MA RZCHA

BOTANICAL NAME Piper nigrum Linn.

FAMILY Piperaceae

SYNONYMS Maricha, Vellaja, Krishna, Dharmapattana.

VERNACULAR NAMES Eng.- Black pepper, Common pepper, Pepper. Hindi- Kalimirch, Mirch, Gulmiru-h, Golmirch, Filfilgird, Habush, Choco mirch. Beng.- Vellajung, Muri chung, Kolukung, Muricha, Kala-morich, Gol-marich. Guj.- Kalamuri, Kalo- minch, Miri, Kalamire. Kan.- Kaalumenasu, Ollimonasu, Miri, Menasu, Kareml .u, Moluvukodi, Mirialu. Ma1.- Kurumulaku, Lada, Nallamulaku. Mar.- Mire, Kalimiri. Punj.- Golmirich, Habush. Tam.- Molagu, Milagu, Milaku, Marisam. Te1.- Miriyalu, Miryalu tige, Miriyolu. Arab.- Filfiluswud. Kash.- Marts. Kon.- Kare menasu. Pers.- Filfile-siyah, Pilpil, Filfile-aswad, FiIfile-gird. Sind.- Galmirien. Sing.- Gammirris-wil, Gum-miris, Kalu-miris.

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Much branched climbing shrub, rooting at the nodes. Leaves simple, alternate, cordate, broadly ovate, 5-9 nerved, dark green. Flowers minute, in spikes of variable length. Fruits ovoid or globose, one seeded, bright red when ripe. Seeds globose, testa thin, perisperm hard and white.

DISTRIBUTION It is mostly found cultivated in the hot and moist parts of India, Srilanka and other tropical countries. The plant is wild in Travancore and Malabar, found cultivated in W. Bengal, Konkan, Western ghats and South India at 500-1600 m in evergreen forests.

PARTS USED Fruit

ACTIONS AND USES Fruits are acrid, bitter, anthelmintic, carminative, digestive, alterant, aphrodisiac, alexiteric, antiperiodic, deobstruant, diuretic, emmenagogue,

rubefacient, stimulant and stomachic. They are useful in arthritis, throat troubles, asthma, fever, cough, catarrh, hoarseness, dysentery, dyspepsia, flatulence, colic, various gastric ailments, cholera, vertigo, unconsciousness, paraplegia, scorpion sting, hiccough, haemorrhoids, urethrorrhea, convulsions, pimples, eczema, scabies, alopecia and other skin diseases, eye diseases, oedema and obesity.

AYURVEDIC PROPERTIES Rasa - Katu Guna - b g h u , Teekshna, Ruksha Veerya - Ushna Epaka - Katu Doshaghnafa - Kaphavatashamaka Rogaghnata - Shwitra, Kilasa, Pama, Tarunyapidaka, Shothavedanayukta vikara, Timira, Naktandhya, ~ r r n a , Shukla, Dantashoola, Dantakrimi, Vatavikara, Nadidaurbalya, Apatanaka, Agnimundya, Ajeema, Yakridvikara, Adhmaaa, Shoola, Grahani, Krimi, Hriddaurbalya, Pratishyaya, Kasa, Shwasa, Hikka, Mootrakrichchhra, Dhwajabhanga, Rajorodha, Kushtha, Charmaroga, Balashotha, Sthaulya Karma - Raktotkleshaka, Lekhana, Uttejaka, Nadibalya, Nadiuttejaka, Lalasravajanaka, Deepana, Pachana, Yakriduttejaka, Vatanulomana, Krimighna, Kaphaghna, Kaphanissaraka, Mootrala, Artavajanann, Swedajanana, Kushfhaghna, Jwaraghna, Vishamajwara pratibandhaka, Avrishya, Srotahshodhana Doses - Fruit powder- 0.5-1 gm.

SIDDHA PROPERTIES Siddha Name:- Milagu, Kallinai, Kariyam, Malayin munivan, Marisam, Malayali, Thirangal, Vellai milagu, Aagutam Suvai (Taste): - Kaippu (Bitter) Veeriyam (Potency): - Veppam (Hot) Vipakam (Transformation): - Kaarppu (Pungent) Ceikai (Pharmacological action): - Akatbtbuvaaivakatri (Carminative), Kaar?alunbti>aakki (Acrid), Muraiveppakatri (Periodicfebrifuge), Natchakatri (Antidote), Vaatamatbakkii (Antivata), Veppamunhtbaakki (Heat enhancer), Veekkankaraichi (Swelling resolver) Gunam (Uses): - Therapeutic uses Used in Azhal noi, Seriyaamai, Suram, Suvayinmai, Kaamalai, Timirvaatham, Vali noi

Siddha Pharmaceutical Preparations: - Important formulations Sivanaar Amirtam, Suvaasakkuthori, Elathy Chooranam, Nilavaakai Chooranam, Panchadeepaakkini Chooranam, Thalisathy Vat?akam, Thirikatugu Chooranam Dose: Powder 250 - 500 mg. Decoction 30- 50 ml. twice daily. 15 - 30 g. coarse powder in 200 ml. of water for preparing decoction.

PHARMACOGNOSY Fruit- Fresh fruit is ovoid or globose, 4-6 mm in diameter, orange-red to reddish in colour when fully mature. Dried ripe fruits are greyish black with wrinkled surface. A transverse section of pericarp shows single layered epidermis followed by subepidermal layers of stone cells composed of more than one row of thick walled cells possessing uniformly thickened pitted walls. Inner to this, is a parenchymatous region consisting of thin walled cells containing small, irregular masses or lumps of starch grains, which are small and mostly spheroidal. Certain cells contain very minute prisms of calcium oxalate. A number of secretory cells containing oil are also present. At the inner border of this region there are 5-6 small groups of fibro-vascular bundles arranged in a circle and several prominent, large sized, closely arranged secretory cells forming an inner ring. Next lies a single row of beaker shaped cells having their inner and radial walls strongly thickened. The outermost tissue of the seed, just inner to the pericarp, is a thin, brownish zone consisting of two rows of brown pigmented cells forming the seed coat. The bulk part of the seed consists of perisperm composed of thin walled, polygonal cells. Aleurone grains and minute crystals of calcium oxalate are present in some of the cells of perisperm. Internal cells of perisperm are larger and mostly loaded with masses of small starch grains and a large number of cells containing large greenish yellow oil globules. The oil cells are slightly larger than the neighbouring cells. The endosperm is comparatively very small and situated at the apex of the fruit within the perisperm. It is composed of very small polygonal cells containing a granular substance. Secretory cells containing oil globules are not seen in the endosperm. In the middle of the endosperm is located a small embryo.

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS Total ash- Not more than 5.0%; Acid insoluble ash- Not more than 0.5%; Alcohol soluble extractive- Not less than 6.0%; Water soluble extractive- Not less than 6.0%.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS Pipercide characterised as isobutylamide of 11-(3,4-methylenedioxypheny1)- 2E,4E,lOE-undecatrienoic acid, N-trans-femloyltyramine and N-5-(4-hydroxy- pheny1)-2E,4E-pentadienoylpiperidine, guineensine, N-isobutyl-2E,4E,82- eicosatrienamide, N-isobutyl-2E,4E-octade-cadienamide, pellitorine, N-trans- feruloylpiperidine, feruperine, dihydroferuperine, (E,E)-N-(2-methylpropy1)- 2,4-decadienamide, (E,E,E)- 13-(1 ,3-benzodioxal-5-yl)-N-(2-methylpropy1)- 2,4,12-tridecatrienamide, (E,E,E)- 11 - (1,3-benzodioxol-5-y1)-N-(2- methylpropy1)-2,4,10-undecatrienamide, piperonal, piperine, piperoleine A & B, and (2E,4E)-N-isobutyl-2,4-decadienamide (fruit); (-)a-cis-bergamotene and (+)P-cis-bergamotene, a-thujene, dl-limonene, a-terpinene, dihydrocarveol, a- pinene, sabinene, P-pinene, myrcene, p-cymene, P-caryophyllene (essential oil); N-isobutyl- 1 1 -(3,4-methylenedioxypheny1)-2E,4E, 1 OE-undecatrienamide, N-isobutyl -13 - (3, 4 - methylenedioxyphenyl) - 2E, 4E, 12E - tridecatrienamide, 1-piperylpyrrolidine, N-isobutyl-2E, 4E-decadienamide, pellitonine, methylenedioxycinnamic acid, piperettine, trichostachine (- piperylin), citronellol, cryptone, piperonal, camphene, p-alanine, arginine, pipecolic acid, serine, threonine, ascorbic acid, carotene, 0-methyl pyrroline (plant); piperine, hentriacontan- 1 6-one, hentriacontane and p-sitosterol (stem).

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES Antioxidant, anticonvulsant, sedative, analgesic, insecticidal, pesticidal, CNS depressant, muscle relaxant, antipyretic, antiinflammatory, antifungal, taenicidal, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, antiulcer, antibacterial, lipolytic, cyclo oxygenase inhibitorty activity.

TOXICOLOGY Topical LD,, values of (E,E)-N-(2-methylpropy1)-2,4-decadienamide, (E,E,E)- 13-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-(2-methylpropy1)-2,4, 12- tridecatrienamide and (E,E,E)- 1 1 -(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-(2-rnethylpropyl)-2,4,1 O-undecatriena- mide are 2.18, 0.25 and 0.84 pglinsect for males (weight 3.8-5.7 mg) and 6.70, 1.43 and 3.88 pglinsect for females (weight 5.4-7.9 mg) respectively.

THERAPEUTIC EVALUATION A commercial Ayurvedic preparation, comprising Ocimum sanctum, Allium sativum, Piper nigrum and Curcuma longa, claimed to have potent antimalarial activity, was subjected to a controlled clinical study on 53 patients of malaria (49 with Plasmodium vivax malaria and 4 of P. falciparum) in 5 rural areas of South India. The drug did not reveal any

antiparasitaemic effect during one week period of observation, although there was relief in the clinical symptoms in 52.2 percent of l? vivax patients and all the patients of P. falciparurn malaria. In a clinical study, the leaves of Aegle marmelos were macerated and given orally followed by powdered black pepper on empty stomach to 8 patients with diabetes mellitus for 15 days. A significant diminution in the blood cholesterol levels with slight lowering of blood glucose levels in all the patients was reported. All the patients also had a sense of well being during treatment. Antipyretic effect of Mrityunjaya rasa, a compound Ayurvedic preparation consisting of Acoaituin ferox, Piper nigrum, borax and Cinnebar was studied in patients running temperature between 100 to 102OF. The daily dose administered to a patient was 500 mg divided in four equal doses mixed with honey. The drug was found effective in seasonal fever. An Ayurvedic toothpaste prepared from Zingiber officinale, Terminalia chebula, Acacia catechu, Piper nigrum, Syzygium aromaticum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, camphor etc. has been tested in 50 patients suffering from dental diseases. The paste was found effective in controlling the diseases.

FORMULATIONS AND PREPARATIONS Karpoorasava, Ayaskriti, Shrikhandasava, Eladi ghrita, Kasisadi ghrita, Taptaraja taila (Fratham), Marichadi gutika, Marichadi taila, Marichadi churna, Marichadya ghrita, Ashtangalavana churna, Laghulayi churna, Brihanmarichadya taila, 'I'ararnandura guda, Jwarankusha rasa, Guduchi lauha, Trikatu churna, Apratisaranjana, Kshanmakshika yoga, Mrityunjaya rasa.

TRADE AND COMMERCE India has been a chief source of black pepper in the world markets since time immemorial. However, India's share in export has been declining in the recent decades, mainly due to increased supply from countries like Indonesia and Sarawak, and development of pepper plantations in Malagasy and Brazil. The main market for Indian pepper have been U.S.A., U.S.S.R., Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium, U.K. and Canada. Retail market price- Fruit- Rs. 1751- per kg (2001).

SUBSTITUTES AND ADULTERANTS Aframomum nzelegueta (Rosc.) Schum. (Syn. Amomum melegueta Rosc.) seeds, Lantana camara Linn. var. aculeata (Linn.) Moldenke fruits, Polygonum amplzibiunz Linn. fruits, Schinus molle Linn. seeds, Vitex agnus-

castus Linn., Vitex altissima Linn. f. seeds and Carica papaya Linn. seeds are used to adulterate black pepper.

PROPAGATION AND CULTIVATION In India pepper is cultivated mostly as a mixed crop in homestead garden. It is grown mainly in Kerala, Tamilnadu and Karnataka and to very small extent in Assam up to an altitude of 1500 m. Pepper requires warm and humid climate with annual rainfall over 200 cm. It thrives best in well drained red laterite or alluvial soils with high humus content. As pepper is a climbing vine, supports or standards have to be provided to grow on. The plants can be raised from seed but propzgated usually from cuttings with 4 nodes obtained from the middle portion of long shoots. Rooted cuttings are planted at a distance of 3x3 m. Planting of the vines is done during the month of August. Vines are trailed generally on Areca nut, Erythrina or other trees. For raising the seedlings from the seeds, well ripened seeds are soaked in water for 2-3 days, outer skin removed, the seeds dried in the shade and then sown in nursery beds. The seedlings are transplanted when they develope 4-5 leaves. The pepper vines start bearing fruits 3'd year onwords. The fruits are usually ready for harvest from middle of December to middle of March. While harvesting, the whole spikes are removed from the vines and then dried in the sun for 2-3 days. The yield of pepper varies widely depending upon the elevation, climate and soil conditions. On an average one vine yields 0.5 Kg of dried fruits. Vennicompost was evaluated as a propagating media for black pepper (Piper nigrum) in comparison with potting mixture comprising of soil, sand and farmyard manure. Black pepper cuttings raised in vermicompost were significantly taller and had more number of leaves than in potting mixture. The morphogenetic potential of various explants of black pepper such as shoot tip, lateral bud, leaf, hypocotyl, anther, drupes and spike segments was investigated in vitro. Except in leaf and anther tissues, callus formation was induced in all explants on MS medium fortified with a wide range of auxin- cytokinin combinations. Regeneration of multiple shoot buds occurred in shoot tip cultures of seedlings on MS medium supplemented with IAA and BA (lmg/l each). The in vitro developed shoots were induced to root in half strength MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/l NAA. In another trial for in vitro propagation the best establishment and proliferation of shoot tip explants was obtained on MS medium containing 1- 5 mg/l BAP alone; subsequent growth and development of lateral branches was best on media containing 1-5 mg/l BAP plus 3.0 mg/l IBA. Shoots were rooted on a 50 percent strength medium containing 1 mg/l NAA.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abd. Rahman Azmil, I. (1994), Studies on black pepper support systems in Penisular Malaysia, PLACROSYM XI, Calicut, 30 Nov.- 3 Dec., PP. 07.

Abdul Khader, K.B. (1982), Inter and mixed cropping in areca gardens, Indian Fanning, Vol. 32 (9), PP. 21-23.

Abraham, J.; Anandaraj, M.; Ramana, K.V. & Sarma, Y.R. (1996), A simple method for indexing Phytophthora and nematode infections in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), J. Spices Arom. Crops, Vol. 5 (I), PP. 68-71.

Agarwal, R.G.; Joshi, P.C.; Pandey, M.J. & Pandey, G. (1996), Studies on standardization of Tribhuvanakirti rasa, Ancient Sci. Life, Vol. 15 (3), PP. 169-171.

Agarwal, R.G.; Tewari, L.C.; Pandey, M.J.; Pandey, G. & Uniyal, M.R. (1991), Periodical analysis of Tribuvan Kirti Rasa, Aryavaidyan, Vol. 4 (4), PP. 238-244.

Aggarwal, M. & Kaul, B.L. (1992), The radio-protective effects of piperine in plants, Indian Drugs, Vol. 29 (10): PP. 447-449.

Aguilera-Del, R.A. et al. (1997), Behaviour of endosulfan residues in peppers, cucumbers and cherry tomatoes grown in greenhouse: evaluation by 'decline curves', Pesticide Sci., Vol. 51, PP. 194-200.

Alam, M.; Dasan, K.K.S.; Rukmani, B.; Ramar, C. & Purushothaman, K.K. (1983), Studies on Mustakarishta prepared according to textual and modified methods, J. Res. Ayur. Sjddha, Vol. 4 (1-4), PP. 53-62.

Ali, Z.A. (1999), Folk veterinary medicine in Moradabad district (Uttar Pradesh), India, Fitoterapia, Vol. 70, PP. 340-347.

Aminuddin; Girach, R.D. & Subhash Khan, A. (1993), Treatment of malaria through herbal drugs from Orissa, India, Fitoterapia, Vol. 64 (6), PP. 545-548.

Anandakumar, A.; Balasubramanian, M. & Muralidharan, R. (1983), A preliminary standard for Nilavarai curnam- a siddha preparation, Ancient Sci. Life, Vol. 3 (2), PP. 67-71.

Anandakumar, A. et al. (1980), Powder analysis of Thirikadu chumam, J. Nat. Integ. Med. ASSOC., Vol. 22 (8), PP. 199-201.

