international workshop

INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP

Solid Waste Management For Sustainable Resource Utilization

Funded by ASIA PACIFIC NETWORK FOR GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH

MONGAR DZONGKHAG, 5TH AND 6TH APRIL 2017

WORKSHOP PROGRAM

Solid waste management for sustainable resource utilization in Mongar Bhutan

BHUTAN

Day 1: 5th April, 2017.

Time Content Speaker

8:30-9:00 Registration Wangchuk hotel, Mongar

9:00-9:20 Zhabten to His Majesty the Druk Gyalpo All participants

9:20-9:30 Introduction of participants and workshop program

Mr. Ram Bahadur Darjee Municipal Engineer Mongar Municipal (Anchor)

9:30-9:50 Opening speech Dasho Dzongda(Governor) Mongar Dzongkhag.

9:50-10:20 Baseline Data & gaps, pilot project implementation, success and drawback in implementation of solid waste management for sustainable resource utilization in Mongar Bhutan

Mr. Tshering Gyeltshen Municipal engineer Mongar Municipal.

10:20- 10:40 Laws and regulation on waste management in Bhutan.

Ms. Tshering Dolker Environment officer National Environment Commission Mongar Dzongkhag

10:40-11:00 Tea Break

11:00-11:20 Importance of awareness program on waste and the Role of Clean Bhutan,(NGO)

Mr. Ratu Project officer Clean Bhutan(NGO)

11:20-11:40 Recovery of Recyclable for good cause Ms. Pema Choden Member representative REGDE MAHA GURU CHHOETSHOK

12:40-12:00 Waste Management in an area of Mongar lower secondary school.

Ms. Dechen Lhamo Teacher Nature club coordinator Mongar lower Secondary school

12:00-12:20 HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Mongar Regional Referral Hospital

Mr. Phuntsho Norbu Nursing Superintendent ERRH Mongar.

12:20-1:30 Lunch Break

1:30-1:50 Management of Waste and Debris Deposited in Dam site.

Phuntsho Wangmo Head civil Unit Kurichhu hydropower plant Gyelposhing

1:50-2:20

Importance of Waste Segregation and Recycling

Mr Tsheltrim Pelden WE CARE

2:20-2:50 Integrated Solid waste management system leading to zero waste for sustainable resources utilization in rapid urbanized areas in developing countries

Ms.Alice sharp Sirindhorn International Institute of Techonology(SIIT) Thammasat University,Thailand

2:50-3:10 Tea Break

3:10-3:30 Solid waste Management For sustainable resource utilization : Case studies from Thailand

Ms.Sandhya Babel Sirindhorn International Institute of Techonology(SIIT) Thammasat University,Thailand

3:30-4:00 Pilot Project implementation of solid waste management for sustainable resources utilization in Hochiminh City

Ms. Nguyen Thi Phuong Loan Director of CENTEMA,Van Lang University.

4:00-4:45 Discussion on waste management in Mongar and plans and any implementation needed to current waste management.

Ms.Sandhya Babel Sirindhorn International Institute of Techonology(SIIT) Thammasat University,Thailand

4:45-5:00 Ending speech and Tea Ms.Alice sharp Sirindhorn International Institute of Techonology(SIIT) Thammasat University,Thailand

Day 2: 6th April, 2017.

Time Field trip program

9:00-9:40 Waste segregation system in Mongar Lower secondary school.

9:40-11:30 Hazardous waste management at mongar hospital

11:30-1:00 Lunch

1:00 Kurichuu Dam Site, Gyelposhing, 30 km from mongar.

International Workshop on Solid Waste Management for Sustainable

Resource Utilization

April 5-6, 2017

Mongar, Bhutan

Summary of the meeting

Summary (1) Laws and regulation on waste management in Bhutan (Ms. Tshering Dolker)

Waste management is everybody responsibility

Waste management is categorized into many categories (medical, municipality, industrial, protected area, and e-waste)

Offences and fine schedules are described

How effective is the regulation?

Establish waste management division.

Q&A session

Waste in common issue for all, solution is to minimize the generation of waste, how to do so?

Summary (2) Clean Bhutan (NGO) (Mr. Ratu Tshering)

People’s behavior leads to more waste

Zero waste Bhutan 2030 campaign – to change mindset of people to consume resource efficiently.

Registered members in each district

Emphasize more on advocacy of the people than the cleaning events (School, public, Shedra-religious temple)

Promote 3Rs to be sold from waste materials

Q&A

Any support from gov. for funding – seeking help form district

Quantitative data collection

Bins provided in Shedra, why not doing some (investment) waste separation at the landfill in Gyelposhing – not for zero waste initiatives

To get the 3Rs concept works, training to raise awareness is needed.

Summary (3) Recovery of recyclable – Green monastery concept –GM concept(Ms. Pema Choden, School Coordinator)

RMGC (Rigde Maha Guru Chhoetshok) – religious organization

Activities of RMGC – annual ritual, retreat program, construction of facilities

GM concept – renewable, reuse, recycle, reduce

Renewable – solar system for heating, biogas plant (planning), tree plantation

Reuse – use bottles for decoration and street lighting

Recycle – collect waste and sell to dealers (we care) for two years 40-50,000 Nu earned

Reduce – reduce waste generation, fruits and veg be used for offering, reject plastic containers and packaging, promote organic farming

Q&A

Size of the monastery – 8 acres of land, >1,000 members, 8 monks

Any training to people on the GM concept? – suggestion training can be there to improve

Resource required? –financial support

Waste sold to dealers were collected from community town area

Summary (4) Pilot project!! Waste management in school (Ms. Dechen Lhamo, School nature club coordinator)

Guidelines for proper waste management in school

No plastics, no junk food, write name on water bottles, waste bin in classroom, name on each page of notebook, no birthday sweets, disposal of dust bin from classroom

House on Duty (HODs) issues forms to house member in class ???

Gate inspectors inspect students before entering school/ students with waste issues will be followed up by teacher or HODs

Manage paper waste – numbering pages of notebooks, no tearing papers, regularly monitoring and following up

Recyclable waste – awareness raising, appoint volunteers from club to collect recyclable wastes, keep collected waste in segregation shed, waste sold to we care and money use in the club

Waste disposal timing – municipal waste collection only once a week, volunteers

Q&A

Source of plastic waste (pet bottles) – from community, street, home

Outside school students are not controlled over waste generation how to maintain the awareness – waste separation campaign, appointment of inspection outside school

Summary (5) Hospital waste management (Mr. Phuntsho Norbu)

Medical wastes – 75-90% non-hazardous, 10-25% hazardous waste.

Hazardous solid infectious (labeled biohazard), sharps (labeled ‘Sharps’), Chemical & Pharmaceutical (buried), cytotoxic waste and radioactive waste

Follow WHO standard on medical waste management

Limitations: no own vehicle, municipal truck comes twice a week only

Q&A

Size ; 150 beds regional hospital, in-patient rate 60-70%

Waste is autoclaved everyday : 30kg 45min-1hr to autoclave at the temperature of

Any plan for composting food waste – veg/food waste produced taken by hospital staff.

Plastic waste are collected and sell (6-700kg/month), card board box also sold to we care.

Hospital waste is challenging for landfill management, if separated the dump site, better separation can be done

Waste separation can be done but will be collected altogether, people don’t do.

Food waste can be converted to other products, i.e. gas, compost

Summary (6) Waste and debris at KHP Dam site (Ms. Phuntsho Wangmo)

Waste composition: timber, tree branches, plastics, cloths, metal scraps, paper, plastics, municipal wastes

How to manage: log flushing?? Twice a year, metal scraps – store (and sell?)

Waste collection: different waste different day, biodegradable –spread in the garden

Waste dumping: in landfill nearby

Q&A

Waste collection done by their own but dump in municipal landfill

Suggestion: if the dam site can also collect waste from municipal area or the satellite town –already help with the collection from Gyelposhing and may be extended to other town.

Collection schedule for the town area by municipality should be re-scheduled to match with people lifestyle.

Summary (7) Pilot Project implementer Understanding segregation (We Care)

Implementing waste separation and landfill management

Limitation in business: volume of waste especially recyclable materials, mixed waste, at present get waste from landfill ( source separation will help getting more waste as well as better quality materials)

Pilot project

Collection system –dry 2 times/week, wet 3 times/week

Propose 3 R for 3 E (economic, environment and employment)

Waste collection for recycling – plan to buy baler machine

Composting machinery exist but not operating

Q&A

Cost per trip to send plastic to India 7-8000 Nu

What kind of plastic we care buy- PET

Capacity of baler: 500kg plastic

Future plan: to collect waste from landfill or town area

Summary (8) Baseline data of Mongar (Mr. Tshering Gyeltshen)

MSW management system

Operation cost 77,780Nu/month while income of the municipality 47,332 Nu/month

Landfill management at Gyelposhing 60,000 Nu/3 month

Gaps: No separation at source, lack of resources (technology, manpower, financial resource), collection problem

Q&A

Few major problems in SWM : 1)source segregation and 2) transportation (not enough vehicle)

Ideas from questionnaires

Would you like Mongar to be environmental friendly town with good solid waste management and be the example for other towns?

Yes 100 %

In order to implement waste separation at source what will be additional thing required?

Equipment, collection vehicle, organic waste bin, reuse the waste, separate container at each house, awareness, proper dumping area, recycle waste, segregation center, law enforcement (charge fine), collection point, different treatment facility, money

In your opinion, what are the problems on solid waste management at Mongar?

a) People’s behavior (lack of awareness): 6

b) Collection system:2

c) Technical facility: I

d) Financial constrain: I

e) Laws and regulations: 4

f) Others please specify: Manpower, strictly follow regulation, collection from Geog, recycling, provide dust bin to everybody, mindset of people

How do you think the problems on solid waste management can be solved in Mongar town?

