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AUTOFUNDAMENTALS
12th Edition
Martin W. Stockel Martin T. Stockel Chris JohansonPublisher
The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.Tinley Park, ILwww.g-w.com
How and why of the design, construction, and operation of automobiles. Applicable to all makes and models.
Copyright © 2020by
The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.
Previous editions copyright 2015, 2005, 2000, 1996, 1990, 1985, 1982, 1978, 1974, 1969, 1963
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and
retrieval systems, without the prior written permission of The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.
Manufactured in the United States of America.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 2018041821
ISBN 978-1-63563-659-8
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 – 20 – 23 22 21 20
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publisher.
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precautions and warnings described in this book or that might also be indicated in undertaking the activities and exercises described herein to
minimize risk of personal injury or injury to others. Common sense and good judgment should also be exercised and applied to help avoid all
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Image Credits: Front cover: Love the wind/Shutterstock.com (top left); Sashkin/Shutterstock.com (top middle);
yuyangc/Shutterstock.com (top right); welcomia/Shutterstock.com (middle left); Ksander/Shutterstock.com (middle);
Oleksiy Mark/Shutterstock.com (middle right); NavinTar/Shutterstock.com (bottom left);
KUNANEK SUPAKOSOL/Shutterstock.com (bottom middle); loraks/Shutterstock.com (bottom right).
Chapter opener and end-of-chapter header image: FabrikaSimf/Shutterstock.com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Stockel, Martin W., author. | Stockel, Martin T., author. | Johanson,
Chris, author.
Title: Auto fundamentals : how and why of the design, construction, and
operation of automobiles : applicable to all makes and models / by Martin
W. Stockel, Martin T. Stockel, Chris Johanson.
Description: 12th edition. | Tinley Park, IL : The Goodheart-Willcox Company,
Inc., [2020] | Includes index.
Identifi ers: LCCN 2018041821 | ISBN 9781635636598
Subjects: LCSH: Automobiles--Design and construction.
Classifi cation: LCC TL240 .S83 2020 | DDC 629.2/31--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018041821
iii
Preface
Auto Fundamentals provides students with a thorough understanding of the design, construction, and operation of automotive systems. It contains information on the latest developments in the field of automotive technology as well as introduces students to the various career pathways available to them in the vast automotive industry. The automotive theory presented in this textbook is applicable to all automobiles and light trucks.
Auto Fundamentals was written to meet the need for a textbook that presents the how and why of vehicle construction and operation in a concise, easy-to-understand manner. The textbook is also meant to establish a foundational knowledge in students of the overall automotive industry and the different career opportunities it offers. To accomplish this, the textbook begins with insight into how to get an automotive-centered education or training, either as a service technician or in another automotive-related field. Deciding on a career path in the automotive industry and the steps necessary to secure a job position in your chosen path are discussed. The textbook progresses into automotive theory and technology and covers every major automotive system, starting with a discussion of basic system functions and progressing to more detailed explanations of the design and opera-tion of individual system components. By following this model, the purpose of each system is fully explained and its relationship to the complete vehicle is made clear.
A build-it-yourself approach is used in a number of the automotive theory and technology areas. Students will “build” on paper many of the systems being described. This provides a thorough understanding of the basic principles that are necessary to learning automotive technology. Fundamental math, physics, chemistry, electricity, magnetism, and hydraulics are covered in the textbook where they apply.
Many of the illustrations used in Auto Fundamentals were created specifically for this textbook. Important details are featured in these illustrations and many are exaggerated to place emphasis on the parts being discussed.
Like all Goodheart-Willcox products, the Auto Fundamentals instructional package is accurate and thorough, providing both instructors and students with the tools they need to succeed in the classroom.
Martin T. StockelChris Johanson
iv
Martin W. Stockel was a leader in the field of industrial and vocational education. He grad-uated from San Jose University in San Jose, California, with a degree in Industrial Arts and Vocational Education, and completed additional coursework at Humboldt State University in Arcata, California, and Gorham Teacher’s College in Gorham, Maine. Mr. Stockel was employed as an industrial arts instructor for 18 years, teaching automotive technology, welding, drafting, and woodworking before becoming a school administrator. In addition to writing textbooks, Mr. Stockel was a contributor to both Popular Mechanics and Popular
Science magazines.Martin T. Stockel received his degree from College of the Redwoods in Eureka,
California, and completed additional automotive-related coursework at Humboldt State University in Arcata, California. He honed his automotive skills by working as a service technician at independent shops and automobile dealerships. In addition to Auto Fundamentals, Mr. Stockel is the coauthor of several automotive technology titles, including Auto Brakes and Auto Suspension and Steering.
Chris Johanson has been involved in the automotive service business for more than 35 years, as a technician, instructor, and author. He has a bachelor’s degree in Industrial Arts Education and has written several books on the subject of automotive technology. Mr. Johanson is an ASE-certified master technician and also has ASE certifications in Advanced Engine Performance, Light Vehicle Diesel Engines, Light-Duty Hybrid Electric Systems, Refrigerant Recovery and Recycling, Auto Maintenance and Light Repair, and Undercar Specialist Exhaust Systems.
The author and publisher wish to thank the following industry and teaching professionals for their valuable input into the development of Auto Fundamentals.
About the Authors
Reviewers
Th omas GarrettArbor View High SchoolLas Vegas, NV
Anthony GrecoMilliken Technical CenterOakdale, NY
Dennis HannanColby High SchoolColby, WI
Jonathan HerndonAmistad High SchoolIndio, CA
David JonesIvy Tech Community College—Fort WayneFort Wayne, IN
Danica KelsoGeorgian CollegeBarrie, Ontario, CAN
John MaherSeneca Valley High SchoolGermantown, MD
David MastersApollo High SchoolSaint Cloud, MN
Th omas MehrlAmerican SchoolLansing, IL
Kevin ValentinoSylmar High SchoolSylmar, CA
v
The author and publisher would like to thank the following companies, organizations, and individuals for their contribution of resource material, images, or other support in the development of Auto Fundamentals.
Acknowledgments
1qaz7ty/Shutterstock.com
Acura
Aigars Reinholds/Shutterstock.com
AleksandrN/Shutterstock.com
Alexandru Chiriac/Shutterstock.com
Allied-Signal
Allis Chalmers
ANATOL/Shutterstock.com
Andrei Kholmov/Shutterstock.com
AP Parts
Arvin-Meritor
ASE
ATE
Audi
BACHTUB DMITRII/Shutterstock.com
Bendix
BF Goodrich
Black & Decker
BMW
boomber001/Shutterstock.com
BorgWarner Inc.
Bosch
Breed Automotive Corporation
Cadillac
Cardone
Champion Spark Plug Company
Cherkas/Shutterstock.com
Chevrolet
Christian Delbert/Shutterstock.com
Chrysler
Clayton Mfg. Co.
Clevite
ConstantinosZ/Shutterstock.com
Cummins Engine Co.
Daihatsu
Daimler
Darren Brode/Shutterstock.com
Deere & Co.
Delphi
Detroit Diesel Corp.
DeymosHR/Shutterstock.com
Dodge
dreamnikon/Shutterstock.com
EIS
Ensuper/Shutterstock.com
Faiz Zaki/Shutterstock.com
Ferret Instruments
Filip Miletic/Shutterstock.com
Firestone
FMC Corp.
Ford Motor Co.
Gates Rubber Co.
General Motors
GMC
Goerlich Co.
Gorodenkoff /Shutterstock.com
gpointstudio/Shutterstock.com
guteksk7/Shutterstock.com
Honda Motor Co.
hsangencia/Shutterstock.com
Hunter Engineering Company
Hurst Photo/Shutterstock.com
Hydratech
Hyundai
iATN
Igor Sokolov (breeze)/Shutterstock.com
Interstate Battery
Isuzu
It s Me/Shutterstock.com
Jaguar
Jeep
John Deere
Jonathan Weiss/Shutterstock.com
Karel Gallas/Shutterstock.com
Ken Schultze/Shutterstock.com
Ken Wolter/Shutterstock.com
Kia Motors
Koni
kurhan/Shutterstock.com
Land-Rover
Lexus
Lopolo/Shutterstock.com
LUK Automotive Systems
marekusz/Shutterstock.com
mark_vyz/Shutterstock.com
Maxx-Studio/Shutterstock.com
Mazda Motor Corporation
Mercedes-Benz
metamorworks/Shutterstock.com
Michal Zduniak/Shutterstock.com
Michelin North America, Inc.
modustollens/Shutterstock.com
Monkey Business Images/Shutter-stock.com
Moog
Motorcraft
nd3000/Shutterstock.com
Nejron Photo/Shutterstock.com
Nissan
NSU
Oleksandr Kostuchenko/Shutterstock.com
OTC Tools
Oussuchol/Shutterstock.com
Perfect Equipment Corporation
Phuangphech/Shutterstock.com
Prestolite
PRNewswire
Rawpixel.com/Shutterstock.com
Roman.S-Photographer/Shutterstock.com
vi
This edition of Auto Fundamentals contains numerous enhancements to help students succeed:
• The opening textbook chapters have been reordered to initially direct students’ focus on the career opportunities available in the automotive industry and on automotive service safety before beginning the instruction on automotive theory.
• Chapter 1, Career Opportunities, has been completely rewritten with a new wider examination of automotive industry career paths beyond the automotive service and repair field, greater coverage of automotive training and education sources, and expanded content on finding and securing a job in the automotive industry.
• All chapter summaries have been restructured and rewritten in a bulleted form to aid student reading and comprehension.
• The majority of chapter review questions have been rewritten to provide instructors with stronger assessment resources.
• Two new Critical Thinking questions have been added to each chapter to challenge student comprehension, expand on chapter content, and provide a basis for student discussion in the automotive classroom.
• Content has been updated throughout the textbook. Dated automotive concepts, systems, and materials have been removed or greatly reduced, and information on the latest automotive technologies has been added.
• The textbook includes many new photographs and illustrations to help the reader understand important content.
Rubber Manufacturers Assoc.
Saab
Sergey Ryzhov/Shutterstock.com
Slavolijub Pantelic/Shutterstock.com
Snap-on Tools
snapper8S8/Shutterstock.com
Sociologas/Shutterstock.com
socrates471/Shutterstock.com
Sonnax
South Bend Lathe
Stanadyne
Starrett
Sterling
Studio BKK/Shutterstock.com
Subaru
Sun Electric Corp.
Sunnen
Suvorov_Alex/Shutterstock.com
Syda Productions/Shutterstock.com
Texaco
Th iti2129/Shutterstock.com
Th yssenKrupp
Tom Wang/Shutterstock.com
Torsen/Gleason Co.
Toyota Motor Corp.
TRW, Inc.
University of Toyota/Toyota Motor Sales USA
Vereshchagin Dmitry/Shutterstock.com
Vetronix
Vladru/Shutterstock.com
Volkswagen
Volvo
Voyagerix/Shutterstock.com
VW
Wagner
wawritto/Shutterstock.com
William Ju/Shutterstock.com
WishnclickS/Shutterstock.com
Wix Corp.
