1

Home Garden: A Genetic Resource of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus

Lam) in Semi Arid Region of Bangladesh

S R Sarker1,2*, P P Roy3 and M I Zuberi1,4

1Department of Botany, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh.

* shiprasarker22@gmail.com

2Department of Molecular Biology, Astrakhan State University, Astrakhan, Russia

3 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee,

Uttarakhand, India

4Department of Environmental Science, Ambo University, Ethiopia

Geneconserve 14 (57): 01-28

ABSTRACT

The current state of jackfruit diversity within home gardens in seven unions of Chapai

Nawabganj District of Bangladesh was investigated in a comparative study on 210 home gardens,

interview's of 335 villagers and screening on 1400 jackfruit plants. The report highlighted the

gross lack of scientific information about home gardens for in situ conservation of jackfruit

morphotypes and emphasized the urgent need for a systematic research upon which future

strategies for home gardens in Bangladesh can be based. Researchers applied folk classification,

ethnobotanical and morphological measurement to obtain sustainable design for natural link

between conservation and development. 15 landraces and two separate communities were

identified by the local farmers. Samples from the selected sites exhibited significant variation for

six quantitative characteristics evaluated for phenotypic diversity of jackfruit. On age related

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measures, only Debinagar union displayed no significant alteration for any of six morphological

characters. But all the other unions demonstrated distinct deviations for three (Jhilim and

Shahjahanpur), four (Narayanpur and Islampur) and five (Ranihati and Sundarpur) features

respectively. Ethnobotanical and morphological assessment clearly distinguished the reduction of

jackfruit variation over time among six unions except Debinagar. Present study suggested to

establish common names for landraces to protect them from extinction.

Key words: Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam, Bangladesh, home garden, in situ conservation,

Jackfruit, semi arid region

INTRODUCTION

The national fruit of Bangladesh, domesticated jackfruit tree, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.

(Moraceae), is important in tropical and sub-tropical regions, particularly in South and Southeast

Asia. This fruit is considered as a secondary staple food as it provides elemental component of

existence and contributes to the livelihoods of the poor as a production scheme of small farmers

(Haq 2006). Jackfruit tree is mainly cultivated in Bangladesh as a home garden crop and its

maintainability is more or less dependent on home garden system (Mannan 2000; Haq 2006). The

home garden being an important reservoir of unique genetic diversity, to obtain a better

understanding of the role of home gardens is necessary in the efficient management and

conservation of genetic diversity in situ (Hoyyeepoo 1990; Rajasekaran and Warren 1994; Agelet

et al. 2000; Eyzaguirre and Linares 2001; Nair 2001; Vogl-Lukasser et al 2002; Trinh et al 2003).

Modern socioeconomic researchers recognize the significance of home gardens in the production

of food, medicine and other useful products for human beings and attempts are being made to

improve the productivity of this widespread agro-ecosystem with specific objectives in mind

(Engels 2001; Eyzaguirre and Linares 2004). Sustainable production combined with the

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maintenance of a high level of genetic diversity depends on the efficient management of genetic

diversity in home gardens with the effective understanding of the role of farmers and their

families who are the producers of garden products (Engels 2001).

IPGRI focuses on the conservation and use of genetic resources important to developing

countries and has an explicit commitment to specific crops (Biodiversity International 2015).

Chapai Nawabganj and the adjacent districts, the northwestern border region of Bangladesh is

threatened by desertification (Reazuddin et al. 2002) although Bangladesh is predominantly a

country of river and flood. In addition to the environmental consequences, desertification is

threatening the livelihood of rural people. The northern portion of this country is one of the forest

poor region. Although Jackfruit grows in tropical and subtropical lowlands, thriving below

altitudes of 1000 m and is sensitive to frost and drought preferring a wet environment, as it is

native to monsoon climates of Southeast Asia (Witherup, 2013), some cultigens are well adapted

for this arid land and so its genetic deterioration may cause vulnerability for the local people and

environment. Sastrapradja (1975) indicated on moderate genetic erosion of jackfruit in Southeast

Asia, as a result of the replacement of seedlings by clonal cultivars. Haq (2002) reported

persistent flooding of Bangladesh cause erosion of jackfruit diversity. However, the recent

documentation of jackfruit germplasm reveals that the majority of the variation is not yet

threatened (Haq 2006; Khan et al, 2010; Sarker and Zuberi, 2011). Hence, it is elementary step

for the local community to intensify vegetation cover maintained within their habitat through the

advancement of homestead agroforestry (Alam and Furukawa 2008). Therefore targeted and

well-planned interventions of home gardens with jackfruit germplasm can further strengthen the

importance of this production system and allow a natural link between conservation and

development.

