introduction to marine hydrodynamics - 上海交通大学

1896 1920 1987 2006

Introduction to Marine Hydrodynamics

(NA235)

Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering

School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering

Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Website: http://naocecfd.sjtu.edu.cn/

1896 1920 1987 2006

Full English Course(NA235)

Introduction to Marine Hydrodynamics

Lecturers：Xiechong Gu 顾解忡 [email protected] Zou 邹璐 [email protected] Noblesse [email protected] Wan 万德成 [email protected]：

Ping Cheng 程萍 [email protected]

1896 1920 1987 2006

Course Information

Course Code： NA235

Course Homepage: http://naocecfd.sjtu.edu.cn/

The nature of the course: Basis and core curriculum in the specialized fields of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering

The Periods of the Course: 68 ＝ 64 (Lectures) ＋ 4 (Exercise and Practical Lectures)

Assessment (Scores)： 30% = homework assignment 70% = final examination

1896 1920 1987 2006

The lecture notes can be downloaded from

the following website after each lecture.

Website：ftp://public.sjtu.edu.cn

Username：dcwan

Password：2015mhydro

Directory：IntroMHydro2015-LectureNotes

Lecture Notes

1896 1920 1987 2006

Hydrodynamics, H. Lamb, 6th edition, Cambridge

University Press, 1932

Marine Hydrodynamics, J.N. Newman, MIT Press, 1977

An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, G.R. Batchelor,

Cambridge University Press, 1967

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics，James A. Fay，MIT Press, 1994

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics， B.R. Munson, D.F.

Young & T.H. Okiishi, Wiley Asia Student Edition, 2005

Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, Y.A.

Cengel & J.M. Cimbala, McGraw-Hill, 2006

Fluid Mechanics， 5th Ed., F.M.White, McGraw-Hill.

Extended Reading Books

1896 1920 1987 2006

《水动力学基础》，刘岳元、冯铁城、刘应中编，上海交通大学出版社，1990《流体力学》，许维德，国防工业出版社，1989《流体力学》(上、下册)，吴望一，北京大学出版社，1982《流体力学》(上、中、下册)，丁祖荣，高等教育出版社，2003《流体力学基础》(上、下册)，潘文全等，机械工

业出版社，1982

《流体力学》，易家训著(章克本、张涤明等)，高

等教育出版社，1983

Extended Reading Books


Introduction


Introduction

Fluid mechanics and daily life

Development of fluid mechanics

Methods in fluid mechanics

Scope of fluid mechanics






Introduction


Fluid mechanics is a theoretical and fundamentaldiscipline. It covers a vast array of phenomena that occur inboth engineering field and daily life with unlimited practicalapplications.

Fluid Mechanics

Ship

Eng

inee

ring

Oce

an E

ngin

eerin

g

Aer

odyn

amic

s

Tran

spor

tatio

n

Hyd

raul

ics

Envi

ronm

ent

Wea

ther

& C

limat

e

Spor

ts

Bio

engi

neer

ing

Che

mic

al T

echn

olog

y

Fluid Mechanics and Daily Life


Ship Engineering


Propeller

Ship Engineering


Ship Engineering


Ocean Engineering


Energy Generation


Aerodynamics


Hydraulics


Question: drag of a car comes from fore-part or after-part?

The car was invented in late 19th century. At that time peoplethought the drag of a car was mainly caused by the collision of thefore part with the air. Therefore, early cars had a bluff after-part(rear). It had a large drag coefficient CD , about 0.8

Transportation

In fact, the drag of a car results from the wake behind the car, called form drag


Aerodynamic design of cars has evolved from the early 1930s.

This change in design from a bluff body to a more streamlined

body (the Beetle) reduced the drag coefficient to 0.6.

Transportation


During 1950s-1960s, the car has been improved to a ship-shaped

body, the drag coefficient is about 0.45.

Transportation


With tests in wind tunnels in 1980s, the car was changed to fish-

like shape, the drag coefficient dropped to 0.3.

Transportation


Later, further improvements made the car to be wedge-shaped,

with the drag coefficient about 0.2.

Transportation


After 90's, researchers have developed new cars with only a

0.137 drag coefficient.

Transportation


Transportation


Bridges and Buildings

Nanpu Bridge, Shanghai


Eiffel Tower Oriental Pearl TV Tower



Environment


Environment

sand storm


Weather & Climate


Swimming

Sports


Sports


Sports

valley rafting


Chemical Engineering

Reaction


Biology

whale


Biology

Jellyfish


A albatross is gliding

Biology


Drosophila

Biology


Bioengineering






Introduction


Development of Fluid Mechanics

Archimedes' principlePascal's principleFluid statics

Ideal fluid mechanics

Viscous fluid mechanics

Modern fluid mechanics

Bernoulli equationEuler equation

Newton's law of viscosity, Navier-Stokes equation, Reynolds

experiment, Boundary layer theory

Computational fluid mechanics, Multiphase fluid mechanics, Multi-scale fluid mechanics, Nanofluids

mechanics


The fundamental principles ofhydrostatics were given by Archimedes(c.287‐c.212 BC) in his work On FloatingBodies, around 250 BC. He is known forhis formulation of a hydrostatic principle(known as Archimedes’ principle), whichled to the understanding of the hydro‐mechanical buoyancy and the stability offloating bodies. His discoveries remained,however, without further impact on thedevelopment of fluid mechanics in thefollowing centuries.