You Touch Pix of EuToch/Shutterstock.com
Zelfi t/Shutterstock.com
ZF Transmissions
What’s New?
vii
1 Career Opportunities ......................................................................... 1
2 Safety .....................................................................................................23
3 Automotive Tools and Test Equipment .....................................39
4 Building an Engine ............................................................................69
5 Design, Construction, and Application
of Engine Components ....................................................................89
6 Engine Classifi cation, Parts Identifi cation ............................ 123
7 Engine Size and Performance Measurements ..................... 147
8 Electrical System Fundamentals .............................................. 159
9 Computer Systems ........................................................................ 177
10 Ignition Systems ............................................................................. 201
11 Fuel Injection Systems .................................................................. 221
12 Fuel and Air Supply Systems ...................................................... 247
13 Cooling Systems .............................................................................. 265
14 Lubrication Systems ...................................................................... 291
15 Exhaust Systems ............................................................................. 317
16 Emission Controls .......................................................................... 329
17 Charging and Starting Systems ................................................. 351
18 Chassis Electrical ........................................................................... 377
19 Engine Clutches .............................................................................. 405
20 Manual Transmissions and Transaxles .................................. 421
21 Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles ............................ 441
22 Axles and Drives ............................................................................. 475
23 Four-Wheel Drive ........................................................................... 503
24 Brakes ................................................................................................. 515
25 Suspension Systems ...................................................................... 557
26 Steering Systems ............................................................................. 585
27 Wheels and Tires ............................................................................ 611
28 Wheel Alignment ........................................................................... 627
29 Air Conditioning and Heating .................................................... 639
Brief Contents
viii
Chapter 1
Career Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Careers in the Automotive Industry ........................1
Automotive Service ..............................................................1
Automotive Sales and Marketing .....................................6
Automotive Manufacturing ...............................................7
Automotive Insurance .........................................................8
Automotive Instructor .........................................................8
Education and Training for the Automotive Industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Four-Year College or University ........................................9
Trade School and Technical College ...............................9
Armed Forces .......................................................................10
Apprenticeship Programs .................................................10
Getting a Job in the Automotive Industry .........10
Finding Job Openings ........................................................11
Applying for the Job ............................................................12
Other Job Requirements ...................................................13
Developing Successful Work Practices and Skills .............................................14
Develop Good Work Habits .............................................14
Be a Life-Long Learner ......................................................14
Think Critically ....................................................................14
Be a Team Player .................................................................15
Avoid Conflicts ....................................................................15
Dress and Act Professionally ...........................................16
Work Ethically, Honestly, and Professionally with Customers....................................................................16
Automotive Technician Certifications ................16
ASE Certification .................................................................17
Red Seal Program ................................................................17
Chapter 2
Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Preventing Accidents ......................................................23
Types of Accidents ..............................................................23
How Accidents Happen .....................................................24
Results of Accidents ...........................................................24
Keeping Safety in Mind ..................................................25
Reducing the Possibility of Accidents ...........................25
Dressing for Safety ..............................................................25
Keeping a Neat and Organized Shop .............................27
Identifying Unsafe Conditions ........................................27
Using Fire Extinguishers ...................................................29
Additional Precautions for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles ..........................................................29
Follow Proper Work Procedures.....................................32
Do the Job Right ..................................................................33
Waste Disposal ....................................................................33
Chapter 3
Automotive Tools and Test Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . .39
What to Look for in a Tool ...........................................39
Tool Material ........................................................................39
Tool Construction ...............................................................39
Tool Handling and Storage ..........................................40
Types of Tools .......................................................................40
Hammers ...............................................................................40
Chisels ....................................................................................40
Punches ..................................................................................41
Files .........................................................................................42
Drills........................................................................................42
Reamers .................................................................................44
Impact Wrench ....................................................................44
Hacksaws ...............................................................................45
Vise ..........................................................................................45
Taps .........................................................................................45
Dies ..........................................................................................45
Cleaning Tools......................................................................46
Pliers .......................................................................................46
Screwdrivers .........................................................................47
Wrenches ...............................................................................47
Sockets and Ratchets .........................................................49
Pullers .....................................................................................51
Soldering Equipment .........................................................51
Measuring Tools and Testers .....................................52
Micrometers .........................................................................52
Inside and Outside Calipers .............................................52
Dividers ..................................................................................52
Dial Indicators .....................................................................53
Dial Calipers .........................................................................53
Feeler Gauges .......................................................................54
Pressure Gauges ..................................................................54
Electrical Testers .................................................................56
Scan Tools and Vehicle Computer Tools ......................58
Memory Saver ......................................................................60
Contents
ix
Scopes .....................................................................................60
Exhaust Gas Analyzer ........................................................61
Vehicle Protection .............................................................61
Service Information .........................................................62
Factory Service Information ............................................62
General Service Information ...........................................62
Specialized Service Information.....................................62
Schematics ............................................................................62
Troubleshooting Charts ....................................................63
Technical Service Bulletins ..............................................63
Technical Hotlines ..............................................................64
Internet Diagnostic Assistance .......................................64
Chapter 4
Building an Engine . . . . . . . . . . . .69
What Is an Engine? ...........................................................69
Internal Combustion Engine ...........................................69
Building an Engine on Paper ...........................................70
What to Use for Fuel...........................................................70
The Basic Force of an Engine ..........................................71
Trapping the Expansion ....................................................72
A Simple Engine ..................................................................72
Name the Parts ....................................................................72
Fastening the Parts .............................................................73
Lengthen the Piston ...........................................................73
Getting Fuel into the Engine ............................................74
Removable Cylinder Head ................................................74
Fuel Intake and Exhaust Passages .................................75
Valves ......................................................................................75
Four-Stroke Cycle ..............................................................76
Vacuum Is the Clue .............................................................76
You Already Have a Vacuum Pump ................................76
Where Is Your Vacuum Pump? .......................................77
Stroke No. 1—The Intake Stroke ....................................77
Stroke No. 2—The Compression Stroke .......................77
Stroke No. 3—The Power Stroke .....................................78
Stroke No. 4—The Exhaust Stroke .................................79
Completed Cycle .................................................................79
Cycle Repeated.....................................................................79
What Opens and Closes the Valves? .....................79
Camshaft ................................................................................80
Valve Lifter ............................................................................81
Camshaft Speed ...................................................................81
Turning the Camshaft ........................................................82
Timing the Valves ................................................................82
The Flywheel .........................................................................84
Engine Will Run Smoothly ...............................................84
Basic Engine Completed ...............................................84
Chapter 5
Design, Construction, and Application of Engine Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
The Engine Block ...............................................................89
Cylinders ..................................................................................90
Cylinder Sleeves...................................................................90
Securing the Sleeve .............................................................91
Pistons .......................................................................................91
Piston Materials ..................................................................92
Piston Expansion Problems .............................................92
Piston Temperature ............................................................94
Piston Construction ...........................................................94
Piston Head Shape ..............................................................94
Piston Rings ..........................................................................95
Piston Pins ......................................................................... 101
Connecting Rods ............................................................. 102
Connecting Rod Construction ..................................... 103
Connecting Rod Bearings .............................................. 103
Crankshaft ........................................................................... 104
Main Bearings ................................................................... 105
Crankshaft Throws .......................................................... 105
Crankshaft Vibration ...................................................... 106
Balance Shafts ................................................................... 106
Drilled, Ground, and Polished...................................... 107
Timing Gear or Sprocket ................................................ 107
Flywheel ................................................................................ 107
Camshaft .............................................................................. 108
Valves ...................................................................................... 110
Valve Seats .......................................................................... 110
Valve Guides ...................................................................... 111
Valve Springs ..................................................................... 111
Valve Lifters ....................................................................... 111
Turning Reduces Valve Wear ........................................ 112
Valve Timing ...................................................................... 113
Cylinder Head.................................................................... 115
Appearance Covers .......................................................... 115
Oil Pan .................................................................................... 116
Timing Cover ..................................................................... 116
Gaskets .................................................................................. 116
Sealants ................................................................................. 117
Seals ......................................................................................... 117
Engine Mounting ............................................................ 118
x
Chapter 6
Engine Classification, Parts Identification . . . . . . . . . . .123
Cycle Classifications ..................................................... 123
Four-Stroke Cycle Engine .............................................. 123
Two-Stroke Cycle Engine ............................................... 123
Valve Classifications ..................................................... 125
L-Head, T-Head, and F-Head Designs ........................ 125
I-Head Design .................................................................... 126
Combustion Chamber Design Classifications .................................................. 130
Detonation and Preignition .......................................... 130
Ricardo Combustion Chamber .................................... 130
Hemispherical Combustion Chamber ....................... 130
Wedge Combustion Chamber ...................................... 131
Cylinder Classifications .............................................. 131
Inline Engine ..................................................................... 131
V-Type Engine ................................................................... 132
Horizontally Opposed Engines .................................... 132
Firing Order ....................................................................... 132
Cooling Classifications ............................................... 132
Fuel Classifications ........................................................ 133
E85 ........................................................................................ 133
Biodiesel .............................................................................. 133
Two-Stroke and Four-Stroke Cycle Diesel Engines ....................................................... 134
Natural Gas ........................................................................ 135
Other Engine Designs .................................................. 135
Rotary Engines .................................................................. 135
Atkinson- and Miller-Cycle Engines ........................... 136
Variable Compression Engines .................................... 137
New Technologies ........................................................... 138
Hybrid Vehicles ................................................................. 138
All-Electric Vehicles ........................................................ 141
Fuel Cell Vehicles ............................................................. 142
Identification and Classification .......................... 142
Chapter 7
Engine Size and Performance Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
Horsepower ........................................................................ 147
Horsepower Formula ...................................................... 148
Types of Horsepower....................................................... 148
Torque .................................................................................... 151
Engine Efficiency ............................................................ 151
Thermal Efficiency .......................................................... 151
Mechanical Efficiency..................................................... 152
Volumetric Efficiency ..................................................... 152
Engine Size (Displacement) .................................... 153
Square and Over-Square Engines ................................ 154
Compression Ratio ........................................................ 155
Chapter 8
Electrical System Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
Basic Electricity ............................................................... 159
Matter .................................................................................. 159
Electric Current ................................................................ 161
Ohm’s Law .......................................................................... 164
Electric Circuits ............................................................... 164
Series Circuit ..................................................................... 164
Parallel Circuit .................................................................. 165
Series-Parallel Circuit ..................................................... 166
Vehicle Chassis as Ground Wire .................................. 166
Frequency ............................................................................ 166
Magnetism ........................................................................... 167
Magnetic Domains .......................................................... 167
Lines of Force .................................................................... 167
Principles of Magnetism ................................................ 168
Electromagnetism .......................................................... 168
Basic Automotive Electronics ................................ 169
Diodes .................................................................................. 169
Transistors ......................................................................... 170
Common Electrical Devices .......................................... 171
Chapter 9
Computer Systems . . . . . . . . . . . .177
Computers on Modern Vehicles ............................ 177
Electronic Control Module ....................................... 179
Central Processing Unit ................................................. 179
Permanent Computer Memory .................................... 179
Temporary Computer Memory .................................... 180
Sleep Mode ......................................................................... 180
Computer Control Operation ................................. 180
Open and Closed Loop Operation .............................. 181
Engine Protection ............................................................ 181
System Monitors ............................................................... 181
Multiplexing ....................................................................... 181
Wires and Fiber-Optic Cables ...................................... 183
ECM-Driver Communications ..................................... 183
ECM-Technician Communications ............................ 183
xi
Input Sensors ..................................................................... 185
