feeding native laying hens diets containing palm kernel meal with or without enzyme...

© 2011 Poultry Science Association, Inc.

2011 J. Appl. Poult. Res. 20 :40–49 doi: 10.3382/japr.2010-00196

Feeding native laying hens diets containing palm kernel meal with or without enzyme

supplementations: 1. Feed conversion ratio and egg production

A. Adrizal ,*1 Y. Yusrizal ,* S. Fakhri ,* W. Haris ,* E. Ali ,* and C. R. Angel †

* Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Jambi, Jambi 36361, Indonesia; and † Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park 20742

Primary Audiences: Farm Owners, Poultry Feed Companies, Palm Oil Industries, Poultry Nutritionists

SUMMARY

Oil extraction from the palm kernel produces a large amount of palm kernel meal (PKM), a by-product having considerable potential nutritive value for poultry. Increasing its use and im-proving its nutritive value in poultry diets is especially important in palm oil-producing coun-tries. This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of the inclusion level of PKM in laying hen diets on egg production and egg quality. One hundred eighty 48-wk-old native laying hens were assigned to 180 cages (1 bird per cage) in a curtain-sided house. Diets were assigned at random to 15 cages each. The experimental diets resulted from a factorial combination of 3 levels of PKM (0, 15, and 30%), 2 levels of a fiber-degrading enzyme [0 and 15 units of β-glucanase (major enzyme) activity/kg of diet; Ronozyme VP, DSM Nutritional Products Inc., Basel, Swit-zerland], and 2 levels of phytase + protease mixture [0 and 2,000 units of phytase (Ronozyme NP) + 12,500 units of protease (Ronozyme ProAct) activity/kg of diet; both products of DSM Nutritional Products Inc.]. Diets were isocaloric (2,758 kcal of ME/kg) and contained 17.51 to 18.39% CP, and were provided ad libitum together with water for the 6-wk trial. Six-week feed intake increased as the PKM level increased (3,573 vs. 3,791 vs. 4,022 g/hen for the hens fed 0, 15, and 30% PKM, respectively; P ≤ 0.008). Levels of PKM did not affect egg production, feed conversion, or egg weight. Egg quality traits (albumen height, Haugh units, eggshell thickness, and egg surface area) of hens fed 15 or 30% PKM were comparable with those fed the 0% PKM (corn and soybean meal) except that yolk color was paler when the PKM diets were fed (8.15 vs. 7.08 vs. 5.61 for the hens fed 0, 15, and 30% PKM, respectively; P ≤ 0.0001). Because PKM inclusion resulted in no deleterious effects on egg production and quality, no effects of enzyme supplementation could be measured. Depending on consumer preference, a carotenoid source may be needed when PKM is included in the diet at levels of 15% or above.

Key words: egg production , egg quality , enzyme supplementation , feed conversion ratio , laying hen , palm kernel meal

1 Corresponding author: [email protected]

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DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM

Indonesia is the largest crude palm oil-pro-ducing country in the world, with a total produc-tion of approximately 19 million metric tons in 2009 [1]. In addition to oil extraction from the oil palm fruit, oil is extracted from the palm ker-nel, resulting in a by-product called palm kernel meal (PKM) or palm kernel cake, depending on the processing method. Palm kernel meal is a po-tential feed for poultry in the regions producing oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq), where com-mercial feed prices are frequently unaffordable by small-scale poultry farmers. Bromokusumo [2] reported that Indonesian PKM production was expected to reach 2.8 million metric tons in 2009 and that more than 50% would be ex-ported.

The use of PKM for broiler and laying hen diets has been reported widely in palm oil-producing regions, and an optimal level of 20 to 30% has been suggested [3–5]. Although, in some studies, there were no negative effects of feeding laying hens a diet of up to 40% PKM [6, 7], some researchers have reported lower toler-able levels (<20%) of PKM by laying hens and broilers [8, 9], and even less than 15% in anoth-er study with broilers [10]. From the published studies, the reasons for the conflicting results are not clear. It has been hypothesized that differ-ences in results between studies could be associ-ated with the degree of grittiness, fiber content, and amino acid digestibility of the PKM [3, 11, 12] used in the study. Grittiness, caused by the presence of nutshells [13, 14], which are indi-gestible and may reduce the retention time of digesta [15] and cause intestinal lesions [16], can be reduced or eliminated when the PKM is screened from the nutshell particles or produced from kernels that have been separated from the shell before oil extraction. Therefore, in the less nutshell-contaminated PKM, its fiber [nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP)] content would potential-ly be the major factor limiting the nutrient avail-ability for chickens [13, 17].

