innovative ict through

37Innovative ICT Through Cloud Computing

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Innovative ICT Through Cloud Computing

Harman Preet Singh*, Arvind Bhisikar** and Jitendra Singh***

* Assistant Professor, PGDAV College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110065, India.E-mail: [email protected]

** Senior Consultant, PwC, Add-C-290, Kidwai Nagar (E), New Delhi 110023, India; and is thecorresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

*** Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science, JJT University, Jhunjhunu 333001, Rajasthan,India. E-mail: [email protected]

IntroductionIt has been established beyond the shadow of a doubt that ICT has caused tremendoustransformation in the way modern businesses are conducted. However, development ofICT software and hardware platforms is a capital-intensive process. ICT investment doesnot always lead to equivalent monetary rewards. According to Al-Shehab et al. (2005),ICT investment is high-risk, and reports of failed project implementations or limitedproject returns are not uncommon. Hence, organizations should carefully evaluate theirICT investments (Todorova, 2006). Cloud computing is a revolutionary paradigm throughwhich organizations can optimize their ICT investments.

According to the concept of cloud computing, instead of purchasing hardware orsoftware, a user purchases remote access via the Internet. It is an emerging computing

© 2013 IUP. All Rights Reserved.

Keywords: Cloud computing, ICT, SWOT analysis

Cloud computing has emerged as a revolutionary paradigm through which organizations

can optimize their Information and Communication Technology (ICT) investments. In cloud

computing, ICT resource requirement can be adjusted easily and quickly in response to

changes in demand. It is a scalable virtualized development platform that has the potential

to provide pay-per-use services to customers over the Internet/network by deploying

hardware and software resources. In this paper, the evolution of cloud computing is traced

in 10 phases, starting from the development of calculating machine in 1623. An ICT model

for cloud computing has been presented. In order to leverage the benefits of cloud

computing successfully, a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis

of cloud computing is carried out. The paper also presents the details of cloud computing

innovative applications in various organizations. Lastly, a hybrid cloud computing model

for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) operating in the developing countries is proposed.

The results obtained for the hybrid cloud model demonstrated the feasibility of the model.

It appears that the research base in cloud computing and hybrid model in particular is

strong and possesses potential to help in the development of effective industrial applications.

However, a proper need-benefit analysis should be carried out to hedge the restrictions and

challenges faced by cloud computing.

The IUP Journal of Computer Sciences, Vol. VII, No. 1, 201338

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paradigm where data and services reside massively in scalable datacenters that can beubiquitously accessed from any connected device over the Internet. It is a service-oriented business/software/hardware platform on the Internet, rather than a specificidentifiable device that aims to deliver supercomputing power over the Internet. It canhelp businesses in transforming their existing server infrastructures into dynamicenvironments, thereby expanding and reducing server capacity. It can be anysubscription-based or pay-per-use service that in real time extends ICT existingcapabilities over the Internet. Therefore, organizations can purchase resources on needbasis and save capital cost of hardware and software. Moreover, in cloud computing, ICTresource requirements can be adjusted easily and quickly in response to changes in thedemand.

The paper presents an ICT model for cloud computing. In order to leverage thebenefits of cloud computing successfully, a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunitiesand Threats) analysis of cloud computing is carried out. The paper also presents thedetails of cloud computing innovative applications in various organizations. Lastly, ahybrid cloud computing model for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) operating inthe developing countries is proposed.

2. Defining Cloud ComputingVarious authors have defined cloud computing in various ways. According to Youseffet al. (2008), “Cloud computing can be considered a new computing paradigm that allowsusers to temporarily utilize computing infrastructure over the network, supplied as aservice by the cloud-provider at possibly one or more levels of abstraction.” Accordingto Armbrust et al. (2009),

Cloud Computing refers to both the applications delivered as services over theInternet and the hardware and systems software in the datacenters that providethose services. The services themselves have long been referred to as Softwareas a Service (SaaS). The datacenter hardware and software is what we will calla Cloud. When a Cloud is made available in a pay-as-you-go manner to thegeneral public, we call it a Public Cloud; the service being sold is UtilityComputing. We use the term Private Cloud to refer to internal datacenters of abusiness or other organization, not made available to the general public. Thus,Cloud Computing is the sum of SaaS and Utility Computing, but does not includePrivate Clouds.