On-Off Switches ................................................................ 186
Pressure Sensors ............................................................... 186
Crankshaft Speed and Position Sensors .................... 186
Knock Sensors ................................................................... 188
Temperature Sensors ...................................................... 188
Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) Sensor .............. 189
Barometric Pressure Sensor ......................................... 189
Airflow Sensors ................................................................. 189
Oxygen Sensors ................................................................. 190
Throttle Position Sensor ................................................ 191
EGR Position Sensor ........................................................ 191
Other ECM Inputs ............................................................ 191
Output Devices ................................................................. 191
Idle Speed Controls ......................................................... 191
Fuel Injectors ..................................................................... 192
Ignition Coils ..................................................................... 192
Ignition Module ................................................................ 193
EGR System Solenoid ...................................................... 193
Air Injection System ........................................................ 194
Electric Fan Relay ............................................................. 194
Electric Fuel Pump Relay ............................................... 194
Transmission Control Solenoids ................................. 195
X-by-Wire Systems ......................................................... 195
Precautions for Working with Electronic Components .................................. 195
Static Electricity ............................................................... 195
Electromagnetic Interference ...................................... 196
Chapter 10
Ignition Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201
High Voltage Is Necessary ......................................... 201
Primary Circuit ................................................................ 201
Battery ................................................................................. 201
Ignition Switch .................................................................. 203
Resistor................................................................................ 203
Ignition Coil ....................................................................... 203
Methods of Current Interruption ................................ 205
Simple Electronic Ignition............................................. 205
Electronic Triggering Devices ...................................... 206
Distributor Ignition System .......................................... 208
Distributorless Ignition Systems ................................. 208
Primary Circuit Complete ............................................. 211
Spark Plug Construction ................................................ 211
Distributor Cap and Rotor ............................................ 214
Spark Plug Wires .............................................................. 214
Ignition Timing and Advance ................................. 215
Timing Advance Mechanisms ...................................... 216
Chapter 11
Fuel Injection Systems . . . . . . . .221
Providing the Correct Air-Fuel Mixture ........... 221
Fuel Injection ..................................................................... 221
Direct and Indirect Injection ........................................ 222
Mechanical and Electronic Injection ......................... 222
Pulse Fuel Injection ....................................................... 224
Timed and Non-Timed Pulse Fuel Injection ............ 224
Types of Pulse Fuel Injection Systems ....................... 224
Pulse Fuel Injection System Components ...... 226
Air Induction System ...................................................... 226
Fuel Delivery System ....................................................... 226
Cold Start Aids .................................................................. 229
ECM Fuel Control ............................................................ 229
Fuel System Sensors ........................................................ 230
Continuous Fuel Injection Systems .................... 237
Fuel Flow Control ............................................................. 237
Diesel Fuel Injection ..................................................... 237
Diesel Injection Systems ................................................ 238
Chapter 12
Fuel and Air Supply Systems . . .247
Fuels ........................................................................................ 247
Gasoline .............................................................................. 247
Diesel Fuel .......................................................................... 247
Fuel Supply System ........................................................ 248
Fuel Tank ............................................................................ 248
Fuel Pump .......................................................................... 250
Fuel Filter ........................................................................... 253
Fuel Lines ........................................................................... 254
Eliminating Vapor Lock ................................................. 254
Air Supply System ........................................................... 254
Air Cleaners ....................................................................... 254
Throttle Valve .................................................................... 255
Air-Fuel Mixture Heating Systems .............................. 256
Intake Manifolds and Plenums .................................... 258
Superchargers and Turbochargers ...................... 259
Superchargers ................................................................... 260
Turbochargers ................................................................... 260
Boost Control .................................................................... 260
Chapter 13
Cooling Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
The Need for a Cooling System .............................. 265
Two Methods of Cooling ............................................ 265
Liquid-Cooled Engines ................................................ 266
xii
Heat Transfer ..................................................................... 267
Coolant Pumps ................................................................. 267
Radiator .............................................................................. 270
Forced Air ........................................................................... 272
Hoses and Hose Clamps ................................................. 274
First Job Complete ........................................................... 274
Thermostat ........................................................................ 276
Pressurized Cooling System .......................................... 279
Temperature Indicators ................................................. 281
Using Coolant .................................................................... 282
Cylinder Cutout ................................................................ 283
Air-Cooled Engines ........................................................ 284
Moving the Air .................................................................. 285
Thermostat ........................................................................ 286
Chapter 14
Lubrication Systems . . . . . . . . . .291
The Need for a Lubrication System..................... 291
Friction ................................................................................ 291
Engine Oil ............................................................................ 293
Engine Oil Has Several Jobs .......................................... 293
Refining Engine Oil .......................................................... 293
Oil Viscosity ....................................................................... 294
Engine Oil Service Classification ................................ 295
Oil Change Intervals........................................................ 296
Engine Lubrication Systems .................................... 298
How Oil Works .................................................................. 298
Three Types of Lubrication Systems .......................... 299
Components of the Pressure-Splash System ........... 301
Oil Filtration ....................................................................... 307
Oil Filters ............................................................................ 307
Oil Seals ................................................................................. 308
Oil Pressure and Level Indicators ........................ 309
Dipstick ............................................................................... 310
Cooling the Oil .................................................................. 311
Chapter 15
Exhaust Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Purpose of the Exhaust System ............................. 317
Exhaust System Designs ............................................. 317
Single Exhaust System .................................................... 317
Dual Exhaust System ...................................................... 318
Exhaust System Components ................................. 318
Exhaust Manifolds ........................................................... 319
Exhaust Pipes .................................................................... 319
Catalytic Converters ....................................................... 320
Mufflers ............................................................................... 320
Resonators ......................................................................... 321
Tailpipes .............................................................................. 321
Hangers ............................................................................... 321
Heat Shields ....................................................................... 322
Exhaust System Materials ......................................... 323
Sealing the Exhaust System ..................................... 323
Exhaust Manifold-to-Pipe Connections .................... 323
Pipe-to-Pipe Connections ............................................. 324
Other Connections .......................................................... 325
Chapter 16
Emission Controls . . . . . . . . . . . .329
The Need for Emission Controls ........................... 329
Emission Control Systems ........................................ 329
Engine Modifications and Controls ................... 330
Engine Modifications ...................................................... 330
Exhaust Gas Recirculation System ............................. 331
External Cleaning Systems ....................................... 334
Air Injection System ........................................................ 334
Pulse Air Injection System ............................................. 336
Catalytic Converters ....................................................... 337
Fuel Vapor Controls ...................................................... 339
Positive Crankcase Ventilation System ..................... 339
Crankcase Depression Regulator System ................. 341
Evaporative Emission Control System .............. 341
Diesel Selective Catalytic Reduction System ........................................................... 345
Selective Catalytic Reduction System Components ....................................................... 345
Emission Systems Caution ....................................... 346
Chapter 17
Charging and Starting Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . .351
Battery .................................................................................... 351
Battery Cells ...................................................................... 351
Battery Construction ...................................................... 353
Battery Chemical Action ................................................ 354
Parasitic Battery Loads .................................................. 356
Identifying Battery Terminals ...................................... 356
Dry-Charged Battery ....................................................... 357
Charging System .............................................................. 357
Alternator ........................................................................... 357
Alternator Control ........................................................... 361
Starter System ................................................................... 364
Starter Motor Principles ................................................ 364
xiii
Starter Motor Construction .......................................... 366
Starter Drive System ....................................................... 366
Starter Solenoid ................................................................ 369
Starter Actuating Switches ........................................... 372
Chapter 18
Chassis Electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . .377
Chassis Wiring .................................................................. 377
Wire Sizes ........................................................................... 377
Wiring Harness ................................................................. 377
Fiber-Optic Cables ........................................................... 378
Circuits ................................................................................ 379
Circuit Protection Devices ....................................... 381
Fuses .................................................................................... 381
Circuit Breaker .................................................................. 382
Fusible Link ........................................................................ 383
Chassis Computer Functions .................................. 383
Vehicle Lights and Light Switches ....................... 384
Headlights .......................................................................... 384
Stoplights and Switches ................................................. 386
Turn Signals and Switches ............................................ 386
Backup Lights and Switches ......................................... 387
Instrument Panel Lights ................................................ 387
Convenience Lights ......................................................... 388
Chassis-Mounted Solenoids and Relays .......... 388
Motor Control Relays ...................................................... 388
Trunk Release Solenoids ................................................ 389
Power Door Lock Solenoids and Switches ............... 389
Horns and Horn Relays ............................................... 391
Horn Relay .......................................................................... 391
Rear Window and Mirror Defrosters ................. 392
Heated Seats ...................................................................... 392
Chassis-Mounted Motors .......................................... 392
Chassis X-By-Wire Systems ........................................... 392
Windshield Wiper Motors and Controls ................... 393
Power Door Lock Motors ............................................... 393
Power Window, Tailgate,Sliding Door, and Sunroof Motors .............................. 393
Convertible Top Motors and Switches ....................... 393
Electric Gauges................................................................. 393
Cruise Control ................................................................... 394
Vehicle Speed Sensor ...................................................... 394
Operator Controls and Control Module .................... 394
Throttle Actuator ............................................................. 394
Adaptive Cruise Control ................................................ 394
Keyless Entry and Security Systems ................... 394
Remote Start Systems ..................................................... 396
Air Bag Systems ................................................................ 397
Diagnostic Control Module ........................................... 397
Impact Sensors ................................................................. 397
Coil Assembly and Inflator Module ............................ 398
Air Bag Operation ............................................................ 398
Side Air Bags ...................................................................... 398
Chassis Electronic Devices ....................................... 399
Active Safety Systems ................................................... 399
Active Safety System Operation ................................... 400
Chapter 19
Engine Clutches . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Clutch Purpose ................................................................. 405
Clutch Construction ..................................................... 405
Flywheel .............................................................................. 405
Clutch Disc ......................................................................... 406
Pressure Plate Assembly ................................................ 408
Clutch Release Lever Operating Mechanism ........... 412
Clutch Housing and Input Shaft (Clutch Shaft) ...... 412
Complete Assembly ......................................................... 413
Other Types of Clutches ................................................. 413
Dual Clutches .................................................................... 413
Clutch Operation ............................................................ 414
Clutch Pedal Linkage .................................................... 414
Mechanical Linkage ........................................................ 415
Hydraulic Linkage ............................................................ 415
Self-Adjusting Clutch ...................................................... 416
Clutch Pedal Free Travel ................................................ 417
Clutch Cooling .................................................................. 417
Riding the Clutch ............................................................. 417
Will a Clutch Explode? ................................................... 417
Chapter 20
Manual Transmissions and Transaxles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421
Manual Transmissions and Transaxles .................................................................. 421
The Engine Needs Help ............................................... 421
How Is Torque Multiplied? ............................................ 421
Torque Multiplication through Gears ........................ 422
Transmission Cases ......................................................... 424
Transmission Construction .......................................... 424
Synchronizing Mechanism ............................................ 425
Transmission Operation ................................................ 427
Power Flow through a Simple Transmission ........... 428
Five-Speed Transmission Power Flow ....................... 429
xiv
Manual Transaxles ......................................................... 432
Transaxle Cases ................................................................ 433
Transaxle Gear and Synchronizer Operation .......... 433
Dual-Clutch Transmissions ..................................... 435
Transmission and Transaxle Shift Mechanisms ........................................................... 436
Manual Transmission and Transaxle Lubrication ....................................... 437
Speed Shifting ................................................................... 437
Chapter 21
Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .441
Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles .................................................................. 441
Automatic Transmission and Transaxle Components ...................................................................... 441
Planetary Gearsets ........................................................... 449
Holding Members............................................................. 452
Other Transmission and Transaxle Components ...................................................................... 457
Hydraulic Control System Components ................... 459
Computer-Controlled Shifting ..................................... 464
Shift Controls on Older Vehicles ................................. 465
CVT Transmissions ....................................................... 466
Manual Shift Programs ............................................... 466
Paddle Shifters .................................................................. 468
Automatic Transmission Fluid .............................. 468
Fluid Types ......................................................................... 468
Fluid Cooling ..................................................................... 469
Chapter 22
Axles and Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . .475
Rear-Wheel Drive Shafts ............................................ 475
Drive Shafts ........................................................................ 475
Universal Joint ................................................................... 476
Slip Yoke .............................................................................. 477
How the Wheels Drive the Vehicle .............................. 478
Hotchkiss Drive ................................................................ 478
Universal Joint Can Cause Fluctuating Shaft Speed ................................................. 479
Constant Velocity (CV) Axles .................................. 480
CV Axle Shafts ................................................................... 481
Types of CV Joints ............................................................ 482
CV Joint Boots ................................................................... 484
Rear-Wheel-Drive Axle Assemblies .................... 484
Solid Axles .......................................................................... 486
