e:\september 2017\final file\ns - naveen shodh sansar

$: E:\September 2017\final file\NS - NAVEEN SHODH SANSAR$
Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G .C. Jr. No. 64728)ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) July to September 2017, V ol. I 1

AZwH´$_oUH$m/Index

(Science / ndkmZ)

01. AZwH´$_oUH$m /Index ....................................................................................................................... 01

02. jÃr` gÂ[mXH$ _ S>b/gÂ[mXH$r` gbmhH$ma _ S>b ................................................................... 06/07

03. oZUm© H$ _ S>b ...................................................................................................................... 08

04. ‡d∑Vm gmWr .................................................................................................................... 10/11

05. Medicinal Plant, Cynodon Dactylon (L.) Pers. Use As ‘Epilep sy’ In Amarkant ak Region, ................ 12Central India ( Radhe Shyam Napit )

06. Ethnomedicinal S tudy Of Jashpur District W ith S pecial Reference T o Birhor ................................. 16Tribe Of Chhattisgarh India ( Rakesh Kumar Sharma )

07. Effect Of Nostophycin Allelochemical On Oryza Sativa ( Vaishali Gupt a, Deepak Vyas ) .................. 20

08. Overview Of Late Sequence S tratigraphy Of Cret aceous Rocks Of Bagh Beds, India .................... 24(Mamta Pathrade, Amrit a Khatri )

09. Study On W ater Quality And Piscean Diversity Of Bansagar Dam Of Shahdol District ................... 28MP India ( Dr. Prabhu Das Rawat )

10. Research Methods and Methodology : A Comprehensive Review (Dr. Pramod Pandit ) .................. 34

11. Synthesis of Some 2- styrylquinolines as possible Antimalarial (Part II) ......................................... 38(Dr. Malti Dubye (Rawat) )

12. Separation Of Amino Acids And Carbohydrates From The Leaves Of Boswellia Serrat a ................ 40Plant By Thin Layer Chromatography ( Arti Chaurasia, Anil Gharia )

13. Micro analysis of Ascorbic acid and it s pharmaceutical prep aration with pot assium ..................... 42dipertelluratocuprate (III) Reagent (Alok Mishra )

14. A Study Of Distribution Of S peed And Angular W idth Of Coronal Mass Ejection ........................... 44During 1996 T o 2012 (Vinod Kumar Ade)

15. Superconductivity ( Dr. Neeraj Dubey ) .................................................................................................. 47

16. Mathematics of Cryptography- an Overview (Sudhish Kumar ) .......................................................... 50

17. CŒmamI S> _ß [mB© OmZ dmbr Am°fYr` ‡OmnV`mß (S>m∞. AM©Zm Hw$H$aVr gH$bmZr) .......................................... 53

18. _hmod⁄mb` N>mÃmAm| H$m Ob gßajU H$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm H$m A‹``Z H$aZm (S>m∞. gwf_m e_m©, o‡ ßH$m JhbmV) .... 56

19. Dimensions Of W omen Empowerment And Non Government Organisation .................................... 58(Dr. M. D. Somani, Bhavana Nahar )

(Home Science / J•h ndkmZ)

(Commerce & Management / dmoU¡` Edß ‡]ßY)


20. Comparative Analysis Of Rupee Depriciation On IT And OIL Comp anies In Period Of ................... 62(2006-2011) (Jyot sana Verma, Dr. Rajeev Kumar Jhalani )

21. A Study of Agricultural Activities Performed by Rural W omen and Problems faced by .................. 67them in Khandwa District of M.P . State (Neha Purohit, Dr. Shailendra Mishra )

22. JANMANREGA - Mirror of MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment .................... 72Guarantee Act) (Amit a Singh, Dr . Deepak Talwar)

23. Comperative S tudy Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited Bharti Airtel Private Limited ..................... 76(Indore Distt.) (Dr. Ashok V erma, Dr. Anit a Shinde )

24. Is provide monthly salary p ackage avoided suicide by the farmers : an analytical ......................... 79study(S pecial Reference T o The Farmers Of Madhya Pradesh S tate) (Dr. Rajesh Jain )

25. A Critical Evaluation Of W orking Capit al Management Of Rajasthan Co-Operative Dairy .............. 83Federation Lt d. (RCDF)(Dr. Nuzhat Sadriwala)

26. An Empirical Analysis of Mandatory Disclosure Practices in Listed Manufacturing ....................... 86Companies in India (Dr. Sunil More Jindal, CA Mukesh Agrawal )

27. Role Of W omen Entrepreneur In Small And Medium Entreprises (Smes) In Madhya Pradesh ....... 89(Dr. Anoop Kumar V yas, Urvashi V erma)

28. Gender Gap and W omen Entrepreneurship (Rahul Suryawanshi) ..................................................... 92

29. Contributions of Cooperative societies in development of Small Scale Industries ................... 94(Dr. Sapna Soni, Smit a Patidar )

30. Customer Satisfaction T owards Solar Panel Product In Indore Region : An Analytical S tudy ....... 96(Dr. Rajesh Jain)

31. _‹` ‡Xe Edß _hmamÓQ≠> am¡` _ß H$bm CÀ[mXZ Edß Ï`dgm` H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z .................................... 100(S>m∞. A_a dVZmZr, dÍ$U _hmOZ)

32. H•$fH$mß H$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg _ß amÓQ≠>r` H•$of ]r_m `mOZm H$m `mJXmZ (B›Xm°a oObm odef) ............................... 105(S>m∞. AZy[ Ï`mg, gr_m [a_ma)

33. \w$Q>H$a Ï`m[mna`mß ¤mam H$Âfl yQ>arH•$V bImßH$Z ‡Umbr H$m AßJrH$aU (S>m∞. Xd›– ‡gmX [m S>`, Amerf ogßh) ..... 109

34. oObm ghH$mar H$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©oXV, Yma H$ odŒmr` oddaUmß H$m odÌbfU ................................................. 113(gmhZ ogßh S>mdb, S>m∞. gwZrb Hw$_ma e_m©)

35. ZJa [mobH$m oZJ_mß _ß H$a dgybr Edß H$a Xmo`Àd H$m odõfUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z (O]b[wa ZJa [mobH$m oZJ_......... 116 H$ odef gßX © _ß ) (S>m∞.JUe Hw$_ma Xw])

36. gßKf© Am°a CgH$m ‡]ßYZ (S>m∞. [r. dm`. o_l) ................................................................................. 119

37. J´m_rU odH$mg ZdrZ ^maV H$ gßX © _ß (S>m∞. aod ‡H$me [m S>`) ........................................................... 122

38. ^maVr` H•$of [a CXmarH$aU H$ \$bÒdÍ$[ [∂S>Z dmb ‡^md H$m AmoW©H$ A‹``Z C_na`m oObm H$ odef ......... 124g›X © _ß (S>m∞. amOy a°Xmg)

39. _‹` ‡Xe H$ Am°⁄moJH$ odH$mg _ß AYmgßaMZm H$r yo_H$m (am_Og M_ma).............................................. 126

40. OmVmß H$r gßª`m H$r AoYH$Vm Edß OmV H$m AmH$ma H$_ hmZm (_.‡. H$ ]∂S>dmZr oOb H$ odef ......................... 128g›X © _ß) (S>m∞. oÒ_Vm emh)


