excavation of the early modern period cemetery on the grounds of the former capuchin monastery at...

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Introduction

As part of extensive rescue excavations at the former George of Poděbradybarracks (house nos. 1078/II, 1079/II, lot nos. 460, 461) on náměstí Republiky(Republic Square) in Prague 1 – New Town, an archaeological departmentof the National Institute of the Care of Monuments, territorial specializeddepartment in Prague, excavated a smaller skeleton cemetery belongingto Early Modern period of the researched grounds (Juřina et al. 2007; see fig. 1).

Excavation of the Early Modern period cemetery on the groundsof the former Capuchin monastery at St. Joseph’s in Prague’s New Town

Výzkum novověkého hřbitova v areálu bývalého kláštera kapucínů u sv. Josefa v Praze – Novém Městě

Ausgrabung des neuzeitlichen Friedhofs im Areal des ehemaligen KapuzinerklostersSt. Josef in Prag-Neustadt

František Flek – Pavel Kubálek – Martin Omelka – Jaroslav Podliska

2004 wurde im Rahmen einer groß angelegten Rettungsgrabung im Objekt der ehem. Kasernen Georgs von Podiebradam náměstí Republiky-Platz in Prag 1-Neustadt auch ein großer Friedhof mit Körperbestattungen aus dem 17.-18. Jh. gefunden.Zu dieser Zeit gehörte der gesamte Raum zum Kapuzinerkloster St. Josef, das 1795 definitiv aufgelöst wurde. Das nicht allzugroße Bestattungsareal bot neben anthropologischem Material vor allem eine Reihe wertvoller Informationen zur Gestaltder Bestattungssitten und der materiellen Ausstattung im Raum der Klostergemeinde zur Zeit der barocken Frömmigkeitund des radikalen Gesellschaftswandels in der Zeit der Aufklärung.

Fig. 1. General layoutof studied area withinstitutional sectionsindicated. 1 – position of cemetery;2 – Church of St. Joseph.Drawing by S. Babušková,F. Flek.Obr. 1. Celkový plánzkoumané plochys vyznačeníminstitucionálních úseků.1 – poloha hřbitova; 2 – kostel sv. Josefa.Kresba S. Babušková, F. Flek.

21 Flek a kol 407_452:Archaia 9.11.2009 21:27 Stránka 407

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STUDIES IN POST-MEDIEVAL ARCHAEOLOGY 3

Historical context

The excavation site was located within the large cityblock demarcated by today’s Truhlářská, Zlatnická,Na Poříčí Streets and náměstí Republiky (RepublicSquare). The gradual formation of this urbanistic wholeinto its current appearance dates to the period followingthe founding of Prague’s New Town in 1348.1) At thattime, the site featured relatively large lots with their longeraxis perpendicular to the street line and buildings thatfaced the street. The residential use of the site in the formof development of an urban character was replaced after 1630by the grounds of the Capuchin monastery at St. Joseph’swhich, over time, covered the older buildings and reachedits maximum range during the 2nd half of the 17th century,at the latest (fig. 2). The largest part of the monasterywas a garden that occupied approximately 7 600 m2

on the eastern half of the grounds.

Fig. 2. St. Joseph Monasteryon J. Herget’s map from 1791.The position of the cemeteryis highlighted in yellow.Obr. 2. Kapucínský klášter u sv. Josefa na plánu J. Hergetaz roku 1791. Žlutě je vyznačenapoloha hřbitova.

Fig. 3. General layout of the cemetery. Drawing by F. Flek.Obr. 3. Celkový plán hřbitova. Kresba F. Flek.

Note 1:The residential developmentat the site of the discoveredcemetery has an importantepisode in the form of a settlementpreceding the period of the townfoundation dating to the 12th to firsthalf of the 13th century. However,due to its nature this settlement is not fully tied to the subsequentdevelopment of the site and is therefore not a subjectof interest for this work (for more information see Juřina et al. 2007).

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EXCAVATION OF THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD CEMETERY ON THE GROUNDSOF THE FORMER CAPUCHIN MONASTERY AT ST. JOSEPH’S IN PRAGUE’S NEW TOWN

František Flek – Pavel Kubálek – Martin Omelka – Jaroslav Podliska / p. 407 – 452 /

The excavated cemetery was located on the eastern border of this garden.The grounds underwent another radical change following the closing downof the monastery in 1786, or 1795 when they were taken over by the state forthe needs of the army. Another important phase in the developmentof the large facility is connected with the military barracks, involving not onlythe gradual demolition of the monastery, but also large-scale terrainmodifications to the areas linked to the development of army buildings(equestrian barracks, military headquarters, riding hall and auxiliarybuildings). The level of the backfill from this period heavily coveredthe remains of the Early Modern period cemetery and preserved it withoutsignificant disruption until the time of excavations.2)

Location of the find

The cemetery, small in size, was located on the eastern end of the lotof the former barracks, on a narrow, irregularly-shaped strip of land thatcopied the lot borders of house no. 1076/II (lot no. 483) facing Na PoříčíStreet. The dimensions of the excavated cemetery, enclosed by walls on allfour sides, were approximately 5 x 19 m. The size of the area wasapproximately 60 m2 (fig. 3, 4).

Fig. 4. View of northern partof studied cemetery (stateas at 2004). Photo by M. Růžička.Obr. 4. Pohled na severní částzkoumaného hřbitova (stavz roku 2004). Foto M. Růžička.

Note 2:More information on the historyand building developmentof the Capuchin monastery is presented in the paperof colleagues P. Juřina and M. Vyšohlíd in this volume.


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Terrain and find context

The surface of the cemetery was located beneath an approximately 1.5 mthick layer of backfill, the origin of which can be connected withthe considerable increase in height of the terrain at the time the closed downmonastery grounds were being converted into military barracks in the courseof the 19th and 20th centuries (the height of the recent surface is approximately194.50 m above sea level). Individual graves were dug on about the sameformation level – 193-193.20 m above sea level. The grave pits were dug intoa non-stratified layer of sandy soil or clayey sand and burnt daub datingto the High Medieval to Early Modern periods. The lower parts of the oldergrave pits reached deeper into the natural subsoil in the form of a weaklydeveloped soil layer on the sandy sediment of the Vltava valley terrace.The origin and growth of the stratigraphically earlier positionsof the historical overlying layers can be mainly connected with the gradualformation of the surfaces of the house lot area facing Na Poříčí Street.The gradual growth of the terrain ended at the time of renovation

Fig. 5. Section throughthe superstratum at the siteof the cemetery; sectionin quadrant F05-R01 (above),section in quadrant F05/F06-R02 (below). Colourdifferentiation of basicstratigraphic horizons: a) Early Modern periodand recent backfill, 19th-20th centuries; b) latergrave horizon of cemetery (B);c) earlier grave horizonof cemetery (A); d) earlymedieval to Early Modernperiod settlement layers, 12th – 1st half of 17th century;e) geological subsoil. Drawing by F. Flek.Obr. 5. Ukázka řezů nadložnístratigrafií v místě hřbitova;situace ve čtverci F05-R01(nahoře), situace ve čtverciF05/F06-R02 (dole). Barevně odlišeny základnístratigrafické horizonty.a) novověké a recentnínavážky 19.-20. stol.; b) mladší hrobový horizonthřbitova (B); c) starší hrobovýhorizont hřbitova (A); d) raněstředověké až raně novověkésídlištní souvrství 12.-1. pol.17. stol.; e) geologicképodloží. Kresba F. Flek.


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of the residential development realized during construction workof the monastery grounds in the 1st half of the 17th century. The level fromwhich the graves were dug out was not highly evident on the surfaceof the excavated area (fig. 5).

The entire area of the cemetery was demarcated on the eastern sideby the massive peripheral lot wall of neighbouring lot no. 483, runningin a north-south direction along the entire length of the cemetery.The cemetery was separated on the western side by an arenaceous marl wall,

approximately 0.5 m wide, laid on mortar; the south end of the wall turnsslightly towards the east (Z103). On the north side, the cemetery was enclosedby a narrower wall attached at the joint (Z119). The situation was similar onthe south side, where the cemetery area was enclosed by a wall belongingto the walling of the monastery grounds (Z108). The stone enclosure fromquarry arenaceous marl and limestone mortar can be identified withthe situation depicted on one of the maps of the monastery from the 2nd halfof the 18th century showing the grounds at their highest level of development(fig. 6).

The cemetery was stratigraphically composed of two different levelsof graves, which differ not only in the way the buried individuals were laid,but above all by the various orientations of the grave pits. Archaeologicalexcavations uncovered a total of 18 graves with regular skeleton burialsof 18 individuals (tab. 1). The incomplete skeletal remains of another3 individuals were found added to several of the graves. The bones belongto adult individuals, mainly men, and the bones were found in various statesof preservation (see fig. 3).

Fig. 6. State of monasterygrounds on map from the 2nd

half of 18th century. PragueCity Archives, TechnicalPresidium collection, crate 123,143, inventory no. 82-84. 1 – cemetery; 2 – Church of St. Joseph; 3 – church crypt;4 – monastery gardens.Obr. 6. Situace klášterníhoareálu na plánu z 2. poloviny18. století. Archiv hl. m. Prahy,fond Technické presidium,karton 123, 143, inv. č. 82-84. 1 – hřbitov; 2 – kostel sv.Josefa; 3 – kostelní krypta; 4 – klášterní zahrada.


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H1 F05 1,94 - 0,6 S - N on the back partially ? coffin H3 B medallion 6 fragments male, adultus II - 0,33 damaged (non-ferrous metal), of iron nails (30-40 years)

crucifix

H2 F05 2,12 - 0,6 S - N on the back intact ? coffin H3 B 3 fragments of pins male, adultus II - 0,4-0,7 (non-ferrous metal) (30-40 years)

H3 F05 2,1 - 0,6 W - E on the back partially ? coffin H1 A clasp (non-ferrous male, adultus I - 1 rotten and metal),wooden box (20-30 years)

H2 with mercury, bookclasp from prayer book

(non-ferrous metal),fragment of chain

(simple twisted lugs, iron)

H4 F05 ? - 0,6 W - E on the left side, partially textile H6 A wooden crucifix male, maturus I. - 1 abdomen facing damaged wrap with metal frame (40-50 years)

downwards

H5 F05 2,2 - 0,55 W - E on the back partially ? H8 A medallion (non- 2 fragments male,adultus I- 1,1 rotten ferrous metal), wooden of iron (20-30 years)

box with mercury nails

H6 F05/F06 1,58 - 0,6 N - S on the back, intact ? textile lime H1 B medallion (non- imprints male, adultus I- 0,98 distinctively wrap and ferrous metal), rosary, of textilein (20-30 years)

crouched H4 2 book clasps pieces of lime,limbs from prayer book pin (non-

(non-ferrous metal) ferrous metal)

H7 E05 2,11 - 0,54 N - S on the back intact ? coffin B reliquary, medallion male, adultus II- 0,48 (non-ferrous metal) (30-40 years)

H8 E05 1,98 - 0,59 S - N on the back intact ? textile H5 B medallion torso of iron object male, maturus I - 0,41 wrap (non-ferrous metal) with piece of wood, (40-50 years)

piece of textile

H9 D06 2,08 - 0,58 S - N on the back intact ? coffin B 2 book clasps male, adultus II - 0,60 from prayer book (30-40 years)

(length 1,9 cm,non-ferrous metal)

H10 D06/E06 1,56 - 0,57 S - N on the back partially ? B male, adultus I- 0,50 damaged (20-30 years)

H11 C06 2? - 0,6 N - S on the back partially ? textile H15 B male, adultus II- 0,9 damaged wrap (30-40 years)

H12 D05 1,7 - 0,55 S - N on the back intact ? H16 B male, maturus I- 0,6 (40-50 years)

H13 C05 ? - ? S - N on the back substantially ? H15 B male, maturus I - 0,45? damaged (40-50 years)

H14 E06 2,15 - 0,55 S - N on the back intact ? coffin B torso of iron chain torso of hollow iron male, adultus I - 0,5? cylinder vessel with (20-30 years)

base (length 20 cm, diameter 6 cm)

H15 C05 1,8? - 0,65? E - W on the back partially coffin H11 A 3 fragments male, maturus I- 1,2 rotten and of iron nails (40-60 years)

H13

H16 E05 2? - 0,5? N - S on the back partially ? H12 B male, adultus II- 0,7 damaged (30-40 years)

H17 D05 2,04 - 0,78 W - E on the back partially ? coffin lime H18 A 17 fragments of iron male, adultus II - 0,39 damaged nails (at least 9 (30-40 years)

of them probably from coffin),

iron plate fitting

H18 D05 ? - ? - 0,85 N - S on the back substantially ? H17 B male, adultus IIdamaged (30-40 years)

REGISTRATION AND LOCATION DESCRIPTION, STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONS EQUIPMENT ANTHROPOLOGY

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Tab. 1. Overview of basic data from grave units. Compiled by J. Podliska and F. Flek.Tab. 1. Přehled základních dat k hrobovým celkům. Sestavili J. Podliska, F. Flek.


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Earlier grave horizon A

This stratigraphically deeper and earlier layercontained 5 graves (H3, 4, 5, 15, 17). Adult individualswere buried here in two spatial groups of 5 rows each(fig. 7). The narrower rectangular pits were dug into earliercultural layers. In the majority of cases, the lower partsand the bases of the grave pits were sunk intothe sedimentary layers of the river terrace (elevationof the undisturbed level of the subsoil – 192.40 m above sealevel). The first group of graves was situatedat the northern end of the cemetery grounds (H3, 4, 5).Three grave pits with regular spacing of 0.8 m formeda related burial whole. In two cases (H15, 17), graves weresituated on the opposite, southern end of the area.The spacing of the graves here was again the same, thoughthe orientation of the heads of the deceased differed.The majority of the pits had a maximum length of 2.2 m,a width of 0.65 m and a depth of 1.2 m. The elevationof the burial pit bases at the point of the pelviswas between 191.72 and 192.06 m above sea level. In threecases, the bodies were laid in a supine position with headsfacing in a west-east direction (H3, 5, 17); only one gravehad the opposite orientation of east-west (H15).The individual in grave H4 is also west-east orientated,though the skeleton was in a prone position, with the lowerlimbs slightly bent and crossed. In the remaining cases,the upper limbs were placed alongside the body withhands clasped in the area of the pelvis.

Later grave horizon B

A total of 13 graves were found in the later and shallower stratigraphic layerof the cemetery (H1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18). The graves here formedapproximately 3 rows placed along the entire length of the demarcated areaof the cemetery (fig. 8). The distance between individual rows was between 0.8 mand 1.8 m. The westernmost row was situated very tightly along the cemetery wall.

