humanistic approach in mobile ad hoc network: hamanet

Jan Zizka (Eds) : CCSIT, SIPP, AISC, PDCTA - 2013

pp. 01–12, 2013. DOI : 10.5121/csit.2013.3601

Humanistic Approach in Mobile Adhoc Network:

HAMANET

1Md. Amir Khusru Akhtar and

2G. Sahoo

1Department of Computer Science and Engineering,

Cambridge Institute of Technology, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India

2Department of Information Technology,

Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India

[email protected],

[email protected]

Abstract. Human society is a complex and most organized networks, in which

many communities have different cultural livelihood. The creation/formation of

one or more communities within a society and the way of associations can be

mapped to MANET. By involving human characteristics and behavior, surely it

would pave a new way, for further development. In this paper we have

presented a new approach called “HAMANET” which is not only robust and

secure but it certainly meets the challenges of MANET (such as name

resolution, address allocation and authentication). Our object oriented design

defines a service in terms of Arts, Culture, and Machine. The „Art‟ is the

smallest unit of work (defined as an interface), the „Culture‟ is the

integration/assembling of one or more Arts (defined as a class) and finally the

„Machine‟ which is an instance of a Culture that defines a service. The grouping

of the communicable Machines of the same Culture forms a „Community‟. We

have used the term „Society‟ for MANET consisting of one or more

communities and modeled using humanistic approach. We have compared our

design with GloMoSim and proposed the implementation of file transfer service

using the said approach. Our approach gives better results in terms of

implementation of the basic services, security, reliability, throughput,

extensibility, scalability etc.

Keywords: Art, Culture, Machine, Community, Society, Humanistic

Abbreviations

Community Table (CT), Society Table (ST), Machine Culture (MC), Machine

Identification (MID), Community Identification (CID), Service Initiator (SI),

Machine Culture Start (MCSTART), Machine Culture Join (MCJOIN)

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

2 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)

1 Introduction

As one can access the MANETs essence in the society, its immense use, the

prolonged scatterration and the future requirement the foremost and futuristic

thoughts can be further redefined and exaggerated from the needs of the acclimating

society. The work which has been done so far has been very curative but it is high

time to amend the ways for an energetic means to create a new platform for more

research. The bondages of this study should finally pave a new way, for further

development and create a new awareness amongst the researchers. By the

involvement of the existing legacy and incorporating the necessary demand new eras

will surely arrive.

To understand the approach first of all we would like to discuss creation/formation

of human communities. A human community is formed to meet some objective(s).

We have one or more communities in a society and a person is attached with one or

more communities to fulfill its needs. From these discussions we would like to map

that a MANET either has single service to run or more than one service. In this model

Community term represents a running service involving a group of nodes in MANET.

A MANET can run one or more services, and different communities are created to

provide more than one services such as for file service, name service we have file

sharing Community, name service Community respectively.

The “HAMANET Model” mapped the human attributes and behavior into a

device1 to evade the bondages of implementation and surely succeed as we live.

Human network is the complex topology that still survives even in the case of

known/unknown incidents. By defining the layout we certainly feel that this model

assumes a node as a person that belongs to a society and further it is associated with

one or more communities. That is why this anatomy is required.

This approach employs „Art‟ the smallest unit of work (defined as an interface), the

„Culture‟ is the integration/assembling of one or more Arts (defined as a class) and

finally the „Machine‟ that is an instance of a Culture and define a service. A node

must run a Machine to avail a service. The grouping of Machine forms a

„Community‟ having the same Culture, which define a running service in the network.

Nodes can start a service and intimate this information by sending a MCSTART

packet. Nodes that want to use that service send its consent using MCJOIN packet.

The grouping of multiple different Community forms a Society.

The Arts can be implemented in terms of fine grain up to coarse grain. As we move

towards fine grain to coarse grain certainly it gives simplicity in design but smaller

customization. Fine grain Arts are extensible than coarse grain. The object oriented

implementation surely gives a robust, secured, extensible and reliable platform to

execute an application in the MANET that meets all the challenges that we have.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the assumption

and basic primitives. Section 3 briefs the related work. Section 4 presents the

HAMANET model. Section 5 gives an analysis of the Model. Section 6 shows the

1 It represents electronic equipment such as Computer, PDA, Mobile phones etc.

Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 3

implementation of FTP using HAMANET approach. Section 7 presents the

conclusion and ongoing work.