Educate people on waste separation and managing the waste, stop using plastic bags, more awareness, minimize waste generation, implementation of laws, respect clean environment, technical facilities, good water supply and sewerage system, support business, recruit manpower,

How can you contribute/participate to appropriate solid waste management in Mongar?

Create awareness

Cleaning campaign

Collecting waste

Volunteer system to control illegal dumping

Learn examples from other country and implement here

Reduce using of plastic and packaging things

Observations

Many waste management activities happen around the district but lack of coordination

Lack of quantitative data to be shown therefore, impact of implementation is not clear

Current system seems to have problem with the collection system

Awareness seems to be a major problem

How to manage waste with limited resources?

Suggestions Waste separation is needed in order to reduce waste entering landfill. However, coordination between

stakeholders (school, municipality, monastery, industry, hospital and etc.) is needed to effectively do the work

What can be the mechanism to have people separate their waste?

Conversion of food waste into some other materials – biogas, compost half of waste can be diverted from landfill. Thus, requires less trip to landfill, collection truck can be used more effectively.

Spreading information on going-on activities or the dissemination of results is needed so that local citizens can see also.

Funded by

MONGAR DZONGKHAG

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE IN MONGAR BHUTAN

CONTENTS OVERVIEW OF MONGAR BHUTAN CURRENT MUNICIPAL SWM SYSTEM GAPS PILOT PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION DRAW BACK CONCLUSION

OVERVIEW MONGAR BHUTAN

MONGARTHIMPHU CAPITAL

POPULATION : 792,877 (Bhutan Population Projection Bureau, 2017)

AREA : 38,394 km2

DISTRICTS :20 Consisting of one each Dzongda (Governor)

OVERVIEW OFMONGAR

Population‐4,258(As perBSB 2017)

Average population growth‐1.12% (As per BSB 2017)

Commercial : 271 Residential: 705 Industrial:9 Schools:3 Hospital:1 Landfill:1(32 km Away from Mongar town

CURRENT MUNICIPAL SWM SYSTEM At present, the MongarMunicipality mostly

employs two types of waste collection methods:

I. Door to door collection: # Households dump their waste in the municipal truck, which moves from door to door of the residents.

II. Community waste collection: # Community waste bins are located in certain parts of the town, where local residents can dispose their waste. The municipality later empties these community bins.

TYPES OF BINS

Polythene Welded mesh

Municipal waste Collection & Mgt.

i. Door to door collection: ii. Community waste collection:

Operation expenditures

Particulars Weekly 2 refuse collector Monthly

Fuel and Maintenance

3260 13040X2 26080

Driver salary 9000X2 18000

Drivers DA 2600 10400X2 20800

Helper 6450X2 12900

Total 77,780/‐

Financial resourcesSl.no Particulars Monthly charge Amount

1. Water meter rent (220) 20 4,400

2. Solid waste management fees

(220)

5 1,100

3. Rental income from public

Hostel (1)

13333 13,333

4. Rental income from park

canteen (1)

7999 7,999

5. Other rental income (3) 3000 9,000

6. Vegetable market (23) 500 11,500

Total income Nu.47,332

Landfill management.

Landfill management at Gyelposhing every three months at the cost of Nu, 60,000/‐

Raw dataFor Mongar town

Place organic Paper Plastic Metal M/waste Glass Other Total(kgs)

Mongar 175.00 30.00 23.50 5.00 51.00 29.00 23.50 337.00

Mongar 75.00 20.00 10.50 2.50 48.50 8.00 17.50 182.00

Mongar 205.00 26.50 27.50 6.00 49.00 35.00 27.50 376.50

Mongar 45.00 12.50 7.50 3.50 56.00 6.00 9.50 140.00

Mongar 189.50 37.50 19.50 4.50 39.00 27.50 26.00 343.50

137.90 25.30 17.70 4.30 48.70 21.10 20.80 275.80

50.00 % 9.17% 6.42% 1.56% 17.66% 7.65% 7.54% 100

• Raw data collected from core town ‐for five days.• population 1200.

Waste generation and Waste Composition

Mongar Municipality

50%

9.17%

6.42

1.56%

17.66%

7.65%

7.54%

Organic Paper Plastic

Metal Medical waste Glass

Others

Mongar town generates about 0.95 tonns per dayWaste generation rate 0.23kg/person/day

Waste composition

Organic Paper Plastic Metal Medicalwaste

Glass Others

50.00

9.176.42

1.56

17.66

7.65 7.54

Bar Chart

Gaps Limited waste segregation at source.

Due to low level of awareness among the public, waste segregation is a big challenge.

Waste is currently not separated at source. Absence of different bins for residents to store the recyclable waste and organic waste also hinders waste segregation.

Lack of resources Inadequate financial resources, technical skills and appropriate equipment presents a major challenge in initiation of studies, researches, skill development and up‐gradation.

Sustainability of solid waste management service. The amount of revenue collected from the services provided by the

municipality is less than the amount it invests in collection, transportation and disposal of solid wastes. Therefore, the current form of waste management is unsustainable in the long run. To low level of awareness among the public, waste segregation is a big challenge.

Collection problems A major problem to achieve successful collection of waste is the

lack of roads in some areas, while in other areas; poor condition of the roads makes it inaccessible during rainy season.

Inadequate numbers of refuse collection vehicles. Lack of adequate manpower also hampers collection efficiency. As

a result, only about 80‐85% of the waste generated within the municipality is collected daily.

Frequency of waste collection

The frequency of MSW collection in MongarTown:

Mongar town

Residentialareas

Commercialareas

Industrialareas

Schools Hospital

No of Establishments 705 271 9 3 1

Frequency2

times/week3 times/week None

2 times/ week

2 times/ week

ROUTINE/SCHEDULE OF MSW COLLECTION

Day Place

Monday Core Town area/MLSS, Kidhekhar bazar, shedraand Changshingpeg.

Tuesday Kadam, Dzong area and Naling/Hospital, Trailingand Jarukharsho.

Wednesday Core Town area/Changshingpeg (Upper and lower), MHSS and MLSS.

Thursday Hospital, Trailing and Jarukharsho.

Friday Core Town area.

Pilot project implementation Recovery Segregation Bins system Waste collection

RECOVERYRecovery bins(In Mongar lower School)

SegregationSelected commercial and residential(Mongar Town)

Drawback In Implementation No strong awareness program on waste management Less response from public Financial problem for proper waste bin Less frequency for waste collection due to less vehicles Less man power

RECOMMENDATIONS:The study put forward to focus on the following aspects of the SWM as solutions for waste minimization in Mongar District:

I. Reduce ‐ raise awareness through education.

II. Up Cycle – turn organic waste to valuable fertilizer through composting.

III. Recycle – recover resource from landfill through recycling.

Presenter Name :Mr. Tshering GyeltshenContact no. +97517130229Email add: [email protected]: Bhutan.

Thanks for attention.

Waste Prevention and Management Regulation 2012

(WPMR)5th April,2017, Wangchuk Hotel,

MongarTshering Dekar

Environment SectionDzongkhag Administration, Mongar

General Provisions

• Every citizen’s responsibility• Enforcement and monitoring• Monitoring at Dzongkhag level• Apex monitoring body

Waste Management Categories

• Medical Waste Management• Municipal Waste Management• Industrial Waste Management• Waste Management in GRF including protected areas and Dzongkhag Communities.

• E‐Waste Management

Offences and Fine Schedules

• Offence(acts of noncompliance)‐ Starts from Nu. 100/‐ to administrative actions by the concerned implementing authority

Thank You!

Ratu TsheringEastern project officer

overview

Background

What clean Bhutan have been doing at Mongar

Importance of advocacy

What people do with waste

send to land field without segregation

Throw it below the road, forest and rivers

Burn it pace

That is why we are here

Clean Bhutan

Founded on 6th February 2014 as a cause dedicated to the 60th

Birth Anniversary.

11 Nov 2014 registered as CSO

Vision: Zero Waste Bhutan by 2030,

Mission: To change the mindset of Bhutanese people to beresponsible citizens and practice sustainable consumption byusing available resources most efficiently.

Objectives

• Long‐term objective: Advocate behavioral change(ABC) on sustainable consumption.

• Medium‐term objective: Changing the mindset of allcitizens to practice the 3Rs and being a responsiblecitizen.

• Short‐term objective: Work with local government,municipality authorities and communities to managewaste more efficiently.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

20 11 9 0 2 12 1853

18 18 28 10 14

110

24 13 10 18 18 9

86 87

686

58

125 140

187

146 152 110

55

132

218 304

196

9155

14299

Year 2015 ‐2016Year 2014‐2015 Total : 2689

Registered member: Dzongkhag wise

Activities carried out

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

volunteers

clean up

Dzongkhags

Clean up campaign

clean up volunteers Total : 119

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

participants

advocacy

Dzongkhags

Advocacy programme

Advocacy Participants

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Drangmechhu

Mo chhu Pa chhu Trashiyantsethromderiver

Stream drainnear citymall

Thim chhu Kabesastream

Dechenphustream

Volunteers

Location

Cleanup along streams and rivers

Challenges Towns and villages : People throw their trash everywhere

specially in the places where no one can see it.

Litterbugs in towns are school students in general

Highway litterbugs- trash by travelers, vehicle drivers and public transport

Trash along trails to remote villages and lhakhangs by local communities

Clean Bhutan

Public

Schools

Shedra

Target group

Mongar: organized 14 cleanups in which 490 volunteers volunteered.

Conducted 11 advocacy programmes and was attended by more than 600 participants

Constructed segregation shed in kilikhar shedra.

Discussion and distributed of clean Bhutan stickers to taxi drivers in Mongar.