Increased digesta viscosity with concomitant poor nutrient digestibility, particularly because of intake of the soluble fractions of NSP, is well documented in poultry species [18–20]. More-over, when NSP and phytic acid occur together in diets containing considerable amounts of NSP,

further reductions in nutrient availability may occur, particularly of phosphorus and protein (nitrogen) [21, 22]. Thus, it is to be expected that more undigested nutrients would be excreted in the manure, and manure nitrogen and phospho-rus have been linked to potentially negative ef-fects on the environment [23, 24].

Total carbohydrates compose approximately 50% of PKM, and, with NSP, mannans (in ad-dition to cellulose and xylans) make up 75% of the carbohydrates [13, 17]. β-Mannans or β-galactomannans are repeating units of man-nose, with galactose, glucose, or both linked to the β-mannan backbone [25]. Negative ef-fects of dietary mannans have been reported for poultry [26, 27]. Sundu and Dingle [28] ob-served not only increased BW gain, but also in-creased feed intake in broilers fed a 30% PKM diet with added mannanase that also contained α-galactosidase. In another study with broilers, the adverse effect on performance of feeding a 20% PKM diet was ameliorated with the addi-tion of a complex enzyme preparation contain-ing amylase, protease, β-gluconase, lipase, xy-lanase, and cellulase [9]. However, laying hens fed 25% PKM with inclusion of an NSP en-zyme containing mannanase, α-galactosidase, and protease had a poorer FCR than that of control hens, although the enzymes improved DM digestibility and FCR when compared with those of hens fed PKM without enzyme supplementation [4]. Combining mannanase (containing α-galactosidase) with other enzyme preparations (containing cellulase, β-glucanase, phytase, protease, amylase, pectinase, and pen-tosanase) in a broiler diet containing incremen-tal levels of PKM (0 to 40%) failed to improve BW gain from 5 to 15 d of age, but it reduced jejunal viscosity at 20 d of age [28]. Informa-tion is still limited regarding whether enzyme supplementation is necessary when high levels of PKM are included in poultry diets. It is im-portant to note that only with a high inclusion of PKM in a poultry diet can the effect of decreased productivity or egg quality be ameliorated and then measured by the addition of enzymes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the op-timal level of PKM as a potential feedstuff for local (Indonesian) laying hens with or without enzyme supplementation and its effect on FCR, egg production, and egg quality.

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

Hens and Dietary Treatments

The animal care and sampling protocol was in compliance with Institute of Laboratory Ani-mal Resources Commission on Life Sciences [29] guidelines. One hundred eighty 48-wk-old native laying hens (previously fed a commercial layer diet) were used in this study. Newcastle vaccine was the only vaccine given to these birds at hatch, 3, and 6 mo of age. Hens were assigned to 180 cages (1 bird per cage, with cage dimensions of 25 cm wide × 40 cm long × 40 cm high) in a curtain-sided house, where each hen received 1 of 12 experimental diets. Daily recordings of morning and afternoon tempera-tures in the house showed a range of 26.0 to 29.2°C (average: 27.6 ± 1.4°C). The experimen-tal design was a factorial combination of 3 lev-els of PKM [0, 15, and 30% (0PKM, 15PKM, and 30PKM, respectively)], 2 levels of a fiber-degrading enzyme [0 and 0.03% (equivalent to 15 units of β-glucanase activity/kg of diet), Ronozyme VP] [30], 2 levels of phytase + pro-tease mixture {0 and 0.035% [equivalent to 2,000 units of phytase activity (Ronozyme NP [31]) and 11,250 units protease activity (Ro-nozyme ProAct [32]) per kg of diet]} with 15 replicates per treatment. Palm kernel meal [33] was a by-product of the expeller extraction of palm kernel. The kernel was separated from the nutshell before oil extraction and ground to pass a 1.5-mm sieve before being included as PKM in the diet. Based on proximate analysis (DM, CP, ether extract, crude fiber, total ash, Ca, and total P) [34] and gross energy [35], the PKM used herein contained 89.5% DM, 15.4% CP, 8.3% ether extract, 16.4% crude fiber, 4.2% ash, 0.46% Ca, 0.73% total phosphorus, and 4,239 kcal of gross energy/kg. An amino acid assay [36] on PKM resulted in the following composi-tion: 0.41% methionine + cystine, 0.37% argi-nine, 0.27% threonine, 0.32% tyrosine, 0.22% histidine, 0.17% isoleucine, 0.33% lysine, 0.49% leucine, 0.47% valine, and 0.27% phe-nylalanine. Enzymes were obtained from DSM Nutritional Products Ltd. [30–32]. The fiber-de-grading enzyme (Ronozyme VP) was a granu-lated carbohydrase from Aspergillus aculeatus containing endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase (50 fungal β-glucanase units/g), hemicellulase (mainly

