22 PillS with leaves-decoration (map fig 13)

1 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 1) 2 Keila Uksnurme (AM 68 1) 3 Juri Moigu-Peetri (AI 4877 100) 4 Kaarma khklparish (AI K 67 17 1845 AI 507 6) 5 Kaarrna Uduvere (AI 15184) 6 Kihelkonna Lumanda (AI 382233 3438 35) 7 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 531 1352 1549 1696 1886 23834153

26892690297831483163310131023115) 8 Mihkli Sol va (AI 251318) 9 Muhu Liiva (SM 931 2) 10 Marjamaa Hairnre (AI 3614 I) 11 Nissi Polli (AI 3926 I) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 49120206 584a 584b 760) 13 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884 ) 14 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045 219) 15 Saaremaa (AI K 846) 16 Valjala khklparish (SM K 5410) 17 Valjala Rahu (AI 423922 44 758) 18 Leiukoht teadmatalFindspot unknown (AI 3027)

23 Saaremaa tii

23 PillS ofSaart

1 Hanila Komsi I

2 Kaarma khk I~ 3 Kaarma Loona 4 Kaarma Uduve 5 Karja Valja (A 6 Karuse Pajuma 7 Kihelkonna Ka 8 Kihelkonna khl 9 Kihelkonna Ku 10 Kihelkonna L 11 Kihelkonna 12 Kihelkonna P 13 Kose Paunkiil 14 Kullamaa Mai 15 Karla khk Ipa 16 Karla Kogula 17 Karla Orikiila 18 Uiiine-Niguia 19 Martna Ehmja 20 Pamu Jaagupi 21 Parnu-Jaagupi 22 Parnumaa (Pal 23 Pbide K6igust 24 P6ide Randvel 25 P6ide Viltina ( 26 Piiha Ilpla (AI 27 Saaremaa (AI 28 Valjala Konnu 29 Valjala Rahu (

3 Merovingi- voi

3 Merovingian connected termin

I Karja khklparis 2 Kodavere Lahef 3 Kodavere Savas 4 Mihkli Kurese ( 5 lPoide AudIa (S~ 6 Aksi Raigastven

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja (Jmad

23 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad (kaartjoon 14)

71

~)

96 1886 2383 4153

)760)

23 Pins ofSa a rema a type (map fig 14)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510940) 2 Kaarma khk parish(AI K 67 1944) 3 Kaarma Loona (AK K 1776 LVYM 650911393) 4 Kaarma Uduvere (AI K 15185 186 187 188) 5 Kalja Valja (AI K 76 1) 6 Karu se Pajumaa (AM 134 I 5) 7 Kihelkonna Kalmu (AI 3822]57 158 194) 8 Kihelkonna khk parish (AI K 741) 9 Kihelkonna Kurevere (AI 43686998 102) 10 Kihelkonna Loona (AI 3822233a) 11 Kihelkonna Liimanda (AK 382268 136) 12 Kihelkonna Paju (L VVM 20A 128) 13 Kose Paunkiila (AM 73 1) 14 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 3160 3635 3637 5000 6085) 15 KarIa khk pari sh (AI K 79101819) 16 Karia Kogula (AI K 2951 52) 17 Karla Orikiila (AI K 4 102 103) 18 Laane-Nigula Uugla (AM 500503) 19 Martna Ehmja (AM 554824) 20 Pamu Jaagupi Pooravere (PaM 2364) 21 Pamu-J aagupi Linnamae (AM 491170) 22 Parnumaa (PaM ) 23 Poide Koiguste (AI 436 I 2) 24 Poide Randvere (AI 26972 AI 3895 257) 25 Poide Viltina (AI 3884391 2588b 2755 3128 4300) 26 Piiha IJpla (AI 3822315 382 K 1 78) 27 Saaremaa (AI K 843 57 AI K 8546107 AI 3529 SM ) 28 Valjala Konnu (AI 5151) 29 Valjala Rahu (AI 4239202 670 1114)

3 Merovingi- voi varaviikingiaegsed lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad

3 Merovingian Period or earJy Viking Age cross-headed pins with unshyconnected terminals

1 Karja khkparish (AI K 774) 2 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 198433) 3 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 1483 1) 4 Mihkli Kurese (AI 2513 17) 5 Poide AudIa (SM K 49 I) 6 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885)

72 Marika Magi

7 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (AM aj 98)

4 Kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

4 Double-cross-headed pins

41 Lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad (kaart joon 15)

41 Double-cross-headed pins with unconnecled terminals (map fig 15)

I Haljala Essu (AM 8327) 2 Harju-Jaani Kehra (AI 35849 10) 3 Iisaku J6uga (AI 510062) 4 JUllm Kaiu jarvLake Kaiu (AI 5251) 5 Karksi Kiiti (AI 1353 1) 6 Kodavere Alatskivi (AI 1893la Ib) 7 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 4976 159) 8 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 516957 5295210a 210b) 9 Kose Ardu (AI 26744) 10 Laiuse Koola (AI 40245) Ii Nissi Varbola (AI 3865 128) 12 Nao Unipiha linnamagihillfort (AI 2901 11) 13 Otepaa PaidJa (AI 19973) 14 P6ltsamaa Pajusi (AI 1871 8) 15 Pamu-Jaagupi Anelema (AI 42255) 16 Parnumaa (PaM A 2361) 17 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884153) 18 Piiha IJpla (AI K 1 77) 19 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817 307311) 20 R6ngu Piihaste (AI 3667 I) 21 Rapina Tooste (AI 41085 7) 22 Tarvastu Riuma (AI 12073a 3b) 23 Viljandi Kuude (VM 331 2 43 17A 312) 24 Viljandimaa (VM ) 25 Vim-Nigula Aseri (RM 1211A 57683 7879) 26 Vim-Nigula Kohala (RM 30791A 51 12) 27 Vim-Nigula Kunda (AI 157933 4002) 28 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 5343c)

29 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (LVVM 58923A I 798)

42 Uhendatud alumiste harudega kaksikristpeaga l10elad (kaartjoon 16)

42 Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals (map fig 16)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510103188218507)

Eest merovillgi-(I v

2 Harju-Jaani Raa 3 Kodavere Raatv( 4 Kullamaa Maid 5 Liiganllse Kalme 6 Mihkli Veltsa (A 7 Marjal1laa Konol 8 Marjamaa Moka 9 P61tsal1laa Pajusi 10 Rannu Verevi ( 11 VaUala Rahu (A 12 Viljandi Madi ( 13 Vaike-Maarja A 14 Leiukoht teadl1l1

Marika Magi Eesti merovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy viJorapiirased ja omarl 73

15)

(Ilapjig 15)

I 798)

kaartjOOIi16)

als(mapjig16)

2 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 16) 3 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 5295 121a 12Ib) 4 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 5802 18 2323) 5 Liiganuse Kalmeistri (AI 28244) 6 MihkJi Ve1tsa (AI 4944) 7 Marjamaa Konovere linnamagihillfort (AI 4571159) 8 Marjamaa Moka (AI 371021) 9 P51tsamaa Pajusi (AI 19996) 10 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817234) 11 Valjala Rahu (AI 423970) 12 Viljandi Macli (AI 25906166172174) 13 V~iike-Maalja Antu (AM 102 I) 14 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 26362)

61 Marika Magi Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - vooraparasedja omad

I)

Estonia at Kuusalu 6) These have been

pecifically Estonian I

of the same type in ia Small Lithuanian ~ger ones to the 9th hese pins have been Estonian origin and 105-1 ] 5 Lehtosaloshyass-shaped extension 4) However a ringshylund together with a items and cou ld thus f the department of

ion were known In

~ecimens in Estonia areas or in a deposit

ish origin (eg early can we talk about a ~ t two such pins have

bss-shaped extension Ariste (1938) did not differed too much It tltic origin with three ~cimen has been also k shaped extensions the ring-headed and in a ring-headed pin lich is fitted with a ~ 35) nd in an undisturbed obably no complete lother pin) The find ~m Kunilepa usually r destroyed grave as

became clear from a conversation with a descendant of the landowner The probable grave could be dated to the 8th-9th centuries From the rest of the find spots the grave of Lehmja-Loo was dated to the 7th century (LOugas 1973 129) the later part of Presti grave to the 7th-8th centuries and the later dwelling layer in Asva to the 8th-9th centuries (Lougas amp Mligi-L6ugas 199432-33)

Ariste has dated Estonian ring-headed pillS from the 7th century up to the beginning of the 10th century (1938 62) Schmiedehelm and Selirand have supposed making reference to Ariste that these pins were also in use during the 10th-11th centuries (Schmiedehelm 1939 136 Selirand 1974 ] 44) According to my study the earlier variant of Estonian ring-headed pins cOUild be dated to the 7th century only The later variant pins with more local character were used mainly during the 8th century Pins of sub-variants 12a and 12c were in use also in the 9th century

2 Triangular-headed pins

Only triangular-headed pins with end knobs were discussed in this paper These pins have up to now been typologized according to the shape of their knobs Mushroom-shaped terminaLs were considered to be earlier and conicshyshaped ones to be later variants (Tangren 1925 80) According to the present study both variants were in use at the same time End knobs typical of the later pins are described in this paper as hat-shaped (Fig 3)

21 Pins without any special decoration

This variant includes 41 pins of different size Smaller specimens were usually earlier but there were quite a number of exceptions to this rule

21a Pins with smooth heads (PI VI 1 3)

Fifteen pins from the Merovingian Period belong to this sub-variant They were all smaller specimens with mushroom- or conic-shaped end knobs

21 h Pins with a smooth triangular hollow

Nine pins of this sub-variant are known in Estonia They were small or average in size and half of them had hat-shaped end knobs The head is sometimes decorated with a single knob in the middle

21 c Pins with a decoration ofconcentric triangles

Only four pins from Estonia belong to this sub-variant A pin from ViI tina (PI IX 1) was decorated with two ammal (horse) figures and is probably an import from Curonia or Semgallien

Marika Magi 62 Eesti merovillgimiddot jl

21d Pins with afaceted triangular hollow (Pi 111 3 4 VI 2)

Sixteen medium-sized or bigger pins belong to this sub-variant Only one of them had a hat-shaped end knob (Presti PI In 3) all the others had only mushroom- or conic-shaped knobs Many of these pins had a faceted neck (Fig 4 4)

22 Pins with a decoration of leaves (Pi V 4-5 V1I V11I 1- 3)

The shape of these pins resembled that of the former variant but the smooth hollow in the head was decorated with three leaves 46 pins or fragments of pins of this variant are known in Estonia Many of them were found in cremations and were bad1ly burnt Hat-shaped end knobs were characteristic of these pins The neck was faceted in 11 specimens (Fig 5) The reverse of some of these pins was decorated with eyes (PI V 5) Such specimens had almost no faceted neck Pins with a faceted neck were thus morphologically ear(jer and the specimens with a decoration on their reverse sides were later in this variant group

Discussion

Triangular-headed pins were widespread in Latvia and Lithuania where their decoration usually differed clearly from that of Estonian pins Pins with mushroom-shaped end knobs were dated to the 7th-9th centuries in L ithuania (Tautaviciene 1981 169) Triangular-headed pms appeared in Latvia as early as 500 and were spread mainly in Semgallien and in the Lower-Daugava area (Snore 1930 PI XXIX 1 Latvijas 1974 PI 40 4 I 3) Some specimens have also been found in Russia (Sedova 198173 Sedov 1985 123 F ig 1 7 8) Triangular-headed pins in FinlJand have been treated as ornaments of Latvian or Estonian origin and dated to the Merovingian Period or the beginning of the Viking Age (Kivikoski 197367-6899 Fig 448 72 l Lehtosalo-Hilander 1982 108)

Pins with leaf decoration were found not only in Estonia but also in Semgallien and Curonia Probably only one specimen has been found in Finland (Rusko Kankare Kivikoski 197367 99) Some pins with leaf decoration were known from Gotland (Nerman 1929 Fig 173-174 177 Thunmark-Nylen 1983 Fig 10 Jansson 1995 88-89 Fig 8) and from the mainland of Sweden (Stromberg 1961 165 PI 73 8 9) One has been found at Trelleborg in Denmark (Michael Andersen pers comm) Two fragmentary pins of this variant belonged to a silver hoard from Baldringe in Skanc (Hardh 1976 PI 20 10 11) and were interesting for us because of their material Ali triangular-headed pins in Estonii were made of bronze The finds in Baldringe proved that the Estonians used to make similar ornaments of both materials but the silver specimens were probably re-cast later

Some of the complexes Thret some bracelets 1

cremation at Hai could be dated to and Maidla gravi datcd to the same

Seven pins of in 1m have been XXVII 4-5) The 8th centuries in (Schmiedehelm 11 L6ugas 1994 32shy

Schmiedehelm (1930) The pins according to Kus According to my Merovingian Perilt the end of the 9th 10th century Arou

Pins of this var and are therefore I

shaped terminals al have been found u majority of them hi draw parallels with elaborated decorati consisting only of broken off and fixel

23a Pins with lea

Six pins of this These pins were pre

23b Pins with plail

Plait decoration not very widespreao and the 11 til centul)

Marika Miigi Eesli merovingi- ja viikil1gi(egsed rinl1aHoelad shy viJiJrapiirasedja ()mad 63

2)

I-variant Only one of the others had oniy

l a faceted neck (Fig

II VIII 1-3)

ariant but the smooth s or fragments of pins und in cremations and tic of these pins The ome of these pins was no faceted neck Pins the specimens with a

roup

~ithuania where their ~ ian pins Pins with centuries in Lithuania d in Latvia as early as Lower-Daugava area

Some specimens have 5 123 Fig I 7 8) naments of Latvian or the beginning of the

Itosalo-Hilander 1982

Estonia but also in een found in Finland

1 leaf decoration were hunmark-Nylen 1983 mainland of Sweden und at Trelleborg in ary pins of this variant h 1976 PI 20 to 11) triangular-headed pins inge proved that the terials but the silver

Some of the Estonian triangubr-headed pins were found in closed find complexes Three pins of variant 21 belonged to a deposit at Inju together with some bracelets which allowed the find to be dated to the 7th-8th centuries A cremation at Haimre (PI V) contained only one pin with leaf decoration and could be dated to the 10th century Some similar pins from Rahu (Kustin 1969) and Maidla graves (data from find lists and plans of Mati Mandel) could be dated to the same time because of the other finds in the burials

Seven pins of the earlier variant have been found in hill-forts Two specimens in Iru have been dated to the 6l7th-8th centuries (Lang 1996 96-97 102 PI XXVII 4--5) The layers where the pins were found have been dated to the 7thshy

8th centuries in Rouge (AYH 1992 65) to the 6th-9th centuries in Otepali (Schmiedehelm 195963) and to the 7th-9th centuries in Pbide (Lougas amp MagishyL6ugas 199432-33)

Schmiedehelm dated Estonian pins of variant 2 J to the 6th-9th centuries (1930) The pins with leaf decoration were used during the II th-12th centuries according to Kustin and Selirand (Kustin J962b 405 Selirand 1974 145) According to my study the pins of variant 21 were used during the whole Merovingian Period and the 9th century Pins with leaf decoration appeared at the end of the 9th century at the latcst and were in use during the whole of the 10th century Around 1000 they were replaced by pins of the next variant

23 Pins of Saaremaa type

Pins of this variant differ morphologically from the above-discussed variants and are therefore treated separately here These pins were flat with flat heartshyshaped terminals and a high loop on their neck (Fig 6) Altogether 63 specimens have been found up to now as many as 49 of them on Saaremaa (Osel) The majority of them have been found in cremations and were badly burnt If we may draw parallels with the other ornament types the more massive specimens with elaborated decoration were earlier than the thin pins with stylised decoration consisting only of a few lines In many cases the heads of these pins had been broken off and fixed to a new iron shaft ie recycled

23a Pins with leal decoration (PI VI 4 VIII 6-7)

Six pins of this variant have a more or less stylised decoration of three leaves These pins were probably the earliest ones in vanant 23

23b Pins with plait decoration (Fig 8 PI VIII 5 IX 2)

Plait decoration was popular in L atvia and Lithuania over a long period but not very widespread in Estonia On Saaremaa bracelets of the late Viking Age and the 11 th century had often the same pattern In six cases also the reverse of

Marika Magi64 Eesti merovingi- ja

the pins had been decorated mostly with eyes These specimens were also more massive ie probably somewhat earlier

23c Pins with some other kind ofdecoration (Fig 7 Pl VI 5 VIII 4 IX 4-5)

Different kinds of simple patterns were spread on the pins of Saaremaa type most of them having counterparts in Latvia More and less massive specimens occurred in this sub-variant too Though the pattern usually consisted of different lines some pins were decorated with one or more eyes only (Fig 7 Pl IX 4) These could probably be treated as imports from Latvia like some other somewhat unusual pins of this sub-variant

Discussion

Pins of this variant were widespread in Latvia particularly in Curonia and Semgallien but also in the Lower-Daugava area They were dated to the lOthshy12th centuries there (Snore 1930 Pl XV LA 1974 Pl 481 5014 15525 T6nisson 1974 Pl XXXVI2) The decoration of Latvian pins usually differed from that of Estonian pins and even plait decoration seems to have not been very popular on this type of pins in Latvia

Only single pins of this variant have been found in the other neighbouring countries most of them specifically Latvian (Nerrnan 1929 Figs 175-178 Kivikoski 1973 99 Fig 720 Jansson 1995 88-89) The only exceptions were two pins from Garda churchyard on Gotland which were decorated with leaves (Thunmark-Nylen 1995 185 Fig 13) A small piece of a similar pin has been found as a stray find in Roskilde Denmark (Andersen pers comm)

In Uugla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin with leaf decoration has been found together with a knife pieces of chain arrangement a bronze plaque and a bracelet (Mandel 1980) The grave could be dated to the end of the 10th century or to the beginning of the 11 th century according to the bracelet (Magi-Lougas 1995b 521) In Maidla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin was found in the same chain arrangement with a pin of variant 22 (data from find lists and plans of Mandel) In Randvere graveyard a pin of variant 23 fixed to an iron shaft was found together with a penannular brooch with poppy-shaped terminals and with sherds of fine-grained pottery (data from Kustin 1962a 64-65 97) The complex could be dated around 1000

Kustin dated Saaremaa type pins to the 11th-12th centuries (1962a 70) As proved above the earlier specimens of this variant appeared as early as the 10th century and were used contemporarily with pins of variant 22 Saaremaa type pins stayed in use during the whole 11 th century and were replaced by doubleshycross-headed pins with united terminals at the beginning of the 12th century at the latest

Only some sin Viking Age have terminals appear 0

centuries Only lht local ornament typ

Double-cross-hl number of pin he probably for a lon

41 PillS

A tolal of 42 pi have been found il variants but the b thus SUbjective Tt specific construclio but a decoration of bigger thinner ofte (Fig 10) The earl ones were usually n

42 Pi

This group incl specimens as in the of these two groups

43

These pins appea the 11th century Ill

variant resemble late

Few specimens 01 Estonia They had be in Finland Pins frO centuries (Cleve 191

65 Marilw Magi Eesfi mcOvingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad - vooraparased ja onwd

imens were also more

VI 5 VI 4 IX 4-5)

pins of Saaremaa type ~ss massive specimens

usually consisted of e eyes only (Fig 7 PI Jatvia like some other

ularly in Curonia and ere dated to the 10thshy4815014 15525 ~ pins usually differed to have not been very

he other neighbouring 1929 Figs 175-178

only exceptions were decorated with leaves

a similar pin has been s comm) Dration has been found bronze plaque and a

nd of the 10th century bracelet (Miigi-L6ugas Nas found in the same find lists and plans of d to an iron shaft was )ed terminals and with -6597) The complex

Ituries (l962a 70) As ed as early as the 10th lilt 22 Saaremaa type re replaced by doubleshyof the 12th century at

3 Early cross-headed pins (PI X 1 XI 2)

Only some single cross-headed pins dated to the Merovingian Period or the Viking Age have been found in Estonia Small cross-headed pins with united terminals appear only after the Viking Age and were used over a period of some centuries Only the idea of cross-headed pins was borrowed from the Baits and a local ornament type was created on its base a double-cross-headed pin

4 Double-cross-headed pins

Double-cross-headed pins were specifically Estonian ornaments Quite a number of pin heads of this type have been fixed to an iron shaft and used probably for a long time after they were made

41 Pins with unconnected terminals (Pt X 4-6 XI 1 3-5)

A total of 42 pins with unconnected te rminals or pieces of such kind of pins have been found in Estonia They could be divided into earlier and later subshyvariants but the border between these two groups would be too undefined and thus subjective The earlier specimens were usually smaller thicker and with specific construction of their neck (Fig 9) They were often decorated with eyes but a decoration of conce ntric circles was also possible Later pins were always bigger thinner often silver-plated and had a special trapezoid loop on their neck (Fig 10) The earlier specimens were often deformed and burnt but the later ones were usually not burnt and in several cases found in inhumations

42 Pins with connected lower terminals (Pl X 7 XII)

This group includes 21 pins Thc same criteria about earlier and later specimens as in the former variant were also valid in this variant hence the pins of these two groups were at least partly contemporary

43 Pins with completely connected terminals

These pins appeared at the very end of the Viking Age ic at the middle of the 11 th century and will thus be not considered here Some specimens of thi s variant ]escmble iatcr specimens of the fonner variants

Discussion

Few specimens of pins with unconnected terminals have been found outSIde E stonia They had been usually used as pendants Five of them have been found in Finland Pins from Lillmalmsbacken and EU-cl were dated to the 9th-10th centuries (Cleve 1978 105) Two pins have been found in inhumations in

Marika Miigi66 Eesti merovingi- ja

Kjuloholm and dated to the beginning of the II th century (Cleve 1978 105 PI 8 15) Pendants from Estonian double-cross-headed pins have been found in late Viking Age cremations in Bjurhovda Central-Sweden (Jaanusson 1971) in North Norway and Gotland (Jansson 1995 88 fig 7) Some of them were

known from barrows in Northwest Russia (ClII1UbIH 1896 PI V 6 XVII 32) No double-cross pins have been found in Latvia or Lithuania according to the literature

A pin from Koola graveyard (PI X 4) was unearthed together with pieces of chain a glassbead bronze spirals and a bracelet all badly burnt (Parss 1950) Two pins from Verevi had belonged to the same chain arrangement and were found together with a bracelet a bell piece of neck-ring and a penannular brooch pi n with narrow base (Moora 1932) Both these burials could belong to the 10th century

In a womans grave in Aseri two doub Pe-cross-headed pins of earlier character were found with bracelets with thickening ends a spiral bracelet chain pieces and bronze spirals This complex could not be later than the middle of the 10th century because of the bracelets of earlier type in it (M~igi-Lougas 1995a 280 ff Fig 30)

A double-cross-pin of later character belonged to a deposit at Piihaste which also contained some other ornaments and could be dated to the first half of the 11 th century Some pairs of pins with specifically later features have been found in inhumations Graves from Alatskivi Raatvere and Tooste could be mentioned here all dated to the first half of the ] I th century (PI XI 5) A small doubJeshycross-headed pin fixed secondarily to a bronze stem belonged to a cremation of the second half of the 11 th century in Jouga (Ligi 1993 53-54 PI XXVIII 5)

Two double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals had belonged to a womans grave in Madi together with chain fragments bronze spira ls fingershyrings pieces of neck-rings a knife a belt buckle a comb a fire-steel bits and potsherds (Sel irand 1993) In Rahu a pin of the same variant occurred together with a penannular brooch chain arrangements a finger-ring and bits (Kustin 1969) Both these complexes could be dated to the 11th century Two pins of variant 42 belonged to a female inhumation grave in Raatvere and were dated to the first half of the J I th century (PI XII)

As proved above the double-cross-headed pins were cOl1nected with ringshyheaded pins with cross-shaped extension only through common predecessors ie cross-headed pins Looking at the shape of double-cross-headed pins one can ask if they could be connected with the Orthodox cross and perhaps with the conversion of Russia at the end of the 10th century The idea could be supported by the distribution of these pins the double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals were the only variant of dress fastening pins that were concentrated in the eastern half of Estonia

As the double-cross-headed pins appeared in Estonia before the end of the JOth century they cannot be directly connected with the Christianization of

Russia but influe not be discounteo definite evidence (

Selirand has ( centuries (1974 I terminals As pm appeared by the m morphologically t( were in use up to variant 43

Some findings used Parallels in could differ among

As most of the these ornaments WI men in Finland (I Latvia and Lithuan suggested that Esto Estonian ring-head southern neighbour Finland wore the sa

Hackman has re in Finland were all these pins were fa numbers were in s (KM 8067 A3 4 S of archaeology in N variant in Estonia h pin that could belo Keila was found tc woman (PI IV)

In conclusion on and the big luxuriol and 12c were used by women It is po during the 9th centUl

The triangular-he and were sometime~

arrangement Only 0

plaques and had prot

67 Marika Miigi Eesti mcrovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

(Cleve 1978 105 PI have been found in late (Jaanusson 1971) in

Some of them were

6 PI V 6 XVII 32) uania according to the

together with pieces of lIy burnt (Piirss 1950) arrangement and were ing and a penannuJar mrials could belong to

lins of earlier character bracelet chain pieces

the middle of the 10th -L6ugas I995a 280 ff

posit at Ptihaste which to the first half of the ~tures have been found te could be mentioned 1 5) A small doubleshynged to a cremation of -54 PI XXYIlI 5) erminals had belonged bronze spirals fingershy

0 a fire-steel bits and ~ [wnt occurred toget h er -ring and bits (KUstin century Two pins of

vere and were dated to

connected with riDgshyImon predecessors ie -headed pins one can and perhaps with the

lea could be supported pins with unconnected it were concentrated in

before the end of the he Christianization of

Russia but influences from Christian cOllntriesin the East (Byzantium) could not be discounted In any case the double-cross-headed pins do not provide definite evidence of the Christianity of their owners

Selirand has dated double-crass-headed pins to the 11th up to the 12th centuries (1974 146) which is correct for the variant with completely connected terminals As proved above the pins with unconnected terminals had already appeared by the middle of the 10th century The earlier pins of variant 4 2 belong morphologically to the end of the 10th century at the latest Both these variants were in use lip to the m iddle of the 11th century when they were replaced by variant 43

Use of dress fastening pins

Some findings in Estonia let us determine how and by Wh0111 the pins were used Parallels in the neighbouring countries cannot be used here directly and could differ among neighbours

As most of the ring-headed pins were single finds it is most plausible that these ornaments were worn singly Luxurious ring-headed pins had belonged to men in Finland (Lehtosalo-Hiander 1982 109) but the small specimens in Latvia and Lithuania were worn by women and always in pairs Vello Lougas suggested that Estnnian ring-headed pins were also used by women 0 973 126) Estonian ring-headed pins however definitely differ from the small ones of our southern neighbours It seems to be hardly believable that wealthy horsemen in Finland wore the same pins as women in Estonia

Hackman has reported that the ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extension in Finland were alI single finds (1938 114) However in two or even three cases these pins were found obviously in pairs in Uskcla Lukkarinmaki ie their numbers were in sequence and they had almost or completely the same shape (KM 8067 A3 4 57 perhaps also 29 30 data fram archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki) A Kunilcpa pin of the same subshyvariant in Estonia has been found together with a head-ring fragment of a similar pin that could belong to the same sub-variant The pin of sub-variant 12a in Keila was found together with female ornaments and had thus belonged to a woman (PI IV)

In conclusion one can suppose that the ring-headed pins of the earlier variant and the big luxurious pins were worn by men in Estonia Pins of variants 12a and 12c were used by both sexes or especially in the case of variant 12c only by women It is possible that the ring-headed pins became female ornaments during the 9th century

The triangular-headed pins of variant 21 occuned in several cases in pairs and were sometimes fitted with a long chain ie they had belonged to a chain arrangement Only one pin from Pajumaa (PI III4) was fitted with rectangular plaques and had probably been worn on its own

Marika Mdgi68 Eesti merovingi- ja

As ring-headed pins and triangular-headed pins had been in use contemporarily and in the same area it can be supposed that the former were worn by men and the latter by women It is possible that men stopped using pins some time in the 9th century and started to fasten their coats only with penannular brooches Since the 10th century at the latest one can talk about pins as specifically female ornaments in Estonia

Two triangular-headed pins connected with a single chain have been found in Liiva In some cases these pins were unearthed in pairs or single specimens often stray finds were fitted with a long chain Chain holders have been found together with these pins only twice However triangular-headed pins with leaf decoration were sometimes worn probably also singly as in the grave of Hairnre (PI VII)

Triangular-headed pins of Saaremaa type were found in pairs in several cases These pins occurred typically with half-oval chain holders and other pieces of chain arrangement which proves that the chain arrangements with these pins consisted of several rows of chains

Moreover the double-cross-headed pins occur usually in pairs and together with other pieces of a chain arrangement The pins of earlier character were connected only with a single chain (Aseri Verevi Riuma PI XI 4) but the later ones fastened chain arrangements with several rows of chains which were fixed to the pins with openwork chain holders (PI XI 5 XII)

Distribution

Estonia could be divided into two parts according to the local ornaments of the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The same division is valid also in the case of the decorative pins The tradition of fastening the dress with pins was strong in the western part of the Estonian mainland and on the islands but was almost absent in the eastern part during the whole Merovingian Period and the firs t half of the Viking Age The first local pin types - the double-cross-headed pins - occurred there only in the 10th century Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals and with completely connected terminals were spread already allover Estonia providing evidence of the standardisation of ornamental culture

English version checked by Gordon Snow Oxford

1 Rongaspeaga e

1 Ring-headed p

I Juuru Kunilepa 2 J6eJahtme Prest 3 Jiiri Kuma (AM 4 Juri Lagedi (Ar-shy5 JUri Lehmja-Lolt 6 Kaarma Aste (S 7 Karuse Pajumaa 8 Keila (AM 234 9 Kihelkonna Oda to Kihelkonna Paj II Kihclkonna Vii 12 Koeru Preedi (1 13 Kul lamua Vaik 14 KUllsalu (AI 28 15 Karla Kaarmise 16 Ktirla Paevere 17 Karia Paikiila ( 18 Liiganuse PUssi 19 Palamuse Nava 20 Peetri Painurme 21 Parnu-Jaagupi F 22 Pbide Asva (Al 23 Pbidc Tomimae 24 Ridala Ahli (H~ 25 R6ngu Kivivare 26 Viru- Nigllia Pal 27 Viru-Nigllla KUl

2 Kolmnurkpeaga

2 Triangular-head

21 Ornamentimatpoundl

21 Pins without spe

I 16eIahtme lru (AI 2 J6elahtme Presti (

Marika Magi

s had been in use d that the former were men stopped using pins their coats only with one can talk about pins

Jain have been found in s or single specimens )Iders have been found --headed pins with leaf in the grave of Haimre

n pairs in several cases ~rs and other pieces of ments with these pins

v in pairs and together earlier character were PI XI 4) but the later ains which were fixed

the local ornaments of ivision is valid also in he dress with pins was n the islands but was ingian Period and the e double-cross-headed ross-headcd pins with terminah were spread

disation of ornamental

Gordol Snow Oxford

69Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoeiad - vooraparased ja omad