The dimensions of the rectangular pits did not differ significantly fromthose in the earlier layer; the maximum dimensions were a length of 2.15 m,a width of 0.6 m and a depth of 0.98 m. The graves in this layer moresignificantly disrupted the deeper burial horizon. All 5 of the earlier graveswere disrupted by the graves at the higher level, particularly in the areaof the head and lower limbs. The superposition of graves from the same leveloccurred in only two cases (H12 and H16). These graves can theoretically beconsidered the latest. The elevation of the base of the burial pits at the pointof the pelvis was at a level between 191.98 and 192.65 m above sea level, withthe majority of the graves in the higher end of this range.

In most cases, the deceased were laid to rest in a reverential position ontheir backs, hands folded in their lap, across the abdomen or chest (H1, 2, 7,8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18). Certain differences were documented in grave H11,

Fig. 7. Earlier horizon of cemetery (A).Drawing by F. Flek.Obr. 7. Starší horizont hřbitova (A).Kresba F. Flek.

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where the remains were shifted slightly onto their sides,the upper limbs were placed near the head and feet werecrossed. The individual in grave H6 was buriedin a semi-sitting position with unarranged upperand lower limbs (upper limbs thrown apart, lower limbscrossed and bent).

The orientation of the buried individuals was alsonot uniform here. A north-south direction was foundin a total of 5 cases (H6, 7, 11, 16, 18); the south-northorientation was found in slightly more (8) graves (H1, 2,8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14). The skeletal remains of graves H13and H18 were damaged by concrete pillars from recentconstruction work. The damage was greater in graveH13, where the concrete mix not only nearly absorbedthe skeletal remains, but as the result of the pressureapplied during the pouring of the mix several partsof the skeleton were forced out of its anatomical position(e.g. the skull was found by the lower limbs).

Anthropological evaluation

The skeletal remains of 18 adult individuals from18 graves were evaluated in the acquired assemblage(see fig. 9 for position dislocation by age). All of themwere determined to be males. One exception wasa slender skull that was deemed to have belongedto a female. The skull was retrieved from gravepit H13 as secondary admixture. This anthropologicalconclusion was reached on the basis of gender-specific

characteristics. Nevertheless, it is necessary to state that, in the context of thisskeletal assemblage, this could possibly concern a male individual froma grave that had been disturbed earlier, since the gender-specificcharacteristics on the skull, typical for a female, were also observed in thiscemetery on skeletons with male gender-specific characteristics on pelvicbones.

Pathological finds were recorded in the assemblage indicating the poorliving conditions of the individuals – cribra orbitalia on the roof of the eyesockets (grave H3) and tooth enamel hypoplasia (graves H5, 11 and 18).

Finds indicating the likely occurrence of syphilis were documentedin adjacent graves 3, 4 and 5. The tibias of the individual in grave H4 aredeformed into a “sword-like” form, which is considered to be a signof syphilis in professional literature. Several drops of mercury can beunderstood as indirect evidence thereof (graves H3 and 5), as this was usedto treat syphilis and skin diseases in general. Two individuals (graves H9and 11) showed signs of fatigue fractures of the metatarsal bones, which wereprobably caused by excessive walking.

A complete anthropological description of the skeletal remains is publishedin a separate annex at the end of this paper.

Fig. 8. Later cemetery horizon (B).Drawing by F. Flek.Obr. 8. Mladší horizont hřbitova (B).Kresba F. Flek.

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Arrangement of graves

Significant differences were not found in the arrangement of grave pits;these were always narrower rectangular pits with perpendicular to slightlyconically tapering walls and a flat base. With the exception of grave H17,the majority of graves were very thrifty pits that corresponded to the sizeof the buried individual in a recumbent position. In the majority of cases,it was difficult to distinguish the exact outline of the grave pit.

Distinguishing the arrangement of graves and the manner in whichthe deceased were laid to rest in caskets, or wrapped, likewise provedconsiderably problematic during the excavations (fig. 10). The use of a woodencoffin was safely ascertained in the case of only one individual (H15). In thiscase, it involved continuous traces of wooden material on the surfaceof the bone remains, and on the sides and base of the grave pit (fig 11). In otherca 7 cases, the presence of a coffin can be considered on the basis of terrainobservation and on finds of several smaller iron nails in the fill of the graves:

Fig. 9. Representation of individual age groups in cemetery:a) adultus I (20-30 years old); b) adultus II (30-40 yearsold); c) maturus I (40-50 years old). Drawing by F. Flek.Obr. 9. Zastoupení jednotlivých věkových skupin nahřbitově. a) adultus I (20-30 let); b) adultus II (30-40 let); c) maturus I (40-50 let). Kresba F. Flek.

Fig. 10. Burial methods: a) wooden coffin; b) textile wrap;c) indeterminate. Drawing by F. Flek.Obr. 10. Způsob uložení pohřbených jedinců. a) dřevěnárakev; b) textilní obal; c) nezjištěný způsob uložení. Kresba F. Flek.

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these coffins later disintegrated completely (H1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 14, 17). The resultsof anthropological analysis do not, however, confirm fully the original placingof the deceased in the coffins.

Nevertheless, wooden coffins were not the only method for layingthe deceased to rest at this burial site. In at least 3 cases we can, on the basisof the position of the body, consider the possibility that individuals wereburied in a textile wrap (sack) into which the deceased were wrapped.The differing anatomical position of the remains point to this method of burial.The recorded skeletons were laid either on their sides, with abdomen facingdown (H4), in a semi-sitting position (H6), or on their backs (H11) wherethe body was not laid out straight on the base of the pit and the upperand lower limbs were crossed in certain ways. Demonstrating the presenceof textile material in the grave were imprints of a roughly woven fabricin the lime lump from grave H6 and an textile imprint on a piece of a metalobject in grave H8. Of the preserved imprints, it is however not possibleto ascertain whether this involved a wrap or a grave garment, i.e. a shroud. Wealso cannot exclude simple burial and covering of the actual bodyof the deceased with soil.

The fill of the graves on both levels of the cemetery was composedof a distinctly heterogeneous sandy soil that contained, in addition to smallerfragments of construction material (arenaceous marl, bricks and mortar),small pieces of secondarily relocated ceramics from medieval timesto the Early Modern period in several cases.

Sanitary measures

Sanitary practices in the form of unslaked lime were documented in twocases – graves H6 and H17, which were located in the earlier and laterhorizons of the cemetery, respectively (fig. 12). The purpose of thesemeasures was primarily to disinfect the grave in order to prevent

Fig. 11. Grave no. 15 with remnantsof wooden coffin. Photo by F. Flek.Obr. 11. Hrob č. 15 se zbytkydřevěné rakve. Foto F. Flek.


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the potential spread of disease. This concerned a substantial amountof hardened lime material, several millimetres to 5 cm thick, directlycovering the skeletal remains. It is possible to note in these cases thatthe individual in grave H17 was laid to rest in the standard position perhapsin a wooden coffin; the individual in grave H6 was probably buriedin a textile wrap.

Burial equipment and its interpretation

A total of 9 of the 18 regular graves contained objects of a personalor other nature (fig. 13). With the exception of specific finds, these mainlyconcerned objects of a religious character – devotionals placed in the gravesof the deceased.

Fig. 12. Use of lime in graves: a) graves with presenceof lime. Drawing by F. Flek.Obr. 12. Použití vápna v hrobech. a) hroby s přítomnostívápna. Kresba F. Flek.

Fig. 13. Grave equipment: a) graves with equipment.Drawing by F. Flek.Obr. 13. Pohřební výbava. a) hroby s pohřební výbavou.Kresba F. Flek.

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Religious and magical objects

One of the most interesting religious objects retrieved fromthe cemetery location was a relic box from grave H7.The approximately 57 x 58 mm brass box has a round to ovalshape, an approximate weight of 31 g and a smooth surface.It contained four bones, two medallions, two small woodenLatin crucifixes and a metal Caravaca-type crucifix. The boxitself was buried in a textile wrap (likely a scapular; the cordwas not preserved). A basic description of the individual objectsfrom the box is given in the supplementary find catalogueand we will focus here instead only on a detailed analysis

of the medallions and crucifixes from the relic box (see Otavská 2005 forthe preserver’s report).

The first of the two medallions (fig. 14) bears a depiction of three standingsaints on one side (inscription: S.FR.BO by the left figure; S.PHI by the rightfigure and S.CAIV beneath the middle figure). The hands of the left figure arejoined in front of the chest, the middle figure is holding a lily and the rightfigure has his right hand in front of his chest (the left hand is not clear).On the basis of the analysis and the inscriptions, the individual figures can beinterpreted as St. Francis Borgia, Philip of the Holy Patriarchy and St. Cajetanof Thiene. The reverse side of the medallion depicts two standing saints(inscription: S. LVDO. BE by the left figure and S. ROSA V. by the rightfigure). The left figure is holding a lily in his hand; the right has her handsjoined at the chest. A decorative scroll is suggested below their feet.The depicted figures can be identified in the same manner as those onthe front of the medallion. The figures depict St. Ludwig Bertram and St. Roseof Lima. If we look at the connection of these individuals to Church life wediscover that the medallion depicts Dominican Ludwig Bertram, JesuitFrancis Borgia, Philip of the Holy Patriarchy, General of the BarefootCarmelites, Dominican Rose of Lima and patron of Theatines Cajetanof Thiene. Despite the fact that all of these figures are related to the CatholicChurch, there needn’t be a clear reason at first glance why exactly theseindividuals were found together on a religious medallion. With LudwigBertram, Francis Borgia, Rose of Lima and Cajetan of Thiene a possible linkcould be the year of their canonization (Ravik 2006). All four were declaredholy martyrs of the Church in 1671. The only exception in the group is Philipof the Holy Patriarchy, General of the Barefoot Carmelites, who was nevercanonized. But even here there is a possible connection with the indicatedyear: Philip died in 1671 during Holy Mass. It is probable that thiscircumstance, along with his relatively high standing in the hierarchyof the Catholic Church, led to the assumption of this future, though neverrealized, canonization. It is likely that for this very reason he is depictedon the medallion in the company of new saints and that the appellationof a saint is likewise attached to his name.

On the basis of the analysis of the images, we can therefore datethe medallion in question to around the year 1671. We can also labelthe medallion as commemorative.

The second medallion from the relic box (fig. 15) bears the depictionof a standing figure in a cassock on one side. His right hand holds a crosier,the left a chalice from which the head of a snake emerges. The figure has

Fig. 14. Medallion from graveno. 7. Identification of figures: a) St. Francis Borgia; b) Philip of the Holy Patriarchy;c) St. Cajetan of Thiene; d) St. Ludwig Bertram; e) St. Rose of Lima. Photo by A. Havlínová.Obr. 14. Medailon z hrobu č. 7.Identifikace postav: a) sv. František Borgiáš; b) Filipa od Nejsvětější Trojice; c) sv. Kajetán z Thiene; d) sv. Ludvík Bertrám; e) sv. Růžena z Limy. Foto A. Havlínová.


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a halo around its head. A relief inscription along the right and leftside of the figure reads: ICTE.OR.S.BENED. The reverse sideof the medallion bears the partially preserved inscriptionV.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B.IHS between two rows of astragal alongits periphery. The central field of the medallion contains the crucifixof St. Benedict with the internal inscriptions: C S P B betweenthe arms of the cross, CSSML on the vertical beam and NDSMDon the horizontal beam.

After filling in the text of the medallion it is clear (see Omelka 2006afor more on the described type of medallion) that it depicts the figuresof St. Benedict, the Benedictine shield with crucifix and an abbreviatedBenedictine blessing. According to Lechner’s typology of medallions a largenumber of similar medallions with the crucifix of St. Benedict were producedbetween the years 1674 and 1741. People in the Baroque period usedmedallions of this kind as protection against poison, devils, witches,diabolical temptations, the plague and natural disasters.

Another interesting medallion with an interpretablesignificance comes from grave H6. This concernsa brass oval casting (length 38 mm, width 32 mm,thickness 3.5 mm, weight 19.28 g) depicting on itsfront side two male figures with halos. The inscriptionS.FRANCISCVS can be identified by the left figure,S.DOMINICVS by the right figure. The inscriptionROMA is found beneath the feet of the figures. Bothfigures are wearing monastic robes. The reverse sideof the medallion depicts two female figures withhaloes around their heads. The scene is surroundedby the inscription S.KLARA.S.CATHAR.SEN. The leftfigure holds a monstrance in her hands; the rightfigure holds a lily in her left hand. The inscriptionROMA is again found beneath the figures (fig. 16).

On the basis of the inscriptions, the figures can be interpretedas St. Francis, St. Dominic, St. Clare and St. Catherine of Siena.The iconographic significance of this medallion cannot be explainedby the method used above, since it would not work in this case.Nevertheless, a relatively clear connection can be found with these figuresas well. St. Clare of Assisi, the founder of the Poor Clares monastic order,is often considered to be of assistance against fever and eye ailments;St. Francis of Assisi, the founder of the Franciscan Order, is presented,among others, as a helper against headaches and the plague. St. Catherineof Siena, Tertiary of the Dominican Order, also allegedly helped againstthe plague and is considered an intercessor for the dying; and St. Dominic,founder of the Dominican Order, is regarded as a helper against fever.Therefore, when looking at the types of ailments with which theseindividual saints are of assistance, we see that they are connected mainlywith fever and the plague. And if we know that the first stage of the plagueis accompanied by a high fever, it is likely that from a magical perspectivethe medallion in question was intended to protect its owner from this verydisease. The medallion can be dated to the period of the plague epidemicin the 18th century, a fact that would also correspond to the find context,including the overall finish of the object.

Fig. 15. Medallion from grave no. 7 with St. Benedict motif.Photo by A. Havlínová.Obr. 15. Medailon z hrobu č. 7s motivem sv. Benedikta. Foto A. Havlínová.

Fig. 16. Medallion from graveno. 6. Identification of figures: a) St. Clare; b) St. Catherineof Siena; c) St. Francis; d) St. Dominic. Photo by A. Havlínová.Obr. 16. Medailon z hrobu č. 6.Identifikace postav: a) sv. Klára;b) sv. Kateřinu Sienská; c) sv. František; d) sv. Dominik.Foto A. Havlínová.


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Other more common religious objects fromthe assemblage include an oval medallion from graveH8, the front side of which shows the profileof a female head with a Gothic crown and a halo abovethe head. The inscription ECCE. ANCILA. DOM,and AVE. GRATIA. PLENA on the reverse sideof the medallion, as well as a rendition of the femalehead, indicate South European origin, likely an Italianproduction of holy Marian objects.

Another of these common Marian medallions wastaken from grave H1. This partially preserved medalliondepicts a female and male profile on the front and the backwith the names Jesus and Mary written in Latin.

A medallion taken from grave H5 is a brass castingin the shape of an oval. The front side features the figureof the Immaculate Virgin Mary with an aureole of glory,hands joined before the chest, a halo and seven six-pointed stars around her head. Her figure is standingon a crescent moon. The image is not accompaniedby an inscription. The reverse side depicts five standingsaints over the inscription ROMA. A dove, a symbolof the Holy Spirit, hovers over the head of the middle

figure. While we can reliably determine the iconography of the obverse sideof the medallion, the pentad of figures on the reverse is less clear.