2 Assumptions and basic primitives

This section outlines the assumptions and basic primitives that we make regarding

our humanistic approach.

2.1 Elementary terminologies

We have used following terms in designing our model

Definition 1. Art (A): it denotes the smallest unit of work module needed to

define a Culture and can be implemented in terms of fine grain up to coarse

grain.

Definition 2. Culture (C): it denotes the integration/assembling of Arts that is

used to define a service.

Definition 3. Machine (M): it denotes an instance of a Culture that defines a

service and it must be a member of a Community.

Definition 4. Community (C): it denotes a group of communicable Machines

having the same Culture that provide a service to the Society.

Definition 5. Society (S): it denotes the MANET consisting of one or more

communities and modeled using humanistic approach.

2.2 Human/device common basic needs

To design a MANET using a humanistic approach first we have analyzed the

human and device basic needs to identify the selfish threats and attacks, the way of

grouping to avail its services and the need of association. We have defined the

common basic needs to understand the fact that establishes a mapping between human

and device as given in Table 1.


Table 1. Basic Needs

2.3 Need of association

The association is an agreement between groups of individuals/nodes that form a

community to accomplish a purpose. Peoples are living in a society in which they

have different communities for different needs. We are defining association in

Society/MANET because nodes have common objectives.

2.3.1 Communities

It means a particular „class‟ of peoples having the same objective. In this work we

are mapping this concept to define a community in which a set of nodes work together

to run a service.

2.3.2 Society

A „Society‟ refers to all communities of people having diverse goals. We have

defined the „Society‟ consisting of one or more Community for providing one or more

services.

3 Related work

The work which has been done so far has been very curative but it is high time to

amend the ways for an energetic means to create a new platform for more research.

The bondages of this study should finally pave a new way, for further development

and create a new awareness amongst the researchers. By the involvement of the

existing legacy and incorporating the necessary demand new eras will surely arrive.

To our knowledge, there is no such design that we have proposed and no

previously published work that meets all the challenges that we have in Mobile ad hoc

networks. Lots of work has been proposed to handle modification of routing

Human Needs Device Needs Art

Food Energy

Energy saving Arts can be defined

using the existing algorithms that

save battery life and bandwidth.

Cloth Privacy

Privacy Arts can be defined by

involving existing rules that fulfill

privacy needs.

House Security Secures Arts can be defined using

existing security algorithms.


information‟s [3-7], to enforce cooperation [8] but they have serious limitations in

terms of routing overhead and attacks. Work to be done in the area of Address

allocation [17], name resolution [18, 19] shows that the implementation of these

services with the current design of MANET creates complexity and heavy network

overhead.

4 HAMANET Model

MANETs are certainly the next generation face that announces the game, winning

which we obtain lave. The known/unknown obstacles resist the implementation, and

by solving are circumventing to utilize the resources. The aggregated/generalized

form of MANET can further specialize to esteem the demand that is why we are

going to restructure the same and prevail. Human nature would really act into the

device to entrust and make it robust and secure like the same.

4.1 Overview

Our object-oriented design defines a service in terms of Arts, Culture, and

Machine. This approach employs „Art‟ the smallest unit of work (defined as an

interface), the „Culture‟ is the integration/assembling of one or more Arts (defined as

a class) and finally the Machine that is an instance of a Culture and define a service.

A node must run a Machine to avail a service. The Machine defines a running service

in a node, and the grouping of Machine having the same Culture forms a

„Community‟ defined in section 4.4.

We can provide the basic services in a MANET by instantiating a Machine after

fulfilling the basic requirements for some services (for ex. Internet gateway point for

name service). A SI node broadcast MCSTART packet in the Society/MANET to

intimate that a service is being started. To join the service a node after receiving the

MCSTART must send a MCJOIN packet to become a member of the Community or

it can broadcast a MCJOIN packet to register itself into an existing Community. The

lists of interested nodes that have replied by sending MCJOIN message are listed by

the SI to form a Community.