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On the basis of modern quest there are limited attempts have found to understand the extent of

genetic diversity in jackfruit from the study of morphological characters, and to select superior

types of jackfruit. There has been limited documentation of jackfruit germplasm for evaluation

and selection in India, Indonesia, Nepal, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam

and Bangladesh (Bhag Mal and Rao 2001; Haq 2002) and thus restricted information is available

on performance of the accessions. Different investigators (Mitra and Mani, 2000; Susiloadi et al.

2002; Mitra and Maity, 2002; Reddy et al. 2001; Crane et al. 2003 and Haq, 2003) summarised

information on the diversity of jackfruit in South and Southeast Asia. In Bangladesh, review on

the variation of jackfruit based on seed grown fruits (Azad 1989) and through farmer’s interviews

(Bashar and Hossain 1993) was performed. Some scientists (Hossain and Haque, 1977; Saha et

al. 1996) examined the morphological characteristics of a few selected jackfruit trees in one

location of Bangladesh but these studies did not consider home garden or homestead crop factors

though here it is the second most common home garden tree, after mango (Ahmed 2011, Hocking

et al. 1996, Khan et al. 2010). Some researchers also documented jackfruit germplasm in

Bangladesh (Haq 2001; Haq 2006; BARI 2007-08; Firoz and Rahman 2007-08; Ullah and Haque

2008; Ullah and Rahman 2007-08; Khan et al. 2010; Sarker and Zuberi, 2011) but did not

categorically work on home gardens for jackfruit collection and in situ conservation. Present

investigation pointed out the necessity of combined research on home garden jackfruit diversity

for in situ conservation and on documentation of different morphotypes of jackfruit in a semi arid

region of Bangladesh.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

Selection and location of study sites

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The district of Chapai Nawabganj (Nawabganj) is located northwestern side of Bangladesh, from

24025 to 24058 north latitudes and from 88001 to 88030 east longitudes with an area of 1702.55

km2 (BBS 2012). The study sites Jhilim (16,260 acres), Debinagar (10,377 acres), Narayanpur

(9,351 acres), Sundarpur (7,628 acres), Shahjahanpur (2,864 acres), Islampur (2,216 acres) and

Ranihati (1,895 acres) are located in the Chapai Nawabganj Sadar Upazila (451.8km2,

Banglapedia 2012a). Only Jhilim union is situated in the Barind region (Barendra Bhumi) and all

others are situated in the Diyar (recent floodplain) region (NWPB, 2014).

Documentation of jackfruit genetic resources in home gardens

The researchers recorded and documented jackfruit germplasm during collecting mission by the

procedures of Guarino et al. (1995). Overall work was done for 5 seasonal years. Data were

recorded time to time from initiating flowering to harvesting fruits. After the field work the

information collected were processed (Toll 1995). The basic procedures followed in home

gardens inventory data were:

Sorting and checking the forms (data collection sheet)

Completing the forms

Editing information from reference sources

Checking the local words (e.g. vernacular names recorded)

Computerizing of data

Characterizing genetic diversity of home garden cultivars

Genetic diversity is the principal capital to survive against environmental calamity of a specific

community. It gives diversity in the natural gene flow maintaining and fortifying variation in the

long run. From a conservation standpoint, two contrasting methods were applied to measure

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genetic diversity in the seven selected sites of Chapai Nawabganj (Hoogendijk and Williams

2001).

Farmers’ perceptions and folk classification

Folk classification was an indication of the variability within a crop as seen through the eyes of

the farmers, often focused on issues and common names (Hoogendijk and Williams 2001). In the

selected areas, villagers were asked in structured interviews about the history, origin and

classification with their own knowledge and perception of individual jackfruit trees in their

homestead, home gardens and the neighborhood. Both males and females of varying ages were

surveyed. Overall 210 home gardens were visited, from those a total of 335 villagers of seven

unions were selected. Farmers were interviewed to determine the origin, pattern, structure, types

and composition of the home gardens, to ascertain their preferences regarding the different

morphotypes of jackfruit in the home gardens, to analyze gender-related aspects of home garden

management, and to determine the uses given to jackfruit cultigens. The selection of those home

gardens was based on the following criteria (Quiroz et al. 2001):

Presence of high number of jackfruit trees. Gardens established over at least 10 years. Products from the home gardens oriented mainly for subsistence purposes. Willingness of owner to collaborate with the study.

Morphological characterization

This was a measurement of phenotypic variability scored by using standardized morphological

descriptors (IPGRI 2000). Descriptors included six quantitative measures of vegetative and

reproductive characters which were measured in centimeters. The sites of unions were selected

randomly and for every seasonal year data were collected and identified with tagging each plant.

