karpukhin a.a. absolute dendrochronological scales of archaeological sites in european russia //...

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Copyright © 2009, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Archaeology & Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.aeae.2009.05.007

ARCHAEOLOGY,ETHNOLOGY& ANTHROPOLOGYOF EURASIA

Archaeology Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 37/1 (2009) 62–70

E-mail: [email protected]

62

ISSUES OF PERIODIZATION AND CHRONOLOGY

A.A. KarpukhinInstitute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences,

Dm. Uliyanova 19, Moscow, 117036, RussiaE-mail: [email protected]

Introduction

Elaborating the dendrochronological scale represents an essential stage of tree-ring studies. While absolute dendrodates are estimated on the basis of many criteria such as the nature of the site, the quality and the number of samples, etc., the ultimate criterion is the tree-ring scale. Recently, the main focus of dendrochronological studies has been the creation of so-called local or regional scales that are more suitable for age estimations than uni ed scales which are used for more general purposes (Chernykh N.B., 1996: 5).

Despite numerous publications on dendrochronology and dendroclimatology, as far as we know, there is still no special summary addressing the history of these techniques in Russia, although the theme is touched upon in introductions to many monographs and articles

ABSOLUTE DENDROCHRONOLOGICAL SCALES OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN EUROPEAN RUSSIA*

*This study represents part of the “Dendrochronology of Archaeological and Architectural Monuments in European Russia” Project (06-01-00168a) supported by the Russian Foundation for the Humanities.

The present article provides data on the absolute dendrochronological scales of medieval sites in European Russia. To date, dendrochronological scales are available for 17 medieval Russian towns. Special attention is paid to materials analyzed at the Laboratory for Science-Based Methods of the Institute of Archaeology RAS over the last 15 years. These include dendrochronological scales for the medieval towns of Tver, Torzhok, Vologda, Rostov Veliky, Yaroslavl, Kolomna, and the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery.

Key words: Dendrochronology, dendroclimatology, dendroscales, dendrodates.

(see, e.g., (Kolchin, Bitvinskas, 1972; Bitvinskas, 1974; Chernykh N.B., 1996; Dergachev, 2006)). According to renowned Soviet climatologist, T.T. Bitvinskas, dendroclimatic studies were originally developed in Russia by A.N. Beketov (1868) and Odessa University professor, A.N. Shvedov (1892). Regrettably, these works have been undeservedly overlooked for a considerable period of time (Bitvinskas, 1974: 11).

Regular and wide-scale research into dendroclimatology and dendrochronology began in Russia in the 1950s. The rst publications on dendroclimatology by V.E. Rudakov

appeared at that time (1951, 1953). One of the rst relative tree-ring scales was elaborated based on materials from the Pazyryk burial mounds (Zamatorin, 1959). In 1959–1960, B.A. Kolchin established several research groups, which in 1966 formed the Laboratory for Science-Based Methods at the Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow). Areas of research included dendrochronology, metallography, spectral analyses, etc. The group for dendrochronological studies began conducting analyses of archaeological materials from medieval Novgorod (Kolchin, 1962). This signi ed


A.A. Karpukhin / Archaeology Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 37/1 (2009) 62–70 63

the beginning of long-term research that continues to the present day. Several local dendrochronological scales were created for various archaeological sites including those located in European Russia as a direct result of these studies.

Evidently, the increase in wood samples collected for tree-ring analysis was inspired by a heated debate printed on the pages of Sovetskaya Arkheologiya in the late 1950s and early 1960s, focusing on the absolute chronology of Novgorod (see (Rybakov, 1959, 1961; Artsikhovsky, 1959, 1961)). In the course of the discussion, B.A. Rybakov criticized some of the hypotheses that were set forth by A.V. Artsikhovsky and B.A. Kolchin. Rybakov, for example, disputed the dates for constructional tiers that were obtained on the basis of correlation between traces of fire with written records mentioning fires occurring in Novgorod. In addition, he questioned the idea of merging the log pavement and various buildings into a single construction horizon over several stages of paving. To avoid controversy, Rybakov proposed employing the dendrochronological method.