mannanase), pentosanase, and trace amounts of pectic substance-hydrolyzing activities. The second enzyme used in this study was a mixture of phytase and protease. Phytase (Ronozyme NP) was a granulated phytase preparation from Peniophora lycii containing a minimum phytase activity of 10,000 FYT (phytase) units/g, where-as protease (Ronozyme ProAct) was a granu-lated serine protease preparation from Bacillus licheniformis containing a minimum protease activity of 75,000 protease activity units/g. One FYT (phytase) unit is the quantity of enzyme that liberates 1 μmol of inorganic phosphorus per minute from sodium phytate at pH 5.5 and a temperature of 37°C. Phytase was premixed with protease at a ratio of 1.3:1 (wt/wt) before being added to the basal diets.

All diets were formulated to be isocaloric (2,753 to 2,758 kcal/kg) with CP content rang-ing from 17.51 to 18.39%, and contained equiv-alent amounts of other nutrients (Table 1) that met or exceeded NRC [37] recommendations or Hy-line International [38] guidelines for brown-egg-laying hens. Protein content of the 0PKM diet was set to contain a minimum of 17.5%, whereas in the 15PKM and 30PKM diets, the CP contents were allowed to float to balance the minimum requirements of all essential amino acids because of the decreased use of soybean meal. Diets and water were provided ad libi-tum.

Feed Intake, FCR, Egg Collection, and Egg Quality Measurements

Feed intake, FCR (the ratio of feed intake to egg mass, g/g), and egg production (hen day) were recorded weekly. Eggs were collected daily and weighed. Egg quality traits, including egg weight, eggshell surface area [39], albumen height [40], Haugh units [41], yolk color [42], and eggshell thickness [43], were measured from the eggs collected in the last 3 d on the fourth week of the feeding trial.

Statistical Analysis

Data were subjected to 2-way ANOVA based on a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, and Tukey’s test was performed on data showing significance among treatment means (P ≤ 0.05) [44]. Signifi-cance was accepted at a P ≤ 0.05.

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Table 1. Ingredient and formulated nutrient composition (as-is basis) of the basal diets containing 0 (0PKM), 15 (15PKM), and 30% (30PKM) palm kernel meal (PKM)

Item 0PKM 15PKM 30PKM

Ingredient, % Yellow corn 49.17 33.11 17.40 Soybean meal (44% CP) 28.00 27.00 25.64 Rice bran 10.00 10.00 10.00 Palm kernel meal1 (expeller extracted) 0.00 15.00 30.00 Palm oil 2.50 4.75 7.00 dl-Methionine 0.08 0.09 0.10 Dicalcium phosphate 1.55 1.55 1.55 Calcium carbonate 8.00 7.80 7.60 Sodium chloride 0.20 0.20 0.21 Sodium bicarbonate 0.30 0.30 0.30 Vitamin-mineral premix2 0.20 0.20 0.20 Fiber-degrading enzyme3 0.00 0.00 0.00 Phytase + protease mixture4 0.00 0.00 0.00Calculated nutrient MEn, kcal/kg 2,758.41 2,754.05 2,753.39 CP, % 17.51 18.02 18.39 Arginine, % 1.14 1.32 1.49 Glycine, % 0.74 0.77 0.79 Glycine + serine, % 1.61 1.64 1.65 Histidine, % 0.47 0.45 0.43 Isoleucine, % 0.72 0.73 0.72 Leucine, % 1.51 1.45 1.39 Lysine, % 0.92 0.92 0.92 Methionine, % 0.36 0.37 0.39 Methionine + cystine, % 0.65 0.65 0.65 Phenylalanine, % 0.83 0.83 0.83 Phenylalanine + tyrosine, % 1.55 1.53 1.50 Threonine, % 0.66 0.66 0.66 Tryptophan, % 0.25 0.25 0.25 Valine, % 0.82 0.83 0.83 Ether extract, % 5.54 8.40 11.28 Crude fiber, % 4.46 6.51 8.53 Calcium, % 3.64 3.65 3.65 Total phosphorus, % 0.60 0.62 0.64 Nonphytate phosphorus, % 0.29 0.29 0.30Analyzed nutrient DM, % 89.44 90.00 91.35 Gross energy, kcal/kg (air-dry basis) 4,491 4,782 5,003 CP, % 18.42 18.00 19.32 Ether extract, % 7.78 8,61 12,47 Crude fiber, % 7.95 12.57 15.43 Total ash, % 7.68 9.09 9.67 Calcium, % 3.34 3.18 3.59 Total phosphorus, % 0.51 0.59 0.65