During sampling distinct procedure was followed by the researchers in selecting the fruiting trees

(Guarino et al. 1995). Adult jackfruit trees were chosen randomly across the seven unions, 200

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sample trees from each union (100 old jackfruit tress and 100 young jackfruit trees) for a total of

1400 trees sampled. Assessments of jackfruit trees were made based on two categories: Firstly

among seven unions with one way ANOVA and secondly among age grouping, old trees (above

40 years) and young trees (10 to 15 years) with Student’s t-Test using Matlab program (Goering

2004).

RESULTS

Home gardens as an infrastructure of jackfruit germplasm

On the basis of ethnobotanical survey and villagers' perception the selected sites of Chapai

Nawabganj grouped into seven general areas - Jhilim, Debinagar, Narayanpur, Sundarpur,

Shahjahanpur, Islampur and Ranihati (Figure 1) - as seven large nuclei of ancestral and cultivar

diversity of this species. Each and every home gardens of jackfruit studied were sustainable

agricultural systems with their own specific characteristics. Farmers mainly practiced polyculture

(67.1%) in their home gardens where they cultivated jackfruit with mango or other tree crops

(Table 1B) and apply monoculture (32.8%) where they want to get economic profit through

jackfruit. Most home gardens were rectangular (52.8%) in shape, but some were round (19.5%)

and irregular (27.6%), where the farmers recognized traditional, semi-selected and selected origin

of their own home gardens (Table 1C). They mainly cultivated jackfruits on side yards (38.6%) as

well as in the front (28.1%) and back yards (33.3%). They identified three main causes of threats

to jackfruit diversity in their home gardens. Replacement of traditional cultigens/trees was the

main culprit for landrace reduction. The proportion of jackfruit cultigens used only for home

consumption was high (Table 1D). Family structure, number of people benefited by garden

products, income related to the garden, and social aspects which influenced livelihood were

socioeconomic standpoint for home gardens. External factors affected home gardens were

accessibility, condition of the household infrastructure, access to basic social services, credit

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opportunities and access to the markets (Table 1E). The majority of the cultivars were managed

without irrigation and most farmers either used organic fertilizer, or none at all. The structure and

composition of home gardens mainly depended on environmental conditions, marketing

possibilities, and local uses. The outstanding cultigens were those used more desirably as food,

trading and cultural purposes. People of both genders were found to be involved with the

maintenance work and men seemed to invest more time than women. Men were the most

important decision-makers in the selection and management of the commercial cultivars (Table

1A). Those agro ecosystems were important repositories of wild morphotypes where they were

both conserved and under the process of further intensive domestication. These cultigens were

important for household food security as well as being marketed in the region with higher

demand/price and therefore represent an income for families. Viable home gardens with different

morphotypes of jackfruits improved the ability of smallholders and their communities to meet

interrelated concerns of food security, nutrition, health and economic security as the jackfruit has

multiuse capabilities such as food, fodder, timber and non timber products (Table 1E). Homestead

jackfruits were also a natural asset through which other livelihood objectives, such as gender

equality and sustainable use of resources, might be achieved.

Home gardens to our knowledge on cultivated jackfruit plants

Farmers’ perceptions and folk classification

Researchers collected information from the farmers regarding the degree and nature of genetic

diversity of jackfruit germplasm present in a given home garden. The diversity perceived by the

farmers was often reflected in the common names that were applied to different morphotypes

they recognized. Distinctive morphological/agronomic traits, places of origin or special use were

the main standpoint for common names. A total of 15 jackfruit landraces were documented (Table

2) and the farmers were found to familiar with the nature of the landraces they grew, able to

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describe their availability, cause of threats on specific landraces and preferred end-uses of each

morphotype. They used specific names for all the landraces and those names were given based on

different phenotypic/use characteristics. Landraces were categorized on availability as frequent

(20%), semi frequent (13.3%), limited (26.6%), rare (26.6%) and very rare (13.3%).