41. AmYwoZH$ AW©Ï`dÒWm _ß C⁄o_Vm odH$mg H$r yo_H$m (a_e Hw$_ma gmH$V) .............................................. 130

42. _‹`‡Xe [ ©Q>Z _ß Ï`dgmo`H$ gÂ^mdZmE± (odO` Hw$_ma gmH$V) ......................................................... 132

43. Economic Imp act of Climate Change on Agriculture Productivity of Madhya Pradesh ................. 134 (With S pecial Reference to Anuppur District) (Dr. Rajkumar Nagwanshee )

44. oObm AJ´Ur ]¢H$ ¤mam oZÓ[moXV H$m © H$m odõfUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z(IaJmZ oOb H$ odef g›X © _ß) ................. 138(bobVm ]J)

45. AmoW©H$ gwYmamß H$r ]hw‡VrojV [hb-Or.Eg.Q>r. (S>m∞. gß‹`m Am_Jm) ................................................... 146

46. _‹`‡Xe H$ H•$of odH$mg _ß ogßMmB© [na`mOZmAmß H$m `mJXmZ(oNß>Xdm∂S>m oOb H$ gßX © _ß) (S>m∞. Z°ZdVr YmaU) ... 149

47. ^maVr` ab H$m AW©Ï`dÒWm _ß `mJXmZ (S>m∞. gwZrVm ]mWa, AmÒWm aOH$)............................................... 152

48. od_w–rH$aU - H°$ebg AW©Ï`dÒWm H$r oXem _ß gmW©H$ H$X_ (S>m∞. gß‹`m Am_Jm) ...................................... 155

49. oejm H$m gm_moOH$ odH$mg _ß `mJXmZ H$m A‹``Z (_.‡.H$ [yd© oZ_m∂S> I S>dm Edß ]wahmZ[wa oOb H$ .............. 158 odef gßX © _ß) (amH$e Hw$_ma oXbmda, S>m∞. Cfm Hw$_R>)

50. odkm[Z H$m J´m_rU Edß ehar jÃmß [a ‡^md H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. AÍ$Um Hw$gw_mH$a) ......................... 160

51. [ßMm`Vr amO bmH$VßÃ H$m ghr ÒdÍ$[ - (]∂S>dmZr oOb H$ gßX © _ß) (S>m∞. _rZmjr [±>dma) ............................. 162

52. ^maV _ß ›`mo`H$ odYm`Z H$r ]∂T>Vr ‡d•oŒm H$m [nagßKmÀ_H$ ÒdÍ$[ _ß ‡^md (odH$mg Hw$_ma XrojV) ................. 165

53 ZdrH$aUr` D$Om© - ^maV H$ gßX © _ß EH$ oddMZm (S>m∞. g_rZm ImZ IQ>H$) ............................................ 168

54. N>ŒmrgJ∂T> d Z∑gbdmX (S>m∞. gwZrbm E∏$m) .................................................................................... 170

55. AÂ]S>H$a Xe©Z Am°a Zmar (S>m∞. _wH$e emaX) .................................................................................. 172

56. AmVßH$dmX H$m d°ÌdrH$aU (S>m∞. aOZr Xw]) ...................................................................................... 174

57. ‡mH•$oVH$ Ï`dÒWm Edß _mZd odH$mg H$r gßH$Î[Zm (S>m∞. Or.Eg. dmÒH$b) ................................................ 176

58. ÒdVßÃ ^maV H$ odH$mg _ß _ohbmAmß H$m `mJXmZ Edß MwZm°oV`mß (ododY jÃmß _ß `mJXmZ Edß MwZm°oV`mß) ............... 178(H•$ÓU Hw$_ma Jw·m)

59. History of Indigenous Inventions & Innovations ( Dr. Aditi Pit aniya ) ................................................ 180

60. Unique Architecture of Ancient Payer T emple of Kashmir ( Sabeen Ahmad Sofi ) ........................... 183

61. ^maVr` amÓQ≠>r` AmßXmbZ _ß [y±Or[oV dJ© H$r yo_H$m ([ßH$O Hw$_ma o_l) ................................................. 185

(Economics / AW©emÒÃ)

(Political Seience / amOZroV odkmZ)

(History / BoVhmg)


62. am`J∂T> H$ amOZ°oVH$ AmßXmbZ _ß ÒdJr© lr A_aZmW oVdmar Edß ÒdJr© lr oH$emar _mhZ oÃ[mR>r ................... 188H$r yo_H$m (S>m∞. am_aVZ gmhy )

63. Jmß∂S> OZOmoV`mß _ß JmÃO Ï`dÒWm (S>m∞. gwXm_m ‡YmZ) ...................................................................... 190

64. g_mO oZ_m©U H$r AmYma oebm h° , [nadma - EH$ gm_moOH$ odõfU (S>m∞. C_m bdmoZ`m) ........................... 194

65. ^maV _| ]mbl_ Am°a H$mZyZ (S>m∞. ¡`moV _hVm) .............................................................................. 196

66. gm_moOH$ EH$Vm Edß gwajm H$r —oÓQ> g gß w∫$ [nadma H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm (S>m∞. _ZmO dmZI∂S>) .......................... 198

67. Oògßh ZJa Edß O°V[wa odH$mgI S> _ß oejm H$m ^m°JmobH$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. XeaW ‡gmX gmH$V) .................... 200

68. B∏$rgdt gXr H$ ‡W_ XeH$ H$ oh›Xr C[›`mg - gmßÒH•$oVH$ [nade _ß y_ S>brH$aU (odZmX Hw$_ma) ............. 203

69. odZ` - [oÃH$m _|> ô∫$ -Xe©Z (oZ_©bm oZR>madmb) ......................................................................... 206

70. gmohÀ`mH$me _ß M_H$Z dmb Xm Mm±X, ]ßoH$_Mß– Edß ‡_MßX (S>m∞. H$m b odÌdmg) ....................................... 209

71. [ß. XrZX`mb C[m‹`m` H$m Ïò∫$Àd Edß CZH$ Ymo_©H$ odMmamß H$r ‡mgßoJH$Vm (S>m∞. ^maVr e_m©) ..................... 211

72. _mhZ amH$e H$ ZmQ>H$mß _ß gm_moOH$ `WmW© (eo∫$ Z_m) .................................................................... 213

73. amÓQ≠>r` Am›XmbZ Am°a ^maVr` [ÃH$mnaVm (S>m∞. Jwaod›Xa ogßh oJb) ...................................................... 215

74. "dX' A‹``Z H$r _yb AdYmaUm AZwemgZ Am°a AoYH$ma (S>m∞. amOlr ZadU) ......................................... 217

75. g_H$mbrZ H$mÏ` H$r amOZroVH$ [•ÓR> yo_ (S>m∞. H$bm Omer, a_r Om`gdmb) ............................................ 219

76. _wo∫$]mY H$ J⁄ gmohÀ` [a EH$ —oÓQ> (S>m∞. AZgy m AJ´dmb)............................................................... 221

77. ]mXb gaH$ma Am°a _mhZ amH$e H$m ZmQ>Á oMßVZ -VwbZmÀ_H$ AdbmH$Z (S>m∞. H$m°eÎ`m e_m©) ........................ 223