In this model a community table is used in each Community that stores CID, MID

and path. Packets are routed using the path provided in the community table. During

transmission if a node doesn‟t find a route in the community table then it broadcasts a

RREQ that is forwarded from node to node either node is a member or if in is not a

member it handle it as friend RREQ. When the RREQ packet reaches to Community

members, the members reply the source by sending the community table. This model

defines levels of abstraction to handle malicious or selfish attacks as defined in

section 4.5.


This will certainly give the platform upon which we can run and use any

application in MANET. Fig. 1 shows the MANET that derives from a humanistic

approach in which devices are defined using human behavior.

Fig. 1. Humanistic MANET

Humanistic approach defines the concept that in a society we have different

community and each community is for different purposes/services. Similarly in a

network we can create many communities with the same set of nodes to run many

services. For example, a node transfers a file using Community 1, and logged on onto

a remote node using Community 2.

4.2 HAMANET Arts/Cultures/Machines implementation Diagram

A Machine is an instance of a Culture and Culture implements Arts to define a

service. Fig. 2 shows the implementation diagram in which we have defined

Machines using Arts and Cultures.


where Arts ranges from (1, 2, …, i)

Cultures ranges from (1, 2, …, j)

Fig. 2. Diagram showing interface (Arts), Class (Cultures), and object (Machines) in which a

Culture is defined using Arts and finally instantiated to form a Machine

4.3 HAMANET Architecture

In this section we have defined the types of Society/MANET

4.3.1 Single Community MANET

A „single Community Society‟ is a MANET in which only one service is running

such as file service, and it is created in the same way as defined in section 5.2. Fig. 3

shows a single Community MANET.

4.3.2 Multiple Communities MANET

A „multiple Communities Society‟ is defined as a MANET in which more than one

services are running for example file service, name service etc. It is created in the

same way as defined in section 5.2. Fig. 4 shows a multiple Community MANET.

In the figure we have used the notation M (MC, MID)

Where M is the Machine

MC is the Machine Culture

MID is the Machine Identity within the Culture


Fig. 3. Single Community MANET

Fig. 4. A Society consisting of 5 communities


4.4 Description of the Components

The HAMANET components are as follows

4.4.1 Arts Component

It defines the smallest work module(s) that is used to define a service and

implemented in Culture. Art(s) can be defined in terms of fine grain up to coarse

grain. As we move towards fine grain to coarse grain certainly it gives simplicity in

design but little customization. The fine grain Art(s) can be defined at the function

level (such as RREQ, RREP, RERR, HELLO etc.), similarly coarse grain Art(s) can

be defined at the protocol level (such as Bellman-Ford, DSDV, FSR, OSPF, WRP,

LAR, DSR, AODV) [9-16]. The Arts are defined in terms of interfaces that contain

final variables and abstract methods defined in Table 2.

Table 2. Art Interface

Interface Art1

final variables;

abstract methods ();

4.4.2 Culture Component

We have used Culture to assemble Arts and defined in terms of a class as given in

Table 3. Cultures implements one or more Arts and instantiated to form a Machine.

Table 3. Culture Class

4.4.3 Machine Component and packets

A Machine is an instance of a Culture that defines a running service. To regularize

its service a machine uses various functions that are defined in Culture methods (),

they are as follows.

MCSTART: Packet broadcasted to the Society/MANET to intimate that a service

has been started.

Class Culture1 implements Art1, Art2, …, Arti

Culture variables;

abstract methods (); // implementation of Arts interfaces

Culture methods ();


MCJOIN: Packet sends by interested Society/MANET member in response of

MCSTART to join the Community.

4.4.4 Community Component

Community means the grouping of two or more Machines having the same Culture

and communicable either directly or indirectly. Each Community maintains a

community table listing all the members of the Community. The community table for

node N1 is defined in Table 4.

Table 4. Community Table

MID CID PATH

N2 C1 N1-N2

N3 C1 N1-N3

N4 C1 N1-N2-N4

4.4.5 Society Component

All Communities finally constitute a Society that is defined for diverse goals. The

Society Table is defined in Table 5.

Table 5. Society Table

4.5 Levels of Abstraction

The communication between Machine object hides the internal details. The

description of data at the object level is in a format independent of its Arts and

Culture representation. Our work defines various levels of abstraction to minimize the

complexity and protect the system from selfish and malicious threats as is given in

Fig. 5.