Morphological characterization

Interviews as well as from the data on the morphological characters in seven unions of the

Chapai Nawabganj District indicated that the diversity of tree species in the home gardens of this

district had declined drastically during the last seven decades (Table 3 and Figure 2). The

Student’s t test results on the age grouping showed, only Debinagar union represented no

significant variation for any of six morphological characters studied. In the ethnobotanical survey

on the perception of farmers and villagers, it was also found that Debinagar had more or less

similar cultivars from the mid 1960 to the present. Drastic reduction in jackfruit tree population

has happened in Debinagar union during mid 1940 to late 1950. On the difference between old

and young jackfruit trees, Ranihati and Sundarpur demonstrated distinct variation for five (leaf

blade length, leaf blade breadth, fruit stalk length, fruit stalk diameter and fruit length)

morphological characters; Narayanpur for four (leaf blade breadth, fruit stalk length, fruit stalk

diameter and fruit diameter) and Islampur for four (leaf blade breadth, fruit stalk length, fruit

stalk diameter and fruit length) and finally Jhilim for three (leaf blade length, leaf blade breadth

and fruit stalk length) and Shahjahanpur for three (leaf blade breadth, fruit stalk diameter and

fruit diameter) morphologic characters (Fig 2). The village interviews displayed chronological

reduction of the jackfruit cultigens or landraces in this semi arid region (except Debinagar where

reduction was reported to occur within mid 1940 to late 1950) for commercial or economic

usages when the differences between the cultivars available in mid 1940 and present were

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compared. Therefore, interpretation of the differences between the old and young tree groups on

morphological characters indicated that there must existed some variation among the jackfruit

trees. The changes may be consequences manifested on the deterioration of jackfruit diversity

over time.

All morphological features (four fruit characters and two leaf characters) showed significant

variation among seven unions (One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) (Table 4). Experienced

farmers and villagers recognized two distinguishable jackfruit association or communities within

seven unions under Chapai Nawabganj District of Bangladesh (Table 5). They were familiar with

the distinctive climatic/soil differences between Diara (recent floodplain) and The Barind Tract

(Barendra – old alluvium). They were able to describe the niche type, adaptability, common name

of typical or accidental cultivars and cultivar richness of specific communities. Hence, on the

ground of morphological analysis and village interview's it could be suggested that the seven

selected sites were not only dissimilar on areas, number of villages or human population, they

also established wide diversification of jackfruit association or communities. These results also

authenticated the novelty of landraces identified in seven unions by the farmers.

Contributions of home gardens to in situ conservation

Researchers pointed to the in situ conservation criteria in the seven unions of Chapai Nawabganj

District (Table 6). The review on investigation distinguished coverage, viability, economic

sustainability, adaptability and capability for domestication were the benefits related to on farm

conservation. Risk factors were natural catastrophe, follow up management system,

environmental, anthropogenic, demographic and genetic uncertainty. Farmers and villagers

proposed their demand on better utilization of their own home gardens and indicated the

necessities on fruitful future schemes.

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DISCUSSION

Home gardens are a small scale, supplementary food production system maintained by and for

household members (Hoogerbrugge and Fresco 1993) in which the poor can easily enter at any

level with virtually no investment of economic resources, using locally available planting

materials, natural manures and indigenous methods of pest control (Marsh 1998, Zuberi et al

2014). Farmers often use home garden as an opportunity through which a multitude of other

assets become accessible to the household (Baumann 2002) and as a site for the experimentation,

introduction and domestication of plants (Shrestha et al. 2002; Eyzaguirre and Linares 2004,

Zuberi et al, 2014 ). Home gardens establish a close interaction between nature and human

cultures with viable and manifold niches as complex microenvironments consistently coordinated

within a larger covering habitat (Gliessman 1990; Eyzaguirre and Linares 2004). As a resilient of

the larger ecosystem and preserver of the function, home gardens can be termed as

microenvironments for jackfruit within the agroecosystem. The objectives of the researchers were

to examine the maintenance of genetic variability in home gardens had included i) the small

population sizes nurtured by farmers, ii) the relatively high levels of selection intensity that might

be practiced and iii) the vulnerability of individual garden populations to random events causing

loss of whole populations.

On the conservation perspective, three groups of interacting factors affected the maintenance of

genetic diversity of jackfruit in the home gardens: the biological characteristics of the cultivars;

the way in which farmers conduct the production and reproduction of the specific morphotype;

and, the way in which environmental factors affect the production system. Garden origin, type

and structure, farmer management and diverse end uses were the base point of preserving

heterogeneity of jackfruit in the home gardens. Peasant and market demand determined what was

sown or planted, the size of the population and what was saved for future seed. Farmers’ choice

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provides the major sources of selection and gene flow determining the richness of diversity.

Jackfruit diversity was maintained in the home gardens to meet the producers’ needs. Thus, any

evaluation of in situ conservation of jackfruit variety in the home gardens had to place the desired

conservation objectives in the context of farmers’ production objectives.