Activities

Encouraging people to practice 3R( reduce, reuse and recycle)

Zero waste craft

Training program at S/jongkhar

(SJI)

Six women are being trained

from two gewog

Trained to make different craft

out of waste.

more focus on making baskets

Beneficiary to community as a

whole

Waste segregation

Found that almost 50% of waste are degradable

Lack of segregation

Segregation station at Kidheykharshedra

Funded by Bhutan trust fund(BTF)

Cleanup programme

Use to organize cleanup programme during public gathering

Aims to advocate people

Remote villages are equally given importance

Aim to make them understand on waste issue by engaging then in cleaning campaign

“Always watchful, His Majesty (Drukgyal Zhipa) would observe litter

that blights our pristine environment, and express concerns on the

growth of waste and their proper disposal”

His Majesty The King of Bhutan, 11th November 2015,

Changlimithang, Thimphu

.

Thank you for your time

RIGDE MAHA GURU CHHOETSHOK

“A GREEN MONASTRY CONCEPT”

PRESENTATION BY: -PEMA CHODENMEMBER REPRESENTATIVE

CONTENTS:

Brief introduction about RMGC Green Monastery Concept Conclusion

Brief about RMGC Rigde Maha Guru Chhoetshok is a Non-profit organization with a

modern approach to teach the Buddhist philosophy to all walks oflife

Registered under Commission of Religious Organization (CRO), inaccordance with the provisions of the Religious Organizations Actof Bhutan, 2007 on 22nd November, 2013 and is provided with theCertificate of Registration No. CRO/RC-24/2013/094.

The Vision: “RMGC aspires to become a well-endowed anddynamic religious society organization that will exist in perpetuityto preserve, protect and propagate the Buddha dharma in Bhutanand around the world in tandem with the change in times”.

The organization is managed by its BoardMembers, executives and representativeswith respective roles and responsibilitiesclearly mentioned in the RMGC-Manual,2016.

Activities under RMGC

Following are some of the main functions carried out under RMGC:◦ Annual Drupchoe(puja) at Monastery◦ Annual 7-days Retreat Program at monastery◦ Construction and development of

infrastructures for practicing BhuddhaDharma

Green Monastery Concept

To be covered:◦ Concept◦ Activities ◦ Way ahead

Concept

RMGC has come up with the concept of 4-Rs, which is as under:1. Renewable2. Reuse3. Recycle4. Reduce

• Under each concept, RMGC has initiatedactivities for the implementation of same.

1. Renewable◦ RMGC has installed Solar system for Hot

water storage

RMGC is planning to install Bio-Gas Plant Initiates tree plantation(Hazel Nuts,

Rhododendrons, Bodhi tree, etc)

2. Reuse Under this concept, RMGC has started using bottle

tops for beautifying the campus and Horlick bottles for street lighting

3. RecycleUnder this concept, RMGC has initiated collecting wastes and

selling it to the dealers

4. Reduce Only home made stuffs, fruits, vegetables

and grains are accepted as feast offering. RMGC is do not accept those stuffs, especially plastic packed, which are sold at markets as feast offering.

During time of rituals, the home made utensils and plant leaves are being used for serving (not plastic items).

Organic farming (green House, mushroom cultivation)

Conclusion RMGC aims To mobilize funds and strengthen

its resources base as well as organizationalstructure to carry out lawful and prudentinvestment of its capital and resources andgovern the judicious use and management of allits assets and resources to ensure the long-term sustainability of the monastic activities.

THANK YOU

“MAKE HAPPY DAYS AHEAD”

OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION

• Guidelines for the proper waste management in the school.

• Roles and responsibilities of HOD and SOD. ( House on Duty)

• Managing the paper waste.

• Managing the recyclable waste.

• Waste disposal timing and the dustbin corners.

Guidelines for Proper Waste Management in the school

A bucket in each class is meant to dispose the dust collected from the class while sweeping the classroom.

Bringing plastic contained food is strictly prohibited in the school premises.

Bringing junk food, which forms the bulk portion of litter, is strictly prohibited.

Students should have the names written on the bottle while bringing water.

CONT…..

Students should write the page number, class, section, and roll number in each page of their note book.

Students are not suppose to bring any kind of sweets or other stuff packaged in plastics during birthdays.

Class sweepers should take the waste collected from their respective classes by disposing in the general dustbins.

Roles and responsibilities of HODs

HODs issues the forms to his/her house members in each class.

Gate inspectors are appointed to check their bags and pockets.( 3 to 4 numbers )

Parents reaching their children in a car drop them till gate for the checking.

The SODs reflect students name with any waste issues in SOD form. Follow up to particular student is done either by class teachers, HODs or concern coordinators and the following house look into the matters with possible solutions.

SOD Form

Gate Inspectors

Managing the paper waste

Numbering the pages of their notebooks along with the class and roll no.

No tearing of papers.

Class monitoring twice a month.

Teaching aids should be maintained well and taken care.

Follow up and monitoring- Class teacher, Nature club coordinators, subject teachers and SODs.

Managing the recyclable waste

Give awareness on reusing the reusable waste.

Appoint volunteers from the club to collect pet bottles generated from the classes together with card boxes.

Collect the recyclable waste in the segregation shed.

Waste disposal timing and the dustbin corners

Dustbins are placed in four different places.

Club volunteers collect and reach the dustbins on every Monday exempting social work.

Municipal vehicle collects garbage every Monday before 1st period.

MEDICAL WASTEMANAGEMENT AT ERRH, MONGGAR

PHUNTSHO NORBUNursing Superintendent

DEFINITION

Medical waste refers to all categories of waste generated from health facilities, clinics, animal husbandries, veterinary hospitals and other clinical laboratories.

All medical wastes are not hazardous; Non Hazardous;75% - 90% Hazardous; 10% - 25%

Hazardous waste refers to any waste with properties which have the potential to cause harmful effects to human or environment when poorly managed

HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENTHazardous

wastePPE Color-

code Bin description Plastic bag

Solid Infectiouswaste

Utility gloves,plastic apron

Red

30L, strong leak-proof plastic binwith swing lid and wheels.Biohazard symbol & labeled as‘Biohazard’.

Biodegradableplastic bag.(place inside thewaste bin)

SharpsUtility gloves Yellow/wh

iteSharps boxes supplied by DVEDwith biohazard symbol labeled as‘SHARPS’

Chemical&Pharmaceutical

Utility gloves,plastic apron& face shield

Brown

Cytotoxic waste PurpleRadioactivewaste

Lead apron

HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENTHazardous waste Collection Transportation Treatment Disposal

Solid Infectious waste When the bin is ¾full

As and whenproduced

Only on specifiedwaste trolley or cart

Autoclave & shred / decontaminate with 0.5% bleaching solution minimum of 30 minutes

Municipalbin

Pathological waste Incinerate / dispose of indeep burial pit

Deep burial pit

Liquid infectiouswaste

Procedure specificcollectingcontainer

Decontaminate with 0.5%bleaching solution in equalproportions (1:1) for 10minutes

Sewage system withplenty of water

*SharpsWhen the box is ¾full

Autoclave & shred /incinerate

Municipalbin / deep burial pit

Chemical &PharmaceuticalWaste

Collected and sent to pharmacy for finaldisposal

EncapsulateLandfill

Cytotoxic wasteCollect in leak-proof container and storein designated area

Encapsulate (small quantity)/ incinerate Landfill

Radioactive waste Collect in lead container Decay by storage

LOCATION, COLLECTION AND STORAGE

Infectious and non-infectious waste bins should be placed at different locations.

Infectious waste bin should be located in the area accessible to authorized personnel ONLY. Waste level

- Waste should not be filled up to the brim of the bin- Only ¾ of the bin should be filled and the waste

bag should be tightly closed or sealed Storage

- Waste should be stored in a designated place and the storage duration of infectious medical waste should not exceed the following:

- Summer : 24 – 48 hours- Winter :48 – 72 hours

TRANSPORTATION OF HAZARDOUSMEDICAL WASTE

A pathway must be identified to transport hazardous medical waste to the treatment and disposal site

If there is no separate pathway, wastes should be transported during less busy hours of the facility.

Specified waste trolleys or waste carts must be used for waste transportation

NON-HAZARDOUS LIQUID PHARMACEUTICALWASTE: SEWER

Non-hazardous pharmaceutical liquid dosage form waste such as large volume parenteral fluids (salts, amino acids, lipids, glucose), vitamins and eye drops (but not antibiotics or cytotoxic drugs can be diluted (dilution factor -water in 1:3 Ratio) and flushed into the sewers in small quantities.

Fast flowing water sources should be used to flush the diluted liquid pharmaceutical wastes.

Do not discharge even small quantities of pharmaceutical waste into slow-moving or stagnant water bodies

LOCATION OF STORAGE FACILITIES Away from the kitchen, common passage and the main

entrance Have a cement or impermeable floor Have access to water supply for cleaning purposes Proper drainage system Provide easy access to staff handling the waste and waste

collecting vehicles The area must be always kept locked when not in use Inaccessible to animals, birds, insects and non-authorized

personnel The area should be well lit and ventilated Supply of cleaning items (broom, mops, detergents /

disinfectants, PPE (utility gloves, face-shield, plastic apron, gumboots) should be placed close to the storage place.

• What...???

Timber logs, tree branches, discarded plastics, clothes, etc

1. Dam Site

General wastes like metal scrap, rubber, burned outelectric bulbs, papers, clothes and plastics

2. Power House

Household garbage, food wastes and discarded items like household utensils, plastics and papers

4. Colony

Generally paper and plastics wastes

3. KHP Office

• How do we manage ???

Dam Reservoir Log Flushing

Logs and debris collected from reservoir

Metal scraps from powerhouse – Store

Other trash - dump

Routine for Waste Collection

• Monday- Kitchen wastes • Wednesday- Bottles, tins & rubber, etc…• Friday- Kitchen wastes

• Degradable wastes – mostly used in the gardens• Non-degradable wastes - Dump

Segregation of Wastes

GHSS

TshokorWaste Landfill Site

Town

KHP Upper Colony

KHP Lower Colony

Power House

KHP Office

Understanding Segregation

“CONTRUBUTION TO GREEN GROWTH”WE CARE

Introduction WE CARE is a private sector initiative to improve the

solid waste management situation in the Mongarlocality

The primary goals of this business is to promote the principal of 3R’s‐ Reduce, Re‐use, Recycle to create a clean, healthy and litter free environment,

To educate and inculcate the sense of waste management in the mines of public.

promote ourselves as an entity known for waste recycling in the eastern region of Bhutan.