1Palm kernel was separated from the nutshell before oil extraction and ground (1.5-mm sieve) before it was included as PKM in the diet. Based on proximate analysis, the PKM used herein contained 89.5% DM, 4,293 kcal of gross energy/kg, 15.4% CP, 0.41 methionine + cystine, 0.37% arginine, 0.27% threonine, 0.32% tyrosine, 0.22% histidine, 0.17% isoleucine, 0.33% lysine, 0.49% leucine, 0.47% valine, 0.27% phenylalanine, 8.3% ether extract, 16.4% crude fiber, 4.2% ash, 0.46% calcium, and 0.73% total phosphorus.2Provided (per kg of diet): vitamin A, 2,500 IU; vitamin D3, 500 IU; vitamin E, 1.5 IU; vitamin K3, 0.4 mg; thiamine, 0.3 mg; riboflavin, 1 mg; pyridoxine, 1 mg; cyanocobalamin, 2.4 μg; vitamin C, 6 mg; niacin, 7 mg; calcium-d-pantothenate, 1 mg; manganese, 20 mg; iron, 5 mg; iodine, 0.04 mg; zinc, 20 mg; cobalt, 0.04 mg; copper, 0.6 mg; antioxidant, 2 mg; methionine, 7 mg; and lysine, 7 mg.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

No mortality occurred during the study. Be-cause no effects of dietary treatments were found for weekly feed intake, FCR, and egg produc-tion, these data are presented on a cumulative basis. An increase was observed in cumulative (6-wk) feed intake as dietary levels of PKM in-creased, but this did not result in a different FCR between dietary treatments (Table 2). A positive correlation between dietary PKM levels and feed intake was seen in the present study [Y = 3346 + 225X, where Y is feed intake (g) and X is the percentage of the dietary level of PKM; r = 0.9]. Similarly Chong et al. [4] and Dairo and Fasuyi [45] reported a correlation between PKM concentration in the diet and feed consumption when laying hens were fed 25% PKM diets. Chong et al. [4] speculated that birds consumed more feed mostly to meet amino acid require-ments when given isocaloric diets. Neverthe-less, those that consumed more feed still had poorer FCR than those that consumed a corn and soybean meal control diet in that study [4]. Therefore, the PKM diet had poorer nutrient di-gestibility than did the control diet, as has been reported previously by other authors [9, 11, 14]. In the present study, with increased feed intake (3,573 vs. 3,791 vs. 4,022 g/hen for the 0PKM, 15PKM, and 30PKM diets, respectively), the FCR was still similar (P > 0.05) among dietary treatments (3.22 vs. 3.53 vs. 3.68, respectively). Thus, it is unlikely that the increased feed intake caused by the inclusion of 15 or 30% PKM in the diet could be attributed solely to the lower nutrient availability. Higher feed consumption could be attributed to an increase in bulk den-sity of the diet caused by increased dietary fi-ber [46], improved palatability [4, 47], or both. Other researchers have reported that higher in-clusion of palm oil in the PKM diets might have contributed to improved palatability of the PKM

diet [4, 47].The nonsignificant effect of enzyme supplementation observed in the current study is probably due, in large part, to the fact that the inclusion of PKM had no negative effect on per-formance or egg quality measures; thus, there were no negative effects to be ameliorated by enzyme inclusion.

Usually, diets high in NSP require enzyme supplementation to reduce the antinutritive (vis-cosity) properties of NSP or to enhance nutrient availability, but in this study, no negative ef-fects of PKM addition were seen, despite PKM having been reported to contain more than 40% NSP [13]. The PKM used in this study was not analyzed for NSP concentration. In a substrate-enzyme specificity study, Centeno et al. [48] observed that Ronozyme-VP had the highest glycoside hydrolase activity against xylan and mannan. Similar fiber-degrading enzymes were used in the current study. Thus, we suggest that inclusion of PKM in the diet up to 30%, which resulted in increasing the dietary fiber concen-tration from 4.46 (control) to 8.53% (30PKM diet), did not have an inhibitory effect on nu-trient digestibility. It is important to realize that this was true for the specific PKM used in this study. Deaton et al. [49] did not report an ad-verse effect of fiber up to 8.03% in layer diets. The present results are also similar to those re-ported with laying hens [7], in which there were no negative effects of increasing levels of PKM from 0 to 50%, in a diet containing a maximum of 13.2% crude fiber, on egg production, feed conversion, and egg weight.