Independent Axles ........................................................... 487
Differential Carrier .......................................................... 488
Ring and Drive Pinion ..................................................... 488
Differential ......................................................................... 489
Limited-Slip Differential ................................................ 491
Gear Ratio ........................................................................... 495
Axle Lubrication ............................................................... 496
Transaxle Differential Assembly ........................... 496
Transaxle Operation ........................................................ 496
Four-Wheel-Drive Front Drive Axles ................. 498
Front Axle Steering Provision ...................................... 498
Chapter 23
Four-Wheel Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Purposes of Four-Wheel Drive ............................... 503
Four-Wheel-Drive Components ............................ 503
Four-Wheel-Drive Designs ....................................... 503
Transfer Case ..................................................................... 504
Preventing Windup ......................................................... 505
Full-Time Transfer Case ................................................. 508
Part-Time Transfer Case ................................................ 508
Front Axle Controls ......................................................... 510
Transfer Case Lubrication ............................................. 511
Locking Hubs ..................................................................... 511
Chapter 24
Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .515
Hydraulic Basics .............................................................. 516
Air Is Compressible, Liquids Are Not ......................... 516
Liquids Can Transmit Motion and Force .................. 517
Liquids Can Increase Force ........................................... 517
Liquids Can Decrease Force ......................................... 517
Hydraulic Principles in Vehicle Brake Systems ....... 518
Brake Fluid ......................................................................... 518
Braking Ratio ..................................................................... 519
Master Cylinder ............................................................... 519
Master Cylinder Construction ..................................... 520
Dual Brake System ........................................................... 522
Master Cylinder Operation ........................................... 523
Quick Take-Up Master Cylinder .................................. 525
Brake System Hydraulic Control Valves ........... 526
Proportioning Valve ........................................................ 526
Disc Brake Metering Valve............................................. 527
Pressure Differential Switch ......................................... 527
Combination Valve .......................................................... 528
Brake Lines .......................................................................... 528
Brake Hoses ........................................................................ 528
xv
Disc Brake Calipers........................................................ 529
Caliper Operation ............................................................ 529
Wheel Cylinders .............................................................. 529
Wheel Cylinder Construction ...................................... 530
Wheel Cylinder Operation ............................................ 531
Hydraulic System Failure ............................................... 531
Hydraulic System Must Be Free of Air ........................ 532
Brake Friction Members ............................................. 532
Coefficient of Friction ..................................................... 532
Friction Linings ................................................................ 533
Brake Fade .......................................................................... 533
Disc Brake Assembly..................................................... 533
Brake Pad Construction ................................................. 533
Backing Plate ..................................................................... 535
Drum Brake Assembly ................................................. 535
Brake Shoe Assembly ...................................................... 535
Brake Drum ........................................................................ 535
Drum Brake Operation ................................................... 536
Drum Brake Arrangement ............................................. 536
Self-Adjusting Brakes ...................................................... 537
Parking Brakes .................................................................. 538
Power Brake Systems .................................................... 540
Vacuum-Assisted Power Booster ......................... 540
Vacuum Power Booster Construction ....................... 540
Vacuum Power Booster Operation ............................. 540
Tandem Booster ............................................................... 543
Vacuum Reservoir ............................................................ 544
Booster Failure .................................................................. 544
Hydraulic Pressure-Operated Power Booster ................................................................... 545
Hydraulic Power Booster Operation .......................... 545
Hydraulic Accumulator .................................................. 546
Electric Power Booster ................................................ 546
Anti-Lock Brake Systems (ABS) ............................ 547
Anti-Lock Brake System Components ....................... 547
Anti-Lock Brake System Operation ............................ 548
Traction Control Systems .......................................... 549
Electronic Stability Control ..................................... 550
Hill Holder .......................................................................... 551
Regenerative Braking ................................................... 551
Brake Lights ........................................................................ 551
Chapter 25
Suspension Systems . . . . . . . . . . .557
The Need for a Suspension System ..................... 557
Sprung Weight .................................................................. 558
Unsprung Weight ............................................................. 558
Suspension System Components ......................... 558
Vehicle Frames .................................................................. 558
Springs ................................................................................. 558
Shock Absorbers ............................................................... 562
Control Arms and Struts ................................................ 565
Ball Joints ............................................................................ 567
Stabilizer Bars ................................................................... 567
Front Suspension Systems ........................................ 568
Conventional Independent Front Suspension ........ 569
MacPherson Strut Front Suspension ......................... 572
Solid Axle Front Suspension ......................................... 572
Rear Suspension Systems .......................................... 573
Solid Rear Axle Suspensions ......................................... 573
Independent Rear Suspensions ................................... 574
Suspension Lubrication .............................................. 574
Automatic Level Control............................................ 575
Automatic Level Control Operation ........................... 577
Air Compressor ................................................................. 577
Height Control Valve ....................................................... 577
Computerized Ride Control Systems ................ 578
Roll Control During Turns ............................................ 579
Chapter 26
Steering Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
Steering System ................................................................ 585
Spindle and Steering Arm Assembly .......................... 585
Steering Linkage ............................................................... 588
Steering Wheel, Steering Shaft, and Steering Gear ............................................................ 592
Power Steering .................................................................. 597
Road Feel ............................................................................ 598
Power Steering Components ........................................ 598
Electric Power Steering Systems ................................. 605
Chapter 27
Wheels and Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . .611
Wheels.................................................................................... 611
Steel Wheels ...................................................................... 611
Custom Wheels ................................................................. 613
Wheel Rim Size ................................................................. 613
Wheel Lug Bolts and Nuts ............................................. 613
Wheel Hubs and Bearings ......................................... 614
Wheel Bearings ................................................................. 614
Bearing Retaining Devices ............................................ 615
Tires ......................................................................................... 616
Tire Construction ............................................................. 616
xvi
Tire Rating Information ................................................. 617
Tire Quality Grading ........................................................ 618
Special Service Tires........................................................ 619
Tire Pressure ...................................................................... 620
Tire Rotation...................................................................... 621
Tire Runout and Balance ............................................... 621
Tire Speed and Load Precautions ............................... 622
Chapter 28
Wheel Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . .627
Purpose of Wheel Alignment .................................. 627
Wheel Alignment Angles ........................................... 627
Types of Wheel Alignment ............................................ 627
Alignment Measurement Values ................................. 628
Caster ................................................................................... 628
Camber ................................................................................ 629
Steering Axis Inclination ............................................... 630
Toe ........................................................................................ 633
Slip Angles .......................................................................... 634
Steering Geometry ......................................................... 635
Alignment Adjustments ................................................. 635
Setting Steering Angle Sensor Zero Point ................ 635
Chapter 29
Air Conditioning and Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Principles of Refrigeration ........................................ 639
What Is Cooling? .............................................................. 639
Effects of Heat ................................................................... 640
Transference of Heat ....................................................... 640
States of Matter ................................................................ 641
Types of Refrigerant ...................................................... 642
R-134a .................................................................................. 642
R-1234yf .............................................................................. 642
Carbon Dioxide (R-744) ................................................. 643
Refrigerant Pressure-Temperature Relationships ..................................................................... 643
How a Refrigeration System Works .................................................................... 644
Types of Refrigeration Systems .................................... 645
Major Components of the Air Conditioning System ............................. 645
Compressor ........................................................................ 645
Condenser .......................................................................... 648
Refrigerant Flow Restrictor ........................................... 649
Evaporator .......................................................................... 650
Blower Motor ..................................................................... 651
Lines and Hoses ................................................................ 652
Receiver-Dehydrator ....................................................... 652
Accumulator ...................................................................... 653
Evaporator Pressure Controls ...................................... 654
Service Valves .................................................................... 655
Refrigerant Oil .................................................................. 656
Refrigerant Handling Precautions ....................... 656
Retrofitting .......................................................................... 656
Heater Systems ................................................................. 657
Auxiliary Coolant Pump ................................................ 658
Air Distribution and Control................................... 658
Rear Seat Heating and Cooling .................................... 660
Cabin Filters ...................................................................... 660
Heating and Air Conditioning Control Systems ............................................................... 660
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .722
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. 1
Chapter 1Career Opportunities
ObjectivesAfter studying this chapter, you will be able to:
✓ Describe the various types of careers available in automotive service.
✓ List the advantages, disadvantages, compensation, and future job outlook for an automotive service technician.
✓ Describe major non-technician job classifications in the automotive industry.
✓ Identify sources of automotive service training.
✓ Explain the steps to finding and obtaining a job in the automotive service industry.
✓ Identify the best and most successful automotive service work practices and skills.
✓ Identify automotive technician certification programs.
The automotive industry as a whole in-cludes millions of people in the United States workforce and in the international
workforce. Employment opportunities in the automotive industry encompass many different talents, tasks, and areas of expertise.
Careers in the Automotive IndustryThe primary focus of this textbook is automotive service, and it pro-vides you with the fundamental knowledge needed to repair cars, trucks, and sport-utility vehicles (SUVs). This chapter builds on the automotive service career path and provides information on other career areas of the automotive industry, ones that you may not have considered. In addition to repair and service, many other jobs are available in the automotive field. Examples of these positions include automotive sales, insurance, engineering, design, manufacturing, testing, and education. Various management and supervisory positions are also available within certain career paths. Some of the professions to consider when exploring job opportunities in the auto-motive industry are described here.
Automotive ServiceIn the current job market, the need for automotive technicians is at an all-time high, marked with technician shortages in many areas. This fact is mainly due to a significant percentage of experienced technicians in the workforce retiring or nearing retirement age and the increasing number of vehicles on the road. A young person enter-ing the auto service industry who is willing to learn and work hard is almost guaranteed to be employed within the field for the rest of his or her working life. An older adult who wants or needs to make a career change later in life has many opportunities to get into the automotive service field. Securing and maintaining or transitioning into a job in the automotive service industry is easier if you are will-ing to apply yourself, get the proper training and/or certification, and diligently keep up with the constant changes in the field of automotive technology.
Automotive TechnicianA day employed as an automotive service technician involves a combination of vehicle diagnosis, hands-on work, paperwork, and communication. Technicians spend much of their time engaged in vehicle diagnosis. Diagnosis involves talking to the vehicle owner
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Auto Fundamentals2
about the problem, test-driving the vehicle, performing visual and instrument tests to individual vehicle compo-nents or systems, and using logic and diagnostic service information to determine the cause of the problem.
Much of a modern technician’s time is dedicated to diagnosing electrical and electronic problems. To per-form this kind of diagnosis, a technician draws on his or her understanding of basic electrical and electronic prin-ciples. Using this knowledge as a foundation, a technician can begin to diagnose the electronically complex vehicle computers, sensors, components, circuits, and systems. It is also necessary for a technician to be skilled in the many uses of vehicle test equipment, particularly diagnostic computer software running on scan tools, laptops, and tablets. A technician connects these hand-held comput-ers to a vehicle’s computer network so it can collect and display numerous vehicle data and perform diagnostic testing procedures. See Figure 1-1.
After a technician identifies the problem, he or she must determine what repairs should be made and/or what parts need to be replaced. Developing a repair order
for the service involves a few different steps: looking up and recording part numbers, avail-ability, and prices; determining labor times and rates; contacting outside suppliers as needed; and recording and adding up all expenses to develop an accurate cost estimate and repair time line. After making the estimate, the technician contacts the vehicle owner to discuss the repair estimate and to obtain the owner’s permission to repair the vehicle.
Once the vehicle owner agrees to the repair, the technician creates a plan for the repair and reviews appropriate vehicle service information. While adhering to the service procedure, the technician removes the defective parts and replaces them. Often, replacing a part means that the vehicle must be at least partially disassembled. Parts may require cleaning by scraping and wire brushing to leave a clean mounting surface. Sometimes the technician must wash or clean off parts with solvents. Part replacement, however, is not required on all repair jobs. Instead, the job might require the technician to adjust or align a part, check a vehicle system or sensor, or reprogram a vehicle computer. After all repair operations are completed, the technician rechecks vehicle operation to ensure that the repairs have solved the problem.
NoteThe daily tasks of an automotive service technician vary by the size, location, management, and ownership of the repair facility in which he or she works. In independently owned repair shops with a small staff and relatively low repair volume, one auto technician will often greet the customer, write the repair order/estimate, organize the repair supplies/procedure, complete the service, and re-turn the repaired vehicle back to the customer. In bigger repair shops with a large staff of employees, certain jobs are delegated from the responsibility of the auto technician to the responsibility of a specialized employee. For example, in large auto service facilities, a service writer (discussed later in this chapter) is respon-sible for dealing with new customer repairs and preparing the repair order for the possible problem based on information gathered from the vehicle owner.
An auto technician’s day can be long, and there is no way to avoid coming in con-tact with dirt, grease, oil, and other contaminants. Technicians are exposed to dangerous moving vehicle parts, exhaust fumes, high heat conditions, electricity, and other hazards. Repair work can be rewarding, however. There is the opportunity to use one’s investigative
Nejron Photo/Shutterstock.com
Figure 1-1. A career in automotive service can be interesting
and rewarding if you have the skill to diagnose and repair
today’s complex vehicles, especially the electrical and
electronic systems. The ability to learn quickly is also
beneficial in the evolving auto service industry.
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Chapter 1 ∣ Career Opportunities 3
skills for diagnosis, and there is a great deal of satisfaction in returning a once broken vehicle back to the owner in proper operating condition. There is also the advantage of being more active while on the job, both physically and mentally, than in most other jobs.
Employer OptionsThe automotive service industry offers a wide choice of employers. As an automotive technician, you may work for several types of employers during your career including new-vehicle dealerships, used-vehicle service centers, chain-owned auto service shops, government agencies, and independent auto repair shops. Some auto-motive technicians transition to servicing related equip-ment such as heavy trucks, tractor-trailers, construction equipment, marine engines, motorcycles, farm equip-ment, and small engines.
Most employers pay competitive wages and furnish work uniforms, basic supplies, and some shop equip-ment. Technicians are typically required to have their own set of quality hand tools for repair work. There are differences in pay scales, work procedures, and other working conditions between various types of employers, Figure 1-2. The required qualifications for getting a job also vary between different types of employers. Online research and a visit to the repair facility can provide additional information on a potential automotive service employer.