78. amÓQ≠> H$r OÍ$aV H$ aMZmH$ma - amÓQ≠>H$od _°oWbreaU Jw· (S>m∞. gamO O°Z) ............................................. 225

79. AmoXdmog`mß _ß "JwXZm' ‡Wm (S>m∞. E_. ogßh _aH$m_, o]aO _wdb) ......................................................... 227

80. The Concept Of Chastity And Naga - Mandala ( Dr. Anurodh Chadar ) ............................................. 229

81. Use of Negative cap ability in the odes of John Keat s (Twishamp ati De) ........................................ 235

82. Elaboration Of W isdom In Essays Of Charles Lamb (Dr. Jalaj Dixit ) ............................................... 238

(Sociology / g_mOemÛ)

(Geography / yJmb)

(Hindi Literature / oh›Xr gmohÀ`)

(English Literature / AßJOr gmohÀ`)


*************

83. [a_F of`mß H$ AmÀ_kmZ H$m VoÀdH$ AZwerbZ (S>m∞. _•Je Hw$_ma oZaV) ................................................. 240

84. lr_ÿmJdV _hm[wamU _ß† C[_m_ybH$ AbßH$ma H$m oddMZ (oOV›– R>mHw$a) ............................................... 243

85. Study of V ocational Guidance Needs in Relation to Social V alue and Nature of ............................ 245School of Higher Secondary School S tudent s of Indore District (Dr. Pallavi Acharya )

86. AmMm © eßH$amMm © Edß Q>Â] Òdm_r - EH$ VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. ‡_ N>m]∂S>m, S>m∞. ^maVr ^Q>, YZamO [mQ>rb) ...... 248

87. Am∞oQ>¡_ (AmÀ_H$o›–VVm) (S>m∞. O`]mbm Jw·m) ............................................................................... 251

88. Bail , It s Type & Cancellation in India (Deeksha Dubey ) ................................................................... 253

89. AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` ÒVa [a odH$bmßJmß H$ _mZd AoYH$mamß H$m gßajU - EH$ A‹``Z ............................................. 256(S>m∞. O°Z›– Hw$_ma [Q>b, eem±H$ Hw$_ma C[m‹`m`)

90. Assessment of awareness regarding eco-friendly garment s among student s of fashion ............ 259designing (Dr . Sonal Bhati)

91. gßMma AoZdm ©Vm H$r d° o∫$H$ Am°a AßVd°© o∫$H$ VÀdmß _ß yo_H$m (S>m∞. Xr[_mbm Jw·m) ................................... 262

92. _roS>`m H$ ]mOma _ß [rN> Ny>Q>Vm gm_moOH$ gamH$ma (gßH$f©U [oa[yU©Z) ................................................... 265

93. S>m∞. gd©[Ñr amYmH•$ÓUZ≤ H$m [a_ gV≤ (Zo_Vm Hw$_mar) ....................................................................... 267

94. S>mJar ∑hmoZ ß M ]OwJ~ Cfl[a AmYwoZH$rH$aU Xm Aga (oed Hw$_ma IOyna`m) ........................................... 269

95. S>mJar bmH$JmWmEß M H$_©\$b og’mßV (S>m∞. ‡roV aMZm) ...................................................................... 271

( Education / $ oejm)

(Law / odo‹m)

(Others / A›`)

(Sanskrit / gßÒH•$V)


jÃr` gÂ[mXH$ _ S>b A›Vam©Ô≠>r` Edß amÔ≠>r` (Regional Editor Board- International & National ) _mZX≤

(01) S>m∞. _Zrfm R>mHw$a .................... \w$ÎQ>Z H$m∞bO, EoaOmZm ÒQ>Q> `yoZdog©Q>r, A_oaH$m

(02) lr AemH$Hw$_ma .................... EÂflbm∞ò„bQ>r Am∞[ae›g _°ZOa, E∑eZ Q≠>qZJ g›Q>a ob. b›XZ, `yZmB©Q>S> qH$JS>_

(03) ‡m. S>m∞. ogbÏ`y o]Ò`y .............. dmB©g S>rZ (dmoU¡` Edß ‡]›Y) H•$of Edß J´m_rU odH$mg _hmod⁄mb`, ]yMmaÒQ>, am_moZ`m

(04) lr IJ›–‡gmX gw]Xr ............. groZà gm∞`H$mbm∞oOÒQ>, [o„bH$ god©g H$_reZ, g›Q≠>b Am∞o\$g, AZm_ZJa, H$mR>_m±Sy>, Z[mb

(05) ‡m. S>m∞. kmZMßX oI_gam ......... [zd© ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) ^maV

(06) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡_mX Hw$_ma amKd ........ emY oZXeH$, ¡`moV od⁄m[rR> _ohbm odÌd od⁄mb`, O`[wa (amO.) ^maV

(07) ‡m. S>m∞. EZ.Eg.amd. ............... gßMmbH$, OZmX©Zam` ZmJa amOÒWmZ od⁄m[rR> odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) ^maV

(08) [´m. S>m∞. AZy[ Ï`mg. ............... ([yd©) gßH$m`m‹`j, dmoU¡`, Xdr AohÎ`m odÌd od⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV

(09) ‡m. S>m∞. [r.[r. [m S> ............... gßH$m`m‹`j, dmoU¡` (S>rZ), AdYe ‡Vm[ogßh odÌdod⁄mb`, ardm (_.‡.) ^maV

(10) ‡m. S>m∞. gßO` ^`mZr. ............. A‹`j, Ï`dgm` ‡]ßY od^mJ, gm°amÔ≠> odÌd od⁄mb`, amOH$mQ> (JwOamV) ^maV

(11) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡Vm[ amd H$X_ ........... A‹`j, dmoU¡`, emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, I S>dm (_.[´.) ^maV

(12) ‡m. S>m∞. ]r.Eg. Pa . ............... ‡m‹`m[H$ dmoU¡` od^mJ, lr oedmOr _hmod⁄mb`, AmH$mbm (_hmamÔ≠>) ^maV

(13) ‡m. S>m∞. amH$e e_m© ................. A‹`j, AW©emÒÃ od^mJ, amOH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Jw∂S>Jmßd (hna`mUm) ^maV

(14) ‡m. S>m∞. gßO` Ia .................. ‡m‹`m[H$, g_mOemÒÃ od^mJ, emg. Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmV. CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hm., gmJa (_.‡.) ^maV

(15) ‡m. S>m∞. Ama.[r. C[m‹`m` ........ [arjm oZ`ßÃH$, emgH$s` H$_bmamO H$›`m Òdemgr ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hm., Ωdmobà (_.‡.) ^maV

(16) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡Xr[ Hw$_ma e_m© .......... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡` od^mJ, emgH$s` h_roX`m H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hm., ^m[mb (_.‡.) ^maV

(17) ‡m. AoIbe OmYd................ [´m‹`m[H$, ^m°oVH$s, emgH$r` O. `mJmZ›X_≤ N>ÀVrgJ∂T> _hmod⁄mb`, am`[wa (N>ÀVrgJ∂T>) ^maV

(18) ‡m. S>m∞. H$_b O°Z .................. [´m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, IaJmZ (_.‡.) ^maV