Researchers from the dendrochronological studies group collected 1389 wood samples from the Nerevsky excavation only during the eld seasons of 1959–1960. Wood samples were taken from various buildings dating to the 10th–15th cent. The elaborated dendrochronological scale was matched with the calendar scale by comparing the estimated dates of wood samples from the lowermost layers of the foundations and walls of Novgorod churches with actual dates of construction, known from written sources. As a result, the previous chronological scheme was corrected and some controversial issues concerning the method of study were clari ed (Kolchin, 1962). The collection of wood samples and their analysis continued over subsequent years.

In the early 1960s, analysis was begun on archaeological wood from the medieval town of Beloozero on the Sheksna River (Chernykh N.B., 1964; 1996: 27). By the early 1970s, the dendrochronological studies group examined materials from 13 Eastern European medieval sites including three located in Latvia and two in Byelorussia (Chernykh N.B., 1972). The considerable array of data obtained made it possible to proceed with the creation of an absolute dendrochronological scale for Eastern Europe. The results of this long-term research were summarized in a monograph by B.A. Kolchin and N.B. Chernykh (1977). Studies of architectural construction began in the 1960s–1970s which now represents the Laboratory’s particular research area. More than 100 constructions dating from the 14th–20th cent. have been examined (Ibid.: 63–66, 69–74, 113; Chernykh N.B., 1996: 27–28) with particular attention being paid to the dendrochronological dating of boards used in Old Russian icon painting (Chernykh N.B., 1996: 73–74).

Results of the studies conducted at the Laboratory for Science-Based Methods ranging from the rst day of its existence to 1992 are presented in full in the monograph by N.B. Chernykh (1996). The book contains data on 43 medieval archaeological sites in Eastern Europe, many of which are located in the territories of the former republics of the USSR (Latvia and Byelorussia).

The present article introduces new data on the absolute dendrochronological scales for medieval towns in European Russia, elaborated at the Laboratory over the past 15 years. Scales that have not undergone signi cant revision since the publication of Chernykh’s book are considered in the summary only. The same applies for new results of research into Novgorod Veliky, Ruric’s (Novgorod) citadel, and Pskov. These results were obtained by O.A. Tarabardina of the Novgorod State Museum-Reserve and by M.I. Kulakova of the Pskov State Archaeological Research Center (Tarabardina, 2005, 2007; Kulakova, 2001, 2006). The paper only discusses dendroscales, without considering numerous separate samples which have not yet been subjected to absolute dating or used in the construction of dendrochronological scales.

The term ‘dendroscale’ must be speci ed. Normally this term is used to refer to “a system of annual tree-ring increments synchronized and corrected by special visual and numerical methods. The trees can thereby be arranged in a strictly chronological sequence” (Chernykh E.N., Chernykh N.B., 2005: 21). One of the features distinguishing the dendroscale from the so-called “sequence of annual tree-rings” is the considerable amount of wood samples representing a long chronological period of several centuries. It should also be noted that the dendroscale should be based on data obtained from trees of the same species growing in a climatically homogenous region, and that the data should be processed using a single technique.

The present study employs the simple technique of comparing annual tree-ring growth, the so-called method of semi-logarithm curves that was elaborated by B. Hubert, a German dendrochronologis, more than 50 years ago and particularized in Russian publications (Kolchin, Bitvinskas, 1972: 88–89; Bitvinskas, 1974: 62–78; Kolchin, Chernykh N.B., 1977: 19–22). The selection of this method for the present study was determined by several factors. Firstly, the series of archaeological wood samples described below were collected long before modern mathematical and computer-aided techniques appeared (see, e.g., (Vaganov, Shiyatov, Mazepa, 1996: 34–50)). Secondly, at certain stages of dendroscale elaboration absolute dates of new samples were estimated by cross-dating with the use of the Novgorod dendroscale obtained by the same technique. In addition, all the dendroscales are based on pine and fir wood specimens since they constitute 97–98 % of the samples


64 A.A. Karpukhin / Archaeology Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 37/1 (2009) 62–70

(Chernykh N.B., 1996: 33). Such approaches may not be applicable in more complex dendroclimatic studies which require strict division of the analyzed material by arboreal taxa as well as detailed analyses of conditions of tree growth. This method, however, seems to be suf ciently reliable and straightforward in providing absolute dating for wood from archaeological sites (Ibid.: 27; Tarabardina, 2007: 20).