Lisa Appendix

1 Rongaspeaga ehtenoelad Eestis (kaart joon 11)

1 Ring-headed pins in Estonia (map fig 11)

I Juuru Kunilepa (AI 2483 16 17) 2 Joelahtme Presti (AI 5490386 7) 3 Juri Kuma (AM 31 5 AM 2968 69 71) 4 Juri Lagedi (AM 2768) 5 Juri Lehmja-Loo (AI 444499184211 247278283) 6 Kaarma Aste (SM 7675 12) 7 Karuse Pajumaa (AM 134 18 19) 8 Keila (AM 2343) 9 Kihelkonna Odalatsi (AI 3822303) 10 Kihelkonna Paju (AI K 68) 11 Kihelkonna Viki (AI 251373) 12 Koeru Preedi (AI 4426616) 13 Kullamaa Vaike-Kalju (AI 3445) 14 Kuusalu (AI 2827) 15 Karla Kaarmise (AI 3501) 16 Karia Paevere (AI 2657 1) 17 Karia Paikula (AI 25024) 18 Luganuse Piissi (AM 99) 19 Palamuse Nava (AI 39681167) 20 Peetri PaillurmC (AM 11710) 21 Parnu-Jaagupi Parasmaa (AM 493 12) 22 Pbide Asva (AI 4366 1004) 23 Pbide Tomimae (AI 4338 1117) 24 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045220) 25 Rongu Kivivare (AI 47267) 26 Viru- Nigula Pada (AI 536641) 27 Viru-Nigula Kunda (AM 88 113 114)

2 Kolmnurkpeaga noelad Eestis

2 Triangular-headed pins in Estonia

21 Ornamentimata voi lihtsatest joontest ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 12)

21 Pins without special decoration (map fig 12)

1 JoeHihtme lru (AI 4051 9491097) 2 Joellihtme Presti (AI 5490374)

Eesti merovillgi- ja70 Marika Magi

3 J6hvi Toila (AI 3952299 362) 4 Kamse Pajumaa (AM 13414) 5 Kihelkonna K6mse (AI 2643 111 112113) 6 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 14832) 7 Lliganuse Purtse (AI 50388) 8 Martna Ehmp (AM 554605 615 665 81 J 823) 9 Muhu Mala (AI K 2 1234 89) 10 Nissi Vardi (AM 368 13) 11 Otepaa linnamagihillfort (AI 4036 IV203) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 491 122 852 1024) 13 Parnu-Jaagupi M6isaklila (AI 575925) 14 Pbide maalinnhillfort (SM 1460401) 15 Pbide Viltina (AI 38843515) 16 Puha Leina (AI 2643366) 17 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817333) J8 Rouge linnam~igihillfort (AI 40402313162) 19 Saaremaa (AI K 848) 20 Viru-Jaagupi Inju (AI 2794232425) 21 Vandra khklparish (P~lM 23912) 22 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 382 37764)

22 Lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 13)

22 PillS with leaves-decoration (map fig 13)

1 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 1) 2 Keila Uksnurme (AM 68 1) 3 Juri Moigu-Peetri (AI 4877 100) 4 Kaarma khklparish (AI K 67 17 1845 AI 507 6) 5 Kaarrna Uduvere (AI 15184) 6 Kihelkonna Lumanda (AI 382233 3438 35) 7 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 531 1352 1549 1696 1886 23834153

26892690297831483163310131023115) 8 Mihkli Sol va (AI 251318) 9 Muhu Liiva (SM 931 2) 10 Marjamaa Hairnre (AI 3614 I) 11 Nissi Polli (AI 3926 I) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 49120206 584a 584b 760) 13 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884 ) 14 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045 219) 15 Saaremaa (AI K 846) 16 Valjala khklparish (SM K 5410) 17 Valjala Rahu (AI 423922 44 758) 18 Leiukoht teadmatalFindspot unknown (AI 3027)

23 Saaremaa tii

23 PillS ofSaart

1 Hanila Komsi I

2 Kaarma khk I~ 3 Kaarma Loona 4 Kaarma Uduve 5 Karja Valja (A 6 Karuse Pajuma 7 Kihelkonna Ka 8 Kihelkonna khl 9 Kihelkonna Ku 10 Kihelkonna L 11 Kihelkonna 12 Kihelkonna P 13 Kose Paunkiil 14 Kullamaa Mai 15 Karla khk Ipa 16 Karla Kogula 17 Karla Orikiila 18 Uiiine-Niguia 19 Martna Ehmja 20 Pamu Jaagupi 21 Parnu-Jaagupi 22 Parnumaa (Pal 23 Pbide K6igust 24 P6ide Randvel 25 P6ide Viltina ( 26 Piiha Ilpla (AI 27 Saaremaa (AI 28 Valjala Konnu 29 Valjala Rahu (

3 Merovingi- voi

3 Merovingian connected termin

I Karja khklparis 2 Kodavere Lahef 3 Kodavere Savas 4 Mihkli Kurese ( 5 lPoide AudIa (S~ 6 Aksi Raigastven

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja (Jmad

23 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad (kaartjoon 14)

71

~)

96 1886 2383 4153

)760)

23 Pins ofSa a rema a type (map fig 14)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510940) 2 Kaarma khk parish(AI K 67 1944) 3 Kaarma Loona (AK K 1776 LVYM 650911393) 4 Kaarma Uduvere (AI K 15185 186 187 188) 5 Kalja Valja (AI K 76 1) 6 Karu se Pajumaa (AM 134 I 5) 7 Kihelkonna Kalmu (AI 3822]57 158 194) 8 Kihelkonna khk parish (AI K 741) 9 Kihelkonna Kurevere (AI 43686998 102) 10 Kihelkonna Loona (AI 3822233a) 11 Kihelkonna Liimanda (AK 382268 136) 12 Kihelkonna Paju (L VVM 20A 128) 13 Kose Paunkiila (AM 73 1) 14 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 3160 3635 3637 5000 6085) 15 KarIa khk pari sh (AI K 79101819) 16 Karia Kogula (AI K 2951 52) 17 Karla Orikiila (AI K 4 102 103) 18 Laane-Nigula Uugla (AM 500503) 19 Martna Ehmja (AM 554824) 20 Pamu Jaagupi Pooravere (PaM 2364) 21 Pamu-J aagupi Linnamae (AM 491170) 22 Parnumaa (PaM ) 23 Poide Koiguste (AI 436 I 2) 24 Poide Randvere (AI 26972 AI 3895 257) 25 Poide Viltina (AI 3884391 2588b 2755 3128 4300) 26 Piiha IJpla (AI 3822315 382 K 1 78) 27 Saaremaa (AI K 843 57 AI K 8546107 AI 3529 SM ) 28 Valjala Konnu (AI 5151) 29 Valjala Rahu (AI 4239202 670 1114)

3 Merovingi- voi varaviikingiaegsed lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad

3 Merovingian Period or earJy Viking Age cross-headed pins with unshyconnected terminals

1 Karja khkparish (AI K 774) 2 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 198433) 3 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 1483 1) 4 Mihkli Kurese (AI 2513 17) 5 Poide AudIa (SM K 49 I) 6 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885)

72 Marika Magi

7 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (AM aj 98)

4 Kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

4 Double-cross-headed pins

41 Lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad (kaart joon 15)

41 Double-cross-headed pins with unconnecled terminals (map fig 15)

I Haljala Essu (AM 8327) 2 Harju-Jaani Kehra (AI 35849 10) 3 Iisaku J6uga (AI 510062) 4 JUllm Kaiu jarvLake Kaiu (AI 5251) 5 Karksi Kiiti (AI 1353 1) 6 Kodavere Alatskivi (AI 1893la Ib) 7 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 4976 159) 8 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 516957 5295210a 210b) 9 Kose Ardu (AI 26744) 10 Laiuse Koola (AI 40245) Ii Nissi Varbola (AI 3865 128) 12 Nao Unipiha linnamagihillfort (AI 2901 11) 13 Otepaa PaidJa (AI 19973) 14 P6ltsamaa Pajusi (AI 1871 8) 15 Pamu-Jaagupi Anelema (AI 42255) 16 Parnumaa (PaM A 2361) 17 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884153) 18 Piiha IJpla (AI K 1 77) 19 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817 307311) 20 R6ngu Piihaste (AI 3667 I) 21 Rapina Tooste (AI 41085 7) 22 Tarvastu Riuma (AI 12073a 3b) 23 Viljandi Kuude (VM 331 2 43 17A 312) 24 Viljandimaa (VM ) 25 Vim-Nigula Aseri (RM 1211A 57683 7879) 26 Vim-Nigula Kohala (RM 30791A 51 12) 27 Vim-Nigula Kunda (AI 157933 4002) 28 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 5343c)

29 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (LVVM 58923A I 798)

42 Uhendatud alumiste harudega kaksikristpeaga l10elad (kaartjoon 16)

42 Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals (map fig 16)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510103188218507)

Eest merovillgi-(I v

2 Harju-Jaani Raa 3 Kodavere Raatv( 4 Kullamaa Maid 5 Liiganllse Kalme 6 Mihkli Veltsa (A 7 Marjal1laa Konol 8 Marjamaa Moka 9 P61tsal1laa Pajusi 10 Rannu Verevi ( 11 VaUala Rahu (A 12 Viljandi Madi ( 13 Vaike-Maarja A 14 Leiukoht teadl1l1

Marika Magi Eesti merovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy viJorapiirased ja omarl 73

15)

(Ilapjig 15)

I 798)

kaartjOOIi16)

als(mapjig16)

2 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 16) 3 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 5295 121a 12Ib) 4 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 5802 18 2323) 5 Liiganuse Kalmeistri (AI 28244) 6 MihkJi Ve1tsa (AI 4944) 7 Marjamaa Konovere linnamagihillfort (AI 4571159) 8 Marjamaa Moka (AI 371021) 9 P51tsamaa Pajusi (AI 19996) 10 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817234) 11 Valjala Rahu (AI 423970) 12 Viljandi Macli (AI 25906166172174) 13 V~iike-Maalja Antu (AM 102 I) 14 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 26362)

Marika Magi 62 Eesti merovillgimiddot jl

21d Pins with afaceted triangular hollow (Pi 111 3 4 VI 2)

Sixteen medium-sized or bigger pins belong to this sub-variant Only one of them had a hat-shaped end knob (Presti PI In 3) all the others had only mushroom- or conic-shaped knobs Many of these pins had a faceted neck (Fig 4 4)

22 Pins with a decoration of leaves (Pi V 4-5 V1I V11I 1- 3)

The shape of these pins resembled that of the former variant but the smooth hollow in the head was decorated with three leaves 46 pins or fragments of pins of this variant are known in Estonia Many of them were found in cremations and were bad1ly burnt Hat-shaped end knobs were characteristic of these pins The neck was faceted in 11 specimens (Fig 5) The reverse of some of these pins was decorated with eyes (PI V 5) Such specimens had almost no faceted neck Pins with a faceted neck were thus morphologically ear(jer and the specimens with a decoration on their reverse sides were later in this variant group

Discussion

Triangular-headed pins were widespread in Latvia and Lithuania where their decoration usually differed clearly from that of Estonian pins Pins with mushroom-shaped end knobs were dated to the 7th-9th centuries in L ithuania (Tautaviciene 1981 169) Triangular-headed pms appeared in Latvia as early as 500 and were spread mainly in Semgallien and in the Lower-Daugava area (Snore 1930 PI XXIX 1 Latvijas 1974 PI 40 4 I 3) Some specimens have also been found in Russia (Sedova 198173 Sedov 1985 123 F ig 1 7 8) Triangular-headed pins in FinlJand have been treated as ornaments of Latvian or Estonian origin and dated to the Merovingian Period or the beginning of the Viking Age (Kivikoski 197367-6899 Fig 448 72 l Lehtosalo-Hilander 1982 108)

Pins with leaf decoration were found not only in Estonia but also in Semgallien and Curonia Probably only one specimen has been found in Finland (Rusko Kankare Kivikoski 197367 99) Some pins with leaf decoration were known from Gotland (Nerman 1929 Fig 173-174 177 Thunmark-Nylen 1983 Fig 10 Jansson 1995 88-89 Fig 8) and from the mainland of Sweden (Stromberg 1961 165 PI 73 8 9) One has been found at Trelleborg in Denmark (Michael Andersen pers comm) Two fragmentary pins of this variant belonged to a silver hoard from Baldringe in Skanc (Hardh 1976 PI 20 10 11) and were interesting for us because of their material Ali triangular-headed pins in Estonii were made of bronze The finds in Baldringe proved that the Estonians used to make similar ornaments of both materials but the silver specimens were probably re-cast later

Some of the complexes Thret some bracelets 1

cremation at Hai could be dated to and Maidla gravi datcd to the same

Seven pins of in 1m have been XXVII 4-5) The 8th centuries in (Schmiedehelm 11 L6ugas 1994 32shy

Schmiedehelm (1930) The pins according to Kus According to my Merovingian Perilt the end of the 9th 10th century Arou

Pins of this var and are therefore I

shaped terminals al have been found u majority of them hi draw parallels with elaborated decorati consisting only of broken off and fixel

23a Pins with lea

Six pins of this These pins were pre

23b Pins with plail

Plait decoration not very widespreao and the 11 til centul)

Marika Miigi Eesli merovingi- ja viikil1gi(egsed rinl1aHoelad shy viJiJrapiirasedja ()mad 63

2)

I-variant Only one of the others had oniy

l a faceted neck (Fig

II VIII 1-3)

ariant but the smooth s or fragments of pins und in cremations and tic of these pins The ome of these pins was no faceted neck Pins the specimens with a

roup

~ithuania where their ~ ian pins Pins with centuries in Lithuania d in Latvia as early as Lower-Daugava area

Some specimens have 5 123 Fig I 7 8) naments of Latvian or the beginning of the

Itosalo-Hilander 1982

Estonia but also in een found in Finland

1 leaf decoration were hunmark-Nylen 1983 mainland of Sweden und at Trelleborg in ary pins of this variant h 1976 PI 20 to 11) triangular-headed pins inge proved that the terials but the silver

Some of the Estonian triangubr-headed pins were found in closed find complexes Three pins of variant 21 belonged to a deposit at Inju together with some bracelets which allowed the find to be dated to the 7th-8th centuries A cremation at Haimre (PI V) contained only one pin with leaf decoration and could be dated to the 10th century Some similar pins from Rahu (Kustin 1969) and Maidla graves (data from find lists and plans of Mati Mandel) could be dated to the same time because of the other finds in the burials

Seven pins of the earlier variant have been found in hill-forts Two specimens in Iru have been dated to the 6l7th-8th centuries (Lang 1996 96-97 102 PI XXVII 4--5) The layers where the pins were found have been dated to the 7thshy

8th centuries in Rouge (AYH 1992 65) to the 6th-9th centuries in Otepali (Schmiedehelm 195963) and to the 7th-9th centuries in Pbide (Lougas amp MagishyL6ugas 199432-33)

Schmiedehelm dated Estonian pins of variant 2 J to the 6th-9th centuries (1930) The pins with leaf decoration were used during the II th-12th centuries according to Kustin and Selirand (Kustin J962b 405 Selirand 1974 145) According to my study the pins of variant 21 were used during the whole Merovingian Period and the 9th century Pins with leaf decoration appeared at the end of the 9th century at the latcst and were in use during the whole of the 10th century Around 1000 they were replaced by pins of the next variant

23 Pins of Saaremaa type

Pins of this variant differ morphologically from the above-discussed variants and are therefore treated separately here These pins were flat with flat heartshyshaped terminals and a high loop on their neck (Fig 6) Altogether 63 specimens have been found up to now as many as 49 of them on Saaremaa (Osel) The majority of them have been found in cremations and were badly burnt If we may draw parallels with the other ornament types the more massive specimens with elaborated decoration were earlier than the thin pins with stylised decoration consisting only of a few lines In many cases the heads of these pins had been broken off and fixed to a new iron shaft ie recycled

23a Pins with leal decoration (PI VI 4 VIII 6-7)

Six pins of this variant have a more or less stylised decoration of three leaves These pins were probably the earliest ones in vanant 23

23b Pins with plait decoration (Fig 8 PI VIII 5 IX 2)

Plait decoration was popular in L atvia and Lithuania over a long period but not very widespread in Estonia On Saaremaa bracelets of the late Viking Age and the 11 th century had often the same pattern In six cases also the reverse of

Marika Magi64 Eesti merovingi- ja

the pins had been decorated mostly with eyes These specimens were also more massive ie probably somewhat earlier

23c Pins with some other kind ofdecoration (Fig 7 Pl VI 5 VIII 4 IX 4-5)

Different kinds of simple patterns were spread on the pins of Saaremaa type most of them having counterparts in Latvia More and less massive specimens occurred in this sub-variant too Though the pattern usually consisted of different lines some pins were decorated with one or more eyes only (Fig 7 Pl IX 4) These could probably be treated as imports from Latvia like some other somewhat unusual pins of this sub-variant

Discussion

Pins of this variant were widespread in Latvia particularly in Curonia and Semgallien but also in the Lower-Daugava area They were dated to the lOthshy12th centuries there (Snore 1930 Pl XV LA 1974 Pl 481 5014 15525 T6nisson 1974 Pl XXXVI2) The decoration of Latvian pins usually differed from that of Estonian pins and even plait decoration seems to have not been very popular on this type of pins in Latvia

Only single pins of this variant have been found in the other neighbouring countries most of them specifically Latvian (Nerrnan 1929 Figs 175-178 Kivikoski 1973 99 Fig 720 Jansson 1995 88-89) The only exceptions were two pins from Garda churchyard on Gotland which were decorated with leaves (Thunmark-Nylen 1995 185 Fig 13) A small piece of a similar pin has been found as a stray find in Roskilde Denmark (Andersen pers comm)

In Uugla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin with leaf decoration has been found together with a knife pieces of chain arrangement a bronze plaque and a bracelet (Mandel 1980) The grave could be dated to the end of the 10th century or to the beginning of the 11 th century according to the bracelet (Magi-Lougas 1995b 521) In Maidla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin was found in the same chain arrangement with a pin of variant 22 (data from find lists and plans of Mandel) In Randvere graveyard a pin of variant 23 fixed to an iron shaft was found together with a penannular brooch with poppy-shaped terminals and with sherds of fine-grained pottery (data from Kustin 1962a 64-65 97) The complex could be dated around 1000

Kustin dated Saaremaa type pins to the 11th-12th centuries (1962a 70) As proved above the earlier specimens of this variant appeared as early as the 10th century and were used contemporarily with pins of variant 22 Saaremaa type pins stayed in use during the whole 11 th century and were replaced by doubleshycross-headed pins with united terminals at the beginning of the 12th century at the latest

Only some sin Viking Age have terminals appear 0

centuries Only lht local ornament typ

Double-cross-hl number of pin he probably for a lon

41 PillS

A tolal of 42 pi have been found il variants but the b thus SUbjective Tt specific construclio but a decoration of bigger thinner ofte (Fig 10) The earl ones were usually n

42 Pi

This group incl specimens as in the of these two groups

43

These pins appea the 11th century Ill

variant resemble late

Few specimens 01 Estonia They had be in Finland Pins frO centuries (Cleve 191

65 Marilw Magi Eesfi mcOvingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad - vooraparased ja onwd

imens were also more

VI 5 VI 4 IX 4-5)

pins of Saaremaa type ~ss massive specimens

usually consisted of e eyes only (Fig 7 PI Jatvia like some other

ularly in Curonia and ere dated to the 10thshy4815014 15525 ~ pins usually differed to have not been very

he other neighbouring 1929 Figs 175-178

only exceptions were decorated with leaves

a similar pin has been s comm) Dration has been found bronze plaque and a

nd of the 10th century bracelet (Miigi-L6ugas Nas found in the same find lists and plans of d to an iron shaft was )ed terminals and with -6597) The complex

Ituries (l962a 70) As ed as early as the 10th lilt 22 Saaremaa type re replaced by doubleshyof the 12th century at

3 Early cross-headed pins (PI X 1 XI 2)

Only some single cross-headed pins dated to the Merovingian Period or the Viking Age have been found in Estonia Small cross-headed pins with united terminals appear only after the Viking Age and were used over a period of some centuries Only the idea of cross-headed pins was borrowed from the Baits and a local ornament type was created on its base a double-cross-headed pin

4 Double-cross-headed pins

Double-cross-headed pins were specifically Estonian ornaments Quite a number of pin heads of this type have been fixed to an iron shaft and used probably for a long time after they were made

41 Pins with unconnected terminals (Pt X 4-6 XI 1 3-5)

A total of 42 pins with unconnected te rminals or pieces of such kind of pins have been found in Estonia They could be divided into earlier and later subshyvariants but the border between these two groups would be too undefined and thus subjective The earlier specimens were usually smaller thicker and with specific construction of their neck (Fig 9) They were often decorated with eyes but a decoration of conce ntric circles was also possible Later pins were always bigger thinner often silver-plated and had a special trapezoid loop on their neck (Fig 10) The earlier specimens were often deformed and burnt but the later ones were usually not burnt and in several cases found in inhumations

42 Pins with connected lower terminals (Pl X 7 XII)

This group includes 21 pins Thc same criteria about earlier and later specimens as in the former variant were also valid in this variant hence the pins of these two groups were at least partly contemporary

43 Pins with completely connected terminals

These pins appeared at the very end of the Viking Age ic at the middle of the 11 th century and will thus be not considered here Some specimens of thi s variant ]escmble iatcr specimens of the fonner variants

Discussion

Few specimens of pins with unconnected terminals have been found outSIde E stonia They had been usually used as pendants Five of them have been found in Finland Pins from Lillmalmsbacken and EU-cl were dated to the 9th-10th centuries (Cleve 1978 105) Two pins have been found in inhumations in

Marika Miigi66 Eesti merovingi- ja

Kjuloholm and dated to the beginning of the II th century (Cleve 1978 105 PI 8 15) Pendants from Estonian double-cross-headed pins have been found in late Viking Age cremations in Bjurhovda Central-Sweden (Jaanusson 1971) in North Norway and Gotland (Jansson 1995 88 fig 7) Some of them were

known from barrows in Northwest Russia (ClII1UbIH 1896 PI V 6 XVII 32) No double-cross pins have been found in Latvia or Lithuania according to the literature

A pin from Koola graveyard (PI X 4) was unearthed together with pieces of chain a glassbead bronze spirals and a bracelet all badly burnt (Parss 1950) Two pins from Verevi had belonged to the same chain arrangement and were found together with a bracelet a bell piece of neck-ring and a penannular brooch pi n with narrow base (Moora 1932) Both these burials could belong to the 10th century

In a womans grave in Aseri two doub Pe-cross-headed pins of earlier character were found with bracelets with thickening ends a spiral bracelet chain pieces and bronze spirals This complex could not be later than the middle of the 10th century because of the bracelets of earlier type in it (M~igi-Lougas 1995a 280 ff Fig 30)

A double-cross-pin of later character belonged to a deposit at Piihaste which also contained some other ornaments and could be dated to the first half of the 11 th century Some pairs of pins with specifically later features have been found in inhumations Graves from Alatskivi Raatvere and Tooste could be mentioned here all dated to the first half of the ] I th century (PI XI 5) A small doubJeshycross-headed pin fixed secondarily to a bronze stem belonged to a cremation of the second half of the 11 th century in Jouga (Ligi 1993 53-54 PI XXVIII 5)

Two double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals had belonged to a womans grave in Madi together with chain fragments bronze spira ls fingershyrings pieces of neck-rings a knife a belt buckle a comb a fire-steel bits and potsherds (Sel irand 1993) In Rahu a pin of the same variant occurred together with a penannular brooch chain arrangements a finger-ring and bits (Kustin 1969) Both these complexes could be dated to the 11th century Two pins of variant 42 belonged to a female inhumation grave in Raatvere and were dated to the first half of the J I th century (PI XII)

As proved above the double-cross-headed pins were cOl1nected with ringshyheaded pins with cross-shaped extension only through common predecessors ie cross-headed pins Looking at the shape of double-cross-headed pins one can ask if they could be connected with the Orthodox cross and perhaps with the conversion of Russia at the end of the 10th century The idea could be supported by the distribution of these pins the double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals were the only variant of dress fastening pins that were concentrated in the eastern half of Estonia

As the double-cross-headed pins appeared in Estonia before the end of the JOth century they cannot be directly connected with the Christianization of

Russia but influe not be discounteo definite evidence (

Selirand has ( centuries (1974 I terminals As pm appeared by the m morphologically t( were in use up to variant 43

Some findings used Parallels in could differ among

As most of the these ornaments WI men in Finland (I Latvia and Lithuan suggested that Esto Estonian ring-head southern neighbour Finland wore the sa

Hackman has re in Finland were all these pins were fa numbers were in s (KM 8067 A3 4 S of archaeology in N variant in Estonia h pin that could belo Keila was found tc woman (PI IV)

In conclusion on and the big luxuriol and 12c were used by women It is po during the 9th centUl

The triangular-he and were sometime~

arrangement Only 0

plaques and had prot

67 Marika Miigi Eesti mcrovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

(Cleve 1978 105 PI have been found in late (Jaanusson 1971) in

Some of them were

6 PI V 6 XVII 32) uania according to the

together with pieces of lIy burnt (Piirss 1950) arrangement and were ing and a penannuJar mrials could belong to

lins of earlier character bracelet chain pieces

the middle of the 10th -L6ugas I995a 280 ff

posit at Ptihaste which to the first half of the ~tures have been found te could be mentioned 1 5) A small doubleshynged to a cremation of -54 PI XXYIlI 5) erminals had belonged bronze spirals fingershy

0 a fire-steel bits and ~ [wnt occurred toget h er -ring and bits (KUstin century Two pins of

vere and were dated to

connected with riDgshyImon predecessors ie -headed pins one can and perhaps with the

lea could be supported pins with unconnected it were concentrated in

before the end of the he Christianization of

Russia but influences from Christian cOllntriesin the East (Byzantium) could not be discounted In any case the double-cross-headed pins do not provide definite evidence of the Christianity of their owners

Selirand has dated double-crass-headed pins to the 11th up to the 12th centuries (1974 146) which is correct for the variant with completely connected terminals As proved above the pins with unconnected terminals had already appeared by the middle of the 10th century The earlier pins of variant 4 2 belong morphologically to the end of the 10th century at the latest Both these variants were in use lip to the m iddle of the 11th century when they were replaced by variant 43

Use of dress fastening pins

Some findings in Estonia let us determine how and by Wh0111 the pins were used Parallels in the neighbouring countries cannot be used here directly and could differ among neighbours

As most of the ring-headed pins were single finds it is most plausible that these ornaments were worn singly Luxurious ring-headed pins had belonged to men in Finland (Lehtosalo-Hiander 1982 109) but the small specimens in Latvia and Lithuania were worn by women and always in pairs Vello Lougas suggested that Estnnian ring-headed pins were also used by women 0 973 126) Estonian ring-headed pins however definitely differ from the small ones of our southern neighbours It seems to be hardly believable that wealthy horsemen in Finland wore the same pins as women in Estonia

Hackman has reported that the ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extension in Finland were alI single finds (1938 114) However in two or even three cases these pins were found obviously in pairs in Uskcla Lukkarinmaki ie their numbers were in sequence and they had almost or completely the same shape (KM 8067 A3 4 57 perhaps also 29 30 data fram archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki) A Kunilcpa pin of the same subshyvariant in Estonia has been found together with a head-ring fragment of a similar pin that could belong to the same sub-variant The pin of sub-variant 12a in Keila was found together with female ornaments and had thus belonged to a woman (PI IV)

In conclusion one can suppose that the ring-headed pins of the earlier variant and the big luxurious pins were worn by men in Estonia Pins of variants 12a and 12c were used by both sexes or especially in the case of variant 12c only by women It is possible that the ring-headed pins became female ornaments during the 9th century

The triangular-headed pins of variant 21 occuned in several cases in pairs and were sometimes fitted with a long chain ie they had belonged to a chain arrangement Only one pin from Pajumaa (PI III4) was fitted with rectangular plaques and had probably been worn on its own

Marika Mdgi68 Eesti merovingi- ja

As ring-headed pins and triangular-headed pins had been in use contemporarily and in the same area it can be supposed that the former were worn by men and the latter by women It is possible that men stopped using pins some time in the 9th century and started to fasten their coats only with penannular brooches Since the 10th century at the latest one can talk about pins as specifically female ornaments in Estonia

Two triangular-headed pins connected with a single chain have been found in Liiva In some cases these pins were unearthed in pairs or single specimens often stray finds were fitted with a long chain Chain holders have been found together with these pins only twice However triangular-headed pins with leaf decoration were sometimes worn probably also singly as in the grave of Hairnre (PI VII)

Triangular-headed pins of Saaremaa type were found in pairs in several cases These pins occurred typically with half-oval chain holders and other pieces of chain arrangement which proves that the chain arrangements with these pins consisted of several rows of chains

Moreover the double-cross-headed pins occur usually in pairs and together with other pieces of a chain arrangement The pins of earlier character were connected only with a single chain (Aseri Verevi Riuma PI XI 4) but the later ones fastened chain arrangements with several rows of chains which were fixed to the pins with openwork chain holders (PI XI 5 XII)

Distribution

Estonia could be divided into two parts according to the local ornaments of the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The same division is valid also in the case of the decorative pins The tradition of fastening the dress with pins was strong in the western part of the Estonian mainland and on the islands but was almost absent in the eastern part during the whole Merovingian Period and the firs t half of the Viking Age The first local pin types - the double-cross-headed pins - occurred there only in the 10th century Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals and with completely connected terminals were spread already allover Estonia providing evidence of the standardisation of ornamental culture

English version checked by Gordon Snow Oxford

1 Rongaspeaga e

1 Ring-headed p

I Juuru Kunilepa 2 J6eJahtme Prest 3 Jiiri Kuma (AM 4 Juri Lagedi (Ar-shy5 JUri Lehmja-Lolt 6 Kaarma Aste (S 7 Karuse Pajumaa 8 Keila (AM 234 9 Kihelkonna Oda to Kihelkonna Paj II Kihclkonna Vii 12 Koeru Preedi (1 13 Kul lamua Vaik 14 KUllsalu (AI 28 15 Karla Kaarmise 16 Ktirla Paevere 17 Karia Paikiila ( 18 Liiganuse PUssi 19 Palamuse Nava 20 Peetri Painurme 21 Parnu-Jaagupi F 22 Pbide Asva (Al 23 Pbidc Tomimae 24 Ridala Ahli (H~ 25 R6ngu Kivivare 26 Viru- Nigllia Pal 27 Viru-Nigllla KUl

2 Kolmnurkpeaga

2 Triangular-head

21 Ornamentimatpoundl

21 Pins without spe

I 16eIahtme lru (AI 2 J6elahtme Presti (

Marika Magi

s had been in use d that the former were men stopped using pins their coats only with one can talk about pins

Jain have been found in s or single specimens )Iders have been found --headed pins with leaf in the grave of Haimre

n pairs in several cases ~rs and other pieces of ments with these pins

v in pairs and together earlier character were PI XI 4) but the later ains which were fixed

the local ornaments of ivision is valid also in he dress with pins was n the islands but was ingian Period and the e double-cross-headed ross-headcd pins with terminah were spread

disation of ornamental

Gordol Snow Oxford

69Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoeiad - vooraparased ja omad