In order to properly define cloud computing, the definitions given by various authorsare compared in Table 1.

Therefore, cloud computing can be defined as an automated scalable virtualizeddevelopment platform that has the potential to provide pay-per-use services tocustomers over the Internet/network by deploying hardware and software resources.


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3. Evolution of Cloud ComputingCloud computing is an evolved paradigm in the modern computing environment. The

phases constituting the evolution of cloud computing are depicted in Figure 1 and are

described below:

• Phase 1 – Calculating Machine: In 1623, Wilhelm Schickard documented the

assembly of a calculating machine based on the principle of Napier’s bones,

a sort of abacus (Freytag-Löringhoff et al., 2002).

• Phase 2 – Analytical Engine: In 1837, Charles Babbage described a mechanical

calculating machine for general purpose tasks. It was called analytical engine

(Babbage, 1864). Other milestones were the development of electrical logical

machine in 1885 by Allan Marquand and the development of tabulating

machine in 1890 by Herman Hollerith. The first electrical logic machine was

developed in 1936 by Benjamin Burack.

Figure 1: Evolution of Cloud Computing

Phase 1 – Calculating Machine

Phase 2 – Analytical Engine

Phase 3 – Modern Computer

Phase 4 – Mainframe Computer

Phase 5 – Mini Computer

Phase 6 – Internet

Phase 7 – World Wide Web (WWW)

Phase 8 – Application Service Providers (ASPs)

Phase 9 – Grid Computing

Phase 10 – Cloud Computing


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• Phase 3 – Modern Computer: In 1941, Konrad Zuse constructed Z3 machine.It was the first digital computer based on the binary digit system, programmable,and Turing capable (Rojas, 1997). In 1945, Electronic Numerical Integrator andComputer (ENIAC) was built by John Mauchley and J Presper Eckert. It was thefirst fully electronic tube computer (Goldstine and Goldstine, 1946). It was wellprogrammable and Turing capable but was based on the decimal system. Z3and ENIAC constitute the beginning of the modern computer.

• Phase 4 – Mainframe Computer: In 1947, invention of the transistor led to thedevelopment of computers at a good pace. In 1957, IBM developed 704 as thefirst mass-produced mainframe computer with floating-point arithmetic. In1964, IBM followed it up by System/360 (Bashe, 1986).

• Phase 5 – Mini Computer: In 1969, first microprocessor 4004 was developed.It was followed by the development of an advanced microprocessor 8008 byIntel in 1971. Microprocessor 8008 led to the development of firstminicomputer Micral by Andre Thi Truong in 1973 (Freiberger and Swaine,2000). Construction manuals for TV typewriters (Lancaster, 1973) or Mark 8(Titus, 1974) primarily targeted hobbyists. In 1975, Altair 8800 was the firstminicomputer for which Microsoft had developed a BASIC interpreter(Freiberger and Swaine, 2000). In 1981, IBM entered the market and coinedthe term Personal Computer (PC). The operating system developed by Microsoftfor IBM-PC became the standard platform, which many PC manufacturers werecompatible with (Freiberger and Swaine, 2000).

• Phase 6 – Internet: In 1969, Advanced Research Projects Agency Network(ARPANET) was sponsored by the US Department of Defense. ARPANET aimedto connect different US universities with US defense. ARPANET expanded in ashort span of time and engineers, scientists, students and researchers beganexchanging data and messages on it. In the mid-1980s, National ScienceFoundation created a more capable network than ARPANET. It is termed asNSFnet and allowed only academic research on its network. Soon, privatecompanies built their own networks. They were interconnected along withARPANET and NSFnet to form Internet (Arora, 2010).