In addition to the finds from the reliquary, the assemblage also includestwo separate Latin crucifixes from grave H1 and H6. The crucifix from graveH1 is a bronze casting in the shape of a clover cross (length 32 mm, width15 mm, thickness 3 mm, weight 1.66 g). The obverse side of the object featuresa relief figure of Christ with nameplate and Adam’s skull and crossbonesat the foot of the crucifix. The reverse side is smooth. The object is in alllikelihood a Credo cross from an unpreserved rosary of organic material.A second Latin crucifix from grave H6 probably has the same function;around 25 smooth wooden beads and an octagonal medallion, formerly partsof the rosary, were found in the grave along with the crucifix.

The final objects of probable religious importance taken from the gravesare pairs of small book fittings from graves H3 and H9; an object from graveH6 may also have had the same function. The two pairs are made frombronze and are clear evidence of the presence of prayer books in the graves;the organic parts of the books have however not been preserved (fig. 17)3).

Medications

Mercury was an unexpected discovery in the graves. Two silvery dropsof mercury with a volume of approximately 0.5 cm3 were found in two graves– H3 and H5. Only traces of the wooden box intended to hold this substancewere found in grave H5. Due to the condition of the box, it was not possibleto conduct any detailed measurements or evaluation. No signs of a box formercury were discovered in the second grave.

While at first glance the discovery of mercury in graves may seem illogical,the opposite is in fact true. During the Early Modern period (and even earlier)

Fig. 17. Example of Baroque bookbinding with small metal fittingsimilar to that found in graves.Photo by M. Omelka.Obr. 17. Příklad barokní knižnívazby s typy drobných kovovýchpřezek, analogickými nálezůmv hrobech. Foto M. Omelka.

Note 3:As is the case with the reliquaryfrom grave H7, the descriptionpresented includes only partof the objects that contributemost to our interpretation.The remaining items foundamong the grave furnishingsor the backfill are describedin the attached catalogue of finds.


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mercury was often used as an ingredient in ointments forthe treatment of skin disorders (fig. 18). E. Vlček (1996) treats thissubject in greater detail. He cites not only German humanisticscholar and writer, Ulrich von Hutten (1488-1523), who notedthat “more people died from mercury treatment than werecured.” He however also presented a period recipe for a mercuryointment: “…boil the ointment from four ounces of pork lard,bay leaf and scorpion oil; add half a quart of finely sifted ashof grape leaves and two ounces of mercury.”

When we consider that 1 ounce = 30 grams, the describedmixture must have been truly lethal and mercury poisoningsa daily occurrence.

The find context indicates that it is likely that pure mercurywas not placed in the grave, but a medicinal ointment containingmercury. In time, the organic ingredients of the ointment brokedown and only the mercury remained in the grave.

Medical aids

In addition to the mercury, other evidence of medical procedures includedanother find from grave H3, with the working name "clasp" (fig. 19). This itemwas a curved copper plate of a rounded rectangular shape. The surfaceof the top side features regular linear perforation that is combined in placeswith two pairs of rivets. The back side of the object is smooth and featuresremnants of “padding” in places. The object is 88 mm long, 66 mm wideand up to 5 mm thick. It was found in the grave next to the left armof the buried individual.

Fig. 18. The treatment of skindisorders with mercury ointment– with spatula (B. Steber: A Malofrançozo morbo Gallorumpraeservatio ac cura, 16th century.Taken from Vlček 1996).Obr. 18. Léčení kožních vyrážekrtuťovou mastí – těrkou (B. Steber: A Malo françozomorbo Gallorum praeservatio ac cura, 16. století. Převzato z Vlček 1996).

Fig. 19. Metal “clasp” and reconstructionof original condition.Drawing reconstruction by M. Omelka.Obr. 19. Kovové „spínadlo“a rekonstrukce původního stavu.Kresebná rekonstrukce M. Omelka.


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The upper side of the copper objectoriginally had two riveted leather strapsand two metal strips with perforated holesfor inserting the hooks originally attachedto the ends of the straps. Despite the factthat we are unable to positively determinethe function of the object, not even onthe basis of analogies (similar objects areknown from archaeological contextsand have been published on, thoughwithout any clear interpretation – seeLoskotová 1999), we believe that onthe basis of its position in the grave, itsshape and similar items, there is a highlikelihood that the object is a medical aidwith the function of today’s elasticpressure bandage (for a reconstructionof the original see fig. 19 below).The depiction of objects with similarshapes in educational literature fromthe end of the 18th century (fig. 20) isfurther proof that similar aids were usedin the given period.

Cemetery chronology

Despite the fact that the relativechronology of both horizons of the cemeteryis completely clear, the absolute timeline

classification is very difficult to achieve due to the absence of precise data.Small devotionals, mostly in the form of medallions, provide, in several cases,information about the period of their creation, though in the contextof the grave it is not possible to establish a more precise period of theircirculation. It is clear that in such cases, the date of burial cannot be earlierthan the iconographic and ideological purpose of the inserted objects permit.The most sensitively datable object from the site is the reliquary from graveH7. Among other items, it contains two medallions that can be efficientlydated. The first medallion was not produced before 1671 and the second canbe placed somewhere between 1674 and 1741. A third item from the box,at least partially datable, is a “Caravaca” crucifix, the popularity of whichpeaked in neighbouring Germany at the end of the 17th century. Conventionaldating of this type of crucifix is so far absent in our country. In additionto finds from archaeological excavations (e.g. excavations of the defunctcemetery in Šporkova Street in the Lesser Quarter – Omelka 2006b), wherethis type of crucifix is relatively frequent and can be dated to between1620 and 1784, they are also known from the inventory of the estateof Lesser Quarter townswoman Anna Marie Hillingerin from 1765(AMP 1218, fol. H 24v).

The remaining objects from the graves do not permit a more detaileddating.

Fig. 20. Period illustrationof surgical tools and similarobject from grave find – “clasp”from the 18th century. Taken from www.aukro.cz.Obr. 20. Dobové vyobrazeníchirurgických nástrojůa analogického předmětuk hrobovému nálezu tzv. spínadla z 18. století. Převzato z www.aukro.cz.


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Cemetery interpretation

The interpretation and chronology of the discovered cemetery are basedon the stratigraphic position of graves, an analysis of the objects foundin the graves and on the spatial and historical context of the studied area.

An analysis of the field context indicates that the earliest gravesin the cemetery interfered with the Early Modern period settlement layersbelonging to the final stage of the existence of the urban development priorto the founding of the monastery in the 1st half of the 17th century.On the other hand, the layers that covered the latest horizonof the cemetery could be connected with reasonable reliability to the periodof the existence of the military barracks built on the monastery groundsduring the course of the 19th century. The relative chronologyof the cemetery is therefore defined by the period of the existenceof the Capuchin monastery in the years 1633-1795. The cemetery wasspatially located in the large monastery garden, the appearance of which(network of paths and beds) is provided by the oldest plans from the 2nd halfof the 18th century (fig. 6). As was the custom of this religious order,the garden – according to the spatial possibilities of the given grounds –was a regular component of Capuchin monasteries. Besides its functionas a place for spiritual relaxation for members of the monastic order,the Capuchin monks in particular took advantage of the garden forcultivating utility plants (Vlček –Sommer – Foltýn 1997, 495). We currentlyhave no other information from archive research regarding other usesof this part of the monastery.

On the basis of the information we have gained, we believe thatthe cemetery served for the purposes of the monastery community.The cemetery may have been used for both monastic brothers as wellas individuals that did not directly belong to the order community (layservants, etc.). The beginnings of the cemetery connected with horizonA might suggest a freer structure to the area, with graves linedup approximately next to one other and oriented perpendicular to the wallof the neighbouring lot. This period was marked by a low burial frequency.The ensuing horizon B was already bound and spatially limitedby the garden wall, which was precisely respected. The cemeteryis distinctive in its explicit departure from the traditional west-eastorientation of graves and a marked spatial looseness conditionedby specific circumstances. This horizon involves a higher frequencyof burials.

On the basis of certain discoveries in the graves connected with medicaland sanitary practices (mercury, lime, medical aids), we can deduce thatthe deaths of some of the individuals were related to epidemicsof regularly occurring diseases (for an overview of greater Early Modernperiod epidemics in Prague see Státníková 2001b, 136-137). As such,burying the deceased in the most remote corner of the grounds wouldbe a sanitary measure aimed at keeping the cemetery as far away fromthe residential buildings as possible. The possibility also cannot be ruledout that some individuals died from the consequences of long-termdiseases or other health complications in the monastery infirmary thatis presumed to have existed on the grounds (Vlček – Sommer – Foltýn1997, 56).


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During the entire period of existence of the monastery, the official ordercemetery was a crypt beneath the presbytery of the Church of St. Joseph(fig. 6). However, we are not capable of determining how long it was usedfor nor what its capacity was. Burials in and around churches in Praguewas not abolished until an order was passed by Emperor Joseph II in 1786.His order in March 1782 had already banned burials in tombs in churchesand had directed that cemeteries be established beyond town walls.The most extreme measure, however, was an order from the middle of 1784instructing that the deceased to be placed naked in sacks and buriedin a pit dusted with unslaked lime (which might explain the finds in gravesH6 and H17); priests were also forbidden to accompany bodiesto the grave. Public outcry led the emperor to revoke this order half a yearlater (Státníková 2001a, 135).

Establishing the cemetery away from the church in contrast to Capuchinorder customs can be not only evidence of events connected with crisesmoments in the life of the community (periods of insidious epidemics), but alsoa product of the Enlightenment climate in the 2nd half of the 18th century.The Enlightenment period produced a whole number of radical actionsand changes that had a greater impact on the social and religious customsof the urban inhabitants of Czech cities (for general information onthe urban environment in this period see Bělina 1985). A combinationof the two cannot be ruled out, not only because of the documented duoof chronologically different cemetery horizons and the commonlyappearing variety in burial practices in graves, but also with respectto the presence of certain small objects of a devotional nature, the generaldating of which falls rather into the second phase of the monastery’shistory in the 18th century.

We do not have a comprehensive answer to questions regardingthe origin and evolution of the cemetery. One solution might be a detailedfuture study of the extensive collection of monastery documents, whichhave not yet been evaluated with respect to the issue of the cemetery.In the case that the cemetery was created by the community in an attemptto resolve certain strict restrictions from the state, it is highly likely thatthis measure needn’t necessarily be reflected in the official annalsof the monastery.

Using the cemetery from the grounds of the St. Joseph CapuchinMonastery in Prague as an example, we are able to demonstratethe difference between traditional models of monastery community lifepresented in order statutes and the real life that members of individualcommunities had to deal with as best they could. The results of studiesto date have not answered all of the questions concerning the reasons whythe cemetery area was created and the historical milestones of its existence.Nevertheless, the research has provided us with a great deal of valuableinformation on the gradually deepening study of Early Modern periodburial rites in our country (Blažková-Dubská 2005; Cimburková 2005;Navrátilová 1998; Tomková 2005; Unger 2000; 2002 and others; for a viewof the issue from an anthropological perspective see Prokeš 2007).


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Appendix 1: Description of skeletal remains

Methods

The evaluation was performed using the internationally accepted standardmethods of Knussmann (1988), Stloukal (1999) and the “Recommendations forAge and Sex Diagnoses of Skeletons” (Ferembach – Schwidetzky – Stloukal1980). The method established by Brůžek (2002) was also utilised to determineprobable gender. The abrasion of permanent teeth was evaluated accordingto the Lovejoy (1985) scheme. Functions established by Sjøvold (1990) wereused to estimate the height of individuals.

Grave no. 1

Description of field context:Skeletal burial of an adult individual. Skeleton orientation southwest-northeast(head-feet). The torso was placed on its back with the back of the skull leaningagainst the wall of the grave pit. The chin was resting on the breast with the facialpart of the skull facing north. The left hand was on the right pelvic blade, righthand on the left wrist. The lower limbs were stretched forward. The anatomicalpositioning of the bones indicates that the burial was probably not in a coffin.The placement of the body in the relatively small grave pit was imprecise.

Cranium:The cranium was significantly damaged. Bone fragments are post-mortally deformed,bone structure is massive. The left and right parietal, frontal and occipital bones werepreserved. Muscle relief is strong, the bridge of the nose has a groove, the mamillaryprocess (processus mastoideus) is very large, the nuchal lines are marked, the glabella ismassive, brow ridges (arcus superciliaris) are emphasized, the frontal eminences (tuberfrontale) are medium, the external occipital protuberance (protuberantia occipitalisexterna) protrudes very strongly, the supramastoid crest (crista supramastoidea) is verystrong, the eye sockets (orbita) have a transitory shape and the forehead is nearlyperpendicular. The lower jawbone can not be evaluated, as only fragments havesurvived. The abrasion of the 31 teeth (1 post-mortal loss) is level F.

Post-cranial skeleton:Surviving from the post-cranial skeleton (bones are slightly damaged) arethe left and right clavicle, fragments of the left and right shoulder blade, the leftand right humerus, the left and right radius, the left and right ulna, fragmentsof the carpal bones of the left and right hand, the metacarpals (4 left and 4 right– i.e. the first metacarpals are missing) and phalanges of the left (5) and right (10)hand. Also surviving are fragments of ribs, fragments of loose vertebrae,the sacrum, the left and right pelvic bone, the left and right femur, the leftand right patella, the left and right tibia, the left and right fibula, the right talus,the right second and fourth tarsal bones, and four toe phalanges from the rightfoot. The bones are massive with indistinct muscular relief. Evaluation of the auricular surface (facies auricularis) of the left pelvic bone(according to Lovejoy et al. 1985): phase 3.

Varieties:Accessory articular spots are found on the distal ends of the tibias (faciesaccessoria articularis lateralis tibiae). The fifth lumbar vertebra shows signsof partial sacralisation.

Conclusion:Male individual in adult age group II (30-40 years old), height approximately168 cm.


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Grave no. 2

Description of field context:Skeletal burial of an adult individual. Skeleton orientation south-north (head-feet). The torso was placed on its back with the back of the skull leaning againstthe wall of the grave pit. The skull was lying with the frontal part facingupwards and the jawbones were open wide. The upper limbs were claspedat the breast. The lower limbs were stretched forward. The anatomicalpositioning of the bones indicates that the burial was probably not in a coffin.