IncomeAutomotive technician earnings are in line with the earnings of individuals employed in other skilled trades and technical jobs but can differ based on a number of different vari-ables. Pay can be based on an hourly wage, a commission system, or a flat-rate system.
Under the wage system, the technician is paid by the number of hours he or she is actu-ally at the shop, no matter what the workload. Pay for the technician is steady during both the slowest times and the busiest times at the shop.
Under the commission system, the technician is paid based on an agreed percentage (with the employer) of the repair cost for each repair he or she successfully completes. For example, if the technician earns a 60% commission, a $400 repair would produce a $240 commission for the technician.
Under the flat-rate system, auto repair operations are assigned an estimated time limit for completion, which is called the flat rate. The flat rate is then multiplied by the hourly rate of the technician who completed the job to calculate what the technician is paid for completing the job. The amount the technician is paid each day depends on the type of work that comes in and how fast he or she can complete it. Regardless if a techni-cian finishes a repair ahead of the flat-rate specified time or if he or she requires additional time to complete the service, the technician’s pay is calculated from the repair’s flat-rate time. Because the rates for various jobs are fixed, a skilled, motivated, and efficient techni-cian will be able to complete more jobs in one day and, as a result, earn more money than an unskilled and unmotivated technician.
Many auto repair shops pay by a combination of an hourly wage and commission, and most offer a package of benefits, such as paid insurance, vacation time, and a pension, 401k, or profit sharing setup. Wages, commissions, and benefits are often competitive between shops in the same area.
Self-EmploymentMany people dream of going into business for themselves. An individual who takes the risk to open and operate his or her own business is called an entrepreneur.
Jonathan Weiss/Shutterstock.com
Figure 1-2. Working as a fleet technician for a government
agency like the United States Postal Service has its own
work procedures and conditions different from other auto
service employers.
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Auto Fundamentals4
Starting your own business can be a rewarding and profitable option if you are a highly skilled technician. However, in addition to mechanical and diagnostic ability, you need a certain type of personality and some business skills to operate your own shop suc-cessfully. You must be able to shoulder many responsibilities, handle problems, hire and maintain a staff of employees, and look for practical ways to increase business and make a profit. You must also create and maintain both long- and short-term plans and goals for your company.
When you own a business, you are responsible for repairs, parts ordering, bookkeep-ing, debt collection, and all other problems. Starting your own business requires a large financial investment in tools, equipment, and workspace. If the money must be borrowed, you are responsible for paying it back. You must also strategize on how to compete for business with larger, nationwide auto repair shops with bigger advertising budgets and wider profit margins. However, many people enjoy the feeling of independence and value the ability to shape their own future through their decisions. If you have the personality and ability to deal with the problems and stress of owning a business, being your own boss can provide many benefits.
Another possible method of self-employment is to obtain a franchise from a national chain. A franchise operation removes some of the headaches of being in busi-ness for yourself. Many muffler, tire, transmission, tune-up, oil change, and other nationally recognized chain businesses have local owners, Figure 1-3. They enjoy the advantages of the franchise affiliation, including national advertising, reliable parts supplies, and employee ben-efit programs. Disadvantages of a franchise include high franchise fees and start-up costs, lack of local advertising, and some loss of control of shop operations to the national headquarters.
Collision Repair TechnicianCollision repair can be a lucrative career. The basic job of a collision repair technician is to straighten bent body panels; fill damaged areas with plastic body filler; and then file, grind, and sand the repaired surfaces. The tech-nician continues to refinish the repaired areas by applying a primer coat, sanding out any remaining imperfections, and applying a finish coat of paint, Figure 1-4.
Other collision repair tasks include removing and replacing fenders, doors, or other vehicle body parts. Often other parts are removed to gain access to the vehi-cle parts requiring replacement. Some large shops have the equipment to straighten bent vehicle frames. Colli-sion repair technicians are usually accomplished welders, as welding metal is common in body shops. Some shops perform paintless dent removal, which is the removal of small dents without damaging the vehicle’s finish.
Some collision repair technicians perform related mechanical repairs, such as replacing heating and air conditioning system parts, steering components, and suspension system parts that were damaged in a collision; recharging air conditioners; and aiming headlights. A few shops have their own wheel alignment equipment, and the collision repair technician may be trained to perform alignments.
Ken Wolter/Shutterstock.com
Figure 1-3. One option for self-employment in the
automotive service industry is to become a franchise owner
of an auto service facility that is part of a national chain.
Alexandru Chiriac/Shutterstock.com
Figure 1-4. A collision repair technician applies paint
to the body panel of a vehicle. Before this can be done,
steps must be taken to repair the surface and prepare it for
finishing.
Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Chapter 1 ∣ Career Opportunities 5
Additional Automotive Service CareersIn addition to diagnosing and fixing vehicles as an automotive technician or repairing wrecked and damaged vehicles as a collision repair technician, there are other job oppor-tunities within the automotive service industry. Some of the following jobs still involve servicing vehicles, but others reduce or eliminate the physical work characteristic of the industry. If you like cars and trucks, but are unsure if you want a career just repairing them, one of these jobs may be right for you.
Parts PersonAn often-overlooked area of the automotive service business is the vital process of sup-plying parts to those performing repairs. There are many types of parts outlets, includ-ing dealership parts departments, independent parts stores, parts departments in retail stores, and combination parts and service outlets. All these parts outlets meet the needs of technicians and shops, as well as those of the do-it-yourselfer. Common parts are kept in stock and located quickly when needed. Due to the variety of vehicles available, as well as the complexity of the modern vehicle, if specialized parts are requested, a source must be found, and the parts must be delivered as soon as possible.
A parts person is trained in the methods of keeping the parts moving through the auto repair system until they reach the ultimate endpoint, the vehicle. Parts are carefully checked into the parts department and stored so they can be quickly accessed again, Figure 1-5. When a specific part is needed, it is located and brought or delivered to the person requesting it. If more of the same parts are needed, they must be ordered. Due to the vari-ety of vehicles available, as well as the complexity of the modern vehicle, parts for all types of vehicles are not kept in stock. If the part is not in stock, it must be spe-cial ordered. Although much of the receiving, cataloging, and dispersing of parts is tracked and managed via com-puter software in today’s parts outlets, the vast number of different parts needed for modern vehicles keeps the job challenging.
The job of a parts person appeals to many people. This job does not pay as much as some other areas of automotive service, but rates are comparable with other jobs with the same skill level. If this type of work appeals to you, it may be a good job choice.
Shop ForemanAfter gaining on-the-job experience, an auto technician may be promoted to shop foreman
by shop management. Shop foremen supervise technicians and their work conditions to ensure that work is completed correctly and on time. They also oversee daily shop activi-ties and may be asked to assist when service-related problems arise. Using the knowledge he or she gained from technician work, the shop foreman is often asked to assist in the diag-nostic or troubleshooting step in vehicle service instead of completing the actual repair.
The average foreman spends part of the day dealing with technical problems and part of the day addressing employee problems. The advantages of a salary increase and less physically demanding work that come with moving from completing service on the shop floor to a management role is attractive to an experienced service technician. Large auto service shops like those found at new-vehicle dealerships may have multiple shop foremen.
Service ManagerA service manager oversees the entire auto service department and performs duties similar to those performed by managers in many other professions. They perform many administrative duties, such as setting work schedules, ordering supplies, preparing bills,
Syda Productions/Shutterstock.com
Figure 1-5. This parts person is following a repair order
on his tablet to find and deliver the necessary parts for a
technician’s planned vehicle repair.
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Auto Fundamentals6
determining technician and employee pay scales, and dealing with employee problems. Service managers also perform financial record keeping, prepare employee pay-checks, and pay suppliers.
Service managers oversee the parts department and body shop if the shops are on-site. They usually hire shop employees and may supervise service writers. In large auto repair facilities, service writers greet new custom-ers and begin to prepare the vehicle’s repair order after listening to a description of the problem offered by the vehicle owner.
In addition to their administrative duties, service managers are directly involved with customer relations, such as billing or warranty disputes, Figure 1-6. Some service managers place advertising and perform other marketing and public relations duties. The average ser-vice manager is not involved with actual vehicle repairs.
Automotive Sales and MarketingWithout salespeople, the automotive industry could not exist. Vehicle manufacturers and automotive product manufacturers rely on teams of salespeople to promote their vehicles or products and assist consumers when they decide to buy. Targeted marketing and adver-tising campaigns go hand in hand with salespeople to spread the message about a com-pany’s product and close sales with customers.
New- and Used-Vehicle SalespersonMany people enjoy the challenge of selling. A vehicle salesperson matches a potential vehicle buyer with a new or used vehicle that meets the potential buyer’s needs. This is a vital service in the automotive industry to keep all areas of the industry growing. Whether the salesperson is employed at a state-of-the-art luxury vehicle showroom or at a used-vehicle superstore, the contribution to the health of the automotive industry is equal.
A vehicle salesperson greets customers and determines their needs. He or she dem-onstrates vehicles, usually by arranging test-drives and by explaining vehicle features
and options, Figure 1-7. When necessary, the salesper-son determines the value of trade-in vehicles. They also answer questions, negotiate prices, overcome objections, and close sales. They complete all sales and registration paperwork and help car buyers complete finance appli-cations. A salesperson also arranges for installation of add-on equipment such as roof racks or sound systems.
A salesperson may enjoy a large income and can be a major contributor to the success of a business. However, selling is a people-oriented job and takes a lot of persua-sive ability and diplomacy. If you are not interested in dealing with the public, you would probably not be happy in a sales job.
Aftermarket Company EmploymentThe term aftermarket applies to any automotive-related enterprise other than new-vehicle manufactur-ersand dealerships. The automotive aftermarket is a large field, consisting mainly of makers and distribu-tors of vehicle parts and accessories that are not made
1qaz7ty/Shutterstock.com
Figure 1-6. A service manager performs a variety of
important organizational and management duties within an
automotive repair shop, including customer relations tasks.
nd3000/Shutterstock.com
Figure 1-7. In order to close a sale, a vehicle salesperson
must be friendly, observant, and empathetic with buyers,
as well as informed and ready to answer questions and
concerns regarding the vehicles he or she is selling.
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Chapter 1 ∣ Career Opportunities 7
by the original manufacturer of the vehicle. Automotive tools and equipment manu-facturers are considered some of the largest companies in the automotive aftermarket. Adhesive, cleaner, lubricant, and other automotive chemical manufacturers also sell products in this market.
Many aftermarket job openings are available as part, tool, oil, or equipment salespeo-ple who sell directly to dealerships or independent repair shops. These jobs involve a cer-tain amount of sales ability, especially when visiting potential customers without advance notification (referred to as “cold calls”).
Another segment of the automotive aftermarket is shops that modify factory-original vehicles into fire, police, and emergency vehicles, or shops performing high-performance modifications to stock engines, drive trains, and chassis systems. These types of shops employ auto service technicians, parts stockers, service managers, office managers, and salespeople.
Automotive ManufacturingAutomotive manufacturing is a very large segment of the industry. Vehicle assembly plants are in operation all over North America and in other countries across the world. In addi-tion, hundreds of parts factories are scattered throughout the continent. Many kinds of jobs are available in auto manufacturing.
Engineer and DesignerDeveloping new vehicles and updating older models re-quires the coordinated efforts of two groups, automotive
engineers and automotive designers. Engineers spend much of their time developing new concepts for engines, drive trains, and other mechanical and electronic parts. They are concerned with the function and performance of vehicles. Designers create artistic concepts using sketches, computer-aided design (CAD) programs, and models. They are concerned with the appearance and visual appeal of vehicles, as well as their usefulness. It takes the interaction of skilled, well-trained engineers and designers to develop the concept of a functional, attractive vehicle. See Figure 1-8.
Manufacturing EngineerOnce an overall vehicle concept and design is devel-oped, it must be translated into a real-world, driveable vehicle. This is the job of a manufacturing engineer. Manufacturing engineers supervise the systems and machines that make up an automo-tive assembly line. They are also concerned with assigning and training the workers who will turn multiple parts into a finished part assembly or product. Manufacturing engineers spend most of their time coordinating thousands of details into a process for manufactur-ing well-assembled vehicles on a massive scale for a competitive cost.
Creating or updating auto parts and subassemblies involves the same general pro-cesses as engineering and designing a vehicle. This is true for a simple device with no mov-ing parts as well as a complete engine or transmission. Engineers work together to create quality devices that can be manufactured at reasonable prices.