In situ conservation is a dynamic process of saving plant genetic resources which perform both

natural and human selection for successive generations (Sthapit et al. 2009) and attributed to the

subsistence of cultivated plants (affiliated with wild relatives) which are preserved in their own

niche with specific characteristics (Altieri and Merrick 1987; Brush 1995; Jarvis and Hodgkin

2000) and where they continue to evolve through farmers (Frankel et al. 1995). Evaluation of in

situ conservation of jackfruit in the home garden demands emphasizing on its range of genetic

variation and mode of selection, gene flow and other processes affecting its maintenance over

time. The balanced coordination of the home garden cultivation and flexibilities in farming

practices reinforces the introduction and maintenance of wild species (Guijt et al. 1995, Zuberi et

al, 2014), indigenous crops (Juma 1989) and traditional varieties (Negri 2003; Negri and Polegri

2009, Zuberi et al, 2014); provides intra-specific diversity (Eyzaguirre and Linares 2004)

through extrinsic modification over time (Soule´ 1987; Nunney and Campbell 1993) corroborate

with crucial stuff for breeding (Tanksley and McCouch 1997; Feuillet et al. 2008) and renovate

germplasm collections (Castin˜eiras et al. 2007). In the present investigation, home garden

selected for ethnobotanical survey, morphological characterization and in situ conservation due to

its large impact on socioeconomic importance of jackfruit diversity in a semi arid region of

Bangladesh where it plays supplementary food as well as economic and environmental modifier

system. Jackfruit is a widely sustainable tree crop in local environment and familiar to the

farmers form a millennium or more. A broad range scheme of agronomic project on jackfruit in

its own niche (mostly in home gardens) could reduce and even convert the borderline possibilities

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of desertification in Chapai Nawabganj (Ramamasy and Baas 2007; UNB 2009; FE 2014) which

might affect the northwestern districts of Bangladesh and North Bengal ( India).

The starting point for any assessment as the amount of genetic diversity, measures of richness,

evenness and divergence is mainly focusing on the variation in morphological characteristics

within populations and also the numbers and identities of local cultivars. The aim of the present

study was to provide an overview of available methods for characterizing the genetic diversity of

jackfruit germplasm and identification of novel endogenous in situ conservation criteria in the

home gardens. Conservation of any tree crop is always valuable for in situ rather than ex situ

conservation. Available variation among homestead niche is the main source of environmental

variation for jackfruit conservation as well as the ascendency of genetic diversity for future

usages. Agro-biodiversity is a core principle of sustainable agriculture and agro-ecology (Altieri

and Merrick 1987; Paoletti 2001; Le Coeur et al. 2002; Marshall and Moonen 2002) and a

segment of natural biodiversity which mainly is sustained within the cultivars, landraces,

ecotypes, weedy races and wild relatives used for food and agriculture (Negri et al. 2009) and

provides a broad range of essential goods and services which support ecosystem functioning, for

increased resilience and productivity (Tilman 1999, 2000). Intraspecific diversity is an important

part of biodiversity concept (Hammer 2001), a defence against pests, diseases and environmental

changes and suitable than commercial varieties for non-industrial agricultural systems (Negri

2005). Therefore, the geographical dispersion of cultivars and their relationships were pointed in

our attempts which stated that, present and future use of jackfruit is mainly depended on the

present germplasm exist. Any erosion of germplasm resources would not only result in loss of

genetic materials, but also hinder the improvement of the crop because, jackfruit, as cultigen, is

mostly grown throughout the range in the home gardens and also in small orchards (Haq 2006).

Jackfruit was classified on fruit size (Manjunath 1948), on fruit weight (Srinivashan 1970), on

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fruit quality (Morton 1987) and on pulp characteristics (Azad and Haq 1999; Samaddar 1990;

Narasimham 1990; Soepadmo 1992 and Singh 1985) to distinguish variation among jackfruit tree

populations and to specify the importance of cultivar identification with local and regional

implications. In the present study, 15 landraces were identified with their common names among

seven unions of Chapai Nawabganj which describe their own specific morphotypes. Here it is

proposed that these may be accepted those common names as names of ‘local cultivar ‘ or ‘

varietal name’ because there are no specific local names for jackfruit exist yet. This lack of names

can be a dangerous threat for loss/degradation of these landraces. Without specific names

landraces are more susceptible to extinction when not preferred as they are unfamiliar to the

consumers or to the farmers being vulnerable to low market value or no market access at all.