Cranium:The bone structure of the cranium is massive; the bones showed slight post-mortaldeformation. The nose was prominent. The bridge of the nose is shallow and thin,the piriform aperture (apertura piriformis) is narrow and high, the mamillary process(processus mastoideus) is very large, the nuchal lines are marked, the glabella ismassive, brow ridges (arcus superciliaris) are emphasized, the frontal eminences(tuber frontale) are missing, the external occipital protuberance (protuberantiaoccipitalis externa) is medium, the supramastoid crest (crista supramastoidea) is verystrong, the malar bone (os zygomaticum) is medium and has an irregular surface,the frontal bone strongly recedes and the eye sockets (orbita) have a sharp upperedge. The lower jawbone has an overall medium strength, the chin (mentum) ismassive, there are large projections on the angle of mandible (angulus mandibulae),the inferior border (margo inferior) is strong, the crowns of the angle of the lower jaw(gonia) are straight and the sides of the lower jaw are oblique and medium-wide.Seven cases of decay were found on the set of 30 teeth (2 intravital losses). Toothabrasion cannot be evaluated (psalidodontal occlusion and massive decay).

Post-cranial skeleton:Surviving from the post-cranial skeleton are the left and right shoulder blade(substantially damaged), the left and right clavicle, the left and right humerus,the left and right radius, the left and right ulna, carpal bones of the left and righthand, the metacarpal bones and phalanges of the left and right hand. Alsosurviving are fragments of ribs, fragments of loose vertebrae and the sacrum,the left and right pelvic bone, the left and right femur, the left and right patella,the left and right tibia, the left and right fibula, the tarsal and metatarsal bonesof the left and right foot, and toe phalanges from the right and left foot.Evaluation of the auricular surface (facies auricularis) of the left pelvic bone(according to Lovejoy et al. 1985): phase 3.

Pathology:The calcaneus bones show spurs at the connection point with the Achillestendon (3 mm). There is an abscess at the roots of the first right upper molar.In the surrounding area the surface of the bone is perforated with numeroussmall openings; the surface of the bone also shows apposition. This is probablyevidence of periostitis. There is an abscess at the roots of the second left uppermolar (open to sinus maxillaris).


Grave no. 3

Description of field context:Skeletal burial of an adult individual. Skeleton orientation southwest-northeast(head-feet). The torso was placed on its back with the skull resting onthe occipital bone, facial part sideways and looking upwards and to the south.Right hand rested on sacrum, left hand on right forearm. The lower limbs werestretched forward. The anatomical positioning of the bones indicates thatthe burial was probably not in a coffin.


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Cranium:The cranium is damaged. Muscle relief is strong, the bridge of the nose hasa slight groove (transit form), the mamillary process (processus mastoideus) is verymassive, the nuchal lines are marked, the glabella is massive, brow ridges (arcussuperciliaris) are strongly emphasized, the frontal eminences (tuber frontale) aremissing, the external occipital protuberance (protuberantia occipitalis externa)protrudes very strongly, the supramastoid crest (crista supramastoidea) is verystrong, the frontal bone recedes strongly, and the upper edge of the eye sockets(orbita) is rounded. Overall the lower jawbone is massive, the chin (mentum) isvery prominent, the lower edge is very massive, the inferior border (margoinferior) is very massive and the sides of the lower jaw are wide and nearlyperpendicular. The abrasion of the 27 teeth (1 intravital loss, 2 cases of decay) islevel E.

Post-cranial skeleton:Surviving from the post-cranial skeleton are fragments of the left and rightshoulder blade, fragments of the left and right clavicle, the left and righthumerus, the left and right radius, the left and right ulna, carpal bones of the leftand right hand, the metacarpal bones and phalanges of the left and right hand.Also surviving are fragments of ribs, fragments of loose vertebraeand the sacrum, the left and right pelvic bone, the left and right femur, the leftand right patella, the left and right tibia, the left and right fibula, the tarsaland metatarsal bones of the left and right foot, and toe phalanges from the rightand left foot.

Pathology:Fine cribra orbitalia are found on the roofs of the eye sockets. Tartar is found onthe lower teeth. Incisors show signs of intravital damage to the enamel (smallpieces of enamel have chipped off).

Conclusion:Male individual in adult age group I (20-30 years old), height approximately176 cm. The pathological finding on the roofs of the eye sockets indicates poorliving conditions for the individual.

Grave no. 4

Description of field context:Skeletal burial of an adult individual. Skeleton orientation southwest-northeast(head-feet). The body was placed on its left side with the abdomen facingdownwards. The skull was resting on its facial part, looking downand to the north. The left hand was next to the blade of the right pelvic bone,the right beneath the pelvis. The lower limbs were bent. The anatomicalpositioning of the bones indicates that the burial was not in a coffin. The gravewas disturbed (left and right leg bones removed) during the digging of the pitfor grave no. 6.

Cranium:The bridge of the nose is shallow and thin, the piriform aperture (aperturapiriformis) is narrow and high, the mamillary process (processus mastoideus) isvery large, the nuchal lines are marked, the glabella is formed, brow ridges (arcussuperciliaris) are clearly marked, the frontal eminences (tuber frontale) are notevident, the external occipital protuberance (protuberantia occipitalis externa) ismedium, the supramastoid crest (crista supramastoidea) is strong, the frontal bonestrongly recedes and the upper edge of the eye sockets (orbita) is rounded.Overall, the lower jawbone is small, the chin (mentum) is medium, the inferiorborder (margo inferior) is medium, the crowns of the angle of the lower jaw(gonia) are straight, the sides of the lower jawbone are short, wide and slightlyslanted. The abrasion of the 28 teeth stands at level H.


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Post-cranial skeleton:Surviving from the post-cranial skeleton are the left and right shoulder blade,the left and right clavicle, the left and right humerus, the left and right radius,the left and right ulna, carpal bones of the left and right hand and the metacarpalbones and phalanges of the left and right hand. There are also fragments of ribs,loose vertebrae and sacrum, the left and right pelvic bone, the left and right femur,the left and right patella, the left and right tibia and the left and right fibula.Evaluation of the auricular surface (facies auricularis) of the right pelvic bone(according to Lovejoy et al. 1985): phase 5.

Pathology:The diaphyses of the tibias are incrassated and the bones are remodelled intothe form known as “sabre shin.”

Conclusion:Male individual in mature age group I (40-50 years old). The tibias show signsof syphilis.

Grave no. 5

Description of field context:Skeletal burial of an adult individual. Skeleton orientation southwest-northeast(head-feet). The body was placed on its back and the left humerus was leaningagainst the side of the grave pit. The skull rested on the occipital bone withthe facial part sideways and looking upwards and to the south. The left and righthands were next to the blade of the right pelvic bone. The lower limbs werestretched forward. The right lower limb was turned to the right side.The anatomical positioning of the bones indicates that the burial was not in a coffin.

Cranium:The damaged cranium is medium-sized. The bridge of the nose is wide(damaged), the frontal eminences are not pronounced, the frontal bone recedesand the eye sockets have a transitory shape and a rounded upper edge. The lowerjaw is massive, the chin (mentum) is prominent, there are small projections onthe angle of mandible (angulus mandibulae), the inferior border (margo inferior) isstrong, the crowns of the angle of the lower jaw (gonia) are everted and the sidesof the lower jaw are perpendicular. The abrasion of the 30 teeth is level C.

Post-cranial skeleton:Surviving from the post-cranial skeleton are the left and right shoulder blade,the left and right clavicle, the left and right humerus, the left and right radius,the left and right ulna, carpal bones of the left and right hand and the metacarpalbones and phalanges of the left and right hand. Also surviving are fragmentsof ribs, loose vertebrae, the sacrum, the left and right pelvic bone, the leftand right femur, the left and right patella, the left and right tibia, the leftand right fibula, the tarsal and metatarsal bones of the left and right foot and toephalanges from the right and left foot. The bone structure is fine.Evaluation of the auricular surface (facies auricularis) of the left pelvic bone(according to Lovejoy et al. 1985): phase 1.

Varieties:The left malar bone shows processus marginalis.

Pathology:Hypoplasia of tooth enamel.

Conclusion:Gracile male individual in adult age group I (20-30 years old), heightapproximately 165 cm. Hypoplasia of tooth enamel corresponds to non-specificstress, probably at the age of 4-5 years.


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Grave no. 6

Description of field context:Skeletal burial of an adult individual. Skeleton orientation north-south (head-feet).The torso was placed on its back with the occipital bone leaning against the wallof the grave pit. The chin was resting on the breast with the facial part of skullfacing south. The left upper limb was spread out along the torso; the right handwas on the lumbar part of the spine. The lower limbs were strongly bent. The kneejoint of the left lower limb was facing upwards; the right lower limb was turnedto the right and the bones of the right leg were by the side of the grave pit underthe left knee. The anatomical positioning of the bones indicates that the burial wasnot in a coffin.

Cranium:Muscle relief is indistinct, the bridge of the nose is shallow and thin, the piriformaperture (apertura piriformis) is medium wide and low, the mamillary process(processus mastoideus) is medium, the nuchal lines are slightly formed, the glabellaprotrudes slightly, the malar process (processus zygomaticus) is medium, brow ridges(arcus superciliaris) are slightly emphasized, the frontal eminences (tuber frontale) areindistinct, the external occipital protuberance (protuberantia occipitalis externa) isrough, the supramastoid crest (crista supramastoidea) is very massive, the malarbone (os zygomaticum) is medium and has a smooth surface, the frontal bone isperpendicular and the eye sockets (orbita) have a sharp upper edge. Overallthe lower jawbone is medium-sized, the chin (mentum) is small, the inferior border(margo inferior) is strong and the sides of the lower jawbone are nearlyperpendicular (damaged). The abrasion of the 27 teeth (1 intravital loss) is level D.

Post-cranial skeleton:Surviving from the post-cranial skeleton are the left and right shoulder blade, the leftand right clavicle, the left and right humerus, the left and right radius, the left(damaged) and right ulna, carpal bones of the left and right hand and the metacarpalbones and phalanges of the left and right hand. Also surviving are fragments of ribs,the sternum, 5 lumbar vertebrae and fragments of thoracic and cervical vertebrae,the sacrum, the left and right pelvic bone, the left and right femur, the left and rightpatella, the left and right tibia, the left and right fibula, the tarsal and metatarsalbones of the left and right foot, and toe phalanges from the right and left foot.Evaluation of the auricular surface (facies auricularis) of the left pelvic bone(according to Lovejoy et al. 1985): phase 2.

Varieties:The left and right femur exhibit fossa Alleni.

Admixture:Right fibula, left talus and the third tarsus.

Conclusion:Male individual in adult age group I (20-30 years old), height approximately164 cm. Skeletal remains labelled as “admixture” are from an individual withan indeterminate gender and age.

Grave no. 7

Description of field context:Skeletal burial of an adult individual. Skeleton orientation northwest-southeast (head-feet). The torso was placed on its back. The slightly tilted skullwas resting on the occipital bone with the facial part looking upwardsand slightly to the east. The jawbones were open wide. The upper limbs werebent at a right angle at the elbow joint. The left hand was on the lumbar partof the spine, the right hand on the left forearm. The shoulder joints shiftedslightly during decomposition (squeezed inward) as a result of the tapering


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of the grave pit at the base. The lower limbs were stretched forward.The anatomical positioning of the bones indicates that the burial was probablynot in a coffin.

Cranium:The cranium is slightly damaged and has a fine bone structure. The bridgeof the nose is narrow (without a groove), the piriform aperture (aperturapiriformis) is assymetrical, the mamillary process (processus mastoideus) is massive,the nuchal lines are distinct, the glabella protrudes slightly, the malar process(processus zygomaticus) is thin and low, brow ridges (arcus superciliaris) are slightlyemphasized, the frontal eminences are lightly indicated, the external occipitalprotuberance (protuberantia occipitalis externa) is medium, the supramastoid crest(crista supramastoidea) is weak, the malar bone (os zygomaticum) is low withan irregular surface, the frontal bone is nearly perpendicular and the eye sockets(orbita) are round and have a rounded upper edge. The lower jawbone is fine,the chin (mentum) is medium (angular), there are small projections on the angleof mandible (angulus mandibulae), the inferior border (margo inferior) is strong,the crowns of the angle of the lower jaw (gonia) are everted and the sidesof the lower jaw are nearly perpendicular, medium-wide and medium-long.A total of 30 teeth were preserved (2 intravital losses, 6 cases of decay).

Post-cranial skeleton:Surviving from the post-cranial skeleton are the left and right shoulder blade,the left and right clavicle, the left and right humerus, the left and right radius,the left and right ulna, carpal bones of the left and right hand and the metacarpalbones and phalanges of the left and right hand. Also surviving are fragmentsof ribs, fragments of loose vertebrae and the sacrum, the left and right pelvicbone, the left and right femur, the left and right patella, the left and right tibia,the left and right fibula, the tarsal and metatarsal bones of the left and right foot,and toe phalanges from the right and left foot.Evaluation of the auricular surface (facies auricularis) of the left pelvic bone(according to Lovejoy et al. 1985): phase 4.

Variety:The left malar bone shows processus marginalis. The right and left patella haveholes and grooves of lateral wide muscle.

Pathology:A large abscess is located at the roots of the first upper molar. Heavy decay ledto the loss of the crowns of the second and third lower left molars, the first upperleft bicuspid and the first upper right molar.


Grave no. 8

Description of field context:Skeletal burial of an adult individual. Skeleton orientation southeast-northwest(head-feet). The torso was placed on its back. The chin was resting on the breastwith the facial part of skull facing north. The left hand was on the right sideof the abdominal area, the right hand on the left side. The lower limbs werestretched forward. The anatomical positioning of the bones indicates thatthe burial was not in a coffin.

Cranium:The cranium is virtually undamaged, bone structure is medium-sized.The bridge of the nose has a groove, the mamillary process (processus mastoideus)is very massive, the nuchal lines are lightly marked, the glabella is formed,


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the malar process (processus zygomaticus) is medium, brow ridges (arcussuperciliaris) are lightly marked, the frontal eminences are lightly indicated,the external occipital protuberance (protuberantia occipitalis externa) is medium,the supramastoid crest (crista supramastoidea) is strong, the malar bone (oszygomaticum) is medium with an irregular surface, the frontal bone is lightlyreceding and the upper edge of the eye sockets (orbita) is rounded. Overallthe lower jawbone is medium-sized, the chin (mentum) is medium, the inferiorborder (margo inferior) is strong and the sides of the lower jawbone are slanted,short and medium-wide. A total of 27 teeth were preserved (5 intravital losses,4 cases of decay).

Post-cranial skeleton:Surviving from the post-cranial skeleton are the left and right shoulder blade,the left and right clavicle, the left and right humerus, the left and right radius,the left and right ulna, carpal bones of the left and right hand and the metacarpalbones and phalanges of the left and right hand. Also surviving are fragmentsof ribs, the sternum, 23 loose vertebrae (6 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar),the sacrum, the left and right pelvic bone, the left and right femur, the leftand right patella, the left and right tibia, the left and right fibula, the tarsaland metatarsal bones of the left and right foot, and toe phalanges from the rightand left foot.Evaluation of the auricular surface (facies auricularis) of the right pelvic bone(according to Lovejoy et al. 1985): phase 5.