Assembly Technician and InspectorToday, complex robots perform many automotive assembly line jobs, but not all. There is still, however, a great demand for human beings who can react to and compensate for unexpected manufacturing developments.
Gorodenkoff/Shutterstock.com
Figure 1-8. An idea for a vehicle or component part
developed by automotive designers, engineers, and other
professionals requires creative vision, teamwork, and
appropriate testing to become a real-world product.
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Auto Fundamentals8
An assembly technician receives a vehicle or subassem-bly as it moves down an auto assembly line and adds parts or makes adjustments that help to complete the assembly pro-cess, Figure 1-9. This usually involves tools that are dedicated to the technician’s particular job. The technician then passes the product to the next person or machine on the assembly line to perform the next part of the process. Manufacturing also calls for many other types of jobs, such as casting and machin-ing major vehicle parts.
A major part of the manufacturing process is inspecting and testing finished parts and vehicles. No matter how well designed and built, some units will have defects, and the job of the assembly inspector is to catch these defects before they reach the consumer. The two kinds of testing performed by an assembly inspector are destructive testing, in which a part is placed under a stress until it fails and is destroyed by the testing method, and nondestructive testing, in which a part’s operation is tested under various parameters but the part remains functional.
Automotive InsuranceAnother employment possibility for a person interested in the automotive industry is to work in the auto insurance business. Nearly every state in the United States requires vehicle drivers to carry a policy with minimum car insurance coverage. Although much of insurance work appears to be paperwork or computer work, communicating and interact-ing with customers is an important aspect of the industry.
Insurance AgentThe job of an automotive insurance agent is to offer and sell a variety of vehicle insurance policies to protect a wide range of customers from financial loss due to auto accidents, theft, or damage. Auto insurance companies determine the risk potential of individuals and families, the value of insured vehicles, and the amount of coverage needed. An insur-ance agent must be aware of state insurance laws and obtain a license in each state in which he or she operates. In addition to selling products and services, the agent may be the person contacted by a client after an accident. Although automotive insurance work is mostly office work, an agent may have to travel to visit clients.
Insurance AdjusterAutomotive insurance adjusters inspect vehicles damaged in accidents or other circumstances and appraise the costs of the repairs, Figure 1-10. A career as an auto insurance adjuster requires a basic formal education, although some employer-administered classes and on-the-job training are necessary. Insurance adjusters may work with repair shop estimators, or they may do the damage estimates themselves. Traveling to estimate damages in the field is often necessary. After repairs are completed, the adjuster may meet with the client to make sure that he or she is satisfied with the repairs.
Automotive InstructorSome automotive service technicians decide to become full- or part-time automotive instructors. In addition to traditional teaching positions at local high schools, colleges, and trade schools, many people work as instructors for vehicle
Andrei Kholmov/Shutterstock.com
Figure 1-9. Assembly technicians use the necessary
tools and parts installed in their workstations to
efficiently complete their step in the assembly process.
Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock.com
Figure 1-10. An insurance adjuster’s inspections and
repair cost appraisals of damaged vehicles are crucial
aspects of the automotive insurance business.
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Chapter 1 ∣ Career Opportunities 9
manufacturers and aftermarket parts suppliers. The best instructors have practical knowl-edge and experience in the industry, possess excellent communication and people skills, and are able to deal with teaching people from diverse backgrounds.
Instructors teach students using lectures, multi-media resources, and hands-on work and demonstrations. In addition to transferring knowledge to the students, an automo-tive teacher must also develop lesson plans and organize the classroom and shop so that the preparation, instruction, shop work, and cleanup are performed efficiently. Foremost, automotive instructors should emphasize safety in the shop, such as using the proper per-sonal protective equipment and safety guards, and demonstrate the safe operation of tools, machines, and equipment.
The ideal automotive instructor should have worked in the automotive repair busi-ness and have training in educational methods. Some school systems and manufacturers require a college degree, while others allow the instructor to obtain academic experience through night or weekend educational courses. Another vital attribute is the ability and desire to stay informed about new technology, both in vehicles and in the classroom.
Education and Training for the Automotive IndustryTraditional colleges and universities, trade schools, technical colleges, the armed forces, and apprenticeship programs offer excellent opportunities to acquire the training neces-sary to gain employment in the automotive industry. The following sections contain a brief description of each postsecondary path.
Four-Year College or UniversityIf you are interested in a career in the automotive industry other than as a service tech-nician, you might consider obtaining a degree from a traditional four-year college. Many people work in automotive careers requiring a degree. Examples are automotive engineering, plant and dealership management, sales, and automotive education.
Many four-year colleges offer undergraduate and graduate degrees in automotive engi-neering. An automotive engineering degree allows you to specialize in the auto engineer-ing and design field. In addition to the general education courses all college students take as undergrads, specialty courses for automotive engineering degrees include automotive internal-combustion engine design, chassis and powertrain design, electronic systems, hybrid and electric vehicle technology, failure analysis, crash dynamics, and accident reconstruction.
Other degrees that can lead to an automotive career include business management, manufacturing, and finance. Graduates from these programs have the opportunity to become managers and executives at manufacturing and distribution companies in the auto-motive sector. A degree in education, especially trade and industrial education, will prepare you for a job as an instructor or school administrator.
Trade School and Technical CollegeMany trade schools, technical colleges, and community
colleges offer excellent courses aimed at teaching automotive technology, Figure 1-11. Some of these schools are supported by state and local governments, while others are private institutions. Many corporate-sponsored apprenticeship and manufacturer-spon-sored training programs are located in these schools.
Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock.com
Figure 1-11. Receiving automotive service training at trade
schools or technical colleges from instructors who have
worked, or are currently working, in the auto service field is
an excellent way for student technicians to learn.
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Auto Fundamentals10
Manufacturer-sponsored training programs at certain schools offer high-level technician training only on their vehicle models, so keep this in mind when choosing a postsecondary school. Courses are most often taught by retired automotive service technicians or profes-sionals still working in the career field.
Before selecting any school or college, check to see whether the school meets your needs. Things to check while researching a potential school include: what is the school’s reputation within the industry, does the school offer the courses you need, does it have qualified instructors and up-to-date equipment, does it have a job placement agency for graduates, and how advanced is the training offered. Also look into tuition costs and the availability of financial aid, if necessary. Schools usually post much of this information on their websites. To locate additional or absent information, visit or contact the school’s admissions office and request a tour of the automotive facilities. You can also contact the Better Business Bureau in the city that the school is located, contact the labor union to which the technicians in the area of the school belong (if applicable), and get in touch with the Vocational Department of the State Department of Education for more information. A thorough investigation of the potential school will be worth your time and effort.
Armed ForcesIf you decide to join and serve in one of the armed forces, you may be able to receive train-ing in automotive technology as well as many related mechanical trades. Training is mostly concerned with military equipment, and some of it is not relevant to the civilian service market. However, the general information and skills that you learn will be applicable to any automotive job. The training that the military offers puts you on the road to becoming a good technician. Information regarding training in the armed forces is available on the particular service’s website, but visiting your local recruiting agent or office is often most beneficial, especially if you have questions about the program or enlisting.
Apprenticeship ProgramsMany technicians learn the trade by enrolling in an apprenticeship program. Apprenticeship programs are a combination of on-the-job training and classroom study. Apprentices spend part of their time working at a repair shop under the supervision of trained technicians, Figure 1-12, and part of their time attending classes in automotive subject areas. Some apprentice-ship programs give credit for previous training and experience. Many graduates get hired by the shops where they worked as an apprentice. To learn more or to enter an apprenticeship program, contact or visit the websites of employers in the trade, local labor unions, or local government agencies as necessary.
Getting a Job in the Automotive IndustryAt any given time, there are many automotive industry jobs available in the job market. The problem exists in matching the right applicant to the right job when it is available. There are essentially two hurdles to getting a job: finding a job opening and successfully applying for and being offered the job. Guidance and suggestions for overcoming these hur-dles and presenting the best you to potential employers are given in the following sections.
gpointstudio/Shutterstock.com
Figure 1-12. This apprentice is working closely with the
experienced technician on the right. Such on-the-job training
gives the apprentice some of the real-life experience needed
to become a skilled technician.
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Chapter 1 ∣ Career Opportunities 11
Finding Job OpeningsTechnology has opened countless opportunities for job seekers and made our world much smaller, but old-fashioned person-to-person interaction still plays a major role in network-ing and landing a job. The best plan for success as a job seeker in the automotive industry is to use as many resources as possible.
Employment AgenciesStart with your local state employment agency or job service. Most of these agencies keep records of job openings, usually throughout the state, and can connect to a data bank of nationwide job openings. Some private employment agencies specialize in automotive placement. If there is an agency of this type in your area, arrange for an interview with one of their recruiters.
The InternetOne of the best and most convenient ways to find jobs is by using the Internet. You can use a search engine to search for open positions, and many employment websites offer tips for job hunting. Websites specializing in job searches post jobs daily in countless different career fields and are invaluable tools for your job hunt. Automotive forum websites provide a sounding board for technician’s discussion topics and offer a place for shop owners to find talent, Figure 1-13. Other job websites focus strictly on automotive industry job open-ings and can be set up to notify you when a new job is posted.
NetworkingNetworking is the exchange of information among individuals or groups. In the past, net-working with individuals in a specific career field meant a handshake introduction and face-to-face conversations. Today, the Internet’s numerous social media websites allow you
Goodheart-Willcox Publisher
Figure 1-13. The International Automotive Technicians Network (iATN) is a website
dedicated to automotive technicians. In addition to its technical service forums and other
features, an auto careers section of the website functions as an online job market for auto
technician employers and job seekers.
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Auto Fundamentals12
to communicate and network with individuals across the country and across the world in a professional or leisurely manner. Making contacts through networking (either in the old-fashioned or the modern method) is a good way to find out about possible job leads and cre-ate a community of acquaintances within the career field. Many people find employment through networking, and it can be important if you would like to enter an apprenticeship program.
If you are currently attending an auto service program at a school, your instructors are often a great networking source. Instructors who still work in the field typically have con-tacts in the local automobile industry, and they may be able to recommend you to a local company or provide a strong reference. Most schools also have a department that special-izes in job-placement assistance for students after graduation. Take full advantage of these valuable resources when beginning your job search immediately out of school.
If you are interested in working for a chain or department store auto service shop, most of these stores have a personnel department where you can fill out an application or the application will be available to complete online. Even if no jobs are available, your applica-tion will be placed on file. Government agencies also have separate personnel departments that handle hiring employees.
Applying for the JobAfter a possible job has been located, your next step is to apply for it. Obtaining a job nearly always begins with filling out a job application or submitting a résumé, either online or in person. Based on your application or résumé and if you appear to fit the qualifications of the job, you may be called for an inter-view with a member of the company staff, management, or both. The follow-ing sections discuss the parts of the job application process.
Job ApplicationsAlmost every employer requests that you fill out a job application. The job application form provides the employer with information about you including some personal information, your educational background, and your previous work experience. Employers often use applications to screen applicants for the skills needed on the job. You might complete the form in a personnel or employment office. Today, many companies post and accept job applications online through their website, Figure 1-14.
The job application form is often your potential employer’s first contact with you. Fill out the form accurately, completely, and neatly (paper forms). If necessary, use scratch paper or a separate electronic file to “think through” information before you write it down on the completed form. How well you accomplish completing the application can have an effect on whether you get the job. Do not falsify your work history or education as it is very easy for today’s employer to verify your information. When asked about salary, write “open” or “negotiable.” This means you are willing to consider offers. Many job applications ask for at least three personal references, and you should have a list ready, including names, addresses, e-mails, and phone numbers. If you are applying to a large company, make sure that you send the form to the correct person, department, or office. Be sure to e-mail any electronic files in a format that the recipient can open.
RésumésEmployers may require that you submit a résumé, which is a summary of your educa-tion, work skills, and past work experiences. If an employer requests a résumé, the résumé serves the same role as a job application to screen applicants. Although it may seem like a lot of trouble, a well-written résumé is a way for you to put the spotlight on your accom-plishments. Typical information includes contact information, present job position, work skills and history, educational background, professional and personal accomplishments,
Rawpixel.com/Shutterstock.com
Figure 1-14. Some employers use
digital job applications. Complete the
application accurately, and keep a list
of your references and their contact
information in case it is requested on
the application.
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Chapter 1 ∣ Career Opportunities 13
applicable certifications, and recognitions. The document features much of the same information as requested on a job application, but a résumé offers more flexibility for its creation. The actual content of a résumé can vary according to the type of job for which you are applying. It is okay to develop different résumés emphasizing different aspects of your experience for different jobs.