Anandaraj, M.; Abraham, J.; Sarma, Y.R. & Balakrishnan, R. (1989), Incidence of foot-rot disease of black pepper (Piper nigrum) in Kerala in relation to cultivation practices, Indian J. Agric. Sci., Vol. 59 (Il) , PP. 751-753.

Anandaraj, M. & Sarma, Y.R. (1994), Biological control of black pepper diseases, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices, J., Vol. 18 (I), PP. 22-23.

Anandaraj, M. & Sarma, Y.R. (1994), Effect of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza on rooting of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), J . Spices & Arom. Crops, Vol. 3 (I), Pl? 39-42.

Anandaraj, M. & Sarma, Y.R. (1995), Diseases of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and their management, J. Spices Arom. Crops, Vol. 4 ( I ) , PP. 17-23.

Anandaraj, M. & Sarma, Y.R. (1997), Influence of weather on population fluctuation of Phytophthora capsici, flushing and feeder root production in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), Int. Conf. Integ. Plant Disease Management, New Delhi, India, Nov. 10-15, PP. 271.

Anandaraj, M. et al. (1994), Role of Phytophthora capsici in the etiology of slow decline disease of black pepper, PLACROSYM XI, Calicut, 30 Nov.- 3 Dec., PP. 23.

Annamalai, A.R. & Mananvalan, R. (1990), Effects of "Trikatu" and its individual components and piperine on gastrointestinal tracts: Trikatu- a bioavailable enhancer, Indian Drugs, Vol. 27 (12), PP. 595-604.

Annis, S.L.; Velasquez, L.; Xu, H.; Hammerschmidt, R.; Linz, J. & Trail, F. (2000), Novel procedure for identification of compounds inhibitory to transcription of genes involved in mycotoxin biosynthesis, J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 48 ( l o ) , PP. 4656-4660.

Anonymous (1929), Pepper, Trop. Agric., Vol. 73 ( I ) , PP. 54-56.

Anonymous (1963) , Dhanvantari Vanaushadhi Visheshank (Hindi), ed. K.P.Trivedi, Dhanvantari Karyalaya, Vijaygarh, Vol. 11, PP. 229-235.

Anonymous (1969), The Wealth of India, Raw Materials, Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, Vol. VIII, PP. 99.

Anonymous (1970), Charaka Samhita, Commentary by Shastri, K.N. et al., Chaukhambha Vidyabhavan, Varanasi, Su. 2. 3, 23; 3. 12; 4. (9) 6 , ( 1 1 ) 15, (13) 27, (17) 45; 27. 298; M. 8. 142, 151; Ci. 2-1. 30; 2-2. 24; 2-4. 11, 21; 6. 42; 7. 48, 74, 87, 117; 8. 142, 145; 9. 67, 68; 11. 40, 67, 74, 86; 12. 32, 36; 14. 92, 139, 158, 206; 15. 102, 108, 120, 164, 168; 16. 129; 17. 98, 110; 18. 71, 73, 90, 104, 180; 19. 113, 116; 20. 39; 23. 50, 183, 193; 24. 23, 127, 128, 175, 179, 181; 26. 138, 190, 215, 218, 243, 244, 245, 259; 30. 72, 91; Ka. 7 . 14, 24, 39; 12. 21; Si. 8. 41; 9. 22.

Anonymous (1978), The Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Ministry of Health and Family Planning, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part- I, PP. 7 , 16, 66, 68, 69, 253.

Anonymous (1980), Sushruta Samhita, ed. Acharya, J.T., Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, Su. 20. 13; 38. 22, 58; 39. 6 ; 44. 9, 17, 49, 64; 46. 221, 224, 365; Ci. 5. 18; 6. 15; 7. 14; 9. 7 , 10; 11. 10; 17. 41; 19. 58; 20. 24; 22. 53; 23. 12; 25. 23; 37. 37; Ka. 6. 3; Sa. 10. 22, 45; U. 11. 13; 12. 16, 28, 29, 51; 17. 7 , 99; 18. 96, 98, 105; 19. 14; 39. 187; 40. 145; 42. 60, 71, 93; 46. 17; 47. 24, 30, 32, 38, 42, 45; 51. 41, 45; 52. 18, 21, 23, 37.

Anonymous (1982), Ashtanga Hridayam, ed. Kunte, A.M. et al., Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, Su. 6. 161, 164, 165; 10. 30; 15. 33; Ci. 3. 29, 48, 78, 98, 115, 142, 173; 4. 32; 5. 57, 58; 6. 20, 21; 7. 38, 41, 44, 97, 106; 8. 65, 76, 83, 157, 158; 9. 26, 40, 111, 116; 10. 12, 14, 16; 11. 25; 17. 11; 19. 70, 71, 73; 20. 25; 21. 59; Ka. 2. 17; U. 3. 49; 5. 18, 36; 11. 34, 43; 13. 23, 25, 29, 42, 43. 44, 72, 75, 82, 85; 14. 30; 16. 2, 5, 26, 48, 52; 18. 50; 20. 21; 22. 31, 49; 30. 22; 36. 71; 37. 73; 40. 19.

Anonymous (1986), Reaction of black pepper germplasm to root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, Indian J. Nematol., Vol. 16 (I), PP. 138-139.

Anonymous (1987), Medicinal Plants of India, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, Vol. 11, PP. 428.

Anonymous (1987-88), Spices- for what they are, Indian Spices, Vol. 24 (4) & 25 (I), PP, 3-8.

Anonymous (1988), A standard tree for pepper, Farmer's J., Vol. 8 (4), PP. 45.

Anonymous (1988), Medicinal Plants Bibliography of CSIR Contributions (1950-1987), Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, PP. 25, 89.

Anonymous (1988), Post-harvest technology for pepper, Farmer's J. , Vol. 8 (4), PP. 39, 41.

Anonymous (1989), Bharatiya Ayurved Yog Sangraha, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Nirman Bhavan, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part-2, PP. 40, 44, 54, 56, 93, 106, 131.

Anonymous (1989), Pepper as an insecticide- a review of the published literature, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 13 (I), PP. 31-32.

Anonymous (1996), Spice export on new horizons, Spice India, Vol. 9 (3), PP. 2-4.

Anonymous (1997), Indian Medicinal Plants, ed. P.K. Warrier et al., Orient Longman Ltd., Madras, Vol. 4, PP. 297.

Anonymous (1999), Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia, A Joint Publication of Regional Research Laboratory, Jammu Tawi and Indian Drug Manufacturer's Association, Mumbai, PP. 93.

Anonymous (2001), The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Deptt. Of ISM&H, Govt. of India, Part 1, Vol. 111, PP. 115-117.

Anzaldo, F.E. & Manalo, J.B. (1984), Philippine grown spices for food and medicinals, 5" Asian Symp. Med. Plants and Spices, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 20-24 Aug., Abstr. No. A-12.

Ao, P.; Hu, S. & Zhao, A. (1998), Essential oil analysis and trace element study of the roots of Piper nigrum L., Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, Vol. 23 (I), PP. 42-43, 63.

Appaiah, G.N. (1988), Pepper cultivation in Karnataka, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 11 (4), PP. 132-133.

Atal, C.K. & Kapur, B.M. (1982), Cultivatian and IJtili~aticrn of Medicinal Plants, Regional Research Laboratory, CSIR, Jammu-Tawi, PP. 5 14.

Atal, C.K.; Dubey, R.K. & Jaswant Singh (1984). Biochemical basis of enhanced drugs bioavailability by piperine: evidence that piperine is a potent inhibitor of monooxygenase system, (Ann. Conf. Indian Pharmacol. Soc., Dec. 28-30, Ajmer, India, Abstr. No. 118), Indian J. Pharmacol., Vol. 16 (1).

Atal, C.K.; Zutshi, U. & Rao, P.G. (1981), Scientific evidence on the role of Ayurvedic herbals on bioavailability of drugs, J. Ethnopharmacol., Vol. 4 ( 2 ) . YP. 229-232.

Atique, A.; Iqbal, M. & Ghouse, A.K.M. (1985), Use of Anrlonu squamnsa and Piper nigrum against diabetes, Fitoterapia, Vol. 56 (3), PI-? 190-192.

Awuah, R.T. & Kpodo, K.A. (1996), High incidence of Asp~rgil lus,~avus and aflatoxins in stored groundnut in Ghana and the use of a microbial assay to assess the inhibitory effects of plant extracts on aflatoxin synthesis, Mycopathologia, Vol. 134 (2), PP. 109-114.

Balakrishnan, R. et al. (1986), Estimates of the extent of loss due to quick wilt disease of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) in Calicut district of Kerala, J. Plant. Crops, Vol. 14 (I) , PP. 15-18.

Balakrishnan, R.; Prem Kumar, T. & Devasahayan, S. (1984), The economic viability of three insecticides in the control of Pollu beetle (Longitarsus nigripenni.5 Mots.) in black pepper, J. Plant. Crops, Vol. 12 ( 2 ) , PP. 164-168.

Bandyopadhyay, C.; Narayan, V.S. & Variyar, P.S.(1990), Phenolics of green pepper berries (Piper nigrum L.), J . Agric. Food Chem., Val. 38 (a), PP. 1696-1699.

Bano, G.; Amla, V.; Raina, R.K.; Zutshi, U. & Chopra, C.L. (1987), The effect of piperine on pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in healthy volunteers, Planta Medica, Vol. 53 (6), PP. 568-569.

Barakat, A.A.; Fahmy, H.S.M.; Kandil, M.A. & Ebrahirn, N.M.M. (1985), Toxicity of the extracts of black pepper, cumin, fennel, chamomile and lupin against Drosophila melanogastel; Ceratetis capitata and Spodoptera littoralis, Indian J. Agric. Sci., Vol. 55 (2), PP. 116-120.

Baslas, R.K. & Baslas, K.K. (1970), Chemistry of Indian essential oils, Part VIII, Flavour Ind., Vol. 1, PP. 473.

Baxter, R. & Holzapfel, W.H. (1982), A n~icrobial investigation of selezted spices, herbs and additives in South Africa, J. Food Sci., Vol. 47 (2), PP. 570-574.

Bedi, K.L.; Atal, C.K. & Acharya, K.T. (1971), Study of Indtan seed oils. VIII, Component fatty acids of some seed fats of Piperaceae, Lloydia, Vol. 34, PP. 256.

Bentry, H.S. (1955), Introducing black pepper into America, Econ. Bot., Vol. 9 (3), PP. 256-268.

Bhale, MS.; Nayak, M.L. & Chourasia, R.K. (1984), New bacterial disease of betelvine, Indian Phytopathol., Vol. 37 (2), PP. 373.

Bhandari, C.R. (1946), Vanaushadhi Chandrodaya (Hindi), Chandraraj Bhandari, Bhanpura, Indore, Vol. 11, PP. 536.

Bhat, B.G. & Chandrasekhara, N. (1984), Effect of black pepper and piperine on bile secretion and composition, "4" Indian Conv. Fd. Sci. Technol.", Assoc. Fd. Sci. Technol. India & CFTRI, Mysore, India, June 7-9, Abstr. No. - P 20, PP. 120.

Bhat, B.G. & Chandrasekhara, N. (1987), Effect of black pepper and piperine on bile secretion and composition in rats, Nahrung, Vol. 31 (9), PP. 913-916.

Bhat, S.R.; Chandel, K.P.S. & Malik, S.K. (1995), Plant regeneration from various explants of cultivated Piper species, Plant Cell Reports, Vol. 14 (61, PP. 398-402.

Bhatnagar, J.K. & Gupta, O.P. (1965), Microscopic detection of papaya seeds in powdered black pepper, Res. Bull (NS) Punjab Univ., Vol. 16, Pt. IV, PP. 323.

Bhattacharjee, 1. (1982), A trial with an indigenous drug for acute or chronic gastritis, Indian Med. J., Vol. 76 (12), PP. 165.

Bhattacharjee, S.K. (1998), Handbook of Medicinal Plants, Pointer Publishers, Jaipur, India, PP. 269.

Bhattacharjee, S.K. (2000), Handbook of Aromatic Plants, Pointer Publishers, Jaipur, India, PP. 364.

Bhattathiri, P.P.N. et al. (1989), Effect of Kalasakadi Kasaya and Dadimastaka Curna in Giardia and Entamoeba histolitica, J. Res. Ayur. Siddha, Vol. 10 (3-4), PP, 153-156.

Bhosale, D.B.; Thakare, R.P. & Deorukhkar, A.C. (1994), Comparative economics of spices (Black pepper and Nutmeg) as intercrops in South Konkan (Maharashtra State), South Indian Hortic., Vol. 42 (4), PP. 224-230.

Bin Maarof, M.G. (1983), The effect of maturity and storage on the viability of pepper seeds (Piper nigrum L.), MARDI Res. Bull., Vol. 11 (2), PP. 166-170.

Bindu, T.K.; Shafi, P.M.; Rajan, P.P. & Sarma, Y.R. (1998), Antifungal activity of Uvaria narum extracts, Allelopathy J., Vol. 5 (I), PP. 67-74.

Bopaiah, B.M. & Abdul Khader, K.B. (1989), Effect of bio-fertilizers on growth of black pepper (Piper nigrum), Indian J. Agric. Sci., Vol. 59 (lo), PP. 682-683.

Bor-wen Shen (1978), Effects of plant growth regulators on fruiting of dwarf type pepper, Nat. Sci. Council (Monthly), Vol. 6 (12), PP. 1197-1207.

Brahma, R.N.; Nambiar, K.K.N. & Sarma, Y.R. (1980), Basal wilt of black pepper and its control, J. Plant. Crops, Vol. 8 (2), PP. 107-109.

Brulhart, M.; Gysel, M. & Emch, F. (1986), Sterlization of spices with saturated steam, Labensm- Wiss. + Technol., Vol. 19 (9, PP. 405-406.

Butani, D.K. (1983), Spices and pest problems: 3-pepper, Pesticides, Vol. 17 (8), PP. 39-42.

Cabello, T. et al. (1997), Evaluation of oxamyl against Hornoptera pests in greenhouse- grown pepper, applied with drip irrigation, Tests of Agrochemicals & Cultivm, Vol. 18, PP. 2-3.

Carlo Nisoli, L.G. et al. (1991), Estrus induction in cattle and pigs using herb-based preparation (Prajana), Indian J. Indigenous Med., Vol. 8 (2), PP. 53-58.

Chacko, S.; Jayalekshmy, A.; Gopalakrishnan, M. 7 Narayanan, C.S. (1996), Roasting studies on black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), Flavour & Fragrance J., Vol. 11 ( 5 ) , PP. 305- 3 10.

Chakrabarti, B.; Mallick, C. & Bhattacharya, S. (1960), Studies on the effect of green leaves of Aegle marmelos and Piper nigrum on the glucose and cholesterol levels of blood in diabetes mellitus, Indian Med. Forum., Vol. 11, PP. 285.

Chandrasekera, H.I. (1982), Clinical trial on rheumatoid arthritis with Vyoshadi guggulu and Vachadi kwatha, Rheumatism, Vol. 17 (4), PP. 127-130.

Chandy, K.C.; Pillai, V.S. & Nambiar, P.K.V. (1979), Occurrence of abortive spikes in pepper (Piper nigrum Linn.), Agric. Res. J. Kerala, Vol. 17 (I), PP. 148-150.

Chastrette, M.; ElAidi, C. & Cretin, D. (1997), Structure- odor relationships for bell- pepper, green and nutty notes in pyrazines and thiazoles. Comparison between neural networks and similarity searching, SARQSAR Environmental Res., Vol. 7, PP. 233-258.

Chatterjee, A. & Pakrashi, S.C. (1994), The Treatise on Indian Medicinal Plants, Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, Vol. I, PP. 29.

Chaudhuri, T. & Sen, C. (1982), Effects of some plant extracts on three sclerotia- forming fungal pathogens, Z. Pflanzenkr. Pflanzenschutz, Vol. 89 (lo), PP. 582-585.

Chaudhury, R.R. (1995), Regulation of fertility by plant products- Theme talk, Int. Symp. Prospects of Zona Pellucida Glycoproteins for Immunocontraception and 7th Ann. Conf. Indian Soc. Study of Reprod. Fert., NII, New Delhi, 2-5 Dec., PP. 121.

Chauhan, S.K.; Kimothi, G.P.; Singh, B.P. & Agrawal, S. (1998), Development of

HPTLC method to determine piperine in different Piper species, Indian Drugs, Vol. 35 (7), PP. 408-41 1.

Chaurasia, S.C. & Kher, A. (1978), Activity of essential oils of three medicinal plants against various pathogenic and nonpathogenic fungi, Indian J. Hosp. Pharm., Vol. 15 (5), PP. 139-141.

Cheeran, A.; Babu, M.; Kurien, S.N. & Premanathan, T. (1986), Effect of tillage operations on the growth and yield of pepper, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol., 9 (3), PP. 59-60.

Chelladurai, A.S.S. (1991), Spice in homeopathy medicines, Indian Spices, Vol. 28 (4), PP. 5-6.