In do so; we are also lending our helping hand to achieving the broader national goal of preservation of culture and environment, one of the four pillars of Gross National Happiness.

2

BACKGROUNDInitiated in Mongar In 12th October 2011

Mission is to provide municipalities with an economical alternative for the disposal of waste.

Vision objective of reducing the waste going to landfill. Thus zero waste to landfill.

OUT LINE1. WASTE ‐Waste at source ‐Classifications of waste ‐Basic separation of waste and its impact and waste

composition in Mongar.2. WE CARE (FUNCTION)Recyclable recovery.Buying/freelandfill management3. PILOT PROJECT, Journey to zero waste Monger. waste collectionFinancial statement.Conclusion

Basic Segregation

No Plastic

Kitchen waste,Vegetable peels,

leavesStrain Food Into this BIN

Paper,plastic,mtels,

Tins,cans, Strictly All

Dry Waste , no liquid

SEGREGATION: The Key to Effective Waste Management

• Waste processing is easier when waste is segregated at source

• Cost of processing and recycling waste reduces significantly when waste is segregated at source.

• Mechanized sorting is power intensive and segregation of mixed waste is costly and not very efficient. Segregation at source is simpler

• When waste is segregated at source, there is better recovery of resources and lower rates of contamination.

DRY WET

CompostRecycle

You can prevent your waste from going to the landfill

Collected dry waste can be dispose it separately for further segregation

into different materials for recycling. Or can deposit it to We

Care or other scrap dealers.

Try home composting for your kitchen garden or give it to

people having piggery farmers .

Waste Composition Mongar

Impact on waste SEGREGATION

from from this

to this

•Prevent 90% of waste from going to unauthorised dumping sites polluting land,

water & air• Recycle 30% of waste, saving precious

resources•Compost 60% of waste

Recovery of recyclables Buy from public And from landfill

Landfill Management

PILOT PROJECT,Journey to zero waste Mongar

Collection SystemDRY/ WET different collection( in commercial area)Eg. Dry waste two times a week

Wet waste three times a week

1. Dry Waste for further segregate into different recyclable.

2. Wet For Composting

How will do ????

WE CARE proposalImplementation

(Waste collection) RecyclingPlant to buy Baler machine to treat more wasteCosting Around Nu 350000.

Composting Machinery exist in we care plant.Cost Nu 25000

Baler Machine

Product Card board

Pet bottles

Composting

Compost

3 R for 3 EEconomicDecrease expenditure In waste collection

Environment Promote 3 R system

EmploymentCreate employment opportunity

Financial Statement

Landfill Benefit Rapid occupancy of landfill Decreasing lifelong of landfill

Huge expenditure while engaging machinery in landfill

More leached pollutes water body.

Everyone should visit Landfill

Problem of solid waste in landfill

Segregation at source

Segregation at Transfer station

Scrap dealing

Composting

In-country recycling

Landfill(Residual)

Green waste

Remaining commingled wastes

Paper

Glass, Metal, etc.

PRACTICAL WASTE MANAGEMENTSimple process of solid waste management

Thank you

Regional Research Project

Integrated solid waste management system leading to zero waste for

sustainable resource utilization in rapid urbanized areas in developing

countries

Funded by Asia Pacific Networkfor Global Change Research

Partners

SirindhornInternational Institute

of Technology,ThammasatUniversityThailand

Policy and Planning Division

Ministry of Works and Human Settlements

Bhutan

Center for Environmental

Technology and Management,

Van Lang University,Vietnam

Not all waste collected

No waste separation

Co-disposal HW and MSW

Illegal Dumping/Open Dumping

Background - Solid waste management

What should be done?

http://www.hierarchystructure.com/waste-management-hierarchy/

ISWM with 3Rs Strategies

Objectives

• Propose solid waste management option from baseline data that will eventually lead to ‘zero waste’ city.

Zero waste• Zero waste programs include all of the following

strategies– Reducing consumption and discards– Reusing discards– Extended producer responsibility– Comprehensive recycling– Comprehensive composting or bio-digestion of organic materials– Citizen participation– A ban on waste incineration– Effective policies, regulations, incentives, and financing

structures to support these systems.

http://upstreampolicy.org/solutions/recycling-and-zero-waste/

Activities in the 1st YearSept 2014 - Sept 2015

• Collect baseline data in each country: Data were collected by local partners in collaboration with the proponent, baseline report was prepared for each country.

• Training of trainers including the study visit to show good waste management practices in Thailand

• Data analysis and propose management option and preparation of final report

Activities in 2nd YearAround Sept 2016 - Sept 2017

• Demonstration project implementation based on the options proposed from first year

• From this demonstration project in both countries we have compile the success and drawbacks of the implementation plan.– Drawbacks may come from technology,

finance, stakeholders’ participation, and etc.

Expected Outcomes• Baseline data on solid waste management situation of

selected cities with management options identified.• Decision making tools/guidelines for local

authorities for ISWM by the second year both in English and local language.

• Increasing environmental awareness in solid waste management both for local citizens and authorities.

• Increasing capabilities of local authorities in conducting scientific research and dissemination of results through national workshops/site visits and developing network for sustainable solid waste management.

• Networking among the team members through the project,

Decision Making Guidelines Chapter 1 Introduction

Background of the study

Objectives of the study

Chapter 2 Baseline information General information of the country and selected city

City’s baseline data

Chapter 3 Waste management technology and approach Available technologies for various kinds of waste

• Comparison of technology

Chapter 4 Decision Making Process Methodology in decision making process

Criteria in technology selection

Suggested criteria for Bhutan/Vietnam

Chapter 5 Waste management options Identification of waste management options

Implementation of pilot project successful factors and drawbacks

Chapter 6 Conclusion

Decision making criteria-Thailand

• National waste management Policy• Waste Quantity and Characteristics• Available Resources

– Financial institution– Technology availability– Personnel

• Desired product energy, compost, and gas

Thailand National Waste Management Policy

Internal factors• social & economic development• Government policy• Awareness in resource and energy conservation• pollution situation

External factors• international agreement• trade and environment• international standard• Global environmental issues

National Waste Management Policy

Participation ofstakeholders

Integrated technology ClusteringPromoting

3Rs

13

Alternative Energy Development Plan 10 Year

Development TowardsLow Carbon Society

R&D Budget Investment from private sector

Solar Wind Bio-energy Bio-FuelWaste

New forms of Energy

Hydro power

Target for renewable energy = 25% in 2021

Barrel

Renewable energyin 2011 = 8.98%

14

Waste>100 T/d 25 municipalities (100-170=20 muni. 200-300 =5 muni. )

Total 3,791 T/d

Waste 50-100 T/d

37 municipalities

Total 2,488 T/d

Waste 10-50 T/d

177 municipalities

Total 3,794 T/d

Waste 5-10 T/d

267 municipalities

Total 1,839 T/d

Waste<5 T/d

639 municipalities

Total 1,692 T/d

Waste Quantity

35 MW

75 MW

25 MW

25 MW

160 MW from waste

15

MSW CharacteristicsArea Waste Composition (%)

Food Paper Plastic Rubber Clothes Leaf Glass Metal Others

North 55.88 7.78 13.20 4.06 3.43 5.46 4.25 4.07 2.00

NorthEast

52.96 10.37 11.09 1.98 2.81 1.62 7.35 2.51 8.82

Central and East

50.06 4.06 15.46 4.73 3.32 8.86 3.88 4.09 2.55

South 48.78 11.99 14.62 3.03 1.73 6.56 7 3.42 2.94

Property Density Moisture content

Heating value

Ash content

Combustible

componentUnit (kg/m3) (%) (kj/kg) (%) (%)

North 256.25 58.5 18,774.34 27.97 89.79North East 191.7-204.2 50.5 16,104.55 - 80.83Central and East

260.25 57.83 17,003.19 26.78 89.49

South 214.5 53.25 16,895.137 21.61 86.6916

Waste Conversion Pathways

• Collection• Separated• mixed

• Processing• Storage• Transportation

Waste Management Process

• Thermo-chemical conversion• Combustion• Gasification• Pyrolysis• Plasma Arc

• Bio-Conversion• Aerobic process• Anaerobic process

Waste Treatment Technology

• Energy• Heat • Electricity

• Fuels• Solids• Liquids• Gases

• Other Products• Chemicals• Materials

Products

Indoor waste sorting

Waste receiving floor

Bag Opener

Trommel Screen

Metal separator

Manual separation

18

Outdoor system

19

No waste separation at source = higher investment & operation Costs





• Thermo-chemical conversion• Incineration• Gasification• Pyrolysis


Waste Treatment




Products

Incineration

• Waste is tipped into a holding area (1) where it is picked up by grabs and dropped into a hopper (2).

• The waste is pushed gradually into the incinerator (3) which runs at a temperature of 750 degrees Celsius.

• Heat from the burning waste is used in a boiler (4) and steam from this is piped to a turbine generator to create electricity.

• The heaviest ash falls into a collection point (5) and is passed over with an electromagnet to extract metal content for recycling.

• Flue gases containing fine ash then pass through a scrubber reactor(6) to treat acid pollutants such as SO2 and also dioxins.

• The gases then pass through a fine particulate removal system (7)and are released through the chimney stack (8). 21

Pyrolysis• Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition

by heat in the absence of oxygen converting carbonaceous material into fuel gas that can be used as a substitute for natural gas.

• The process works best when the input waste is carbon-rich, preferably sorted or pre-sorted.

• Best results are obtained from single stream wastes such as sewage sludge, plastics, wood, tyres, or agricultural wastes.