• Phase 7 – World Wide Web (WWW): In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee transformed thepower of Internet by inventing the WWW. WWW was based on hypertext, anetwork structure, in which knowledge entities were referenced throughlogical references, called hyperlinks. The development of Mosaic web browserby National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) popularized theWWW (Berners-Lee, 1989; and Freiberger and Swaine, 2000).

• Phase 8 – Application Service Providers (ASPs): In the 1990s, the computingworld witnessed increasing bandwidths and emergence of technologyplatforms like Java, PHP, Ajax, etc. They made it possible to develop elaborateand interactive websites. Due to this deployment, many multimedia websites,online shops and numerous applications were deployed in the Internet.


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Examples of deployment include route planners, communication platforms,social networks and office applications like word processors or spreadsheetapplications. This deployment concept was termed as Software as a Service(SaaS) and it gained popularity around the year 2000 (Bennett et al., 2000; andFinch, 2006).

• Phase 9 – Grid Computing: Grid computing got established as a concept in the1990s itself (Foster and Kesselman, 2003). It is a combination of distributedcomputer resources with non-interactive workloads from multipleadministrative domains to reach a common goal.

• Phase 10 – Cloud Computing: In 2007, the term cloud computing was coined,referring to joint hardware and software concept. The first research initiativesin cloud computing were started by Google and IBM, in cooperation with sixAmerican universities (Lohr, 2008). It is based on a set of many pre-existingand well-researched concepts such as distributed and grid computing,virtualization or SaaS.

4. ICT Cloud Computing ModelAn ICT model for cloud computing is shown in Figure 2. It combines Infrastructure asa Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Software as a Service (SaaS) modelsof cloud computing.

In order to describe the ICT cloud computing model, the underlying models areexplained below:

• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): It delivers computer infrastructure like servers,storage space, network equipment, operating systems, database systems, etc. as aservice. It is best exemplified by Amazon’s Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2). EC2 is acommercial web service that allows customers to rent, rather than buy, computersand servers on which they run their own applications.

• Platform as a Service (PaaS): According to Wang et al. (2008), PaaS consists of threecomplementary services: Hardware as a Service (HaaS), Software as a Service (SaaS)and Data as a Service (DaaS). PaaS enables an organization to develop and deployapplications without a need to purchase and manage the underlying hardware andsoftware. It supports the full life cycle of designing, implementing, testing, anddeploying web applications and services. A prime example is Salesforce.com’sForce.com.

• Software as a Service (SaaS): It delivers a single application (or a suite ofapplications) through a web browser to thousands of customers. It delivers completeapplications such as Customer Relationship Management (CRM) or EnterpriseResource Planning (ERP) over the Internet. Google Docs, for instance, is a free, web-based word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, and form application offered byGoogle.


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In the IaaS model shown in Figure 2, customer sources environment to cloud providerand provides data management services, security services and application hostingservices. In the PaaS model, customer makes the environment available privately andpublicly. It dynamically interacts with the SaaS model and leverages applicationfunctionality provided by the SaaS provider. Sales order, fulfillment and delivery aremanaged in an eco-friendly environment. By using SaaS model, services are offered tomany customers by using the cloud.

5. SWOT Analysis of Cloud ComputingIn order to leverage the benefits of cloud computing successfully, it is important toconduct the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis of cloudcomputing. The SWOT analysis is shown in Exhibit 1.

The main strength of cloud computing is the availability of knowledge andtechnologies in relevant areas. Many research projects across the globe are carried outin cloud computing. Most research projects pursue a strong open source approach,which is beneficial for both the community pursuing existent results further and foruptakers who do not want to be restricted to a specific vendor and/or want to adapt theapplication/service to their specific needs. There has also been a growing synergybetween research and industry.

The main weakness of cloud computing is the lack of availability of required resourceinfrastructure. Although new applications are being developed, their deployment is

Figure 2: ICT Cloud Computing Model

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SaaS Provider

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weak. The research on cloud computing is picking up pace but is unable to match thespeed at which changes in the market are taking place.