Cheriti, A. (1995), Plantes de la pharmacopte traditionnelle dans la rtgion d'El-Bayadh (Algtrie), Fitoterapia, Vol. 66 (6), PP. 525-538.

Chopra, R.N.; Chopra, I.C. & Varma, B.S. (1992), Supplement to Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants, Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, PP. 80.

Chopra, R.N.; Chopra, I.C.; Handa, K.L. & Kapur, L.D. (1958), Indigenous Drugs of India, U.N.Dhur & Sons Pvt. Ltd., Calcutta, PP. 520, 598, 605, 608, 610, 682.

Chopra, R.N.; Nayar, S.L. & Chopra, I.C. (1986), Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants, reprinted edition, Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, PP. 194.

Chunekar, K.C. (1982), Bhavaprakasa Nighantu, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, PP. 17.

Collar, J.L.; Avilla, C.; Duque, M. & Fereres, A. (1997), Behavioral response and virus vector ability of Myzus persicae (Hom0ptera:Aphididae) probing on pepper plants treated with aphicides, J. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 90, PP. 1628-1634.

Contreras, P.; Margarita, Y. & Elhadi, M. (1998), Changes in Capsaicinoids during development, maturation and senescence of chile peppers and relation with peroxidase activity, J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 46, PP. 2075-2079.

Cooke, T. (1967), The Flora of the Presidency of Bombay, reprinted edition, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, Vol. 111, PP. 19.

Creech, J.L. (1955), Propagation of black pepper, Econ. Bot., Vol. 9 (3), PP. 233-242.

Cristina Perez & Claudia Anesini (1994), Inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Argentinean medicinal plants, Fitoterapia, Vol. LXV, PP. 169-172.

Dadhich, A.P.; Vyas, D.S. & Khanna, N.K. (1992), Mrtyunjayarasavati in chronic sinusitis- A preliminary clinical study, J. Res. Ayur. Siddha, Vol. 13 (1-2), PP. 78-81.

Dahanukar, S.A.; Kapadia, A.B. & Karandikar, S.M. (1982), Influence of Trikatu on rifampicin bioavailability, Indian Drugs, Vol. 19 (7), PP. 271.

Damodaran, A. (1997), Coffee as a mixed crop in pepper gardens- resource management implications of transition, Proc. Nat. Sem. on Water & Nutr. Management for Sustainable Prod. & Quality of Spices, Madikeri, Karnataka, India, 5-6 Oct., PP. 164-169.

Das, B.P.; Chowdhury, D.N.; Choudhury, B.; Das, G.K. & Roy Choudhury, T. (1996), Studies on some alkaloids for toxicity on the larve of Culex quinquefasciatus, Indian J . Environ. Health, Vol. 38 (2), PP. 81-85.

Das, P.C. et al. (1992), On the validity of the ethnic use of Piper nigrurn L. and Mangifera indica, Int. Sem. Trad. Med., Calcutta, Nov., Abstr. No. IL. 13B, PP. 84.

Das, P.C.; Chatterjee, A.; Patra, B.B. & Dasgupta, S.R. (1983), Use of Piper nigrum Linn. and Piper longurn Linn. (Fam. Piperaceae) as antimalarial drugs, 6-9 March, Bombay, India. Abastr. No. C-13.

Dasgupta, A. & Datta, P.C. (1980), Medicinal species of Piper. Pharmacognostic delimitation, Quart. J. Crude Drug Res., Vol. 18 (I), PP. 17-25.

Dasture, A.V. (1994), Screening of two Ayurvedic preparations for usefulness in treatment of muscular weakness, Deerghayu International, X-1(37), PP. 3-8.

Datta, P.C. & Das Gupta, A. (1979), Comparison of vegetative anatomy of piperales:3. Vascular supplies to leaves, Acta Bot. Indica, Vol. 7, PP. 39-46.

Dave, K.K. & De, S. (1996), Analytical study of Talisadya churna, J. Res. Ayur. Siddha, V9l. 17 (3-4), PP. 180-188.

De, S. & Dave, K.K. (1989), Standardization of Tribhuvankirti Rasa, J. Res. Edu. Indian Med. J., Vol. 8 (4), PP. 43-47.

De, S. & Dave, K.K. (1990), Standardization of Mrtyunjaya Rasa, Indian Drugs, Vol. 27 (7), PP. 375-377.

Desai, A.E.; Ladhe, R.U. & Deoray, B.M. (1997), Larvicidal activity of acetone extract of Piper nigrum seeds to a major vector, Anopheles subpictus from Nashik region, Geobios, Vol. 24 (I), PP. 13-16.

Desai, H.G. & Kalro, R.M. (1985), Effect of black pepper and asafoetida on the DNA content of gastric aspirates, Indian J. Med. Res., Vol. 81 (March), PP. 325-329.

Desai, H.K. et al. (1973), Chemical investigation of some Indian plants. Part VII, Indian J. Chem., Vol. 11, PP. 840.

Deshmukh, P.B.; Chavan, S.R. & Renapurkar, D.M. (1982), A study of insecticidal activity of twenty indigenous plants, Pesticides, Vol. 16 (12), PP. 7-10.

Devasahayam, S. & Abdulla Koya, K.M. (1994), Natural enemies of major insect pests of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) in India, J, Spices Arom. Crops, Vol. 3 ( I ) , PP. 50-55.

Devasahayam, S.; Anandaraj, M. & Raniana, K.V. (1998), Eco-friendly management of pests and diseases of spice crops, Botanica, Vol. 48, PP. 43-50.

Devasahayam, S.; Prem Kumar, T. & Abdulla Koya, K.M. (1988), Insect pest of black pepper- Piper nigrum L. in India, J. Plant. Crops, Vol. 16 ( I ) , PP. 1-11.

Donata, Sr. et al. (1990), Clinical trial of certain Ayurvedic medicines indicated in vitiligo, Ancient Sci. Life, Vol. 9 (4) , PP. 202-206.

Dorman, H.3. & Deans, S.G. ( 2 0 ) , Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils, J. Appl. Microbiol., Vol. 88 (2), PP. 308-316.

Dove, M.R. (1997), The "Banana tree at the gate": Perceptions of production of Piper nigrum (Piperaceae) in a seventeenth century Malay State, Econ. Bot., Vol. 51 (4) , PP. 347- 361.

Dukes, P.D. (1997), 'Charleston Hot', a southern root- knot nematode- resistant, yellow- fruited cayenne pepper with a compact plant habit, Hortic. Sci., Vol. 32, PP. 947-948.

Duthie, J.F. (1960), Flora of the Upper Gangetic Plain and of the Adjacent Siwaiik and Sub-Himalayan Tracts, reprinted edition, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, Vol. 11, PP. 163.

Dutta, M.L. & Nath, S.C. (1998), Ethno-medico botany of the Deories of Assam, India, Fitoterapia, Vol. LXIX, PP. 147-154.

Dwarkanath, C.T.; Ramachandra Rao, T.N. & Johar, D.S. (1958), Chemical analysis of some varieties of Indian pepper (Piper nigrum L.), Food Sci., Vol. 7, PP. 285.

Dwarkanath, C.T.; Ramachandra Rao, T.N. & Johar, D.S. (1961), Chemical analysis of some varieties of Indian pepper (Piper nigrurn L.). Part 11, Food Sci., Vol. 10, PP. 1 .

Dwivedi, D.K.; Bharagava, S.N. & Shukla, D.N. (1982), Fungi isolated from seeds of spices, Nat. Acad. Sci., Vol. 5 (3), PP. 75-79.

Dwivedi, D.K.; Shukla, D.N. & Bhargava, S.N. (1982), Seed rot fungi of some species, Acta Bot. Indica, Vol. 10 ( I ) , PP. 118-119.

Dymock, W.; Warden, C.J.H. & Hooper, D. (1 890), Pharmacographia Indica, Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta, Vol. 111, PP. 166-176.

Ebenhoech, A. & Spadaro, 0. (1992), Antiepilepsirine: a new Chinese anticonvulsant herb drug, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot., Vol. 16 ( I ) , PP. 99-102.

Edison, S. & Kallupurackal, J.A. (1991), Increasing yield of spices by growing new varieties: a status report, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 14 (4), PP. 138-144.

Edison, S. (1989), Co-ordinated research on black pepper, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 13 ( I ) , PP. 3-6.

Eldershaw, T.P.; Colquhoun, E.Q.; Bennett, K.L.; Dora, K.A. & Clark, M.G. (1994), Resiniferatoxin and piperine: capsaicin-like stimulators of oxygen uptake in the perfused rat hindlimb, Life Sci., Vol. 55 ( 3 , PP. 389-397.

El-Gammal, S.Y. (1993), Spices throughout history, Hamdard Medicus, Vol. 36 ( I ) , PP. 25-52.

Elizabeth, K.G. & Thomas, K.G. (1989), New concepts in pepper cultivation, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 13 ( I ) , PP. 7-11.

El-Kamali, H.H. & Khalid, S.A. (1996), The most common herbal remedies in Central Sudan, Fitoterapia, Vol. LXVII, PP. 301-306.

Mofty, M.M.; Khudoley, V.V. & Shwaireb, M.H. (1991), Carcinogenic effect of force- feeding an extract of black pepper (Piper nigrum) in Egyptian toads (Bufo regularis), Oncology, Vol. 48 (4) , PP. 347-350.

Mofty, M.M.; Soliman, A.A.; Abdel-Gawad, A.F.; Sakr, S.A. & Shwaireb, M.H. (1988), Carcinogenicity testing of black pepper (Piper nigrum) using the Egyptian toad (Bufo regularis) as a quick biological test animal, Oncology, Vol. 45 (3), PP. 247-252.

Epstein, W.W.; Netz, D.F. & Seidel, J.L. (1993), Isolation of piperine from black pepper, J. Chem. Edu., Vol. 7 0 (7) , PP. 598-599.

Evans, W.C. (1996), Trease and Evan's Pharmacognosy, reprinted edition, Harcourt Brace & Company, Asia Pvt. Ltd., PP. 363.

Farag Zaied, S.E.A.; Aziz, N.H. & Ali, A.M. (1996), Comparing effects of washing, thermal treatments and gamma radiation on quality of spices, Nahrung, Vol. 40 ( I ) , PP. 32-36.

Farkas, J. & Andrassy, E. (1984), Comparative investigation of some effects of gamma radiation and ethylene oxide on aerobic bacterial spores in black pepper, Acta Alimentaria, Vol. 13 (3) , PP. 282.

Farkas, J.; Sharif, M.M. & Barabassy, S. (1990), Analytical studies inro radiation- jnduced starch damage in black and white peppers, Acta Alimentaria, Vol. 19 (3), PP. 273-279.

Farooq, S. & Pathak, G.K. (1997), A herbal preparation for cough care, Indian J. For., Vol. 20 (4), PP. 406-412.

Farooq, S. & Pathak, G.K. (1998), A comparative study of in vitro antimicrobial activity of total solvent extracts of some medicinal plants with Asava and Aarishta preparations, J. Non-Timber Forest Prod., Vol. 5 (1-2), PP. 79-81.

Formanek, Z. et al. (1999), Identification of irradiation in coded black pepper by different physical methods (Viscosimetry and ESR), Acta Alimentaria, Vol. 28 ( I ) , PP. 103-109.

Francis, G.; Aravindakshan, M.; Gopikumar, K. & Valsalakumari, P.K. (1993), Effects of growth substances on rooting of planting materials in black pepper, (Piper nigrum L.), J . Trop. Agric., Vol. 31 (Part I ) , PP. 71-76.

Gajurel, P.R. & Rethy, P. (1998), Piper species of Arunachal Pradesh and their potential for development as a commercial crop in the state, Arunachal Forest News, Vol. 16 (1-2), PP. 32-37.

Gakkar, A.K. (1994), Efficacy of Shoo1 Prashaman Mahakashaya in stomach pain, Sachitra Ayurved, Vol. 47 (4) , PP. 265-266.

Gamble, J.S. (1967), Flora of the Presidency of Madras, reprinted edition, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, Vol. 11, PP. 845.

Garg, Sunita. (1992), Substitute and Adulterant Plants, Periodical Experts Book Agency, New Delhi, PP. 17, 75, 94, 100, 113.

Gawas, M.S. & Grampurohit, N.D. (1999) , HPTLC analysis of some Ayurvedic formulations containing vasaka and pepper, Indian Drugs, Vol. 36 (3), PP. 175-180.

Gecan, J.S.; Bandler, R.; Glaze, L.E. & Atkinson, J.C. (1986), Microanalytical quality of ground and unground marjoram, sage and thyme, ground allspice, black pepper and paprika, J. Food Prot., Vol. 49 (3 ) , PP. 216-221.

Geetha, C.K. & Aravindakshan, M. (1992), A comparison of growth and dry matter production in bush pepper and vine pepper as influenced by NPK, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 15 (4) , PP. 95-98.

Geetha, C.K. & Nair, P.C.S. (1989), Studies on spike shedding in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Cv. "Panniyur I " , South Indian Hortic., Vol. 37 (5) , PP. 282-286.

Geetha, C.K. & Nair, P.C.S. (1990), Effect of plant growth regulators and zinc on spike shedding and quality of pepper, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 14 ( I ) , PP. 10-12.

Geetha, C.K.; Aravindakshan, M. & Wahid, P.A. (1993) , Influence of method of fertilizer application on nutrient absorption by black pepper vine, South Indian Hortic., Vol. 41 (2) , PP. 45-100.

Geetha, C.K.; Nazeem, D.A.; Joseph, L. & Sudhadevi, P.K. (1990), In vitro callus induction in black pepper, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 14 ( I ) , PP. 34-36.

Geisler, J.G. & Gross, G.G. (1990), Biosynthesis of piperine in Piper nigrum, Phytochemistry, Vol. 29 (2), PP. 489-492.

Gentry, H.S. (1955), Introducing black pepper into America, Econ. Bot., Vol. 9 (3), PP. 256-268.

George, C.K. (1992), Intercropping pepper in coffee plantation, problems and prospects, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 16 ( I ) , PP. 1-2.

George, K.M.; Joy, M.T.; Chandran, C.V. & Verghese, J. (1988), The angular rotation of black pepper oil, Indian Perfumer, Vol. 32 (I), PP. 51-54.

Girija, V.K. & Nair, S.K. (1985), Occurrence of vasicular arbuscular mycorrhiza in certain crop plants of Kerala, Agric. Res. J. Kerala, Vol. 23 (2), PP. 185-188.

Gopalakrishnan, M. (1988), Product diversification of pepper, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 11 (4), PP. 138.

Gopalakrishnan, M.; Menon, N. & Padmakumari, K.P. (1993), GC Analysis and odour profile of four new genotypes of Piper nigrum L. Post Harvest Techno]. of Spices, Proc. Nat. Sem., Trivandrum, Kerala, India, 13-14 May, PP. 100-107.

Gopalakrishnan, M.; Menon, N.; Padmakumari, K.P.; Jayalekshmy, A. & Narayanan, C.S. (1993), GC. analysis and odor profiles of four new Indian genotypes of Piper nigrum L., J . Essent. Oil Res., Vol. 5 (3), PP. 247-253.

Gopalam, A.; Zachariah, J.; Nirmal Babu, K. & Ramadasan, A. (1990), Effect of different methods of white pepper preparation on the chemical and aroma quality in selected cultivars of Piper nigrum L., Indian Perfumer, Vol. 34 (2), PP. 152-156.

Gopalan, C.; Rama Sastri, B.V. & Balasubramanian, S.C. (1984), Nutritive value of Indian foods, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, ICMR, New Delhi, PP. 85.

Gopalkrishnan, N. & Narayanan, C.S. (1998), Detection of organochlorine pesticide residues in black pepper and clove using tolidine paper, J. Spices Arom. Crops, Vol. 7 (I), PP. 23-26.

Guergue, J. & Ramirez, C. (1977), Incidence of aflatoxin-potential contamination in Spanish sausages, Ann. Nutr. Aliment, Vol. 31 (4-6), PP. 485-488.

Gupta, H.L. & Nandyala, V. (1984), An Ayurvedic formulation (Hepax) in the treatment of anaemia, Indian Pract., Vol. 37 (8), PP. 781-783.

Gupta, S.K. et al. (1998), Influence of piperine on nimesulide induced antinociception, Phytotherapy Res., Vol. 12 (4), PP. 266-269.

Gupta, V. & Shrivastava, V.K. (1994), Kalmegh- from ethnobotanical realm to modern medication, 4" Int. Congr. Ethnobiol., NBRI, Lucknow, 17-21 Nov., PP. 332.

Haines, H.H. (1961), The Botany of Bihar & Orissa, reprinted edition, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, Vol. 111, FP. 827.

Han, Y.B.; Shin, K.H. & Woo, W.S. (1984), Effect of spices on hepatic microsomal enzyme function in mice, Arch. Pharm. Res., Vol. 7 (I), PP. 53-56.

Handa, S.S. & Kaul, M.K. (1997), Supplement to Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants, Regional Research Laboratory, CSIR, Jamrnu-Tawi, PP. 347.