• The pyrolysis process can be continuous or batch fed, producing char, pyrolysis oils, and gases.

• The process produces a liquid residue and gaseous output which may be combusted to generate electricity.

• A solid slag is also produced which may require disposal or additional processing.

(Source:http://www.mbt.landfill-site.com/Pyrolysis___Gasification/pyrolysis___gasification.html)22

Gasification• Gasification is the thermal

decomposition of organics (combustible, putrescible, and plastic fractions of the waste), producing carbon monoxide and hydrogen gases.

• The process usually operates at a high temperature (greater than 700ºC) range, with the addition of an oxidant (either air or oxygen).

• Gasification of organic derived wastes will produce a gas which can be combusted to generate electricity and a char which usually requires disposal if no markets are available.

• Preparation of feedstock for gasification varies greatly with the process.

(Source:http://www.mbt.landfill-site.com/Pyrolysis___Gasification/pyrolysis___gasification.html)23





• Thermo-chemical conversion• Combustion• Gasification• Pyrolysis


Waste Treatment




Products

Bio-conversion Process

• Aerobic Process• Anaerobic Process

– Small scale– Large scale

25

PhitsanulokMechanical Biological Treatment – MBT

Suthi Hantrakul Deputy Mayor, Phitsanulok City Municipality26

MBT on Landfill

29

pallet built ventilation system

30

Screening

31

Compost-Like Substance

Biomass : For Gasification32

Refuse Derived Fuel :RDF

33

Pyrolysis to liquid fuel

Bio-conversion Process

• Aerobic Process• Anaerobic Process

– Small scale– Large scale

35

• Capacity 2.5 m3

• Organic waste load 40kg/day

• Biogas production 2.5 m3/day

• Installed 540 tanks in school SAOs and military Bases

Biogas Production in School

36

Biogas production in fresh markets

Waste separation campaign

Reactor tankGas collection balloon

• Aor Tor Kor market

• Organic waste load capavity

2 T/day

• Biogas production 100

m3/day

• gas used in market

Usage in shops37

• Municipa;lity in Lopburi Province

• Biogas production unit + RDF production unit

Biogas production in municipality with less than

5 T/d of waste generation

Biogas production

Organic waste 800 kg/day

RDF production

4.2 T/d38

Criteria on MSW Technology Selection (1)• MSW Characteristics• Waste Quantity• Compliance with laws• Land requirement• Multi-sectoral involvement• Public acceptability• Possible environmental impact• Demand for final products• Initial investment• Operating cost• Time consuming for entire process• Complexity and required skills

Criteria on MSW Technology Selection (2)Criteria Waste management operation/ utilization methods

Composting (Aerobic) Anaerobic digestion (AD)

MBT Landfill Incineration Pyrolysis Gasification

Technology development

Widely used Widely used Widely used in developed countries

Widely used; especially in developed countries (for gas recovery)

Widely used in developed countries

Mostly applied in developed countries

Mostly applied in developed countries

Type of MSW Sorted organic waste;High lignin material (wood) is acceptable

Sorted organic waste;Animal or human excreta;Sludge;Less suitable for high lignin material

Unsorted waste without hazardous waste

Unsorted waste without hazardous and infectious waste

Unsorted waste Specific type of recyclable plastic waste

Waste;Pre-processed RDF or SRF from MBT

Appropriate scale of operation

Small scale (Household: yard waste, vermicomposting);Large scale (Community: windrow, aerated, static pile, in-vessel)

Small scale (on-farm composting);Large scale (community organic MSW)

Large scale (Community)

Large scale (Community, city)




Conditions for success

Temperature sensitive;Long residence time;Regular aeration required;Odor control;Clean input material;Contamination sensitive measure

Clean, homogeneous, and consistent input materials;Good process control (easily disruption of microbial)

Clean, homogeneous, and consistent input materials;Good process control

Clean, homogeneous, and consistent input materials;Good process control (leachate, methane, and contamination)

Homogeneous and consistent input materials;Good process control (syngas)

Clean, homogeneous consistent inputs;Good process control

Homogeneous and consistent input materials;Good process control (syngas)

Criteria on MSWM operation and utilizationCriteria Waste management operation/ utilization methods

Composting (Aerobic)

Anaerobic digestion (AD)


Final products Compost-like product

Compost-like product;Low calorific RDF;Heat

Compost-like product;RDF or SRF product;Heat

Biogas Heat Oil-like product

Heat

Capital investment

Low for windrow technique;Medium for in-vessel technique

High Low Medium High High High

Operational cost Medium for windrow technique;High for in-vessel technique

Medium for manual system;High for automated system

Medium Medium High High High

Land requirement

Medium for windrow technique;Low for in-vessel technique

Low Medium High Low Low Low

Criteria Waste management operation/ utilization methods

Composting (Aerobic)

Anaerobic digestion (AD)


Needed skills Technical skills required;Training required specially for in-vessel technique

Technical skills required;Training required






Potential adverse impact

Odor and insect problem

Leakage of methane gas problem

Odor and insect problem

Problems form odor, insect, rodent, methane emission, leachate leakage, limited recovery efficiency of recyclable materials, fire

Pollution from syngas and toxic emission

High energy consumption during operation;Noise and air-pollution

High energy consumption during operation;Noise and air-pollution

Contribution to energy security

None Power generation from biogas

Energy from RDF;Power generation from combustion

Power generation from biogas

Power generation from heat

Power generation or use as raw materials of oil-like product

Power generation from heat

Contribution to food security

Use as compost for cultivation



None, high contamination

None None None

Criteria on MSWM operation and utilization

Next steps

• To identify the criteria set for each country• Identify successful factors and drawbacks

for project implementation• To find solutions for drawbacks

THANK YOU

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE RESOURCE

UTILIZATION

April 5, 2017

Case studies of Thailand

Sandhya Babel

1. Overview of SWM in Thailand

2. CBM – Zero Baht Shop (Community)

3. Klang Municipality (Local government)

4. Nonthaburi City Municipality (Local government)

5. Wongpanit Recycling Center (Business)

6. Summary

CONTENTS

2






6. Summary

CONTENTS

3

• The Kingdom of Thailand in Southeast Asia consists of 77 provinces and Bangkok is the capital city.

• The administrative services and governmental organizations are divided into three levels, namely central, regional, and local.

Central Regional Local

Royal Thai Government

- Pollution Control Department (PCD)- Dept. of Environmental Quality Promotion (DEQP)- Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning (ONEP)- Department of Local Administration (DOLA)- Public Health Department

Coordinate related works between central and local governments

Handle SWM within governed

areas

Implementation unit

Formulate guidelines, policies, programs, standards, regulation

- Provincial Administrative Organization (PAO)- Sub‐district Administrative Organization (SAO)- Special Administrative Areas (Bangkok and Pattaya City)- Municipality

Solid Waste Management in Thailand

4Sources: http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/decentralization/tao‐e1.doc; http://www.pcd.go.th/info_serv/reg_relatedlaw.html

• SWM in Thailand has dramatically increased since 1990s due to industrial expansion and increased rapid urbanization.

• As of 2015, the amount of waste generation is about 70,000 tons/day, of this about 10,000 tons is generated from Bangkok.

• Total generation is about 25 million tons per year and only 85% of generated waste is collected ‐93% has a potential to be recycled.

• However, only 22% of waste is recycled through recovery activities, recycle banks, recycling shops, and municipal collectors.

• Collected waste mostly disposed of improperly (64%), whereas only 36% is disposed in sanitary landfills.


Generated (100%)

Recyclable potential (93%)

Collected(85%)

Actual recycled(22%)

Improper disposal(64%)

Sanitary disposal(36%)

TOTAL AMOUNTACTUAL

IMPLEMENTATION

5Sources: http://infofile.pcd.go.th/mgt/Overview_waste.pdf; http://www.pcd.go.th/info_serv/File/WasteProvince58.xls

Waste Composition and Generation of Thailand

6 6

Source: PCD, Thailand (2014).

Organic (64%)

Recycle (30%)

Hazardous waste 3%

Other3%

Plastic 17% Bags, bottles, foam, food packaging

Paper 8% Newspaper, magazine, packaging, drink cartons

Glass 3% Drink bottles, sauce bottles, makeup bottles

Metal/aluminum 2% Aluminum scrap, cans, kitchen ware

Waste Generated, Utilized, and disposed, 2008 – 2015

7

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015Waste generated 23.93 24.11 24.22 25.35 24.73 26.77 26.19 26.85Suitably disposed 5.69 5.97 5.77 5.64 5.83 7.42 7.88 8.34Utilized 3.45 3.86 3.9 4.1 5.28 5.15 4.82 4.94Unsuitably disposed 14.79 14.28 14.55 15.61 13.62 14.2 13.49 13.59

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Mill

ion

tons

/yea

r

Source: Thailand State of Pollution Report, PCD, 2015.


Landfills

Incinerators

Integrated waste disposal facilities

Source: http://infofile.pcd.go.th/mgt/Overview_waste.pdf

Existing disposal facilitiesThere are 101 landfills, 3 incinerators, 2 integrated SW disposal facilities (2004)

Major problems related to SWM• No waste separation (mixed disposal of SW and HW, illegal dumping, open dumping)

• Ineffective landfill operation (no operational procedures and environmental controls)

• Poor SWM facilities

8

• Social strategies: to promote participation between public and private sectors and raise public awareness to reduce waste and to increase the utilization of organic and recyclable waste

• Economic strategies: to promote the investment by private sectors in using clean technology for production of goods, waste treatment, and disposal management. To adopt (if necessary) taxation as a tool to reduce waste generation from production process

• Legal strategies: to establish new laws and revise existing laws and regulations as well as to emphasize on law enforcement to make various steps of SWM more effective

• Supportive strategies: to support the research and development of appropriate technology for producing environmental friendly products and products made from recycled materials.