Lisa Appendix

1 Rongaspeaga ehtenoelad Eestis (kaart joon 11)

1 Ring-headed pins in Estonia (map fig 11)

I Juuru Kunilepa (AI 2483 16 17) 2 Joelahtme Presti (AI 5490386 7) 3 Juri Kuma (AM 31 5 AM 2968 69 71) 4 Juri Lagedi (AM 2768) 5 Juri Lehmja-Loo (AI 444499184211 247278283) 6 Kaarma Aste (SM 7675 12) 7 Karuse Pajumaa (AM 134 18 19) 8 Keila (AM 2343) 9 Kihelkonna Odalatsi (AI 3822303) 10 Kihelkonna Paju (AI K 68) 11 Kihelkonna Viki (AI 251373) 12 Koeru Preedi (AI 4426616) 13 Kullamaa Vaike-Kalju (AI 3445) 14 Kuusalu (AI 2827) 15 Karla Kaarmise (AI 3501) 16 Karia Paevere (AI 2657 1) 17 Karia Paikula (AI 25024) 18 Luganuse Piissi (AM 99) 19 Palamuse Nava (AI 39681167) 20 Peetri PaillurmC (AM 11710) 21 Parnu-Jaagupi Parasmaa (AM 493 12) 22 Pbide Asva (AI 4366 1004) 23 Pbide Tomimae (AI 4338 1117) 24 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045220) 25 Rongu Kivivare (AI 47267) 26 Viru- Nigula Pada (AI 536641) 27 Viru-Nigula Kunda (AM 88 113 114)

2 Kolmnurkpeaga noelad Eestis

2 Triangular-headed pins in Estonia

21 Ornamentimata voi lihtsatest joontest ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 12)

21 Pins without special decoration (map fig 12)

1 JoeHihtme lru (AI 4051 9491097) 2 Joellihtme Presti (AI 5490374)

Eesti merovillgi- ja70 Marika Magi

3 J6hvi Toila (AI 3952299 362) 4 Kamse Pajumaa (AM 13414) 5 Kihelkonna K6mse (AI 2643 111 112113) 6 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 14832) 7 Lliganuse Purtse (AI 50388) 8 Martna Ehmp (AM 554605 615 665 81 J 823) 9 Muhu Mala (AI K 2 1234 89) 10 Nissi Vardi (AM 368 13) 11 Otepaa linnamagihillfort (AI 4036 IV203) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 491 122 852 1024) 13 Parnu-Jaagupi M6isaklila (AI 575925) 14 Pbide maalinnhillfort (SM 1460401) 15 Pbide Viltina (AI 38843515) 16 Puha Leina (AI 2643366) 17 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817333) J8 Rouge linnam~igihillfort (AI 40402313162) 19 Saaremaa (AI K 848) 20 Viru-Jaagupi Inju (AI 2794232425) 21 Vandra khklparish (P~lM 23912) 22 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 382 37764)

22 Lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 13)

22 PillS with leaves-decoration (map fig 13)

1 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 1) 2 Keila Uksnurme (AM 68 1) 3 Juri Moigu-Peetri (AI 4877 100) 4 Kaarma khklparish (AI K 67 17 1845 AI 507 6) 5 Kaarrna Uduvere (AI 15184) 6 Kihelkonna Lumanda (AI 382233 3438 35) 7 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 531 1352 1549 1696 1886 23834153

26892690297831483163310131023115) 8 Mihkli Sol va (AI 251318) 9 Muhu Liiva (SM 931 2) 10 Marjamaa Hairnre (AI 3614 I) 11 Nissi Polli (AI 3926 I) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 49120206 584a 584b 760) 13 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884 ) 14 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045 219) 15 Saaremaa (AI K 846) 16 Valjala khklparish (SM K 5410) 17 Valjala Rahu (AI 423922 44 758) 18 Leiukoht teadmatalFindspot unknown (AI 3027)

23 Saaremaa tii

23 PillS ofSaart

1 Hanila Komsi I

2 Kaarma khk I~ 3 Kaarma Loona 4 Kaarma Uduve 5 Karja Valja (A 6 Karuse Pajuma 7 Kihelkonna Ka 8 Kihelkonna khl 9 Kihelkonna Ku 10 Kihelkonna L 11 Kihelkonna 12 Kihelkonna P 13 Kose Paunkiil 14 Kullamaa Mai 15 Karla khk Ipa 16 Karla Kogula 17 Karla Orikiila 18 Uiiine-Niguia 19 Martna Ehmja 20 Pamu Jaagupi 21 Parnu-Jaagupi 22 Parnumaa (Pal 23 Pbide K6igust 24 P6ide Randvel 25 P6ide Viltina ( 26 Piiha Ilpla (AI 27 Saaremaa (AI 28 Valjala Konnu 29 Valjala Rahu (

3 Merovingi- voi

3 Merovingian connected termin

I Karja khklparis 2 Kodavere Lahef 3 Kodavere Savas 4 Mihkli Kurese ( 5 lPoide AudIa (S~ 6 Aksi Raigastven

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja (Jmad

23 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad (kaartjoon 14)

71

~)

96 1886 2383 4153

)760)

23 Pins ofSa a rema a type (map fig 14)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510940) 2 Kaarma khk parish(AI K 67 1944) 3 Kaarma Loona (AK K 1776 LVYM 650911393) 4 Kaarma Uduvere (AI K 15185 186 187 188) 5 Kalja Valja (AI K 76 1) 6 Karu se Pajumaa (AM 134 I 5) 7 Kihelkonna Kalmu (AI 3822]57 158 194) 8 Kihelkonna khk parish (AI K 741) 9 Kihelkonna Kurevere (AI 43686998 102) 10 Kihelkonna Loona (AI 3822233a) 11 Kihelkonna Liimanda (AK 382268 136) 12 Kihelkonna Paju (L VVM 20A 128) 13 Kose Paunkiila (AM 73 1) 14 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 3160 3635 3637 5000 6085) 15 KarIa khk pari sh (AI K 79101819) 16 Karia Kogula (AI K 2951 52) 17 Karla Orikiila (AI K 4 102 103) 18 Laane-Nigula Uugla (AM 500503) 19 Martna Ehmja (AM 554824) 20 Pamu Jaagupi Pooravere (PaM 2364) 21 Pamu-J aagupi Linnamae (AM 491170) 22 Parnumaa (PaM ) 23 Poide Koiguste (AI 436 I 2) 24 Poide Randvere (AI 26972 AI 3895 257) 25 Poide Viltina (AI 3884391 2588b 2755 3128 4300) 26 Piiha IJpla (AI 3822315 382 K 1 78) 27 Saaremaa (AI K 843 57 AI K 8546107 AI 3529 SM ) 28 Valjala Konnu (AI 5151) 29 Valjala Rahu (AI 4239202 670 1114)

3 Merovingi- voi varaviikingiaegsed lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad

3 Merovingian Period or earJy Viking Age cross-headed pins with unshyconnected terminals

1 Karja khkparish (AI K 774) 2 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 198433) 3 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 1483 1) 4 Mihkli Kurese (AI 2513 17) 5 Poide AudIa (SM K 49 I) 6 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885)

72 Marika Magi

7 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (AM aj 98)

4 Kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

4 Double-cross-headed pins

41 Lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad (kaart joon 15)

41 Double-cross-headed pins with unconnecled terminals (map fig 15)

I Haljala Essu (AM 8327) 2 Harju-Jaani Kehra (AI 35849 10) 3 Iisaku J6uga (AI 510062) 4 JUllm Kaiu jarvLake Kaiu (AI 5251) 5 Karksi Kiiti (AI 1353 1) 6 Kodavere Alatskivi (AI 1893la Ib) 7 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 4976 159) 8 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 516957 5295210a 210b) 9 Kose Ardu (AI 26744) 10 Laiuse Koola (AI 40245) Ii Nissi Varbola (AI 3865 128) 12 Nao Unipiha linnamagihillfort (AI 2901 11) 13 Otepaa PaidJa (AI 19973) 14 P6ltsamaa Pajusi (AI 1871 8) 15 Pamu-Jaagupi Anelema (AI 42255) 16 Parnumaa (PaM A 2361) 17 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884153) 18 Piiha IJpla (AI K 1 77) 19 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817 307311) 20 R6ngu Piihaste (AI 3667 I) 21 Rapina Tooste (AI 41085 7) 22 Tarvastu Riuma (AI 12073a 3b) 23 Viljandi Kuude (VM 331 2 43 17A 312) 24 Viljandimaa (VM ) 25 Vim-Nigula Aseri (RM 1211A 57683 7879) 26 Vim-Nigula Kohala (RM 30791A 51 12) 27 Vim-Nigula Kunda (AI 157933 4002) 28 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 5343c)

29 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (LVVM 58923A I 798)

42 Uhendatud alumiste harudega kaksikristpeaga l10elad (kaartjoon 16)

42 Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals (map fig 16)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510103188218507)

Eest merovillgi-(I v

2 Harju-Jaani Raa 3 Kodavere Raatv( 4 Kullamaa Maid 5 Liiganllse Kalme 6 Mihkli Veltsa (A 7 Marjal1laa Konol 8 Marjamaa Moka 9 P61tsal1laa Pajusi 10 Rannu Verevi ( 11 VaUala Rahu (A 12 Viljandi Madi ( 13 Vaike-Maarja A 14 Leiukoht teadl1l1

Marika Magi Eesti merovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy viJorapiirased ja omarl 73

15)

(Ilapjig 15)

I 798)

kaartjOOIi16)

als(mapjig16)

2 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 16) 3 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 5295 121a 12Ib) 4 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 5802 18 2323) 5 Liiganuse Kalmeistri (AI 28244) 6 MihkJi Ve1tsa (AI 4944) 7 Marjamaa Konovere linnamagihillfort (AI 4571159) 8 Marjamaa Moka (AI 371021) 9 P51tsamaa Pajusi (AI 19996) 10 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817234) 11 Valjala Rahu (AI 423970) 12 Viljandi Macli (AI 25906166172174) 13 V~iike-Maalja Antu (AM 102 I) 14 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 26362)

Marika Miigi Eesli merovingi- ja viikil1gi(egsed rinl1aHoelad shy viJiJrapiirasedja ()mad 63

2)

I-variant Only one of the others had oniy

l a faceted neck (Fig

II VIII 1-3)

ariant but the smooth s or fragments of pins und in cremations and tic of these pins The ome of these pins was no faceted neck Pins the specimens with a

roup

~ithuania where their ~ ian pins Pins with centuries in Lithuania d in Latvia as early as Lower-Daugava area

Some specimens have 5 123 Fig I 7 8) naments of Latvian or the beginning of the

Itosalo-Hilander 1982

Estonia but also in een found in Finland

1 leaf decoration were hunmark-Nylen 1983 mainland of Sweden und at Trelleborg in ary pins of this variant h 1976 PI 20 to 11) triangular-headed pins inge proved that the terials but the silver

Some of the Estonian triangubr-headed pins were found in closed find complexes Three pins of variant 21 belonged to a deposit at Inju together with some bracelets which allowed the find to be dated to the 7th-8th centuries A cremation at Haimre (PI V) contained only one pin with leaf decoration and could be dated to the 10th century Some similar pins from Rahu (Kustin 1969) and Maidla graves (data from find lists and plans of Mati Mandel) could be dated to the same time because of the other finds in the burials

Seven pins of the earlier variant have been found in hill-forts Two specimens in Iru have been dated to the 6l7th-8th centuries (Lang 1996 96-97 102 PI XXVII 4--5) The layers where the pins were found have been dated to the 7thshy

8th centuries in Rouge (AYH 1992 65) to the 6th-9th centuries in Otepali (Schmiedehelm 195963) and to the 7th-9th centuries in Pbide (Lougas amp MagishyL6ugas 199432-33)

Schmiedehelm dated Estonian pins of variant 2 J to the 6th-9th centuries (1930) The pins with leaf decoration were used during the II th-12th centuries according to Kustin and Selirand (Kustin J962b 405 Selirand 1974 145) According to my study the pins of variant 21 were used during the whole Merovingian Period and the 9th century Pins with leaf decoration appeared at the end of the 9th century at the latcst and were in use during the whole of the 10th century Around 1000 they were replaced by pins of the next variant

23 Pins of Saaremaa type

Pins of this variant differ morphologically from the above-discussed variants and are therefore treated separately here These pins were flat with flat heartshyshaped terminals and a high loop on their neck (Fig 6) Altogether 63 specimens have been found up to now as many as 49 of them on Saaremaa (Osel) The majority of them have been found in cremations and were badly burnt If we may draw parallels with the other ornament types the more massive specimens with elaborated decoration were earlier than the thin pins with stylised decoration consisting only of a few lines In many cases the heads of these pins had been broken off and fixed to a new iron shaft ie recycled

23a Pins with leal decoration (PI VI 4 VIII 6-7)

Six pins of this variant have a more or less stylised decoration of three leaves These pins were probably the earliest ones in vanant 23

23b Pins with plait decoration (Fig 8 PI VIII 5 IX 2)

Plait decoration was popular in L atvia and Lithuania over a long period but not very widespread in Estonia On Saaremaa bracelets of the late Viking Age and the 11 th century had often the same pattern In six cases also the reverse of

Marika Magi64 Eesti merovingi- ja

the pins had been decorated mostly with eyes These specimens were also more massive ie probably somewhat earlier

23c Pins with some other kind ofdecoration (Fig 7 Pl VI 5 VIII 4 IX 4-5)

Different kinds of simple patterns were spread on the pins of Saaremaa type most of them having counterparts in Latvia More and less massive specimens occurred in this sub-variant too Though the pattern usually consisted of different lines some pins were decorated with one or more eyes only (Fig 7 Pl IX 4) These could probably be treated as imports from Latvia like some other somewhat unusual pins of this sub-variant

Discussion

Pins of this variant were widespread in Latvia particularly in Curonia and Semgallien but also in the Lower-Daugava area They were dated to the lOthshy12th centuries there (Snore 1930 Pl XV LA 1974 Pl 481 5014 15525 T6nisson 1974 Pl XXXVI2) The decoration of Latvian pins usually differed from that of Estonian pins and even plait decoration seems to have not been very popular on this type of pins in Latvia

Only single pins of this variant have been found in the other neighbouring countries most of them specifically Latvian (Nerrnan 1929 Figs 175-178 Kivikoski 1973 99 Fig 720 Jansson 1995 88-89) The only exceptions were two pins from Garda churchyard on Gotland which were decorated with leaves (Thunmark-Nylen 1995 185 Fig 13) A small piece of a similar pin has been found as a stray find in Roskilde Denmark (Andersen pers comm)

In Uugla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin with leaf decoration has been found together with a knife pieces of chain arrangement a bronze plaque and a bracelet (Mandel 1980) The grave could be dated to the end of the 10th century or to the beginning of the 11 th century according to the bracelet (Magi-Lougas 1995b 521) In Maidla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin was found in the same chain arrangement with a pin of variant 22 (data from find lists and plans of Mandel) In Randvere graveyard a pin of variant 23 fixed to an iron shaft was found together with a penannular brooch with poppy-shaped terminals and with sherds of fine-grained pottery (data from Kustin 1962a 64-65 97) The complex could be dated around 1000

Kustin dated Saaremaa type pins to the 11th-12th centuries (1962a 70) As proved above the earlier specimens of this variant appeared as early as the 10th century and were used contemporarily with pins of variant 22 Saaremaa type pins stayed in use during the whole 11 th century and were replaced by doubleshycross-headed pins with united terminals at the beginning of the 12th century at the latest

Only some sin Viking Age have terminals appear 0

centuries Only lht local ornament typ

Double-cross-hl number of pin he probably for a lon

41 PillS

A tolal of 42 pi have been found il variants but the b thus SUbjective Tt specific construclio but a decoration of bigger thinner ofte (Fig 10) The earl ones were usually n

42 Pi

This group incl specimens as in the of these two groups

43

These pins appea the 11th century Ill

variant resemble late

Few specimens 01 Estonia They had be in Finland Pins frO centuries (Cleve 191

65 Marilw Magi Eesfi mcOvingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad - vooraparased ja onwd

imens were also more

VI 5 VI 4 IX 4-5)

pins of Saaremaa type ~ss massive specimens

usually consisted of e eyes only (Fig 7 PI Jatvia like some other

ularly in Curonia and ere dated to the 10thshy4815014 15525 ~ pins usually differed to have not been very

he other neighbouring 1929 Figs 175-178

only exceptions were decorated with leaves

a similar pin has been s comm) Dration has been found bronze plaque and a

nd of the 10th century bracelet (Miigi-L6ugas Nas found in the same find lists and plans of d to an iron shaft was )ed terminals and with -6597) The complex

Ituries (l962a 70) As ed as early as the 10th lilt 22 Saaremaa type re replaced by doubleshyof the 12th century at

3 Early cross-headed pins (PI X 1 XI 2)

Only some single cross-headed pins dated to the Merovingian Period or the Viking Age have been found in Estonia Small cross-headed pins with united terminals appear only after the Viking Age and were used over a period of some centuries Only the idea of cross-headed pins was borrowed from the Baits and a local ornament type was created on its base a double-cross-headed pin

4 Double-cross-headed pins

Double-cross-headed pins were specifically Estonian ornaments Quite a number of pin heads of this type have been fixed to an iron shaft and used probably for a long time after they were made

41 Pins with unconnected terminals (Pt X 4-6 XI 1 3-5)

A total of 42 pins with unconnected te rminals or pieces of such kind of pins have been found in Estonia They could be divided into earlier and later subshyvariants but the border between these two groups would be too undefined and thus subjective The earlier specimens were usually smaller thicker and with specific construction of their neck (Fig 9) They were often decorated with eyes but a decoration of conce ntric circles was also possible Later pins were always bigger thinner often silver-plated and had a special trapezoid loop on their neck (Fig 10) The earlier specimens were often deformed and burnt but the later ones were usually not burnt and in several cases found in inhumations

42 Pins with connected lower terminals (Pl X 7 XII)

This group includes 21 pins Thc same criteria about earlier and later specimens as in the former variant were also valid in this variant hence the pins of these two groups were at least partly contemporary

43 Pins with completely connected terminals

These pins appeared at the very end of the Viking Age ic at the middle of the 11 th century and will thus be not considered here Some specimens of thi s variant ]escmble iatcr specimens of the fonner variants

Discussion

Few specimens of pins with unconnected terminals have been found outSIde E stonia They had been usually used as pendants Five of them have been found in Finland Pins from Lillmalmsbacken and EU-cl were dated to the 9th-10th centuries (Cleve 1978 105) Two pins have been found in inhumations in

Marika Miigi66 Eesti merovingi- ja

Kjuloholm and dated to the beginning of the II th century (Cleve 1978 105 PI 8 15) Pendants from Estonian double-cross-headed pins have been found in late Viking Age cremations in Bjurhovda Central-Sweden (Jaanusson 1971) in North Norway and Gotland (Jansson 1995 88 fig 7) Some of them were

known from barrows in Northwest Russia (ClII1UbIH 1896 PI V 6 XVII 32) No double-cross pins have been found in Latvia or Lithuania according to the literature

A pin from Koola graveyard (PI X 4) was unearthed together with pieces of chain a glassbead bronze spirals and a bracelet all badly burnt (Parss 1950) Two pins from Verevi had belonged to the same chain arrangement and were found together with a bracelet a bell piece of neck-ring and a penannular brooch pi n with narrow base (Moora 1932) Both these burials could belong to the 10th century

In a womans grave in Aseri two doub Pe-cross-headed pins of earlier character were found with bracelets with thickening ends a spiral bracelet chain pieces and bronze spirals This complex could not be later than the middle of the 10th century because of the bracelets of earlier type in it (M~igi-Lougas 1995a 280 ff Fig 30)

A double-cross-pin of later character belonged to a deposit at Piihaste which also contained some other ornaments and could be dated to the first half of the 11 th century Some pairs of pins with specifically later features have been found in inhumations Graves from Alatskivi Raatvere and Tooste could be mentioned here all dated to the first half of the ] I th century (PI XI 5) A small doubJeshycross-headed pin fixed secondarily to a bronze stem belonged to a cremation of the second half of the 11 th century in Jouga (Ligi 1993 53-54 PI XXVIII 5)

Two double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals had belonged to a womans grave in Madi together with chain fragments bronze spira ls fingershyrings pieces of neck-rings a knife a belt buckle a comb a fire-steel bits and potsherds (Sel irand 1993) In Rahu a pin of the same variant occurred together with a penannular brooch chain arrangements a finger-ring and bits (Kustin 1969) Both these complexes could be dated to the 11th century Two pins of variant 42 belonged to a female inhumation grave in Raatvere and were dated to the first half of the J I th century (PI XII)

As proved above the double-cross-headed pins were cOl1nected with ringshyheaded pins with cross-shaped extension only through common predecessors ie cross-headed pins Looking at the shape of double-cross-headed pins one can ask if they could be connected with the Orthodox cross and perhaps with the conversion of Russia at the end of the 10th century The idea could be supported by the distribution of these pins the double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals were the only variant of dress fastening pins that were concentrated in the eastern half of Estonia

As the double-cross-headed pins appeared in Estonia before the end of the JOth century they cannot be directly connected with the Christianization of

Russia but influe not be discounteo definite evidence (

Selirand has ( centuries (1974 I terminals As pm appeared by the m morphologically t( were in use up to variant 43

Some findings used Parallels in could differ among

As most of the these ornaments WI men in Finland (I Latvia and Lithuan suggested that Esto Estonian ring-head southern neighbour Finland wore the sa

Hackman has re in Finland were all these pins were fa numbers were in s (KM 8067 A3 4 S of archaeology in N variant in Estonia h pin that could belo Keila was found tc woman (PI IV)

In conclusion on and the big luxuriol and 12c were used by women It is po during the 9th centUl

The triangular-he and were sometime~

arrangement Only 0

plaques and had prot

67 Marika Miigi Eesti mcrovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

(Cleve 1978 105 PI have been found in late (Jaanusson 1971) in

Some of them were

6 PI V 6 XVII 32) uania according to the

together with pieces of lIy burnt (Piirss 1950) arrangement and were ing and a penannuJar mrials could belong to

lins of earlier character bracelet chain pieces

the middle of the 10th -L6ugas I995a 280 ff

posit at Ptihaste which to the first half of the ~tures have been found te could be mentioned 1 5) A small doubleshynged to a cremation of -54 PI XXYIlI 5) erminals had belonged bronze spirals fingershy

0 a fire-steel bits and ~ [wnt occurred toget h er -ring and bits (KUstin century Two pins of

vere and were dated to

connected with riDgshyImon predecessors ie -headed pins one can and perhaps with the

lea could be supported pins with unconnected it were concentrated in

before the end of the he Christianization of

Russia but influences from Christian cOllntriesin the East (Byzantium) could not be discounted In any case the double-cross-headed pins do not provide definite evidence of the Christianity of their owners

Selirand has dated double-crass-headed pins to the 11th up to the 12th centuries (1974 146) which is correct for the variant with completely connected terminals As proved above the pins with unconnected terminals had already appeared by the middle of the 10th century The earlier pins of variant 4 2 belong morphologically to the end of the 10th century at the latest Both these variants were in use lip to the m iddle of the 11th century when they were replaced by variant 43

Use of dress fastening pins

Some findings in Estonia let us determine how and by Wh0111 the pins were used Parallels in the neighbouring countries cannot be used here directly and could differ among neighbours

As most of the ring-headed pins were single finds it is most plausible that these ornaments were worn singly Luxurious ring-headed pins had belonged to men in Finland (Lehtosalo-Hiander 1982 109) but the small specimens in Latvia and Lithuania were worn by women and always in pairs Vello Lougas suggested that Estnnian ring-headed pins were also used by women 0 973 126) Estonian ring-headed pins however definitely differ from the small ones of our southern neighbours It seems to be hardly believable that wealthy horsemen in Finland wore the same pins as women in Estonia

Hackman has reported that the ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extension in Finland were alI single finds (1938 114) However in two or even three cases these pins were found obviously in pairs in Uskcla Lukkarinmaki ie their numbers were in sequence and they had almost or completely the same shape (KM 8067 A3 4 57 perhaps also 29 30 data fram archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki) A Kunilcpa pin of the same subshyvariant in Estonia has been found together with a head-ring fragment of a similar pin that could belong to the same sub-variant The pin of sub-variant 12a in Keila was found together with female ornaments and had thus belonged to a woman (PI IV)

In conclusion one can suppose that the ring-headed pins of the earlier variant and the big luxurious pins were worn by men in Estonia Pins of variants 12a and 12c were used by both sexes or especially in the case of variant 12c only by women It is possible that the ring-headed pins became female ornaments during the 9th century

The triangular-headed pins of variant 21 occuned in several cases in pairs and were sometimes fitted with a long chain ie they had belonged to a chain arrangement Only one pin from Pajumaa (PI III4) was fitted with rectangular plaques and had probably been worn on its own

Marika Mdgi68 Eesti merovingi- ja

As ring-headed pins and triangular-headed pins had been in use contemporarily and in the same area it can be supposed that the former were worn by men and the latter by women It is possible that men stopped using pins some time in the 9th century and started to fasten their coats only with penannular brooches Since the 10th century at the latest one can talk about pins as specifically female ornaments in Estonia

Two triangular-headed pins connected with a single chain have been found in Liiva In some cases these pins were unearthed in pairs or single specimens often stray finds were fitted with a long chain Chain holders have been found together with these pins only twice However triangular-headed pins with leaf decoration were sometimes worn probably also singly as in the grave of Hairnre (PI VII)

Triangular-headed pins of Saaremaa type were found in pairs in several cases These pins occurred typically with half-oval chain holders and other pieces of chain arrangement which proves that the chain arrangements with these pins consisted of several rows of chains

Moreover the double-cross-headed pins occur usually in pairs and together with other pieces of a chain arrangement The pins of earlier character were connected only with a single chain (Aseri Verevi Riuma PI XI 4) but the later ones fastened chain arrangements with several rows of chains which were fixed to the pins with openwork chain holders (PI XI 5 XII)

Distribution

Estonia could be divided into two parts according to the local ornaments of the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The same division is valid also in the case of the decorative pins The tradition of fastening the dress with pins was strong in the western part of the Estonian mainland and on the islands but was almost absent in the eastern part during the whole Merovingian Period and the firs t half of the Viking Age The first local pin types - the double-cross-headed pins - occurred there only in the 10th century Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals and with completely connected terminals were spread already allover Estonia providing evidence of the standardisation of ornamental culture

English version checked by Gordon Snow Oxford

1 Rongaspeaga e

1 Ring-headed p

I Juuru Kunilepa 2 J6eJahtme Prest 3 Jiiri Kuma (AM 4 Juri Lagedi (Ar-shy5 JUri Lehmja-Lolt 6 Kaarma Aste (S 7 Karuse Pajumaa 8 Keila (AM 234 9 Kihelkonna Oda to Kihelkonna Paj II Kihclkonna Vii 12 Koeru Preedi (1 13 Kul lamua Vaik 14 KUllsalu (AI 28 15 Karla Kaarmise 16 Ktirla Paevere 17 Karia Paikiila ( 18 Liiganuse PUssi 19 Palamuse Nava 20 Peetri Painurme 21 Parnu-Jaagupi F 22 Pbide Asva (Al 23 Pbidc Tomimae 24 Ridala Ahli (H~ 25 R6ngu Kivivare 26 Viru- Nigllia Pal 27 Viru-Nigllla KUl

2 Kolmnurkpeaga

2 Triangular-head

21 Ornamentimatpoundl

21 Pins without spe

I 16eIahtme lru (AI 2 J6elahtme Presti (

Marika Magi

s had been in use d that the former were men stopped using pins their coats only with one can talk about pins

Jain have been found in s or single specimens )Iders have been found --headed pins with leaf in the grave of Haimre

n pairs in several cases ~rs and other pieces of ments with these pins

v in pairs and together earlier character were PI XI 4) but the later ains which were fixed

the local ornaments of ivision is valid also in he dress with pins was n the islands but was ingian Period and the e double-cross-headed ross-headcd pins with terminah were spread

disation of ornamental

Gordol Snow Oxford

69Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoeiad - vooraparased ja omad

Lisa Appendix

1 Rongaspeaga ehtenoelad Eestis (kaart joon 11)

1 Ring-headed pins in Estonia (map fig 11)

I Juuru Kunilepa (AI 2483 16 17) 2 Joelahtme Presti (AI 5490386 7) 3 Juri Kuma (AM 31 5 AM 2968 69 71) 4 Juri Lagedi (AM 2768) 5 Juri Lehmja-Loo (AI 444499184211 247278283) 6 Kaarma Aste (SM 7675 12) 7 Karuse Pajumaa (AM 134 18 19) 8 Keila (AM 2343) 9 Kihelkonna Odalatsi (AI 3822303) 10 Kihelkonna Paju (AI K 68) 11 Kihelkonna Viki (AI 251373) 12 Koeru Preedi (AI 4426616) 13 Kullamaa Vaike-Kalju (AI 3445) 14 Kuusalu (AI 2827) 15 Karla Kaarmise (AI 3501) 16 Karia Paevere (AI 2657 1) 17 Karia Paikula (AI 25024) 18 Luganuse Piissi (AM 99) 19 Palamuse Nava (AI 39681167) 20 Peetri PaillurmC (AM 11710) 21 Parnu-Jaagupi Parasmaa (AM 493 12) 22 Pbide Asva (AI 4366 1004) 23 Pbide Tomimae (AI 4338 1117) 24 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045220) 25 Rongu Kivivare (AI 47267) 26 Viru- Nigula Pada (AI 536641) 27 Viru-Nigula Kunda (AM 88 113 114)

2 Kolmnurkpeaga noelad Eestis

2 Triangular-headed pins in Estonia

21 Ornamentimata voi lihtsatest joontest ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 12)

21 Pins without special decoration (map fig 12)

1 JoeHihtme lru (AI 4051 9491097) 2 Joellihtme Presti (AI 5490374)

Eesti merovillgi- ja70 Marika Magi

3 J6hvi Toila (AI 3952299 362) 4 Kamse Pajumaa (AM 13414) 5 Kihelkonna K6mse (AI 2643 111 112113) 6 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 14832) 7 Lliganuse Purtse (AI 50388) 8 Martna Ehmp (AM 554605 615 665 81 J 823) 9 Muhu Mala (AI K 2 1234 89) 10 Nissi Vardi (AM 368 13) 11 Otepaa linnamagihillfort (AI 4036 IV203) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 491 122 852 1024) 13 Parnu-Jaagupi M6isaklila (AI 575925) 14 Pbide maalinnhillfort (SM 1460401) 15 Pbide Viltina (AI 38843515) 16 Puha Leina (AI 2643366) 17 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817333) J8 Rouge linnam~igihillfort (AI 40402313162) 19 Saaremaa (AI K 848) 20 Viru-Jaagupi Inju (AI 2794232425) 21 Vandra khklparish (P~lM 23912) 22 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 382 37764)

22 Lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 13)

22 PillS with leaves-decoration (map fig 13)

1 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 1) 2 Keila Uksnurme (AM 68 1) 3 Juri Moigu-Peetri (AI 4877 100) 4 Kaarma khklparish (AI K 67 17 1845 AI 507 6) 5 Kaarrna Uduvere (AI 15184) 6 Kihelkonna Lumanda (AI 382233 3438 35) 7 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 531 1352 1549 1696 1886 23834153

26892690297831483163310131023115) 8 Mihkli Sol va (AI 251318) 9 Muhu Liiva (SM 931 2) 10 Marjamaa Hairnre (AI 3614 I) 11 Nissi Polli (AI 3926 I) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 49120206 584a 584b 760) 13 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884 ) 14 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045 219) 15 Saaremaa (AI K 846) 16 Valjala khklparish (SM K 5410) 17 Valjala Rahu (AI 423922 44 758) 18 Leiukoht teadmatalFindspot unknown (AI 3027)