(19) [´m. S>m∞.S>r.EZ. I∂S>g .............. ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, YZdV ZeZb H$m∞bO, ZmJ[wa (_hmamÓQ≠>) ^maV

(20) ‡m.S>m∞. d›XZm O°Z .................. ‡m‹`m[H$, oh›Xr, emgH$r` H$mobXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV

(21) ‡m. S>m∞. haX`mb Aohadma ........ ‡m‹`m[H$, AW©emÛ, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ehS>mb (_.‡.) ^maV

(22) ‡m. S>m∞. emaXm oÃdXr .............. gdmoZd•ÀV [´m‹`m[H$, J•hodkmZ, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV

(23) [´m. S>m∞. Cfm lrdmÒVd ............. A‹`j, oh›Xr od^mJ, AmMm`© BßÒQ>rQ≤`yQ> Am∞\$ J´¿`yQ> ÒQ>S>r. gmbXdmZbr, ]¢JbwÍ$ (H$Zm©.$) ^maV

(24) ‡m. S>m∞. JUe‡gmX Xmda ......... [´m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh (_.[´.) ^maV

(25) ‡m. S>m∞. EM.H$. Mm°aog`m .......... ‡m‹`m[H$, dZÒ[oV, Q>r.EZ.dr. _hmod⁄mb`, ^mJb[wa (o]hma) ^maV

(26) ‡m. S>m∞. oddH$ [Q>b ................ ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, H$mV_m, oObm AZy[[wa (_.‡.) ^maV

(27) ‡m. S>m∞. oXZeHw$_ma Mm°Yar ....... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, amO_mVm ogo›Y`m emgH$s` H$›`m _hmnd⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) ^maV

(28) ‡m. S>m∞. Ama.H$. Jm°V_ .............. ‡m‹`m[H$ ,dmoU¡`, emgH$s` _mZHwß$da ]mB© H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.) ^maV(29) ‡m. S>m∞. oOV›– H$. e_m© ........... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡` Edß ‡]ßY, _hof© X`mZ›X odÌdod⁄mb` H$›–, [mbdmb (hna`mUm) ^maV(30) ‡m. S>m∞. Jm`Õmr dmO[`r ........... ‡m‹`m[H$, oh›Xr, emgH$r` _hmamOm Òdemgr ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, N>Va[wa (_.‡.) ^maV(31) ‡m. S>m∞. AodZme e›– ............. od^mJm‹`j, AW©emÛ, ‡JoV H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, S>mÂ]rdbr, _wÂ]B© (_hmamÔ>≠) ^maV(32) ‡m. S>m∞. Or.gr. _hVm .............. [zd© A‹`j, A‹``Z _ S>b dmoU¡`, Xdr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV

(33) ‡m.S>m∞. ]r.Eg. _∏$∂S> .............. A‹`j, A‹``Z _ S>b dmoU¡`, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV

(34) ‡m.S>m∞. [r.[r. o_lm ................ od^mJm‹`j, JoUV, N>Õmgmb emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, [fim, (_.‡.) ^maV

(35) ‡m.S>m∞. gwZrb Hw$_ma ogH$adma.... ‡m‹`m[H$, agm`Z, emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Pm]wAm (_.‡.) ^maV

(36) ‡m.S>m∞. H$.Eb. gmhy ................ ‡m‹`m[H$, BoVhmg, emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Zaogßh[wa (_.‡.) ^maV

(37) ‡m.S>m∞. _mobZr Om∞ZgZ ........... ‡m‹`m[H$, dZÒ[oV, emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, _hy (_.‡.) ^maV

(38) ‡m.S>m∞. odemb [wamohV ............ E_.Eb.]r. emgH$r` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, oH$bm _°XmZ, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) ^maV


*************

gÂ[mXH$r` gbmhH$ma _ S>b (Editorial Advisory Board, INDIA ) _mZX≤

(01) ‡m. S>m∞. Za›– lrdmÒVd ......... ‡og’ d°kmoZH$ "Bgam' ]¢JbwÍ$ (H$Zm©Q>H$) ^maV

(02) ‡m. S>m∞. AmoXÀ` byZmdV ......... oZXeH$, Òdm_r oddH$mZßX H∞$naà _mJ©Xe©Z ‡H$m> C¿M oejm od^mJ, _.‡. emgZ, ^m[mb (_.‡.) ^maV

(03) ‡m. S>m∞. gßO` O°Z ................ [zd© ghm`H$ oZ`ßÃH$, _.‡. Ï`mdgmo`H$ [arjm _ßS>b, ^m[mb (_.‡.) ^maV

(04) ‡m. S>m∞.Eg.H$. Omer ............. [zd© ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) ^maV

(05) ‡m. S>m∞. O.[r.EZ. [m S>` ....... [zd© ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.) ^maV

(06) ‡m. S>m∞. gwo_Ãm dmÒH$b .......... ‡mMm`©, emgH$r` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, _mVr V]bm, B›Xm°a(_.‡.) ^maV

(07) ‡m. S>m∞. [r.Ama. M›XbH$a ...... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) ^maV

(08) ‡m. S>m∞. _ßJb o_l ................ ‡mMm`©, lr ∑bm∞W _mH$Q>, H$›`m dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) ^maV

(09) ‡m. S>m∞.Ama.H$. ^≈> ............... [zd© ‡mMm`©, emgH$r` _ohbm _hmod⁄mb`, Zaogßh[wa (_.‡.) ^maV

(10) ‡m. S>m∞. AemH$ d_m© .............. [zd© gßH$m`m‹`j, dmoU¡` (S>rZ) Xdr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV

(11) ‡m. S>m∞. Q>r.E_. ImZ ............. [´mMm`©, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, Ym_ZmX, oObm-Yma (_.‡.) ^maV

(12) ‡m. S>m∞. amH$e T> S> .............. gßH$m`m‹`j, od⁄mWu H$Î`mU od^mJ odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV

(13) ‡m. S>m∞. AoZb oedmZr .......... A‹`j, dmoU¡` Edß ‡]ßY od^mJ lr AQ>b o]hmar dmO[ r qhXr odÌdod⁄mb`, ^m[mb (_.‡.) ^maV

(14) ‡m. S>m∞. [X≤_qgh [Q>b .......... A‹`j, dmoU¡` od^mJ emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _ohX[wa (_.‡.) ^maV

(15) ‡m. S>m∞. _ßOw Xw] ................... gßH$m`m‹`j (S>rZ), J•h odkmZ gßH$m`, OrdmOr odÌdod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.[´.) ^maV

(16) ‡m. S>m∞.E.H$. Mm°Yar .............. ‡m‹`m[H$, _ZmodkmZ, amOH$s` _ram H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) ^maV

(17) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡Xr[ ogßh amd> .......... [´mMm`©, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, g°bmZm, oObm-aVbm_ (_.‡.) ^maV

(18) ‡m. S>m∞. [r.H$. o_lm .............. ‡m‹`m[H$ ,[´mUr emÒÃ, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, ]°Vyb (_.‡.) ^maV

(19) ‡m. S>m∞. H$. H$. lrdmÒVd ........ ‡m‹`m[H$ ,AW©emÒÃ, odO`m amO emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.) ^maV

(20) ‡m.S>m∞. H$m›Vm Abmdm ............. ‡m‹`m[H$, amOZroV odkmZ, ehrX ^r_m Zm`H$ emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) ^maV