Our object oriented design confirms that only defined operations can be executed

with nodes because data‟s are wrapped by operations, which protects our network

from malicious and selfish attacks.

CID MC

C1 File service

C2 Name Service


Fig. 5. Levels of Abstraction

5 Analysis of the Model

In this section we are describing the comparison and implementation of basic

services.

5.1 Comparison between HAMANET Structure & GloMoSim Layers

The GloMoSim Layers [2] and the HAMANET Structure is given in Table 6 and

Table 7 respectively. Through these tables we are comparing our proposed

architecture with GloMoSim architecture.

Table 6. Layered Structure of GloMoSim

Layer Protocol

Physical

(Radio Propagation) Free space, Two-Ray

Data Link (MAC) CSMA, MACA, TSMA, 802.11

Network (Routing) Bellman-Ford, FSR, OSPF, DSR, WRP,

LAR, AODV

Transport TCP, UDP

Application Telnet, FTP


Table 7. HAMANET Structure

5.2 Implementing Basic Services

The Aleksi Penttinen [1] defined various challenges and services such as Address

allocation, name resolution, authentication. Work to be done in the area of Address

allocation, name resolution [17, 19] shows that the implementation of these services

with the current design of MANET creates complexity and heavy network overhead.

These services can be implemented using HAMANET without such problems.

To explain the implementation of these services first we relate our concept with

creation of community in human. For example to create a community or club for

some specific activity, two or more persons joined and make a community and then

they add interested members and avail the service.

5.2.1 Working Diagram

Our model is simpler than the existing MANET design in which a new service can

be easily deployed. We simply create a list of Arts needed for implementing a service

such as name service and assemble these Arts into the Culture and instantiate to form

a Machine. The SI node broadcast MCSTART packet in the Society/MANET to

intimate that a service is being started. To join the service a node after receiving the

MCSTART must send a MCJOIN packet to become a member of the Community.

Arts

Physical (Radio

Propagation)

Data Link (MAC)

Network (Routing) Transport Application

Free space Two-Ray

CSMA MACA TSMA 802.11

Bellman-Ford

OSPF FSR DSR WRP LAR

AODV

TCP UDP

Telnet FTP

Cultures

Culture 1 Culture 2 Culture 3

Free space

CSMA Bellman-Ford

TCP FTP

Two-Ray 802.11 DSR TCP CBR

Two-Ray CSMA AODV TCP

Telnet


The lists of interested nodes that have replied by sending MCJOIN message are listed

by the SI to form a Community. The working diagram for implementing basic

services is given in Fig. 6. However, any of the nodes in the MANET will be connected

to the Internet to provide the gateway that will be used to resolve the name.

Fig. 6. Working model for initiating Basic services


5.2.2 Friend packets

If a node does not find a route in the community table it send friend packet to its

reachable host to forward its packet to the Community member and the receiving host

relay packets to the Community member.

5.2.3 Overhead

In our approach we were sending only one broadcast message at the time when a

service is started to create a Community. After that we simply multicast messages

within the Community to regularize and avail the services, this will degrade the

message overhead in the MANET.

6 Case study: File transfer service

In this section we are proposing how File transfer service will be implemented

using HAMANET. The protocol stack (Arts) needed to implement File transfer

service is defined in Table 8.

Table 8. Protocol stack (Arts)

The working model for implementation of file transfer service is similar to the

implementation of basic services as defined in Fig. 6. This approach minimizes

unnecessary broadcast due to regular update of its routing tables because it divides the

MANET into more than one Community. In a network, participation varies from node

to node, therefore a Community contains a list of interested members and thereby

reduces the participation of idle nodes. This approach saves battery power and

bandwidth as well as it is secured because it allows object communication.

7 Conclusion and ongoing work

In this paper we have presented a new approach called “HAMANET” that is robust

and secure due to its object oriented design as well as because of humanistic approach

it surely meet the challenges of the MANET. We have discussed the basic services

and presented how these services can be implemented using the said approach. In the

case study we have proposed File transfer service using our humanistic approach and

Culture F

Free space CSMA DSDV TCP FTP


it justifies, that it is better than the traditional implementation in terms of overhead

and attacks.