No effects of PKM were found on egg quality parameters (albumen height, Haugh units, shell thickness, and shell area), except for yolk color in the present study (Table 3). Various research-ers who have studied the availability of nutrients in PKM have reported a lower nutrient digest-ibility for PKM compared with other protein ingredients, such as soybean meal [7, 9, 11, 12,


Table 1 (Continued). Ingredient and formulated nutrient composition (as-is basis) of the basal diets containing 0 (0PKM), 15 (15PKM), and 30% (30PKM) palm kernel meal (PKM) 3Fiber-degrading enzyme (F; Ronozyme VP, DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Basel, Switzerland) was added at 0.03% (equiva-lent to 15 units of β-glucanase activity/kg of diet) to each of basal diets (0PKM, 15PKM, and 30PKM) to make 0PKM + F, 15PKM + F, and 30PKM + F diets, respectively.4Phytase + protease enzyme mixture (P; Ronozyme NP + Ronozyme ProAct, Ronozyme VP, DSM Nutritional Products Ltd.) was added at 0.035% (equivalent to 2,000 units of phytase activity and 12,500 units of protease activity/kg of diet) to make 0PKM + P, 15PKM + P, and 30PKM + P diets, respectively. Both phytase + protease and fiber-degrading enzyme were included in the basal diets to make 0PKM + FP, 15PKM + FP, and 30PKM + FP diets, respectively.



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14]. In a study with laying hens fed a corn- and soybean meal-based or PKM-based diet [50] or with broilers fed a corn and soybean meal diet [51], a favorable effect of mannanase was ob-served only in low-energy diets with a higher fiber content. Dietary inclusion of PKM in the present study was formulated into the diet such that the diet would be isocaloric and contain amounts of other nutrients, including amino ac-ids, equivalent to those in the corn and soybean meal control, with no correction for digestibility. Thus, if digestibility values between PKM and corn-soybean meal were similar, then the diets would be expected to provide comparable nutri-ents for egg production. The results of the study

would then support the fact that nutrient avail-ability between the diets was comparable.

Egg quality data are presented in Table 3. An effect of PKM was found for yolk color, where-as effects of enzyme supplementation and their interaction effects with PKM were observed only in some egg quality traits. Haugh units were improved by supplementation of protease + phytase (75.00 vs. 78.1), and this was likely attributed to the greater albumen height (5.02 vs. 5.37). The favorable effect of supplemental protease + phytase or its interaction with fiber-degrading enzyme and PKM could indicate that the phytate molecule was being degraded by phytase [52, 53] and that this released nutrients,


Table 2. Feed intake, FCR, and egg production (hen day) of local laying hens fed diets containing palm kernel meal (PKM) with or without enzyme supplementation for 6 wk

ItemFeed intake,

gFCR, g/g

Egg production (hen day), %

Egg mass,1 g

Egg weight, g/egg

Factor PKM,2 % 0 3,573b 3.22 58.3 1,110 42.7 15 3,791ab 3.53 56.4 1,073 41.5 30 4,022a 3.68 58.6 1,093 42.3 Fiber-degrading enzyme3 (Fde), % 0 3,809 3.74 59.1 1,019 42.5 0.03 3,782 3.55 56.4 1,065 41.9 Phytase + protease4 (Phy + Pro), % 0 3,826 3.49 58.1 1,097 42.6 0.035 3,765 3.46 57.4 1,087 41.8SEM 197 0.74 4.2 82 1.9