(21) ‡m. S>m∞. Eg. H$. O°Z ............. ‡m‹`m[H$ ,dmoU¡`, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Pm]wAm (_.‡.) ^maV

(22) ‡m. S>m∞. oH$eZ `mXd ............. EgmogEQ> ‡m\$ga (amOZroV odkmZ) emY H$›–, ]w›XbI S> H$m∞bO, Pmßgr (C.‡.) ‰mmaV

(23) ‡m. S>m∞. ]r.Ama.Zbdm`m ........ ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) ^maV

(24) ‡m. S>m∞. ZQdabmb Jw·m .......... A‹`j, A‹``Z _ S>b dmoU¡`, Xdr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV

(25) ‡m.S>m∞. [wÈfmŒm_ Jm°V_ .......... gßH$m`m‹`j, dmoU¡` (S>rZ) Xdr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`,B›Xm°a (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

(26) ‡m. S>m∞. Eg. gr. _hVm .......... ‡m‹`m[H$ Edß A‹`j, emgH$s` ^JV ogßh ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Omdam (_.‡.) ^maV

(27) ‡m.S>m∞. V[Z Mm°a .................... A‹`j, A‹``Z _ S>b, AW©emÒÃ, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV


oZUm©`H$ _ S>b (Referee Board ) _mZX≤

*** odkmZ gßH$m` ***

JoUV:- .......................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞.dr.H$. JwflVm, gßMmbH$ d°oXH$ JnUV Edß emY gßÒWmZ, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

^m°oVH$s:- ....................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. Ama.gr. XrojV, emgH$s` hmÎH$a odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m.S>m∞. ZraO Xw], emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.)

H$Âfl`yQ>a odkmZ:- .............. (1) ‡m. S>m∞. C_e Hw$_ma qgh, A‹`j H$Âfl`yQ>a A‹``Zembm, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

agm`Z:- ........................ (1) ‡m. S>m∞. _Z_rV H$m°a _∏$∂S>, emgH$r` H$mobXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, CÇm°Z (_.‡.)

dZÒ[oV:-....................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. gwoMVm O°Z, amOH$s` _ohbm ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$mQ>m (amO.)

....................................... (2) ‡m.S>m∞. AoIbe Am`mMr, emgH$s` AmXe© odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.)

‡moUH$s:- ....................... (1) ‡m.S>m∞. _ßOwbVm e_m©, E_.Eg.O., amOH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, âV[wa (amO.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. A_•Vm IÃr, _mVm OrOm]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, _mVr V]bm, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)

gmßoª`H$s:- ..................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. a_e [ S≤>`m, emgH$s` H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.)

g°›` odkmZ:- .................. (1) ‡m. S>m∞. H°$bme À`mJr, emgH$s` _mVrbmb odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, ^m[mb (_.‡.)

Ord agm`Z:- .................. (1) S>m∞. Hß$MZ S>tJam, emgH$s` E_.EM. J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.)

^yJ^© emÒÃ:- ................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. Ama.Eg. aKwdßer, emgH$s` _mVrbmb odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, ^m[mb (_.‡.)

.................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. gwè Hw$_ma, emgH$s` AmXe© _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.)

oMoH$Àgm odkmZ:- ............. (1) S>m∞. EM.Or. dÍ$YH$a, Ama.S>r. Jma∂S>r _oS>H$b _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

gy˙_ Ord odkmZ:- ............ (1) AZwamJ P±dar, ]m`m H$à oagM© (AmB©) ‡m.ob., Ah_Xm]mX (JwOamV)

*** dmoU¡` gßH$m` ***

dmoU¡` :- ...................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. [r.H$. O°Z, emgH$s` h_roX`m _hmod⁄mb`, ^m[mb (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. e°b›– ^mab>, emgH$s` H$mobXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

....................................... (3) ‡m. S>m∞. b˙_U [admb, emgH$s` dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.)

*** ‡]ßY Edß Ï`dgm` ‡emgZ gßH$m` ***‡]ßY :- .......................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. am_Ìda gmZr>, A‹`j A‹``Z embm, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (2) ‡m. S>m∞. AmZ›X oVdmar>, emgH$s` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$mŒma H$›`m CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.)_mZd gßgmYZ:- ............... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. haod›Xa gmZr>, [°go\$H$ o]OZg ÒHy$b, CX`[wa (amO.)

Ï`dgm` ‡emgZ:- ............ (1) ‡m. S>m∞. H$o[bXd e_m©>, amOH$s` _ohbm ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$mQ>m (amO.)

*** odoY gßH$m` ***

odoY:- ........................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. Eg.EZ. e_m©, ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` _mYd odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. Za›– Hw$_ma O°Z, ‡mMm`© lr Odmhabmb ZhÍ$ ÒZmVH$mÀVa odoY _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.[´.)

*** H$bm gßH$m` ***

AW©emÒÃ:- ..................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. [r.gr. amßH$m, lr grVmam_ OmOy emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. O.[r. o_lm, emgH$s` _hmamOm Òdemgr ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, N>Va[wa (_.‡.)

....................................... (3) ‡m. S>m∞. AßOZm O°Z, E_.Eb.]r. emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, oH$bm _°XmZ, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)

amOZroV:- ...................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. adrß– gmhmZr, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. AoZb O°Z, emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.)

....................................... (3) ‡m. S>m∞. gwbIm o_lm, _mZHwß$da ]mB© emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.)

Xe©ZemÒÃ:- .................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. h_›V Zm_Xd, emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)


g_mOemÒÃ:- .................. (1) ‡m. S>m∞. EM.Eb. \w$bda, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. Bo›Xam ]_©Z>, emgH$r` J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, hmeßJm]mX (_.‡.)

....................................... (3) ‡m. S>m∞. C_m bdmoZ`m>, emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]rZm, oObm-gmJa (_.‡.)

oh›Xr:- .......................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. M›Xm Vbam O°Z, A‹`j A‹``Z _ S>b, Xdr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. O`m o‡`Xe©Zr ew∑bm, dZÒWbr od⁄m[rR> (amO.)

....................................... (3) ‡m. S>m∞. H$bm Omer, lr AQ>b o]hmar dmO[`r emgH$r` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)

AßJÓr:- ......................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. AO` ^mJ©d, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>ZJa (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. _ßOar AoæhmÕmr, emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, grhma (_.‡.)

gßÒH•$V:- ........................ (1) ‡m. S>m∞. ^mdZm lrdmÒVd, emgH$s` Òdemgr _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m[mb (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. ]mbH$•Ó m [Óm[oV, ÌmmgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, JßO]mgm°Xm oObm odoXÌmm (_.‡.)

BoVhmg:- ....................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. ZdrZ oJoS>`Z, emgH$s` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.)

^yJmb:- ......................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. amO›– lrdmÒVd emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, o[[ob`m_ S>r, oObm _ßXgm°a (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. H$mOb _mBÃm , S>m∞. gr dr am_Z≤ odÌdod⁄mb`, o]bmg[wa (N>.J.)

_ZmodkmZ:- .................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. H$m_Zm d_m©, ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` amO_mVm qgoY`m H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.)