23 Saaremaa tii

23 PillS ofSaart

1 Hanila Komsi I

2 Kaarma khk I~ 3 Kaarma Loona 4 Kaarma Uduve 5 Karja Valja (A 6 Karuse Pajuma 7 Kihelkonna Ka 8 Kihelkonna khl 9 Kihelkonna Ku 10 Kihelkonna L 11 Kihelkonna 12 Kihelkonna P 13 Kose Paunkiil 14 Kullamaa Mai 15 Karla khk Ipa 16 Karla Kogula 17 Karla Orikiila 18 Uiiine-Niguia 19 Martna Ehmja 20 Pamu Jaagupi 21 Parnu-Jaagupi 22 Parnumaa (Pal 23 Pbide K6igust 24 P6ide Randvel 25 P6ide Viltina ( 26 Piiha Ilpla (AI 27 Saaremaa (AI 28 Valjala Konnu 29 Valjala Rahu (

3 Merovingi- voi

3 Merovingian connected termin

I Karja khklparis 2 Kodavere Lahef 3 Kodavere Savas 4 Mihkli Kurese ( 5 lPoide AudIa (S~ 6 Aksi Raigastven

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja (Jmad

23 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad (kaartjoon 14)

71

~)

96 1886 2383 4153

)760)

23 Pins ofSa a rema a type (map fig 14)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510940) 2 Kaarma khk parish(AI K 67 1944) 3 Kaarma Loona (AK K 1776 LVYM 650911393) 4 Kaarma Uduvere (AI K 15185 186 187 188) 5 Kalja Valja (AI K 76 1) 6 Karu se Pajumaa (AM 134 I 5) 7 Kihelkonna Kalmu (AI 3822]57 158 194) 8 Kihelkonna khk parish (AI K 741) 9 Kihelkonna Kurevere (AI 43686998 102) 10 Kihelkonna Loona (AI 3822233a) 11 Kihelkonna Liimanda (AK 382268 136) 12 Kihelkonna Paju (L VVM 20A 128) 13 Kose Paunkiila (AM 73 1) 14 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 3160 3635 3637 5000 6085) 15 KarIa khk pari sh (AI K 79101819) 16 Karia Kogula (AI K 2951 52) 17 Karla Orikiila (AI K 4 102 103) 18 Laane-Nigula Uugla (AM 500503) 19 Martna Ehmja (AM 554824) 20 Pamu Jaagupi Pooravere (PaM 2364) 21 Pamu-J aagupi Linnamae (AM 491170) 22 Parnumaa (PaM ) 23 Poide Koiguste (AI 436 I 2) 24 Poide Randvere (AI 26972 AI 3895 257) 25 Poide Viltina (AI 3884391 2588b 2755 3128 4300) 26 Piiha IJpla (AI 3822315 382 K 1 78) 27 Saaremaa (AI K 843 57 AI K 8546107 AI 3529 SM ) 28 Valjala Konnu (AI 5151) 29 Valjala Rahu (AI 4239202 670 1114)

3 Merovingi- voi varaviikingiaegsed lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad

3 Merovingian Period or earJy Viking Age cross-headed pins with unshyconnected terminals

1 Karja khkparish (AI K 774) 2 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 198433) 3 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 1483 1) 4 Mihkli Kurese (AI 2513 17) 5 Poide AudIa (SM K 49 I) 6 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885)

72 Marika Magi

7 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (AM aj 98)

4 Kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

4 Double-cross-headed pins

41 Lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad (kaart joon 15)

41 Double-cross-headed pins with unconnecled terminals (map fig 15)

I Haljala Essu (AM 8327) 2 Harju-Jaani Kehra (AI 35849 10) 3 Iisaku J6uga (AI 510062) 4 JUllm Kaiu jarvLake Kaiu (AI 5251) 5 Karksi Kiiti (AI 1353 1) 6 Kodavere Alatskivi (AI 1893la Ib) 7 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 4976 159) 8 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 516957 5295210a 210b) 9 Kose Ardu (AI 26744) 10 Laiuse Koola (AI 40245) Ii Nissi Varbola (AI 3865 128) 12 Nao Unipiha linnamagihillfort (AI 2901 11) 13 Otepaa PaidJa (AI 19973) 14 P6ltsamaa Pajusi (AI 1871 8) 15 Pamu-Jaagupi Anelema (AI 42255) 16 Parnumaa (PaM A 2361) 17 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884153) 18 Piiha IJpla (AI K 1 77) 19 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817 307311) 20 R6ngu Piihaste (AI 3667 I) 21 Rapina Tooste (AI 41085 7) 22 Tarvastu Riuma (AI 12073a 3b) 23 Viljandi Kuude (VM 331 2 43 17A 312) 24 Viljandimaa (VM ) 25 Vim-Nigula Aseri (RM 1211A 57683 7879) 26 Vim-Nigula Kohala (RM 30791A 51 12) 27 Vim-Nigula Kunda (AI 157933 4002) 28 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 5343c)

29 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (LVVM 58923A I 798)

42 Uhendatud alumiste harudega kaksikristpeaga l10elad (kaartjoon 16)

42 Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals (map fig 16)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510103188218507)

Eest merovillgi-(I v

2 Harju-Jaani Raa 3 Kodavere Raatv( 4 Kullamaa Maid 5 Liiganllse Kalme 6 Mihkli Veltsa (A 7 Marjal1laa Konol 8 Marjamaa Moka 9 P61tsal1laa Pajusi 10 Rannu Verevi ( 11 VaUala Rahu (A 12 Viljandi Madi ( 13 Vaike-Maarja A 14 Leiukoht teadl1l1

Marika Magi Eesti merovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy viJorapiirased ja omarl 73

15)

(Ilapjig 15)

I 798)

kaartjOOIi16)

als(mapjig16)

2 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 16) 3 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 5295 121a 12Ib) 4 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 5802 18 2323) 5 Liiganuse Kalmeistri (AI 28244) 6 MihkJi Ve1tsa (AI 4944) 7 Marjamaa Konovere linnamagihillfort (AI 4571159) 8 Marjamaa Moka (AI 371021) 9 P51tsamaa Pajusi (AI 19996) 10 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817234) 11 Valjala Rahu (AI 423970) 12 Viljandi Macli (AI 25906166172174) 13 V~iike-Maalja Antu (AM 102 I) 14 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 26362)

Marika Magi64 Eesti merovingi- ja

the pins had been decorated mostly with eyes These specimens were also more massive ie probably somewhat earlier

23c Pins with some other kind ofdecoration (Fig 7 Pl VI 5 VIII 4 IX 4-5)

Different kinds of simple patterns were spread on the pins of Saaremaa type most of them having counterparts in Latvia More and less massive specimens occurred in this sub-variant too Though the pattern usually consisted of different lines some pins were decorated with one or more eyes only (Fig 7 Pl IX 4) These could probably be treated as imports from Latvia like some other somewhat unusual pins of this sub-variant

Discussion

Pins of this variant were widespread in Latvia particularly in Curonia and Semgallien but also in the Lower-Daugava area They were dated to the lOthshy12th centuries there (Snore 1930 Pl XV LA 1974 Pl 481 5014 15525 T6nisson 1974 Pl XXXVI2) The decoration of Latvian pins usually differed from that of Estonian pins and even plait decoration seems to have not been very popular on this type of pins in Latvia

Only single pins of this variant have been found in the other neighbouring countries most of them specifically Latvian (Nerrnan 1929 Figs 175-178 Kivikoski 1973 99 Fig 720 Jansson 1995 88-89) The only exceptions were two pins from Garda churchyard on Gotland which were decorated with leaves (Thunmark-Nylen 1995 185 Fig 13) A small piece of a similar pin has been found as a stray find in Roskilde Denmark (Andersen pers comm)

In Uugla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin with leaf decoration has been found together with a knife pieces of chain arrangement a bronze plaque and a bracelet (Mandel 1980) The grave could be dated to the end of the 10th century or to the beginning of the 11 th century according to the bracelet (Magi-Lougas 1995b 521) In Maidla graveyard a Saaremaa type pin was found in the same chain arrangement with a pin of variant 22 (data from find lists and plans of Mandel) In Randvere graveyard a pin of variant 23 fixed to an iron shaft was found together with a penannular brooch with poppy-shaped terminals and with sherds of fine-grained pottery (data from Kustin 1962a 64-65 97) The complex could be dated around 1000

Kustin dated Saaremaa type pins to the 11th-12th centuries (1962a 70) As proved above the earlier specimens of this variant appeared as early as the 10th century and were used contemporarily with pins of variant 22 Saaremaa type pins stayed in use during the whole 11 th century and were replaced by doubleshycross-headed pins with united terminals at the beginning of the 12th century at the latest

Only some sin Viking Age have terminals appear 0

centuries Only lht local ornament typ

Double-cross-hl number of pin he probably for a lon

41 PillS

A tolal of 42 pi have been found il variants but the b thus SUbjective Tt specific construclio but a decoration of bigger thinner ofte (Fig 10) The earl ones were usually n

42 Pi

This group incl specimens as in the of these two groups

43

These pins appea the 11th century Ill

variant resemble late

Few specimens 01 Estonia They had be in Finland Pins frO centuries (Cleve 191

65 Marilw Magi Eesfi mcOvingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad - vooraparased ja onwd

imens were also more

VI 5 VI 4 IX 4-5)

pins of Saaremaa type ~ss massive specimens

usually consisted of e eyes only (Fig 7 PI Jatvia like some other

ularly in Curonia and ere dated to the 10thshy4815014 15525 ~ pins usually differed to have not been very

he other neighbouring 1929 Figs 175-178

only exceptions were decorated with leaves

a similar pin has been s comm) Dration has been found bronze plaque and a

nd of the 10th century bracelet (Miigi-L6ugas Nas found in the same find lists and plans of d to an iron shaft was )ed terminals and with -6597) The complex

Ituries (l962a 70) As ed as early as the 10th lilt 22 Saaremaa type re replaced by doubleshyof the 12th century at

3 Early cross-headed pins (PI X 1 XI 2)

Only some single cross-headed pins dated to the Merovingian Period or the Viking Age have been found in Estonia Small cross-headed pins with united terminals appear only after the Viking Age and were used over a period of some centuries Only the idea of cross-headed pins was borrowed from the Baits and a local ornament type was created on its base a double-cross-headed pin

4 Double-cross-headed pins

Double-cross-headed pins were specifically Estonian ornaments Quite a number of pin heads of this type have been fixed to an iron shaft and used probably for a long time after they were made

41 Pins with unconnected terminals (Pt X 4-6 XI 1 3-5)

A total of 42 pins with unconnected te rminals or pieces of such kind of pins have been found in Estonia They could be divided into earlier and later subshyvariants but the border between these two groups would be too undefined and thus subjective The earlier specimens were usually smaller thicker and with specific construction of their neck (Fig 9) They were often decorated with eyes but a decoration of conce ntric circles was also possible Later pins were always bigger thinner often silver-plated and had a special trapezoid loop on their neck (Fig 10) The earlier specimens were often deformed and burnt but the later ones were usually not burnt and in several cases found in inhumations

42 Pins with connected lower terminals (Pl X 7 XII)

This group includes 21 pins Thc same criteria about earlier and later specimens as in the former variant were also valid in this variant hence the pins of these two groups were at least partly contemporary

43 Pins with completely connected terminals

These pins appeared at the very end of the Viking Age ic at the middle of the 11 th century and will thus be not considered here Some specimens of thi s variant ]escmble iatcr specimens of the fonner variants

Discussion

Few specimens of pins with unconnected terminals have been found outSIde E stonia They had been usually used as pendants Five of them have been found in Finland Pins from Lillmalmsbacken and EU-cl were dated to the 9th-10th centuries (Cleve 1978 105) Two pins have been found in inhumations in

Marika Miigi66 Eesti merovingi- ja

Kjuloholm and dated to the beginning of the II th century (Cleve 1978 105 PI 8 15) Pendants from Estonian double-cross-headed pins have been found in late Viking Age cremations in Bjurhovda Central-Sweden (Jaanusson 1971) in North Norway and Gotland (Jansson 1995 88 fig 7) Some of them were

known from barrows in Northwest Russia (ClII1UbIH 1896 PI V 6 XVII 32) No double-cross pins have been found in Latvia or Lithuania according to the literature

A pin from Koola graveyard (PI X 4) was unearthed together with pieces of chain a glassbead bronze spirals and a bracelet all badly burnt (Parss 1950) Two pins from Verevi had belonged to the same chain arrangement and were found together with a bracelet a bell piece of neck-ring and a penannular brooch pi n with narrow base (Moora 1932) Both these burials could belong to the 10th century

In a womans grave in Aseri two doub Pe-cross-headed pins of earlier character were found with bracelets with thickening ends a spiral bracelet chain pieces and bronze spirals This complex could not be later than the middle of the 10th century because of the bracelets of earlier type in it (M~igi-Lougas 1995a 280 ff Fig 30)

A double-cross-pin of later character belonged to a deposit at Piihaste which also contained some other ornaments and could be dated to the first half of the 11 th century Some pairs of pins with specifically later features have been found in inhumations Graves from Alatskivi Raatvere and Tooste could be mentioned here all dated to the first half of the ] I th century (PI XI 5) A small doubJeshycross-headed pin fixed secondarily to a bronze stem belonged to a cremation of the second half of the 11 th century in Jouga (Ligi 1993 53-54 PI XXVIII 5)

Two double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals had belonged to a womans grave in Madi together with chain fragments bronze spira ls fingershyrings pieces of neck-rings a knife a belt buckle a comb a fire-steel bits and potsherds (Sel irand 1993) In Rahu a pin of the same variant occurred together with a penannular brooch chain arrangements a finger-ring and bits (Kustin 1969) Both these complexes could be dated to the 11th century Two pins of variant 42 belonged to a female inhumation grave in Raatvere and were dated to the first half of the J I th century (PI XII)

As proved above the double-cross-headed pins were cOl1nected with ringshyheaded pins with cross-shaped extension only through common predecessors ie cross-headed pins Looking at the shape of double-cross-headed pins one can ask if they could be connected with the Orthodox cross and perhaps with the conversion of Russia at the end of the 10th century The idea could be supported by the distribution of these pins the double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals were the only variant of dress fastening pins that were concentrated in the eastern half of Estonia

As the double-cross-headed pins appeared in Estonia before the end of the JOth century they cannot be directly connected with the Christianization of

Russia but influe not be discounteo definite evidence (

Selirand has ( centuries (1974 I terminals As pm appeared by the m morphologically t( were in use up to variant 43

Some findings used Parallels in could differ among

As most of the these ornaments WI men in Finland (I Latvia and Lithuan suggested that Esto Estonian ring-head southern neighbour Finland wore the sa

Hackman has re in Finland were all these pins were fa numbers were in s (KM 8067 A3 4 S of archaeology in N variant in Estonia h pin that could belo Keila was found tc woman (PI IV)

In conclusion on and the big luxuriol and 12c were used by women It is po during the 9th centUl

The triangular-he and were sometime~

arrangement Only 0

plaques and had prot

67 Marika Miigi Eesti mcrovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

(Cleve 1978 105 PI have been found in late (Jaanusson 1971) in

Some of them were

6 PI V 6 XVII 32) uania according to the

together with pieces of lIy burnt (Piirss 1950) arrangement and were ing and a penannuJar mrials could belong to

lins of earlier character bracelet chain pieces

the middle of the 10th -L6ugas I995a 280 ff

posit at Ptihaste which to the first half of the ~tures have been found te could be mentioned 1 5) A small doubleshynged to a cremation of -54 PI XXYIlI 5) erminals had belonged bronze spirals fingershy

0 a fire-steel bits and ~ [wnt occurred toget h er -ring and bits (KUstin century Two pins of

vere and were dated to

connected with riDgshyImon predecessors ie -headed pins one can and perhaps with the

lea could be supported pins with unconnected it were concentrated in

before the end of the he Christianization of

Russia but influences from Christian cOllntriesin the East (Byzantium) could not be discounted In any case the double-cross-headed pins do not provide definite evidence of the Christianity of their owners

Selirand has dated double-crass-headed pins to the 11th up to the 12th centuries (1974 146) which is correct for the variant with completely connected terminals As proved above the pins with unconnected terminals had already appeared by the middle of the 10th century The earlier pins of variant 4 2 belong morphologically to the end of the 10th century at the latest Both these variants were in use lip to the m iddle of the 11th century when they were replaced by variant 43

Use of dress fastening pins

Some findings in Estonia let us determine how and by Wh0111 the pins were used Parallels in the neighbouring countries cannot be used here directly and could differ among neighbours

As most of the ring-headed pins were single finds it is most plausible that these ornaments were worn singly Luxurious ring-headed pins had belonged to men in Finland (Lehtosalo-Hiander 1982 109) but the small specimens in Latvia and Lithuania were worn by women and always in pairs Vello Lougas suggested that Estnnian ring-headed pins were also used by women 0 973 126) Estonian ring-headed pins however definitely differ from the small ones of our southern neighbours It seems to be hardly believable that wealthy horsemen in Finland wore the same pins as women in Estonia

Hackman has reported that the ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extension in Finland were alI single finds (1938 114) However in two or even three cases these pins were found obviously in pairs in Uskcla Lukkarinmaki ie their numbers were in sequence and they had almost or completely the same shape (KM 8067 A3 4 57 perhaps also 29 30 data fram archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki) A Kunilcpa pin of the same subshyvariant in Estonia has been found together with a head-ring fragment of a similar pin that could belong to the same sub-variant The pin of sub-variant 12a in Keila was found together with female ornaments and had thus belonged to a woman (PI IV)

In conclusion one can suppose that the ring-headed pins of the earlier variant and the big luxurious pins were worn by men in Estonia Pins of variants 12a and 12c were used by both sexes or especially in the case of variant 12c only by women It is possible that the ring-headed pins became female ornaments during the 9th century

The triangular-headed pins of variant 21 occuned in several cases in pairs and were sometimes fitted with a long chain ie they had belonged to a chain arrangement Only one pin from Pajumaa (PI III4) was fitted with rectangular plaques and had probably been worn on its own

Marika Mdgi68 Eesti merovingi- ja

As ring-headed pins and triangular-headed pins had been in use contemporarily and in the same area it can be supposed that the former were worn by men and the latter by women It is possible that men stopped using pins some time in the 9th century and started to fasten their coats only with penannular brooches Since the 10th century at the latest one can talk about pins as specifically female ornaments in Estonia

Two triangular-headed pins connected with a single chain have been found in Liiva In some cases these pins were unearthed in pairs or single specimens often stray finds were fitted with a long chain Chain holders have been found together with these pins only twice However triangular-headed pins with leaf decoration were sometimes worn probably also singly as in the grave of Hairnre (PI VII)

Triangular-headed pins of Saaremaa type were found in pairs in several cases These pins occurred typically with half-oval chain holders and other pieces of chain arrangement which proves that the chain arrangements with these pins consisted of several rows of chains

Moreover the double-cross-headed pins occur usually in pairs and together with other pieces of a chain arrangement The pins of earlier character were connected only with a single chain (Aseri Verevi Riuma PI XI 4) but the later ones fastened chain arrangements with several rows of chains which were fixed to the pins with openwork chain holders (PI XI 5 XII)

Distribution

Estonia could be divided into two parts according to the local ornaments of the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The same division is valid also in the case of the decorative pins The tradition of fastening the dress with pins was strong in the western part of the Estonian mainland and on the islands but was almost absent in the eastern part during the whole Merovingian Period and the firs t half of the Viking Age The first local pin types - the double-cross-headed pins - occurred there only in the 10th century Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals and with completely connected terminals were spread already allover Estonia providing evidence of the standardisation of ornamental culture

English version checked by Gordon Snow Oxford

1 Rongaspeaga e

1 Ring-headed p

I Juuru Kunilepa 2 J6eJahtme Prest 3 Jiiri Kuma (AM 4 Juri Lagedi (Ar-shy5 JUri Lehmja-Lolt 6 Kaarma Aste (S 7 Karuse Pajumaa 8 Keila (AM 234 9 Kihelkonna Oda to Kihelkonna Paj II Kihclkonna Vii 12 Koeru Preedi (1 13 Kul lamua Vaik 14 KUllsalu (AI 28 15 Karla Kaarmise 16 Ktirla Paevere 17 Karia Paikiila ( 18 Liiganuse PUssi 19 Palamuse Nava 20 Peetri Painurme 21 Parnu-Jaagupi F 22 Pbide Asva (Al 23 Pbidc Tomimae 24 Ridala Ahli (H~ 25 R6ngu Kivivare 26 Viru- Nigllia Pal 27 Viru-Nigllla KUl

2 Kolmnurkpeaga

2 Triangular-head

21 Ornamentimatpoundl

21 Pins without spe

I 16eIahtme lru (AI 2 J6elahtme Presti (

Marika Magi

s had been in use d that the former were men stopped using pins their coats only with one can talk about pins

Jain have been found in s or single specimens )Iders have been found --headed pins with leaf in the grave of Haimre

n pairs in several cases ~rs and other pieces of ments with these pins

v in pairs and together earlier character were PI XI 4) but the later ains which were fixed

the local ornaments of ivision is valid also in he dress with pins was n the islands but was ingian Period and the e double-cross-headed ross-headcd pins with terminah were spread

disation of ornamental

Gordol Snow Oxford

69Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoeiad - vooraparased ja omad

Lisa Appendix

1 Rongaspeaga ehtenoelad Eestis (kaart joon 11)

1 Ring-headed pins in Estonia (map fig 11)

I Juuru Kunilepa (AI 2483 16 17) 2 Joelahtme Presti (AI 5490386 7) 3 Juri Kuma (AM 31 5 AM 2968 69 71) 4 Juri Lagedi (AM 2768) 5 Juri Lehmja-Loo (AI 444499184211 247278283) 6 Kaarma Aste (SM 7675 12) 7 Karuse Pajumaa (AM 134 18 19) 8 Keila (AM 2343) 9 Kihelkonna Odalatsi (AI 3822303) 10 Kihelkonna Paju (AI K 68) 11 Kihelkonna Viki (AI 251373) 12 Koeru Preedi (AI 4426616) 13 Kullamaa Vaike-Kalju (AI 3445) 14 Kuusalu (AI 2827) 15 Karla Kaarmise (AI 3501) 16 Karia Paevere (AI 2657 1) 17 Karia Paikula (AI 25024) 18 Luganuse Piissi (AM 99) 19 Palamuse Nava (AI 39681167) 20 Peetri PaillurmC (AM 11710) 21 Parnu-Jaagupi Parasmaa (AM 493 12) 22 Pbide Asva (AI 4366 1004) 23 Pbide Tomimae (AI 4338 1117) 24 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045220) 25 Rongu Kivivare (AI 47267) 26 Viru- Nigula Pada (AI 536641) 27 Viru-Nigula Kunda (AM 88 113 114)

2 Kolmnurkpeaga noelad Eestis

2 Triangular-headed pins in Estonia

21 Ornamentimata voi lihtsatest joontest ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 12)

21 Pins without special decoration (map fig 12)

1 JoeHihtme lru (AI 4051 9491097) 2 Joellihtme Presti (AI 5490374)

Eesti merovillgi- ja70 Marika Magi

3 J6hvi Toila (AI 3952299 362) 4 Kamse Pajumaa (AM 13414) 5 Kihelkonna K6mse (AI 2643 111 112113) 6 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 14832) 7 Lliganuse Purtse (AI 50388) 8 Martna Ehmp (AM 554605 615 665 81 J 823) 9 Muhu Mala (AI K 2 1234 89) 10 Nissi Vardi (AM 368 13) 11 Otepaa linnamagihillfort (AI 4036 IV203) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 491 122 852 1024) 13 Parnu-Jaagupi M6isaklila (AI 575925) 14 Pbide maalinnhillfort (SM 1460401) 15 Pbide Viltina (AI 38843515) 16 Puha Leina (AI 2643366) 17 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817333) J8 Rouge linnam~igihillfort (AI 40402313162) 19 Saaremaa (AI K 848) 20 Viru-Jaagupi Inju (AI 2794232425) 21 Vandra khklparish (P~lM 23912) 22 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 382 37764)

22 Lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 13)

22 PillS with leaves-decoration (map fig 13)

1 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 1) 2 Keila Uksnurme (AM 68 1) 3 Juri Moigu-Peetri (AI 4877 100) 4 Kaarma khklparish (AI K 67 17 1845 AI 507 6) 5 Kaarrna Uduvere (AI 15184) 6 Kihelkonna Lumanda (AI 382233 3438 35) 7 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 531 1352 1549 1696 1886 23834153

26892690297831483163310131023115) 8 Mihkli Sol va (AI 251318) 9 Muhu Liiva (SM 931 2) 10 Marjamaa Hairnre (AI 3614 I) 11 Nissi Polli (AI 3926 I) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 49120206 584a 584b 760) 13 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884 ) 14 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045 219) 15 Saaremaa (AI K 846) 16 Valjala khklparish (SM K 5410) 17 Valjala Rahu (AI 423922 44 758) 18 Leiukoht teadmatalFindspot unknown (AI 3027)

23 Saaremaa tii

23 PillS ofSaart

1 Hanila Komsi I

2 Kaarma khk I~ 3 Kaarma Loona 4 Kaarma Uduve 5 Karja Valja (A 6 Karuse Pajuma 7 Kihelkonna Ka 8 Kihelkonna khl 9 Kihelkonna Ku 10 Kihelkonna L 11 Kihelkonna 12 Kihelkonna P 13 Kose Paunkiil 14 Kullamaa Mai 15 Karla khk Ipa 16 Karla Kogula 17 Karla Orikiila 18 Uiiine-Niguia 19 Martna Ehmja 20 Pamu Jaagupi 21 Parnu-Jaagupi 22 Parnumaa (Pal 23 Pbide K6igust 24 P6ide Randvel 25 P6ide Viltina ( 26 Piiha Ilpla (AI 27 Saaremaa (AI 28 Valjala Konnu 29 Valjala Rahu (

3 Merovingi- voi

3 Merovingian connected termin

I Karja khklparis 2 Kodavere Lahef 3 Kodavere Savas 4 Mihkli Kurese ( 5 lPoide AudIa (S~ 6 Aksi Raigastven

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja (Jmad

23 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad (kaartjoon 14)

71

~)

96 1886 2383 4153

)760)

23 Pins ofSa a rema a type (map fig 14)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510940) 2 Kaarma khk parish(AI K 67 1944) 3 Kaarma Loona (AK K 1776 LVYM 650911393) 4 Kaarma Uduvere (AI K 15185 186 187 188) 5 Kalja Valja (AI K 76 1) 6 Karu se Pajumaa (AM 134 I 5) 7 Kihelkonna Kalmu (AI 3822]57 158 194) 8 Kihelkonna khk parish (AI K 741) 9 Kihelkonna Kurevere (AI 43686998 102) 10 Kihelkonna Loona (AI 3822233a) 11 Kihelkonna Liimanda (AK 382268 136) 12 Kihelkonna Paju (L VVM 20A 128) 13 Kose Paunkiila (AM 73 1) 14 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 3160 3635 3637 5000 6085) 15 KarIa khk pari sh (AI K 79101819) 16 Karia Kogula (AI K 2951 52) 17 Karla Orikiila (AI K 4 102 103) 18 Laane-Nigula Uugla (AM 500503) 19 Martna Ehmja (AM 554824) 20 Pamu Jaagupi Pooravere (PaM 2364) 21 Pamu-J aagupi Linnamae (AM 491170) 22 Parnumaa (PaM ) 23 Poide Koiguste (AI 436 I 2) 24 Poide Randvere (AI 26972 AI 3895 257) 25 Poide Viltina (AI 3884391 2588b 2755 3128 4300) 26 Piiha IJpla (AI 3822315 382 K 1 78) 27 Saaremaa (AI K 843 57 AI K 8546107 AI 3529 SM ) 28 Valjala Konnu (AI 5151) 29 Valjala Rahu (AI 4239202 670 1114)

3 Merovingi- voi varaviikingiaegsed lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad

3 Merovingian Period or earJy Viking Age cross-headed pins with unshyconnected terminals

1 Karja khkparish (AI K 774) 2 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 198433) 3 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 1483 1) 4 Mihkli Kurese (AI 2513 17) 5 Poide AudIa (SM K 49 I) 6 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885)

72 Marika Magi

7 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (AM aj 98)

4 Kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

4 Double-cross-headed pins

41 Lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad (kaart joon 15)

41 Double-cross-headed pins with unconnecled terminals (map fig 15)

I Haljala Essu (AM 8327) 2 Harju-Jaani Kehra (AI 35849 10) 3 Iisaku J6uga (AI 510062) 4 JUllm Kaiu jarvLake Kaiu (AI 5251) 5 Karksi Kiiti (AI 1353 1) 6 Kodavere Alatskivi (AI 1893la Ib) 7 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 4976 159) 8 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 516957 5295210a 210b) 9 Kose Ardu (AI 26744) 10 Laiuse Koola (AI 40245) Ii Nissi Varbola (AI 3865 128) 12 Nao Unipiha linnamagihillfort (AI 2901 11) 13 Otepaa PaidJa (AI 19973) 14 P6ltsamaa Pajusi (AI 1871 8) 15 Pamu-Jaagupi Anelema (AI 42255) 16 Parnumaa (PaM A 2361) 17 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884153) 18 Piiha IJpla (AI K 1 77) 19 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817 307311) 20 R6ngu Piihaste (AI 3667 I) 21 Rapina Tooste (AI 41085 7) 22 Tarvastu Riuma (AI 12073a 3b) 23 Viljandi Kuude (VM 331 2 43 17A 312) 24 Viljandimaa (VM ) 25 Vim-Nigula Aseri (RM 1211A 57683 7879) 26 Vim-Nigula Kohala (RM 30791A 51 12) 27 Vim-Nigula Kunda (AI 157933 4002) 28 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 5343c)

29 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (LVVM 58923A I 798)

42 Uhendatud alumiste harudega kaksikristpeaga l10elad (kaartjoon 16)

42 Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals (map fig 16)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510103188218507)

Eest merovillgi-(I v

2 Harju-Jaani Raa 3 Kodavere Raatv( 4 Kullamaa Maid 5 Liiganllse Kalme 6 Mihkli Veltsa (A 7 Marjal1laa Konol 8 Marjamaa Moka 9 P61tsal1laa Pajusi 10 Rannu Verevi ( 11 VaUala Rahu (A 12 Viljandi Madi ( 13 Vaike-Maarja A 14 Leiukoht teadl1l1

Marika Magi Eesti merovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy viJorapiirased ja omarl 73

15)

(Ilapjig 15)

I 798)

kaartjOOIi16)

als(mapjig16)

2 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 16) 3 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 5295 121a 12Ib) 4 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 5802 18 2323) 5 Liiganuse Kalmeistri (AI 28244) 6 MihkJi Ve1tsa (AI 4944) 7 Marjamaa Konovere linnamagihillfort (AI 4571159) 8 Marjamaa Moka (AI 371021) 9 P51tsamaa Pajusi (AI 19996) 10 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817234) 11 Valjala Rahu (AI 423970) 12 Viljandi Macli (AI 25906166172174) 13 V~iike-Maalja Antu (AM 102 I) 14 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 26362)