P-valueSource of variance PKM 0.0077 0.1581 0.7283 0.8170 0.6859 Fde 0.8111 0.4584 0.2532 0.2526 0.5689 Phy + Pro 0.5883 0.1863 0.7821 0.8328 0.4589 PKM × Fde 0.5682 0.9391 0.2911 0.3039 0.2953 PKM × Phy + Pro 0.2210 0.7499 0.6214 0.7456 0.9657 Fde × Phy + Pro 0.2546 0.7275 0.2056 0.2506 0.3631 PKM × Fde × Phy + Pro 0.8076 0.8188 0.2942 0.2927 0.4263a,bMeans within a column with no common superscripts differ significantly (P ≤ 0.05).1Total egg mass was calculated from the total eggs collected the during 6-wk feeding trial per cage2Palm kernel was separated from the nutshell before oil extraction, and ground (1.5-mm sieve) before it was included as PKM in the diet. Based on proximate analysis, the PKM used herein contained 89.5% DM, 4,293 kcal of gross energy/kg, 15.4% CP, 0.41 methionine + cystine, 0.37% arginine, 0.27% threonine, 0.32% tyrosine, 0.22% histidine, 0.17% isoleucine, 0.33% lysine, 0.49% leucine, 0.47% valine, 0.27% phenylalanine, 8.3% ether extract, 16.4% crude fiber, 4.2% ash, 0.46% calcium, and 0.73% total phosphorus.3Fiber-degrading enzyme (F; Ronozyme VP, DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Basel, Switzerland) was added at 0.03% (equiva-lent to 15 units of β-glucanase activity/kg of diet) to each of basal diets (0PKM, 15PKM, and 30PKM) to make 0PKM + F, 15PKM + F, and 30PKM + F diets, respectively.4Phytase + protease enzyme mixture (P; Ronozyme NP + Ronozyme ProAct, DSM Nutritional Products Ltd.) was added at 0.035% (equivalent to 2,000 units of phytase activity and 12,500 units of protease activity/kg of diet) to make 0PKM + P, 15PKM + P, and 30PKM + P diets, respectively.



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Table 3. Quality of eggs produced in wk 4 of the 6-wk feeding trial by local laying hens fed diets containing palm kernel meal (PKM) with or without enzyme supplementation

ItemAlbumen

height,1 mmHaugh units2

Yolk color score3

Eggshell thickness,4 mm

Eggshell area,5 cm2

Factor PKM, % 0 5.28 76.80 8.15a 0.459 60.84 15 5.15 76.25 7.08b 0.458 60.01 30 5.16 76.74 5.61c 0.449 59.55 Fiber-degrading enzyme6 (Fde), % 0 5.08 75.81 6.70 0.458 60.23 0.03 5.31 77.38 6.99 0.452 60.04 Phytase + protease7 (Phy + Pro), % 0 5.02 75.00b 6.94 0.451 60.17 0.035 5.37 78.19a 6.95 0.460 60.10 PKM × Fde 0 × 0 5.17 75.72 8.13 0.458 61.59 0 × 0.03 5.39 77.87 8.17 0.460 60.10 15 × 0 4.89 74.23 7.01 0.462 60.13 15 × 0.03 5.40 78.27 7.14 0.453 59.89 30 × 0 5.19 77.47 5.54 0.455 58.95 30 × 0.03 5.14 76.00 5.68 0.443 60.14 PKM × Phy + Pro 0 × 0 4.89 73.54 7.91 0.449 61.26 0 × 0.035 5.68 80.05 8.39 0.470 60.43 15 × 0 5.18 76.06 7.09 0.455 59.93 15 × 0.035 5.11 76.44 7.06 0.460 60.10 30 × 0 4.99 75.40 5.83 0.448 59.32 30 × 0.035 5.33 78.08 5.39 0.450 59.77 Fde × Phy + Pro 0 × 0 4.88 74.24 6.97 0.458 60.00 0 × 0.035 5.28 77.38 6.82 0.459 60.45 0.03 × 0 5.16 75.76 6.92 0.444 60.34 0.03 × 0.035 5.46 79.00 7.07 0.461 59.75 PKM × Fde × Phy + Pro 0 × 0 × 0 4.72 72.07 7.72 0.458 62.17 0 × 0 × 0.035 5.63 79.38 8.54 0.459 61.01 15 × 0 × 0 4.67 72.45 7.18 0.454 59.37 15 × 0 × 0.035 5.11 76.01 6.85 0.471 60.90 30 × 0 × 0 5.26 78.20 6.00 0.461 58.47 30 × 0 × 0.035 5.11 76.74 5.08 0.448 59.43 0 × 0.03 × 0 5.06 75.02 8.08 0.439 60.35 0 × 0.03 × 0.035 5.73 80.72 8.25 0.482 59.84 15 × 0.03 × 0 5.70 79.65 7.00 0.456 60.49 15 × 0.03 × 0.035 5.11 76.87 7.27 0.450 59.30 30 × 0.03 × 0 4.72 72.59 5.67 0.436 60.17 30 × 0.03 × 0.035 5.55 79.42 5.69 0.451 60.10SEM 0.32 2.26 0.32 0.016 0.85