Dendrochornological scales

To date, dendrochronological scales have been constructed for 17 Russian medieval towns (Table, Fig. 1, 2). For the sake of convenience, the grouping system of the archaeological sites studied suggested by N.B. Chernykh (1972: 96; 1996) is observed.

Western group of archaeological sites

In this group, materials from Tver and Torzhok have been appreciably supplemented. Due to intensive archaeological studies carried out in the 1990s, a significant quantity of archaeological wood samples have been collected and analyzed making it possible to construct dendrochronological scales.

Tver. Dendrochronological studies of medieval Tver began during the period of 1979–1984 when N.V. Zhilina collected and analyzed a considerable number of slices from three excavations located in the promontory and central portions of the Tver citadel (Zhilina, 1987; Chernykh N.B., Zhilina, 1997). In the 1990s, the Tver dendro-collection was considerably enlarged due to the excavations carried out by V.A. Lapshin and the Tver Historical-Archaeological and Restoration Research Center team headed by A.N. Khokhlov. The Tver medieval dendroscale is based on archaeological wood samples from excavation 11 of the Tver citadel (Lapshin, 2001; Chernykh N.B., Karpukhin, 2001b). The works carried out by the team of the Tver Historical-Archaeological and Restoration Research Center not only added much to the available collection of wood samples but also considerably extended the study area by including regions located outside the citadel (Chernykh N.B., Karpukhin, 2001c). Due to later constructions, the chronological boundaries of the scale were extended. After wood samples from Tver architectural sites had been added, the scale was expanded to 1914 (Chernykh N.B., Karpukhin, 2004). Currently, the scale ranges over a 850 year period (1064–1914). The most highly elaborated parts of the scale fall in the intervals between the 13th – rst third part of the 15th cent. and the second half of the

16th – rst half of the 18th cent. (Fig. 3).

Dendrochronological scales of archaeological sites in European Russia

No. Site LocationNumberof dated samples

Absolute dendroscale, years

1 Novgorod Veliky Novgorod Province, Novgorod 7277 800–1680

2 Ruric’s (Novgorod) citadel » » 52 822–1099

3 Staraya Russa » Staraya Russa 281 871–1436

4 Pskov Pskov Province, Pskov 1990 788–1767

5 Oreshek Leningrad Province, Petrokrepost 113 1096–1525

6 Korela » Priozersk 35 1195–1530

7 Staraya Ladoga » Staraya Ladoga 176 613–995

8 Staraya Ladoga (Zemlyanoye) citadel » » 313 612–969

9 Tver Tver Province, Tver 504 1064–1914

10 Torzhok » Torzhok 373 990–1398, 1571–1618, 1648–1879

11 Beloozero Vologda Province, Korkhinskie Peski 156 910–1282

12 Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery » Kirillov 206 1220–1831

13 Vologda » Vologda 90 1217–1391, 1463–1742

14 Yaroslavl Yaroslavl Province, Yaroslavl 50 1091–1368

15 Rostov Veliky » Rostov 210 863–1348, 1397–1726

16 Kolomna Moscow Province, Kolomna 64 1199–1417

17 Smolensk Smolensk Province, Smolensk 318 1070–1605



Torzhok. The first dendrochronological analyses of archaeological wood from Torzhok were conducted in the second half of the 1980s (Chernykh N.B., 1996: 144–149) and were associated with excavations carried out at the Lower Citadel by the expedition of Kalinin (presently Tver) State University (Malygin, 1983, 1987). The array of archaeological wood samples was enlarged

in the course of archaeological works during 1999–2001 that were carried out in the Zatveretsk part of Torzhok, on the left bank of the Tvertsa River opposite the Novy Torzhok citadel. The works were carried out by the Novy Torzhok Archaeological Expedition of the Historical and Ethnological Museum (since 2000, team of the Novgorod Archaeological Expedition) (Kildyushevsky et al., 2001;

0 300 km

Fig. 1. Extension of dendrochronological scales of archaeological sites in European Russia.1–17 see Table.

Fig. 2. Location of archaeological sites.1–17 see Table.