Blaise Pascal (1623‐1662) clarified

principle of transmission of fluid‐

pressure (Pascal's law). He was the

first to formulate the he pressure on

a fluid at rest.



Isaac Newton (1642‐1727) was the greatestscientist of his era. His book "MathematicalPrinciples of Natural Philosophy", firstpublished in 1687, laid the foundations for mostof classical mechanics.

Problems involving the momentum of fluidscould finally be analyzed after Newton. He wasthe first to realize that molecule‐dependentmomentum transport, which he introduced asflow friction, is proportional to the velocitygradient and perpendicular to the flowdirection. He introduced the law of viscosity ofthe linear fluids (now called Newtonian fluid).



Daniel Bernoulli (1700‐1782) publishedhis work Hydrodynamica in 1738, whichincluded the famous equation (known asthe Bernoulli principle) governing the flowof fluids in terms of speed, pressure, andpotential energy. This equation hasremained the general principle ofhydrodynamics and aerodynamics up todate.



Leonhard Euler (1707‐1783) is consideredto be the father of fluid mechanics. Helaid the formulas for the continuityequation, the Laplace velocity potentialequation, and the Euler equations for themotion of an inviscid incompressible fluid.He first explained role of pressure in fluidflow; developed both the differentialequations of motion and their integratedform.



Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717‐1783): in 1744, hederived the acceleration component of a fluid element infield variables and expressed the hypothesis that a bodycirculating in an ideal fluid has no flow resistance. This fact,known as d’Alembert’s paradox, led to long discussionsconcerning the validity of the equations of fluid mechanics,as the results derived from them did not agree with theresults of experimental investigations.

Joseph de Lagrange (1736‐1813): invented the methodof solving differential equations known as variation ofparameters. He introduced the velocity potential for realfluid flows, provided that the resultant of the forcesderives from a potential. He also presented the concept ofstream function.



Navier (French) Stokes (British)

C.‐L.‐M.‐H. Navier (1785‐1836) was the first to derive the differentialequations of motion for an incompressible viscous fluid.

George Gabriel Stokes (1819‐1903): independently discovered theseequations with the assumption that the stress in the fluid is the sum of adiffusing viscous term (proportional to the gradient of velocity) and apressure term ‐ hence describing viscous flow. As this work was inconjunction with Navier, these equations were named as Navier‐StokesEquations.



William Froude (1810‐1879) developed the procedures and provedthe value of physical model testing. He established a formula (nowknown as the Froude number) by which the results of small‐scaletests could be used to predict the behavior of full‐sized hulls. Hiswork on the development of towing tank techniques led to modelinvestigations on ships.

Hermann von Helmholtz (1821‐1894) and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff(1824‐1887) studied vortex motion in fluids from experimentaldiscovery and theoretical analysis, and developed theorems forvortex dynamics.



Osborne Reynolds (1842‐1912) publishedthe classic pipe experiment in 1883, whichshowed transitioned from laminar flow toturbulent flow and the importance of thedimensionless Reynolds number fordynamic similarity named after him. Thisnumber now is used to characterize thelaminar flow and turbulent flow.



Ludwig Prandtl (1875‐1953) introducedconcept of the boundary layer where thefriction effects are significant and an outerlayer where such effects are negligible. He alsolaid the foundations of modern aerodynamicresearch. In addition to his importantadvances in the theories of supersonic flowand turbulence, he made notable innovationsin the design of wind tunnels and otheraerodynamic equipment.


He is considered the “Father of modern aerodynamics” andfounder of modern study of aerodynamics.


Theodore von Kármán (1881‐1963) made an

analysis of the alternating double row of

vortices behind a bluff in a fluid stream in 1911‐

1912, now famous as Kármán's Vortex Street. In

1930, he succeeded in deriving a formula for

turbulent skin friction. He also provided major

contributions to theories of turbulence, airfoils

in steady and unsteady flow, boundary layers,

and supersonic aerodynamics.



Hsue‐Shen Tsien (Qian Xuesen) (1911‐2009) :the father of Chinese rocketry and spaceflight;was a protege of Theodore von Kármán. Inorder to investigate the possibility of realizingthe high‐speed flight with supersonicairplanes, rockets and guided missiles, he hasmade great contributions to research anddevelopment in the fields of Aerodynamics,Solid Mechanics, Flight Mechanics; and hasfounded several new branches in EngineeringSciences, i.e., Jet Propulsion Science &Technology,Engineering Cybernetics andPhysical Mechanics, etc.



Pei‐Yuan Chou (1902－1993) : a renowned theoretical physicist of China. He made very considerable scientific contributions to fluid mechanics and theoretical physics, especially to turbulence theory and relativity theory.



Chung‐Hua Wu (1917‐1992) developed thegeneral theory of steady three‐dimensionalflow for the turbomachinery in two papers“A general theory of three‐dimensional flowin subsonic and supersonic turbomachines ofaxial‐, radial‐, and mixed‐flow types” (1952)and “three‐dimensional turbomachine flowequations expressed with respect to non‐orthogonal curvilinear coordinates andmethods of solution” (1976), now is still themain basis of the design for turbomachinery.


introduction to marine hydrodynamics - 上海交通大学

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