Some researchers grouped jackfruit on local names earlier (Morton 1987; Samaddar 1990;

Soepadmo 1992; Mitra and Maity 2002, Khan et al, 2010) but those also not yet accepted as local

cultivar names by any institution, growers groups or consumer association. Several survey carried

out in Bangladesh to identify diversity in jackfruit through farmer’s interviews (Bashar and

Hossain 1993; Khan 2007; Khan el al. 2010, Sarker and Zuberi 2011) which also mentioned the

cultivar names on farmer choice. In the village interviews, the authors found jackfruit were

treated mostly as polyculture in the home gardens where they were grown together most

commonly with mango (Mangifera indica) which had local cultivar names recognized and

accepted by the farmers and consumers. This recognition made the mango varieties accessible to

the market and many varieties familiar to the farmers and consumers. Therefore, it is the basic

need for the researchers as well as for the farmers and consumers that jackfruit diversity should

be recognized through proper acceptable cultivar or landrace names to reduce the chance of

extinction before designation and foster utilization. Based on the above analysis, some issues

should be further studied, 1) Wider molecular assessment of jackfruit diversity to recognize the

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cultivars and to establish a common name for local use; 2) Evaluation and documentation of

indigenous knowledge on the use of local genetic diversity throughout Bangladesh and India

because those are the Primary and Secondary Centre of Origin of jackfruit; 3) Study of the

dynamic processes of PGR (plant genetic resource) evolution under home garden management

system for establishing proper strategies of genetic diversity conservation and development; 4)

Study of socio-economic aspects of gardening with emphasis on the link between home garden,

livelihood, gender issues and environmental consequences.

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Table 1A: Unions and villagers surveyed for jackfruit diversity in Chapai Nawabganj

Villagers interviewed Decision-making on cultivationUnions Areas

(acres)

village/

union

Population Old

Males

Old

Females

Young

Males

Young

Females

Male

(%)

Female

(%)

Both

(%)Jhilim 16,260 52 19000 23 17 15 15 60 30 10Debinagar 10,377 50 24591 21 9 17 15 73 14 13Narayanpur 9,351 16 15509 18 12 12 8 82 13 5Sundarpur 7,628 9 27955 12 8 13 7 64 26 10Shahjahanpur 2,864 9 20068 14 6 10 8 59 35 6Islampur 2,216 11 24823 10 9 7 4 78 15 7Ranihati 1,895 14 29124 16 8 12 9 47 42 11Total 50,591 161 161070 114 69 86 66 - - -

Table 1B: Home gardens surveyed for jackfruit diversity in seven selected unions of Chapai

Nawabganj.

Unions Home gardens

surveyed/

union

Jackfruit trees

surveyed/

union

Jackfruit

trees/home

garden(avg)

Pattern of home gardens Structure of home gardens

Monoculture Polyculture Round Irregular Rectangular

Jhilim 40 800 20 14 26 4 10 26Debinagar 35 805 23 12 23 6 10 19Narayanpur 30 510 17 12 18 8 10 12Sundarpur 30 540 18 5 25 7 8 15Shahjahanpur 30 420 14 9 21 5 7 18Islampur 25 275 11 9 16 6 7 12Ranihati 20 240 12 8 12 5 6 9Total 210 3590 - 69 141 41 58 111

24

Table 1C: Home gardens surveyed for jackfruit documentation in seven selected sites of Chapai

Nawabganj

Unions Origin of home gardens Types of home gardens Threats to home gardens on jackfruit diversity

Traditional Semi-selected Selected Front

yards

Back

yards

Side

yards

Environmental

degradation

Replacement of

traditional crops

Change of garden

designJhilim 28 10 2 8 10 22 12 7 21Debinagar 26 6 3 6 14 15 19 3 13Narayanpur 14 11 5 12 7 11 9 11 10Sundarpur 8 16 6 10 15 5 8 14 8Shahjahanpur 10 13 7 16 7 7 9 15 6Islampur 8 9 8 4 6 15 5 16 4Ranihati 11 8 1 3 11 6 6 9 5Total 105 73 32 59 70 81 68 75 67

Table 1D: Home garden surveyed for ethnobotanical documentation on jackfruit in seven selected

sites of Chapai Nawabganj

Unions Use of jackfruit Cultivar management Dependence of the structure and composition of home

gardenHome

consumption (%)

Marketing

purposes (%)

Irrigation

(%)

Organic

fertilizer (%)

None

(%)

Environmental

conditions (%)

Marketing

possibilities (%)

Local uses

(%)Jhilim 64 36 13 27 60 55 11 34Debinagar 71 29 2 9 89 12 46 42Narayanpur 58 42 3 11 86 25 29 46Sundarpur 89 11 5 7 87 34 28 38Shahjahanpur 54 46 1 4 95 9 31 60Islampur 66 34 1 3 96 11 42 47Ranihati 49 51 5 15 80 31 45 24

Table 1E: Home gardens surveyed for ethnobotanical corroboration on jackfruit in seven selected

sites of Chapai Nawabganj

Factors affected home gardens Utilization of jackfruit by the small holders and their

communities

Cultivar designation and

utilization External factors Socioeconomic factors Economic security Food security Outstanding Moderate

Household infrastructure Family structure Fodder Fruits Food FodderAccessibility Interrelated income Timber Raw fruits Trading Non trading

Basic social service Number of people benefited Non timber products Processed foods Cultural -Credit opportunities Livelihood objectives - - - -Access to the market - - - - -

25

Table 2: Folk classification of jackfruit on farmer’s perception in seven selected sites of Chapai

Nawabganj.