Dubrovin et al., 2001; Dubrovin, Malygin, Sarafanova, 2002). Results of analyses of new samples taken from four Vozdvizhensky excavations revealed three major periods of construction activity at Posad (a settlement located outside the citadel) taking place within the chronological interval of the 1150s–1250s: the second half of the 1180s – middle of the 1190s; the 1220s – rst half of the 1230s; the threshold of the 1240s–1250s – the first half of the 1250s (Chernykh N.B., Karpukhin, 2001a). The dendrochronological scale was constructed based on this data. The most reliable part of this scale, i.e., the section established by a considerable number of samples necessary for accurate dating, seems to be the interval between the last quarter of the 11th cent. and the rst half of the 14th cent. (Fig. 3). A comparatively small number of wood slices from the constructions of late basements and drainage systems from the upper horizons of Vozdvizhensky excavations have made it possible to trace changes in annual tree-ring growth during the intervals 1571–1618 and 1648–1879. The absolute dating of these materials was performed on

samples from Tver. However, it proved impossible to correlate these intervals with both one another and with the early medieval portion of the dendroscale.

Northern group of archaeological sites

Considerable changes have also occurred within this group. These mostly concern materials from the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery (currently, the town of Kirillov, Vologda Province). In addition, work has begun on the elaboration of a dendroscale for Vologda.

K i r i l l o - B e l o z e r s k y M o n a s t e r y . A dendrochronological analysis of wooden parts from stone buildings at the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery was carried out at the Laboratory for Science-Based Methods of the Institute of Archaeology RAS as early as the 1970s. Samples were taken from basement piles during the course of restoration works carried out on the reinforcement of rampart walls and towers facing the bank of Lake Siverskoye. Samples were also collected from the Large Hospital, Kitchen and Summer Brother’s Cellar that were uncovered in the course of Armory excavations (excavated by S.S. Podyapolsky in 1967–1969 and by A.N. Kirpichnikov in 1971–1972). At that stage, despite the relatively small quantity of analyzed samples taken from the buildings of the “Old Town,” wood cutting dates for 43 logs were determined and the time of construction of various buildings was estimated (Chernykh N.B., 1982).

During the 1980s, N.F. Sergeyeva, a researcher from the National Restoration Association Soyuzrestavratsiya collected archaeological wood

samples from other architectural constructions at the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery within the framework of a large-scale research project on dendrochronological studies of architectural monuments dating to the 15th–20th cent. Later, the archive comprising data on more than 100 wood samples was passed to the Laboratory for Science-Based Methods of the Institute of Archaeology RAS and became available for further study.

The collection of wooden samples was considerably enlarged due to excavations conducted from 1995 onwards by the Research and Production Center “Drevnosti Severa” (Northern Antiquities) headed by I.V. Papin and A.V. Suvorov (Vologda) (Vasiliev, Papin, Suvorov, 1996; Papin, Suvorov, Mokrushin, 2004).

In sum, 206 dated samples from various architectural constructions and from the culture-bearing horizon at the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery are currently available (Chernykh N.B., Karpukhin, 2005; 2006a, b; 2008). The relevant dendrochronological scale brackets the period 1220 to 1831. The interval between the second half of the

Fig. 3. Numerical distribution of annual tree-rings in the dendroscales of Tver (a) and Torzhok (b) by years.

а

b



14th and the third quarter of the 17th cent. (Fig. 4) should be regarded as its working portion.

Vologda. The rst archaeological wood samples from the culture-bearing horizon at Vologda were obtained in 2004 from excavations carried out by the Research and Production Center “Drevnosti Severa” headed by I.V. Papin (Suvorov, Papin, Mokrushin, 2005: 70). The collection of wood samples taken from the basement piles of the Ascension Church dating to the late 17th – early 18th cent. and deconstructed in the 1920s is especially valuable. N.B. Chernykh obtained absolute dates for tree-rings of these samples by cross-dating against a sequence from the “Bread House” at the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery (Chernykh N.B., Karpukhin, 2006b: 155). Excavations headed by A.M. Ivanischev in 2006 exposed two tiers of a log pavement belonging to the same chronological period (Karpukhin, Solovieva, 2009). On the basis of these materials, a dendrochronological scale was elaborated bracketing the period between 1463 and 1742. The interval between the 17th – rst half of the 18th cent. can be regarded as its working portion (Fig. 4).