An opportunity in cloud computing is the development of mobile computingapplications. This opportunity is significant as the market for mobile computingapplications is exploding. Due to growing opportunities in cloud computing, the interestof industry as well as academia is rising. It provides a unique opportunity for jointresearch in cloud computing. Cloud computing provides opportunity for green ICT. It canlead to the development of new approaches to reduce the carbon footprint.

A significant threat to the development of cloud computing is the high investmentand funding required for providing infrastructural facilities. High amount of investmentin infrastructure should provide equivalent economic benefits, which unfortunately isnot happening. Technological threats also pose additional issues, when it comes tooverestimating the capabilities of clouds and underestimating the restrictions andchallenges.

6. Innovative Cloud Computing Success StoriesCloud computing has been deployed successfully by various organizations. The details ofcloud computing innovative applications in various organizations are shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Details of Innovative Cloud Computing Applicationsin Various Organizations

S. No. Organizat ion Cloud Applications Details

1. General Electric (GE) Global Procurement Hosted 5,00,000 suppliers and1,00,000 users in six languageson SaaS platform from Aravo tomanage $55 bn/year in spend.

Exhibit 1: SWOT Analysis of Cloud Computing

Strengths

• Availability of knowledge andtechnologies in relevant areas.

• Ongoing research projects and opensource technologies.

• Strong synergy between researchand industry.

Weaknesses

• Lack of availability of requiredresource infrastructure.

• Weak deployment of new cloudcomputing technologies.

• Research not keeping pace with fastmoving markets.

Opportunit ies

• Clouds provide an excellent backendfor mobile computing applications.

• Growing interest of industry as wellas academia in cloud computing.

• High awareness for the green agendaand new approaches to reduce thecarbon footprint.

Threats

• High investment and fundingrequired to build up infrastructure.

• Investment/economic benefitasymmetry.

• Underestimation of restrictions andchallenges of clouds.


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7. Suggested Cloud Computing ModelIn today’s modern computing era, the biggest and foremost challenge in cloudcomputing is the fact that there is no standard or single architectural method. Hencein developing countries, running business is an arduous task because of dearth of funds,while IT requires huge investment, leaving fewer budgets to invest in other activities.Hence, there is a need to minimize the upfront cost. At the same time, establishmentof Business Units (BUs) in diverse geographical locations requires the accessibility ofdata from more than one location. These BUs may exchange data with each other. Inthis scenario, the BUs need to:

Table 2 (Cont.)

S.No. Organizat ion Cloud Applications Details

2. Bechtel Infrastructure Reduced infrastructure cost by30% in part by achieving 70%server utilization.

3. Washington DC Administration Google Apps used by 38,000employees to reduce costs to$50/user per year for e-mail,calendaring, documents, spread-sheets, wikis and instantmessaging.

4. Eli Lilly Time Management Amazon web services used todeploy a new server in 3 min vs.50 days and a 64-node Linuxcluster in 5 min vs. 100 days.

5. NASDAQ Trading Activity Used Amazon storage to store30-80 GB/day of trading activity.

6. ACE Data ERP, CFM, HR, Sales, Has saved upfront and mainte-

Project, Cash nance expenses worth in lakhs.

7. Axis Bank Non-Core Storage Saved on infrastructure cost.Infrastructure

8. Elbee Express CRM, Courier Mailing Increased mobility, reduced cost.and Delivery

9. ING Vysya CRM and Lead Management cost reduced byManagement 90%.

10. ISFC Marketing/Relationship Increased flexibility reducingManagement operational expenses.

11. Latent View CRM and Advertising Reduction in Capex by 10% to20%.

12. LifeSpring Hospitals Customer Data Helps in monitoring patients’records.

13. Vembu Technologies Storage and Software No server costs.


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• Store private data (which require high level of security).

• Share the data.

• Store the data away from the premises.

7.1 Hybrid Cloud Computing ModelTo address the above issues, a hybrid cloud computing model is suggested in Figure 3.The proposed model is a merger of the following types of cloud:

• Private cloud within BU.