Common names

/Landraces

Cause of the common names Availability Cause of threats on landraces Preferred end uses

Khaja Kathal Hard flesh or pulp Frequent Not yet threaten FruitNeisha Kathal Soft flesh or pulp Frequent Not yet threaten FruitRosa Kathal Juicy flesh or pulp Frequent Not yet threaten FruitChaila Kathal Medium hard fresh or pulp Semi frequent Low consumer choice FruitJola Kathal Watery flesh or pulp Semi frequent Low consumer choice Timber productsTita Kathal Bitter flesh or pulp/non edible Very rare Not edible Timber productsBuno Kathal Wild fruit /non edible Rare Not edible Timber productsKaila Kathal Blackish skin fruit Limited No market access Fruit and timber productsTarha Kathal Fruits are very irregular in shape Limited No market access Fruit and timber productsHazari Kathal Numerous fruit bearing tree Very rare Low market value Fruit and non timber productsKuti Kathal Fruits are very small in size Limited Low market value Fruit, timber and non timber productsAsshina Kathal Month specific fruit bearing tree Rare Unfamiliar to consumers Fruit and non timber productsBasar Baida Kathal This tree bears fruit every year interval Limited Unfamiliar to consumers Fruit and timber productsOusudhi Kathal Various parts used in local medicine. Rare Unexpected to farmers Medicinal and timber products.Poka Khawa Kathal Attacked by insects when ripe Rare Edible as vegetable only Timber and non timber products

Table 3: Ethnobotanical assessment by the farmers and villagers on chronological reduction of

jackfruit cultivars in seven selected sites of Chapai Nawabganj

Unions Availability of wild jackfruit cultivars Availability of domesticated jackfruit cultivars

Present Decade

ago

2

decades

ago

3

decades

ago

4

decades

ago

5

decades

ago

6

decades

ago

7

decades

ago

Presen

t

Decade

ago

2

decades

ago

3

decades

ago

4

decades

ago

5

decades

ago

6

decades

ago

7

decades

agoJhilim 1 1 1 2 2 6 6 8 12 15 15 18 19 21 23 25Debinagar 2 3 3 4 4 5 8 10 13 14 14 16 16 16 28 30Narayanpur 1 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 9 11 11 13 14 14 16 22Sundarpur 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 7 6 6 9 9 12 14 22 26Islampur 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 10 10 10 13 13 15 17 20Shahjahanpur 1 1 3 4 5 6 6 8 11 11 11 13 13 16 18 19Ranihati 2 2 2 3 4 5 5 6 5 6 6 16 18 20 20 27

Table 4. Summary of variation of quantitative characters among seven unions of jackfruit trees

with two age groups based on one way ANOVA. The means (standard deviation in parenthesis)

are indicated in centimeters for each character.

Character Age Jhilam Debinagar Narayanpur Sundarpur Shahjahanpur Islampur Ranihati SignificanceLeaf blade length Old 12.78(2.52) 12.77(2.08) 16.03(3.38) 15.14(3.54) 18.84(1.36) 21.82(1.61) 19.3(1.99) <0.0001

Young 19.96(5.11) 12.71(3.53) 15.35(5.15) 13.17(3.31) 17.26(6.14) 10.24(2.24) 16.15(4.21) <0.0001.

Leaf blade breadth Old 6.5(2.01) 7.19(1.34) 5.94(2.89) 8.14(2.8) 10.18(2.1) 12.68(2.13) 9.61(2.18) <0.01

Young 11.68(2.78) 8.26(3.9) 7.45(1.57) 6.75(2.33) 7.56(1.48) 5.44(2.46) 7.36(1.97) <0.001

Fruit stalk length Old 35.77(18.36) 23.28(16.07) 37.24(15.31) 44.17(18.8) 28.29(19.68) 25.94(17.59) 39.14(27.94) <0.0001

Young 20.57(9.62) 22.5(17.5) 13.31(12.41) 15.22(13.78) 5.93(1.48) 8.6(6.63) 18.91(15.5) <0.0001