National Policy and Plan

9Source: http://infofile.pcd.go.th/mgt/Overview_waste.pdf






6. Summary

CONTENTS

10

Zero Baht Shop, Bangkok

Type of organization: Pro‐poor approach Management level: Community baseLocation: Prawet district, BangkokArea: 14 rai (0.02 sq.km)Households: ~ 200Population: ~ 700

SWM activity: A small swop shop (exchange recyclable waste for consumer goods)SW types: Recyclable waste

11

ZERO Baht Shop• Originally founded by a group of people living under the bridge before relocating

in the ‘14 rai Onnut area’. • In 2001: started to gather waste pickers to form a group that operates in a way of

exchanging recyclable waste for goods (fish sauce, sugar, eggs, etc.). • In 2004: started the management in a form of cooperative by raising shares from

members and paying back dividends every 6 months, of which 50% portion is saved for the cooperative.

• With supports and collaboration of Thailand Institute of Packaging and Recycling Management for Sustainable Environment (TIPMSE), Department of Environment of the BMA, Prawet District Office, and Human Settlement Foundation Thailand, the Shop formally founded in June 2009, comprising of 9 committee members.

• Main aim is to help reduce the cost of living for those who encounter the unbalance income and promote sufficient living by exchanging recyclable waste for consumer goods.

• Also raises awareness of people on the value of waste, waste minimization, and creating livable environment for the community.

12


Source: http://www.tipmse.or.th/2012/en/recycle/zaleng_dt.asp?id=46

MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES• Recyclable waste swop shop: daily

income about 3,000 – 4,000 baht, benefits to committee, registered members, and the cooperative

• Recycle bank: sort, clean, store, and sell recyclable waste to wholesalers and nearby recycling factories

• Welfare fund: allow members to deposit their savings, the deposit can be used as medical care or life insurance

• Sufficient living: promote self‐sufficient living by providing knowledge such as growing vegetable, recyclable waste crafting


13Source: http://www.tipmse.or.th/2012/en/recycle/zaleng_dt.asp?id=46


14

MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES

Zero Baht Barberhttp://www.sentangsedtee.com/news_detail.php?rich_id=545

Recycle bank

http://www.manager.co.th/iBizChannel/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9550000096685

Receipt of Salehttp://navynature.blogspot.jp/2013/04/14_7.html

Zero Baht Shop

http://www.matichon.co.th/news_detail.php?newsid=1343298499

Sufficient Living (Raising pigs)http://www.matichon.co.th/news_detail.php?newsid=1343298499

Sufficient Living (Vegetable garden)

http://www.thaicityfarm.com/autopagev4/show_page.php?topic_id=497&auto_id=47&TopicPk=

SUCCESS FACTORS• Effective community leader: has strong vision to enhance well‐being of the people, also has

ability to interact with related stakeholders in the cooperative and the community• Community as a whole: project run by residents in the community and the project members

(mutually agreed management).• Collaboration: supports from public and private sectors to help increase the effectiveness of

management process • Transparency: management processes can be traced and the operating results are publicized

to the public• Perception: people perceive that waste is worth sorting and have good mindsets towards

recycling • Societal contribution: the initiative of the cooperative is the first in its kind and has been

implemented in other communities

DRAWBACKS• Conflict of interest: lack of understanding of some members in the cooperative• Long‐term management: need consistent collaboration of all stakeholders to mitigate and

monitor the performance of the cooperative


15






6. Summary

CONTENTS

16

Type of organization: Sub‐district approachManagement level: Local government (SMALL)Location: Klang Sub‐district, Klang District, Rayong ProvinceArea: 14.5 sq.km, 13 communitiesHouseholds: ~ 6,500Population: ~ 20,000

Klang Sub‐district, Rayong Province

SWM activities: Waste management and utilization (collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal)SWM capacity: 35 tons/daySW composition: 83% organic waste

17Source: http://www.muangklang.com/

• Municipality encountering ineffective SWM as over 20 tons of SW is generated a day causing over 20,000 baht as operation expense. With a limited landfill capacity, some SW was dumped into the river causing wastewater and shallow waters.

• To overcome insufficient SWM budget and diminishing landfill space, the mayor decided to govern the district towards a new direction which is sustainable livable city, to increase the level of well‐being under the sufficiency economy concept.

MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES• Hand sorting for recyclables by conveyor belts: sell to wholesalers• Bailing beverage cartons: sell to wholesalers• Biogas generation: electricity to use within the SWM facility• Compost: sell vermicompost• Grease management: distribute to households• Animal feed: use food/vegetable waste to feed livestock • Sanitary landfill


18


19


Composting


Hand sorting

http://jumnunja.blogspot.jp/2010/12/blog‐post_12.html

Biogas


Bailing


Vermicomposthttps://regional.kachon.com/27479

Food waste for animal feed


SUCCESS FACTORS • Effective community leader: have vision for solution• Involvement of people: residents, institutions and private sectors• Collaboration: supports and knowledge are provided from NGOs and SWM experts• Transparent management: management and operating processes are open to the

public• Societal contribution: the approach has been implemented in other communities

DRAWBACKS• Capability: malfunctioning of tools/equipment

impacting operating processes• Continuity of SWM policy: the policies are different depending on different visions of

the mayors• Limited budget: operation and management cost is high


20






6. Summary

CONTENTS

21

Nonthaburi City Municipality, Nonthaburi Province

Type of organization: District approachManagement level: Local government (LARGE)Location: Nonthaburi City Municipality, Nonthaburi ProvinceArea: 38.9 sq.km, 6 sub‐districtsHouseholds: ~ 143,000Population: ~ 256,000

SWM activities: Waste management and utilization (collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal)SWM capacity: ~ 420 tons/daySW composition: 83% organic waste

22Source: Nonthaburi City Municipality presentation on April 01, 2015 by Mr. Permpong Pumwiset, Director of Environmental Health Promotion Division


• Night soil management: operate bio‐fertilizer plant, sell fertilizer to residents (high demand), generate electricity to be used inside the plant and the excess amount sold to the Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA)

• Composting: capacity of 5 tons per month, sell to farmers and residents

• Foam and plastic separation: sell to wholesalers or recycling shops• Hazardous waste management• Sanitary landfill• Waste management campaigns

– Recycle bank in communities– 3R programs– Organic waste composting

23


24


CompostingNight soil management

Hazardous waste managementFoam and plastic separation

Recycle bank in community

Recycle bank at school

Source: Nonthaburi City Municipality presentation on April 01, 2015 by Mr. Permpong Pumwiset, Director of Environmental Health Promotion Division

SUCCESS FACTORS

• Effective leader: has high commitment• Clear role and responsibility: having Bureau of Public Health and Environment with financial support allocated for public health and environmental concerns

• Consistency and commitment: executives and responsible persons, each project has at least 1 responsible person consistently following up with the government

• Collaboration: NGOs, public and private sectors (Thailand and abroad)• Adaptability: adopt successful techniques and knowledge to be appropriately used in local circumstances

• Empowerment: authorize power to communities emphasizing on results oriented rather than ways of implementation

• Technology: applying GPS as a monitoring technology to ensure efficiency of collection and transportation process

25


Source: http://local.environnet.in.th/formal_data2.php?id=491

DRAWBACKS• Inconsistent collaboration: some of the projects worked well when they were piloted with central government and private sector. Unfortunately, after the pilot period over, municipality had to take responsibility for all costs.

• Limited budget: operating and management cost is high


26






6. Summary

CONTENTS

27

Wongpanit Recycling Center, Bangkok

Type of organization: Medium businessManagement level: Private sectorLocation: Ladkrabang district, Bangkok

SWM activities: Recycling businessTypes of recyclable: all types of recyclable waste

28

MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES• Buying recyclable waste: from customers (individuals bringing recyclables

to the center), and from companies, institutions, or markets in a large amount (the center provides free pick‐up service to collect waste at customer’s place) before selling to manufacturers or large wholesalers

• Collection and transportation service: collection and transportation of waste by skillful staff with appropriate tools and trucks

• Consulting and training service: provide knowledge on how to do recycling business by experts in the fields of recycling waste management and industrial waste management


29Source: http://www.wongpanitsuvarnabhumi.com/index.php?name=aboutus

30


Recycling serviceBuying recyclable waste

Consulting serviceCollection and transportation service

Source: http://www.wongpanit.com/wpnnew/frm.service.php

Document destruction service

Training service


SUCCESS FACTORS• Maintain and increase materials: the company has collaboratively worked with

Ladkrabang district to promote recycling activities and collect recyclables from schools, communities, temples, and other public areas

• Convenience: offering convenience to customers to pick‐up waste and persuasive buying price

• Reliability: operating business with standards allows the center receiving more recyclables and trust

• Market leader: has more power in the market and be able to retain and increase market share (comparing to other small size competitors)

DRAWBACKS• Competitors: many new comers entering

the recycling business• Price fluctuation: risk of business loss by

holding a large amount of recyclables affected by drop in price of commodity

31







6. Summary

CONTENTS

32

Summary

Cases Zero Bath Shop Klang MunicipalityNonthburi Municipality

Wonpanit Recycling Center

Business types Community (Informal)

Local government (Small)

Local government (Large)

Private sector (Medium size business)

Effective leader Ο Ο ΟCommunity as a whole Ο ΟCollaboration among stakeholders Ο Ο Ο ΟTransparent management Ο Ο ΟGood perception of residents ΟAdoptable approach Ο Ο ΟClear role and responsibilityLocalization technique ΟEmpowerment ΟSuitable technology Ο ΟOffering convenience ΟReliability ΟMarket leader ΟConflict of interest ΟLong‐term management Ο ΟCapability of facilities ΟInconsistent collaboration ΟLimited budget Ο ΟCompetitor ΟPrice fluctuation Ο

DRAW

BACK

SSU

CCESS FA

CTORS

33

Summary SUCCESS FACTORS

• It can be seen that collaboration is the most essential factor that is the success factor for all cases.