.................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. gamO H$mR>mar, emgH$s` _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.)

oMÃH$bm:- ...................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. AÎ[Zm C[m‹`m`, emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb` C¡O°Z (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. aIm lrdmÒVd, _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m[mb (_.‡.)

gßJrV:- .......................... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. ^mdZm J´mda (H$WH$), Òdm_r nddH$mZ›X gw^maVr ndÌdnd⁄mb`, _aR> (C.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. lr[mX AamUH$a, amO_mVm ogo›Y`m emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›XdmS>m (_.‡.)

*** J•h odkmZ gßH$m` ***

Amhma Edß [mfU odkmZ:- .... (1) ‡m.S>m∞. ‡JoV XgmB©, emgH$s` _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. _Yw Jm`b, Òdm_r H$edmZ›X J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, ]rH$mZa (amO.)

....................................... (3) ‡m. S>m∞. gß‹`m d_m©, emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, am`[wa (N>.J.)

_mZd odH$mg:- ................. (1) ‡m. S>m∞. _rZmjr _mWwa, A‹`j, O`ZmamÙ Ï`mg odÌdod⁄mb`, OmY[wa (amO.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. Am^m oVdmar, A‹`j A‹``Z _ S>b amZr XwJm©dVr odÌdod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.)

[mnadmnaH$ gßgmYZ ‡]ßY:-... (1) ‡m. S>m∞. _ßOw e_m©, _mVm OrOm]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, _mVr V]bm, BßXm°a (_.‡.)

....................................... (2) ‡m. S>m∞. Z_´Vm Aamam, dZÒWbr od⁄m[rR> (amO.)

*** oejm gßH$m` ***

oejm ............................. (1) ‡m. S>m∞. _Zma_m _mWwa, _hrß–m H$m∞bO Am∞\$ EOwH$eZ, ]¢JbwÍ$ (H$Zm©Q>H$)

(2) ‡m. S>m∞. EZ.E_.Or. _mWwa, ‡mMm`© Edß S>rZ [go\$H$ oejm _hmod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.)

(3) ‡m. S>m∞. ZrZm AZOm, ‡mMm`©, E.Eg. H$m∞bO Am∞\$ EOwH$eZ,Ifim ([ßOm])

(4) ‡m. S>m∞. gVre oJb, oed H$m∞bO Am∞\$ EOwH$eZ, oVJm±d, \$arXm]mX (hoa`mUm)

*** AmoH©$Q>∑Ma gßH$m` ***

AmoH©$Q>∑Ma ...................... (1) ‡m. oH$aU [r. oeßX , ‡mMm`©, ÒHy$b Am∞\$ AmoH©$Q>∑Ma, AmB©.[r.Eg. EH$S>_r, BßXm°a (_.‡.)

*** emarnaH$ oejm gßH$m` ***

emarnaH$ oejm .................. (1) ‡m. S>m∞. OmoJßXa ogßh, [go\$H$ odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.)

*** J´›Wmb` odkmZ gßH$m` ***

J´›Wmb` odkmZ ................ (1) S>m∞. AoZb ogam°oR>`m, emgH$s` _hmamOm _hmod⁄mb`, N>Va[wa (_.‡.)


‡d∑Vm gmWr (_mZX≤)

(01) ‡m. S>m∞. Xd›– ogßh amR>m°∂S> ........................... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.)(02) ‡m. lr_Vr odO`m dYdm ............................ emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.)(03) S>m∞. gwa|– e∑VmdV ................................... kmZmX` BßÒQ>rQ≤`yQ> Am∞\$ _ZO_|Q> EßS> Q>∑Zmbm∞Or, Zr_M (_.‡.)(04) ‡m. S>m∞. Xdrbmb Ahra .............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, OmdX, oObm Zr_M (_.‡.)(05) lr Amerf o¤dXr ..................................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _Zmgm, oObm Zr_M (_.‡.)(06) ‡m. S>m∞. _ZmO _hmOZ ............................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, gmZH$¿N>, oObm Xdmg (_.‡.)(07) lr C_e e_m© ......................................... H•$ÓUm oejm _hmod⁄mb`, Omdr, oObm- Zr_M (_.‡.)(08) ‡m. S>m∞. Eg.[r. [ßdma ................................ emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.)(09) [´m. S>m∞. [yambmb [mQ>rXma ............................ emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.)(10) ‡m. S>m∞. ojoVO [wamohV ............................. O°Z H$bm-dmoU¡`-odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.)(11) [´m. S>m∞.EZ.H$. [mQ>rXma .............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, o[[ob`m_ßS>r, oObm _›Xgm°a (_.‡.)(12) ‡m. S>m∞. dm`.H$. o_lm ................................ emgH$s` H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.)(13) ‡m. S>m∞. gwae H$Q>mna`m .............................. emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.)(14) ‡m. S>m∞. A^` [mR>H$ ................................. emgH$s` dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.)(15) ‡m. S>m∞. _mbqgh Mm°hmZ ............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, g°bmZm, oObm aVbm_ (_.‡.)(16) ‡m. S>m∞. J|Xmbmb Mm°hmZ ............................. emgH$s` odH´$_ _hmod⁄mb`, ImMam°X, oObm C¡O°Z (_.‡.)(17) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡^mH$a o_l ................................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _ohX[wa, oObm C¡O°Z (_.‡.)(18) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡H$me Hw$_ma O°Z ........................... emgH$s` _mYd H$bm dmoU¡` odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)(19) ‡m. S>m∞. H$_bm Mm°hmZ ................................ emgH$s` H$mnbXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)(20) ‡m. S>m∞.Am^m XrojV ................................. emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)(21) ‡m. S>m∞. [ßH$O _mhÌdar .............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, VamZm, oObm C¡O°Z (_.‡.)(22) ‡m. S>m∞. S>r.gr. amR>r .................................. Òdm_r oddH$mZßX H∞$naà _mJ©Xe©Z ‡H$m>, C¿M oejm od^mJ, _.‡. emgZ, BßXm°a(23) ‡m. S>m∞. AoZVm JJam∂S> ............................... emgH$s` hmbH$a odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)(24) ‡m. S>m∞. gßO` [ßoS>V ................................. emgH$s` E_.O.]r. H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, _mVr V]bm, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)(25) ‡m. S>m∞. am_]m]y Jw·m .................................. emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)(26) ‡m. S>m∞. AßOZm g∑g°Zm .............................. emgH$s` _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.)(27) ‡m. S>m∞. gmZmbr ZaJw›X ............................. [ÃH$mnaVm Edß OZgßMma A‹``Zembm Xdr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.[´.)(28) ‡m. S>m∞. ^maVr Omer ................................. AmOrdZ oejU od^mJ Xdr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)(29) ‡m. S>m∞. E_.S>r. gm_mZr .............................. emgH$s` E_.O.]r. H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, _mVr V]bm, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)(30) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡roV ^Q≤Q> .................................... emgH$s` EZ.Eg.[r. odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)(31) ‡m. S>m∞. gßO` ‡gmX ................................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, gmßda, oObm B›Xm°a (_.‡.)(32) ‡m. S>m∞. _rZm _Q>H$a .................................. gwJZrXdr H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)(33) ‡m. _mhZ dmÒH$b .................................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, WmßXbm, oObm - Pm]wAm (_.‡.)(34) [´m. S>m∞. oZoVZ ghmoa`m ............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, H$mV_m, oObm AZy[[wa (_.‡.)(35) ‡m. S>m∞. _ßOw amOmna`m ................................ emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Xdmg (_.‡.)(36) ‡m. S>m∞. ehOmX Hw$a°er .............................. emgH$s` ZdrZ H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, _yßXr, oObm I S>dm (_.‡.)(37) ‡m. S>m∞. e°b ]mbm gmßYr ............................. _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m[mb (_.‡.)(38) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡drU AmPm ................................. lr ^JdV ghm` emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.)(39) ‡m. S>m∞.Am_‡H$me e_m© ............................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Ì`m[wa (_.‡.)(40) ‡m. S>m∞. Eg.H$. lrdmÒVd ........................... emgH$s` odO`m amO H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.)(41) ‡m. S>m∞. AZy[ _mK .................................... emgH$s` H$_bmamO H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.)(42) ‡m. S>m∞. h_bVm Mm°hmZ .............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>ZJa (_.‡.)(43) ‡m. S>m∞. _heM›– JwflVm .............................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, IaJmZ (_.‡.)(44) ‡m. S>m∞. _ßJbm R>mHw$a ................................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh, oObm IaJmZ (_.‡.)(45) [´m. S>m∞. H$.Ama. Hw$ÂhH$a ............................ emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, gZmdX, oObm IaJmZ (_.‡.)(46) ‡m. S>m∞. Ama.H$. `mXd ............................... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, IaJmZ (_.‡.)(47) ‡m. S>m∞. Amem gmIr Jw·m ............................ emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.)