65 Marilw Magi Eesfi mcOvingi- ja viikingiacgsed rinnanoelad - vooraparased ja onwd

imens were also more

VI 5 VI 4 IX 4-5)

pins of Saaremaa type ~ss massive specimens

usually consisted of e eyes only (Fig 7 PI Jatvia like some other

ularly in Curonia and ere dated to the 10thshy4815014 15525 ~ pins usually differed to have not been very

he other neighbouring 1929 Figs 175-178

only exceptions were decorated with leaves

a similar pin has been s comm) Dration has been found bronze plaque and a

nd of the 10th century bracelet (Miigi-L6ugas Nas found in the same find lists and plans of d to an iron shaft was )ed terminals and with -6597) The complex

Ituries (l962a 70) As ed as early as the 10th lilt 22 Saaremaa type re replaced by doubleshyof the 12th century at

3 Early cross-headed pins (PI X 1 XI 2)

Only some single cross-headed pins dated to the Merovingian Period or the Viking Age have been found in Estonia Small cross-headed pins with united terminals appear only after the Viking Age and were used over a period of some centuries Only the idea of cross-headed pins was borrowed from the Baits and a local ornament type was created on its base a double-cross-headed pin

4 Double-cross-headed pins

Double-cross-headed pins were specifically Estonian ornaments Quite a number of pin heads of this type have been fixed to an iron shaft and used probably for a long time after they were made

41 Pins with unconnected terminals (Pt X 4-6 XI 1 3-5)

A total of 42 pins with unconnected te rminals or pieces of such kind of pins have been found in Estonia They could be divided into earlier and later subshyvariants but the border between these two groups would be too undefined and thus subjective The earlier specimens were usually smaller thicker and with specific construction of their neck (Fig 9) They were often decorated with eyes but a decoration of conce ntric circles was also possible Later pins were always bigger thinner often silver-plated and had a special trapezoid loop on their neck (Fig 10) The earlier specimens were often deformed and burnt but the later ones were usually not burnt and in several cases found in inhumations

42 Pins with connected lower terminals (Pl X 7 XII)

This group includes 21 pins Thc same criteria about earlier and later specimens as in the former variant were also valid in this variant hence the pins of these two groups were at least partly contemporary

43 Pins with completely connected terminals

These pins appeared at the very end of the Viking Age ic at the middle of the 11 th century and will thus be not considered here Some specimens of thi s variant ]escmble iatcr specimens of the fonner variants

Discussion

Few specimens of pins with unconnected terminals have been found outSIde E stonia They had been usually used as pendants Five of them have been found in Finland Pins from Lillmalmsbacken and EU-cl were dated to the 9th-10th centuries (Cleve 1978 105) Two pins have been found in inhumations in

Marika Miigi66 Eesti merovingi- ja

Kjuloholm and dated to the beginning of the II th century (Cleve 1978 105 PI 8 15) Pendants from Estonian double-cross-headed pins have been found in late Viking Age cremations in Bjurhovda Central-Sweden (Jaanusson 1971) in North Norway and Gotland (Jansson 1995 88 fig 7) Some of them were

known from barrows in Northwest Russia (ClII1UbIH 1896 PI V 6 XVII 32) No double-cross pins have been found in Latvia or Lithuania according to the literature

A pin from Koola graveyard (PI X 4) was unearthed together with pieces of chain a glassbead bronze spirals and a bracelet all badly burnt (Parss 1950) Two pins from Verevi had belonged to the same chain arrangement and were found together with a bracelet a bell piece of neck-ring and a penannular brooch pi n with narrow base (Moora 1932) Both these burials could belong to the 10th century

In a womans grave in Aseri two doub Pe-cross-headed pins of earlier character were found with bracelets with thickening ends a spiral bracelet chain pieces and bronze spirals This complex could not be later than the middle of the 10th century because of the bracelets of earlier type in it (M~igi-Lougas 1995a 280 ff Fig 30)

A double-cross-pin of later character belonged to a deposit at Piihaste which also contained some other ornaments and could be dated to the first half of the 11 th century Some pairs of pins with specifically later features have been found in inhumations Graves from Alatskivi Raatvere and Tooste could be mentioned here all dated to the first half of the ] I th century (PI XI 5) A small doubJeshycross-headed pin fixed secondarily to a bronze stem belonged to a cremation of the second half of the 11 th century in Jouga (Ligi 1993 53-54 PI XXVIII 5)

Two double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals had belonged to a womans grave in Madi together with chain fragments bronze spira ls fingershyrings pieces of neck-rings a knife a belt buckle a comb a fire-steel bits and potsherds (Sel irand 1993) In Rahu a pin of the same variant occurred together with a penannular brooch chain arrangements a finger-ring and bits (Kustin 1969) Both these complexes could be dated to the 11th century Two pins of variant 42 belonged to a female inhumation grave in Raatvere and were dated to the first half of the J I th century (PI XII)

As proved above the double-cross-headed pins were cOl1nected with ringshyheaded pins with cross-shaped extension only through common predecessors ie cross-headed pins Looking at the shape of double-cross-headed pins one can ask if they could be connected with the Orthodox cross and perhaps with the conversion of Russia at the end of the 10th century The idea could be supported by the distribution of these pins the double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals were the only variant of dress fastening pins that were concentrated in the eastern half of Estonia

As the double-cross-headed pins appeared in Estonia before the end of the JOth century they cannot be directly connected with the Christianization of

Russia but influe not be discounteo definite evidence (

Selirand has ( centuries (1974 I terminals As pm appeared by the m morphologically t( were in use up to variant 43

Some findings used Parallels in could differ among

As most of the these ornaments WI men in Finland (I Latvia and Lithuan suggested that Esto Estonian ring-head southern neighbour Finland wore the sa

Hackman has re in Finland were all these pins were fa numbers were in s (KM 8067 A3 4 S of archaeology in N variant in Estonia h pin that could belo Keila was found tc woman (PI IV)

In conclusion on and the big luxuriol and 12c were used by women It is po during the 9th centUl

The triangular-he and were sometime~

arrangement Only 0

plaques and had prot

67 Marika Miigi Eesti mcrovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

(Cleve 1978 105 PI have been found in late (Jaanusson 1971) in

Some of them were

6 PI V 6 XVII 32) uania according to the

together with pieces of lIy burnt (Piirss 1950) arrangement and were ing and a penannuJar mrials could belong to

lins of earlier character bracelet chain pieces

the middle of the 10th -L6ugas I995a 280 ff

posit at Ptihaste which to the first half of the ~tures have been found te could be mentioned 1 5) A small doubleshynged to a cremation of -54 PI XXYIlI 5) erminals had belonged bronze spirals fingershy

0 a fire-steel bits and ~ [wnt occurred toget h er -ring and bits (KUstin century Two pins of

vere and were dated to

connected with riDgshyImon predecessors ie -headed pins one can and perhaps with the

lea could be supported pins with unconnected it were concentrated in

before the end of the he Christianization of

Russia but influences from Christian cOllntriesin the East (Byzantium) could not be discounted In any case the double-cross-headed pins do not provide definite evidence of the Christianity of their owners

Selirand has dated double-crass-headed pins to the 11th up to the 12th centuries (1974 146) which is correct for the variant with completely connected terminals As proved above the pins with unconnected terminals had already appeared by the middle of the 10th century The earlier pins of variant 4 2 belong morphologically to the end of the 10th century at the latest Both these variants were in use lip to the m iddle of the 11th century when they were replaced by variant 43

Use of dress fastening pins

Some findings in Estonia let us determine how and by Wh0111 the pins were used Parallels in the neighbouring countries cannot be used here directly and could differ among neighbours

As most of the ring-headed pins were single finds it is most plausible that these ornaments were worn singly Luxurious ring-headed pins had belonged to men in Finland (Lehtosalo-Hiander 1982 109) but the small specimens in Latvia and Lithuania were worn by women and always in pairs Vello Lougas suggested that Estnnian ring-headed pins were also used by women 0 973 126) Estonian ring-headed pins however definitely differ from the small ones of our southern neighbours It seems to be hardly believable that wealthy horsemen in Finland wore the same pins as women in Estonia

Hackman has reported that the ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extension in Finland were alI single finds (1938 114) However in two or even three cases these pins were found obviously in pairs in Uskcla Lukkarinmaki ie their numbers were in sequence and they had almost or completely the same shape (KM 8067 A3 4 57 perhaps also 29 30 data fram archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki) A Kunilcpa pin of the same subshyvariant in Estonia has been found together with a head-ring fragment of a similar pin that could belong to the same sub-variant The pin of sub-variant 12a in Keila was found together with female ornaments and had thus belonged to a woman (PI IV)

In conclusion one can suppose that the ring-headed pins of the earlier variant and the big luxurious pins were worn by men in Estonia Pins of variants 12a and 12c were used by both sexes or especially in the case of variant 12c only by women It is possible that the ring-headed pins became female ornaments during the 9th century

The triangular-headed pins of variant 21 occuned in several cases in pairs and were sometimes fitted with a long chain ie they had belonged to a chain arrangement Only one pin from Pajumaa (PI III4) was fitted with rectangular plaques and had probably been worn on its own

Marika Mdgi68 Eesti merovingi- ja

As ring-headed pins and triangular-headed pins had been in use contemporarily and in the same area it can be supposed that the former were worn by men and the latter by women It is possible that men stopped using pins some time in the 9th century and started to fasten their coats only with penannular brooches Since the 10th century at the latest one can talk about pins as specifically female ornaments in Estonia

Two triangular-headed pins connected with a single chain have been found in Liiva In some cases these pins were unearthed in pairs or single specimens often stray finds were fitted with a long chain Chain holders have been found together with these pins only twice However triangular-headed pins with leaf decoration were sometimes worn probably also singly as in the grave of Hairnre (PI VII)

Triangular-headed pins of Saaremaa type were found in pairs in several cases These pins occurred typically with half-oval chain holders and other pieces of chain arrangement which proves that the chain arrangements with these pins consisted of several rows of chains

Moreover the double-cross-headed pins occur usually in pairs and together with other pieces of a chain arrangement The pins of earlier character were connected only with a single chain (Aseri Verevi Riuma PI XI 4) but the later ones fastened chain arrangements with several rows of chains which were fixed to the pins with openwork chain holders (PI XI 5 XII)

Distribution

Estonia could be divided into two parts according to the local ornaments of the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The same division is valid also in the case of the decorative pins The tradition of fastening the dress with pins was strong in the western part of the Estonian mainland and on the islands but was almost absent in the eastern part during the whole Merovingian Period and the firs t half of the Viking Age The first local pin types - the double-cross-headed pins - occurred there only in the 10th century Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals and with completely connected terminals were spread already allover Estonia providing evidence of the standardisation of ornamental culture

English version checked by Gordon Snow Oxford

1 Rongaspeaga e

1 Ring-headed p

I Juuru Kunilepa 2 J6eJahtme Prest 3 Jiiri Kuma (AM 4 Juri Lagedi (Ar-shy5 JUri Lehmja-Lolt 6 Kaarma Aste (S 7 Karuse Pajumaa 8 Keila (AM 234 9 Kihelkonna Oda to Kihelkonna Paj II Kihclkonna Vii 12 Koeru Preedi (1 13 Kul lamua Vaik 14 KUllsalu (AI 28 15 Karla Kaarmise 16 Ktirla Paevere 17 Karia Paikiila ( 18 Liiganuse PUssi 19 Palamuse Nava 20 Peetri Painurme 21 Parnu-Jaagupi F 22 Pbide Asva (Al 23 Pbidc Tomimae 24 Ridala Ahli (H~ 25 R6ngu Kivivare 26 Viru- Nigllia Pal 27 Viru-Nigllla KUl

2 Kolmnurkpeaga

2 Triangular-head

21 Ornamentimatpoundl

21 Pins without spe

I 16eIahtme lru (AI 2 J6elahtme Presti (

Marika Magi

s had been in use d that the former were men stopped using pins their coats only with one can talk about pins

Jain have been found in s or single specimens )Iders have been found --headed pins with leaf in the grave of Haimre

n pairs in several cases ~rs and other pieces of ments with these pins

v in pairs and together earlier character were PI XI 4) but the later ains which were fixed

the local ornaments of ivision is valid also in he dress with pins was n the islands but was ingian Period and the e double-cross-headed ross-headcd pins with terminah were spread

disation of ornamental

Gordol Snow Oxford

69Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoeiad - vooraparased ja omad

Lisa Appendix

1 Rongaspeaga ehtenoelad Eestis (kaart joon 11)

1 Ring-headed pins in Estonia (map fig 11)

I Juuru Kunilepa (AI 2483 16 17) 2 Joelahtme Presti (AI 5490386 7) 3 Juri Kuma (AM 31 5 AM 2968 69 71) 4 Juri Lagedi (AM 2768) 5 Juri Lehmja-Loo (AI 444499184211 247278283) 6 Kaarma Aste (SM 7675 12) 7 Karuse Pajumaa (AM 134 18 19) 8 Keila (AM 2343) 9 Kihelkonna Odalatsi (AI 3822303) 10 Kihelkonna Paju (AI K 68) 11 Kihelkonna Viki (AI 251373) 12 Koeru Preedi (AI 4426616) 13 Kullamaa Vaike-Kalju (AI 3445) 14 Kuusalu (AI 2827) 15 Karla Kaarmise (AI 3501) 16 Karia Paevere (AI 2657 1) 17 Karia Paikula (AI 25024) 18 Luganuse Piissi (AM 99) 19 Palamuse Nava (AI 39681167) 20 Peetri PaillurmC (AM 11710) 21 Parnu-Jaagupi Parasmaa (AM 493 12) 22 Pbide Asva (AI 4366 1004) 23 Pbide Tomimae (AI 4338 1117) 24 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045220) 25 Rongu Kivivare (AI 47267) 26 Viru- Nigula Pada (AI 536641) 27 Viru-Nigula Kunda (AM 88 113 114)

2 Kolmnurkpeaga noelad Eestis

2 Triangular-headed pins in Estonia

21 Ornamentimata voi lihtsatest joontest ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 12)

21 Pins without special decoration (map fig 12)

1 JoeHihtme lru (AI 4051 9491097) 2 Joellihtme Presti (AI 5490374)

Eesti merovillgi- ja70 Marika Magi

3 J6hvi Toila (AI 3952299 362) 4 Kamse Pajumaa (AM 13414) 5 Kihelkonna K6mse (AI 2643 111 112113) 6 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 14832) 7 Lliganuse Purtse (AI 50388) 8 Martna Ehmp (AM 554605 615 665 81 J 823) 9 Muhu Mala (AI K 2 1234 89) 10 Nissi Vardi (AM 368 13) 11 Otepaa linnamagihillfort (AI 4036 IV203) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 491 122 852 1024) 13 Parnu-Jaagupi M6isaklila (AI 575925) 14 Pbide maalinnhillfort (SM 1460401) 15 Pbide Viltina (AI 38843515) 16 Puha Leina (AI 2643366) 17 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817333) J8 Rouge linnam~igihillfort (AI 40402313162) 19 Saaremaa (AI K 848) 20 Viru-Jaagupi Inju (AI 2794232425) 21 Vandra khklparish (P~lM 23912) 22 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 382 37764)

22 Lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 13)

22 PillS with leaves-decoration (map fig 13)

1 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 1) 2 Keila Uksnurme (AM 68 1) 3 Juri Moigu-Peetri (AI 4877 100) 4 Kaarma khklparish (AI K 67 17 1845 AI 507 6) 5 Kaarrna Uduvere (AI 15184) 6 Kihelkonna Lumanda (AI 382233 3438 35) 7 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 531 1352 1549 1696 1886 23834153

26892690297831483163310131023115) 8 Mihkli Sol va (AI 251318) 9 Muhu Liiva (SM 931 2) 10 Marjamaa Hairnre (AI 3614 I) 11 Nissi Polli (AI 3926 I) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 49120206 584a 584b 760) 13 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884 ) 14 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045 219) 15 Saaremaa (AI K 846) 16 Valjala khklparish (SM K 5410) 17 Valjala Rahu (AI 423922 44 758) 18 Leiukoht teadmatalFindspot unknown (AI 3027)

23 Saaremaa tii

23 PillS ofSaart

1 Hanila Komsi I

2 Kaarma khk I~ 3 Kaarma Loona 4 Kaarma Uduve 5 Karja Valja (A 6 Karuse Pajuma 7 Kihelkonna Ka 8 Kihelkonna khl 9 Kihelkonna Ku 10 Kihelkonna L 11 Kihelkonna 12 Kihelkonna P 13 Kose Paunkiil 14 Kullamaa Mai 15 Karla khk Ipa 16 Karla Kogula 17 Karla Orikiila 18 Uiiine-Niguia 19 Martna Ehmja 20 Pamu Jaagupi 21 Parnu-Jaagupi 22 Parnumaa (Pal 23 Pbide K6igust 24 P6ide Randvel 25 P6ide Viltina ( 26 Piiha Ilpla (AI 27 Saaremaa (AI 28 Valjala Konnu 29 Valjala Rahu (

3 Merovingi- voi

3 Merovingian connected termin

I Karja khklparis 2 Kodavere Lahef 3 Kodavere Savas 4 Mihkli Kurese ( 5 lPoide AudIa (S~ 6 Aksi Raigastven

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja (Jmad

23 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad (kaartjoon 14)

71

~)

96 1886 2383 4153

)760)

23 Pins ofSa a rema a type (map fig 14)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510940) 2 Kaarma khk parish(AI K 67 1944) 3 Kaarma Loona (AK K 1776 LVYM 650911393) 4 Kaarma Uduvere (AI K 15185 186 187 188) 5 Kalja Valja (AI K 76 1) 6 Karu se Pajumaa (AM 134 I 5) 7 Kihelkonna Kalmu (AI 3822]57 158 194) 8 Kihelkonna khk parish (AI K 741) 9 Kihelkonna Kurevere (AI 43686998 102) 10 Kihelkonna Loona (AI 3822233a) 11 Kihelkonna Liimanda (AK 382268 136) 12 Kihelkonna Paju (L VVM 20A 128) 13 Kose Paunkiila (AM 73 1) 14 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 3160 3635 3637 5000 6085) 15 KarIa khk pari sh (AI K 79101819) 16 Karia Kogula (AI K 2951 52) 17 Karla Orikiila (AI K 4 102 103) 18 Laane-Nigula Uugla (AM 500503) 19 Martna Ehmja (AM 554824) 20 Pamu Jaagupi Pooravere (PaM 2364) 21 Pamu-J aagupi Linnamae (AM 491170) 22 Parnumaa (PaM ) 23 Poide Koiguste (AI 436 I 2) 24 Poide Randvere (AI 26972 AI 3895 257) 25 Poide Viltina (AI 3884391 2588b 2755 3128 4300) 26 Piiha IJpla (AI 3822315 382 K 1 78) 27 Saaremaa (AI K 843 57 AI K 8546107 AI 3529 SM ) 28 Valjala Konnu (AI 5151) 29 Valjala Rahu (AI 4239202 670 1114)

3 Merovingi- voi varaviikingiaegsed lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad

3 Merovingian Period or earJy Viking Age cross-headed pins with unshyconnected terminals

1 Karja khkparish (AI K 774) 2 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 198433) 3 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 1483 1) 4 Mihkli Kurese (AI 2513 17) 5 Poide AudIa (SM K 49 I) 6 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885)

72 Marika Magi

7 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (AM aj 98)

4 Kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

4 Double-cross-headed pins

41 Lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad (kaart joon 15)

41 Double-cross-headed pins with unconnecled terminals (map fig 15)

I Haljala Essu (AM 8327) 2 Harju-Jaani Kehra (AI 35849 10) 3 Iisaku J6uga (AI 510062) 4 JUllm Kaiu jarvLake Kaiu (AI 5251) 5 Karksi Kiiti (AI 1353 1) 6 Kodavere Alatskivi (AI 1893la Ib) 7 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 4976 159) 8 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 516957 5295210a 210b) 9 Kose Ardu (AI 26744) 10 Laiuse Koola (AI 40245) Ii Nissi Varbola (AI 3865 128) 12 Nao Unipiha linnamagihillfort (AI 2901 11) 13 Otepaa PaidJa (AI 19973) 14 P6ltsamaa Pajusi (AI 1871 8) 15 Pamu-Jaagupi Anelema (AI 42255) 16 Parnumaa (PaM A 2361) 17 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884153) 18 Piiha IJpla (AI K 1 77) 19 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817 307311) 20 R6ngu Piihaste (AI 3667 I) 21 Rapina Tooste (AI 41085 7) 22 Tarvastu Riuma (AI 12073a 3b) 23 Viljandi Kuude (VM 331 2 43 17A 312) 24 Viljandimaa (VM ) 25 Vim-Nigula Aseri (RM 1211A 57683 7879) 26 Vim-Nigula Kohala (RM 30791A 51 12) 27 Vim-Nigula Kunda (AI 157933 4002) 28 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 5343c)

29 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (LVVM 58923A I 798)

42 Uhendatud alumiste harudega kaksikristpeaga l10elad (kaartjoon 16)

42 Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals (map fig 16)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510103188218507)

Eest merovillgi-(I v

2 Harju-Jaani Raa 3 Kodavere Raatv( 4 Kullamaa Maid 5 Liiganllse Kalme 6 Mihkli Veltsa (A 7 Marjal1laa Konol 8 Marjamaa Moka 9 P61tsal1laa Pajusi 10 Rannu Verevi ( 11 VaUala Rahu (A 12 Viljandi Madi ( 13 Vaike-Maarja A 14 Leiukoht teadl1l1

Marika Magi Eesti merovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy viJorapiirased ja omarl 73

15)

(Ilapjig 15)

I 798)

kaartjOOIi16)

als(mapjig16)

2 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 16) 3 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 5295 121a 12Ib) 4 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 5802 18 2323) 5 Liiganuse Kalmeistri (AI 28244) 6 MihkJi Ve1tsa (AI 4944) 7 Marjamaa Konovere linnamagihillfort (AI 4571159) 8 Marjamaa Moka (AI 371021) 9 P51tsamaa Pajusi (AI 19996) 10 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817234) 11 Valjala Rahu (AI 423970) 12 Viljandi Macli (AI 25906166172174) 13 V~iike-Maalja Antu (AM 102 I) 14 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 26362)

Marika Miigi66 Eesti merovingi- ja

Kjuloholm and dated to the beginning of the II th century (Cleve 1978 105 PI 8 15) Pendants from Estonian double-cross-headed pins have been found in late Viking Age cremations in Bjurhovda Central-Sweden (Jaanusson 1971) in North Norway and Gotland (Jansson 1995 88 fig 7) Some of them were

known from barrows in Northwest Russia (ClII1UbIH 1896 PI V 6 XVII 32) No double-cross pins have been found in Latvia or Lithuania according to the literature

A pin from Koola graveyard (PI X 4) was unearthed together with pieces of chain a glassbead bronze spirals and a bracelet all badly burnt (Parss 1950) Two pins from Verevi had belonged to the same chain arrangement and were found together with a bracelet a bell piece of neck-ring and a penannular brooch pi n with narrow base (Moora 1932) Both these burials could belong to the 10th century

In a womans grave in Aseri two doub Pe-cross-headed pins of earlier character were found with bracelets with thickening ends a spiral bracelet chain pieces and bronze spirals This complex could not be later than the middle of the 10th century because of the bracelets of earlier type in it (M~igi-Lougas 1995a 280 ff Fig 30)

A double-cross-pin of later character belonged to a deposit at Piihaste which also contained some other ornaments and could be dated to the first half of the 11 th century Some pairs of pins with specifically later features have been found in inhumations Graves from Alatskivi Raatvere and Tooste could be mentioned here all dated to the first half of the ] I th century (PI XI 5) A small doubJeshycross-headed pin fixed secondarily to a bronze stem belonged to a cremation of the second half of the 11 th century in Jouga (Ligi 1993 53-54 PI XXVIII 5)

Two double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals had belonged to a womans grave in Madi together with chain fragments bronze spira ls fingershyrings pieces of neck-rings a knife a belt buckle a comb a fire-steel bits and potsherds (Sel irand 1993) In Rahu a pin of the same variant occurred together with a penannular brooch chain arrangements a finger-ring and bits (Kustin 1969) Both these complexes could be dated to the 11th century Two pins of variant 42 belonged to a female inhumation grave in Raatvere and were dated to the first half of the J I th century (PI XII)

As proved above the double-cross-headed pins were cOl1nected with ringshyheaded pins with cross-shaped extension only through common predecessors ie cross-headed pins Looking at the shape of double-cross-headed pins one can ask if they could be connected with the Orthodox cross and perhaps with the conversion of Russia at the end of the 10th century The idea could be supported by the distribution of these pins the double-cross-headed pins with unconnected terminals were the only variant of dress fastening pins that were concentrated in the eastern half of Estonia

As the double-cross-headed pins appeared in Estonia before the end of the JOth century they cannot be directly connected with the Christianization of

Russia but influe not be discounteo definite evidence (

Selirand has ( centuries (1974 I terminals As pm appeared by the m morphologically t( were in use up to variant 43

Some findings used Parallels in could differ among

As most of the these ornaments WI men in Finland (I Latvia and Lithuan suggested that Esto Estonian ring-head southern neighbour Finland wore the sa

Hackman has re in Finland were all these pins were fa numbers were in s (KM 8067 A3 4 S of archaeology in N variant in Estonia h pin that could belo Keila was found tc woman (PI IV)

In conclusion on and the big luxuriol and 12c were used by women It is po during the 9th centUl

The triangular-he and were sometime~

arrangement Only 0

plaques and had prot

67 Marika Miigi Eesti mcrovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

(Cleve 1978 105 PI have been found in late (Jaanusson 1971) in

Some of them were

6 PI V 6 XVII 32) uania according to the

together with pieces of lIy burnt (Piirss 1950) arrangement and were ing and a penannuJar mrials could belong to

lins of earlier character bracelet chain pieces

the middle of the 10th -L6ugas I995a 280 ff

posit at Ptihaste which to the first half of the ~tures have been found te could be mentioned 1 5) A small doubleshynged to a cremation of -54 PI XXYIlI 5) erminals had belonged bronze spirals fingershy

0 a fire-steel bits and ~ [wnt occurred toget h er -ring and bits (KUstin century Two pins of

vere and were dated to

connected with riDgshyImon predecessors ie -headed pins one can and perhaps with the

lea could be supported pins with unconnected it were concentrated in

before the end of the he Christianization of

Russia but influences from Christian cOllntriesin the East (Byzantium) could not be discounted In any case the double-cross-headed pins do not provide definite evidence of the Christianity of their owners

Selirand has dated double-crass-headed pins to the 11th up to the 12th centuries (1974 146) which is correct for the variant with completely connected terminals As proved above the pins with unconnected terminals had already appeared by the middle of the 10th century The earlier pins of variant 4 2 belong morphologically to the end of the 10th century at the latest Both these variants were in use lip to the m iddle of the 11th century when they were replaced by variant 43

Use of dress fastening pins

Some findings in Estonia let us determine how and by Wh0111 the pins were used Parallels in the neighbouring countries cannot be used here directly and could differ among neighbours

As most of the ring-headed pins were single finds it is most plausible that these ornaments were worn singly Luxurious ring-headed pins had belonged to men in Finland (Lehtosalo-Hiander 1982 109) but the small specimens in Latvia and Lithuania were worn by women and always in pairs Vello Lougas suggested that Estnnian ring-headed pins were also used by women 0 973 126) Estonian ring-headed pins however definitely differ from the small ones of our southern neighbours It seems to be hardly believable that wealthy horsemen in Finland wore the same pins as women in Estonia

Hackman has reported that the ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extension in Finland were alI single finds (1938 114) However in two or even three cases these pins were found obviously in pairs in Uskcla Lukkarinmaki ie their numbers were in sequence and they had almost or completely the same shape (KM 8067 A3 4 57 perhaps also 29 30 data fram archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki) A Kunilcpa pin of the same subshyvariant in Estonia has been found together with a head-ring fragment of a similar pin that could belong to the same sub-variant The pin of sub-variant 12a in Keila was found together with female ornaments and had thus belonged to a woman (PI IV)

In conclusion one can suppose that the ring-headed pins of the earlier variant and the big luxurious pins were worn by men in Estonia Pins of variants 12a and 12c were used by both sexes or especially in the case of variant 12c only by women It is possible that the ring-headed pins became female ornaments during the 9th century

The triangular-headed pins of variant 21 occuned in several cases in pairs and were sometimes fitted with a long chain ie they had belonged to a chain arrangement Only one pin from Pajumaa (PI III4) was fitted with rectangular plaques and had probably been worn on its own

Marika Mdgi68 Eesti merovingi- ja

As ring-headed pins and triangular-headed pins had been in use contemporarily and in the same area it can be supposed that the former were worn by men and the latter by women It is possible that men stopped using pins some time in the 9th century and started to fasten their coats only with penannular brooches Since the 10th century at the latest one can talk about pins as specifically female ornaments in Estonia

Two triangular-headed pins connected with a single chain have been found in Liiva In some cases these pins were unearthed in pairs or single specimens often stray finds were fitted with a long chain Chain holders have been found together with these pins only twice However triangular-headed pins with leaf decoration were sometimes worn probably also singly as in the grave of Hairnre (PI VII)

Triangular-headed pins of Saaremaa type were found in pairs in several cases These pins occurred typically with half-oval chain holders and other pieces of chain arrangement which proves that the chain arrangements with these pins consisted of several rows of chains

Moreover the double-cross-headed pins occur usually in pairs and together with other pieces of a chain arrangement The pins of earlier character were connected only with a single chain (Aseri Verevi Riuma PI XI 4) but the later ones fastened chain arrangements with several rows of chains which were fixed to the pins with openwork chain holders (PI XI 5 XII)

Distribution

Estonia could be divided into two parts according to the local ornaments of the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The same division is valid also in the case of the decorative pins The tradition of fastening the dress with pins was strong in the western part of the Estonian mainland and on the islands but was almost absent in the eastern part during the whole Merovingian Period and the firs t half of the Viking Age The first local pin types - the double-cross-headed pins - occurred there only in the 10th century Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals and with completely connected terminals were spread already allover Estonia providing evidence of the standardisation of ornamental culture

English version checked by Gordon Snow Oxford

1 Rongaspeaga e

1 Ring-headed p

I Juuru Kunilepa 2 J6eJahtme Prest 3 Jiiri Kuma (AM 4 Juri Lagedi (Ar-shy5 JUri Lehmja-Lolt 6 Kaarma Aste (S 7 Karuse Pajumaa 8 Keila (AM 234 9 Kihelkonna Oda to Kihelkonna Paj II Kihclkonna Vii 12 Koeru Preedi (1 13 Kul lamua Vaik 14 KUllsalu (AI 28 15 Karla Kaarmise 16 Ktirla Paevere 17 Karia Paikiila ( 18 Liiganuse PUssi 19 Palamuse Nava 20 Peetri Painurme 21 Parnu-Jaagupi F 22 Pbide Asva (Al 23 Pbidc Tomimae 24 Ridala Ahli (H~ 25 R6ngu Kivivare 26 Viru- Nigllia Pal 27 Viru-Nigllla KUl

2 Kolmnurkpeaga

2 Triangular-head

21 Ornamentimatpoundl

21 Pins without spe

I 16eIahtme lru (AI 2 J6elahtme Presti (

Marika Magi

s had been in use d that the former were men stopped using pins their coats only with one can talk about pins

Jain have been found in s or single specimens )Iders have been found --headed pins with leaf in the grave of Haimre

n pairs in several cases ~rs and other pieces of ments with these pins

v in pairs and together earlier character were PI XI 4) but the later ains which were fixed

the local ornaments of ivision is valid also in he dress with pins was n the islands but was ingian Period and the e double-cross-headed ross-headcd pins with terminah were spread

disation of ornamental

Gordol Snow Oxford

69Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoeiad - vooraparased ja omad