• Effective leader, transparent management, and having an adoptable approach are also important factors for the success of SWM.

• Other factors are community as a whole, suitable use of technology. • In terms of business point of view, influencing factors are offering convenience to

customers, reliability, and being the a market leader.

Cases Zero Bath Shop Klang MunicipalityNonthburi Municipality

Wonpanit Recycling Center

Business types Community (Informal)

Local government (Small)

Local government (Large)

Private sector (Medium size business)

Effective leader Ο Ο ΟCommunity as a whole Ο ΟCollaboration among stakeholders Ο Ο Ο ΟTransparent management Ο Ο ΟGood perception of residents ΟAdoptable approach Ο Ο ΟClear role and responsibilityLocalization technique ΟEmpowerment ΟSuitable technology Ο ΟOffering convenience ΟReliability ΟMarket leader Ο

SUCC

ESS FA

CTORS

34

Summary DRAWBACKS

• Comparing among all cases, the outstanding barriers include long‐term management plan and financial constraint.

• Other concerns are conflict of interest among involved stakeholders, capability of facilities and inconsistent collaboration.

• In business viewpoint, recycling business is affected by more number of new comers who get into the same market and the fluctuation of commodity price that influences price of recyclable waste.

Conflict of interest ΟLong‐term management Ο ΟCapability of facilities ΟInconsistent collaboration ΟLimited budget Ο ΟCompetitor ΟPrice fluctuation Ο

DRAW

BACK

S

35

THANK YOU VERY MUCH

L/O/G/OPILOT IMPLEMENTATION ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE

RESOURCE UTILIZATION

w w w . t h e m e g a l l e r y . c o m

5-6 th April 2017

Nguyen Thi Phuong LoanCenter for Environmental Technology & Management Department of Environmental Technology & Management Van Lang University

www.themegallery.com

CONTENTCONTENT

CURRENT MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN HOCHIMINH CITY

PILOT PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

BASELINE DATA OF RESEARCH ON ZERO WASTE MANAGEMENT


BASELINE DATA OF RESEARCH ON ZERO WASTE MANAGEMENT


- Total area: 2,095 km 2 with 24 districts- Population: more than 10 million people- GDP (2015): 5,100 USD

HCMC is a mega city,center of economic, cultural,

education and training, science & technology

HCMC is a mega city,center of economic, cultural,

education and training, science & technology


Commerce and service Taking 25%

Office (offices, education & training organizations)

Household Public placesTaking 14.3%

Trường học

Generation of domestic solid wasteGeneration of domestic solid waste

About 2 million of households Taking 57.9%

Taking 2.8%


0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00Q

uant

ity (m

illio

n to

ns)

Year

The amount of collected solid wasteFrom 1992-2015


7,1606,761

6,472

6,423

2015

7,543

2012

2013

2014

2011

The amount of collected solid waste day from 2011-2016

2016

The increasing amount of solid waste is due:

- To population growth (natural and immigrant):10.2%- The rapid economic growth- The rapid of urbanization with higher living standards

8,300

The solid waste growth rate: 6 – 8% per year

The average solid waste generation: 0.8 - 1.0 kg/capita/day


Composition of solid waste generated from many different sources

from 2009 – 2015


Composition

Results (%ww)Household School Market Sanitary landfill Composting plant

2009

(*)

2015 2009

(*)

2015

(**)

2009

(*)2015(**)

2012

(**)

2013

(**)

2015

Biodegradable organic fraction 74.3 64.8 28.7 25.5 86.8 87.8 68.9 67.9 53.2Wood, straw fraction 2.8 0.9 6.9 - 3.6 1.4 0.7 0.3 1.0Recyclable fraction 13.7 17.8 46.8 71.1 7.3 9.5 21.8 22.7 20.6Paper 6.2 5.1 17.6 35 2.5 1.9 3.0 2.5 5.7Plastic 5.2 10.5 25.9 34.9 4.3 7.5 16.0 16.4 12.9Glass 1.3 1.4 0.5 1.2 0.2 - 1.2 0.2 1.7Non-ferrous metal 0.7 0.6 2.1 - - - 1.6 3.6 0.3Ferrous metal 0.3 0.2 0.7 - 0.3 0.1 - - -Non-recyclable fraction 9.4 18.8 16.4 1.5 2.5 1.4 8.8 9.1 25.3Textile 1.0 3.2 1.1 1.0 0.4 - 5.0 7.2 10.7Leather 0.2 - 0.1 - - - - - -Rubber 0.9 0.9 1.4 - 0.4 - 0.7 0.7 0.7Porcelain 0.8 0.5 0.6 - 0.1 - - - 2.4Soil, sand 3.2 2.8 4.0 - 1.0 1.2 - - -Ash 0.4 - - - - - - - -Styrofoam 0.3 1.0 9.8 1.5 0.4 0.2 - - 0.8Diaper 1.8 10.4 - - - - 2.3 0.6 10.7Clamshell 0.8 - - - 0.2 - 0.8 0.6 -Hazardous waste 0.002 - 0.1 - 0.1 - - - 0.1


- The composition of solid waste is becoming more complicated. - High biodegradable organic fraction. - The recyclable fractions increasing from 13.5 to 17.8 % including paper,

plastic, rubber, glass and metal, in which paper and plastic take high ratio (paper: 6.2% and plastic: 5.2 -10.5%).

- Non-recyclable fraction increasing. - Household hazardous wastes (HHW): taking about 1% total MSW generated

Characteristics domestic solid waste- High biodegradable organic fraction- High moisture: 70 - 80%- Low caloricity value: 900-1200 Kcal/kg ( Viet, 2012)


In 2015, total generated solid waste was 9,000 tons/day in which:

- The amount of collected solid waste: 7,400 - 7,600 tons/day

- The rest was 1,400-1,600 tons/day (sorted, traded, recycled and

reused) (Viet, 2015).

According to report of Department of Natural Resources and

Environment Ho Chi Minh City (2015)

The collection rate 100%


Collecting at sources - Transfer & transportation

Plastic, paper, metal, glass,rubber recycling facilities (740 private medium & small facilities )

Vietstar plantComposting

Da Phươc solid waste treatment complex plant (Sanitary landfill )

Phuoc Hiep No.3(Sanitary landfill)

Tam Sinh Nghia plantComposting

Solid waste generated lineRecyclable solid waste generated line

CITENCO/ DPWSCLs/Cooperative/private

sector

itinerant buyers, waste pickers, individual collectors Junk shops

Private sector,

Cooperative

CITENCO

CITENCO/ PWSCLs/

Cong NongCooperativeDPWSCL

Cooperative

Transfer stations

(33)

Households

Commerce & services

Public areas

Offices

Generators Recycling, treatment & disposa

Meeting points (891)

Municipal solid waste management system in HCMC

CITENCO: HCM Urban Environment Company Limited

DPWSC: District Public work service Company Limitted


Generation source1. Currently domestic solid waste is stored in plastic bags, tins, bamboo

containers, etc. Most households use plastic bags to store theircommingled waste.

2. Survey 212 households in HCMC: 141 (50%) households separate thevaluable wastes such as cans, plastic, paper, etc., and these sell toitinerant buyer.

2. Offices, schools, etc. have their own type of containers, cleanerseparate the valuable wastes and these sell to itinerant buyer.

3. Markets store their solid waste directly on the floor or in containers.Many restaurants have special storage containers of food waste to beutilized a part as animal feed.


Informal sector: Individual collectors and cooperatives- Taking 60%- Collecting solid waste of households inalley

Formal sector: CITENCO, 22 DPWSCLs- Taking 40%- Collecting solid waste of households atmain stress (road), commerce and serviceunits, offices, industries.

Transportation: (1) Pushcart with 660 litters: 2.500(2) Homemade vehicles: 1.000(3) Small truck (500 kg): 200

Collection at sources


Collection at sourcesCollection at sources

Homemade vehicles

Pushcart with 660 litters


1

3

2

Transportation activities are implemented by 03companies:- CITENCO taking 53%- DPWSCLs taking 30%- Cong Nong Cooperative taking 17%

Meeting points: 891transfer stations: 33(not yet mater plan for transfer station)

Transfer and transportationTransfer and transportation

500 compress trucks and hook lifts

Transportation

Transfer station


Critical points :

- Old and damaged narrow transport pathways in the dense areas;

- Non-standardized collection facilities and lack of safety facilities;

- Lack of collection skills and the activity of separating recyclablewastes causes delay in collection time and pollution;

- Lack of monitoring and control; non-integrated management.

- Many transfer stations haven’t ensured sanitary conditions and theseones are caused environmental pollution sources for surroundingresidential areas.

- There are many companies involved in this activity, includingCITENCO, DPWSCL of 22 districts, cooperatives and some privatecompanies, which are working independently from each other.

- It is difficult to organize and integrate the transport activities andtransport routes;


- Inadequate infrastructure, such as narrow and badly paved transport routes, non-standardized collection cars/trucks, lack of meeting point and transfer stations under national technical regulation;

- A lack of tools/ guidelines/ regulations to support the transport system;

- Poor management capacity;

- Under estimate the role and influence of informal sector.


The recycling activities have developed, bringing a lot of benefits and work forthe people, especial poor people.

- 2,500 - 3,500 people working as waste pickers, itinerant buyers.- 4000 people who work for individual collectors, PWSCLs and cooperatives- 6,000 - 10,000 people working for 800 – 1,000 of junk shops and recycling

facilities .Junk shops (740 units)- Small area with less than hundreds of square meters.- Manpower of junk shops are usually less education so that they do not

care about the environment.- Affected aesthetic urban.Recycling facilities- Small scale.- Recycling technologies are mainly manual and backward with consume

much energy and water- Cause serious environmental pollution

Recycling


- Area: 29ha- Capacity : 1200 tons/day- Composting, plastics recycling (58 tans/day) and bury.