P-valueSource of variance PKM 0.8076 0.9358 0.0001 0.5981 0.0899 Fde 0.2293 0.2427 0.5932 0.4939 0.7102 Phy + Pro 0.0633 0.0186 0.9827 0.2963 0.8806 PKM × Fde 0.4733 0.2361 0.9680 0.8067 0.0806 PKM × Phy + Pro 0.1856 0.1747 0.1119 0.6332 0.5254 Fde × Phy + Pro 0.7998 0.9663 0.4108 0.3884 0.2899 PKM × Fde × Phy + Pro 0.0942 0.0773 0.1760 0.3219 0.3767

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including minerals and protein chelated to the phytate molecule, although the positive effect of this release was measurable only on albumen synthesis. The nonsignificant effect of dietary PKM levels or enzyme supplementation on the eggshell surface further suggested that the availability of nutrients in the corn- and soybean meal-based diet was comparable with those of the PKM diets, for which the ME and amino ac-ids requirements were formulated to be similar. Oil extraction of PKM at processing plants could have removed up to 80% of the oil [54], and consequently would eliminate most of the fat-soluble vitamins, including carotenoids. Even though the PKM diets had greater palm oil (4.8 to 7.0%) supplementation than did the control diet (2.5%), this did not improve the yolk color score. Crude palm oil, which is red in color and could contain up to 700 ppm of carotenoids [55], is different from commercial palm cooking oil, which has been refined, is colorless, and con-tains a minimal amount of carotenoids. Lower yolk color scores have also been reported [4] in laying hens fed a 25% PKM diet and palm oil.

CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS

1. The use of PKM up to a level of 30% in local (Indonesian) laying hen diets did not have a negative effect on feed intake, FCR, egg production (hen day), egg weight, or egg mass.

2. All egg quality traits of hens fed the PKM diets were comparable with those

of hens fed the control corn and soybean meal diet except for yolk color, which was paler when PKM was included.

3. Because no deleterious effects of feeding PKM were found for any of the measured parameters except yolk color, the effect of the added enzymes could not be deter-mined. Because of this lack of effect, the only conclusion that could be drawn was that the enzymes had no negative effect on any of the parameters measured.

4. Because the yolk color score was lower in eggs produced by hens fed the diets containing PKM, the use of a pigment source is recommended when the market preference is for brightly colored yolks.

REFERENCES AND NOTES1. USDA. 2009. Indonesia: Palm oil production

growth to continue. Foreign Agric. Serv. Commodity In-tell. Rep., March 2009. US Dept. Agric., Washington, DC. Accessed Jan. 2010. http://www.pecad.fas.usda.gov/high-lights/2009/03/Indonesia/.

2. Bromokusumo, A. K. 2009. Indonesia: Oilseeds and products annual. Grain Agricultural Information Network (GAIN) Rep. No. ID9013, May 2009. US Dept. Agric., Washington, DC.

3. Ravindran, V., and R. Blair. 1992. Feed resources for poultry production in Asia and the Pacific. II. Plant protein sources. Worlds Poult. Sci. J. 48:205–231.

4. Chong, C. H., I. Zulkifli, and R. Blair. 2008. Effects of dietary inclusion of palm kernel cake and palm oil, and enzyme supplementation on performance of laying hens. Asian-australas. J. Anim. Sci. 21:1053–1058.

5. Ezieshi, E. V., and J. M. Olomu. 2008. Nutritional evaluation of palm kernel meal types: 2. Effects on live per-formance and nutrient retention in broiler chicken diets. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 7:1171–1175.


Table 3 (Continued). Quality of eggs produced in wk 4 of the 6-wk feeding trial by local laying hens fed diets containing palm kernel meal (PKM) with or without enzyme supplementation a–cMeans within a column with no common superscripts differ significantly (P ≤ 0.05).1Egg were broken equatorially and the contents were placed onto a flat-surface glass. The height of thick albumen was mea-sured with an albumen height apparatus (Teclock Corp., Nagano, Japan) at approximately 1 cm away from the yolk.2Formula used to calculate the Haugh unit (HU) value: HU = 100 log (H + 7.7 − 1.7W0.37), where H is the albumen height (mm) and W is the egg weight (g) [41].3Egg yolk color was scored using the 15-point scale of the DSM yolk color fan (DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Basel, Swit-zerland).4Eggshell thickness was measured at 2 different locations on the eggshell using a stainless steel digital caliper (Model 500-196-20, Mitutoyo, Kawasaki, Japan).5The following formula was used to determine the egg surface: egg surface = 4.835 × W0.662, where W is the egg weight [39].6Fiber-degrading enzyme (F; Ronozyme VP, DSM Nutritional Products Ltd.) was added at 0.03% (equivalent to 15 units of β-glucanase activity/kg of diet) to each of the basal diets (0PKM, 15PKM, and 30PKM) to make 0PKM + F, 15PKM + F, and 30PKM + F diets, respectively.7Phytase + protease enzyme mixture (P; Ronozyme NP + Ronozyme ProAct, DSM Nutritional Products Ltd.) was added at 0.035% (equivalent to 2,000 units of phytase activity and 12,500 units of protease activity/kg of diet) to make 0PKM + P, 15PKM + P, and 30PKM + P diets, respectively.