Lisa Appendix

1 Rongaspeaga ehtenoelad Eestis (kaart joon 11)

1 Ring-headed pins in Estonia (map fig 11)

I Juuru Kunilepa (AI 2483 16 17) 2 Joelahtme Presti (AI 5490386 7) 3 Juri Kuma (AM 31 5 AM 2968 69 71) 4 Juri Lagedi (AM 2768) 5 Juri Lehmja-Loo (AI 444499184211 247278283) 6 Kaarma Aste (SM 7675 12) 7 Karuse Pajumaa (AM 134 18 19) 8 Keila (AM 2343) 9 Kihelkonna Odalatsi (AI 3822303) 10 Kihelkonna Paju (AI K 68) 11 Kihelkonna Viki (AI 251373) 12 Koeru Preedi (AI 4426616) 13 Kullamaa Vaike-Kalju (AI 3445) 14 Kuusalu (AI 2827) 15 Karla Kaarmise (AI 3501) 16 Karia Paevere (AI 2657 1) 17 Karia Paikula (AI 25024) 18 Luganuse Piissi (AM 99) 19 Palamuse Nava (AI 39681167) 20 Peetri PaillurmC (AM 11710) 21 Parnu-Jaagupi Parasmaa (AM 493 12) 22 Pbide Asva (AI 4366 1004) 23 Pbide Tomimae (AI 4338 1117) 24 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045220) 25 Rongu Kivivare (AI 47267) 26 Viru- Nigula Pada (AI 536641) 27 Viru-Nigula Kunda (AM 88 113 114)

2 Kolmnurkpeaga noelad Eestis

2 Triangular-headed pins in Estonia

21 Ornamentimata voi lihtsatest joontest ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 12)

21 Pins without special decoration (map fig 12)

1 JoeHihtme lru (AI 4051 9491097) 2 Joellihtme Presti (AI 5490374)

Eesti merovillgi- ja70 Marika Magi

3 J6hvi Toila (AI 3952299 362) 4 Kamse Pajumaa (AM 13414) 5 Kihelkonna K6mse (AI 2643 111 112113) 6 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 14832) 7 Lliganuse Purtse (AI 50388) 8 Martna Ehmp (AM 554605 615 665 81 J 823) 9 Muhu Mala (AI K 2 1234 89) 10 Nissi Vardi (AM 368 13) 11 Otepaa linnamagihillfort (AI 4036 IV203) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 491 122 852 1024) 13 Parnu-Jaagupi M6isaklila (AI 575925) 14 Pbide maalinnhillfort (SM 1460401) 15 Pbide Viltina (AI 38843515) 16 Puha Leina (AI 2643366) 17 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817333) J8 Rouge linnam~igihillfort (AI 40402313162) 19 Saaremaa (AI K 848) 20 Viru-Jaagupi Inju (AI 2794232425) 21 Vandra khklparish (P~lM 23912) 22 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 382 37764)

22 Lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 13)

22 PillS with leaves-decoration (map fig 13)

1 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 1) 2 Keila Uksnurme (AM 68 1) 3 Juri Moigu-Peetri (AI 4877 100) 4 Kaarma khklparish (AI K 67 17 1845 AI 507 6) 5 Kaarrna Uduvere (AI 15184) 6 Kihelkonna Lumanda (AI 382233 3438 35) 7 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 531 1352 1549 1696 1886 23834153

26892690297831483163310131023115) 8 Mihkli Sol va (AI 251318) 9 Muhu Liiva (SM 931 2) 10 Marjamaa Hairnre (AI 3614 I) 11 Nissi Polli (AI 3926 I) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 49120206 584a 584b 760) 13 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884 ) 14 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045 219) 15 Saaremaa (AI K 846) 16 Valjala khklparish (SM K 5410) 17 Valjala Rahu (AI 423922 44 758) 18 Leiukoht teadmatalFindspot unknown (AI 3027)

23 Saaremaa tii

23 PillS ofSaart

1 Hanila Komsi I

2 Kaarma khk I~ 3 Kaarma Loona 4 Kaarma Uduve 5 Karja Valja (A 6 Karuse Pajuma 7 Kihelkonna Ka 8 Kihelkonna khl 9 Kihelkonna Ku 10 Kihelkonna L 11 Kihelkonna 12 Kihelkonna P 13 Kose Paunkiil 14 Kullamaa Mai 15 Karla khk Ipa 16 Karla Kogula 17 Karla Orikiila 18 Uiiine-Niguia 19 Martna Ehmja 20 Pamu Jaagupi 21 Parnu-Jaagupi 22 Parnumaa (Pal 23 Pbide K6igust 24 P6ide Randvel 25 P6ide Viltina ( 26 Piiha Ilpla (AI 27 Saaremaa (AI 28 Valjala Konnu 29 Valjala Rahu (

3 Merovingi- voi

3 Merovingian connected termin

I Karja khklparis 2 Kodavere Lahef 3 Kodavere Savas 4 Mihkli Kurese ( 5 lPoide AudIa (S~ 6 Aksi Raigastven

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja (Jmad

23 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad (kaartjoon 14)

71

~)

96 1886 2383 4153

)760)

23 Pins ofSa a rema a type (map fig 14)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510940) 2 Kaarma khk parish(AI K 67 1944) 3 Kaarma Loona (AK K 1776 LVYM 650911393) 4 Kaarma Uduvere (AI K 15185 186 187 188) 5 Kalja Valja (AI K 76 1) 6 Karu se Pajumaa (AM 134 I 5) 7 Kihelkonna Kalmu (AI 3822]57 158 194) 8 Kihelkonna khk parish (AI K 741) 9 Kihelkonna Kurevere (AI 43686998 102) 10 Kihelkonna Loona (AI 3822233a) 11 Kihelkonna Liimanda (AK 382268 136) 12 Kihelkonna Paju (L VVM 20A 128) 13 Kose Paunkiila (AM 73 1) 14 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 3160 3635 3637 5000 6085) 15 KarIa khk pari sh (AI K 79101819) 16 Karia Kogula (AI K 2951 52) 17 Karla Orikiila (AI K 4 102 103) 18 Laane-Nigula Uugla (AM 500503) 19 Martna Ehmja (AM 554824) 20 Pamu Jaagupi Pooravere (PaM 2364) 21 Pamu-J aagupi Linnamae (AM 491170) 22 Parnumaa (PaM ) 23 Poide Koiguste (AI 436 I 2) 24 Poide Randvere (AI 26972 AI 3895 257) 25 Poide Viltina (AI 3884391 2588b 2755 3128 4300) 26 Piiha IJpla (AI 3822315 382 K 1 78) 27 Saaremaa (AI K 843 57 AI K 8546107 AI 3529 SM ) 28 Valjala Konnu (AI 5151) 29 Valjala Rahu (AI 4239202 670 1114)

3 Merovingi- voi varaviikingiaegsed lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad

3 Merovingian Period or earJy Viking Age cross-headed pins with unshyconnected terminals

1 Karja khkparish (AI K 774) 2 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 198433) 3 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 1483 1) 4 Mihkli Kurese (AI 2513 17) 5 Poide AudIa (SM K 49 I) 6 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885)

72 Marika Magi

7 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (AM aj 98)

4 Kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

4 Double-cross-headed pins

41 Lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad (kaart joon 15)

41 Double-cross-headed pins with unconnecled terminals (map fig 15)

I Haljala Essu (AM 8327) 2 Harju-Jaani Kehra (AI 35849 10) 3 Iisaku J6uga (AI 510062) 4 JUllm Kaiu jarvLake Kaiu (AI 5251) 5 Karksi Kiiti (AI 1353 1) 6 Kodavere Alatskivi (AI 1893la Ib) 7 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 4976 159) 8 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 516957 5295210a 210b) 9 Kose Ardu (AI 26744) 10 Laiuse Koola (AI 40245) Ii Nissi Varbola (AI 3865 128) 12 Nao Unipiha linnamagihillfort (AI 2901 11) 13 Otepaa PaidJa (AI 19973) 14 P6ltsamaa Pajusi (AI 1871 8) 15 Pamu-Jaagupi Anelema (AI 42255) 16 Parnumaa (PaM A 2361) 17 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884153) 18 Piiha IJpla (AI K 1 77) 19 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817 307311) 20 R6ngu Piihaste (AI 3667 I) 21 Rapina Tooste (AI 41085 7) 22 Tarvastu Riuma (AI 12073a 3b) 23 Viljandi Kuude (VM 331 2 43 17A 312) 24 Viljandimaa (VM ) 25 Vim-Nigula Aseri (RM 1211A 57683 7879) 26 Vim-Nigula Kohala (RM 30791A 51 12) 27 Vim-Nigula Kunda (AI 157933 4002) 28 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 5343c)

29 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (LVVM 58923A I 798)

42 Uhendatud alumiste harudega kaksikristpeaga l10elad (kaartjoon 16)

42 Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals (map fig 16)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510103188218507)

Eest merovillgi-(I v

2 Harju-Jaani Raa 3 Kodavere Raatv( 4 Kullamaa Maid 5 Liiganllse Kalme 6 Mihkli Veltsa (A 7 Marjal1laa Konol 8 Marjamaa Moka 9 P61tsal1laa Pajusi 10 Rannu Verevi ( 11 VaUala Rahu (A 12 Viljandi Madi ( 13 Vaike-Maarja A 14 Leiukoht teadl1l1

Marika Magi Eesti merovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy viJorapiirased ja omarl 73

15)

(Ilapjig 15)

I 798)

kaartjOOIi16)

als(mapjig16)

2 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 16) 3 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 5295 121a 12Ib) 4 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 5802 18 2323) 5 Liiganuse Kalmeistri (AI 28244) 6 MihkJi Ve1tsa (AI 4944) 7 Marjamaa Konovere linnamagihillfort (AI 4571159) 8 Marjamaa Moka (AI 371021) 9 P51tsamaa Pajusi (AI 19996) 10 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817234) 11 Valjala Rahu (AI 423970) 12 Viljandi Macli (AI 25906166172174) 13 V~iike-Maalja Antu (AM 102 I) 14 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 26362)

67 Marika Miigi Eesti mcrovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnani5elad - vi5i5raparased ja omad

(Cleve 1978 105 PI have been found in late (Jaanusson 1971) in

Some of them were

6 PI V 6 XVII 32) uania according to the

together with pieces of lIy burnt (Piirss 1950) arrangement and were ing and a penannuJar mrials could belong to

lins of earlier character bracelet chain pieces

the middle of the 10th -L6ugas I995a 280 ff

posit at Ptihaste which to the first half of the ~tures have been found te could be mentioned 1 5) A small doubleshynged to a cremation of -54 PI XXYIlI 5) erminals had belonged bronze spirals fingershy

0 a fire-steel bits and ~ [wnt occurred toget h er -ring and bits (KUstin century Two pins of

vere and were dated to

connected with riDgshyImon predecessors ie -headed pins one can and perhaps with the

lea could be supported pins with unconnected it were concentrated in

before the end of the he Christianization of

Russia but influences from Christian cOllntriesin the East (Byzantium) could not be discounted In any case the double-cross-headed pins do not provide definite evidence of the Christianity of their owners

Selirand has dated double-crass-headed pins to the 11th up to the 12th centuries (1974 146) which is correct for the variant with completely connected terminals As proved above the pins with unconnected terminals had already appeared by the middle of the 10th century The earlier pins of variant 4 2 belong morphologically to the end of the 10th century at the latest Both these variants were in use lip to the m iddle of the 11th century when they were replaced by variant 43

Use of dress fastening pins

Some findings in Estonia let us determine how and by Wh0111 the pins were used Parallels in the neighbouring countries cannot be used here directly and could differ among neighbours

As most of the ring-headed pins were single finds it is most plausible that these ornaments were worn singly Luxurious ring-headed pins had belonged to men in Finland (Lehtosalo-Hiander 1982 109) but the small specimens in Latvia and Lithuania were worn by women and always in pairs Vello Lougas suggested that Estnnian ring-headed pins were also used by women 0 973 126) Estonian ring-headed pins however definitely differ from the small ones of our southern neighbours It seems to be hardly believable that wealthy horsemen in Finland wore the same pins as women in Estonia

Hackman has reported that the ring-headed pins with cross-shaped extension in Finland were alI single finds (1938 114) However in two or even three cases these pins were found obviously in pairs in Uskcla Lukkarinmaki ie their numbers were in sequence and they had almost or completely the same shape (KM 8067 A3 4 57 perhaps also 29 30 data fram archives of the department of archaeology in National Museum Helsinki) A Kunilcpa pin of the same subshyvariant in Estonia has been found together with a head-ring fragment of a similar pin that could belong to the same sub-variant The pin of sub-variant 12a in Keila was found together with female ornaments and had thus belonged to a woman (PI IV)

In conclusion one can suppose that the ring-headed pins of the earlier variant and the big luxurious pins were worn by men in Estonia Pins of variants 12a and 12c were used by both sexes or especially in the case of variant 12c only by women It is possible that the ring-headed pins became female ornaments during the 9th century

The triangular-headed pins of variant 21 occuned in several cases in pairs and were sometimes fitted with a long chain ie they had belonged to a chain arrangement Only one pin from Pajumaa (PI III4) was fitted with rectangular plaques and had probably been worn on its own

Marika Mdgi68 Eesti merovingi- ja

As ring-headed pins and triangular-headed pins had been in use contemporarily and in the same area it can be supposed that the former were worn by men and the latter by women It is possible that men stopped using pins some time in the 9th century and started to fasten their coats only with penannular brooches Since the 10th century at the latest one can talk about pins as specifically female ornaments in Estonia

Two triangular-headed pins connected with a single chain have been found in Liiva In some cases these pins were unearthed in pairs or single specimens often stray finds were fitted with a long chain Chain holders have been found together with these pins only twice However triangular-headed pins with leaf decoration were sometimes worn probably also singly as in the grave of Hairnre (PI VII)

Triangular-headed pins of Saaremaa type were found in pairs in several cases These pins occurred typically with half-oval chain holders and other pieces of chain arrangement which proves that the chain arrangements with these pins consisted of several rows of chains

Moreover the double-cross-headed pins occur usually in pairs and together with other pieces of a chain arrangement The pins of earlier character were connected only with a single chain (Aseri Verevi Riuma PI XI 4) but the later ones fastened chain arrangements with several rows of chains which were fixed to the pins with openwork chain holders (PI XI 5 XII)

Distribution

Estonia could be divided into two parts according to the local ornaments of the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The same division is valid also in the case of the decorative pins The tradition of fastening the dress with pins was strong in the western part of the Estonian mainland and on the islands but was almost absent in the eastern part during the whole Merovingian Period and the firs t half of the Viking Age The first local pin types - the double-cross-headed pins - occurred there only in the 10th century Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals and with completely connected terminals were spread already allover Estonia providing evidence of the standardisation of ornamental culture

English version checked by Gordon Snow Oxford

1 Rongaspeaga e

1 Ring-headed p

I Juuru Kunilepa 2 J6eJahtme Prest 3 Jiiri Kuma (AM 4 Juri Lagedi (Ar-shy5 JUri Lehmja-Lolt 6 Kaarma Aste (S 7 Karuse Pajumaa 8 Keila (AM 234 9 Kihelkonna Oda to Kihelkonna Paj II Kihclkonna Vii 12 Koeru Preedi (1 13 Kul lamua Vaik 14 KUllsalu (AI 28 15 Karla Kaarmise 16 Ktirla Paevere 17 Karia Paikiila ( 18 Liiganuse PUssi 19 Palamuse Nava 20 Peetri Painurme 21 Parnu-Jaagupi F 22 Pbide Asva (Al 23 Pbidc Tomimae 24 Ridala Ahli (H~ 25 R6ngu Kivivare 26 Viru- Nigllia Pal 27 Viru-Nigllla KUl

2 Kolmnurkpeaga

2 Triangular-head

21 Ornamentimatpoundl

21 Pins without spe

I 16eIahtme lru (AI 2 J6elahtme Presti (

Marika Magi

s had been in use d that the former were men stopped using pins their coats only with one can talk about pins

Jain have been found in s or single specimens )Iders have been found --headed pins with leaf in the grave of Haimre

n pairs in several cases ~rs and other pieces of ments with these pins

v in pairs and together earlier character were PI XI 4) but the later ains which were fixed

the local ornaments of ivision is valid also in he dress with pins was n the islands but was ingian Period and the e double-cross-headed ross-headcd pins with terminah were spread

disation of ornamental

Gordol Snow Oxford

69Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoeiad - vooraparased ja omad

Lisa Appendix

1 Rongaspeaga ehtenoelad Eestis (kaart joon 11)

1 Ring-headed pins in Estonia (map fig 11)

I Juuru Kunilepa (AI 2483 16 17) 2 Joelahtme Presti (AI 5490386 7) 3 Juri Kuma (AM 31 5 AM 2968 69 71) 4 Juri Lagedi (AM 2768) 5 Juri Lehmja-Loo (AI 444499184211 247278283) 6 Kaarma Aste (SM 7675 12) 7 Karuse Pajumaa (AM 134 18 19) 8 Keila (AM 2343) 9 Kihelkonna Odalatsi (AI 3822303) 10 Kihelkonna Paju (AI K 68) 11 Kihelkonna Viki (AI 251373) 12 Koeru Preedi (AI 4426616) 13 Kullamaa Vaike-Kalju (AI 3445) 14 Kuusalu (AI 2827) 15 Karla Kaarmise (AI 3501) 16 Karia Paevere (AI 2657 1) 17 Karia Paikula (AI 25024) 18 Luganuse Piissi (AM 99) 19 Palamuse Nava (AI 39681167) 20 Peetri PaillurmC (AM 11710) 21 Parnu-Jaagupi Parasmaa (AM 493 12) 22 Pbide Asva (AI 4366 1004) 23 Pbide Tomimae (AI 4338 1117) 24 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045220) 25 Rongu Kivivare (AI 47267) 26 Viru- Nigula Pada (AI 536641) 27 Viru-Nigula Kunda (AM 88 113 114)

2 Kolmnurkpeaga noelad Eestis

2 Triangular-headed pins in Estonia

21 Ornamentimata voi lihtsatest joontest ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 12)

21 Pins without special decoration (map fig 12)

1 JoeHihtme lru (AI 4051 9491097) 2 Joellihtme Presti (AI 5490374)

Eesti merovillgi- ja70 Marika Magi

3 J6hvi Toila (AI 3952299 362) 4 Kamse Pajumaa (AM 13414) 5 Kihelkonna K6mse (AI 2643 111 112113) 6 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 14832) 7 Lliganuse Purtse (AI 50388) 8 Martna Ehmp (AM 554605 615 665 81 J 823) 9 Muhu Mala (AI K 2 1234 89) 10 Nissi Vardi (AM 368 13) 11 Otepaa linnamagihillfort (AI 4036 IV203) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 491 122 852 1024) 13 Parnu-Jaagupi M6isaklila (AI 575925) 14 Pbide maalinnhillfort (SM 1460401) 15 Pbide Viltina (AI 38843515) 16 Puha Leina (AI 2643366) 17 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817333) J8 Rouge linnam~igihillfort (AI 40402313162) 19 Saaremaa (AI K 848) 20 Viru-Jaagupi Inju (AI 2794232425) 21 Vandra khklparish (P~lM 23912) 22 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 382 37764)

22 Lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 13)

22 PillS with leaves-decoration (map fig 13)

1 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 1) 2 Keila Uksnurme (AM 68 1) 3 Juri Moigu-Peetri (AI 4877 100) 4 Kaarma khklparish (AI K 67 17 1845 AI 507 6) 5 Kaarrna Uduvere (AI 15184) 6 Kihelkonna Lumanda (AI 382233 3438 35) 7 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 531 1352 1549 1696 1886 23834153

26892690297831483163310131023115) 8 Mihkli Sol va (AI 251318) 9 Muhu Liiva (SM 931 2) 10 Marjamaa Hairnre (AI 3614 I) 11 Nissi Polli (AI 3926 I) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 49120206 584a 584b 760) 13 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884 ) 14 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045 219) 15 Saaremaa (AI K 846) 16 Valjala khklparish (SM K 5410) 17 Valjala Rahu (AI 423922 44 758) 18 Leiukoht teadmatalFindspot unknown (AI 3027)

23 Saaremaa tii

23 PillS ofSaart

1 Hanila Komsi I

2 Kaarma khk I~ 3 Kaarma Loona 4 Kaarma Uduve 5 Karja Valja (A 6 Karuse Pajuma 7 Kihelkonna Ka 8 Kihelkonna khl 9 Kihelkonna Ku 10 Kihelkonna L 11 Kihelkonna 12 Kihelkonna P 13 Kose Paunkiil 14 Kullamaa Mai 15 Karla khk Ipa 16 Karla Kogula 17 Karla Orikiila 18 Uiiine-Niguia 19 Martna Ehmja 20 Pamu Jaagupi 21 Parnu-Jaagupi 22 Parnumaa (Pal 23 Pbide K6igust 24 P6ide Randvel 25 P6ide Viltina ( 26 Piiha Ilpla (AI 27 Saaremaa (AI 28 Valjala Konnu 29 Valjala Rahu (

3 Merovingi- voi

3 Merovingian connected termin

I Karja khklparis 2 Kodavere Lahef 3 Kodavere Savas 4 Mihkli Kurese ( 5 lPoide AudIa (S~ 6 Aksi Raigastven

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja (Jmad

23 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad (kaartjoon 14)

71

~)

96 1886 2383 4153

)760)

23 Pins ofSa a rema a type (map fig 14)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510940) 2 Kaarma khk parish(AI K 67 1944) 3 Kaarma Loona (AK K 1776 LVYM 650911393) 4 Kaarma Uduvere (AI K 15185 186 187 188) 5 Kalja Valja (AI K 76 1) 6 Karu se Pajumaa (AM 134 I 5) 7 Kihelkonna Kalmu (AI 3822]57 158 194) 8 Kihelkonna khk parish (AI K 741) 9 Kihelkonna Kurevere (AI 43686998 102) 10 Kihelkonna Loona (AI 3822233a) 11 Kihelkonna Liimanda (AK 382268 136) 12 Kihelkonna Paju (L VVM 20A 128) 13 Kose Paunkiila (AM 73 1) 14 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 3160 3635 3637 5000 6085) 15 KarIa khk pari sh (AI K 79101819) 16 Karia Kogula (AI K 2951 52) 17 Karla Orikiila (AI K 4 102 103) 18 Laane-Nigula Uugla (AM 500503) 19 Martna Ehmja (AM 554824) 20 Pamu Jaagupi Pooravere (PaM 2364) 21 Pamu-J aagupi Linnamae (AM 491170) 22 Parnumaa (PaM ) 23 Poide Koiguste (AI 436 I 2) 24 Poide Randvere (AI 26972 AI 3895 257) 25 Poide Viltina (AI 3884391 2588b 2755 3128 4300) 26 Piiha IJpla (AI 3822315 382 K 1 78) 27 Saaremaa (AI K 843 57 AI K 8546107 AI 3529 SM ) 28 Valjala Konnu (AI 5151) 29 Valjala Rahu (AI 4239202 670 1114)

3 Merovingi- voi varaviikingiaegsed lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad

3 Merovingian Period or earJy Viking Age cross-headed pins with unshyconnected terminals

1 Karja khkparish (AI K 774) 2 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 198433) 3 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 1483 1) 4 Mihkli Kurese (AI 2513 17) 5 Poide AudIa (SM K 49 I) 6 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885)

72 Marika Magi

7 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (AM aj 98)

4 Kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

4 Double-cross-headed pins

41 Lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad (kaart joon 15)

41 Double-cross-headed pins with unconnecled terminals (map fig 15)

I Haljala Essu (AM 8327) 2 Harju-Jaani Kehra (AI 35849 10) 3 Iisaku J6uga (AI 510062) 4 JUllm Kaiu jarvLake Kaiu (AI 5251) 5 Karksi Kiiti (AI 1353 1) 6 Kodavere Alatskivi (AI 1893la Ib) 7 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 4976 159) 8 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 516957 5295210a 210b) 9 Kose Ardu (AI 26744) 10 Laiuse Koola (AI 40245) Ii Nissi Varbola (AI 3865 128) 12 Nao Unipiha linnamagihillfort (AI 2901 11) 13 Otepaa PaidJa (AI 19973) 14 P6ltsamaa Pajusi (AI 1871 8) 15 Pamu-Jaagupi Anelema (AI 42255) 16 Parnumaa (PaM A 2361) 17 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884153) 18 Piiha IJpla (AI K 1 77) 19 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817 307311) 20 R6ngu Piihaste (AI 3667 I) 21 Rapina Tooste (AI 41085 7) 22 Tarvastu Riuma (AI 12073a 3b) 23 Viljandi Kuude (VM 331 2 43 17A 312) 24 Viljandimaa (VM ) 25 Vim-Nigula Aseri (RM 1211A 57683 7879) 26 Vim-Nigula Kohala (RM 30791A 51 12) 27 Vim-Nigula Kunda (AI 157933 4002) 28 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 5343c)

29 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (LVVM 58923A I 798)

42 Uhendatud alumiste harudega kaksikristpeaga l10elad (kaartjoon 16)

42 Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals (map fig 16)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510103188218507)

Eest merovillgi-(I v

2 Harju-Jaani Raa 3 Kodavere Raatv( 4 Kullamaa Maid 5 Liiganllse Kalme 6 Mihkli Veltsa (A 7 Marjal1laa Konol 8 Marjamaa Moka 9 P61tsal1laa Pajusi 10 Rannu Verevi ( 11 VaUala Rahu (A 12 Viljandi Madi ( 13 Vaike-Maarja A 14 Leiukoht teadl1l1

Marika Magi Eesti merovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy viJorapiirased ja omarl 73

15)

(Ilapjig 15)

I 798)

kaartjOOIi16)

als(mapjig16)

2 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 16) 3 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 5295 121a 12Ib) 4 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 5802 18 2323) 5 Liiganuse Kalmeistri (AI 28244) 6 MihkJi Ve1tsa (AI 4944) 7 Marjamaa Konovere linnamagihillfort (AI 4571159) 8 Marjamaa Moka (AI 371021) 9 P51tsamaa Pajusi (AI 19996) 10 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817234) 11 Valjala Rahu (AI 423970) 12 Viljandi Macli (AI 25906166172174) 13 V~iike-Maalja Antu (AM 102 I) 14 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 26362)

Marika Mdgi68 Eesti merovingi- ja

As ring-headed pins and triangular-headed pins had been in use contemporarily and in the same area it can be supposed that the former were worn by men and the latter by women It is possible that men stopped using pins some time in the 9th century and started to fasten their coats only with penannular brooches Since the 10th century at the latest one can talk about pins as specifically female ornaments in Estonia

Two triangular-headed pins connected with a single chain have been found in Liiva In some cases these pins were unearthed in pairs or single specimens often stray finds were fitted with a long chain Chain holders have been found together with these pins only twice However triangular-headed pins with leaf decoration were sometimes worn probably also singly as in the grave of Hairnre (PI VII)

Triangular-headed pins of Saaremaa type were found in pairs in several cases These pins occurred typically with half-oval chain holders and other pieces of chain arrangement which proves that the chain arrangements with these pins consisted of several rows of chains

Moreover the double-cross-headed pins occur usually in pairs and together with other pieces of a chain arrangement The pins of earlier character were connected only with a single chain (Aseri Verevi Riuma PI XI 4) but the later ones fastened chain arrangements with several rows of chains which were fixed to the pins with openwork chain holders (PI XI 5 XII)

Distribution

Estonia could be divided into two parts according to the local ornaments of the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age The same division is valid also in the case of the decorative pins The tradition of fastening the dress with pins was strong in the western part of the Estonian mainland and on the islands but was almost absent in the eastern part during the whole Merovingian Period and the firs t half of the Viking Age The first local pin types - the double-cross-headed pins - occurred there only in the 10th century Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals and with completely connected terminals were spread already allover Estonia providing evidence of the standardisation of ornamental culture

English version checked by Gordon Snow Oxford

1 Rongaspeaga e

1 Ring-headed p

I Juuru Kunilepa 2 J6eJahtme Prest 3 Jiiri Kuma (AM 4 Juri Lagedi (Ar-shy5 JUri Lehmja-Lolt 6 Kaarma Aste (S 7 Karuse Pajumaa 8 Keila (AM 234 9 Kihelkonna Oda to Kihelkonna Paj II Kihclkonna Vii 12 Koeru Preedi (1 13 Kul lamua Vaik 14 KUllsalu (AI 28 15 Karla Kaarmise 16 Ktirla Paevere 17 Karia Paikiila ( 18 Liiganuse PUssi 19 Palamuse Nava 20 Peetri Painurme 21 Parnu-Jaagupi F 22 Pbide Asva (Al 23 Pbidc Tomimae 24 Ridala Ahli (H~ 25 R6ngu Kivivare 26 Viru- Nigllia Pal 27 Viru-Nigllla KUl

2 Kolmnurkpeaga

2 Triangular-head

21 Ornamentimatpoundl

21 Pins without spe

I 16eIahtme lru (AI 2 J6elahtme Presti (

Marika Magi

s had been in use d that the former were men stopped using pins their coats only with one can talk about pins

Jain have been found in s or single specimens )Iders have been found --headed pins with leaf in the grave of Haimre

n pairs in several cases ~rs and other pieces of ments with these pins

v in pairs and together earlier character were PI XI 4) but the later ains which were fixed

the local ornaments of ivision is valid also in he dress with pins was n the islands but was ingian Period and the e double-cross-headed ross-headcd pins with terminah were spread

disation of ornamental

Gordol Snow Oxford

69Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoeiad - vooraparased ja omad

Lisa Appendix

1 Rongaspeaga ehtenoelad Eestis (kaart joon 11)

1 Ring-headed pins in Estonia (map fig 11)

I Juuru Kunilepa (AI 2483 16 17) 2 Joelahtme Presti (AI 5490386 7) 3 Juri Kuma (AM 31 5 AM 2968 69 71) 4 Juri Lagedi (AM 2768) 5 Juri Lehmja-Loo (AI 444499184211 247278283) 6 Kaarma Aste (SM 7675 12) 7 Karuse Pajumaa (AM 134 18 19) 8 Keila (AM 2343) 9 Kihelkonna Odalatsi (AI 3822303) 10 Kihelkonna Paju (AI K 68) 11 Kihelkonna Viki (AI 251373) 12 Koeru Preedi (AI 4426616) 13 Kullamaa Vaike-Kalju (AI 3445) 14 Kuusalu (AI 2827) 15 Karla Kaarmise (AI 3501) 16 Karia Paevere (AI 2657 1) 17 Karia Paikula (AI 25024) 18 Luganuse Piissi (AM 99) 19 Palamuse Nava (AI 39681167) 20 Peetri PaillurmC (AM 11710) 21 Parnu-Jaagupi Parasmaa (AM 493 12) 22 Pbide Asva (AI 4366 1004) 23 Pbide Tomimae (AI 4338 1117) 24 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045220) 25 Rongu Kivivare (AI 47267) 26 Viru- Nigula Pada (AI 536641) 27 Viru-Nigula Kunda (AM 88 113 114)