The most common résumé types are reverse chronological and functional résumés. A reverse chronological résumé organizes the content in order of time, starting with your current or last job and working back through past jobs. A functional résumé concentrates on work skills or job functions, rather than specific jobs or job history. Regardless of its for-mat, your résumé should be brief while covering your major accomplishments. Emphasize your relevant training and experience. Make sure that there are no spelling or grammar errors. The résumé should be no longer than two pages. Potential employers may not have time to read longer résumés.
If you are in school, your advisor can help you to prepare a résumé, or you can find information on reputable websites for how to structure the document. One advantage of preparing a résumé is that you can organize your thoughts about your past accomplish-ments to help you more effectively fill out job applications and answer questions during job interviews.
Job InterviewsIf your résumé or job application is chosen by the employer, you will be asked to meet with your prospective employer for a job interview. Before the interview, find out as much information as possible about your prospective employer so you can speak knowledgeably about the company and its operation. Based on the type of job and style of interview, you may also want to search online to gather a basic idea of the types of questions you may be asked.
Be sure that you arrive well-groomed and neatly dressed for the interview. Arrive a little early to the interview to present a strong first impression. When introduced to the interviewer, shake hands and make an effort to remember and repeat his or her name. Speak clearly when answering the interviewer’s questions. Do not volunteer negative infor-mation or make negative comments about your present or previous employers. The inter-viewer may not have conducted many interviews and may be unsure about what questions to ask. In these cases, expand on your answers to include your qualifications for the job without exaggeration or false modesty. Present all information briefly without dominating the conversation.
Some questions may seem unrelated to the potential job (such as “What do you expect to be doing five years from now?”). Make an effort to answer these questions to the best of your ability. Interviewers will often give you a few moments to collect your thoughts if the question is complex or requires additional reflection.
Near the end of the interview, you will be offered the opportunity to ask any questions. Avoid immediately asking questions regarding compensation, vacation time, lunch and break policies, or other less important information. Instead, ask thoughtful and pertinent questions that demonstrate you were listening attentively throughout the interview and have done research to learn about the company. Although pay is a major factor for a job, it is often beneficial for your employment chances to let the interviewer begin the compensa-tion conversation. Too heavy of a focus on pay or on minor job factors could cast you in a negative light for the potential employer.
At the conclusion of the interview, thank the interviewer for his or her time. A few days after the interview, make or send a brief and polite follow-up call or e-mail to thank the interviewer again for considering you for the position.
Other Job RequirementsMany employers are reluctant to hire a new employee before performing a thorough back-ground check. You may be asked to take a physical, be tested for drug use, provide proof of citizenship, or obtain a copy of your driving record to provide to the employer.
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Auto Fundamentals14
Developing Successful Work Practices and SkillsAfter successfully searching, applying, and interviewing for an automotive technician job, the employer offers you the job and you accept. As with all careers, success depends on demonstrating that you are a reliable and valuable employee. The following list of work practices and skills are general rules that may seem like common sense but are often disre-garded, which creates problems for employers, customers, and fellow coworkers.
Develop Good Work HabitsEmployers assign shop jobs based on their employees arriving on time to work according to a set schedule. Therefore, it is important to report to work 10–15 min-utes early every day you are scheduled to work. Arriving early to work will demonstrate reliability and, if needed, allow a little bit of time for unforeseen delays during your commute. If you must be late or absent, be sure to inform your employer as soon as possible ahead of time.
Efficient auto shop routine depends on your readi-ness and enthusiasm to follow your employer’s directions and to do your best to accomplish the assigned tasks. Show initiative by beginning work at your assigned tasks without additional prompting from your supervi-sor. Carefully read and interpret repair instructions and other workplace documents to ensure you know exactly what they mean. Develop an organized work plan based on the vehicle’s repair order when necessary, Figure 1-15. Read instructions or ask an experienced technician for a demonstration when confronted with new shop equip-ment or tools. Ask questions when necessary.
Make a habit of performing all work to the best of your ability. Make sure that all parts are reinstalled correctly, that all fasteners are installed and tightened properly, and that all tools are removed from the repair area. Do not assume or guess vehicle specifications, but look up specifications with your shop’s service information system instead. Protect the vehicle finish and interior at all times. Thoroughly clean the vehicle and work area after repairs are completed. Comply with the rest of your company’s service and workplace policies.
Be a Life-Long LearnerThe automobile and the automotive industry are constantly changing, and new technology is introduced at an ever-increasing pace. If you wish to succeed, your training cannot stop after you are employed. Take every opportunity and use every available resource to gain an understanding of new technology and service techniques. Your efforts to increase your automotive knowledge regarding new emerging technology will be rewarded by making you a more valuable and skilled technician.
Think CriticallyPersonal qualities not normally associated with automotive service can be critical to your success in the automotive industry. An incoming service technician may not think that it is important to read and write well, but it is a vital set of skills in any workplace today. The complexity of modern vehicles makes it necessary for a technician to read and understand detailed technical information. Typically, the majority of manufacturer service informa-tion is presented in written form.
Lopolo/Shutterstock.com
Figure 1-15. As an automotive service technician, if you
develop good work habits, such as working with enthusiasm,
reading a repair order completely, and performing a visual
inspection of vehicle systems, the quality and efficiency of
your work will improve.
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Chapter 1 ∣ Career Opportunities 15
For example, assume that you are given a repair order for the diagnosis and repair of a vehicle that will not start. You need to start by reading the repair order to identify the exact problem (such as does not crank; or cranks, but does not start). Next, you should check any service information regarding the electrical, electronic, ignition, and fuel systems of the vehicle. You must not only read complex technical information related to servicing the vehicle, but you must also comprehend the information. To do this, you must be familiar with basic scientific and mathematical principles, such as heat transfer, ratios, and chemi-cal reactions, as well as the actual operation of automotive systems. On a modern vehicle, guessing will not work as a form of diagnosis.
Successful technicians must also think logically and critically. This means that you must rationally evaluate and solve problems that arise during vehicle troubleshooting and repair. Recall the repair order for the no-start vehicle just mentioned. You must use logi-cal troubleshooting principles to determine the actual problem by checking the battery condition, fuel supply, spark condition, engine compression and timing, and other possible causes of the issue. Solving the puzzle may involve obtaining specifications, studying sche-matics, and using test equipment and diagnostic software, Figure 1-16. At this point in the repair process, the ability to employ a logical thought progression is invaluable. You systematically determine what is not causing the vehicle problem until you come to the actual cause.
Once you have determined the cause of the problem, you must record it in an understandable way so that the service writer or shop foreman can call the vehicle owner for permission to repair the vehicle. Since writing repair estimates and other documents is required on a daily basis, you must be able to write in a clear and direct way. Be sure your writing is legible and expresses your entire meaning in a concise manner.
Assuming permission is given, you proceed to repair the vehicle using the correct methods as given in the ser-vice information. You have to read and make sure that you comprehend the information to ensure that no parts are broken or unnecessarily removed. After replacing defective parts, you reassemble according to the service information. Again, your reading and writing ability, ability to think logically and analyze critically, and your understanding and application of basic math and sci-ence principles will result in a successful repair.
Be a Team PlayerMake every effort to get along with your supervisors and fellow employees, Figure 1-17. When it is necessary to communicate information, do so clearly, both verbally and in writing. If you are unable to complete a job with-out help, request assistance. Assist other workers on jobs when they need help, if possible. Share repair ideas and thoughts if you or a coworker encounter a difficult or complex vehicle repair. Sometimes a second set of eyes looking at a repair can provide a fresh perspective and lead to a successfully completed job.
Avoid Confl ictsConflicts and differences of opinion occur between human beings. You, however, should do your best to avoid starting or escalating conflicts, especially in the shop when customers
kurhan/Shutterstock.com
Figure 1-16. Thinking critically about a vehicle problem and
using the proper diagnostic test equipment to systematically
eliminate possible causes are invaluable skills for an auto
technician.
Hurst Photo/Shutterstock.com
Figure 1-17. Teamwork and communication benefits all
employees in an automotive service shop and can prevent
conflicts and misunderstandings.
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Auto Fundamentals16
are present. If possible, attempt to negotiate a compromise or “win-win” solution for those involved in the dispute. Try your best to resolve problems in a peaceful and diplomatic manner.
Dress and Act ProfessionallyNo matter how well they perform repairs, messy-looking technicians can be a discouraging image to customers. Always try to keep your appearance neat and professional. Keep your tools and work area clean and organized. Wear clean company work uniforms or otherwise dress appropriately according to shop rules. Make a habit of personal cleanliness and hygiene.
While you may enjoy your work as a technician, working for a living must be taken seri-ously. Business owners expect technicians to perform work with a serious and critical eye to accuracy, detail, and safety. Follow your shop’s service and repair policies. Always use appropriate language and manners, especially around customers. Avoid horseplay or other actions that could cause an accident or injury in the shop. Remember that your actions—sometimes even outside of the repair shop—may jeopardize your employment eligibility
(such as a driving infraction or failed drug test). Weigh the benefits and risks before making brash choices.
Work Ethically, Honestly, and Professionally with CustomersOne of the biggest, and most overlooked, issues facing a service technician is dealing with customers. You must show courtesy and patience with customers, even when they do not do the same to you. Speak calmly with cus-tomers and treat them with respect and their vehicles with care. Make sure to identify and address customer needs so that you can provide the best advice and ser-vice. If necessary, offer an explanation and description of written repair order services to questioning customers. Try at all times to deal fairly with customers.
Always work in a responsible and ethical way. Some-times it is extremely tempting to fall into unethical prac-tices, since it is very easy to make money in the automotive
service business by selling unneeded parts and services, charging for work not done, or performing hurried repairs. This attitude is the prime reason that vehicle owners often have a low opinion of automotive tech-nicians. Their opinion can change only if technicians act responsibly and ethically. Developing trust with your customers by prioritizing honesty with them benefits you by enhancing your reputation in the automotive community and increasing your chances of repeat and new customers, Figure 1-18. You should strive to be known first for your honesty and auto technician skill, not for your sharp business practices.
Automotive Technician CertificationsTo advance their careers, almost all automotive service technicians try to attain certification. Being a certified technician tells the driving public that you have the knowledge and experience to properly repair their vehicle. To become certified, you must have a certain amount of hands-on experience and pass a certification test. The National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence, or ASE, is the automotive technician certifying organization for the United States and some other countries, Figure 1-19. The Red Seal Program is the certifying body for Canada.
Hurst Photo/Shutterstock.com
Figure 1-18. Taking the additional time to review and explain
the services performed on a customer’s vehicle builds trust
with the customer, develops a good reputation for the shop,
and can lead to repeat business.
Ken Wolter/Shutterstock.com
Figure 1-19. Shop owners use the National
Institute for Automotive Service Excellence’s
(ASE) logo to advertise the high level of
skill and automotive knowledge their ASE-
certified technicians possess and to develop
a relationship of trust with customers. ASE-
certified technicians also commonly wear an
ASE patch on their work uniforms to promote
their expertise.
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Chapter 1 ∣ Career Opportunities 17
The test programs allow potential employers to identify highly skilled technicians and helps the technician advance his or her career.
ASE Certifi cationThe tests for ASE certification are grouped in series that cover automotive repair, medium/heavy truck repair, school and transit bus repair, collision repair/refinishing, and parts specialist areas. Also available are advanced level tests in alternative fuels, light-duty hybrid/electric vehicles, advanced engine performance, and light diesel service. All ASE tests are taken via a computer and are graded immediately.
The ASE tests are standardized tests, which means that the same test in a particu-lar subject is given to everyone who signs up for that subject’s test throughout the United States. Overall, the design of the ASE tests measures your knowledge of three things:
• Basic information on how automotive systems and components work.
• Diagnosis and testing of systems and components.
• Repairing automotive systems and components.
Any person who passes one of these tests and meets certain work experience require-ments is certified in the subject covered by that test. If a technician passes a designated selection—usually close to all—of tests in the automotive, medium/heavy truck, or col-lision repair/refinishing test series, he or she is certified as a Master Technician in that area. Certified technicians take recertification tests every five years, providing an incen-tive for updating skills and keeping up with current technology.
Many auto repair shops now hire only ASE-certified technicians. Many state emission inspection programs and advanced technician training courses now require ASE certifi-cation for admission and course credit. Some states require ASE certification to perform certain system repairs. A common example is air conditioning system repair.