Pathology:The loss of left lower molars (and decay to the right molars) led to significantlygreater use of the front teeth. Small pieces of enamel were intravitally chippedoff the front teeth. Schmorl’s nodes are present on the fifth to twelfth thoracicvertebrae.

Conclusion:Male individual in mature age group I (40-50 years old), height approximately164 cm.

Grave no. 9

Description of field context:Skeletal burial of an adult individual. Skeleton orientation southeast-northwest(head-feet). The torso was placed on its back with the back of the skull leaningagainst the wall of the grave pit. The chin was resting on the breast and the facialpart of skull was facing northwest. The jawbones were open. The left hand wason the lower right part of the chest, the right hand was by the left forearmon the lumbar part of the spine. The lower limbs were stretched forward. The leftlower limb was turned to the left side. On the basis of the anatomicalarrangement of the bones (damage and shifting of bones during cleaning) it isnot possible to assess whether the body was placed in a coffin or not.

Cranium:The cranium has medium bone structure and the facial part is slightly post-mortally deformed. Muscle relief is medium, the medium-wide bridgeof the nose has a groove, the mamillary process (processus mastoideus) is verymassive, the nuchal lines are marked, the glabella is massive, brow ridges (arcussuperciliaris) are emphasized, the frontal eminences are lightly marked,the external occipital protuberance (protuberantia occipitalis externa) protrudes,the supramastoid crest (crista supramastoidea) is strong, the frontal bone is lightlyreceding and the upper edge of the eye sockets (orbita) is rounded. Overallthe lower jawbone is very massive, the chin (mentum) is very prominent, thereare projections on the angle of mandible (angulus mandibulae), the inferior border(margo inferior) is strong, the crowns of the angle of the lower jaw (gonia) are


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strongly everted and the sides of the lower jaw are wide and slanted.The abrasion of the 31 teeth (1 intravital loss, 1 case of decay) is level G.

Post-cranial skeleton:Surviving from the post-cranial skeleton are the hyoid, the left and rightshoulder blade, the left and right clavicle, the left and right humerus, the leftand right radius, the left and right ulna, carpal bones of the left and right handand the metacarpal bones and phalanges of the left and right hand. Alsosurviving are fragments of ribs, the sternum, 24 loose vertebrae (7 cervical,12 thoracic, 5 lumbar), the sacrum, the left and right pelvic bone, the leftand right femur, the left and right patella, the left and right tibia, the leftand right fibula, the tarsal and metatarsal bones of the left and right foot,and toe phalanges from the right and left foot. Bone structure is massive withstrong muscle heads. Evaluation of the auricular surface (facies auricularis) of the left pelvic bone(according to Lovejoy et al. 1985): phase 4.

Varieties:There is partial isolation (ossiculum trigonum tali) on the right talus. An accessoryarticular surface (facies accessoria articularis lateralis tibiae) is found on the distalend of the right tibia. There is a groove of lateral wide muscle on the right patella(incisura musculi vasti lateralis).

Pathology:The right upper canine tooth shows palatal eruption. There is an abscessat the roots of the first and second upper left incisor. Abscesses are presentat the roots of the first and second upper left molars. The surface of the headof the radius is perforated – osteochodrosis dissecans. The left and right secondtarsi have incrassated diaphyses. The calcaneus bones show spursat the connection point with the Achilles tendon. The left pelvic bone and the leftfemur show signs of the beginnings of coxarthrosis (a rim around the headand semi-lunar surfaces – facies lunata). The tenth thoracic vertebra shows signsof osteo-vertebral arthrosis (porosity is found on the right transverse projection,new bone and a bump around the articular surface). The lower halfof the thoracic spine has cuneate vertebra bodies; the nuclei prolapse intothe bodies. Schmorl’s nodes are found on the ninth and tenth thoracic vertebrae.

Conclusion:Male individual in adult age group II (30-40 years old), height approximately172 cm. Fatigue fractures of the left and right second tarsus were probablythe result of carrying excessive loads.

Grave no. 10

Description of field context:Skeletal burial of an adult individual. Skeleton orientation southeast-northwest(head-feet). The torso was placed on its back with the head leaning againstthe wall of the grave pit. The skull was on the occipital side with the face lookingupwards. The jawbones were open wide. The left hand was on the lower rightpart of the chest, the right hand was probably (damaged) on the lumbar partof the spine. The lower limbs were stretched forward.

Cranium:The cranium is significantly damaged; bone structure is medium, muscle relief fine.The bridge of the nose has a groove, the mamillary process (processus mastoideus) ismedium (damaged), the nuchal lines are lightly marked, the glabella is massive,brow ridges (arcus superciliaris) are clearly marked, the frontal eminences aremissing, the external occipital protuberance (protuberantia occipitalis externa) issmooth, the supramastoid crest (crista supramastoidea) is medium, the frontal bone ismedium receding and the upper edge of the eye sockets (orbita) is sharp. The lower


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jawbone is small, the chin (mentum) is prominent, the inferior border (margo inferior)is strong, the crowns of the angle of the lower jaw (gonia) are everted, the sidesof the lower jaw are nearly perpendicular, wide and short. The abrasion of the 24 teeth(12 intravital losses, 4 post-mortal losses, 2 cases of decay) is level D.

Post-cranial skeleton:Surviving from the post-cranial skeleton are the left and right shoulder blade,the left and right clavicle, the left and right humerus, the left and right radius,the left and right ulna, and metacarpal bones and phalanges of the left and righthand. Also surviving are fragments of ribs and vertebrae, the sacrum, fragmentsof the left and right pelvic bone, the left and right femur, the left and rightpatella, the left and right tibia, the left and right fibula, the tarsal and metatarsalbones of the left and right foot, and toe phalanges from the right and left foot.The bones are significantly damaged.Evaluation of the auricular surface (facies auricularis) of the left pelvic bone(according to Lovejoy et al. 1985): phase 1.

Varieties:A fragment of the root of a primary tooth is preserved between the second upperleft bicuspid and the first molar. An accessory articular surface (facies accessoriaarticularis lateralis tibiae) is found on the distal end of the right tibia.

Note:Fragments of ribs and vertebrae, phalanges of the hand and the sacrum werecovered with concrete.

Conclusion:Male individual in adult age group I (20-30 years old), height approximately166 cm.

Grave no. 11

Description of field context:Fragment of skeletal burial of an adult individual. Skeleton orientationnorthwest-southeast (head-feet). The torso was placed on its back. The left handwas on the chest, the position of the right hand could not be surmised. The lowerlimbs were bent. The left lower limb was bent at the knee joint at approximatelya right angle and was leaning against the wall of the grave pit. The right lowerlimb was pulled up by the knee toward the left. The anatomical positioningof the bones indicates that the burial was not in a coffin.

Cranium:Only the calvarium is preserved; bone structure and muscle relief is fine.The bridge of the nose has a slight groove, the nuchal lines are lightly formed,the glabella is formed, the frontal eminences are indicated, the external occipitalprotuberance (protuberantia occipitalis externa) is protruding, the frontal bone islightly receding and the upper edge of the eye sockets (orbita) is sharp.The abrasion of the 31 teeth (1 post-mortal loss) is level G.

Post-cranial skeleton:Surviving from the post-cranial skeleton are preserved fragments of the leftand right shoulder blade, the left and right humerus, the left and right radius,the left and right ulna, and a significantly damaged metacarpal bone.Also surviving are 5 significantly damaged lumbar vertebrae, the sternum,the left and right pelvic bone, the left and right femur, the left and right patella,the left and right tibia, the left and right fibula, the tarsal and metatarsal bonesof the left and right foot, and toe phalanges from the right and left foot.Evaluation of the auricular surface (facies auricularis) of the left pelvic bone(according to Lovejoy et al. 1985): phase 3.


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Varieties:There is a groove of lateral wide muscle on the left and right patella (incisuramusculi vasti lateralis).

Pathology:Tooth enamel is disrupted by numerous hypoplasia. The left second tarsus hasincrassated diaphyses.

Conclusion:Male individual in adult age group II (30-40 years old), height approximately173 cm. Fatigue fractures of the left second tarsus were probably the resultof excessive walking.

Grave no. 12

Description of field context:Skeletal burial of an adult individual. Skeleton orientation southeast-northwest (head-feet). The body was placed on its back. The chin resting wason the breast with the facial part of the skull facing north. The left and righthands were resting on the lumbar part of the spine. The lower limbs werestretched forward. The grave was disrupted by concrete injection.The anatomical positioning of the bones indicates that the burial was notin a coffin.

Cranium:The cranium was slightly damaged. The bone structure is fine with indistinctmuscle relief. The bridge of the nose is shallow and thin, the mamillary process(processus mastoideus) is medium, the nuchal lines are lightly formed,the glabella slightly protrudes, the malar process (processus zygomaticus) is thinand low, brow ridges (arcus superciliaris) are lightly marked, the frontaleminences are indistinct, the external occipital protuberance (protuberantiaoccipitalis externa) is medium, the supramastoid crest (crista supramastoidea) ismedium, the malar bone (os zygomaticum) is medium, the angle of the frontalbone (inclinatio frontale) is lightly receding and the eye sockets (orbita) havea rounded upper edge. Only fragments of the lower jawbone have survived.The abrasion of the 27 teeth (1 intravital loss, 2 post-mortal losses, 4 casesof decay) is level H.

Post-cranial skeleton:Surviving from the post-cranial skeleton are the left and right shoulder blade,the left and right clavicle, the left and right humerus, the left and right radius,the left and right ulna, carpal bones of the left and right handand the metacarpal bones and phalanges of the left and right hand. Alsosurviving are fragments of ribs, fragments of loose vertebrae and the sacrum,the left and right pelvic bone, the left and right femur, the left and rightpatella, the left and right tibia, the left and right fibula, the tarsaland metatarsal bones of the left and right foot, and toe phalanges fromthe right and left foot.Evaluation of the auricular surface (facies auricularis) of the right pelvic bone(according to Lovejoy et al. 1985): phase 5.

Varieties:There is a groove of lateral wide muscle on the left and right patella (incisuramusculi vasti lateralis).

Pathology:The joint connections between the second to seventh thoracic vertebrae areafflicted with massive third-degree spondyloarthrosis as defined by Sager (1969).The spondyloarthrosis evident between the seventh and eighth thoracic


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vertebrae is first-degree according to Sager’s system. The twelfth thoracicvertebra shows right-sided osteo-vertebral arthrosis.

Note:The bones of the left leg were buried in concrete.

Admixture:A right pelvic bone and a right femur (probably belonging to the individual fromgrave 16).

Conclusion:Male individual in mature age group I (40-50 years old), height approximately160 cm. Skeletal remains labelled as “admixture” are evaluated by the methodsapplied as being from an individual with an indeterminate gender and ageand a height of approximately 182 cm (probably male).

Grave no. 13

Description of field context:Skeletal burial of an adult individual. Skeleton orientation southeast-northwest(head-feet). The body was placed on its back. The lower limbs were stretchedforward. The grave was disrupted by concrete injection, rendering it impossibleto record other characteristics.

Cranium:Only the calvarium of massive bone structure and filled with concrete hassurvived from the cranium. The glabella is massive, brow ridges (arcussuperciliaris) are emphasized, the frontal eminences are lightly indicated,the frontal bone recedes to a medium degree and the eye sockets (orbita) havea rounded upper edge.

Post-cranial skeleton:Surviving from the post-cranial skeleton are fragments of the sacrum, the leftpelvic bone, the left femur and the left fibula.Evaluation of the auricular surface (facies auricularis) of the right pelvic bone(according to Lovejoy et al. 1985): phase 5.

Pathology:There are numerous blood vessel imprints on the inner side of the cranial bone(facies interna).

Admixture:Only a fragment of the front part of the cranium, covered with concrete, hassurvived. The bridge of the nose is shallow and wide, the glabella is slightlyprotruding, the brow ridges (arcus superciliaris) are lightly indicated, the frontaleminences are medium, the malar bone (os zygomaticum) is high with an irregularsurface, the frontal bone is nearly perpendicular and the upper edge of the eyesockets (orbita) is rounded. The abrasion of the 10 teeth (1 intravital loss, 5 post-mortal losses) is level E.

Conclusion:Male individual in mature age group I (40-50 years old). A cranium labelledas “admixture” probably belongs to a female (?) in adult age group I (20-30 years old).

Note:The field context (grave injected with concrete) renders it impossible to connecteither skull to the post-cranial skeleton. The skulls were found in situin the pelvic area, in close proximity to one another in a block of concrete.


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Grave no. 14

Description of field context:Skeletal burial of an adult individual. Skeleton orientation south-north (head-feet). The torso was placed on its back. The slightly tilted skull was restingon the occipital bone, with the facial part looking upwards and slightlyto the east. The jawbones were open wide. The upper limbs were bentat a right angle at the elbow joint. The left hand was on the inner sideof the right elbow joint; the right hand was on the outside of the left elbowjoint by the left forearm. The shoulder joints shifted slightly duringdecomposition (squeezed inward) as a result of the tapering of the grave pitat the base. The lower limbs were stretched forward. The right knee joint wasresting on the left knee joint. The anatomical arrangement of the bonesindicates that it may have been buried in a hollow space (a coffin) or theremay have been a secondary shift of the pelvic bones influenced by the unevenbase of the grave pit.

Cranium:The cranium is slightly damaged and has a medium bone structure. Muscle reliefis medium, the bridge of the nose has a groove, the mamillary process (processusmastoideus) is very large, the nuchal lines are marked, the glabella is massive,the malar process (processus zygomaticus) is medium, brow ridges (arcussuperciliaris) are clearly marked, the frontal eminences are lightly marked,the external occipital protuberance (protuberantia occipitalis externa) is medium,the supramastoid crest (crista supramastoidea) is strong, the malar bone (oszygomaticum) is high with an irregular surface, the frontal bone is lightlyreceding and the upper edge of the eye sockets (orbita) is rounded and low.Overall the lower jawbone is massive, the chin (mentum) is prominent, there arelarge projections on the angle of mandible (angulus mandibulae), the inferiorborder (margo inferior) is strong, there are small projections on the crownsof the angle of the lower jaw (gonia) and the sides of the lower jawbone are wideand nearly perpendicular. The abrasion of the 32 teeth is level H.

Post-cranial skeleton:Surviving from the post-cranial skeleton are the left and right shoulder blade,the left and right clavicle, the left and right humerus, the left and right radius,the left and right ulna, carpal bones of the left and right hand and the metacarpalbones and phalanges of the left and right hand. Also surviving are ribs,the sternum, 24 loose vertebrae (some as fragments), the sacrum, the leftand right pelvic bone, the left and right femur, the left and right patella,the left and right tibia, the left and right fibula, the tarsal and metatarsal bonesof the left and right foot, and toe phalanges from the right and left foot.Evaluation of the auricular surface (facies auricularis) of the left pelvic bone(according to Lovejoy et al. 1985): phase 1.

Varieties:The left and right malar bones exhibit processus marginalis.