2 Kolmnurkpeaga noelad Eestis

2 Triangular-headed pins in Estonia

21 Ornamentimata voi lihtsatest joontest ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 12)

21 Pins without special decoration (map fig 12)

1 JoeHihtme lru (AI 4051 9491097) 2 Joellihtme Presti (AI 5490374)

Eesti merovillgi- ja70 Marika Magi

3 J6hvi Toila (AI 3952299 362) 4 Kamse Pajumaa (AM 13414) 5 Kihelkonna K6mse (AI 2643 111 112113) 6 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 14832) 7 Lliganuse Purtse (AI 50388) 8 Martna Ehmp (AM 554605 615 665 81 J 823) 9 Muhu Mala (AI K 2 1234 89) 10 Nissi Vardi (AM 368 13) 11 Otepaa linnamagihillfort (AI 4036 IV203) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 491 122 852 1024) 13 Parnu-Jaagupi M6isaklila (AI 575925) 14 Pbide maalinnhillfort (SM 1460401) 15 Pbide Viltina (AI 38843515) 16 Puha Leina (AI 2643366) 17 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817333) J8 Rouge linnam~igihillfort (AI 40402313162) 19 Saaremaa (AI K 848) 20 Viru-Jaagupi Inju (AI 2794232425) 21 Vandra khklparish (P~lM 23912) 22 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 382 37764)

22 Lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 13)

22 PillS with leaves-decoration (map fig 13)

1 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 1) 2 Keila Uksnurme (AM 68 1) 3 Juri Moigu-Peetri (AI 4877 100) 4 Kaarma khklparish (AI K 67 17 1845 AI 507 6) 5 Kaarrna Uduvere (AI 15184) 6 Kihelkonna Lumanda (AI 382233 3438 35) 7 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 531 1352 1549 1696 1886 23834153

26892690297831483163310131023115) 8 Mihkli Sol va (AI 251318) 9 Muhu Liiva (SM 931 2) 10 Marjamaa Hairnre (AI 3614 I) 11 Nissi Polli (AI 3926 I) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 49120206 584a 584b 760) 13 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884 ) 14 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045 219) 15 Saaremaa (AI K 846) 16 Valjala khklparish (SM K 5410) 17 Valjala Rahu (AI 423922 44 758) 18 Leiukoht teadmatalFindspot unknown (AI 3027)

23 Saaremaa tii

23 PillS ofSaart

1 Hanila Komsi I

2 Kaarma khk I~ 3 Kaarma Loona 4 Kaarma Uduve 5 Karja Valja (A 6 Karuse Pajuma 7 Kihelkonna Ka 8 Kihelkonna khl 9 Kihelkonna Ku 10 Kihelkonna L 11 Kihelkonna 12 Kihelkonna P 13 Kose Paunkiil 14 Kullamaa Mai 15 Karla khk Ipa 16 Karla Kogula 17 Karla Orikiila 18 Uiiine-Niguia 19 Martna Ehmja 20 Pamu Jaagupi 21 Parnu-Jaagupi 22 Parnumaa (Pal 23 Pbide K6igust 24 P6ide Randvel 25 P6ide Viltina ( 26 Piiha Ilpla (AI 27 Saaremaa (AI 28 Valjala Konnu 29 Valjala Rahu (

3 Merovingi- voi

3 Merovingian connected termin

I Karja khklparis 2 Kodavere Lahef 3 Kodavere Savas 4 Mihkli Kurese ( 5 lPoide AudIa (S~ 6 Aksi Raigastven

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja (Jmad

23 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad (kaartjoon 14)

71

~)

96 1886 2383 4153

)760)

23 Pins ofSa a rema a type (map fig 14)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510940) 2 Kaarma khk parish(AI K 67 1944) 3 Kaarma Loona (AK K 1776 LVYM 650911393) 4 Kaarma Uduvere (AI K 15185 186 187 188) 5 Kalja Valja (AI K 76 1) 6 Karu se Pajumaa (AM 134 I 5) 7 Kihelkonna Kalmu (AI 3822]57 158 194) 8 Kihelkonna khk parish (AI K 741) 9 Kihelkonna Kurevere (AI 43686998 102) 10 Kihelkonna Loona (AI 3822233a) 11 Kihelkonna Liimanda (AK 382268 136) 12 Kihelkonna Paju (L VVM 20A 128) 13 Kose Paunkiila (AM 73 1) 14 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 3160 3635 3637 5000 6085) 15 KarIa khk pari sh (AI K 79101819) 16 Karia Kogula (AI K 2951 52) 17 Karla Orikiila (AI K 4 102 103) 18 Laane-Nigula Uugla (AM 500503) 19 Martna Ehmja (AM 554824) 20 Pamu Jaagupi Pooravere (PaM 2364) 21 Pamu-J aagupi Linnamae (AM 491170) 22 Parnumaa (PaM ) 23 Poide Koiguste (AI 436 I 2) 24 Poide Randvere (AI 26972 AI 3895 257) 25 Poide Viltina (AI 3884391 2588b 2755 3128 4300) 26 Piiha IJpla (AI 3822315 382 K 1 78) 27 Saaremaa (AI K 843 57 AI K 8546107 AI 3529 SM ) 28 Valjala Konnu (AI 5151) 29 Valjala Rahu (AI 4239202 670 1114)

3 Merovingi- voi varaviikingiaegsed lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad

3 Merovingian Period or earJy Viking Age cross-headed pins with unshyconnected terminals

1 Karja khkparish (AI K 774) 2 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 198433) 3 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 1483 1) 4 Mihkli Kurese (AI 2513 17) 5 Poide AudIa (SM K 49 I) 6 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885)

72 Marika Magi

7 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (AM aj 98)

4 Kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

4 Double-cross-headed pins

41 Lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad (kaart joon 15)

41 Double-cross-headed pins with unconnecled terminals (map fig 15)

I Haljala Essu (AM 8327) 2 Harju-Jaani Kehra (AI 35849 10) 3 Iisaku J6uga (AI 510062) 4 JUllm Kaiu jarvLake Kaiu (AI 5251) 5 Karksi Kiiti (AI 1353 1) 6 Kodavere Alatskivi (AI 1893la Ib) 7 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 4976 159) 8 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 516957 5295210a 210b) 9 Kose Ardu (AI 26744) 10 Laiuse Koola (AI 40245) Ii Nissi Varbola (AI 3865 128) 12 Nao Unipiha linnamagihillfort (AI 2901 11) 13 Otepaa PaidJa (AI 19973) 14 P6ltsamaa Pajusi (AI 1871 8) 15 Pamu-Jaagupi Anelema (AI 42255) 16 Parnumaa (PaM A 2361) 17 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884153) 18 Piiha IJpla (AI K 1 77) 19 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817 307311) 20 R6ngu Piihaste (AI 3667 I) 21 Rapina Tooste (AI 41085 7) 22 Tarvastu Riuma (AI 12073a 3b) 23 Viljandi Kuude (VM 331 2 43 17A 312) 24 Viljandimaa (VM ) 25 Vim-Nigula Aseri (RM 1211A 57683 7879) 26 Vim-Nigula Kohala (RM 30791A 51 12) 27 Vim-Nigula Kunda (AI 157933 4002) 28 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 5343c)

29 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (LVVM 58923A I 798)

42 Uhendatud alumiste harudega kaksikristpeaga l10elad (kaartjoon 16)

42 Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals (map fig 16)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510103188218507)

Eest merovillgi-(I v

2 Harju-Jaani Raa 3 Kodavere Raatv( 4 Kullamaa Maid 5 Liiganllse Kalme 6 Mihkli Veltsa (A 7 Marjal1laa Konol 8 Marjamaa Moka 9 P61tsal1laa Pajusi 10 Rannu Verevi ( 11 VaUala Rahu (A 12 Viljandi Madi ( 13 Vaike-Maarja A 14 Leiukoht teadl1l1

Marika Magi Eesti merovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy viJorapiirased ja omarl 73

15)

(Ilapjig 15)

I 798)

kaartjOOIi16)

als(mapjig16)

2 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 16) 3 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 5295 121a 12Ib) 4 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 5802 18 2323) 5 Liiganuse Kalmeistri (AI 28244) 6 MihkJi Ve1tsa (AI 4944) 7 Marjamaa Konovere linnamagihillfort (AI 4571159) 8 Marjamaa Moka (AI 371021) 9 P51tsamaa Pajusi (AI 19996) 10 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817234) 11 Valjala Rahu (AI 423970) 12 Viljandi Macli (AI 25906166172174) 13 V~iike-Maalja Antu (AM 102 I) 14 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 26362)

Marika Magi

s had been in use d that the former were men stopped using pins their coats only with one can talk about pins

Jain have been found in s or single specimens )Iders have been found --headed pins with leaf in the grave of Haimre

n pairs in several cases ~rs and other pieces of ments with these pins

v in pairs and together earlier character were PI XI 4) but the later ains which were fixed

the local ornaments of ivision is valid also in he dress with pins was n the islands but was ingian Period and the e double-cross-headed ross-headcd pins with terminah were spread

disation of ornamental

Gordol Snow Oxford

69Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoeiad - vooraparased ja omad

Lisa Appendix

1 Rongaspeaga ehtenoelad Eestis (kaart joon 11)

1 Ring-headed pins in Estonia (map fig 11)

I Juuru Kunilepa (AI 2483 16 17) 2 Joelahtme Presti (AI 5490386 7) 3 Juri Kuma (AM 31 5 AM 2968 69 71) 4 Juri Lagedi (AM 2768) 5 Juri Lehmja-Loo (AI 444499184211 247278283) 6 Kaarma Aste (SM 7675 12) 7 Karuse Pajumaa (AM 134 18 19) 8 Keila (AM 2343) 9 Kihelkonna Odalatsi (AI 3822303) 10 Kihelkonna Paju (AI K 68) 11 Kihelkonna Viki (AI 251373) 12 Koeru Preedi (AI 4426616) 13 Kullamaa Vaike-Kalju (AI 3445) 14 Kuusalu (AI 2827) 15 Karla Kaarmise (AI 3501) 16 Karia Paevere (AI 2657 1) 17 Karia Paikula (AI 25024) 18 Luganuse Piissi (AM 99) 19 Palamuse Nava (AI 39681167) 20 Peetri PaillurmC (AM 11710) 21 Parnu-Jaagupi Parasmaa (AM 493 12) 22 Pbide Asva (AI 4366 1004) 23 Pbide Tomimae (AI 4338 1117) 24 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045220) 25 Rongu Kivivare (AI 47267) 26 Viru- Nigula Pada (AI 536641) 27 Viru-Nigula Kunda (AM 88 113 114)

2 Kolmnurkpeaga noelad Eestis

2 Triangular-headed pins in Estonia

21 Ornamentimata voi lihtsatest joontest ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 12)

21 Pins without special decoration (map fig 12)

1 JoeHihtme lru (AI 4051 9491097) 2 Joellihtme Presti (AI 5490374)

Eesti merovillgi- ja70 Marika Magi

3 J6hvi Toila (AI 3952299 362) 4 Kamse Pajumaa (AM 13414) 5 Kihelkonna K6mse (AI 2643 111 112113) 6 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 14832) 7 Lliganuse Purtse (AI 50388) 8 Martna Ehmp (AM 554605 615 665 81 J 823) 9 Muhu Mala (AI K 2 1234 89) 10 Nissi Vardi (AM 368 13) 11 Otepaa linnamagihillfort (AI 4036 IV203) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 491 122 852 1024) 13 Parnu-Jaagupi M6isaklila (AI 575925) 14 Pbide maalinnhillfort (SM 1460401) 15 Pbide Viltina (AI 38843515) 16 Puha Leina (AI 2643366) 17 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817333) J8 Rouge linnam~igihillfort (AI 40402313162) 19 Saaremaa (AI K 848) 20 Viru-Jaagupi Inju (AI 2794232425) 21 Vandra khklparish (P~lM 23912) 22 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 382 37764)

22 Lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 13)

22 PillS with leaves-decoration (map fig 13)

1 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 1) 2 Keila Uksnurme (AM 68 1) 3 Juri Moigu-Peetri (AI 4877 100) 4 Kaarma khklparish (AI K 67 17 1845 AI 507 6) 5 Kaarrna Uduvere (AI 15184) 6 Kihelkonna Lumanda (AI 382233 3438 35) 7 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 531 1352 1549 1696 1886 23834153

26892690297831483163310131023115) 8 Mihkli Sol va (AI 251318) 9 Muhu Liiva (SM 931 2) 10 Marjamaa Hairnre (AI 3614 I) 11 Nissi Polli (AI 3926 I) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 49120206 584a 584b 760) 13 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884 ) 14 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045 219) 15 Saaremaa (AI K 846) 16 Valjala khklparish (SM K 5410) 17 Valjala Rahu (AI 423922 44 758) 18 Leiukoht teadmatalFindspot unknown (AI 3027)

23 Saaremaa tii

23 PillS ofSaart

1 Hanila Komsi I

2 Kaarma khk I~ 3 Kaarma Loona 4 Kaarma Uduve 5 Karja Valja (A 6 Karuse Pajuma 7 Kihelkonna Ka 8 Kihelkonna khl 9 Kihelkonna Ku 10 Kihelkonna L 11 Kihelkonna 12 Kihelkonna P 13 Kose Paunkiil 14 Kullamaa Mai 15 Karla khk Ipa 16 Karla Kogula 17 Karla Orikiila 18 Uiiine-Niguia 19 Martna Ehmja 20 Pamu Jaagupi 21 Parnu-Jaagupi 22 Parnumaa (Pal 23 Pbide K6igust 24 P6ide Randvel 25 P6ide Viltina ( 26 Piiha Ilpla (AI 27 Saaremaa (AI 28 Valjala Konnu 29 Valjala Rahu (

3 Merovingi- voi

3 Merovingian connected termin

I Karja khklparis 2 Kodavere Lahef 3 Kodavere Savas 4 Mihkli Kurese ( 5 lPoide AudIa (S~ 6 Aksi Raigastven

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja (Jmad

23 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad (kaartjoon 14)

71

~)

96 1886 2383 4153

)760)

23 Pins ofSa a rema a type (map fig 14)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510940) 2 Kaarma khk parish(AI K 67 1944) 3 Kaarma Loona (AK K 1776 LVYM 650911393) 4 Kaarma Uduvere (AI K 15185 186 187 188) 5 Kalja Valja (AI K 76 1) 6 Karu se Pajumaa (AM 134 I 5) 7 Kihelkonna Kalmu (AI 3822]57 158 194) 8 Kihelkonna khk parish (AI K 741) 9 Kihelkonna Kurevere (AI 43686998 102) 10 Kihelkonna Loona (AI 3822233a) 11 Kihelkonna Liimanda (AK 382268 136) 12 Kihelkonna Paju (L VVM 20A 128) 13 Kose Paunkiila (AM 73 1) 14 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 3160 3635 3637 5000 6085) 15 KarIa khk pari sh (AI K 79101819) 16 Karia Kogula (AI K 2951 52) 17 Karla Orikiila (AI K 4 102 103) 18 Laane-Nigula Uugla (AM 500503) 19 Martna Ehmja (AM 554824) 20 Pamu Jaagupi Pooravere (PaM 2364) 21 Pamu-J aagupi Linnamae (AM 491170) 22 Parnumaa (PaM ) 23 Poide Koiguste (AI 436 I 2) 24 Poide Randvere (AI 26972 AI 3895 257) 25 Poide Viltina (AI 3884391 2588b 2755 3128 4300) 26 Piiha IJpla (AI 3822315 382 K 1 78) 27 Saaremaa (AI K 843 57 AI K 8546107 AI 3529 SM ) 28 Valjala Konnu (AI 5151) 29 Valjala Rahu (AI 4239202 670 1114)

3 Merovingi- voi varaviikingiaegsed lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad

3 Merovingian Period or earJy Viking Age cross-headed pins with unshyconnected terminals

1 Karja khkparish (AI K 774) 2 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 198433) 3 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 1483 1) 4 Mihkli Kurese (AI 2513 17) 5 Poide AudIa (SM K 49 I) 6 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885)

72 Marika Magi

7 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (AM aj 98)

4 Kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

4 Double-cross-headed pins

41 Lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad (kaart joon 15)

41 Double-cross-headed pins with unconnecled terminals (map fig 15)

I Haljala Essu (AM 8327) 2 Harju-Jaani Kehra (AI 35849 10) 3 Iisaku J6uga (AI 510062) 4 JUllm Kaiu jarvLake Kaiu (AI 5251) 5 Karksi Kiiti (AI 1353 1) 6 Kodavere Alatskivi (AI 1893la Ib) 7 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 4976 159) 8 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 516957 5295210a 210b) 9 Kose Ardu (AI 26744) 10 Laiuse Koola (AI 40245) Ii Nissi Varbola (AI 3865 128) 12 Nao Unipiha linnamagihillfort (AI 2901 11) 13 Otepaa PaidJa (AI 19973) 14 P6ltsamaa Pajusi (AI 1871 8) 15 Pamu-Jaagupi Anelema (AI 42255) 16 Parnumaa (PaM A 2361) 17 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884153) 18 Piiha IJpla (AI K 1 77) 19 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817 307311) 20 R6ngu Piihaste (AI 3667 I) 21 Rapina Tooste (AI 41085 7) 22 Tarvastu Riuma (AI 12073a 3b) 23 Viljandi Kuude (VM 331 2 43 17A 312) 24 Viljandimaa (VM ) 25 Vim-Nigula Aseri (RM 1211A 57683 7879) 26 Vim-Nigula Kohala (RM 30791A 51 12) 27 Vim-Nigula Kunda (AI 157933 4002) 28 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 5343c)

29 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (LVVM 58923A I 798)

42 Uhendatud alumiste harudega kaksikristpeaga l10elad (kaartjoon 16)

42 Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals (map fig 16)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510103188218507)

Eest merovillgi-(I v

2 Harju-Jaani Raa 3 Kodavere Raatv( 4 Kullamaa Maid 5 Liiganllse Kalme 6 Mihkli Veltsa (A 7 Marjal1laa Konol 8 Marjamaa Moka 9 P61tsal1laa Pajusi 10 Rannu Verevi ( 11 VaUala Rahu (A 12 Viljandi Madi ( 13 Vaike-Maarja A 14 Leiukoht teadl1l1

Marika Magi Eesti merovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy viJorapiirased ja omarl 73

15)

(Ilapjig 15)

I 798)

kaartjOOIi16)

als(mapjig16)

2 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 16) 3 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 5295 121a 12Ib) 4 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 5802 18 2323) 5 Liiganuse Kalmeistri (AI 28244) 6 MihkJi Ve1tsa (AI 4944) 7 Marjamaa Konovere linnamagihillfort (AI 4571159) 8 Marjamaa Moka (AI 371021) 9 P51tsamaa Pajusi (AI 19996) 10 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817234) 11 Valjala Rahu (AI 423970) 12 Viljandi Macli (AI 25906166172174) 13 V~iike-Maalja Antu (AM 102 I) 14 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 26362)

Eesti merovillgi- ja70 Marika Magi

3 J6hvi Toila (AI 3952299 362) 4 Kamse Pajumaa (AM 13414) 5 Kihelkonna K6mse (AI 2643 111 112113) 6 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 14832) 7 Lliganuse Purtse (AI 50388) 8 Martna Ehmp (AM 554605 615 665 81 J 823) 9 Muhu Mala (AI K 2 1234 89) 10 Nissi Vardi (AM 368 13) 11 Otepaa linnamagihillfort (AI 4036 IV203) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 491 122 852 1024) 13 Parnu-Jaagupi M6isaklila (AI 575925) 14 Pbide maalinnhillfort (SM 1460401) 15 Pbide Viltina (AI 38843515) 16 Puha Leina (AI 2643366) 17 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817333) J8 Rouge linnam~igihillfort (AI 40402313162) 19 Saaremaa (AI K 848) 20 Viru-Jaagupi Inju (AI 2794232425) 21 Vandra khklparish (P~lM 23912) 22 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 382 37764)

22 Lehekujulise ornamendiga noelad (kaart joon 13)

22 PillS with leaves-decoration (map fig 13)

1 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 1) 2 Keila Uksnurme (AM 68 1) 3 Juri Moigu-Peetri (AI 4877 100) 4 Kaarma khklparish (AI K 67 17 1845 AI 507 6) 5 Kaarrna Uduvere (AI 15184) 6 Kihelkonna Lumanda (AI 382233 3438 35) 7 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 531 1352 1549 1696 1886 23834153

26892690297831483163310131023115) 8 Mihkli Sol va (AI 251318) 9 Muhu Liiva (SM 931 2) 10 Marjamaa Hairnre (AI 3614 I) 11 Nissi Polli (AI 3926 I) 12 Parnu-Jaagupi Linnamae (AM 49120206 584a 584b 760) 13 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884 ) 14 Ridala Ahli (HM 8045 219) 15 Saaremaa (AI K 846) 16 Valjala khklparish (SM K 5410) 17 Valjala Rahu (AI 423922 44 758) 18 Leiukoht teadmatalFindspot unknown (AI 3027)

23 Saaremaa tii

23 PillS ofSaart

1 Hanila Komsi I

2 Kaarma khk I~ 3 Kaarma Loona 4 Kaarma Uduve 5 Karja Valja (A 6 Karuse Pajuma 7 Kihelkonna Ka 8 Kihelkonna khl 9 Kihelkonna Ku 10 Kihelkonna L 11 Kihelkonna 12 Kihelkonna P 13 Kose Paunkiil 14 Kullamaa Mai 15 Karla khk Ipa 16 Karla Kogula 17 Karla Orikiila 18 Uiiine-Niguia 19 Martna Ehmja 20 Pamu Jaagupi 21 Parnu-Jaagupi 22 Parnumaa (Pal 23 Pbide K6igust 24 P6ide Randvel 25 P6ide Viltina ( 26 Piiha Ilpla (AI 27 Saaremaa (AI 28 Valjala Konnu 29 Valjala Rahu (

3 Merovingi- voi

3 Merovingian connected termin

I Karja khklparis 2 Kodavere Lahef 3 Kodavere Savas 4 Mihkli Kurese ( 5 lPoide AudIa (S~ 6 Aksi Raigastven

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja (Jmad

23 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad (kaartjoon 14)

71

~)

96 1886 2383 4153

)760)

23 Pins ofSa a rema a type (map fig 14)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510940) 2 Kaarma khk parish(AI K 67 1944) 3 Kaarma Loona (AK K 1776 LVYM 650911393) 4 Kaarma Uduvere (AI K 15185 186 187 188) 5 Kalja Valja (AI K 76 1) 6 Karu se Pajumaa (AM 134 I 5) 7 Kihelkonna Kalmu (AI 3822]57 158 194) 8 Kihelkonna khk parish (AI K 741) 9 Kihelkonna Kurevere (AI 43686998 102) 10 Kihelkonna Loona (AI 3822233a) 11 Kihelkonna Liimanda (AK 382268 136) 12 Kihelkonna Paju (L VVM 20A 128) 13 Kose Paunkiila (AM 73 1) 14 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 3160 3635 3637 5000 6085) 15 KarIa khk pari sh (AI K 79101819) 16 Karia Kogula (AI K 2951 52) 17 Karla Orikiila (AI K 4 102 103) 18 Laane-Nigula Uugla (AM 500503) 19 Martna Ehmja (AM 554824) 20 Pamu Jaagupi Pooravere (PaM 2364) 21 Pamu-J aagupi Linnamae (AM 491170) 22 Parnumaa (PaM ) 23 Poide Koiguste (AI 436 I 2) 24 Poide Randvere (AI 26972 AI 3895 257) 25 Poide Viltina (AI 3884391 2588b 2755 3128 4300) 26 Piiha IJpla (AI 3822315 382 K 1 78) 27 Saaremaa (AI K 843 57 AI K 8546107 AI 3529 SM ) 28 Valjala Konnu (AI 5151) 29 Valjala Rahu (AI 4239202 670 1114)

3 Merovingi- voi varaviikingiaegsed lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad

3 Merovingian Period or earJy Viking Age cross-headed pins with unshyconnected terminals

1 Karja khkparish (AI K 774) 2 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 198433) 3 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 1483 1) 4 Mihkli Kurese (AI 2513 17) 5 Poide AudIa (SM K 49 I) 6 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885)

72 Marika Magi

7 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (AM aj 98)

4 Kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

4 Double-cross-headed pins

41 Lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad (kaart joon 15)

41 Double-cross-headed pins with unconnecled terminals (map fig 15)

I Haljala Essu (AM 8327) 2 Harju-Jaani Kehra (AI 35849 10) 3 Iisaku J6uga (AI 510062) 4 JUllm Kaiu jarvLake Kaiu (AI 5251) 5 Karksi Kiiti (AI 1353 1) 6 Kodavere Alatskivi (AI 1893la Ib) 7 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 4976 159) 8 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 516957 5295210a 210b) 9 Kose Ardu (AI 26744) 10 Laiuse Koola (AI 40245) Ii Nissi Varbola (AI 3865 128) 12 Nao Unipiha linnamagihillfort (AI 2901 11) 13 Otepaa PaidJa (AI 19973) 14 P6ltsamaa Pajusi (AI 1871 8) 15 Pamu-Jaagupi Anelema (AI 42255) 16 Parnumaa (PaM A 2361) 17 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884153) 18 Piiha IJpla (AI K 1 77) 19 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817 307311) 20 R6ngu Piihaste (AI 3667 I) 21 Rapina Tooste (AI 41085 7) 22 Tarvastu Riuma (AI 12073a 3b) 23 Viljandi Kuude (VM 331 2 43 17A 312) 24 Viljandimaa (VM ) 25 Vim-Nigula Aseri (RM 1211A 57683 7879) 26 Vim-Nigula Kohala (RM 30791A 51 12) 27 Vim-Nigula Kunda (AI 157933 4002) 28 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 5343c)

29 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (LVVM 58923A I 798)

42 Uhendatud alumiste harudega kaksikristpeaga l10elad (kaartjoon 16)

42 Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals (map fig 16)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510103188218507)

Eest merovillgi-(I v

2 Harju-Jaani Raa 3 Kodavere Raatv( 4 Kullamaa Maid 5 Liiganllse Kalme 6 Mihkli Veltsa (A 7 Marjal1laa Konol 8 Marjamaa Moka 9 P61tsal1laa Pajusi 10 Rannu Verevi ( 11 VaUala Rahu (A 12 Viljandi Madi ( 13 Vaike-Maarja A 14 Leiukoht teadl1l1

Marika Magi Eesti merovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy viJorapiirased ja omarl 73

15)

(Ilapjig 15)

I 798)

kaartjOOIi16)

als(mapjig16)

2 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 16) 3 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 5295 121a 12Ib) 4 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 5802 18 2323) 5 Liiganuse Kalmeistri (AI 28244) 6 MihkJi Ve1tsa (AI 4944) 7 Marjamaa Konovere linnamagihillfort (AI 4571159) 8 Marjamaa Moka (AI 371021) 9 P51tsamaa Pajusi (AI 19996) 10 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817234) 11 Valjala Rahu (AI 423970) 12 Viljandi Macli (AI 25906166172174) 13 V~iike-Maalja Antu (AM 102 I) 14 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 26362)

Marika Magi Eesli merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraparased ja (Jmad

23 Saaremaa tiiiipi n6elad (kaartjoon 14)

71

~)

96 1886 2383 4153

)760)

23 Pins ofSa a rema a type (map fig 14)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510940) 2 Kaarma khk parish(AI K 67 1944) 3 Kaarma Loona (AK K 1776 LVYM 650911393) 4 Kaarma Uduvere (AI K 15185 186 187 188) 5 Kalja Valja (AI K 76 1) 6 Karu se Pajumaa (AM 134 I 5) 7 Kihelkonna Kalmu (AI 3822]57 158 194) 8 Kihelkonna khk parish (AI K 741) 9 Kihelkonna Kurevere (AI 43686998 102) 10 Kihelkonna Loona (AI 3822233a) 11 Kihelkonna Liimanda (AK 382268 136) 12 Kihelkonna Paju (L VVM 20A 128) 13 Kose Paunkiila (AM 73 1) 14 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 580324 3160 3635 3637 5000 6085) 15 KarIa khk pari sh (AI K 79101819) 16 Karia Kogula (AI K 2951 52) 17 Karla Orikiila (AI K 4 102 103) 18 Laane-Nigula Uugla (AM 500503) 19 Martna Ehmja (AM 554824) 20 Pamu Jaagupi Pooravere (PaM 2364) 21 Pamu-J aagupi Linnamae (AM 491170) 22 Parnumaa (PaM ) 23 Poide Koiguste (AI 436 I 2) 24 Poide Randvere (AI 26972 AI 3895 257) 25 Poide Viltina (AI 3884391 2588b 2755 3128 4300) 26 Piiha IJpla (AI 3822315 382 K 1 78) 27 Saaremaa (AI K 843 57 AI K 8546107 AI 3529 SM ) 28 Valjala Konnu (AI 5151) 29 Valjala Rahu (AI 4239202 670 1114)

3 Merovingi- voi varaviikingiaegsed lahtiste harudega ristpeanoelad

3 Merovingian Period or earJy Viking Age cross-headed pins with unshyconnected terminals

1 Karja khkparish (AI K 774) 2 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 198433) 3 Kodavere Savastvere (AI 1483 1) 4 Mihkli Kurese (AI 2513 17) 5 Poide AudIa (SM K 49 I) 6 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885)

72 Marika Magi

7 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (AM aj 98)

4 Kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

4 Double-cross-headed pins

41 Lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad (kaart joon 15)

41 Double-cross-headed pins with unconnecled terminals (map fig 15)

I Haljala Essu (AM 8327) 2 Harju-Jaani Kehra (AI 35849 10) 3 Iisaku J6uga (AI 510062) 4 JUllm Kaiu jarvLake Kaiu (AI 5251) 5 Karksi Kiiti (AI 1353 1) 6 Kodavere Alatskivi (AI 1893la Ib) 7 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 4976 159) 8 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 516957 5295210a 210b) 9 Kose Ardu (AI 26744) 10 Laiuse Koola (AI 40245) Ii Nissi Varbola (AI 3865 128) 12 Nao Unipiha linnamagihillfort (AI 2901 11) 13 Otepaa PaidJa (AI 19973) 14 P6ltsamaa Pajusi (AI 1871 8) 15 Pamu-Jaagupi Anelema (AI 42255) 16 Parnumaa (PaM A 2361) 17 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884153) 18 Piiha IJpla (AI K 1 77) 19 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817 307311) 20 R6ngu Piihaste (AI 3667 I) 21 Rapina Tooste (AI 41085 7) 22 Tarvastu Riuma (AI 12073a 3b) 23 Viljandi Kuude (VM 331 2 43 17A 312) 24 Viljandimaa (VM ) 25 Vim-Nigula Aseri (RM 1211A 57683 7879) 26 Vim-Nigula Kohala (RM 30791A 51 12) 27 Vim-Nigula Kunda (AI 157933 4002) 28 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 5343c)

29 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (LVVM 58923A I 798)

42 Uhendatud alumiste harudega kaksikristpeaga l10elad (kaartjoon 16)

42 Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals (map fig 16)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510103188218507)

Eest merovillgi-(I v

2 Harju-Jaani Raa 3 Kodavere Raatv( 4 Kullamaa Maid 5 Liiganllse Kalme 6 Mihkli Veltsa (A 7 Marjal1laa Konol 8 Marjamaa Moka 9 P61tsal1laa Pajusi 10 Rannu Verevi ( 11 VaUala Rahu (A 12 Viljandi Madi ( 13 Vaike-Maarja A 14 Leiukoht teadl1l1