Handa, S.S.; Chawla, A.S. & Maninder (1989), Hypoglycaemic plants- A review, Fitoterapia, Vol. LX, PP. 195-224.

Hariharan, M. & Unnikrishnan, K. (1981), Origin and development of the spike in Piper nigrum, Proc. 68" Session Indian Sci. Congr., Varanasi, India, Section of Botany, PP. 45.

Hariharan, M. & Unnikrishnan, K. (1984), Morphology of the spike in Piper nigrum L., J. Plant. Crops, Vol. 12 (2), PP. 179-182.

Harish Chander; Kulkarni, S.G. & Berry, S.K. (1991), Ability of red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum to feed and breed in whole and ground spices, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 14 (3), PP. 114-116.

Hooker, J.D. (1973), Flora of British India, reprinted edition, B. Singh & M.P. Singh and Periodical Experts, Delhi, Vol. V, PP. 90.

Hossain, S.N.; Watanabe, Y. & Ishigaki, I. (1993), Chemical changes in flavouring components in white pepper (Piper nigrum L.) due to gamma irradiation, Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res., Vol. 28 (3), PP. 76-84.

Hu Shi Lin; Ao Ping & Fu Gui Fang (1996), Pharmacognostical studies on the roots of Piper nigrum L. I: ethnopharmacological and morphological, Acta Hortic., No.. 426, PP. 171-174.

Hu Shi Lin; Ao Ping & Tan Hong Gen (1996), Pharmacognostical studies on the roots of Piper nigrum L. 11: Chemical and pharmacological studies, Acta Hortic., No.. 426, PP. 175- 178.

Hu Shi Lin; Ao Ping & Liu Dai (1996), Pharmacognostical studies on the roots of Piper nigrum L. 111: Determination of essential oil and piperine, Acta Hortic., No.. 426, PP. 179- 182.

Hu R.Q. & Davies, J.A. (1997), Effects of Piper nigrum L. on epileptiform activity in cortical wedges prepared from DBAl2 mice, Phytotherapy Res., Vol. 11 (3), PP. 222-225.

Huang, K.C. (1993), The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs, CRC Press, Florida, PP. 139.

Huberman, M.; Riov, J.; Aloni, B. & Goren, R. (1997), Role of ethylene biosynthesis and auxin content and transport in high temperature induced abscission of pepper reproductive organs, J. Plant Growth Regulation, Vol. 16, PP. 129-135.

Hwang, B.K.; Sunwoo, J.Y.; Kim, Y.J. & Kim, B.S. (1997), Accumulation of a-1, 3- glucanase and chitinase isoforms and salicylic acid in the DL-a-amino-a-butyric acid-induced resistance response of pepper stems to Phytophthora capsici, Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol., Vol. 5 1, PP. 305.

Ibrahim, K.K. et al. (1996), Evaluation of pepper cultivars/cultures for mixed cropping in arecanut gardens, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 20 (4), PP. 113-114.

Ibrahim, K.K.; Pillai, V.S.; Sasikumaran, S. & Nari, P.K.U. (1987), An extra-bold natural variant of Panniyur 1 variety of black pepper, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 11 (2), PP. 58.

Ibrahim, K.K.; Billai, V.S. & Sasikumaran, S. (1985), Genotypic and phenotypic correlations among yield and its components in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), Agric. Res. J. Kerala, Vol. 23 (2), PP. 150-153.

Ibrahim, K.K.; P h i , V.S. & Sasikumaran, S. (1985), Genotypic X season interaction and stability parameters in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), Agric. Res. J. Kerala, Vol. 23 (2), PP. 154-162.

Ibrahim, K.K.; Pillai, V.S. & Sasikumaran, S. (1985), Inheritance of anthocyanin pigmentation on stipules in black pepper, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 9 (I), PP. 12-13.

Ibrahim, K.K.; Wlai, V.S. & Sasikumaran, S. (1985), Methods for the estimation of leaf area in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and nature of association between various traits relating to leaf lamina, South Indian Hortic., Vol. 33 ( 3 , PP. 3 16-322.

Ibrahim, K.K.; Pillai, V.S. & Sasikumaran, S. (1985), Variability, heritability and genetic advance for certain quantitative characters in black pepper, Agric. Res. J. Kerala, Vol. 23 (I), PP. 45-48.

Ibrahim, K.K.; Pillai, V.S. & Sasikumaran, S. (1986), Comparative genetic variability within the open- pollinated seedlings of certain varieties of black pepper (Piper nigrum), Agric. Res. J. Kerala, Vol. 24 (I), PP. 74-76.

Ibrahim, K.K.; Pillai, V.S. & Sasikumaran, S. (1986), Evaluation of five cultivars of black pepper for yield, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 9 (4), PP. 85-86.

Ibrahim, K.K.; Pillai, V.S. & Sasikumaran, S. (1988), Potential of the black pepper cultivar Uthirenkota in the hybridization programme, Agric. Res. J. Kerala, Vol. 26 (I), PP. 130-132.

Ilyas, M. (1976), The Spices of India- I. Black pepper, Econ. Bot., Vol. 30, PP. 274-277.

Imam, S.; Gupta, V.C. & Hussain, S.J. (1997), Folk-herbal medicines from the tribal pockets of Adilabad forests (A.P., India), Fitoterapia, Vol. LXVIII, PP. 429-433.

Inatani, R.; Nakatani, N. & Fuwa, H. (1981), Structure and synthesis of new phenolic

i

amides from Piper nigrum L., Agric. Biol. Chem. Vol. 45 (3), PP. 667-673.

Ipe, C.V. (1990), Growth and instability in production of spices in Kerala, J. Plant. Crops, Vol. 18 (2), PP. 96-105.

Irulappan, I.; Ponnuswamy, V.; Vedivel, E. & Dharmaraj, G. (1982), Sensitivity studies in pepper (Piper nigrum L.), South Indian Hortic., Vol. 30 ( I ) , PP. 51-53.

Islip, H.T. & Major, E (1946), Black pepper from Sierre Leone, Bull. Imp. Inst., PF? 275-279.

Ito, H. & Chen, H. (1994), Aflatoxin production by micro-organisms of the Aspergillus jlavus group in spices and the effect of irradiation, J. Sci. Food Agric., Vol. 65 (2), PP. 141-142.

Iyer, R.D. (1995), Biotech-breeding for plantation crop improvement, J. Plant. Crops, Vol. 23 ( I ) , PP. 1-18.

Jain, S.R. & Jain, M.R. (1972), Antifungal studies on some indigenous volatile oils and their combinations, Planta Medica, Vol. 22, PP. 136.

Jain, S.R. & Kar, A. (1971), Antibacterial activity of some essential oils and their combinations, Planta Medica, Vol. 20, PP. 118.

James, S.P. & Regina, M.F. (1992), Sun drying characteristics of pepper, Indian cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 16 (2), PP. 44-46.

Jansz, E.R.; Balachandran, S.; Packiyasothy, V.E. & Ratnayake, S. (1984), Effect of maturity on some chemical constituents of Sri Lankan pepper (Piper nigrum L.), J . Sci. Food Agric., Vol. 35 ( I ) , ,PP. 41-46.

t:

Jansz, E.R.; Pathirana, I.C. & Packiyasothy, E.V. (1983), Determination of piperinetk pepper (Piper nigrum L.), J . Nat. Sci. Council Srilanka, Vol. 1 1 ( I ) , PP. 129-138. -':

Jasy, T. & Koshy, P.K. (1992), Effect of certain leaf extracts and leaves of Gliricidia maculata (H.B.&K.) Steud. as green manure on Radopholus similis, Indian J . Nematol., Vol. 22 (2), PP. 117-121.

Jayasekhar, M. & Muthusamy, M. (1999), Influence of weather parameters on the incidence of foot rot of black pepper, Madras Agric. J., Vol. 86 (4-6), PP. 344-346.

Jeromi, P.D. & Ramanathan, A. (1993), Structure and behaviour of prices of Indian pepper, Productivity, Vol. 34 (3) , PP. 497-503.

Jeromi, P.D. (1994), Growth of pepper economy of Kerala, Agric. Situation in India, Vol. 48 ( l l ) , PP. 805-812.

John Zachariah, T. (1995), Essential. oil and its major constituents in selected black pepper accessions, Plant Physiol. & Biochem., Vol. 22 (2), PP. 151-153.

John, K. (1991), The gallery of spices and herbs- V, Indian Spices, Vol. 28 (2), PP. 30-34.

Johnson, P. & Robertel, P. (1986), Creative contribution of natural substances in present day perfumery, Perfumer & Flavorist, Vol. 11 (6), PP. 1-8.

Johri, R.K. & Zutshi, U. (1992), An Ayurvedic formulation "Trikatu" and its constituents, J. Ethnopahrmacol., Vol. 37 (2), PP. 85-91.

Johri, R.K.; Thusu, N.; Khajuria, A. & Zutshi, U. (1992), Piperine-mediated changes in the permeability of rat intestinal epithelial cells. The status of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity, uptake of amino acids and lipid peroxidation. Biochem. Pharmacol., Vol. 43 (7), PP. 1401-1407.

Jose, A.L. & Nambiar, P.K.V. (1972), Chemical composition and quality criteria of black pepper, Madras Agric. J., Vol. 59 (6), PP. 329-334.

Joseph, B.; Joseph, D. & Philip, V.J. (1996), Plant regeneration from somatic embryos in black pepper, Plant Cell, Tissue & Organ Culture, Vol. 47 (I), PP. 87-90.

Joseph, L. et al. (1994), In vitro techniques for mass multiplication of black pepper and ex vitro performance of the plantlets, PLACROSYM XI, Calicut, 30 Nov.-3 Dec., PP. 63.

Joy, B. et al. (1994), Pepper grades- a revised study, Indian Perfumer, Vol. 38 (3), PP. 90-fi

Jubina, P.A. & Girija, V.K. (1998), Antagonistic rhizobacteria for management of Phytophthora capsici, the incident of foot rot of black pepper, J. Mycol. & Plant Pathal., Vol. 28 (2), PP. 147-153.

Kachru, K.P. & Gupta, R.K. (1993), Drying of spices- status and challenges. Post Harvest Spices, Proc. Nat. Sem., Trivandrum, 13-14 May, PP. 15-27.

Kaid, A.A. & Kulkarni, P.H. (1995), Assessment of effect of Swaskuttar, an Ayurvedic product in case of bronchial asthma, Deerghayu International, Vol. 11-01 (41), PP. 17-20.

Kamil, M.; Qasim, M.A. & Jahan, M. (1992), Standardisation of compound drug Majoon-e-Flasfa, Hamdard Medicus, Vol. 35 (4), PP. 72-80.

Kandiannan, K.; Sivaraman, K. & Thankamani, C.K. (1994), Growth regulators in black pepper production, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 18 (4), PP. 119-123.

Kanthaswamy, V.; Pillai, O.A.; Natarajan, S. & Thamburaj, S. (1996), Studies on tEe nutrient requirements of black pepper cv. Panniyur-1, South Indian Hortic., Vol. 44 (3-4), PP. 85-89.

Kapil, A. & Koul, L.B. (1995), Hepatoprotective agents from Indian traditional plants, Glimpses of Indian Ethnopharmacol., PP. 283-297.

Kapoor, L.D. (1990), Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants, CRC Press, Florida, PP. 266.

Kapoor, V.K.; Chawla, AS.; Manoj Kumar & Pradeep Kumar (1993), Search for

antiinflammatory agents in Indian laboratories, Indian Diugs, Vol. 30 (10). PP. 481-493.

Karan, R.S.; Bhargava, V.K. & Garg, S.K. (1999), Effect of Trikatu, an Ayurvedic prescription, on the pharmacokinetic profile of rifampicin in rabbits, J. Ethnopharmacol., Vol. 64 (3), PP. 259-264.

Kathiragamathaiyah, S. & Senanayake, M. (1994), Quality characteristics of Sri Lankan black pepper, PLACROSYM XI, Calicut, 30 Nov.- 3 Dec, PP. 82.

Khajuria, A.; Johri, R.K. & Zutshi, U. (1999), Piperine mediated alterations in lipid peroxidation and cellular thiol status of rat intestinal mucosa and epithelial cells, Phytomedicine, Vol. 6 ( 3 , PP. 351-355.

Khajuria, A.; Thusu, N.; Zutshi, U. & Bedi, K.L. (1997), Antioxidant potential of piperine on oxidant induced alterations in rat intestinal lumen, Indian Drugs, Vol. 34 (lo), PP. 557-563.

Khajuria, A.; Zutshi, U. & Bedi, K.L. (1998), Permeability characteristics of piperine on oral absorption- An active alkaloid from peppers and a bioavailability enhancer, Indian J. Exp. Biol., Vol. 36 (I), PP. 46-50.

Khanna, S.C. (1995), Efficacy of black pepper in combination with mustard oil in protecting green grain against infestation by Callosobruchus chinensis Linn. and Callosobruchus analis Fab., Ann. Plant Protection, Vol. 3 (2), PP. 177-178.

Khanom, F.; Kayahara, H. & Tadasa, K. (2000), Tyrosinase inhibitory activity of Bangladeshi indigenous medicinal plants, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., Vol. 64 (9), PP. 1967-1969.

Kimura, M. et al. (1995), Pungent component concentration of blanched Japanese radish seedlings as affected by lighting period, Acta Hortic., No. 390, PP. 59-66.

Kirtikar, K.R & Basu, B.D. (1988), Indian Medicinal Plants, reprinted edition, L.M. Basu, Allahabad, Vol. 111, PP. 2133.

Kletter, C.; Krasser, R.; 'Igshigang, T.Y. & Kubeka, W. (1997), Investigations on Indian plant drugs used in Tibetan medicine, Sci. Pharm., Vol. 65 (1-2), PP. S55.

Korikanthimath, V.S.; Mulge, R.; Hegde, R. & Hosmani, M.M. (1997), Coffee- cardamom, black pepper and mandarin mixed cropping system- a case study, J. Spices & Arom. Crops, Vol. 6 (I), PP. 1-7.

Koshy, J. (1996), "Spice World- Pepper, cardamom, Ginger, Turmeric, Vanilla", Spice India, Vol. 9 (3), PP. 16-18.

Koul, I.B. & Kapil, A. (1993), Evaluation of the liver protective potential of piperine, an active principle of black and long peppers, Planta Medica, Vol. 59 (5), PP. 413-417.

Koya, K.M.A.; Devasahayam, S.; Selvakumaran, S. & Kallil, M. (1996), Distribution

and damage caused by scale insects and mealy bugs associated with black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) in India, J. Entomol. Res., Vol. 20 (2) , PP. 129-136.

Krishnamoorthy, B. & Azchariah, T.J. (1992). Drying black pepper on polyethylene materials, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 15 (3), PP. 75.

Krishnamurthy, B. (2000), Tree Spices of Shevroy and Kolli mountains of Tamil Nadu, Spice India, Vol. 13 ( I ) , PP. 8-10.

Krishnamurthy, K.S.; Gowda, S.J. & George, J.K. (1997), Impact of water stress on some physiological parameters in black pepper, Proc. Nat. Sem. on Water & Nutr. Management for Sustainable Prod. & Quality of Spices, Madikeri, Karnataka, India, 5-6 Oct., PP. 153-157.

Kuch, T.K. & Khew, K L (1980), A screening technique useful in selecting for resistance in black pepper to Phytophthora palmivora, Malaysia Agric. J . , Vol. 52 (4), PP. 37-45.

Kumar, N.; Thamburaj, S.; Pugalendhi, L. & Mohideen, M.K. (1992), Note on the variability in early vigour of certain black pepper varieties, South Indian Hortic., Vol. 40 (2), PP. 118-120.

Kumari, K. & Singh, S.N. (1998), Evaluation of efficacy of botanicals as insecticides against pulse beetle (Callasobruchus chinensis L.), J . Appl. Biol., Vol. 8 ( I ) , PP. 138-140.

Kunju, N.E.C. (1997), Marketing for spices- UK, Spice India, Vol. 10 (4) , PP. 22-24.

Kurien, S. & Nair, P.C.S. (1988), Effect of pruning on yield of pepper (Piper nigrum L.), Agric. Res. J . Kerala, Vol. 26 ( I ) , PP. 137-139.

Kurien, S.; Cheeran, A. & Babu, N.M. (1994), Major pepper varieties on Erythrina indica: Live- standard competition under different spacings, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 18 (3), PP. 75-78.

Kurup, P.N.V.; Ramadas, V.N.K. & Joshi, P. (1979), Hand Book of Medicinal Plants, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, New Delhi, PP. 142.

Kutty, P.C.J. (1997), Spices of North-East: A survey, Spice India, Vol. 10 (3, PP. 2-4.

Lakshmanachar, M.S. (1988), Marketing and trade of pepper in India- a review, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J,, Vol. 1 1 (4), PP. 135-137.

Lamberti, F. & Ekanayake, H.M. RK. (1983), Effect of some plant parasitic nematodes on the growth of black pepper in Sri Lanka, FA0 Plant Prot. Bull., Vol. 31 (4), PP. 163-166.