(48) ‡m. S>m∞. ]r. Eg. oggmoX`m .......................... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.)(49) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡^m [m S>` .................................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, _°ha, oObm- gVZm (_.‡.)(50) S>m∞. amOe Hw$_ma ...................................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` A_a[mQ>Z, oObm-gVZm (_.‡.)(51) ‡m. S>m∞. amd›–qgh [Q>b ............................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, gVZm (_.‡.)(52) ‡m. S>m∞. _Zmhabmb JwflVm ........................... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, amOJ∂T> „`mdam (_.‡.)(53) ‡m. S>m∞. _YwgwXZ ‡H$me ............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, JßO]mgmXm, oObm-odoXem (_.‡.)(54) ‡m. `wdamO lrdmÒVd ................................ gr.dr. a_Z odÌdod⁄mb`, H$mQ>m-o]bmg[wa (N>.J.)(55) ‡m. S>m∞. gwZrb dmO[`r .............................. emgH$s` oVbH$ ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$Q>Zr (_.‡.)(56) ‡m. S>m∞. E.H$. [m S> ................................... emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, gVZm (_.‡.)(57) ‡m. S>m∞. `Vr›– _hm] ................................. emgH$s` _ohbm _hmod⁄mb`, Zaqgh[wa (_.‡.)(58) [´m. S>m∞. eoe ‡^m O°Z ............................... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, AmJa-_mbdm (_.‡.)(59) ‡m. S>m∞. oZ`mO Aßgmar ............................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`,qghmdb, oObm grYr (_.‡.)(60) ‡m. S>m∞. AOw©Zqgh ]Kb ............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, haXm (_.‡.)(61) S>m∞. gwae Hw$_ma od_b ............................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ^°ßgmXhr, oObm ]°Vyb (_.‡.)(62) ‡m. S>m∞. A_aM›– O°Z ................................ emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.[´.)(63) ‡m. S>m∞. aoÌ_ Xw] ...................................... emgH$s` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$mÀVa CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.)(64) ‡m. S>m∞. E.H$. O°Z ..................................... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmnd⁄mb`, ]rZm, oObm- gmJa (_.‡.)(65) ‡m. S>m∞. gß‹`m oQ>H$H$a ............................... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]rZm, oObm- gmJa (_.‡.)(66) ‡m. S>m∞. amOrd e_m© .................................. emgH$s` Z_©Xm ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, hmeßJm]mX (_.‡.)(67) ‡m. S>m∞. apÌ_ lrdmÒVd .............................. emgH$s` J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, hmeßJm]mX (_.‡.)(68) ‡m. S>m∞. b˙_rH$mßV MßXbm ........................... emgH$s` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$mÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, qN>Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.)(69) ‡m. S>m∞. ]bam_ qgJmoV`m ........................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` gm¢ga, oObm-oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.)(70) ‡m.S>m∞. odÂ_r ]hb ................................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, H$mbm [r[b, oObm - emOm[wa (_.‡.)(71) ‡m. S>m∞. Ao_V ew∑b ................................. emgH$s` R>mHw$a aU_Vqgh _hmod⁄mb`, ardm (_.‡.)(72) ‡m. S>m∞. _rZy JOmbm ImZ ........................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _∑gr, oObm-emOm[wa (_.‡.)(73) ‡m. S>m∞. [Îbdr o_lm................................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ZB© J∂T>r, oObm- ardm (_.‡.)(74) ‡m. S>m∞. E_.[r. e_m© .................................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, XoV`m (_.‡.)(75) ‡m. S>m∞. O`m e_m© ..................................... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, grhma (_.‡.)(76) ‡m. S>m∞. gwerb gm_dßer ............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, Z[mZJa, oObm ]wahmZ[wa (_.‡.)(77) ‡m. S>m∞. BeaV ImZ .................................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, am`gZ (_.‡.)(78) ‡m. S>m∞. H$_beqgh ZJr ............................ emgH$s` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, grhma (_.‡.)(79) ‡m. S>m∞. ^mdZm R>mHw$a ................................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` ahQ>r, oObm grhma (_.‡.)(80) ‡m. S>m∞. H$ed_oU e_m© .............................. [ßoS>V ]mbH•$ÓU e_m© ZdrZ emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, emOm[wa (_.‡.)(81) ‡m. S>m∞. aUw amOe .................................... emgH$r` ZhÈ AJ´Ur _hmod⁄mb`, AemH$ ZJa (_.‡.)(82) ‡m. S>m∞. AodZme Xw] ................................. emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, I S>dm (_.‡.)(83) ‡m. S>m∞. dr.H$. XrojV ................................ N>Õmgmb emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, [fim (_.‡.)(84) ‡m. S>m∞. am_ AdYe e_m© ............................ E_.O.Eg. emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, o^ S> (_.‡.)(85) ‡m. S>m∞. _ZmO Hw$_ma AoæhmÕmr ..................... gamoOZr Zm`Sy> emgH$r` H$›`m ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m[mb (_.‡.)(86) ‡m. S>m∞. g_ra Hw$_ma ew∑bm ......................... emgH$r` M›– odO` _hmod⁄mb`, oS> S>mar (_.‡.)(87) ‡m. A[amOrVm ^mJ©d ............................... A‹`m[H$ ,Ama. S r. [o„bH$ ÒHz$b, ]°Vyb (_.‡.) ^maV(88) [´m. S>m∞. AZy[ [agmB© ................................. emgH$s` O. `mJmZ›XZ N>ŒmrgJ∂T> ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, am`[wa (N>ŒmrgJ∂T>)(89) ‡m. S>m∞. AoZbHw$_ma O°Z ............................ dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm odÌdod⁄mb`, H$mQ>m (amO.)(90) ‡m. S>m∞. AM©Zm doeÓR> ............................... amOH$s` amOF$of _hmod⁄mb` Abda (amO.)(91) ‡m. S>m∞. H$Î[Zm [marI .............................. Eg.Eg.Or. [marI ÒZmVH$mŒma H$m∞bO, O`[wa (amO.)(92) ‡m. S>m∞. JO›– ogamhm ............................... [ogo\$H$ odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.)