This paper presents initial work on the humanistic MANET design. The long-term

goal of this research project is to implement all the know-how in the MANET and to

design a humanistic network simulator that fulfills the basics of the MANET.

References

1. Aleksi Penttinen, “Research on Ad Hoc Networking: Current Activity and Future

Directions”, Networking Laboratory, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland.

See also http://citeseer.nj.necm.com/533517.html

2. http://pcl.cs.ucla.edu/projects/glomosim/

3. K. Sanzgiri, B. Dahill, B. Levine, C. Shields, and E. Belding-Royer, “A secure

routing protocol for ad hoc networks,” in the 10th IEEE International Conference on

Network Protocols (ICNP), November 2002.

4. M. G. Zapata and N. Asokan, SAODV “Securing ad-hoc routing protocols”, in the

2002 ACM Workshop on Wireless Security (WiSe 2002), September 2002, pp.1-10.

5. Y. Hu, A. Perrig, and D. Johnson. Ariadne: “A Secure On-Demand Routing Protocol

for Ad Hoc Networks”, In Proceedings of the Eighth Annual International

Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, September 2002, pages 12-23.

6. Johnson, and A. Perrig. SEAD: “Secure Efficient Distance Vector Routing in Mobile

Wireless Ad Hoc Networks‟, in Fourth IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing

Systems and Applications, June 2002, pages 3-13.

7. P. Papadimitratos, Z. Haas and P. Samar. “The Secure Routing Protocol (SRP) for Ad

Hoc Networks”, internet-Draft, draft-papadimitratos-securerouting- protocol-00.txt,

December 2002.

8. S. Marti, T. J. Giuli, K. Lai, and M. Baker, “Mitigating routing misbehavior in mobile

Ad hoc networks,” in Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on

Mobile computing and networking (ACM MobiCom 2000), pp. 255–265, New York,

NY, USA, 2000.

9. RE Bellman, “On a routing problem”, Quarterly of Applied Mathematics, 16 (1958),

pp. 87–90.

10. Y. Hu, D. C.E. Perkins & P. Bhagwat, “Highly Dynamic Destination-Sequenced

Distance Vector Routing (DSDV) for Mobile Computers”, Proceedings of ACM

SIGCOMM'94, London, UK, Sep. 1994, pp. 234-244.

11. Guangyu Pei, M. Gerla, and TsuWei Chen, “Fisheye state routing: a routing scheme

for ad hoc wireless networks”, Communications 2000 ICC 2000, 2000 IEEE

International Conference on, 1:70–74 vol.1, 2000.

12. Moy, J., "The OSPF Specification", RFC 1131, October 1989.

13. Shree Murthy and J. J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves, “An Efficient Routing Protocol for

Wireless Networks”, Mobile Networks and Applications, 1(2):183–197, 1996.

14. Y. B. Ko, and N. H. Vaidya, “Location-Aided Routing (LAR) in Mobile Ad hoc

Networks”, Proceedings of the 4th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on

Mobile computing and networking, 1998.

15. Johnson, D. Maltz, and Y.C. Hu, “The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Mobile

Ad Hoc Networks (DSR),” IEEE Internet Draft, Apr. 2003.

16. C. Perkins, E. B. Royer, S. Das, “Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV)

Routing”, IETF Internet Draft, 2003.

http://www.apps.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1131.html


17. Xiaonan Wang, Yi Mu, “A secure IPv6 address configuration scheme for a

MANET”, Security and Communication Networks, 2012, doi: 10.1002/sec.611

18. M. Nazeeruddin, G.P. Parr, B.W. Scotney, “An efficient and robust name resolution

protocol for dynamic MANETs”, Ad Hoc Networks, Volume 8, Issue 8, November

2010, Pages 842-856

19. Mohammad Masdari, Mehdi Maleknasab, Moazam Bidaki, “A survey and taxonomy

of name systems in mobile ad hoc networks”, Journal of Network and Computer

Applications, Volume 35, Issue 5, September 2012, Pages 1493–1507

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S157087051000020X



http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1084804512000677



http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/10848045

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/10848045

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/10848045/35/5

humanistic approach in mobile ad hoc network: hamanet

Documents