Lavilla, I.; Filgueiras, A.V. & Bendicho, C. (1999), Comparison of digestion methods for determination of trace and minor metals in plant samples, J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 47 (12), PP. 5072-5077.

Lawrence, B.M. (1985), Progress in essential oils, Perfumer & Flavorist, Vol. 10 (2), PP. 51-60.

Lawrence, B.M. (1992), Progress in Essential Oils, Perfumer & Flavorist, Vol. 17 (3), PP. 61-76.

Lawrence, B.M. (1995), Progress in essential oils, Perfumer & Flavorist, Vol. 20 (2), PP. 49-59.

Lawrence, B.M. (1997), Progress in essential oils, Perfumer & Flavorist, Vol. 22 (2), PP. 59-67.

Lean, L.P. & Mohamed, S. (1999), Antioxidative and antimycotic effects of turmeric, lemongrass betel leaves, clove, black pepper leaves and Garcinia atriviridis butter cakes, J . Sci. Food Agric., Vol. 79 (13), PP. 1817-1822.

Lee, E.B.; Shin, K.H. & Woo, W.S. (1984), Pharmacological study on piperine, Arch. Pharm. Res., Vol. 7 (2) , PP. 127-132.

Lefebvre, V.; Kuntz, M.; Camara, B. & Palloix, A. (1998), The capsanthin-capsorunbin synthase gene: a candidate gene for the y locus controlling the red fruit colour in pepper, Plant Mol. Biol., Vol. 36, PP. 785.

Lemberkovics, E. et al. (1992), Data of the plant antioxidant used for geronotological research, Proc. 231d Int. Symp. Essent. Oils, Ayr. Scotland, IV, 9-12 Sept., PP. 39.

Lescano, G.; Narvaiz, P. & Kairiyama, E. (1991), Sterilization of spices and vegetable seasoning by gamma radiation, Acta Alimentaria, Vol. 20 (3-4), PP. 233-242.

Lewis, Y.S.; Nambudiri, E.S. & Krishnamurthy, N. (1969), Composition of pepper oil, Perfum. Essent. Oil Rec., Vol. 60 (78), PP. 259.

.. Limyati, D.A. & Juniar, B.L.L. (1998), Jamu Gendong, a kind of traditional medicine in Indonesia: The microbial contamination of its raw materials and endproduct, J . Ethnopharmacol., Vol. 63 (3), PP. 201-208.

Lin, Z.; Hoult, J.R.S.; Bennett, D.C. & Raman, A. (1999), Stimulation of mouse melonocyte proliferation by Piper nigrum fruit extract and its main alkaloid, Piperine, Planta Medica, Vol. 65 (7), PP. 600-603. . , . &

Lokesh, M.S. & Gangadharappa, P.M. (1995), Management of Phytophthora foot rot ahd nematode disease in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), J . Spices & Arom. Crops, Vol. 4 ( I ) , PP. 61-63.

Lokesh, M.S. & Shivatma, H. (1994), Noq destructive method of leaf area measurement in pepper (Piper nigrum), Indian Cocoa Areeanut Spices, J., Vol. 16 ( I ) , PP. 119-120.

Louis, V.; Mathew, J.; Nazeem, P.A. & Joseph, L. (1994), Identification of contaminant bacteria in black pepper tissue culture and its sensitivity to antibiotics, South Indian Hortic., Vol. 42 (I), PP. 43-47.

Madan, M.M.; Singhal, R.S. & Kulkarni, P.R. (1996), An approach into the detection of authenticity of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) oleoresin, J. Spices & Arom. Crops, Vol. 5 ( I ) , PP. 64-67.

Madasamy, M. & Gothandapani, L. (1996), Evaluation of the spiral separator developed for pepper cleaning, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 20 (3), PP. 75-76.

Madasamy, M. & Gothandapani, L. (1997), Development of pepper thresher, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 21 (3) , PP. 66-67.

Madhyastha, M.S. & Bhat, R.V. (1985), Evaluation of substrate potentiality and inhibitory effects to identity high risk spices for aflatoxin contamination, J. Food Sci., Vol. 50 (2), PP. 376-378.

Mahesh Chandra; Upadhyay, B.N. & Mishra, J.K. (1996), Effect of Svasakuthavarasa and Shirishadi kashaya on patients of Tamaka svasa, Ancient Sci. Life, Vol. 15 (3), PP. 213-218.

Mamooty, K.P.; Sasikumaran, S. & Pillai, S.V. (1992), Management of nursery diseases of black pepper, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 15 (3), PP. 65-67.

Mangalakumari, C.K. & Mathew, A.G. (1986), Distribution of essential oil in pepper berry (Piper nigrum L.), Indian Perfumer, Vol. 30 ( I ) , PP. 293-298.

Mangalakumari, C.K.; Sreedharan, V.P. & Mathew, A.G (1983), Studies on blackening of pepper (Piper nigrum Linn.) during dehydration, J. Food Sci., Vol. 48 (2) , PP. 604-605.

Manmohan Das, T.P. & Cheeran, A. (1985), Sporangial ontogeny of Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) Butler from black pepper (Piper nigrum Linn.), Agric. Res. J. Kerala, Vol. 23 (2), PP. 129-134.

Manmohan Das, T.P. & Cheeran, A. (1986), Infectivity of Phytophthora species on cash crops in Kerala, Agric. Res. J. Kerala, Vol. 24 ( I ) , PI? 7-13.

Mathai, C.K. & Nair, B.P. (1990), Biomass production levels in relation to economic yield in black pepper varieties, J. Plant. Crops, Vol. 18 (2) , PP. 125-128.

Mathai, C.K. (1980), Chemical quality of the 'Agmark' grades of black pepper berries, Qual. Plant.- Plant Foods Hum. Nutr., Vol. 30 (3-4), PP. 195-198.

Mathai, C.K. (1988), A modified extraction and estimation method of oleoresin and piperine in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) berries, Indian Spices, Vol. 25 (2-3), PP. 3-5.

Mathai, C.K.; Kumaran, P.M. & Chandy, K.C. (1980), Evaluation of commercially important chemical constituents in wild black pepper types, Qualit. Plant. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr., Vol. 30 (3-4), PP. 199-202.

Mathai, C.K.; Prasad, T.G & Way, V.S. (1989), Influence of severe reduction of source area on yield attributes and photosynthate accumulation in black pepper (Pqer nigrum L.) laterals, Indian J. Plant Physiol., Vol. 32 (3), PP. 248-250.

Mathew, A.G et al. (1980), Studies on prevention of fungus in black pepper, Indian Food Packers, Vol. 34 ( I ) , PP. 12-17.

Mathew, P.G; Wahid, P.A. & Nair, GS. (1995). Soil fertility and nutrient requirement in relation to pr&luctivi~ in black (piper nig- L.), J . plant. Crops, ~ o l : 23 (2), PP. 109-115.

Mathew, PJ.; Mathew, P.M. & Pushpangadan, P. (1998), Characterisation of cultivars of Piper nigrum and assessment of intraspecific variability, Golden Jubilee Nat. Symp. on Spices Med. & Arom. Plant Biodiversity, Conservation and Utilisation, Calicut, Indian, 10- 12 Aug., PP. 6.

Mathews, V.H. & Rao, P.S. (1984), In vitro responses of black pepper (Piper nigrum), Curr. Sci., Vol. 53 (4), PP. 183-186.

Mathulla, T.; Issac, A,; Roy, N.C. & Mathew, ~ . d (1996), Spice oleoresins, Pafai J., Vol. 18 ( I ) , PP. 9-13.

McCarron, M. et al. (1995), Comparison between green and black pepper oil from Piper nigrum L. Bemes of Indian & Sri Lankan origin, Flavour & Fragrance J., Vol. 10 ( I ) , PP. 47-50.

Mednyanszky, Z.; Korany, K. & Szaba, A.S. (1997), Identity control of peppers by GC- MS measurements, Acta Alimentaria, Vol. 26 ( I ) , PP. 100.

Meena, B.; Ramamoorthy, V. & Muthuswamy, M. (2000), Control of rice sheath blight using oils, oil cakes, bulk and seed extracts, J. Ecobiol., Vol. 12 (2), PP. 87-91.

Menon, A.N. et al. (2000), Essential oil composition of four popular Indian cultivars of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), J. Essent. Oil Res., Vol. 12 (4), PP. 431-434.

Menon, A.N.; Thomas, P.P. & Bhat, A.V. (1990), A study on shelf life of packed white pepper powder, Indian Spices, Vol. 27 (4), PP. 30-34.

Menon, M.K.K. (1998), Trends in black pepper- production processing and marketing, Indian Spices, Vol. 35 (2), PP. 10-12.

Menon, R & Nair, P.C.S. (1989), Growth and flowering in pepper var. Panniyur-1, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 12 (3), PP. 82-83.

Menon, R. & Nair, P.C.S. (1987), Studies on spike shedding in black pepper var Panniyur 1 , South Indian Hortic., Vol. 35 (6), PF? 438-441.

Mercado, J.A.; Vinegla, B. & Quesada, M.A. (1997), Effects of hand-pollination, paclobutrazol treatments, root temperature and genotype on pollen viability and seed fruit content of winter-grown pepper, J. Hortic. Sci., Vol. 72, PP. 893-900.

Mishra, P.N. (1990), Studies on the ovicidal action of some natural products on the eggs of brinjal leaf beetle, Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata Fabr., Sci. & Cult., Vol. 56 ( I ) , PP. 50-52.

Misra, C.P.; Gupta, S.; Tiwari, I.C. & Badgaiyan, R. (1993), Dietary pattern of lactating women in an urban community, Indian J. Nutr. Diet., Vol. 30 (7), PP. 180-183.

Mitra, R. (1985), Bibliography on Phannacognosy of Medicinal Plants, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, PP. 412.

Miyakado, M.; Nakayama, I. & Yoshioka, H. (1980), Insecticidal joint action of pipercide and co-occuring compounds isolated from Piper nigrum L., Agric. Biol. Chem., Vol. 44 (7), PP. 1701-1703.

Miyakado, M.; Nakayama, I.; Yoshioka, H. & Nakatani, N. (1979), Piperaceae amides I : Structure of pipercide, new insecticidal arnide from Piper nigrum L., Agric. Biol. Chem., Vol. 43 (7) , PP. 1609-1611.

Mohan Das (1992), Growth and spatial distribution of agriculture in Kerala, Agricultural Situation in India, Vo1.67 (9), PP. 683-689.

Mohandas, C. & Ramana, K.V. (1982), Trophotylenchulus floridensis Raski, a new endoparasite of Piper nigrum L. from Kerala, J. Plant. Crops, Vol. 10 ( I ) , PP. 53-54.

Mohandas, C. & Ramana, K.V. (1987), Slow wilt disease of black pepper and its control, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 1 1 ( I ) , PP. 10-1 1 .

Mohandas, C. & Ramana, K.V. (1988), Population behavior of Radopholus similis in roots of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) in Kerala, India, Indian J. Nematol., Vol. 18 ( I ) , PP. 18-21.

Mohandas, C. & Ramana, K.V. (1991). Pathogenicity of Meloidogyne incognita and Radopholus similis on black pepper (Piper nignun L.), J . Plant. Crops, Vol. 19 ( I ) , PP. 41-53.

Mohiuddin, S.; Qureshi, A.; Ahmed, 2. & Qureshi, S.A. (1993), Laboratory evaluation of some vegetable oils as protectants of stored products, Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res., Vol. 36 (9), PP. 377-379.

Mollenbeck, S. et al. (1997), Chemical composition and analysis of enantiomers of essential oils from Madagascar, Flavour & Fragrance J., Vol. 12 (2), PP. 63-69.

Mooss, N.S. (1953), Ayurvedic Flora Medica, Vaidyasarathi, Kottayam, PP. 102-104.

Moreno Martinez, E. & Christensen, C.M. (1973), Fungus flora of black and white pepper (Piper nigrum L.), Rev. Latinoam Microbiol., Vol. 15 (I), PP. 19-22.

Mosciano, G. et al. (1996), Organoleptic characteristics of flavor materials, Perfumer & Flavorist, Vol. 21 (2), PP. 47-49.

Mozzetti, C.; Amateis, N. & Matta, A. (1997), Differential responses of cell suspensions of pepper lines susceptible and resistant to Phytophthora capsici Leon to cell wall and culture filtrate elicitors of Phytophthora spp., J. Plant Pathol., Vol. 78, PP. 27-34.

Mujumdar, A.M. et al. (1990), Effect of piperine on pentobarbitone induced hypnosis in rats, Indian J. Exp. Biol., Vol. 28 ( 3 , PP. 486-487.

Mujumdar, A.M. et al. (1999), Effect of piperine on bioavailability 6ibxY$henylbutazone in rats, Indian Drugs, Vol. 36 (2), PP. 123-126.

Mujumdar, A.M.; Dhuley, J.N.; Deshmukh, V.K.; Raman, P.H. & Naik, S.R. (199O), Anti-inflammatory activity of piperine, Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol., Vol. 43 (3), PP. 95-100.

Mukerji, B. (1953), The Indian Pharmaceutical -Codex, 'Indigenous Drugs, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, New Delhi, Vol. I, PP. 204-206.

Mukherjee, T. (1991), Antimalarial herbal drugs. A review, Fitoterapia, Vol. LXII, PP. 197-204.

Murage, E. & ~ a s u d a , M. (1997), Response of pepper and eggplant to continuous light in relation to leaf chlorosis and activities of antioxidative enzymes, Sci. Hortic., Vol. 70, PP. 269-279.

Muraz, B. & Chaigneau, M. (1985), Decontamination of spices by ethylene oxide. The case of clove (Eugenia caryophyllus Spreng.) and of white pepper (Piper nigrum L.), AM. Pharm. Fr., Vol. 43 (I), PP. 15-21. i

Murthy, C.T.; Krishnamurthy, N.; Ramesh, T. & Rao, P.N.S. (1996), Effect of grinding methods on the retention of black pepper volatiles, J. Food Sci. Technol.;Vd..33 (4), PP. 299-301.

Mustaquem, M. (1994), House hold remedies f~r,Asthma, Aryavaidyan, Vol. 7 (3), PP. 157-161.

. 2 . .' I

Nadkarni, A.K. (1976), K.M. Nadkarni's Indian Materia Medica, Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd., Bombay, Vol. I, PP. 969.

Nair, G.P.K. (1992), Pepper- a good intercrop in coffee plantations, Indian Coffee, Vol. 56 (7), PP. 7-8.

Nair, M.G (1982), Intercropping with pepper, Indian Farming, Vol. 32 (9), PP. 17-19.

Nair, P.K.S. et al. (1989), Effect of Resotamadilepa, a herbomineral formulation in the

treatment of dermatophytes, J. Res. Ayur. Siddha, Vol. 10 (1-2), PP. 50-55.

Nair, P.K.U. & Sasikumaran, S. (1991), Effect of some fungicide on quick wilt (foot rot) disease of black pepper, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 14 (3), PP. 95-96.

Nakamura, M.; Katoh, K. & Kawabata, T. (1981), Precursors to nitrosopyrrolidine and nitrosopiperidine in black pepper treated with nitrous acid, Agric. Biol. Chem., Vol. 45 (5), PP. 1257-1259.

Nakatani, I.R. & Fuwa, H. (1980), Structures and synthesis of two phenolic amides from Piper nigrum L., Agric. Biol. Chem., Vol. 44 (12), PP. 2831-2836.

Nakatani, N.; Inatani, R. & Miyakado, M. (1978), Constituents of Piper nigrum L., Lloydia, Vol. 41 (6), PP. 653.

Nakatani, N.; Inatani, R.; Ohta, H. & Nishioka, A. (1986), Chemical constituents of peppers (Piper spp.) and application to food preservation: naturally occurring antioxidative compounds, Environ. Health Perspect., Vol. 67, PP. 135- 142.

Nalini, N.; Sabitha, K.; Viswanathan, P. & Menon, V.P. (1998), Influence of spices on the bacterial (enzyme) activity in experimental colon cancer, J. Ethnopharmacol., Vol. 62 (I), PP. 15-24.

Nambudiri, E.S.; Krishnarnurthy, N. & Lewis, Y.S. (1969), Essential oil of pepper, Indian Perfumer, Vol. 13, Pt. I, PP. 22.

Nanda, R.S. (1972), Fluoride content of North Indian foods, Indian J. Med. Res., Vol. 60, PP. 1479.

Narayana Aiyer, K. & Kolammal, M. (1966), Pharmacognosy of Ayuwedic Drugs, Kerala, Dept. of Pharmacognosy, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Vol. 1 (9), PP. 58-70.

Narayanan, C.S. & Mathew, A.G. (1985), Chemical investigations on spice oils, Indian Perfumer, Vol. 29 (1-2), PP. 15-22.

Nawale, R.N. & Salvi, MJ. (1990), Panniyur-1, a promising pepper variety for warm and humid climate of Konkan region (Maharashtra), Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 14 (2), PP. 55-57.