Conclusion:Male individual in adult age group I (20-30 years old), height approximately176 cm.

Grave no. 15

Description of field context:Skeletal burial of an adult individual. Skeleton orientation northeast-southwest (head-feet). The body was placed on its back. The skull wasresting on the left temple with the facial part of the skull facing south.The jawbones were open wide. The upper limbs were folded on the sacrum.


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The lower limbs were stretched forward. Damage to the bones renders itimpossible to determine with certainty whether the burial was in a coffinor not.

Cranium:The cranium of massive bone structure was significantly damaged. The lowerjawbone is completely fragmented. The bridge of the nose has a groove,the mamillary process (processus mastoideus) is very massive, the nuchal linesare crested, the external occipital protuberance (protuberantia occipitalis externa)protrudes, the glabella is massive, brow ridges (arcus superciliaris) are clearlymarked, the frontal eminences are missing, the supramastoid crest (cristasupramastoidea) is very strong and the frontal bone recedes at a medium rate.The abrasion of the 26 teeth (2 cases of decay) cannot be evaluated.

Post-cranial skeleton:The bones of the post-cranial skeleton are significantly damaged. Surviving fromthe post-cranial skeleton are the left and right shoulder blade, the left and rightclavicle, the left and right humerus, the left and right radius, the left and rightulna, carpal bones of the left and right hand and the metacarpal bonesand phalanges of the left and right hand. Also surviving are fragments of ribs,loose vertebrae, the left and right pelvic bone, the left and right femur, the leftand right patella, the left and right tibia, the left and right fibula, the tarsaland metatarsal bones of the left and right foot, and toe phalanges from the rightand left foot.

Varieties:Incomplete separation (ossiculum trigonum tali) on the left talus boneand complete separation on the right talus.

Pathology:New abrasive surfaces are found on the upper teeth and on the first right lowerbicuspid.

Conclusion:Male individual, probably in mature age group I (40-60 years old), heightapproximately 165 cm. Loss of molars and massive decay caused an alterationof the individual’s bite.

Grave no. 16

Description of field context:Skeletal burial of an adult individual. Skeleton orientation north-south (head-feet). The body was placed on its back. The left arm was resting on the right sideof the abdominal area. The lower limbs were stretched forward. The grave wasprobably disturbed, as the right upper limb, vertebrae and the right femur aremissing. The grave was disrupted by concrete injection. The anatomicalpositioning of the bones indicates that the burial was not in a coffin.

Cranium:Only the lower jaw remained of the cranium. Overall the lower jawboneis massive, the chin (mentum) is angular, the inferior border (margo inferior)is strong and the sides of the lower jawbone are wide and perpendicular.The abrasion of the 15 teeth (16 post-mortal losses – i.e. from the upper jaw)is level F.

Post-cranial skeleton:Surviving from the post-cranial skeleton are preserved fragments of the leftshoulder blade, the left humerus, the left radius, the left ulna, fragmentsof vertebrae and the sacrum, part of the left and right pelvic bone, the left femur,


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the left and right patella, the left and right tibia and the left and right fibula.The bones are significantly damaged.

Admixture:A fragment of a right shoulder blade, a right clavicle, a first right upperpermanent molar, a right talus, fragments of vertebrae and ribs and fragmentsof animal bones.


Grave no. 17

Description of field context:Skeletal burial of an adult individual. Skeleton orientation southwest-northeast(head-feet). The body was placed on its back and the left humerus was leaningagainst the side of the grave pit. The skull was resting on the occipital bone withthe facial part askew and looking upwards. The left and right hands wereby the sacrum. The lower limbs were stretched forward. The anatomicalpositioning of the bones indicates that the burial was probably not in a coffin.

Cranium:The cranium has medium bone structure and the facial part suffered post-mortaldamage (splanchnocranium). Muscle relief is medium, the medium-wide bridgeof the nose has a groove, the mamillary process (processus mastoideus) is very large,the nuchal lines are marked, the glabella is massive, the malar process (processuszygomaticus) is medium, brow ridges (arcus superciliaris) are highly emphasized,the frontal eminences are missing, the external occipital protuberance (protuberantiaoccipitalis externa) is protruding, the supramastoid crest (crista supramastoidea) isstrong, the malar bone (os zygomaticum) is medium with an irregular surface,the frontal bone is strongly receding and the upper edge of the square eye sockets(orbita) is rounded. Overall the lower jawbone has medium bone structure, the chin(mentum) is prominent, there are small projections on the angle of mandible(angulus mandibulae), the inferior border (margo inferior) is strong, the crownsof the angle of the lower jaw (gonia) are strongly everted and the sides of the lowerjaw are medium-wide and slanted. The abrasion of the 7 teeth (2 intravital losses,19 post-mortal losses, 2 cases of decay) cannot be assessed.

Post-cranial skeleton:Surviving from the post-cranial skeleton are the left and right shoulder blade,the left and right clavicle, the left and right humerus, the left and right radius,the left and right ulna, carpal bones of the left and right hand and the metacarpalbones and phalanges of the left and right hand. Also surviving are ossified thyroidcartilage, fragments of ribs, 24 loose vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar),the sacrum, the left and right pelvic bone, the left and right femur, the left and rightpatella, the damaged left and right tibia and fragments of the left and right fibula.The classification of the degree of thyroid cartilage ossification (cartilagothyroidea) according to Vlček (1980): phase 6.Evaluation of the auricular surface (facies auricularis) of the left pelvic bone(according to Lovejoy et al. 1985): phase 3.

Pathology:Abscesses are located at the roots of the second lower left bicuspid and the firstupper right molar. The fifth lumbar vertebra is unfused (spina bifida paramedialis).The first sacral vertebra has an unclosed arch.

Varieties:The right malar bone exhibits processus marginalis.


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Note:The bones in the area of the pelvis (sacrum, right ilium and pubis) have beenpartially damaged by concrete.


Grave no. 18

Description of field context:Skeletal burial of an adult individual. Skeleton orientation northwest-southeast(head-feet). The body was placed on its back. The skull was resting onthe occipital bone with the facial part looking upwards. The jawbones were openwide. The lower limbs were stretched forward. The grave was disruptedby concrete injection, rendering it impossible to record other characteristics.

Cranium:The cranium of medium bone structure was covered with concrete (includingthe first, second and third cervical vertebrae). Muscle relief is medium,the mamillary process (processus mastoideus) is very massive, the glabella ismassive, brow ridges (arcus superciliaris) are emphasized, the frontal eminencesare marked, the external occipital protuberance (protuberantia occipitalis externa)is medium, the supramastoid crest (crista supramastoidea) is strong, the frontalbone recedes at a medium rate and the upper edge of the oval eye sockets (orbita)is rounded. Overall the lower jawbone is massive, the chin (mentum) is veryprominent, there are small projections on the angle of mandible (angulusmandibulae), the inferior border (margo inferior) is strong, the crowns of the angleof the lower jaw (gonia) are slightly everted and the sides of the lower jaw aremedium-wide and slanted. The abrasion of the 25 teeth (1 intravital loss, 2 post-mortal losses, 1 case of decay) is level G.

Post-cranial skeleton:Surviving from the post-cranial skeleton are fragments of the right shoulderblade and the right clavicle, the right humerus, rib fragments, 7 cervicalvertebrae and one thoracic vertebra, a fragment of the right pelvic boneand the right femur. The bone structure is massive with strongly developedmuscle heads.

Pathology:There are abscesses at the roots of the first lower left molar and the second leftupper bicuspid. The lower canine teeth and upper incisors exhibit hypoplasiaof the enamel. Pieces of enamel intravitally chipped off the first right upperincisor. Torus mandibularis is evident on the lower jaw. There are signs of right-sided spondylosis uncovertebralis between the fifth and sixth cervical vertebrae,corresponding to the second phase as defined by Sager (1969). Left-sidedspondylosis uncovertebralis between the sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae ledto the compression of the spinal roots. The rim around the head of the humerusand ulna indicates early arthrosis of the elbow joint.

Conclusion:Male individual in adult age group II (30-40 years old), height approximately166 cm. In childhood the individual suffered non-specific stress with seasonal(probably annual) repetition. This stress could have been caused, for example,by insufficient nutrition or illness in the winter. Hypoplasia of the enamelon the lower canine teeth is the result of non-specific stress at the age of 5 and 6.Hypoplasia of the enamel on the upper incisors corresponds to non-specificstress at the age of 3 and 4.


Appendix 2: Catalogue of finds from graves

Grave no. 1 (fig. 21)

Devotional and personal equipment:1) Type of object: pendant in the shape of a clover cross.Material: bronze – casting.Shape, dimensions and weight: cross, oblong eyelet above,length 32 mm, width 15 mm, thickness 3 mm, weight1.66 g.Obverse: relief figure of Christ, sagging, head tiltedto the left, nameplate, Adam’s skull at the base of the crossin front of crossbones.Reverse: smooth. Produced: 17th/18th century.Deposited: sometime between the 2nd third of the 17th centuryand 1786 (abolishment of monastery).Veneration: Christ.

2) Type of object: medallion.Material: bronze – casting.Shape, dimensions and weight: circle, partially broken off,transverse eyelet broken off, diameter 16.5 mm, thickness1 mm, weight 1.31 g.Obverse: head from left profile, inscription: MATER(Mother), remainder broken off. Reverse: head with halo from right profile, inscription:IESVS. (Jesus.), only the letter A is distinguishable fromthe rest of the inscription.

Produced: 17th/18th century.Deposited: sometime between the 2nd third of the 17th century and 1786(abolishment of monastery).Veneration: Virgin Mary, Christ.

Grave no. 2

Devotional and personal equipment:3 pins from non-ferrous metal.


Devotional and personal equipment:1) Type of object: clasp.Material: bronze, leather.Shape, dimensions and weight: rounded bent rectangle with remnants of leatherstrap, length 88 mm, width 66 mm, thickness 5 mm, weight 30.49 g.Obverse: bronze plate with two riveted leather strips (remains of original straps)and two riveted strips of metal with holes for inserting the hooks originallyattached to the ends of the straps. Reverse: smooth, small remains of “padding” in places.Produced: 17th/18th century.Deposited: sometime between the 2nd third of the 17th century and 1786(abolishment of monastery).Function: unknown, probably a medical aid with the function of today’spressure bandage.

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Fig. 21. Grave no. 1. 1 – pendantin the shape of a clover cross; 2 – medallion. Photo by M. Omelka.Obr. 21. Hrob č. 1. 1 – přívěsekve tvaru jetelového kříže; 2 – medailon. Foto M. Omelka.




2) Type of object: clasp with pin.Material: bronze.Shape, dimensions and weight: tear-shaped profile witheyelet at end, length 14 mm, width 7 mm, height 2 mm,weight 0.18 g.Description: fragment from closing mechanism of book:clasp with a tear-shaped profile and spike-shaped pin;flattened eyelet on the upper end, organic parts of booknot preserved. The closing mechanism is composed of twoindividual parts, riveted.Obverse: smooth.Reverse: smooth.

3) Type of object: wooden box.Material: wood, mercury.Shape, dimensions and weight: shape unidentified, onlytrace of object has survived; dimensions and weightof box: no measurements could be taken. Contents: mercury with a volume of approximately0.5 cm3. Produced: 17th/18th century.Deposited: sometime between the 2nd third of the 17th centuryand 1786 (abolishment of monastery).Function: probably remnants of a medicinal ointment.

4) Type of object: chain.Material: iron.Description: fragment bof an iron chain made from simpletwisted lugs.


Devotional and personal equipment:1) Type of object: pendant in the shape of a Latin cross.Material: wood, copper.Shape, dimensions and weight: wooden cross in metalframe, eyelet, length 106 mm, width 58.5 mm, thickness6 mm, weight 29.20 g.Produced: 17th/18th century.Deposited: sometime between the 2nd third of the 17th centuryand 1786 (abolishment of monastery).Veneration: Christ.

Fig. 22. Grave no. 3. 1 – metal “clasp”; 2 – book clasps withpins; 3 – mercury. Photos by A. Havlínová, M. Omelka.Obr. 22. Hrob č. 3. 1 – kovové spínadlo; 2 – knižní přezkys trny; 3 – rtuť. Foto A. Havlínová, M. Omelka.

Fig. 23. Grave no. 4. Pendantin the shape of a Latin cross.Photo by A. Havlínová.Obr. 23. Hrob č. 4. Přívěsekve tvaru latinského kříže. Foto A. Havlínová. 441


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Devotional and personal equipment:1) Type of object: medallion.Material: bronze – casting.Shape, dimensions and weight: oval, transverse eyelet,length 32 mm, width 25.5 mm, thickness 2 mm, weight5.13 g. Obverse: statue of the Immaculate Virgin Maryin a flaming aureole of glory, standing on a crescent moon,hands folded in front of her chest, with a halo and sevensix-pointed stars around her head. Without inscription.Reverse: pentad of standing saints, inscription ROMAabove the figures, five-pointed stars to the right and leftand a dove, symbol of the Holy Spirit, above the middlefigure.Produced: 17th/18th century.Deposited: sometime between the 2nd third of the 17th centuryand 1786 (abolishment of monastery).Veneration: Immaculate Virgin Mary, unclear with the fivefigures on the reverse, as these were not safely identified.

2) Type of object: wooden box.Material: wood, mercury.Shape, dimensions and weight: shape unidentified,only trace of object has survived; weight of box:no measurements could be taken. Contents: mercury with a volume of approximately0.5 cm3.Produced: 17th/18th century.Deposited: sometime between the 2nd third of the 17th centuryand 1786 (abolishment of monastery).Function: probably remnants of a medicinal ointment.

Other finds:2 fragments of iron nails.


Devotional and personal equipment:1) Type of object: medallion.Material: bronze – casting.Shape, dimensions and weight: oval, transverse eyelet, length 38 mm, width32 mm, thickness 3.5 mm, weight 19.28 g.Obverse: two male figures in monastic garb with haloes, from the side;inscription S.FRANCISCVS by the left figure, S.DOMINICVS by the right figure,ROMA beneath their feet.Reverse: two female figures with haloes, from the side, surroundedby inscription S.KLARA.S.CATHAR.SEN.; left figure is holding a monstrancein her hands, the right figure is holding a lily in her left hand; inscription ROMAis found beneath the figures. Produced: 17th/18th century.Deposited: sometime between the 2nd third of the 17th century and 1786(abolishment of monastery).Veneration: St. Francis, St. Dominic, St. Clare and St. Catherine of Siena.

Fig. 24. Grave no. 5. 1 – medallion;2 – mercury. Photo by A. Havlínová.Obr. 24. Hrob č. 5. 1 – medailon; 2 – rtuť. Foto A. Havlínová.