Fruit stalk diameter Old 8.64(3.05) 9.66(2.34) 8.25(2.28) 9.25(2.92) 12.48(3.71) 17.51(4.86) 10.84(3.19) <0.0001

Young 15.01(7.55) 9.44(4.84) 11.99(5.94) 3.78(2.24) 4.9(3.23) 6.3(3.21) 8.32(4.21) <0.0001

Fruit length Old 57.49(20.55) 74.42(15.82) 59.15(19.63) 67.53(17.36) 44.98(12.11) 70.42(6.76) 47.92.(12.98) <0.0001

Young 57.31(22.91) 49.38(24.51) 52.92(24.22) 78.28(19.51) 42.38(20.17) 32.47(11.94) 39.0(4.1) <0.001

Fruit diameter Old 26.96(14.16) 45.8(15.63) 31.62(13.8) 35.38(10.97) 25.92(10.2) 49.87(7.41) 39.3(8.66) <0.0001

26

Young 47.65(12.27) 36.29(16.2) 51.38(17.5) 42.09(15.46) 32.89(11.77) 23.2(9.51) 29.55(11.85) <0.001

Table 5. Recognition and characterization of jackfruit association (community) on the perception

of farmers and villagers in seven selected sites of Chapai Nawabganj

Diyar or recent floodplain community ( association) Barind community (association)Situated Debinagar, Narayanpur, Sundarpur, Islampur, Shajahanpur and Ranihati JhilimTypical cultivars Khaja, Neisha, Rosa Kathal Chaila, Jola KathalAccidental cultivars Hazari, Asshina and Basar Baida Kathal Poka Khawa and Tita KathalAdaptation to disturbance Good ModerateNiche type Recent Floodplain Barind (Barendra) Old Alluvium Cultivar richness Moderate Low

Table 6: Ethnobotanical assessment on in situ conservation of jackfruit diversity in seven selected

sites of Chapai Nawabganj

Benefits of on-farm conservation Risk factor affiliated Villagers' proposal on better management Farmers' suggestion on future projectsMaintain coverage by a significant number of

indigenous cultivars and systems for their

further investigation and utilization

Anthropogenic uncertainty such as the elimination of

habitat to make way for human settlement and associated

development activities.

Identification of institutional arrangements and

policy mechanisms to adopt improved diversity

management practices.

A policy and legal environment that promotes and supports

availability of diversity to farmers through practical

mechanisms at local, national and international level.Protect viability of the resources through

natural selection and community evolution.

Environmental uncertainty due to random, or at least

unpredictable, changes in weather, food supply, and the

populations of competitors, predators, parasites, etc.

Improved understanding the status and trends

of in situ conservation and diversity among

local people.

Strengthened capacity of local farmers to develop and

implement policies supporting increased availability,

conservation and use of diversity.Show economic sustainability that maintains

specific examples of diversity stores up for

future economic benefits.

Genetic uncertainty or random changes in genetic make-

up due to genetic drift or inbreeding that alter the survival

and reproductive probabilities of individuals.

Demonstration of various options for

promoting community-driven in situ

conservation.

Practical application of benefit-sharing arrangements in

relation to diversity conservation.

Exhibit broad range of adaptation and

ecological succession.

Natural catastrophes such as floods, fires, or droughts,

which may occur at random intervals.

Introduce new approaches to facilitate the

present management.

Establish monitoring system throughout the country.

Involve in natural gene flow and

domestication process.

Demographic uncertainty resulting from random events

in the survival and reproduction of individuals.

Capacity to provide synthesized information. Restoration and re-creation of the on farm system.

Cheap and convenient. Involve follow up management and implementation. Minimize habitat fragmentation. Preservation of the wild as well as domesticated cultivars.

27

Figure 1 (a): Map of Chapai Nawabganj District of Bangldesh (Inset: Map of Bangladesh

indicating Chapai Nawabganj District in light orange) (b) Map of Chapai Nawabganj Sadar

Upazila showing seven unions (Banglapedia 2012 a and b).

28

JhilimDebinagar

NarayanpurSundarpur

ShahjahanpurIslampur

Ranihati

0

0,01

0,02

0,03

0,04

0,05

Leaf Blade Length Leaf Blade Breadth Fruit Stalk Length Fruit length Fruit Diameter

Fruit Stalk Diameter

Significance level of critical t value

Figure 2: Significance of quantitative characters among old and young jackfruit trees in seven

unions based on Student's t-Test

(0.01 indicates critical t value for significance level 0.01 for mean variation of each

morphological characters among young and old jackfruit tress on Student's t-Test, 0.05 indicates

critical t value for significance level 0.05 for mean variation of each morphological characters

among young and old jackfruit tress on Student's t-Test )