Nayampalli, S.S. & Dalvi, S.S. (1984), ~nticoivulsant effect of Tantu Pashan in animals, Ann. Conf. Indian Pharmacol. Soc., Dec. 28-30, Ajmer, India, Abstr. No. 97; Indian J.

... Pharmacol., Vol. 16 (1). - 3 ,

Nayar, N.M. (1995), ~lantition crops, Indian Hortic., Vol. 39 (4), PP. 25-29.

Nayar, T.V.R. (1982), Grow pepper in arecanut gardens, Indian Farming, Vol. 32 (I), PP. 27-3 1.

Ndiege, 1.0. et al. (1994), The use of reverse- phase C18- bonded silica for the trapping, concentration and analysis of headspace vapour from model organic compounds, banana pseudostem and black pepper, J. Sci. Food Agric., Vol. 64 (I), PP. 47-52.

Neelam & Krisbnaswamy, K. (2000), Pep up with pepper, Nutrition, Vol. 34 (I), PP. 14-20.

Nigam, M.C. & Handa, K.L. (1964), Gas chromatographic examination of Indian pepper oil, Indian Perfumer, Vol. 8, Pt. I, PP. 15.

Nirmal Babu, K. et al. (1994), Plant regeneration from tissue culture of Piper colubrinum- A species resistant to Phytophthora capsici, PLACROSYM XI, Calicut, 30 Nov.- 3 Dec, PP. 73.

Niteswar, K. & Rao, T.S. (1982), Role of Deepaniya and Balya drugs in therapeutics, - Nagarjun, Vol. 25 (9, PP. 102-103.

Nussbaumer, C.; Cadalbert, R. & Kraft, P. (1999), Identification of m-mentha-3 (8), 6- diene (isosylveterpinolene) in black pepper oil, Helv. Chim. Acta, Vol. 82 (I), PP. 53-58.

Nybe, E.V. & Nair, P.C.S. (1987), Nutrient deficiency in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.): Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, Agric. Res. J. Kerala, Vol. 24 (2), PP. 132-156.

Nybe, E.V. et al. (1988), Diagnosis of nutrient deficiencies in black pepper, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 12 (2), PP. 32-35.

Nybe, E.V. et al. (1999), Survey, evaluation and selection of black pepper cultivars suited for central Kerala, Indian J. Arecanut, Spices & Med. Plants, Vol. 1 (2), PP. 42-48.

O'Shaughnessy, W.B. (1841), The Bengal Dispensatory, Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta, PP. 573.

Omanakutty, M. et al. (1987), Terpeneless pepper and ginger oils, Indian Perfumer, Vol. 31 (4), PP. 354-365.

Ong, H.C. & Nordiana, M. (1999), Malay ethno-medico botany in Machang, Kelantan, Malaysia, Fitoterapia, Vol. 70, PP. 502-513.

OrunaConcha, MJ.; GonzalezCastro, MJ. & SimalLozano, J. (1998), Monitoring of the vitamin C content of frozen green beans and Padron peppers by HPTLC, J. Sci. Food Agric., Vol. 76, PP. 477.

Packiyasothy, E.V.; Balachandran, S. & Jansz, E.R. (1983), Effect of storage (in small packages) on volatile oil and piperine content of ground black pepper, J. Nat. Sci. Counc. Sri Lanka, Vol. 11 (I), PP. 111-112.

Pagington, J.S. (1983), A review of oleoresin black pepper and its extraction solvents, Petdumer & Flavorist, Vol. 8 (4), PP. 29-36.

Pahlow, M. (1986), Spices in pharmacy: information and tips on their uses. Pepper, Dtsch. Apoth. Ztg., Vol. 126 (40), PP. 2196-2197.

Paily, P.V.; Rema Devi, L.; Nair, V.G.; Menon, M.R. & Nair, M.R.G.K. (1981). Malformation of leaves in black pepper, J. Plant. Crops, Val. 9 ( I ) , PP. 61-62.

Pandya, N.; Jain, A.K. & Soni, S.S. (1995), Efficacy of an Ayurvedic tooth paste based qn Dashan Sanskar Churan, Sachitra Ayurved, Vol. 47 (12), PP. 907-909.

Pandya, R.; Rehani, R.; Vyas, A.V. & Arya, V.P. (1990), Oleoresins from pepper and turmeric, Proc. 42"d Indian Pharm. Congr., Manipal, 28-30" Dec., Abstr. No. E03, PP. 38.

Paramjit Singh (1991), An overview of black pepper production in India, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 15 ( I ) , PP. 2-4.

Parimi Suresh & Kumati, V. (1994), Critical literary study of Navoyasa Louha, Sachitra Ayurved, Vol. 46 (8), PP. 599-608.

Perez, C. & Anesini, C. (1994), Antibacterial activity of alimentary plants against Staphylococcus aureus growth, Am. J . Chin. Med., Vol. 22 (2), PP. 169-174.

Peter, K.V. (1992), Getting back in spice trade, Indian Hortic., Vol. 37 (2), PP. 4-7.

Peter, K.V. (1994), Gearing up spices research to meet the emerging challenges, Indian Hortic., Vol. 39 (3), PP. 7-9.

Philip, M. & Iyer, R. (1994), Comparative development studies of the fungi forming vesicular arbuscular association with ginger and black pepper, J. Plant. Crops, Vol. 22 (2), PP. 104-1 10.

Philip, V.J.; Joseph, D.; Triggs, G.S. & Dickinson, N.M. (1993), Micropropagation of black pepper (Piper nigrum Linn.) through shoot tip cultures, Plant Cell Rep., Vol. 12 (I), PP. 41-44.

Wlai, K.K. (1994). Sleepada (filariasis and its treatment), Aryavaidyan, Vol. 8 (Z), PI? 95-97.

Pillai, K.S. & Balakrishnan, S. (1979), Performance of eight cultivars of black pepper (Piper nigrum) in South Kerala, India, J. Plant. Crops, Vol. 7 (2), PP. 121-122.

PiM, K.S.; Saraswathy, P. & Thomas, EJ. (1979), Biometric studies on the yield and its component characters on pepper ( Piper nigrum L.), Cum. Sci., Vol. 48 (7), PP. 314-316.

Pillay, V.S.; Alexander, D.; Ibrahim, K.K. & Sasikumaran, S. (1987), Effect of different types of mulches on yield in black pepper, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 1 1 ( I ) , PP. 29-30.

Pillay, V.S.; Gangadharan, P. & Ibrahim, K. (1986), When under planting is to be taken up pepper gardens, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 10 (2), PP. 34-35.

Pillay, V.S.; Ibrahim, K.K. & Sasikumaran, S. (1987), Comparative performance of

pepper vines raised from different types of shoot (variety Panniyur-I), Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 10 (3), PP. 61-62.

Ponnuswami, V.; Irulappan, I. & Sathiamoorti, S. (1983), Variability studies in pepper Piper nigrum L., South Indian Hortic., Vol. 31 (I), PP. 34.

Ponnuswami, V.; Irulappan, T.; Dharmaraj, G & Vadivel, E. (1982), Effect of growth regulants on berry set, berry development and yield in pepper (Piper nigrum Linn.), South Indian Hortic., Vol. 30 (3), PP. 224-226.

Prabhakar, Y.S. & Suresh Kumar, D. (1990), A survey of cardioactive drug formulations from Ayurveda. 11: porridges, oils, clarified butters, electuaries, pastes, ash preparations and calcined powders, Fitoterapia, Vol. LXI, PP. 395-41 6.

P r a b e , Y.S. & Suresh Kumar, D. (1990), The Varuna tree, Crataeva nurvala, a promising plant in the treatment of urinary stones- A review, Fitoterapia, Vol. LXI, PP. 99-111.

Prabhakaran, P.V. (1997), Quantitative determination of loss in yield of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) in Kannur district (Kerala, India), J. Spices & Arom. Crops, Vol. 6 (I), PP. 31-36.

Prabhakaran, P.V.; Pillai, V.S.; Sasikumaran, S. & Krishnan, S. (1992), Fertilizer requirement of black pepper- A decision theory approach, J. Plant. Crops, Vol. 20 (2), PP. 101-105.

Pradeep, K.U. & Geewani, P. (1994), Influence of spices on protein utilisation of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) and horsegram (Dolichos biflorus), Plant Foods Hum. Nutr., Vol. 46 (3), PP. 187-193.

Pradeep, K.U.; Geervani, P.P. & Eggum, B.O. (1991), Influence of spices on utilization of sorghum and chickpea protein, Plant Foods Hum. Nutr., Vol. 41 (31, PP. 269-276.

Prain, David (1963), Bengal Plants, reprinted edition, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, Vol. 11, PP. 669.

Prakasam, V.; Subbaraja, K.T. & Bhakthavatsalu, C.N. (1990), Mosaic disease- a new record in black pepper in lower Palneys, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 13 (3), PP. 104.

Prakash, A. & Mathur, K.C. (1985), Active principles in plant products used in insect pest management of stored grains, Bull. Grain Technol., Vol. 23 (3), PP. 278-281.

Prakash, M.G.; Vinaya Gopal, K.; Anandaraj, M. & Sarma, Y.R. (l?99), Evaluation of substrates for mass multiplication of fungal biocontrol agents Trichodenna harzianum and i? virens, J. Spices & Arom. Crops, Vol. 8 (2), PP. 207-210.

Pramod Kumar (1981), Preliminary studies with Chandrodayawarti- an Ayurvedic formulation for opthalmic use, J. Sci. Res. Plants Med., Vol. 2 (1-2), PP. 35-38.

Prasad, M.M. & Das, N. (1983), Changes in protein contents of Piper nigrum Linn. fruits

due to fungal infestation, Nat. Acad. Sci. Lett., Vol. 6 (9), PP. 295-296.

Prasad, M.V. & Abraham, J. (1997), Role of non government organisations in pepper production in Kerala- problems and strategies, Proc. Nat. Sem. on Quality of Spices, Madikeri, Karnataka, 5-6 Oct., PP. 170-178.

Prem Kumar, T. & Devasahayam, S. (1988), Management of insect pests for higher yields in black pepper, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 11 (4), PP. 121-122.

Prem Kumar, T. & Nair, M.R.GK. (1986), Insecticidal control of adults of Longitarsus nigripennins Mots infesting black pepper, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 10 (I), PP. 1-3.

Prem Kumar, T. & Nair, M.R.G.K. (1987), Effect of some planting conditions on infestation of black pepper by Longitarsus nigripennins Mots., Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 10 (4), PP. 83-84.

Prem Kumar, T. & Nair, M.R.GK. (1987), New record of two flea bettles infesting black pepper Piper nigrum L. leaves, Curr. Sci., Vol. 56 (6), PP. 271.

Prem Kumar, T. & Nair, M.R.G.K. (1987), Reduction of damage by Longitarsus nigripennis to berries of black pepper by insecticides, Madras Agric. J., Vol. 74 (6-7), PP. 326-327.

Premakumara, K.V.S. et al. (1994), Presence of leaf has beneficial effect on rooting of black pepper stem cuttings, PLACROSYM XI, Calicut, 30 Nov.-3 Dec., PP. 57.

Pruthi, J.S. (1989), Diversification in pepper utilization by development of value- added processed products, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 13 (I), PP. 12-20.

Quintero, H.F.M.; Santos, D.S.C.M. & Garcia, C.F.R. (1997), Cell wall proteins of in vitro cultures chili pepper lines differing in water stress tolerance, Plant Sci., Vol. 128, PP. 217-233.

Radhakrishnan, T.C. & Naik, B.J. (1983), Varietal reaction and loss of yield in pepper due to fungal pollu under coconut shade, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 6 (4), PI? 91-92.

Rahiman, B.A.; Murthy, K.N.; Nair, M.K. & Nayar, N.M. (1980), Distribution, morphology and ecology of Piper spp. in Karnataka, India, J. Plant. Crops, Vol. 7 (2), PP. 93- 100.

Rahiman, B.A.; Nair, M.K. & Murthy, K.N. (1981), Collection and conservation of Piper nigrum and related species from Karnataka forests, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 4 (4), PP. 110-112.

Rai, L. (1995), Food adulteration and agmark, Agric. Mktg., Vol. 38 (3), PP. 2-8.

Raina, M.L.; Dhar, K.L. & Atal, C.K. (1976), Occurrence of N-isobutyl eicosa-trans-2- trans-4-dienamide in Piper nigrum, Planta Medica, Vol. 30 (2), PP. 198-200.

Raju, K. & Rajagopal, V. (1988), Age dependent changes in vivo nitrate reductase activity in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), J. Plant. Crops, Vol. 16 (I), PP. 26-30.

Ramachandra Rao, T.N. (1959), Black pepper- analysis and standards, Food Sci., Vol. 8, PP. 16.

Ramachandra Rao, T.N.; Dwarakanath, C.T. & Johar, D.S. (1960), Analysis of piperine by spectrophotometric method. Part I, J. Proc. Inst. Chem., Vol. 32, PI? 125. '

Ramachandran, N. & Sarma, Y.R. (1985), Efficacy of three systemic fungicides in controlling Phytophthora infections of black pepper, Indian Phytopathol., Vol. 38 (I), PP. 160-162.

Ramachandran, N. & Sarma, Y.R. (1984), Uptake and persistence of metalaxyl in black pepper (Piper nigrum), Indian Phytopathol., Vol. 37 (2), PP. 386.

Ramachandran, N. & Sarma, Y.R. (1985), Uptake and persistence of metalaxyl in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), J. Plant. Crops, Vol. 13 (I), PP. 38-40.

Ramachandran, N.; Sarma, Y.R. & Nambiar, K.K.N. (1986), Spatial distribution of Phytophthora palmivora-MF4 in the root zones of Piper nigrum, Indian Phytopathol., Vol. 39 (3). PP. 414-417.

Ramadasan, A. (1987), Canopy development and yield of adult pepper vines in relation to light interception, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 11 (2), PP. 43-44.

Ramadasan, A. (1989), Advancement in pepper research, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 13 (I), PF? 1-2.

Ramadasan, A. (1992), Sustainable production and productivity of b l ~ k pepper-& cardamom, J. Nuclear Agric. Biol., Vol. 21 (3), PP. 234-245.

Ramana, K.V. & Eapen, S.J. (1995), Parasitic nematodes and their management in major spices, J. Spices Arom. Crops, Vol. 4 (I), PP. 1-16.

Ramana, K.V. & Mohandas, C. (1987), Plant parasitic nematodes associated with black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) in Kerala, Indian J. Nematol., Vol. 17 (I), PP. 62-66.

Ramana, K.V. & Mohandas, C. (1991), Techniques for screening black pepper germplasm to Radopholus similis and Meloidogyne incognita, Indian J. Nematol., Vol. 19 (2), PP. 144-149.

Ramana, K.V. (1994), Efficacy of Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom.) Samson in suppressing nematode infestations in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), J. Spices Arom. Crops, Vol. 3 (2), PP. 130-134.

Ramana, K.V.; Mohandas, C. & Balakrishnan, R. (19871, Role of plant parasitic nematodes in the slow wilt disease complex of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) in Kerala, Indian J. Nematol., Vol. 17 (21, PP. 225-230.

Ramesh Chandra; Agrawal, S.; Bajaj, S. & Goel, S. (1978), A clinical trial of gasex in gastro-intestinal disorders in post-operative gastro-intestinal symptoms, Probe, Vol. 27 (4), PP. 330-333.

Ramesh Kumar, A. & Sathiamoorthy, S. (2001), Effect of plant growth regulators on yield and quality of black pepper (Piper nigrum) var. Panniyur-1, Proc. 88" Session Indian Sci. Congr., New Delhi, Jan. 3-7, Sec. Agric. Sci., PP. 79.

Rani, P.; Aggarwal, A. & Seema (1995), Qualitative and quantitative estimation of seed mycoflora of some spices, Adv. Plant Sci., Vol. 8 (2), PP. 401-403.

Ranjith, A.M. (1985), First report of Cylas formicarius F. on black pepper, Pzper nigrunz L., Cun: Sci., Vol. 54 (16), PP. 810.

Ranjith, A.M. et al. (1992), New record of white fly (Bemisia tabaci) on black peppr (Piper nigrurn), Indian J. Agric. Sci., Vol. 62 (21, PP. 166-168.

Rao, C.R.; Agrawal, A.K.; Sairam, K.; Joshi, V.K. & Goel, R.K. (2000), Effect of some constituents of Dipaniya mahakasaya on gastric ulceration and secretion in rats, Prcc. Int. Congr. on "Ayurveda-2000", Chennai, TN, India, 28-30 Jan, PP. 197.

Rao, C.S.S. & Nigam, S.S. (1976), Antimicrobial activity of some Indian essential oils. Indian Drugs, Vol. 14, PP. 62.

Rao, LJ.M. (2000), Quality of essential oils and processed materials of selected spices and herbs, J. Med. Arom. Plant Sci., Vol. 22 (lB), PP. 808-816.

Rao, M.R.N. (1988), Pepper production in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J . , Vol. 11 (4), PP. 128-131.

Rastogi, R.P. & Mehrotra, B.N. (19931, Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants, reprinted edition, Publications and Information Directorate. CSIR, New Delhi, Vol. I, PP. 317.