ASE Student CertificationFor students enrolled in secondary and postsecondary entry-level automotive train-ing programs, ASE, in a partnership with the ASE Education Foundation (formerly the National Automotive Technicians Education Foundation, or NATEF), Automotive Youth Educational Systems (AYES), and Skills USA, has developed a student certification system. Students nearing completion of automotive service, medium/heavy truck service, or colli-sion repair/refinishing training can take the appropriate student certification exam(s) to receive ASE Student Certification(s). The ASE student certifications offer an independent assessment of student aptitude for instructors and provide a stepping stone to further ASE certifications for students who continue to pursue a career in the auto service industry. No work experience is required for student certifications and they are valid for two years.
Red Seal ProgramThe Canadian Red Seal Program, officially called the Interprovincial Standards Red Seal Program, involves Canadian provinces, territories, the federal government, businesses, and educational institutions. The Red Seal Program is a way for government and industry to identify the skills needed for a particular trade and determine how these skills can be obtained.
Automotive Red Seal certification is part of an apprenticeship program. Apprentice-ship programs take individuals who want to learn a skill and match them with employers who need skilled workers and local educational institutions. Red Seal apprentice programs are a combination of in-school training and on-the-job experience. The usual automotive apprenticeship is for two years. During this period, the apprentice spends part of his or her time learning practical job skills under the supervision of a qualified technician. The rest of the time is spent learning automotive theory and related technical information. Students should contact their local apprenticeship and certification office for details, since exact requirements and procedures vary among the various provinces and territories.
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Summary• In addition to a career as an automotive service technician, a person interested in the
automotive industry can enter into automotive sales, insurance, engineering, design, manufacturing, testing, and education.
• In the current job market, demand for automotive service technicians is at an all-time high due to an aging demographic of experienced technicians and the increasing number of vehicles on the road.
• An automotive service technician’s day is a combination of vehicle diagnosis, hands-on work, paperwork, and communication.
• Vehicle diagnosis is a major part of an auto service technician’s job. Knowledge built around electrical theory, electronic operation, computer networks/interfaces, math and analytical thinking skills, and how to use diagnostic computer software to perform test procedures and collect and display vehicle data are important for today’s technician.
• Despite long work hours and physically demanding work, a career as an automotive technician includes the following advantages: the opportunity to work with your hands, a variety of interesting work projects, the security of a guaranteed career, and the enjoyment and satisfaction of successfully diagnosing and correcting vehicle problems.
• Technicians trained in the automotive field can often transition to a career in which they service related equipment, such as heavy trucks, construction equipment, marine engines, motorcycles, and agricultural equipment.
• Typically, auto technicians are paid based on an hourly wage, a commission system, or a flat-rate system.
• Entrepreneurs in the auto technician community choose to open and operate their own repair shop, either as independent owners or as parts of a franchise system.
• The automotive parts business offers an employment possibility that is supplemental to the auto service field.
• An automotive technician can be promoted into a managerial position as a shop foreman or service manager.
• A career as a vehicle salesperson or with a company that serves the automotive aftermarket offers a wide range of potential employers and different compensation methods or scales.
• Different positions in automotive manufacturing perform various tasks to bring a vehicle from a conceptual idea all the way to the final product of a functional vehicle built on an assembly line.
• Working in the automotive insurance field may mean a job title of an insurance agent or insurance adjuster.
• Teaching a new generation about automotive service and the automotive industry is a decision some service techs make after gaining experience in the industry and receiving instruction on educational methods.
• For careers in the automotive industry other than a service technician, obtaining a degree from a traditional four-year college in a discipline that can translate into different career paths within the industry is a beneficial choice.
• Attending a trade school, technical college, or community college; joining the armed forces; enrolling in an apprenticeship program; or a combination of these three paths of study is the best way to become an automotive technician while acquiring the talents necessary for the job.
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• Many trade school or technical college auto programs are affiliated or sponsored by specific vehicle manufacturers and offer technician training only on their vehicle models.
• Getting a job in the automotive industry begins by locating a job opening through online resources or with old-fashioned person-to-person networking and interactions.
• Applying for and receiving an automotive industry job requires filling out the employer’s job application or submitting a résumé, and if requested, performing well in a job interview.
• Developing successful work practices and skills and continuing to learn about new technology on the job will open new opportunities for you throughout your career in any automotive industry position, especially service technician.
• When working in an automotive repair shop, strive to follow the shop procedures, get along with your coworkers, treat customers with patience and respect, and always do the best and most honest work possible.
• Depending on where you live, taking the appropriate test(s) to earn ASE or Canadian Red Seal certification greatly increases your value to potential employers and widens your job market as an automotive service technician.
• ASE Student Certifications offer an independent assessment of student aptitude for instructors and provide a stepping stone to further ASE certifications for students who continue to pursue a career in the auto service industry.
Technical Termsaftermarket
apprenticeship program
armed forces
ASE certification
ASE student certifications
assembly inspector
assembly technician
automotive designers
automotive engineers
automotive instructors
automotive insurance adjusters
automotive insurance agent
automotive Red Seal certification
automotive service technician
certification
collision repair technician
community colleges
entrepreneur
four-year college
franchise
job application
job interview
manufacturing engineer
Master Technician
parts person
repair order
résumé
service manager
service writers
shop foreman
standardized tests
technical colleges
trade schools
vehicle salesperson
Review QuestionsAnswer the following questions using the information provided in this chapter.
1. True or False? A significant percentage of experienced service technicians retiring or nearing retirement age is a current reason for the need for many new automotive technicians to enter the workforce.
2. True or False? Automotive service technicians spend the majority of their time at work safely disposing of the hazardous chemicals collected from vehicles during service.
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3. A technician who understands how to use a scan tool programmed with _____ has a valuable skill necessary to repair late-model vehicles filled with computers and electronic components.(A) parts supplier apps
(B) Wi-Fi connectivity
(C) diagnostic computer software
(D) flat-rate labor charges
4. Technicians trained in the automotive service field can typically transition—with minimal additional training—to servicing all of the following related equipment, except:(A) motorcycles.
(B) agricultural tractors.
(C)) biomedical robots.
(D) construction machines.
5. Under a commission pay system, how much would a technician getting a 40% commission earn on a $1200 repair?(A) $890
(B) $480
(C)) $540
(D) $172
6. An entrepreneur who opens and owns an automotive service shop is responsible for all of the following duties, except:(A) completing or managing the shop’s bookkeeping
tasks.
(B) deciding to which federal regulations or laws the shop will adhere.
(C) hiring and maintaining a staff of employees.
(D) creating short- and long-term business goals.
7. Straightening bent vehicle frames, welding, performing paintless dent repairs, and applying primer and paint are duties of a _____ technician.(A) brake
(B) driveability
(C) hybrid/electric vehicle
(D) collision repair
8. An individual trained in the methods of keeping automotive parts moving through the auto repair system until they reach the technician and the vehicle requiring repair is called a(n) _____.(A) shop foreman
(B) parts person
(C) assembly inspector
(D) service writer
9. In a large auto repair facility, a service manager may spend part of the day doing all of the following tasks, except:(A) performing an oil change on a vehicle.
(B) supervising service writers.
(C) setting employee work schedules.
(D) handling customer relations issues.
10. True or False? Explaining vehicle features and options, negotiating vehicle prices, and helping buyers complete finance applications are duties of an automotive shop foreman.
11. Segments of the automotive _____ include automotive tools and equipment manufacturers and shops that modify factory-original vehicles into fire, police, and emergency vehicles.(A) aftermarket
(B) recycling industry
(C) insurance business
(D) racing circuit
12. In automotive manufacturing, an _____ coordinates, supervises, and manages assembly line systems, machines, and workers.(A) automotive designer
(B) automotive instructor
(C) automotive manufacturing engineer
(D) assembly technician
13. Automotive insurance companies provide policy offers to customers based on all of the following determinations, except:(A) the amount of insurance coverage needed.
(B) the age of the insured vehicle’s tires.
(C) the value of the insured vehicles.
(D) the risk potential of individuals and families.
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14. True or False? Safety training in an automotive repair shop is employer dependent and should be among the least discussed topics for an automotive instructor.
15. Obtaining a(n) _____ from a traditional four-year college may be required to enter or advance in some career paths within the automotive industry.(A) performance certificate
(B) license
(C) academic transcript
(D) degree
16. True or False? At some trade schools and technical colleges, automotive corporations and vehicle manufacturers sponsor the automotive training programs.
17. Training in automotive technology and in many related mechanical trades is available to those who decide to enlist and serve in one of the _____.(A) social services
(B) armed forces
(C) employment agencies
(D) store marketplaces
18. A training program that teaches a specific trade through a combination of study and on-the-job work is called a(n) _____.(A) task-based program
(B) pass-or-fail testing system
(C) entrepreneur skills system
(D) apprenticeship program
19. Finding a job opening and _____ are the two main hurdles to getting a job in the automotive industry.(A) writing a thesis
(B) documenting all of your college courses
(C) successfully applying for and being offered the job
(D) stopping bad personal habits
20. The Internet has turned the old networking customs of handshake introductions and in-person face-to-face conversations into friend requests, posting, and communicating through _____ websites.(A) vehicle manufacturer
(B) government agency
(C) equipment manufacturer
(D) social media
21. True or False? A good way to start looking for a job while still enrolled at a trade school or college is to talk to your instructors, as they often have contacts in the local automotive industry.
22. What document should be filled out or written accurately and completely because it is often a prospective employer’s first contact with a job candidate?(A) Job application or résumé.
(B) Resignation letter.
(C) Cover letter.
(D) Academic transcript.
23. All of the following pieces of information are often included on a résumé for a job, except:(A) professional accomplishments.
(B) work skills and history.
(C) religious and political affiliation.
(D) educational background and/or degrees.
24. True or False? During a job interview, concentrate the majority of the time on detailing your personal accomplishments and imply that you are more knowledgeable than you really are.
25. _____ is a practice successful technicians use to stay up to date on the industry’s continuous advancements in automotive technology.(A) Performing one type of vehicle repair
(B) Avoiding the use of new auto shop equipment
(C) Bypassing the opportunity to become certified
(D) Continuing to learn throughout your career
26. Preparing a repair order, comprehending vehicle service information, and recording the repairs made to a vehicle mainly require which auto technician skill set?(A) Time management talent.
(B) Strong reading and writing ability.
(C) Knowledge of electrical theory.
(D) Conflict resolution ability.
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27. Being a team player as a technician at an auto service shop involves all of the following duties, except:(A) sharing repair ideas if a coworker encounters a
complex vehicle repair.
(B) assisting other techs on jobs when they need help, if possible.
(C) siding with shop management no matter what the dispute.
(D) making an honest effort to get along with your supervisors and coworkers.
28. A professional automotive technician follows which of the following practices?(A) Wears a dirty company work uniform on the job.
(B) Plays pranks on other technicians in front of customers.
(C) Keeps his or her tools and work area clean and organized.
(D) Treats customers rudely if they cannot describe the vehicle problem accurately.
29. All of the following actions are unethical and dishonest automotive service industry practices, except:(A) charging a customer for work not performed on
his or her vehicle.
(B) identifying clearly on a repair invoice when remanufactured or used auto parts are installed.
(C) performing hurried or rushed repairs.
(D) selling unneeded parts and services.
30. The two organizations that certify automotive service technicians in Canada and the United States are the Red Seal Program and the _____, respectively.(A) National Institute for Automotive Service
Excellence (ASE)
(B) Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)
(C) Institute for National Service
(D) Automotive Instructors of America
Critical Thinking Questions 1. Choose two automotive service training programs
at two different trade schools or community colleges within your state. Determine five to seven reasons for choosing an auto training program that are important to you. Research information on these reasons by using school websites, talking with students enrolled in the program, and other resources, including arranging a visit to the school’s auto shop, if possible. Analyze the information and choose the auto training program that would work best for you. Explain how and why you made your decision.
2. Construct your own résumé for a job position within the automotive industry. Talk to your instructor or locate a school resource that can offer help, guidance, and tips on the structure, style, and information needed on the résumé. Find reputable online resources for further help and to see examples of different résumé styles and layouts to fit various career fields and purposes. If you lack a work history, create a short fictional one based on industry examples. Check spelling and grammar carefully to avoid mistakes. Submit your finished one- to two-page résumé to your instructor for feedback.