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2) Type of object: part of rosary. Material: iron, wood.Shape, dimensions and weight: part of a rosary withsmooth, round wooden beads; length of preserved partapproximately 105 mm, width of preserved partapproximately 60 mm, thickness 35 mm, weight 127.93 g,diameter of beads 6 and 9 mm.Description: fragment of broken rosary affixedby corrosion to an iron, key-shaped object. Approximately25 beads and one octagonal medallion attachedto the rosary have survived. Due to their poor condition,neither the medallion nor the entire object was conserved.

3) Type of object: 2 clasps.Material: iron.Shape, dimensions and weight: strap profile with roundenlargement at the beginning and a flattened eyeletat the end; length 42 mm, width 13 mm, height 3 mm,weight of one clasp 7.03 g.Description: fragments from closing mechanism of book:clasp with a strap-shaped profile; flattened eyeleton the upper end, organic parts of book practicallyunpreserved. Two identical pieces, both probably composedof two individual parts, riveted (?). Not conserved.Obverse: smooth (?). Reverse: smooth (?).

Other finds:imprints of textile in the lime lumps, pin from a non-ferrous metal.


Devotional and personal equipment:1) Type of object: reliquary.Material: bronze (box), textile (pouch).Shape, dimensions and weight: oval, broken transverse eyelet, length 58 mm,width 57 mm, thickness 12 mm, weight 30.70 g.Obverse: smooth.Reverse: smooth.Produced: 17th/18th century.Deposited: sometime between the 2nd third of the 17th century and 1786(abolishment of monastery).Note: the box contains four bones, two medallions, two small wooden Latincrucifixes and one metal Caravaca-type crucifix. The box itself was buried in a textilewrap (scapular? – no trace of the cord for hanging on the neck has survived).

Description of items in reliquary:1a) Type of object: holy relic.Material: bone, fabric, thread.Shape, dimensions and weight: irregular textile pouch containing bonefragments and fastened with thread; length 35 mm, width 8-14 mm, thickness10-14 mm, weight 1.61 g.Produced: 17th/18th century.Deposited: sometime between the 2nd third of the 17th century and 1786(abolishment of monastery).Veneration: unclear, relics unidentified.Note: fragments of left metatarsal bones, second to forth.

Fig. 25. Grave no. 6. 1a – partof rosary with wooden beads; 1b – medallion; 2 – iron claspswith pieces of fabric. Photos by A. Havlínová,M. Omelka.Obr. 25. Hrob č. 6. 1a – částrůžence s dřevěnými korály; 1b – medailon; 2 – železnépřezky s kusy tkaniny. Foto A. Havlínová, M. Omelka.


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1b) Type of object: holy relic.Material: bone, fabric, thread.Shape, dimensions and weight: irregular textilepouch containing bone fragments and fastenedwith thread; length 10 mm, width 6 mm, thickness4-5 mm, weight 0.17 g.Produced: 17th/18th century.Deposited: sometime between the 2nd thirdof the 17th century and 1786 (abolishmentof monastery).Veneration: unclear, relic unidentified.Note: fragment of possibly long bone (limb).

1c) Type of object: holy relic.Material: bone, fabric, thread.Shape, dimensions and weight: irregular textilepouch likely containing bone fragmentsand fastened with thread; length 20 mm, width14 mm, thickness 8-10 mm, weight 1.02 g.Produced: 17th/18th century.Deposited: sometime between the 2nd thirdof the 17th century and 1786 (abolishmentof monastery).Veneration: unclear, remains unidentified.Note: probably fragment of unidentified bone.

1d) Type of object: holy relic.Material: bone (?), fabric, thread, paper.Shape, dimensions and weight: irregular textilepouch containing unclear material, paperand perhaps iron, fastened with thread; length35 mm, width 19-22 mm, thickness 12 mm, weight 2.24 g.

Produced: 17th/18th century.Deposited: sometime between the 2nd third of the 17th century and 1786(abolishment of monastery).Veneration: unclear, remains unidentified.Note: probably material other than bone.

1e) Type of object: medallion.Material: bronze – casting.Shape, dimensions and weight: round, transverse eyelet, diameter 14 mm,thickness 1.2 mm, weight 1.3 g. Obverse: three standing saints, inscription: S.FR.BO by the left figure, S.PHIby the right figure and S.CAIV beneath the middle figure; the hands of the left figureare joined in front of the chest, the middle figure is holding a lily in his right handand the right figure has his right hand in front of his chest (the left hand is not clear).Reverse: a pair of standing saints, inscription: S. LVDO. BE by the left figureand S. ROSA V. by the right figure; the left figure is holding a lily, the right figurehas her hands folded in front of her chest; a decorative scroll is beneath the feetof the saints.Produced: 17th/18th century.Deposited: between 1671 and 1786 (abolishment of monastery).Veneration: St. Francis Borgia, Philip of the Holy Patriarchy, St. Cajetanof Thiene, St. Ludwig Bertram and St. Rose of Lima.

1f) Type of object: medallion.Material: bronze – casting.Shape, dimensions and weight: oval, oblong eyelet, length 16 mm, width 14 mm,thickness 1.2 mm, weight 1.02 g.

Fig. 26. Grave no. 7. Brass boxwith remains and devotionals. 1 – open box with lid (afteropening and prior to conservation);1a-d – packets of remains; 1e-f – small medallions; 1g-h – wooden Latin crucifixes; 1i – pendant in the shapeof Caravaca crucifix with twocrossbars; 2 – medallion (all afterconservation). Photos by A. Havlínová, F. Janda,L. Smutka.

Obr. 26. Hrob č. 7. Mosaznáschránka na ostatky a devocionálie.1 – otevřená schránka s víčkem(stav po otevření a předkonzervací); 1a-d – ostatkové balíčky; 1e-f – medailonky; 1g-h – dřevěné latinské křížky; 1i – přívěšek ve tvarudvojramenného kříže typuCaravaca; 2 – medailon (vše po konzervaci). Foto A. Havlínová, F. Janda,L. Smutka.


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Obverse: standing figure in cassock with halo around his head, crosier in hisright hand, chalice – from which a snake’s head is emerging – in his left hand,and inscription ICTE.OR.S.BENED on the left and right side of the figure.Reverse: the partially preserved inscription V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B.IHSbetween two rows of astragal along its periphery; the central field containsa crucifix of St. Benedict with the interior inscription: C S P B between the barsof the cross, CSSML on the vertical beam and NDSMD on the horizontal beam.Produced: probably between the years 1674 and 1741. Deposited: sometime between 1674 and 1786 (abolishment of monastery).Veneration: St. Benedict, crucifix of St. Benedict, St. Benedict blessing.

1g) Type of object: Latin crucifix.Material: wood.Shape, dimensions and weight: Latin crucifix, length 23 mm, width 13 mm,thickness 2 mm, weight 0.9 g.Obverse: smooth. Reverse: smooth.Produced: 17th 18th century.Deposited: sometime between the 2nd third of the 17th century and 1786(abolishment of monastery).Veneration: Christ.

1h) Type of object: Latin crucifix.Material: wood.Shape, dimensions and weight: Latin crucifix, length 13 mm, width 9 mm,thickness 2 mm, weight 0.11 g.Obverse: decorated with four fine depressions on each bar of the cross. Reverse: smooth.Produced: 17th/18th century.Deposited: sometime between the 2nd third of the 17th century and 1786(abolishment of monastery).Veneration: Christ.

1i) Type of object: pendant in the shape of a crucifix with two crossbars(Caravaca-type crucifix).Material: bronze – casting.Shape, dimensions and weight: Caravaca crucifix, oblong eyelet above the upper edgeof the vertical beam, length 29 mm, width 15 mm, thickness 0.6 mm, weight 1.13 g. Obverse: abbreviated inscriptions on bars of cross, inscriptions virtually illegible. Reverse: several abbreviated inscriptions on bars of cross, inscriptions virtuallyillegible.Produced: 17th/18th century.Deposited: sometime between the 2nd third of the 17th century and 1786(abolishment of monastery).Veneration: Caravaca crucifix.

2) Type of object: medallion.Material: bronze – minted.Shape, dimensions and weight: oval, oblong eyelet, length 27 mm, width 12.5 mm,thickness 0.5 mm, weight 2.69 g.Obverse: the inscription IHS.V.R.S.N.S.M.V.S.M.Q.L.I.V.B. is preservedin astragal along the periphery bounded on both sides by a line; the central fieldcontains a crucifix of St. Benedict with the inscription: C S P B between the barsof the cross, CSSML on the vertical beam and NDSMD on the horizontal beam.Reverse: The Holy Family in astragal bounded on both sides by a line; a dove ishovering above the group of figures and part of a blessing figure is on a cloud.Produced: probably between the years 1674 and 1741.Deposited: sometime between the 2nd third of the 17th century and 1786(abolishment of monastery).Veneration: St. Benedict, crucifix of St. Benedict, St. Benedict blessing, Holy Family.


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Devotional and personal equipment:1) Type of object: medallion.Material: bronze – casting.Shape, dimensions and weight: oval, transverse eyelet, length 31 mm, width26 mm, thickness 2 mm, weight 2.19 g.Obverse: left profile of female head with Gothic crown and halo, inscription:ECCE . ANCILA . DOM.Reverse: right profile of female head, inscription: AVE . GRATIA. PLENAProduced: 17th/18th century.Deposited: sometime between the 2nd third of the 17th century and 1786(abolishment of monastery).Veneration: Virgin Mary.Note: the medallion is likely of Italian origin.

Other finds:torso of an iron object with a piece of wood, piece of a textile.


Devotional and personal equipment:1) Type of object: 2 clasps.Material: bronze, leather.Shape, dimensions and weight: amphora-type profile with eyelet at end, length19 mm, width 6 mm, height 2 mm, weight of one piece 0.43 g.Description: fragments from closing mechanism of book: clasps withan amphora-type profile; flattened eyelet on the upper end, organic parts of book

Fig. 27. Grave no. 8. Medallion.Photo by M. Omelka.Obr. 27. Hrob č. 8. Medailon.Foto M. Omelka.

Fig. 28. Grave no. 9. Brass bookclasps. Photo by M. Omelka.Obr. 28. Hrob č. 9. Mosazné knižnípřezky. Foto M. Omelka.


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practically unpreserved. Two identical pieces, bothcomposed of two individual parts, riveted.Obverse: decorated with engraved lines. Reverse: smooth.


Devotional and personal equipment:Iron chain.

Other finds:1) Type of object: cylindrical vessel.Material: iron.Shape, dimensions and weight: cylinder with base,length approximately 200 mm, width approximately60 mm, plate metal thickness 2 mm, weight 239 g.Description: fragment of broken vessel from ironplate, neither lid nor potential decoration havesurvived. Not conserved.Obverse: smooth (?).Reverse: smooth (?). Note: found by left leg beneath fibula.

Grave no. 15

Other finds:3 fragments of an iron nails.

Grave no. 17

Other finds:17 nails (at least 9 from coffin), iron plate fitting.

Translation by David J. Gaul, Jaromír Žegklitz

Fig. 29. Grave no. 14. 1 – fragment of iron cylindricalobject; 2 – iron chain. Photo by F. Flek.Obr. 29. Hrob č. 14. 1 – fragmentželezného válcovitého předmětu;2 – železný řetízek. Foto F. Flek.

Resumé:

V rámci rozsáhlého záchranného výzkumu v objektu bývalých kasáren Jiřího z Poděbrad (č. p. 1078/II, 1079/II,p. č. 460, 461) na náměstí Republiky v Praze 1 – Novém Městě byl v sezóně roku 2004 prozkoumán nevelký kostrovýhřbitov, časově spadající do novověké etapy sídelního vývoje zkoumaného areálu (Juřina a kol. 2007; viz obr. 1).

Místo výzkumu bylo situováno v prostoru rozměrného městského bloku vymezeného dnes ulicemi Truhlářská,Zlatnická, Na Poříčí a náměstím Republiky. Postupné utváření tohoto urbanistického celku tak, jak jej vnímáme dnes,spadá do období po založení Nového Města pražského v roce 1348. V té době zde byly vyměřeny poměrně rozměrnéhloubkové parcely s domovními objekty obrácenými průčelím do ulice. Sídelní využití místa v podobě zástavbyměstského charakteru vystřídal po roce 1630 areál kapucínského kláštera u sv. Josefa, který postupně převrstvil staršízástavbu a nejpozději v průběhu 2. poloviny 17. století dosáhl maximálního rozsahu (obr. 2, 6). Prostorověnejrozsáhlejší částí uvedeného kláštera byla zahrada, zaujímající východní polovinu areálu o rozloze cca 7600 m2.Na jejím východním okraji byl situován zkoumaný hřbitov. Rozměry funerálního areálu, ohrazeného ze všech stranzdmi, činily přibližně 5 x 19 m. V ploše se jednalo o pozemek velký cca 60 m2 (obr. 3, 4).


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Terénní a nálezová situace: Plocha hřbitova se stratigraficky nalézala pod přibližně 1,5 m mocným heterogennímsouvrstvím navážek, jejichž vznik lze spojit s výraznějším nárůstem terénů v době přeměny zrušeného klášterníhoareálu ve vojenská kasárna v průběhu 19. a 20. století (výška recentního povrchu cca 194,50 m n. m.). Jednotlivéhroby se zahlubovaly přibližně ze stejné úrovně, která se nacházela na niveletě kolem 193-193,20 m n. m. Hrobovéjámy byly zahloubeny do výrazněji nestratifikovaného souvrství vrcholně středověkého až raně novověkého stáří.Spodní partie hrobových jam staršího chronologického stupně již zasahovaly hlouběji do přírodního podkladu.Úroveň, ze které byly hroby zahlubovány, se na zkoumané ploše výrazněji neprojevovala (obr. 5). Hřbitovstratigraficky tvořily dvě výškově odlišné úrovně hrobů, lišící se nejen způsobem uložení pohřbených jedinců, alepředevším různou orientací hrobových jam. Archeologickým výzkumem bylo zachyceno celkem 18 hrobůs řádnými kosterními pohřby 18 jedinců. Jako příměs pohřbů byly v některých hrobech zaznamenány neúplnékosterní ostatky dalších 3 jedinců. Kosti náležely dospělým jedincům především mužského pohlaví, v různémstavu zachování (viz obr. 3).

Stratigraficky hlubší a starší úroveň A obsahovala 5 hrobů (H3, 4, 5, 15, 17). Dospělí jedinci zde byli uloženi vedvou prostorových skupinách o 5 řadách (obr. 7). Užší obdélné jámy se zahlubovaly do starších poloh nadloží. Spodnípartie a dna hrobových jam již byly ve většině případů zapuštěny do sedimentárních vrstev říční terasy (výškanenarušené úrovně podloží 192,40 m n. m.). První skupina hrobů byla polohově situována na severním koncihřbitovního areálu (H3, 4, 5). Trojice hrobových jam zde v pravidelném rozestupu 0,8 m tvořila vzájemně serespektující celek. Ve dvou případech (H15, 17) byly hroby situovány na opačném, jižním konci areálu. I zderozestupy mezi hroby dosahovaly stejného rozměru, ovšem s odlišnou orientací hlav zemřelých. Velikost jam seu většiny pohybovala do maximální délky 2,2 m, šířky 0,65 m a hloubky 1,2 m. Výšková úroveň den hrobových jamse v oblasti pánve pohybovala v rozmezí 191,72-192,06 m n. m. Těla byla ve třech případech uložena v nataženépoloze na zádech s hlavou orientovanou ve směru Z-V (H3, 5, 17), pouze v jednom případě v orientaci opačné V-Z(H15). Orientaci Z-V měl i jedinec v hrobu H4, kostra však byla otočena čelem ke dnu jámy (v poloze na břišní stranětěla), dolní končetiny byly mírně pokrčené a překřížené. V ostatních případech byly horní končetiny situovány podéltěla s rukama sepjatýma v oblasti pánve.