Rastogi, R.P. & Mehrotra, B.N. (1993), Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants, reprinted edition, Publications and Information Directorate, CSTR, New Dehi, Vol. II, PP. 539.

Rastogi, R.P. & Mehrotra, B.N. (1993), Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants, Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, Vol. 111, PP. 503.

Rathnawathie, M. & Buckle, K.A. (19831, Determination of piperine in pepper (Piper nigrum) using high-performance liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr., Vol. 264 (21, PP. 3 16-320.

Ratnambae, M.J.; Ravindran, P.N. & Nair, M.K. (1985), Variability in black pepper cultivar "Karimunda", J. Plant. Crops, Vol. 13 (2) , PP. 154-158.

Ravikumar, K. (1983), Biochemical changes in black pepper infested with plant parasitic nematodes, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 7 ( I ) , PP. 17.

Ravindran, P.N. & Kallupurackal, J.A. (2000), Black pepper research under the All India co-ordinated Research Project on Spices, Indian J. Arecanut, Spices & Med. Plants, Vol. 2 (3), PP. 71-78.

Ravindran, P.N. & Nirmal Babu, K. (1994), Chemotaxonomy of South Indian Piper, J. Spices Arom. Crops, Vol. 3 ( I ) , PP. 6-13.

Ravindran, P.N. & Nirmal Babu, K. (1988), Black pepper cultivars suitable for various regions, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 11 (4) , PP. 110-112.

Ravindran, P.N. & Remashree, A.B. (1998), Anatomy of Piper colubrinum Link., J. Spices Arom. Crops, Vol. 7 (2) , PP. 111-123.

Ravindran, P.N. & Sasikumar, B. (1993), Variability in open pollinated seedlings of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), J . Spices Arom. Crops, Vol. 2 (1-2), PP. 60-65.

Ravindran, P.N. et al. (1998) , Genetic resources of black pepper in India and its conservation, Golden Jubilee Nat. Symp. on Spices Med. & Arom. Plant Biodiversity, conservation and Utilisation, Calicut, India, 10-12 Aug., PP. 3.

Ravindran, P.N.; Balakrishnan, R. & Nirmal Babu, K. (1997), Morphometrical studies on black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) I: Cluster analysis of black pepper cultivars, J. Spices & Arom. Crops, Vol. 6 ( I ) , PP. 9-20.

Ravindran, P.N.; Balakrishnan, R. & Nirmal Babu, K. (1997), Morphometrical.studies on black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) 11: Principle component analysis of black pepper cultivars, J. Spices & Arom. Crops, Vol. 6 ( I ) , PP. 21-29.

Ravindran, P.N.; Nair, M.K. & Muneer, V.M. (1985), Seed germination studies in black pepper, J. Plant. Crops, Vol. 13 (2 ) , PP. 132-134.

Ravindran, T.C. & Selvan, M.T. (1999), Pepper production prospects in Karnataka, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 21 (4), PP. 101-113.

Reddy, B.N.; Sivaraman, K. & Sadanandan, A.K. (1991), High plant density approach to boost black pepper production, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 15 (2) , PP. 35-36.

Reddy, V.M.; Baranwal, V.K. & Singh, R.K. (1993), Arecanut (Areca catechu L.) based high density cropping system in West Bengal, J. Plant. Crops, Vol. 21 ( I ) , PP. 15-21.

Reen, R.K.; Wiebel, F.J. & Singh, J. (1997), Piperine inhibits aflatoxin B1- induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in V79 Chinese hamster cells genetically engineered to express rat cytochrome P4502B1, J. Ethnopharmacol.. Vol. 58 (3) , PP. 165-173.

Remila, K.G. & Neelakandan, N. (1994), Morphological abnormilities due to phyllody disease of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), Phytomorphology, Vol. 44 (1-2), PP. 111-114.

Remold, M. (1997), Pepper production prospects in India during 1997-1998 season. Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 21 ( I ) , PP. 1-5.

Rethinam, P. et al. (1994), Major achievement of AICRP on spices, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 18 ( I ) , PP. 16-21.

Rosabelle, M.; Samuel, A.; Gurusinghe, P.D.A.; Alles, W.S. & Kirinde, S.T.W. (1985), Genetic diversity and crop improvement in pepper (Piper nigrum), 5" Int. Soc. Hortic. Sci., Symp. Med., Arom. & Spice Plants, Mungpoo, Darjeeling, WB, India, 23-26 Feb., Abstr. NO. B-15.

Rowland, B.J.; Villalon, B. & Burns, E.E. (1983), Capsaicin production in sweet bell and pungent jalapeno peppers, J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 31 (3), PP. 484-487.

Roy, A.K.; Sinha, K.K. & Chourasia, H.K. (1988), Aflatoxin contamination of some common drug plants, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., Vol. 54 (3), PP. 842-843.

Roy, R.G. et al. (1976), Study on inhalation therapy by an indigenous compound on P. vivax and P falciparum infections, Indian J . Med. Res., Vol. 64, PP. 1451.

Rueckold, S.; Supartono, W. & Isnegard, H.D. (1998), Water determination in spices exemplified at white peppel, CLB Chem. Labor Biotech., Vol. 49, PP. 124-127.

Sadanandan, K. (1994), Doubling our production of spices aiming through infrastructure spread and research: AICRP Spices, Indian Hortic., Vol. 39 (3), PP. 10-16.

Saily, A.; Sahu, R.; Mohan, D.; Gupta, B. & Sondhi, S.M. (1994), Determination of mineral elements in some medicinal plants used for cure of various diseases, Indian J. Pharm. Sci., Vol. 56 ( 3 , PP. 186-187.

Salvi, B.R.; Desai, A.C. & Salvi, M.J. (1988), Studies on effect of application of different growth regulators on spike shedding and berry drop in pepper, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 12 ( I ) , PP. 16-18.

Salvi, B.R.; Desai, A.G. & Salvi, M.J. (1988), Effect of application of plant growth regulators on pepper (Piper nigrum L.), Agric. Res. J. Kerala, Vol. 26 (2), PP. 240-245.

Samuel, M.R.A. & Bavappa, K.V.A. (1981), Chromosome numbers in the genus Piper, Curr. Sci., Vol. 50 (4), PP. 197-198.

Santha, A.M.; Shylaja, S. & Balakrishnan Asan, R. (1990), Adoption barriers for improved technologies for black pepper, South Indian Hortic., Vol. 38 (5) , PP. 286-290.

Saranrom, P. (1993), Production and trade of pepper (Piper nigrum L.) in Thailand, Malaysian Agric. J., Vol. 55 ( I ) , PP. 25-30.

Saraswathy, A.; Girija Rani, M. & Sankari, R. (1993), Analytical studies on some Tailams of Siddha system, J. Res. Ayur. Siddha, Vol. 14 (3-4), PP. 174-178.

Saraswathy, A.; Rajagopal, S.; Veerapandian, P. & Purushothaman, K.K. (1992), Standardisation of Siddha compound formulation- Attaticuranam, J. Res. Ayur. Siddha, Vol. 13 (1-2), PP. 71-77.

Saraswathy, A.; Suganthan, J. & Thomas, S. (1998), High performance thin layer chromatographic finger print parameters of Trikatukuc curanam, Bull. Medico Ethnobot. Res., Vol. 19 (1-2), PP. 76-85.

Saraswati, A.; Girija, R.M. & Shankari, R. (1993) , Standardization of Tirikatukuccuranam, J. Res. Ayur. Siddha, Vo1.14 (1-2), PP 79-82.

Sarkar, B.B.; Choudhury, D.M.; Nath, S.C.; Bhattacharjee, N.R. & Debbarma, J.C. (1985), Wilt disease of pepper and its control in Tripura, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 8 (3), PP. 65-66.

Sarkar, U. & Biswas, A.K. (1985), Survey of ethenic system of permanent birth control in Bankura (West Bengal), Int. Soc. Hortic. Sci., Symp. Med., Arom. & Spice Plants, Mungpoo, Darjeeling, WB, India, 23-26 Feb., Abstr. No. E-6.

Sarma, Y.R. et al. (1987), Disease and pest management in blac1 rcpper nurseries, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 1 1 (2) , PP. 45-49.

Sarma, Y.R. et al. (1988), Phyllody disease of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), J . Plant. Crops, Vol. 16 ( I ) , PP. 69-72.

Sarma, Y.R.; Ramachandran, N. & Nabiar, K.K.N. (1981), Sources of inoculum of Phytophthora palmivora of black pepper (Piper nigrum) in disease spread and the importance of morphology of the fungus, 31d Int. Symp. on Plant Pathol., Indian Agric. Res. Inst., New Delhi, India, Dec. 14-18, PP. 127-128.

Sarma, Y.R.; Ramachandran, N.; Anandaraj, M. & Ramana, K.V. (1988), Disease management in black pepper, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 1 1 (4), PP. 123-127.

Sasikumar, B. & George, S.K. (1992), Direct single node propagation of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), J . Plant. Crops, Vol. 20 (2) , PP. 165-167.

Sasikumar, B. & Veluthambi, K. (1994), Kanamycin sensitivity of cultured tissues of Piper nigrum L., J . Spices Arom. Crops, Vol. 3 (2), PP. 158-160.

Sasikumar, B. & Veluthambi, K. (1994), Strain and vector specificity in Agrobacterium- black pepper interaction, PLACROSYM. XI, Calicut, PP. 74.

Sasikumar, B. & Veluthambi, K. (1996), Transformation of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) using Agrobacterium Ti plasmid based vectors, Indian Perfumer, Vol. 40 ( I ) , PP. 11-16.

Sasikumar, B. (1995), The green and glory of the golden berry, Indian Spices, Vol. 32 (2) , PP. 2-3.

Sasikumar, B.; George, J.K. & Ravindran, P.N. (1992), Breeding behavior of black pepper, Indian J. Genet. Plant Breeding, Vol. 52 ( I ) , PP. 17-21.

Sasikumaran, S. & Nair, P.K.V. (1988), Pepper as a mixed intercrop, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 1 1 (4) , PP. 113-114.

Sasikumaran, S.; Sukumara Pillai, V. & Ibrahim, K.K. (1992), Variability and inter- relationship of seedling characters in selfed and open-pollinated seedlings of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 16 ( I ) , PP. 24-25.

Sastry, H.N.L. & Hegde, R.K. (1993), Studies on the chemical control of black pepper wilt caused by Phytophthora palmivora, Cum Trends Life Sci., Recent Trends Plants Dis. Contl., New Delhi, Vol. 19, PP. 45-53.

Satheesan, K.V. et al. (1997), Water requirement of multiple cropping system with spices, Proc. Nat. Sem. on Water & Nutr. Management for Sustainable Prod. & Quality of Spices, Madikeri, Karnataka, India, 5-6 October, PP. 123-130.

Satheeshan, K.N.; Rajagopalan, A.; Jagdeesh-kumar, T.N.; Mammooty, K.P. & Nair, P.K.U. (1997), Influence of irrigation levels on yield, quality and incidence of pests and disease in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), Proc. Nat. Sem. on Water & Nutr. Management for Sustainable Prod. & Quality of Spices, Madikeri, Karnataka, India, 5-6 October, PP. 107-1 10.

Semler, U. & Gross, G.G. (1988), Distribution of piperine in vegetative parts of Piper nigrum, Phytochemistry, Vol. 27 ( 3 , PP. 1566-1567.

Sengupta, S. (1987), The chemistry of Piper species: a review, Fitoterapia, Vol. LVIII, PP. 147-166.

Shankaranarayana, M.L.; Nagalakshi, S. & Natarajan, C.P. (1970), Colorimetric method for determination of pungent constituents of pepper, Flavour Ind., Vol. 1, PP. 173.

Shankarikutty, B. et al. (1982), Oils and oleoresins from major spices, J. Plant. Crops, Vol. 10 (I), PP. 1-20.

Sharma, A.; Gautam, S. & Jadhav, S.S. (2000), Spice extracts as dose-modifying factors in radiation inactivation of bacteria, J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 48 (4) , PP. 1340-1344.

Sharma, A.; Ghanekar, A.S.; Padwal Desai, S.R. & Nadkarni, G.B. ( 1 9 8 4 ) , Microbiological status and anti-fungal properties of irradiated spices, J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 32 ( 9 , PP. 1061-1063.

Sharma, P.V. (1981), Dravyaguna-Vijnana, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, Vol. 11, PP. 362.

Sharma, P.V. (1996), Classical Uses of Medicinal Plants, Chaukhambha Visvabharati, Varanasi, India, PP. 290.

Shastri, A.D. (1981), Bhaishajyaratnavali, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, PP. 89, 112, 206, 714.

Shaukathali, T.M. & Ramadasan, A. (1995), Role of nitrate, ammonium ion and NADH on the nitrate reductase in leaves of black pepper, Ann. Plant Physiol., Vol. 9 (2) , PP. 95- 98.

Sheela, M.S. & Venkitesan, T.S. (1990), Interaction between Meloidogyne incognita and the fungus Fusarium sp. on black pepper vine (Piper nigrum L.), Indian J. Nematol., Vol. 20 (2) , PP. 184-188.

Shenoy, J.R. & Ravindran, T.C. (1989), Fluctuations in the prices of pepper in recent year, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 13 ( I ) , PP. 21-23.

Sheriff, M. (1891), Materia Medica of Madras, Superintendent, Govt. Press, Madras, Vol. I, PP. 121

Sheth, N.R. et al. (2000), Standardisation of Trikatu Chuma, Proc. Int. Congr. on "Ayurveda- 2000 , Chennai, TN, India, 28-30 Jan, PP. 228.

Shridhar & Singh, S. (1990), Effect of number of nodes and indole butyric acid (IBA) in rooting black pepper cuttings under Andaman conditions, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 14 ( I ) , PP. 33.

Shridhar; Singh, S. & Singh, S. (1989), Effect of nodal cuttings and rooting media on the propagation of black pepper under South Andaman conditions, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 12 (4), PP. 122-123.

Shukla, D.S. (1993), Indian medicinal plants, Sachitra Ayurved, Vol. 45 ( l l ) , PP. 803-806.

Shukla, S.C.; Chakraborty, E.; Tewari, G. & Das, S.R. (1990), Arogya Vardhini Bati and Anand Bhairava Ras, two amoebicidal Ayurvedic drugs, Ancient Sci. Life, Vol. 10 (I) , PP. 56- 58.

Shwaireb, M.H.; Wrba, H.; el-Mofty, M.M. & Dutter, A. (1990), Carcinogenesis induced by black pepper (Piper nigrum) and modulated by vitamin A, Exp. Pathol., Vol. 40 (4), PP. 233- 238.

Shylaja, M.R. et al. (1994), In vitro screening of black pepper for tolerance to Phytophthora capsici, PLACROSYM XI, Calicut, 30 Nov.- 3 Dec., PP. 24.

Siddiqui, B.S.; Begum, S.; Gulzar, T.; Farhat & Noor, F. (1997), An amide from fruits of Piper nigrum, Phytochemistry, Vol. 45 (8), PP. 1617-1619.

Siddiqui, M.B. & Husain, W. (1990), Traditional antidotes of snake poison in Northern India, Fitoterapia, Vol. LXI, PP. 41-44.

Siddiqui, M.B. & Husain, W. (1993), Traditional treatment of gonorrhoea through herbal drugs in the province of Central Uttar Pradesh, India, Fitoterapia, Vol. LXIV, PP. 399-403.

Siddiqui, M.M.H.; Jafri, S.A.H. & Salma, M. (1997), Clinical study of Akseer-e-Surfa in Sual-e-Muzmin (chronic cough), Hamdard Medicus, Vol. 40 ( I ) , PP. 102-107.

Singh, A. & Rao, A.R. (1993), Evaluation of the modulatory influence of black pepper (Piper nigrum, L.) on the hepatic detoxication system, Cancer Lett., Vol. 72 (1-2), PP. 5-9.

Singh, B. & Chunekar, K.C. (1972), Glossary of Vegetable Drugs in Brhattrayi, Chaukhamba Amarabharati Prakashan, Varanasi, PP. 298.

Singh, G & Upadhyay, R.K. (1993), Essential oils: A potent source of natural pesti?ides, J. Sci. Ind. Res., Vol. 52 ( lo ) , PP. 676-683.

S i , J.; Vasudevan, K. & Rai, RS. (1976b), Chemical constituents of stems of Piper nigrum Linn., J . Indian Chem. Soc., Vol. 53, PP. 1162.

Singh, O.P.; Tiwari, S.K. & Ojha, D. (1994), Pityriasis versicolor vis-2-vis Sidhma and its Ayurvedic management, Sachltra Ayurved, Vol. 46 (12), PP. 920.

Siva Kumar, C. & Wahid, P.A. (1994), Effect of application of organic materials on growth and foliar nutrient contents of black pepper (Piper nignun L.), J . Spices & Arom. Crops, Vol. 3 (2), PP. 135-141.

Sivarajan, V.V. & Indira, B. (1994), Ayurvedic Drugs and their plant sources, Oxford & IRH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New York, PP. 294.