Vietstar plant

Tam Sinh Nghia plant- Area: 20.5ha- Capacity: 1000 tons/day- Composting, plastic recycling, (50 tans/day) and incinerator

Composting


PLASTICS RECYCLINGPLASTICS RECYCLING

Vietstar Plant:

Capacity for plastics recycling: 56 tons/day

Lines 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 & 8: 350 kg/hr each


The compositing plant: - The composition of MSW is commingled waste and complicated,- Separation step of MSW is requires and a lot of labor and spend much

on production as the price of composting is high resulting in low profits.- The products of composting are mixed hazardous waste of household,

glass and plastic so that it is very difficult to consume and unfamiliarity offarmers

- The composting plants are also a source cause environmental pollutionwith odor and leachate.

Incinerator Incinerator of Tam Sinh Nghia plant is manual and backwardtechnology.


Treatment

- Location: Binh Chanh District

Da Phươc solid waste treatment complex plant

Location: Cu Chi districtSanitary landfillCapacity: 2.000 tons/day(Reservation)

Phuoc Hiep No.3 solid waste treatment complex plant

Disadvantages: -Need a lot of land. -Environmental problems: leachate, odour and pathogens.

- Sanitary landfill- Area: 128 ha - Capacity: 5.000 tons/day


Solid Waste Separation at source (SWSAS): - From 1999 – 2012: 03 demonstration programs- From 2014 – 2016 : 02 demonstration programsThe challenges for implementation on demonstration programs of SWSAS: - Carrying out with individual at local scale (only at ward/district scale in

HCMC).

- Lack of synchronization direction from Central Government (MONRE).Therefore, there are no legal documents, policies and financial supports.

- No experience to implement on a large scale (compared to Vietnam) dueto lack of facilities, financial support, and human resources.

- Lack or inadequate of infrastructure for collection trucks, absence oftransfer stations for two different types of MSW.

- Lack of examples to replicate.

- For city level and district: Lack of staff (technical, economic, social) haveenough ability to build the program, implementation plan, and check.

- For Ward People’s Committee has no specialized personnel for program,almost officers have to do many work leading to lack of human resourcefor implementation program


- Lack of funding: in demonstration program, all plastic bags andcontainers of solid waste after sorting are on the city budget or project,so after a pilot program ended, the city budget is very difficult to beoffset (estimated hundreds of billions each year).

- The propaganda program for performance of SWSAS ineffective:

- The system of social organization is not enough ability to propagandize and campaign an extensive and long term classification

- The public awareness was not sufficient. - Vietnam hasn’t got a NGO (Non-Government Organization) in the true

sense of the word but only has SBO (Social Based Organizations).


PILOT PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION


- Area: 0.73 km2,- Population: 27,743 people- 08 towns with 156 population groups- About 6211 households (include 4839 households & 1372 business units)- 01 Administrations of Ward.- 07 schools- Healthcare units: 53- Market: 01 Phu Dinh market- Religion unit : 15

12 Ward, District 6 (from 2014-2016)


Phase 1: starting 24/02/2015 implementing at 131 households and 01religion unit

Phase 2: starting 06/9/2015 implementing whole ward :

- 6211 households (include 4839 households & 1372 business units)

- 07 schools (03 pre-schools, 02 primary schools, 01secondaryschools & high schools, 01 college)

- Healthcare units: 53 (01 Healthcare unit of ward 12, polyclinics, andpharmacies).

- Market: 01 Phu Dinh market (01 management và 355 small trader)

- Religion unit : 15


- Team leaders of 8 towns- Team leaders of 156 population groups- Households (Women)

Figure. Diagram of implementing SWSASAt 12 Ward, district 6

Food waste

Remain waste

Trash can

Generation source


Collection at sources- DPWSCL of District 6 (Formal sector):

+ Colleting on 02 main street: Hau Giang street and Kinh Dương Vươngby compress truck with capacity of 2,5 - 3,5 tons + After that, these compress trucks transport to sanitary landfill.

- Doan Ket Cooperative (Informal sector): + Colleting on narrow routes and alleys of ward 12, district 6.+ After that, collectors transport to Ba Lai transfer station/ Tan Hoa,

- Transportation distance: 2 km – 3 km.From Ba Lai transfer station/ Tan Hoa transport to Da Phuoc sanitary landfillor composting plant.

Recycling Funk shop: 02 shops


Note: Doan Ket cooperative * ( including human resource of Doan Ket cooperative and informal collector of ward 12)Note: Doan Ket cooperative * ( including human resource of Doan Ket cooperative and informal collector of ward 12)

Collection at sources

Person

Vehicles

Amount

(tons/day)Small truck

Pedal tricycles

Tricycles

machine

LambertPedicabs

PWSCL

District 63 2 - - - 6

Doan Ketcooperative * 22 7 1 10 3 1 16,3

Total 25 9 1 11 3 1 22,3

Collector, vehicle and human resource


Collection time - District Public Work Service Company Limited : 02 shift

+ Shift 1: 6.30 – 8.00

+ Shift 2: 18.30 – 21.00

- Doan Ket Cooperative: Each cooperative member has differentcollection time and divide into 03 shifts

+ Shift 1: 04 am to 06 am;

+ Shift 2: 10 am to 01 pm,;

+ Shift 3: 03 pm to collect solid waste at Maket Phu Dinh.

Scheduled collection :

- Food waste: Monday, Wednesday, Thurday, Saturday, Sunday

- The remaining solid waste: Tuesday, Thurday


Ward People ‘s Committee: 4 people in the implementation program The socio-political organizations : 4 organizationsVietnam Women's Union : 2250 people - Communist youth union: 40-120 people

- Vietnamese Fatherland Front: 31 people Veteran union: 10persons

Implementation of solid waste separation at source program:

- Propaganda activities on households, schools, small traders inmarket;

- Monitoring and evaluation on implementation solid wasteseparation at source;

- Regular meetings to report results and recommendations to makesolid waste separation at sources program better.


COMPOSTING PILOTCOMPOSTING PILOT

Composting pilot at school: time for compost was 30-40 daysComposting pilot at school: time for compost was 30-40 days


Food waste from schoolFood waste from school

Reactor with 60 litersReactor with 60 liters


Dimension of hole: 1.0 -1.5 cmOpen gate: 20 x 20 cm


- Dimension: L x W X H 70cm x 70cm x (70cm +30 cm)

- Shape: rectangular parallelepipel or cylinder


Biodegradable organic wasteBiodegradable organic waste

High food wasted fraction: 65 – 74%The biogas produce:

36 - 59 m3 biogas/ton ww from commingled waste 70 – 80 m3 biogas/ton ww from sorted solid waste To generate 80 m3 biogas/ton convert 160 kWh


ResultsResultsPhase 1: - About 60 % household joining SWSAS - Good SWSAS households taking 23%- 100% schools performed good SWSAS Phase 2:

- 100% household joining SWSAS

- Good SWSAS households taking 30.4 %

- Not good SWSAS taking 47.2%

- Non SWSAS households taking 22.4%


Plastic

Glass

Rubber

Metal

Quantity of solid waste 9000 tons/day

Solid waste separation at sources

Biodegradable organic materials: 5850 tons/day (65%)

Recyclable wastes: 1620 tons/day (18%)

Sanitary landfill

single cell 2000 tons/day

Biogas production and energy

recovery plant650 tons/day

Compostingplant3200

tons/day

Biogas

Electricity Heat

Soil amendment

Compost/soil amendment

Organic fertilizer

Remain wastes1530 tons/day

(17%)

Sanitary landfill or incinerator

(electric) 1530 tons/day

Paper

Products

A proposed solution of a zero waste management system - Landfill taking 68.5%- Composting taking 24.6%- Incinerator taking 5.6%


Difficulties in implement of solid waste separation at source: - Solid waste separation guideline is not full-done (mainly to be passed

down orally for each population group).- Propaganda activities on implementation of solid waste separation are

ineffective: Survey 212 households (April/2016)+ 136 households separate solid waste for sell valuable waste;+ 1 household separate solid waste due to information via the media;+ 4 households separate solid waste as understand the benefits of

SWSAS.- Not understanding the purpose of the solid waste separation at sources

program.- Awareness of citizen is low, not will to implement solid waste solid waste

separation at sources because separation activities are troublesome, donot bring benefits to individual households.

- Shortcomings from collecting mixture of solid waste separated.- The separation of solid waste is carried out acceding to request of local

government, not be a spirit of volunteerism.


- Lack of funding: in demonstration program, all plastic bags andcontainers of solid waste after sorting are on the city budget or project,so after a pilot program ended, the city budget is very difficult to beoffset (estimated hundreds of billions each year).

- The system of social organization is not enough ability to propagandize and campaign an extensive and long term classification.

- Vietnam hasn’t got a NGO (Non-Government Organization) in the true sense of the word but only has SBO (Social Based Organizations).

For inform sector:

- Taking 95% of collection solid waste at source- Having low level of education, not professional, operation according to

habits (each owner has a way operating separately)- Under estimate the role and influence (good and bad) of informal force,

“picker” and itinerant yet.


In an efficient solid waste separation at sources including:

-To promulgate synchronous policies and sanction.-To prepare technology guideline on solid waste separation at source.-To prepare appropriate and consistent infrastructure (such as collectionvehicles, recycling plant, treatment plant)-The active involvement of four main sectors: Hochiminh city People’sCommittee, Department of Natural Resource and Environment, public(local communities and households), public service (informal and formalsector)-To perform on a large scale.


In an efficient solid waste separation at sources including : - To promulgate synchronous policies and sanction.- To prepare technology guideline on solid waste separation at source.- To prepare appropriate and consistent infrastructure (such as

collection vehicles, recycling plant, treatment plant)- The active involvement of four main sectors: Hochiminh city People’s

Committee, Department of Natural Resource and Environment,public (local communities and households), public service (informaland formal sector)

- To perform on a large scale.

L/O/G/OWaste is money and Money is become waste

Thank you for your attention !

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