A small series of wood slices from the 14th cent. log pavement at the excavation on Burmaginykh Street made it possible to trace changes in the annual tree-ring growth throughout the 13th–14th cent. Absolute dates were obtained by cross-dating with materials from the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery. However, at the present time, due to the small number of samples this section of the dendroscale cannot be regarded as for reference use (Fig. 4).

Central group of archaeological sites

This group has become identi ed due to studies carried out in recent years. Although wood samples from certain archaeological sites that can be included in this group were deposited in the Laboratory some time ago (Chernykh N.B., 1996: 4, 198), the comparatively small sample size did not allow for the construction of a dendroscale. At the present time, dendroscales have been established for the cities of Rostov Veliky, Yaroslavl, and Kolomna.

Rostov Veliky. Archaeological wood samples were collected from the culture-bearing horizon at Rostov citadel excavated by A.E. Leontiev in the 1980s. The rst results of dendrochronological studies were obtained at the same time (Chernykh N.B., Leontiev, Samoilovich,

1996). A considerable number of wood samples were collected in the course of excavations carried out at the Stable Yard located close to the Western Gate of the Rostov citadel as well as due to rescue excavations on K. Marxa Street (Samoilovich, Astashova, Komarov, Leontiev, 2002; Samoilovich, Astashova, Kashkin et al., 2003, 2004; Samoilovich, Leontiev, Kashkin et al., 2005; Samoilovich, Astashova, Kashkin, Leontiev, 2007). On the basis of these materials, a dendrochronological scale was created which brackets the period 863 to 1348 and 1397 to 1726. Its working portions are most probably the intervals of the second quarter of the 10th – the rst quarter of the 14th cent. and the second half of the 16th to the beginning of the 18th cent. (Fig. 5).

Yaroslavl. The rst wood sample series was collected from the culture-bearing horizon in the oldest part of the medieval town – Strelka (excavations headed by V.V. Prazdnikov (1994)). Additional samples obtained from the 2007 excavation at “the Town of Log Houses”

Fig. 4. Numerical distribution of annual tree-rings in the dendroscales of the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery (a) and Vologda (b) by years.

а

b



Fig. 5. Numerical distribution of annual tree-rings in the dendroscales of Rostov Veliky (a) and Yaroslavl (b) by years.

Fig. 6. Numerical distribution of annual tree-rings in the dendroscales of Kolomna by years.

а

b

(A.V. Engovatova) have made it possible to trace changes in annual growth from 1092 to 1368. Currently, the most “elaborated” interval falls between the second quarter of the 12th – first half of the 14th cent. (Fig. 5). Hopefully, further archaeological investigations will support the obtained results and facilitate the dendroscale’s extension.

Kolomna. Archaeological wood samples were collected in the course of excavations carried out by the Archaeological Service of Kolomna and analyzed in the Laboratory for Science-Based Methods of the Institute of Archaeology RAS. All samples were taken from excavations located in an area surrounded by wood and earth forti cations dating to the Early Moscow period (14th–15th cent.) that preceded the walls of the brick citadel of 1525–1531 (Mazurov, 2000). The collection examined includes 100 samples of wood from four excavations: the vicinity of the Church for Exaltation of the Cross (excavations of 1990) (Mazurov, 2001: 278); Lazhechnikova Street 3 (excavations of 1997) (Mazurov, 1999), and two sites on Lazareva Street 19 (excavations of 2001–2002) (Mazurov, Alekseyev, Zhdanov, 2002). On the basis of this collection, a dendrochronological scale from 1199 to 1471 has been created. Its working portion encompasses the period from the last quarter of the 13th to the third quarter of the 14th cent. (Fig. 6).

Conclusion

In recent years, due to a considerably increase in the number of analyzed archaeological wood samples, previous dednroscales have been extended and new scales created. To date, dendrochroscales for 17 Russian medieval towns have been elaborated three of which, Novgorod, Pskov, and Tver, are distinguished by high numbers of dated samples and chronological extent. Among other newly collected wood samples that continue to be submitted to the Laboratory for the Science-Based Methods for dating, the most signi cant in terms of prospective dendroscales are samples received from recent excavations in Vologda, the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery, Yaroslavl, and the Moscow Kremlin.



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Received May 22, 2008.

karpukhin a.a. absolute dendrochronological scales of archaeological sites in european russia //...

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