V mladší a mělčí stratigrafické úrovni B hřbitova se nalézalo celkem 13 hrobů (H1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,16, 18). Hroby zde tvořily přibližně tři řady, umístěné po celé délce ohrazeného prostoru hřbitova (obr. 8). Vzdálenostmezi jednotlivými řadami se pohybovala od 0,8 po 1,8 m. Rozměry obdélných jam se výrazněji nelišily od situacestaršího horizontu a v maximu dosahovaly délky 2,15 m, šířky 0,6 m a hloubky 0,98 m. Hroby této úrovně jižvýrazněji porušovaly hlouběji uložené hrobové kontexty. Všech pět starších hrobů bylo především v oblasti hlavya dolních končetin narušeno hroby vyšší úrovně. Pouze ve dvou případech došlo k superpozici hrobů ze stejnéúrovně (H12 a H16).

Zemřelí byli ve většině případů uloženi v pietní poloze na zádech s rukama sepjatýma v klíně, případně na břišenebo na prsou (H1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18). Určité odlišnosti byly dokumentovány v hrobě H11, kde bylyostatky posunuty mírně na bok, horní končetiny byly uložené v blízkosti hlavy a dolní končetiny se v dolní partiikřížily. V případě hrobu H6 byl jedinec uložen takřka v polosedě s neuspořádaně uloženými horními a dolnímikončetinami („rozhozené“ horní končetiny a překřížené a pokrčené dolní končetiny).

Orientace pohřbených jedinců ani zde nebyla shodná. Celkem v pěti případech bylo zjištěno uložení ve směru S-J(H6, 7, 11, 16, 18), nevýrazně však převažovala orientace J-S, ve které se nalézalo celkem osm hrobů (H1, 2, 8, 9, 10,12, 13, 14). K recentnímu poničení kosterních ostatků pilotážní směsí betonu došlo u hrobů H13 a H18.

V úpravě hrobových jam nebyly zjištěny výrazné odlišnosti. Vždy se jednalo o užší, obdélnou jámus kolmými až mírně kónicky se zužujícími stěnami a s rovným dnem. Značně problematické se při výzkumustalo rozlišení způsobu úpravy hrobů a uložení zemřelých do pohřebních schrán či obalů (obr. 10). Použitídřevěné rakve bylo bezpečně zjištěno pouze u jednoho hrobu (H15). V případě uvedeného kontextu hrobu sedřevitá hmota díky větší vlhkosti nadložních terénů dochovala v rozsahu umožňujícím zřetelně rozlišit nejenstopy stěn rakve na bocích jámy a dně, ale i vrchní partii víka (obr. 11). V dalších cca 7 případech bylo možnépouze na základě terénního pozorování, anatomického uspořádání jednotlivých částí kostry nebopřítomnosti drobných železných hřebů v zásypu hrobu uvažovat o přítomnosti rakve, která se později zcelarozpadla.


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Nejméně ve třech případech můžeme na základě polohy těla uvažovat o dalším způsobu uložení, a to dotextilního obalu, tzv. rubáše, případně pytle, do kterého byly zemřelí zabaleni či zašiti a následně pohřbeni.Určitým znakem těchto pohřbů by mohlo být především odlišné anatomické uložení ostatků v hrobě.Zaznamenané kostry byly uloženy buď na břišní straně těla (H4) nebo na boku, případně v polosedu, kdy těloneleželo zcela natažené na dně jámy a horní i dolní končetiny byly různě překříženy (H4, H6, H11). Dokladempřítomnosti textilního materiálu v hrobě byl především nevelký otisk hrubé vazby tkaniny ve vápenné hrudcez hrobu H6 a otisk textilu na kousku kovového předmětu v hrobě H8. Vyloučit nemůžeme též pouhé prostépohřbení a zasypání těla zemřelého.

Hygienické praktiky v podobě nehašeného vápna byly dokumentovány ve dvou případech. Jednalo se o hroby H6a H17, které náležely do kontextu staršího a mladšího horizontu hřbitova (obr. 12). Jejich účelem bylo předevšímhygienicky ošetřit (dezinfikovat) prostor hrobu, a tím zamezit případnému šíření choroboplodných zárodků.V kontextu hrobů se jednalo o výraznější polohu ztvrdlé vápenné hmoty o proměnlivé síle od několika milimetrů do5 cm, která přímo pokrývala kosterní ostatky.

Antropologické vyhodnocení: V získaném souboru byly vyhodnoceny kosterní ostatky 18 dospělých jedinců,pocházejících z 18 hrobů (polohová dislokace podle věku viz obr. 9). Ve všech případech se jednalo o jedincemužského pohlaví.

Doklady onemocnění příjicí byly zjištěny u sousedících hrobů H3, 4 a H5. Holenní kosti jedince v hrobě H4 jsoudeformovány do „šavlovité“ podoby, což je jedním ze znaků této choroby. U dvou jedinců (hroby H9 a H11) bylyzaznamenány únavové zlomeniny nártních kostí, které vznikly pravděpodobně nadměrným zatěžováním chůzí.

Kompletní antropologický popis kosterních ostatků je uveřejněn v samostatné příloze.Pohřební výbava a její interpretace: Z celkového počtu 18 regulérních hrobových celků se předměty osobní výbavy

nebo jiného účelu nacházely v 9 hrobech (obr. 13). Až na specifické nálezy se jednalo převážně o předmětynáboženského charakteru, takzvané devocionálie, kterými byl zemřelý vybaven do hrobu. Jedním z nejzajímavějšíchnáboženských předmětů vyzvednutých na lokalitě hřbitova byla ostatková schránka z hrobu H7. Jednalo seo mosaznou krabičku kruhového až oválného tvaru o rozměrech cca 57 x 58 mm a hmotnosti přibližně 31 g s hladkýmpovrchem. Obsahovala čtyři ostatky, dva medailony, dva drobné dřevěné latinské křížky a jeden kovový křížek typuCaravaca. Samotná schránka byla uložena v textilním obalu (patrně šlo o škapulíř, tkanice pro zavěšení na krk se všaknedochovala). Obecná datace celého souboru spadá do průběhu 18. století. K obecněji pojatým náboženskýmpředmětům ze souboru patří oválný medailon z hrobu H8, který nese na líci ženskou hlavu z profilu s gotickoukorunkou na hlavě a svatozáří kolem hlavy. Opis na obou stranách a provedení ženských hlav řadí medailonk jihoevropské, pravděpodobně italské produkci mariánských svátostek.

Vedle medailonů, jejichž zastoupení v hrobech bylo nejpočetnější, byly nalezeny i dva samostatné latinské křížev hrobech H1 a H6. Křížek z hrobu číslo jedna je mosazný odlitek ve tvaru jetelového kříže (délka 32 mm, šířka 15 mm,síla 3 mm, hmotnost 1,66 g). Na líci předmětu se nachází plasticky provedená postava Krista s nápisovou tabulkoua Adamovou lebkou se zkříženými hnáty u paty kříže. S vysokou pravděpodobností se jedná o Credo křížekz nedochovaného růžence z organického materiálu. Stejnou funkci má pravděpodobně i druhý latinský kříž z hrobuH6, s nímž byly v hrobě nalezeny dřevěné hladké korálky (cca 25 kusů) a osmihranný medailon, které původnětvořily součást růžence. Posledními předměty z hrobů, které lze pravděpodobně spojovat s náboženským významem, jsou vždy dvojicedrobných kovových knižních kování z hrobů H3 a H9, předmět z hrobu H6 snad teoreticky. Tyto předměty jsoujasným svědectvím o přítomnosti modlitebních knížek v hrobech, jejichž organické části se však nedochovaly (obr. 17).Neočekávaným nálezem v hrobech byla rtuť. Dvě stříbřitě zbarvené kapky rtuti o objemu cca 0,5 cm3 se nacházelyv kontextu hrobů H3 a H5. Její přítomnost spojujeme s užíváním rtuťových mastí, které se mimo jiné používaly k léčběkožních onemocnění.

Vedle rtuti lze k dokladům léčebných postupů přiřadit i další nález z hrobu H3, pracovně nazvaný„spínadlem“ (obr. 19). Jedná se o prohnutý měděný plech zaobleného obdélníkového tvaru. Povrch lícové stranyje opatřen pravidelným řadovým perforováním, kombinovaným místy se dvěmi dvojicemi nýtů. Na rubu jepředmět hladký, místy s pozůstatky „polstrování“. Jeho délka činí 88 mm, šířka 66 mm a síla dosahuje 5 mm.V hrobovém kontextu byl zachycen na levé paži zemřelého jedince. Přestože nejsme schopni funkci předmětu


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jednoznačně určit ani na základě analogií (obdobné předměty jsou z archeologických kontextů známya publikovány, avšak bez jednoznačných interpretací – viz Loskotová 1999), domníváme se, že na základě umístěnív hrobu, tvarového řešení a analogií se s vysokou pravděpodobností jedná o zdravotnickou pomůcku(rekonstrukce původní podoby obr. 19 dole).

Chronologie hřbitova: Přestože relativní chronologie obou horizontů je zcela zřejmá, absolutní časové zařazení jevzhledem k absenci přesných dat velice obtížné. Drobné devocionálie, především v podobě medailonů, přinášejív některých případech informace o době svého vzniku, ovšem v kontextu hrobu již nelze přesněji stanovit dobuoběhu. Jisté je, že v takovýchto případech nelze datum uložení posouvat hlouběji do minulosti, než kam se hlásíikonografický a ideový obsah přiloženého předmětu. Nejcitlivěji datovatelným předmětem z lokality je ostatkováschránka z hrobu H7. Nacházely se v ní mimo jiné dva dobře datovatelné medailony. První medailon nebyl vyrobenpřed rokem 1671, druhý lze klást někam do let 1674-1741. Třetí předmět ze schránky, alespoň částečně datovatelný, jetzv. Caravaca kříž, jehož obliba vrcholí v sousedním Německu koncem 17. století. Ostatní předměty z hrobůdetailnější časové určení neumožňují.

Interpretace hřbitova: Interpretace a chronologie nalezeného hřbitova jsou založeny na stratigrafické pozici hrobů,rozboru pohřební výbavy a na prostorovém a historickém kontextu v rámci zkoumané plochy.

Z rozboru terénní situace vyplývá, že nejstarší hroby hřbitova porušovaly situace sídlištních souvrství časněnovověkého stáří, náležející závěrečné etapě existence městské zástavby před vznikem kláštera v 1. polovině17. století. Naopak situace, které převrstvovaly nejmladší úroveň hřbitova, bylo možné celkem spolehlivě spojits dobou existence vojenských kasáren, která vznikla na místě klášterního areálu v průběhu 19. století. Relativníchronologie hřbitova je tak vymezena dobou existence kapucínského kláštera v letech 1633-1795.

Na základě zjištěných informací se domníváme, že hřbitov sloužil k potřebě klášterní komunity. K poslednímuodpočinku zde mohli být uloženi jak řeholní bratři, tak i osoby, které přímo k řádové komunitě nepatřily (laickýslužebný personál atd.). Počátky hřbitova spojené s horizontem A mohou nasvědčovat volnější struktuře prostoru,kdy hroby byly řazeny přibližně vedle sebe, orientované kolmo na zeď sousední parcely. Četnost pohřbívání bylav tomto období nízká. Následný horizont B byl již svou orientací svázán a prostorově limitován ohradní zdí, kteroupřesně respektoval. Typický pro tento hřbitov je zřetelný odklon od tradiční západovýchodní orientace hrobů a jejichvýrazné prostorové uvolnění podmíněné specifickými okolnostmi. Početně je tento horizont spojen s četnějšífrekvencí pohřbů.

Vzhledem k některým zjištěním v hrobech, která je možné spojit s léčebnými a hygienickými praktikami (rtuť,vápno, medicínské pomůcky), můžeme teoreticky úmrtí některých jedinců spojit s epidemiemi pravidelně seobjevujících nemocí (přehled větších novověkých epidemií v Praze viz Státníková 2001b, 136-137). Vyloučit nelze anito, že někteří jedinci zemřeli na následky dlouhodobějších nemocí nebo jiné zdravotní komplikace v klášternínemocnici (infirmariu), jejíž provoz je v areálu předpokládán (Vlček – Sommer – Foltýn 1997, 56).

Oficiálním řádovým hřbitovem byla po celou dobu existence konventu krypta, umístěná pod presbytářem kostelasv. Josefa (obr. 6). Délku jejího využívání či případnou kapacitu však určit neumíme. Pohřbívání kolem kostelůa v kostelech v Praze zrušil svým nařízením až Josef II. v roce 1786. Již předtím, nařízením z března 1782, zakázalpohřbívat do hrobek v kostelech a přikázal zřízení hřbitovů za hradbami města (Státníková 2001a, 135).

Umístění hřbitovního areálu mimo kostel, tudíž v rozporu s řádovými zvyklostmi, může být nejen doklademudálostí spojených s krizovými momenty v životě komunity (období epidemií zákeřných chorob), ale též produktemosvíceneckého klimatu 2. poloviny 18. století.

Komplexní odpověď na otázky spojené s genezí hřbitova neznáme. Řešením by snad mohl v budoucnu býtcílenější archivní průzkum objemného fondu klášterních písemností, který je po této stránce dosud nevyhodnocený.Na příkladu prezentovaného hřbitova z areálu kapucínského kláštera u sv. Josefa v Praze můžeme demonstrovatrozdíl mezi tradičními modely života klášterní komunity uvedenými v řádových statutech a životní realitou, sekterou se museli členové jednotlivých společenstev vypořádávat v rámci svých možností.


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František Flek Pavel KubálekNárodní památkový ústav Labrys o. p. s.územní odborné pracoviště v hlavním městě Praze Mezi Školami 2321/95Na Perštýně 12 158 00 Praha 13-Nové Butovice110 00 Praha 1 – Staré Město [email protected]@praha.npu.cz

Martin Omelka Jaroslav PodliskaArchiv hlavního města Prahy Národní památkový ústavArchivní 6 územní odborné pracoviště v hlavním městě Praze149 00 Praha 4 Na Perštýně [email protected] 110 00 Praha 1 – Staré Město

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