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6. Onwudike, O. C. 1988. Palm kernel meal as a feed for poultry. 4. Use of palm kernel meal by laying birds. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 20:279–286.

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8. Longe, O. G. 1984. Effects of increasing the fiber content of a layer diet. Br. Poult. Sci. 25:187–193.

9. Soltan, M. A. 2009. Growth performance, immune response, and carcass traits of broiler chicks fed on graded levels of palm kernel cake without or with enzyme supple-mentation. Article no. 37 in Livest. Res. Rur. Develop. 21. Centro para la Investigación en Sistemas Sostenibles de Pro-ducción Agropecuaria, Cali, Colombia. Accessed Jan. 2010. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd21/3/solt21037.htm.

10. Osei, S. A., and J. Amo. 1987. Palm kernel cake as a broiler feed ingredient. Poult. Sci. 66:1870–1873.

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13. Bach-Knudsen, K. E. 1997. Carbohydrate and lignin contents of plant materials used in animal feeding. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 67:319–338.

14. O’Mara, F. P., F. J. Muligan, E. J. Cronin, M. Rath, and P. J. Caffrey. 1999. The nutritive value of palm kernel meal measured in vivo and using rumen fluid and enzymatic techniques. Livest. Prod. Sci. 60:305–316.

15. Onifade, A. A., and G. M. Babatunde. 1998. Com-parison of the utilization of palm kernel meal, brewers’ dried grains and maize offal by broiler chicks. Br. Poult. Sci. 39:245–250.

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17. Düsterhöft, E.-M., M. A. Posthumus, and A. G. J. Voragen. 1992. Non-starch polysaccharides from sunflower (Helianthus annuus) meal and palm-kernel (Elaeis guineen-sis) meal: Investigation of the structure of major polysac-charides. J. Sci. Food Agric. 59:151–160.

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35. Gross energy of the diet was determined using a bomb calorimeter (Model P-202 CA-4PJ, Shimadzu Co., Kyoto, Japan).

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40. Eggs were broken equatorially on the shell, and the contents were placed onto a flat-surface glass. The height of thick albumen was measured with an albumen height ap-paratus (Teclock Corporation, Nagano, Japan) at approxi-mately 1 cm away from the yolk.

41. Williams, K. C. 1997. Some factors affecting albu-men quality with particular reference to haugh unit score. World’s Poult. Sci. J. 48:5–16. The following formula was used to calculate the Haugh unit (HU) value: HU = 100 log (H + 7.7 − 1.7W0.37), where H is albumen height (mm) and W is egg weight (g).

42. Egg yolk color was scored using a 15-point scale of the DSM yolk color fan (DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Basel, Switzerland).




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52. Juanpere, J., A. M. Pérez-Vendrell, E. Angulo, and J. Brufau. 2005. Assessment of potential interactions between phytase and glycosidase enzyme supplementation on nutri-ent digestibility in broilers. Poult. Sci. 84:571–580.

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55. May, C. Y. 1994. Palm oil carotenoids. Food Nutr. Bull. 15(June). Accessed Jan. 2010. http://www.unu.edu/unupress/food/8F152e/8F152E05.htm#Palmoilcarotenoids/.

AcknowledgmentsThis study was funded by a competitive research grant

of Directorate of Higher Education, Ministry of National Education, Jakarta, Indonesia. The Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland (College Park) also contributed financially to the current study. The authors thank DSM Nutritional Products Ltd. (Basel, Switzerland) for donating the enzymes used. The donation of PKM by Kresna Duta Agroindo Company (Jambi, Indonesia) with the assistance of the dean of the Faculty of Animal Husband-ry, University of Jambi, is appreciated. We are also grateful to all the undergraduate students for their help during the experimental and laboratory work.

ADRIZAL ET AL.: PALM KERNEL MEAL FOR LAYING HENS



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feeding native laying hens diets containing palm kernel meal with or without enzyme...

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