Marika Magi Eesti merovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy viJorapiirased ja omarl 73

15)

(Ilapjig 15)

I 798)

kaartjOOIi16)

als(mapjig16)

2 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 16) 3 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 5295 121a 12Ib) 4 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 5802 18 2323) 5 Liiganuse Kalmeistri (AI 28244) 6 MihkJi Ve1tsa (AI 4944) 7 Marjamaa Konovere linnamagihillfort (AI 4571159) 8 Marjamaa Moka (AI 371021) 9 P51tsamaa Pajusi (AI 19996) 10 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817234) 11 Valjala Rahu (AI 423970) 12 Viljandi Macli (AI 25906166172174) 13 V~iike-Maalja Antu (AM 102 I) 14 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 26362)

72 Marika Magi

7 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (AM aj 98)

4 Kaksikristpeaga ehtenoelad

4 Double-cross-headed pins

41 Lahtiste harudega kaksikristpeaga noelad (kaart joon 15)

41 Double-cross-headed pins with unconnecled terminals (map fig 15)

I Haljala Essu (AM 8327) 2 Harju-Jaani Kehra (AI 35849 10) 3 Iisaku J6uga (AI 510062) 4 JUllm Kaiu jarvLake Kaiu (AI 5251) 5 Karksi Kiiti (AI 1353 1) 6 Kodavere Alatskivi (AI 1893la Ib) 7 Kodavere Lahepera (AI 4976 159) 8 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 516957 5295210a 210b) 9 Kose Ardu (AI 26744) 10 Laiuse Koola (AI 40245) Ii Nissi Varbola (AI 3865 128) 12 Nao Unipiha linnamagihillfort (AI 2901 11) 13 Otepaa PaidJa (AI 19973) 14 P6ltsamaa Pajusi (AI 1871 8) 15 Pamu-Jaagupi Anelema (AI 42255) 16 Parnumaa (PaM A 2361) 17 Pbide Viltina (AI 3884153) 18 Piiha IJpla (AI K 1 77) 19 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817 307311) 20 R6ngu Piihaste (AI 3667 I) 21 Rapina Tooste (AI 41085 7) 22 Tarvastu Riuma (AI 12073a 3b) 23 Viljandi Kuude (VM 331 2 43 17A 312) 24 Viljandimaa (VM ) 25 Vim-Nigula Aseri (RM 1211A 57683 7879) 26 Vim-Nigula Kohala (RM 30791A 51 12) 27 Vim-Nigula Kunda (AI 157933 4002) 28 Aksi Raigastvere (AI 5343c)

29 Leiukoht teadmataIFindspot unknown (LVVM 58923A I 798)

42 Uhendatud alumiste harudega kaksikristpeaga l10elad (kaartjoon 16)

42 Double-cross-headed pins with connected lower terminals (map fig 16)

1 Hanila Komsi (AM 510103188218507)

Eest merovillgi-(I v

2 Harju-Jaani Raa 3 Kodavere Raatv( 4 Kullamaa Maid 5 Liiganllse Kalme 6 Mihkli Veltsa (A 7 Marjal1laa Konol 8 Marjamaa Moka 9 P61tsal1laa Pajusi 10 Rannu Verevi ( 11 VaUala Rahu (A 12 Viljandi Madi ( 13 Vaike-Maarja A 14 Leiukoht teadl1l1

Marika Magi Eesti merovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy viJorapiirased ja omarl 73

15)

(Ilapjig 15)

I 798)

kaartjOOIi16)

als(mapjig16)

2 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 16) 3 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 5295 121a 12Ib) 4 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 5802 18 2323) 5 Liiganuse Kalmeistri (AI 28244) 6 MihkJi Ve1tsa (AI 4944) 7 Marjamaa Konovere linnamagihillfort (AI 4571159) 8 Marjamaa Moka (AI 371021) 9 P51tsamaa Pajusi (AI 19996) 10 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817234) 11 Valjala Rahu (AI 423970) 12 Viljandi Macli (AI 25906166172174) 13 V~iike-Maalja Antu (AM 102 I) 14 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 26362)

Marika Magi Eesti merovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy viJorapiirased ja omarl 73

15)

(Ilapjig 15)

I 798)

kaartjOOIi16)

als(mapjig16)

2 Harju-laani Raasiku (AI 3748 16) 3 Kodavere Raatvere (AI 5295 121a 12Ib) 4 Kullamaa Maidla (AM 5802 18 2323) 5 Liiganuse Kalmeistri (AI 28244) 6 MihkJi Ve1tsa (AI 4944) 7 Marjamaa Konovere linnamagihillfort (AI 4571159) 8 Marjamaa Moka (AI 371021) 9 P51tsamaa Pajusi (AI 19996) 10 Rannu Verevi (AI 2817234) 11 Valjala Rahu (AI 423970) 12 Viljandi Macli (AI 25906166172174) 13 V~iike-Maalja Antu (AM 102 I) 14 Leiukoht teadmata IFindspot unknown (AI 26362)

Marika Miigi 74 EeSli merovillgi- j(J

2

3

3

Tahvel III Ehten6elad Plate III Decorative pins

1 - Peetri Painurme (AM 117 10) 2 - Karla Kogula () (AI 2657 I) 3 5 - J6elahtme Presti (AI 5490 374 386) 4 - Karuse Pajumaa (AM 134 14)

Marika Mtiri Eesti merovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraptirased ja ollad 75

a 5 10

Tahvel IV Keila peitleid Plate IV Deposit of Keila (AM 234)

I) 3 5 - J6elahlme Presti M 134 14)

76 Marika Magi

o

3

5

rt ~

~ ~ ~

0 ~ ~ P bull

Tahvel V Ehtenoelad Plate V Decorative pins

1 - Liiganuse Piissi (AM 99) 2- 3 - Parnu-Jaagupi Parasmaa (AM 493 12) 4 - Keila Uksnurme

lt

~ ~

~

I ~ ~

rgtll ~ it ~ ~

EeSli merOlillgi j

(AM 68 I) 5 - Kaarma Uduvere (Ar K 15 184 tagumine kiilg I reverse) I - Piiha Lcina (AI 2643

1

3

t~

~

~

lvarika Miigi Eelli lIIerovingi- ja viikin~il1egsed rinnanoelad shy viYirapdrased ja omad 77

2

3

Tahvel VI Ehte noelad Plate Vl Decorative pios I 2) 4 - Keila Uksnurme

J - POha Leina (AI 2643 3(6) 2 - Muhu M~i1a (AI K 2 3) 3 - Kihclkonna Karusc (AI 2643 112) ~ine kulg I reverse) 4-5 -- Valjala RallU (AI 4239 6701114)

Marika Miigi78 EeSli merovillgi- je

o 4

Tahvel VII Haimre leiukompleks Fotal puudub asa kctikatkcid sriraalikesi ning poimingu katke Plate VII Find complex af Haimre Somc fragments of chain small spirals and pieces 0 plailed 1- 4 - Kuliamaa Maidl

wire arc not on the picture (11 3614 1-27) (AM 491 170) 6 shy

Marika Miigi

si ning poimingu kalke Is and pieces of plailed )

Eesti lIeruvillMi- ja viikillgiaegsed rinnalloelad shy voorapiirased ja omad

3

2

Tahvcl VIII Ehtenoelau Plate VIII Decorative pins

1-4 - Kullamaa Maiula (AM 5RO 26SltJI2fi90 1549 3101 60S5) 5 - PirnumiddotJaagupi Linnamae (AM 49 J 170) (j - UiUnc-Nigula Uugla (AM 500 503) 7 - Kose Pau nkOJa (AM 73 J)

79

80 Marika Magi EeSli merovingi- ja

1

3

2 o 3cm

o 3

TahvellX Ehtcn6clad Plate IX Decorativc pis

f - Aksi Raigastvere (AIf 5 - Paide Viltina (AI 3884 3515 391 ) 2 4 - Saarcm~a (SM I AI K Rj 46) 3 - Valjajl

Koola (AI 4024 5) 5 shy(SM K 54 O) V6etuli From Kustin 1962b

I

I

I I

I

3

~~

2

3

5

6

3

81Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - v(joraptirased ja omadMarika Miifi

3cm

o

Tahvel X Ehtenoelad Plate X Decorative pins

1 - Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885) 2 - Karu~e Pajumaa (AM 134 19) 3 - KuusaJu (AI 2827) 4 - Laiuse lt1 K ~) 46) 3 - Valjai a Koola (AI 4024 5) 5 - Viru-Nigula Kunda (AI 4002) 6 - HaljaJa Essu (AM R3 27) 7 - leiukoht I962b teadmata I findspot unknown (AI 2636 2)

82 Murika Mtigi EeSli merovillgi- ja

3

4

Tahvel XI Ehten5elad Plate XI Decorative pins

1 - Kark si Kuti (AI 1353 I) 2 - Kodavcrc Savastvcrc (AI 1483 I) 3 - Otcpaa Piiidta (AI 1997 3) 4 shy1Tarvastu Riuma (AI 1207 3a b) 5 - Kodavcrc Alatskivi (AI 1893 1 a hJ 1 45 - en 25 2-3 - ca 35

Plate xn Chain a

83EeSli lIlerovillgi- ja viikilgiaegsed rinnani5e1ad - ()iirapiJrased ja om ad Marika Miigi

4

a Paid1a (A 1997 3) 4- Tahvel XU Rinnakec Raatvere XIV nai semalUsest 5 - ca 25 2-3 - ca 35 Plate XII Chain arrangement from female grave XIV of Raal vere (AI 5295 121 a b)

TALLINN 1991_

Marika Mtiri Eesti merovillgi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad shy vooraptirased ja ollad 75

a 5 10

Tahvel IV Keila peitleid Plate IV Deposit of Keila (AM 234)

I) 3 5 - J6elahlme Presti M 134 14)

76 Marika Magi

o

3

5

rt ~

~ ~ ~

0 ~ ~ P bull

Tahvel V Ehtenoelad Plate V Decorative pins

1 - Liiganuse Piissi (AM 99) 2- 3 - Parnu-Jaagupi Parasmaa (AM 493 12) 4 - Keila Uksnurme

lt

~ ~

~

I ~ ~

rgtll ~ it ~ ~

EeSli merOlillgi j

(AM 68 I) 5 - Kaarma Uduvere (Ar K 15 184 tagumine kiilg I reverse) I - Piiha Lcina (AI 2643

1

3

t~

~

~

lvarika Miigi Eelli lIIerovingi- ja viikin~il1egsed rinnanoelad shy viYirapdrased ja omad 77

2

3

Tahvel VI Ehte noelad Plate Vl Decorative pios I 2) 4 - Keila Uksnurme

J - POha Leina (AI 2643 3(6) 2 - Muhu M~i1a (AI K 2 3) 3 - Kihclkonna Karusc (AI 2643 112) ~ine kulg I reverse) 4-5 -- Valjala RallU (AI 4239 6701114)

Marika Miigi78 EeSli merovillgi- je

o 4

Tahvel VII Haimre leiukompleks Fotal puudub asa kctikatkcid sriraalikesi ning poimingu katke Plate VII Find complex af Haimre Somc fragments of chain small spirals and pieces 0 plailed 1- 4 - Kuliamaa Maidl

wire arc not on the picture (11 3614 1-27) (AM 491 170) 6 shy

Marika Miigi

si ning poimingu kalke Is and pieces of plailed )

Eesti lIeruvillMi- ja viikillgiaegsed rinnalloelad shy voorapiirased ja omad

3

2

Tahvcl VIII Ehtenoelau Plate VIII Decorative pins

1-4 - Kullamaa Maiula (AM 5RO 26SltJI2fi90 1549 3101 60S5) 5 - PirnumiddotJaagupi Linnamae (AM 49 J 170) (j - UiUnc-Nigula Uugla (AM 500 503) 7 - Kose Pau nkOJa (AM 73 J)

79

80 Marika Magi EeSli merovingi- ja

1

3

2 o 3cm

o 3

TahvellX Ehtcn6clad Plate IX Decorativc pis

f - Aksi Raigastvere (AIf 5 - Paide Viltina (AI 3884 3515 391 ) 2 4 - Saarcm~a (SM I AI K Rj 46) 3 - Valjajl

Koola (AI 4024 5) 5 shy(SM K 54 O) V6etuli From Kustin 1962b

I

I

I I

I

3

~~

2

3

5

6

3

81Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - v(joraptirased ja omadMarika Miifi

3cm

o

Tahvel X Ehtenoelad Plate X Decorative pins

1 - Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885) 2 - Karu~e Pajumaa (AM 134 19) 3 - KuusaJu (AI 2827) 4 - Laiuse lt1 K ~) 46) 3 - Valjai a Koola (AI 4024 5) 5 - Viru-Nigula Kunda (AI 4002) 6 - HaljaJa Essu (AM R3 27) 7 - leiukoht I962b teadmata I findspot unknown (AI 2636 2)

82 Murika Mtigi EeSli merovillgi- ja

3

4

Tahvel XI Ehten5elad Plate XI Decorative pins

1 - Kark si Kuti (AI 1353 I) 2 - Kodavcrc Savastvcrc (AI 1483 I) 3 - Otcpaa Piiidta (AI 1997 3) 4 shy1Tarvastu Riuma (AI 1207 3a b) 5 - Kodavcrc Alatskivi (AI 1893 1 a hJ 1 45 - en 25 2-3 - ca 35

Plate xn Chain a

83EeSli lIlerovillgi- ja viikilgiaegsed rinnani5e1ad - ()iirapiJrased ja om ad Marika Miigi

4

a Paid1a (A 1997 3) 4- Tahvel XU Rinnakec Raatvere XIV nai semalUsest 5 - ca 25 2-3 - ca 35 Plate XII Chain arrangement from female grave XIV of Raal vere (AI 5295 121 a b)

TALLINN 1991_

76 Marika Magi

o

3

5

rt ~

~ ~ ~

0 ~ ~ P bull

Tahvel V Ehtenoelad Plate V Decorative pins

1 - Liiganuse Piissi (AM 99) 2- 3 - Parnu-Jaagupi Parasmaa (AM 493 12) 4 - Keila Uksnurme

lt

~ ~

~

I ~ ~

rgtll ~ it ~ ~

EeSli merOlillgi j

(AM 68 I) 5 - Kaarma Uduvere (Ar K 15 184 tagumine kiilg I reverse) I - Piiha Lcina (AI 2643

1

3

t~

~

~

lvarika Miigi Eelli lIIerovingi- ja viikin~il1egsed rinnanoelad shy viYirapdrased ja omad 77

2

3

Tahvel VI Ehte noelad Plate Vl Decorative pios I 2) 4 - Keila Uksnurme

J - POha Leina (AI 2643 3(6) 2 - Muhu M~i1a (AI K 2 3) 3 - Kihclkonna Karusc (AI 2643 112) ~ine kulg I reverse) 4-5 -- Valjala RallU (AI 4239 6701114)

Marika Miigi78 EeSli merovillgi- je

o 4

Tahvel VII Haimre leiukompleks Fotal puudub asa kctikatkcid sriraalikesi ning poimingu katke Plate VII Find complex af Haimre Somc fragments of chain small spirals and pieces 0 plailed 1- 4 - Kuliamaa Maidl

wire arc not on the picture (11 3614 1-27) (AM 491 170) 6 shy

Marika Miigi

si ning poimingu kalke Is and pieces of plailed )

Eesti lIeruvillMi- ja viikillgiaegsed rinnalloelad shy voorapiirased ja omad

3

2

Tahvcl VIII Ehtenoelau Plate VIII Decorative pins

1-4 - Kullamaa Maiula (AM 5RO 26SltJI2fi90 1549 3101 60S5) 5 - PirnumiddotJaagupi Linnamae (AM 49 J 170) (j - UiUnc-Nigula Uugla (AM 500 503) 7 - Kose Pau nkOJa (AM 73 J)

79

80 Marika Magi EeSli merovingi- ja

1

3

2 o 3cm

o 3

TahvellX Ehtcn6clad Plate IX Decorativc pis

f - Aksi Raigastvere (AIf 5 - Paide Viltina (AI 3884 3515 391 ) 2 4 - Saarcm~a (SM I AI K Rj 46) 3 - Valjajl

Koola (AI 4024 5) 5 shy(SM K 54 O) V6etuli From Kustin 1962b

I

I

I I

I

3

~~

2

3

5

6

3

81Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - v(joraptirased ja omadMarika Miifi

3cm

o

Tahvel X Ehtenoelad Plate X Decorative pins

1 - Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885) 2 - Karu~e Pajumaa (AM 134 19) 3 - KuusaJu (AI 2827) 4 - Laiuse lt1 K ~) 46) 3 - Valjai a Koola (AI 4024 5) 5 - Viru-Nigula Kunda (AI 4002) 6 - HaljaJa Essu (AM R3 27) 7 - leiukoht I962b teadmata I findspot unknown (AI 2636 2)

82 Murika Mtigi EeSli merovillgi- ja

3

4

Tahvel XI Ehten5elad Plate XI Decorative pins

1 - Kark si Kuti (AI 1353 I) 2 - Kodavcrc Savastvcrc (AI 1483 I) 3 - Otcpaa Piiidta (AI 1997 3) 4 shy1Tarvastu Riuma (AI 1207 3a b) 5 - Kodavcrc Alatskivi (AI 1893 1 a hJ 1 45 - en 25 2-3 - ca 35

Plate xn Chain a

83EeSli lIlerovillgi- ja viikilgiaegsed rinnani5e1ad - ()iirapiJrased ja om ad Marika Miigi

4

a Paid1a (A 1997 3) 4- Tahvel XU Rinnakec Raatvere XIV nai semalUsest 5 - ca 25 2-3 - ca 35 Plate XII Chain arrangement from female grave XIV of Raal vere (AI 5295 121 a b)

TALLINN 1991_

3

t~

~

~

lvarika Miigi Eelli lIIerovingi- ja viikin~il1egsed rinnanoelad shy viYirapdrased ja omad 77

2

3

Tahvel VI Ehte noelad Plate Vl Decorative pios I 2) 4 - Keila Uksnurme

J - POha Leina (AI 2643 3(6) 2 - Muhu M~i1a (AI K 2 3) 3 - Kihclkonna Karusc (AI 2643 112) ~ine kulg I reverse) 4-5 -- Valjala RallU (AI 4239 6701114)

Marika Miigi78 EeSli merovillgi- je

o 4

Tahvel VII Haimre leiukompleks Fotal puudub asa kctikatkcid sriraalikesi ning poimingu katke Plate VII Find complex af Haimre Somc fragments of chain small spirals and pieces 0 plailed 1- 4 - Kuliamaa Maidl

wire arc not on the picture (11 3614 1-27) (AM 491 170) 6 shy

Marika Miigi

si ning poimingu kalke Is and pieces of plailed )

Eesti lIeruvillMi- ja viikillgiaegsed rinnalloelad shy voorapiirased ja omad

3

2

Tahvcl VIII Ehtenoelau Plate VIII Decorative pins

1-4 - Kullamaa Maiula (AM 5RO 26SltJI2fi90 1549 3101 60S5) 5 - PirnumiddotJaagupi Linnamae (AM 49 J 170) (j - UiUnc-Nigula Uugla (AM 500 503) 7 - Kose Pau nkOJa (AM 73 J)

79

80 Marika Magi EeSli merovingi- ja

1

3

2 o 3cm

o 3

TahvellX Ehtcn6clad Plate IX Decorativc pis

f - Aksi Raigastvere (AIf 5 - Paide Viltina (AI 3884 3515 391 ) 2 4 - Saarcm~a (SM I AI K Rj 46) 3 - Valjajl

Koola (AI 4024 5) 5 shy(SM K 54 O) V6etuli From Kustin 1962b

I

I

I I

I

3

~~

2

3

5

6

3

81Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - v(joraptirased ja omadMarika Miifi

3cm

o

Tahvel X Ehtenoelad Plate X Decorative pins

1 - Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885) 2 - Karu~e Pajumaa (AM 134 19) 3 - KuusaJu (AI 2827) 4 - Laiuse lt1 K ~) 46) 3 - Valjai a Koola (AI 4024 5) 5 - Viru-Nigula Kunda (AI 4002) 6 - HaljaJa Essu (AM R3 27) 7 - leiukoht I962b teadmata I findspot unknown (AI 2636 2)

82 Murika Mtigi EeSli merovillgi- ja

3

4

Tahvel XI Ehten5elad Plate XI Decorative pins

1 - Kark si Kuti (AI 1353 I) 2 - Kodavcrc Savastvcrc (AI 1483 I) 3 - Otcpaa Piiidta (AI 1997 3) 4 shy1Tarvastu Riuma (AI 1207 3a b) 5 - Kodavcrc Alatskivi (AI 1893 1 a hJ 1 45 - en 25 2-3 - ca 35

Plate xn Chain a

83EeSli lIlerovillgi- ja viikilgiaegsed rinnani5e1ad - ()iirapiJrased ja om ad Marika Miigi

4

a Paid1a (A 1997 3) 4- Tahvel XU Rinnakec Raatvere XIV nai semalUsest 5 - ca 25 2-3 - ca 35 Plate XII Chain arrangement from female grave XIV of Raal vere (AI 5295 121 a b)

TALLINN 1991_

Marika Miigi78 EeSli merovillgi- je

o 4

Tahvel VII Haimre leiukompleks Fotal puudub asa kctikatkcid sriraalikesi ning poimingu katke Plate VII Find complex af Haimre Somc fragments of chain small spirals and pieces 0 plailed 1- 4 - Kuliamaa Maidl

wire arc not on the picture (11 3614 1-27) (AM 491 170) 6 shy

Marika Miigi

si ning poimingu kalke Is and pieces of plailed )

Eesti lIeruvillMi- ja viikillgiaegsed rinnalloelad shy voorapiirased ja omad

3

2

Tahvcl VIII Ehtenoelau Plate VIII Decorative pins

1-4 - Kullamaa Maiula (AM 5RO 26SltJI2fi90 1549 3101 60S5) 5 - PirnumiddotJaagupi Linnamae (AM 49 J 170) (j - UiUnc-Nigula Uugla (AM 500 503) 7 - Kose Pau nkOJa (AM 73 J)

79

80 Marika Magi EeSli merovingi- ja

1

3

2 o 3cm

o 3

TahvellX Ehtcn6clad Plate IX Decorativc pis

f - Aksi Raigastvere (AIf 5 - Paide Viltina (AI 3884 3515 391 ) 2 4 - Saarcm~a (SM I AI K Rj 46) 3 - Valjajl

Koola (AI 4024 5) 5 shy(SM K 54 O) V6etuli From Kustin 1962b

I

I

I I

I

3

~~

2

3

5

6

3

81Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - v(joraptirased ja omadMarika Miifi

3cm

o

Tahvel X Ehtenoelad Plate X Decorative pins

1 - Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885) 2 - Karu~e Pajumaa (AM 134 19) 3 - KuusaJu (AI 2827) 4 - Laiuse lt1 K ~) 46) 3 - Valjai a Koola (AI 4024 5) 5 - Viru-Nigula Kunda (AI 4002) 6 - HaljaJa Essu (AM R3 27) 7 - leiukoht I962b teadmata I findspot unknown (AI 2636 2)

82 Murika Mtigi EeSli merovillgi- ja

3

4

Tahvel XI Ehten5elad Plate XI Decorative pins

1 - Kark si Kuti (AI 1353 I) 2 - Kodavcrc Savastvcrc (AI 1483 I) 3 - Otcpaa Piiidta (AI 1997 3) 4 shy1Tarvastu Riuma (AI 1207 3a b) 5 - Kodavcrc Alatskivi (AI 1893 1 a hJ 1 45 - en 25 2-3 - ca 35

Plate xn Chain a

83EeSli lIlerovillgi- ja viikilgiaegsed rinnani5e1ad - ()iirapiJrased ja om ad Marika Miigi

4

a Paid1a (A 1997 3) 4- Tahvel XU Rinnakec Raatvere XIV nai semalUsest 5 - ca 25 2-3 - ca 35 Plate XII Chain arrangement from female grave XIV of Raal vere (AI 5295 121 a b)

TALLINN 1991_

Marika Miigi

si ning poimingu kalke Is and pieces of plailed )

Eesti lIeruvillMi- ja viikillgiaegsed rinnalloelad shy voorapiirased ja omad

3

2

Tahvcl VIII Ehtenoelau Plate VIII Decorative pins

1-4 - Kullamaa Maiula (AM 5RO 26SltJI2fi90 1549 3101 60S5) 5 - PirnumiddotJaagupi Linnamae (AM 49 J 170) (j - UiUnc-Nigula Uugla (AM 500 503) 7 - Kose Pau nkOJa (AM 73 J)

79

80 Marika Magi EeSli merovingi- ja

1

3

2 o 3cm

o 3

TahvellX Ehtcn6clad Plate IX Decorativc pis

f - Aksi Raigastvere (AIf 5 - Paide Viltina (AI 3884 3515 391 ) 2 4 - Saarcm~a (SM I AI K Rj 46) 3 - Valjajl

Koola (AI 4024 5) 5 shy(SM K 54 O) V6etuli From Kustin 1962b

I

I

I I

I

3

~~

2

3

5

6

3

81Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - v(joraptirased ja omadMarika Miifi

3cm

o

Tahvel X Ehtenoelad Plate X Decorative pins

1 - Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885) 2 - Karu~e Pajumaa (AM 134 19) 3 - KuusaJu (AI 2827) 4 - Laiuse lt1 K ~) 46) 3 - Valjai a Koola (AI 4024 5) 5 - Viru-Nigula Kunda (AI 4002) 6 - HaljaJa Essu (AM R3 27) 7 - leiukoht I962b teadmata I findspot unknown (AI 2636 2)

82 Murika Mtigi EeSli merovillgi- ja

3

4

Tahvel XI Ehten5elad Plate XI Decorative pins

1 - Kark si Kuti (AI 1353 I) 2 - Kodavcrc Savastvcrc (AI 1483 I) 3 - Otcpaa Piiidta (AI 1997 3) 4 shy1Tarvastu Riuma (AI 1207 3a b) 5 - Kodavcrc Alatskivi (AI 1893 1 a hJ 1 45 - en 25 2-3 - ca 35

Plate xn Chain a

83EeSli lIlerovillgi- ja viikilgiaegsed rinnani5e1ad - ()iirapiJrased ja om ad Marika Miigi

4

a Paid1a (A 1997 3) 4- Tahvel XU Rinnakec Raatvere XIV nai semalUsest 5 - ca 25 2-3 - ca 35 Plate XII Chain arrangement from female grave XIV of Raal vere (AI 5295 121 a b)

TALLINN 1991_

80 Marika Magi EeSli merovingi- ja

1

3

2 o 3cm

o 3

TahvellX Ehtcn6clad Plate IX Decorativc pis

f - Aksi Raigastvere (AIf 5 - Paide Viltina (AI 3884 3515 391 ) 2 4 - Saarcm~a (SM I AI K Rj 46) 3 - Valjajl

Koola (AI 4024 5) 5 shy(SM K 54 O) V6etuli From Kustin 1962b

I

I

I I

I

3

~~

2

3

5

6

3

81Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - v(joraptirased ja omadMarika Miifi

3cm

o

Tahvel X Ehtenoelad Plate X Decorative pins

1 - Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885) 2 - Karu~e Pajumaa (AM 134 19) 3 - KuusaJu (AI 2827) 4 - Laiuse lt1 K ~) 46) 3 - Valjai a Koola (AI 4024 5) 5 - Viru-Nigula Kunda (AI 4002) 6 - HaljaJa Essu (AM R3 27) 7 - leiukoht I962b teadmata I findspot unknown (AI 2636 2)

82 Murika Mtigi EeSli merovillgi- ja

3

4

Tahvel XI Ehten5elad Plate XI Decorative pins

1 - Kark si Kuti (AI 1353 I) 2 - Kodavcrc Savastvcrc (AI 1483 I) 3 - Otcpaa Piiidta (AI 1997 3) 4 shy1Tarvastu Riuma (AI 1207 3a b) 5 - Kodavcrc Alatskivi (AI 1893 1 a hJ 1 45 - en 25 2-3 - ca 35

Plate xn Chain a

83EeSli lIlerovillgi- ja viikilgiaegsed rinnani5e1ad - ()iirapiJrased ja om ad Marika Miigi

4

a Paid1a (A 1997 3) 4- Tahvel XU Rinnakec Raatvere XIV nai semalUsest 5 - ca 25 2-3 - ca 35 Plate XII Chain arrangement from female grave XIV of Raal vere (AI 5295 121 a b)

TALLINN 1991_

3

~~

2

3

5

6

3

81Eesti merovingi- ja viikingiaegsed rinnanoelad - v(joraptirased ja omadMarika Miifi

3cm

o

Tahvel X Ehtenoelad Plate X Decorative pins

1 - Aksi Raigastvere (AI 4885) 2 - Karu~e Pajumaa (AM 134 19) 3 - KuusaJu (AI 2827) 4 - Laiuse lt1 K ~) 46) 3 - Valjai a Koola (AI 4024 5) 5 - Viru-Nigula Kunda (AI 4002) 6 - HaljaJa Essu (AM R3 27) 7 - leiukoht I962b teadmata I findspot unknown (AI 2636 2)

82 Murika Mtigi EeSli merovillgi- ja

3

4

Tahvel XI Ehten5elad Plate XI Decorative pins

1 - Kark si Kuti (AI 1353 I) 2 - Kodavcrc Savastvcrc (AI 1483 I) 3 - Otcpaa Piiidta (AI 1997 3) 4 shy1Tarvastu Riuma (AI 1207 3a b) 5 - Kodavcrc Alatskivi (AI 1893 1 a hJ 1 45 - en 25 2-3 - ca 35

Plate xn Chain a

83EeSli lIlerovillgi- ja viikilgiaegsed rinnani5e1ad - ()iirapiJrased ja om ad Marika Miigi

4

a Paid1a (A 1997 3) 4- Tahvel XU Rinnakec Raatvere XIV nai semalUsest 5 - ca 25 2-3 - ca 35 Plate XII Chain arrangement from female grave XIV of Raal vere (AI 5295 121 a b)

TALLINN 1991_

82 Murika Mtigi EeSli merovillgi- ja

3

4

Tahvel XI Ehten5elad Plate XI Decorative pins

1 - Kark si Kuti (AI 1353 I) 2 - Kodavcrc Savastvcrc (AI 1483 I) 3 - Otcpaa Piiidta (AI 1997 3) 4 shy1Tarvastu Riuma (AI 1207 3a b) 5 - Kodavcrc Alatskivi (AI 1893 1 a hJ 1 45 - en 25 2-3 - ca 35

Plate xn Chain a

83EeSli lIlerovillgi- ja viikilgiaegsed rinnani5e1ad - ()iirapiJrased ja om ad Marika Miigi

4

a Paid1a (A 1997 3) 4- Tahvel XU Rinnakec Raatvere XIV nai semalUsest 5 - ca 25 2-3 - ca 35 Plate XII Chain arrangement from female grave XIV of Raal vere (AI 5295 121 a b)

TALLINN 1991_

83EeSli lIlerovillgi- ja viikilgiaegsed rinnani5e1ad - ()iirapiJrased ja om ad Marika Miigi

4

a Paid1a (A 1997 3) 4- Tahvel XU Rinnakec Raatvere XIV nai semalUsest 5 - ca 25 2-3 - ca 35 Plate XII Chain arrangement from female grave XIV of Raal vere (AI 5295 121 a b)

TALLINN 1991_

TALLINN 1991_