• Community cloud for diverse locations.

• Public cloud for non-sensitive information to take care of urgent needs.

Private cloud within BU: To safeguard the private and sensitive information, BU ofan organization may use private cloud. It enables the organization to safeguard sensitiveinformation by leveraging the cloud. As the private cloud model is maintained by theorganization itself or with the help of a third party, data is secured. The risk ofinformation theft in private cloud is less compared to public cloud, because the dataneed not be transferred from one location to another.

Community cloud for diverse locations: Community cloud is suitable if BUs areestablished at diverse locations and need to share the common data. This common datacan be accessed from the community cloud. The data which is available at communitycloud is up-to-date. Community model is also helpful for the subsidiary of anorganization or at later stages when merger or acquisition takes place.

Figure 3: Hybrid Cloud Computing Model for SMEs


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Public cloud for application and additional resource accessibility: Public cloud

can be used to access the various applications available in the cloud. It can be used both

for the SaaS and IaaS. IaaS is highly suitable to meet the urgent needs such as excessive

use of server during particular season(s). SaaS can be deployed to meet low resource

needs like ERP and collaborative tools like Webex, Dim Dim, Zimbra, etc.

Leveraging a hybrid model accomplishes several goals:

• It provides a clear use case for public cloud computing. Specific aspects of existing

IT infrastructure (say, storage and compute) occur in public cloud environments,

and the remainder of the IT infrastructure stays on premise. Take the case of

business intelligence in the cloud—although some people promote the migration

of gigabytes of operational data to the cloud, many others find the hybrid

approach of keeping the data local and the analytical processing in the cloud to

be much more practical.

• Using a hybrid model is a valuable approach to architecture, considering it is

possible to mix and match the resources between local infrastructure, which is

typically a sunk cost but difficult to scale, and the infrastructure that is scalable

and provisioned on demand.

• The use of hybrid computing acknowledges and validates the fact that not all IT

resources should exist in public clouds today—and some may never exist in public

clouds. Considering compliance issues, performance requirements, and security

restrictions, the need for local cloud is a fact of life. This experience with the

hybrid model helps us all get better at understanding what compute cycles and

data have to be kept local and what can be processed remotely.

Of course, there are cloud providers that already have their eye on leveraging a

hybrid model. New players can even provide management and operating systems layers

specifically built for hybrid clouds.

8. Results and DiscussionA simulation to determine the performance of hybrid cloud at the client end is carriedout. Since, the major need of cloud user is to access the database stored and webaccessing, in this experiment, cloud-based database and web server have beenconsidered due to the wide usage of database and web activities by the cloud user. Theresults obtained are presented in Figures 4 to 7.

The delay in time at which packets are received at the client end (cloud user)demonstrated that time for DB query received (packets/sec and bytes/sec) is constant.

For the web server, even though the data is sent in pulsating rate, the result for theresponse time is almost constant and hovering in the range of 0.0150 to 0.0180.


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Figure 4: Http Traffic Sent in Bytes/sec

Figure 5: Client Database (DB) Sent and Received in Packet/sec and Bytes/sec


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Figure 6: Client Point-to-Point Throughput

Figure 7: Http Response Time


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ConclusionIt is evident that cloud computing is a transformational paradigm to optimize the ICT

investments in an organization. It is based on a set of many pre-existing and well-

researched concepts such as distributed and grid computing, virtualization and Service-

Oriented Architecture (SOA). Due to this, cloud computing is research-driven and has the

potential to develop effective industrial applications for SMEs. However, there is a need

to upgrade the infrastructure in relevant areas after performing a SWOT analysis. The

results of hybrid cloud revealed that response time is at par with traditional system. It

is also important to increase the pace of research in areas where potential for useful

applications for industry exist. Along with improving the cloud computing technology,

the restrictions and challenges faced by clouds should be properly estimated. This would

enable organizations to provide innovative ICT services by using cloud computing. The

BUs can adopt the hybrid cloud computing model as per their requirements after

performing the SWOT analysis.

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