Sivaraman, K. (1988), Rapid multiplication of quality planting material in black pepper, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 11 (4), PP. 115-1 18.

Soedarman, H.; Stegeman, H.; Farkas, J. & Mossel, D.A.A. (1984), Decontamination of black pepper by gamma radiation, Acta Alimentaria, Vol. 13 (3), PP. 283.

Sowbhagya, H.B. et al. (1990), Stability of piperine in different solvents and its spectrophotometric estimation, Indian Spices, Vol. 27 ( I ) , PP. 21-23.

Sree Kumari, K.R.; Venugopal, G; Paul, S.M. & Sivadasan, C.R. (1993), Total microbial load Salmonella, Escherechia coli moisture content in black pepper, Indian Spices, Vol. 29 (2), PP. 8-10.

Sreeji, T.P.; Eapen, SJ. & Ramana, K.V. (1996), Occurrence of Verticillium chlamydosporium Goddard in a black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) garden in Kerala, India, J. Spices & Arom. Crops, Vol. 5 (2), PP. 143-147.

Sridharan, K.; Kalla, A.K. & Singh, J. (1978), Chemical and pharmacological screening of Piper nigrum L. leaves, J . Res. Indian Med. Yoga & Homoe., Vol. 13 (4), PP. 107.

Srivastava, M.C.; Singh, S.W. & Tiwari, J.P. (1968), Anthelmintic activity of Piper nignun fruits, Indian J . Pharm., Vol. 30, PP. 65.

Srivastava, P.K. (1997), Role of Exapar and Janova in Post- parturient anoestrus in bovines, Indian Vet. Med. J., Vol. 21 (3), PP. 23 1-232.

Subrahmanyan, V.; Sreenivasarnurthy, V.; Krishnamurthy, K. & Swaminathan, M. (1957), Studies on the antibacterial activity of spices, J. Sci. Ind. Res., Vol. 16 C, PP. 240.

Sujatha, R. & Namboodiri, K.M.N. (1995), Heterosis in black pepper (Piper nigmm L.), J . Trop. Agric., Vol. 33 (I), PP. 1-7.

Sujatha, R. & Namboodiri, K.M.N. (1995), Influence of plant characters on yield of black pepper (Piper nigmm L.), J. Trop. Agric., Vol. 33 ( I ) , PP. 11-15.

Sumathykutty, M.A. et a2. (1984), Analysis of oils from commercial grades of pepper, Indian Perfumer, Vol. 28 (3-4), PP. 119-122.

Sumathykutty, M.A. et al. (1989), Instron measurements and chemical composition of pepper berries on maturation, Indian Perfumer, Vol. 33 (4), PP. 249-256.

Sumathykutty, M.A. et al. (1989), Quality criteria of pepper grades from pure cultivars, Indian Perfumer, Vol. 33 (2), PP. 147-150.

Sumathykutty, M.A. et al. (1990), Chemical analysis of some new varieties of pepper from Andhra Pradesh and Assarn, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 14 (2), PP, 58-60.

Sumathykutty, MA. et al. (1999), Essential oil constituents of some Piper species, Flavour & Fragrance J., Vol. 14 (3, PP. 279-282.

Sumathykutty, MA.; Rajaraman, K.; Narayanan, CS. & Mathew, A.G (1981), Comparison of chemical composition of pepper and pepper leaf oil, Indian Perfumer, Vol. 25 (3-4), PP 15-19.

Sumathykutty, M.A.; Rajaraman, K.; Narayanan, C.S. & Mathew, A.G. (1990), A GLC study on volatile oils from different pepper grades from pure cultivars, Indian Perfumer, Vol. 34 (2), PP. 133-136.

Sumathykutty, M.A.; Rajaraman, K.; Sankarikutty, B. & Mathew, A.G. (1979), Chemical composition of pepper grades and products, J. Food Sci. Technol., Vol. 16 (6), PP. 249-252.

Sundaraja, P.; Ramana, K.V. & Fapen, S.J. (1997), Distribution of the pepper nematode, Trophotylenchulus piperis on black pepper (Piper niglum L.) roots, Indian J . Nematol., Vol. 27 ( I ) , PP. 116-117.

Sweelappan, M.S. (1991), Medicinal uses of pepper in Ayurveda, Indian Spices, Vol. 28 (3), PP. 25-26.

Swhama, P.K.; Jose, A.I. & Pillai, S.V. (1984), Standardisation of period of sampling for foliar diagnosis in pepper in relation to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, Agric. Res. J. Kerala, Vol. 22 ( I ) , PP. 31-36.

Tewtrakul, S. et al. (2000), Fruit oil composition of Piper chaba Hunt., l? longurn L. and l? nigrum L., J . Essent. Oil Res., Vol. 12 ( 9 , PP. 603-606.

Thankamani, C.K.; Sivaraman, K. & Kandiannan, K. (1996), Response of clove (Syzygiurn aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry) seedlings and black pepper (Piper nigrurn L.) cuttings to propagating media under nursery conditions, J. Spices Arom. Crops, Vol. 5 (2), PP. 99-104.

Thankamma, A. & Radhika, L.G. (1997), Standardisation of Brahmigntharn, Aryavaidyan, Vol. 10 (3), PP. 177-182.

Thankamma, A.; Radhika, L.G. & Soudamini, C. (1995), Chromatographic method for the detection of pepper (Piper nigrum) in Ayurvedic preparations, Aryavaidyan, Vol. 8 (3), PP. 147-149.

Thirunavukkarasu, S. (1995), A clinical evaluation of Siddha herbal drug for bronchial asthma- Eraippu Noi, Int. Sem. on Recent Trends in Pharm. Sci., Ootacamund, 18-20 Feb., Abstr. No. A28.

Thomas, P.P. & Gopalakrishnan, N. (1991), Green colour retention in enzyme inactivated dried pepper, Indian Spices, Vol. 28 ( I ) , PP. 6-10.

Thomas, S.H.; Schroeder, J.; Kenney, MJ. & Murray, L.W. (1997), Meloidogyne incognita inoculum source affects host suitability and growth of yellow nutsedge and chile pepper, J. Nematol., Vol. 29, PP. 404-410.

Tipsrisukond, N.; Ernando, L.N. & Clarke, A.D. (1998), Antioxidant effects of essential oil and oleoresin of black pepper from supercritical carbon dioxide extractions in ground pork, J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 46 ( lo ) , PP. 4329-4333.

Tiwari, K.C.; Majumder, R. & Bhattacharjee, S. (1982), Folklore information from Assam for family planning and birth control, Int. J. Crude Drug Res., Vol. 20 (3), PP. 133-137.

lhase , G.E. (1952), A Text Book of Pharmacognosy, reprinted edition, Bailliere, Tindall & Cox., London, PP. 232-235.

lkipathi, A.K.; Jain, D.C. & Sushil Kumar (1996), Secondary metabolites and their biological and medicinal activities of Piper species plants, J. Med. Arom. Plant Sci., Vol. 18 ( I ) , PP. 302-321.

Tripathi, I.D. (1982), Rajnighantu, Commentary by Pandit Narhari, Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, PP. 140.

nipathi, P.; nipathi, G.S. & nipathi, Y.B. (1989), Thyrogenic response of Piper nigrum, Fitoterapia, Vol. 60 (6), PP. 539-542.

Tripathi, S.N.; Tiwari, C.M.; Upadhyay, B.N. & Singh, R.S. (1979), Screening of hypoglycaemic action in certain indigenous drugs, J. Res. Indian Med. Yoga & Homoe., Vol. 14 (3-4), PP. 159-169.

Qagi, D.K. & Dublish, P.K. (1980), Preliminary survey of mucoflora associated with stored spices and condiments, Bot. Prog., Vol. 3 (1-2), PP. 143-145.

Udaya Shankar, K. (1989), Studies on the physico-chemical characteristics of volatile oil from pepper (Piper nigrum) extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide, J. Food Sci. Agric., Vol. 48 (4), PP. 483-493.

Ueda, N. et al. (1999), Effect of spices on glutathion S-transferase activity in mice, Nat. Med., Vol. 53 ( I ) , PP. 46-48.

Umapradeep, K.; Geervani, P. & Eggum, B.O. (1993), Common Indian spices: Nutrient composition, consumption and contribution to dietary value, Plant Foods Hum. Nutr., Vol. 44 (2), PP. 137-148.

Unnikrishnan Nair, P.K.; Sasikumaran, S. & Sukumara Pillay, V. (1987), Varietal variation in the susceptibility to leaf infection by Phytophthora palmivora in five popular varieties of pepper, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 10 (4), PP. 92.

Unnikrishnan Nair, P.K. et al. (1993), Phytophthora foot rot of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), a management study with organic soil amendments, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices, J., Vol. 17 (1-2), PP. 1-2.

Uthappa, K.P. (1997), Package for high yields in cardamom and black pepper at Kodagu- Planter's view, Proc. Nat. Sem. on Water & Nutr. Management for Sustainable Prod. & Quality of Spices, Madikeri, Karnataka, India, 5-6 October, PP. 180.

Vaidya, Bapalal G. (1985), Nighantu Adarsa (Uttarardha), Chaukharnbha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, PP. 357.

Vakil, P. (1993), Clinical evaluation of herbo-mineral cough treatment "Kofol Syrup", Doctor's News, Vol. 6 ( I ) , PP. 13-15.

Varadharaju, N. & Sreenarayanan, V.V. (1992), Inclined belt cleaver for pepper, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 16 ( I ) , PP. 3-5.

Varaprasad, P.V. & Joshi, U.K. (1993), Trikatu in Sushruta Samhita, Sachitra Ayurved, Vol. 45 (7), PP. 525-530.

Variyar, P.S.; Pendharkar, M.B.; Banerjee, A. & Bandyopadhyay, C. (1988), Blackening in green pepper berries, Phytochemistry, Vol. 27 (3), PP. 715-717.

Vasantha, S. et al. (1990), Drought tolerance in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) cultivars: An evaluation of physiological parameters, Indian J. Plant Physiol., Vol. 33 (4), PP. 363-366.

Vasudevan, K.; Vembar, S.; Veeraraghavan, K. & Haranath, P.S. (2000), Influence of intragastric perfusion of aqueous spice extracts on acid secretion in anesthetized albino rats, Indian J. Gastroenterol., Vol. 19 (2), PP. 53-56.

Veeramani, A. & Jayson, E.A. (1995), A survey of crop damage by wild animals in Kerala, Indian Forester, Vol. 121 ( lo ) , PP. 949-953.

Velappan, E. (1988), Production and development of pepper, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 11 (4), PP. 107-109.

Velappan, E. (1994), An integrated programme for spices development in India during VIII five year plan (1992-93 to 1996-97), Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 18 ( I ) , PP. 1-4.

Velayudhan, K.C.; Muralidharan, V.K. & Amalraj, \A. (1990), Some observation on the incidence of quick wilt in germplam collection of genus Piper, Indian J. Plant Genet. Resour., Vol. 3 (2), PP. 113-115.

Venkateshwarlu, V. (1997), Cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors from spices, Indian Drugs, Vol. 34 (8), PP. 427-432.

Venugopal, M.S.; Habeebullah, B.; Balasubramanian & Subramanian, T.R. (1979), Dimethoate residue in pepper (Piper nigrum), Entomon, Vol. 4 (2), PP. 213-214.

Verbo-Acosta, A. & Inciong, N.B. (1997), Leaf tissue analysis as guide for fertilization in blackpepper (Piper nigrum Linn.), Araneta Res. J., Vol. 34, PP. 11-13.

Verzhese, J. & Jacob, C.V. (1985), Novel pepper oils, Pafai J., Vol. 7 (2), PP. 16-17.

Verghese, J. (1989), On the isolation of oleoresin black pepper by steam distillation-cum- solvent extraction and tailoring of oleoresin, Perfumer & Flavorist, Vol. 14 (6), PP. 33-38.

Verghese, J. (1991), Snapshots on Piper nigrum L. technology, Indian Spices, Vol. 28 (3), PP. 2-7.

Vijayakumar, K.R.; Unni, P.N. & Vamadevan, V.K. (1984), Physiological changes in pepper (Piper nigrum L. cv. Panniyur 1) associated with water-logging, Agric. Res. J. Kerala, Vol. 22 ( I ) , PP. 16-99.

Virendra Singh (1995), Herbal folk remedies of Morni hills (Haryana), India, Fitoterapia, Vol. LXVI, PP. 425-430.

Virendra Singh (1995), Traditional remedies to treat asthma in North West and Trans- Himalayan region in J. & K. state, Fitoterapia, Vol. LXVI, PP. 507-509.

Vivekanandan, P.; Regupathy, A.; Habeebullah, B.; Balasubramanian, M. & Irulappan, I., (1981), Dissipation of insecticides in black pepper applied to control leaf gall thrips, Liothrips kami Bagnall, Indian Spices, Vol. 18 (2-4), PP. 25-28.

Wagner, H. & Bladt, S. (1996), Plant Drug Analysis. A thin layer chromatography atlas, reprinted edition, Springer, Berlin, PP. 292.

Wahid, P.A.; Kamalam, N.V. & Venugopal, V.K. (1982), Mineral nutrition of slow wilt affected black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), J. Plant. Crops, Vol. 10 (I), PP. 21-25.

Wallis, T.E. & Santra, D.K. (1948), The determination of olive stones in powdered vegetable products, J. Pharm. Phannacol., Vol. 21, PP. 312-320.

Waring, E.J. (1868), The Pharmacopoeia of India, W.H.Al1en & Co., London, PP. 205.

Warrier, P.K. (1981), The importance of black pepper in Ayurveda, Indian Spices, Vol. 18 (2- 4), PP. 3-5.

Warrier, P.K. (1989), Spices in Ayurveda, Indian Drugs, Vol. 26 (2), PP. 11-15.

Warrier, P.K. (1989), The importance of black pepper in Ayumeda, Indian Cocoa, Arecanut Spices J., Vol. 13 ( I ) , PP. 28-30.

Watt, G. (1908), The Commercial Products of India, John Murray, Albemarle Street, W. London, PP. 896-901.

Watt, G (1972), A Dictionary of the Economic Products of India, reprinted edition, Periodical Expert, Delhi, Vol. VI (Pt. I), PP. 260.

Werman, MJ.; Lotan, N. & Neeman, I. (1995), Lipolytic activity of white pepper powder at high temperatures in a nonaqueous system, J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc., Vol. 72 (4), PP. 413-416.

Wrba, H.; el-Mofty, M.M.; Schwaireb, M.H. & Dutter, A. (1992), Carcinogenicity testing of some constituents of black pepper (Piper nigrum), Exp. Toxicol. Pathol., Vol. 44 (2), PP. 61-65.

Yadav, T.D. & Tanwar, R.K. (1985), Olfactory response of Las iodem serricome (Fabricius) to different spices and dry fruits, Ann. Agric. Res., Vol. 6 ( I ) , PP. 80-86.

Yasuda, I.; Akiyama, K. & Itokawa, H. (1984), The structures of pungent principles belonging to unsaturated aliphatic acid arnide in some crude drugs, 5" Asian Symp. Med. Plants and Spices, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 20-24 Aug., Abstr. No. PS-10.

Yoganarasimhan, S.N. (2000), Medicinal Plants of India (Tamil Nadu), Dr. SN.Yoganarasimhan, Bangalore, Vol. 11, PP. 417.

Youngken, H.W. (1950), Text Book of Pharmacognosy, reprinted edition, The Blakiston Company, Philadelphia, Toronto, PP. 247-257.

Zachariah, T.J. & Gopalam, A. (1987), Nature, production and quality of essential oils of pepper, turmeric and ginger, cardamom and tree spices, Indian Perfumer, Vol. 31 (3), PP. 188- 205.

Zachariah, TJ. (1993), Evaluation of chemical quality in black pepper and turmeric- a review, Post Harvest Technol. Spices, Proc. Nat. Sem., Trivandrum, 13-14 May, PP. 83-88.

Zaragoza, B.A. (1992), Evaluation of organic materials of the control of root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita Chitwood) affecting black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), 7" Asian Symp. on Med. Plants, Spices & Other Nat. Prod. (ASOMPS VII), Manila, 2-7 Feb., Abstr. No. MP-23.

Zhang, G; Shen, F. & Liu, L. (1997), Application of uniform design in the extraction of flavor constituents of pepper, Shipin Kexue, Vol. 18, PP. 22-26.

Zhao, J. & Cranston, P.M. (1995), Microbial decontamination of black pepper by ozone and the effect of the treatment on volatile oil constituents of the spice, J . Sci. food Agric., Vol. 68 (11, PP. 11-8.

Zutshi, U. & Kaul, J.L. (1982), The impact of Ayurvedic herbals on drug bioavailability, Indian Drugs, Vol. 19 (12), PP. 476-479.

Zutshi, U. (1985), Piper species an enhancer of drug bioavailability, Workshop on Selected Med. Plants in Trad.1 Indigenous Systems of Med., Bombay, 8-9 Dec., Abstr. No. 1.09.