(93) ‡m. S>m∞. H•$ÓUm [°o›g`m ............................... hnae AmßOZm _hmod⁄mb`, N>mQ>rgmX∂S>r, oObm- ‡Vm[J∂T> (amO.)

(94) ‡m. S>m∞. ‡Xr[ qgh .................................... H|$–r` odÌd od⁄mb` hna`mUm, _h|–J∂T> (hna`mUm)(95) ‡m. S>m∞. Ò_•oV AJ´dmb ............................... emY gbmhH$ma, ZB© oXÎbr(96) ‡m. S>m∞. H$odVm ^Xm°oa`m ............................. emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) ^maV


Abstract - The present paper study has offered immense scope and opportunities for the development of newmedicine (drug). Some well has known modern drugs have been developed through ethnic (folklore) and traditionalsystem of medicine. However, out of 1000 medicinal plant, only 15-20 % have so for been used for development ofethnobotanical sources for drugs by the ethnic (tribal) people in the Amarkantak area. A report only one specie Medicinalplant of “Doob Ghass” (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.), family (Fabaceae) is present here. The plant has variousphytochemical substances occur that contained terpenoides, triterpenoids flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, steroids,saponins, tannins, resins, Phytosterol, reducing sugars, carbohydrates, proteins, volatile oils and fixed oils. Previousstudies showed that Cynodon dactylon possessed epilepsy, central nervous, cardiovascular, anti-diabetic,gastrointestinal, antioxidant, immunological, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, anticancer,dermatological, diuretic, protective, antimicrobial, anti-parasitic, insecticidal and repellent. This review will highlightthe chemical constituents, pharmacological and therapeutic effects of this plant.Key words - Medicinal plant, Cynodon dactylon, Use as “Epilepsy”, Amarkantak region.

Medicinal Plant, Cynodon Dactylon (L.) Pers. Use As‘Epilepsy’ In Amarkantak Region, Central India

Introduction - The use of traditional medicine is widelyaccepted by rural people in Amarkantak biosphere.Amarkantak is rich in medicinal and aromatic plant’s havinga biodiversity of about 300-500 species about 80 percentof these are collected from wild. Maheshwari (1992)reported that the country has many areas where thetraditional medicine culture is rich and diverse, making itan ideal site for ethnobotanical study.

Amarkantak, a beautiful hill station in Anuppur districtof Madhya Pradesh, is situated in 220 41’ N and 81---0 46’ Eon the eastern most extremity of Maikal range. It is a holyplace of pilgrimage and origin of river Narmada, Son, Johilaand Mahanadi. It lies on a plateau at an altitude ofapproximately 1100 meters.

The forest vegetation of the Plateau is of sub tropicaltype dominated by Sal trees then, soil in usually latrite. Theclimate is monsoonic tide with well defined summer, rainyand winter. May and June are the hottest month Decemberand January are the coldest Month (T.1-40C). The averageannual rain fall is 1000-1450 mm.

Anuppur, Amarkantak is the home of many ethnicgroups. Within this small district, more than 12 ethnic groupsand different castes live (Pranaya Verma 1994) viz., Agaria,Baiga, Kol, Gond, Pao Bheel, Bhaina, Kanvar, Bhumia, andPanika, etc. The density of Baiga & Gond Population ishigher than others. They live in remote areas of the forest.They mainly depend on natural products of the forest fortheir livelihood and have retained their traditional culturesand folklores, due to close and constant association with

Radhe Shyam Napit *

*Asst. Professor (Bot any) Centre for Excellence, IGNTU, Amarkant ak (M.P.) INDIA

the forests. They have fairly good knowledge of themedicinal and other value of their surrounding plants andmostly depend on them for the remedies of their ailmentsand diseases.Study Sites - Four study sites were selected in differentparts of Amarkantak as Bhundakona, Jaleshwar, Sonemudaand Narmada Kund (Mai ki bagiya) Bhundakona, Jaleshwar,Son muda, Podki, Bhejri, Bhamaria, Farrisemar, Bijauri,Lapti, Amgawa, Khati Bilaspur, Pamra, Kerha, Bhelma,Khursa, Harri, Sonhra, Vaihar, Barbaspur, Doniya,Sarhakona, Jamuna Dadar, Nonghati, Barsot, Johilatola(Podki), Masnatola Kapilasangam, Tikritola, and alsosurrounding of Amarkantak, Bilaspur district- Kevchi,Padmania, Devergavan, V edrap ani, Jaleshwar ,GramUmania and Dindauri district- Kabeer Chbutra ,Pakri, Sonda, Karanjia, and Narigwara for the collectionof plant’s being used by tribes traditionally(ethnobotanically). These areas were selected on the basisof varied altitude and richness of species, which alsocomprise rich cultural diversity.

Amarkantak Location Map (Madhya Pradesh, India)(See in the last p age)Notable Worker - The local healers and knowledgeablevillagers were consulted during the field trips covering threedifferent seasons during Sep. 2014 – Jul 2015.Ethnomedicinal information were collected following themethods described by Jain (1965) and Jain & Rao (1976),Maheshwari & Singh (1965), Jain (1968), Sikarwar,Maheshwari (1992) & Jain & Tarafder 1970, Chopra et.al;


1958, 1969, Nadkarni, 1954., Napit, R. S., Shrivastava D.K. & Mishra S. K. 2011. Napit, Radheshyam, 2015.Knowledgeable people and medicine men were interviewedfor recording medicinal use; parts used method of drugpreparation, dosage and local name. Under enumerationplant names have been arranged alphabetically. The correctbotanical name is followed by family within parentheses,local names, medicinal uses name of tribe locality. All thespecimens have been deposited in the Botany departmentGovt. P. G. College Shahdol (M.P.) Some local workerstudied here like M. P. Singh (2001) & S.L.Bondya, K. K.Khanna et al. (2005).Methodology - The method adopted for the ethnomedicinalstudy was adopted by Jain 1981. During the studyknowledgeable person rural areas of Amarkantak regions& Pushprajgrah block with Shahdol division survey duringApril. 2013 – July 2014. Information was collected fromtribals medicine men and vaidyas and some formers, aboutthe interviewed therapeutic used of plants in the treatmentof various diseases. Information about used and local nameof plants was secured from the information. The collectedplant specimens were identified by consulting Flora of BritishIndia by Benthum and Hooker (1872-1879). Voucherspecimens of the species collected are deposited in theDepartment of Botany Govt. P.G. College Shahdol, MadhyaPradesh (M.P.).Enumeration of plant s - Correct botanical names arearranged by using worker like Hara et.al. (1978, 1982) andHara and Williams (1979) followed by family in brackets,vernacular name in apostrophe and collection number inbrackets. Other details given are plant parts used, quantityof plant parts, details of preparation method, and mode ofuse.1. Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers. (Poaceae) “Doob

Ghass/Dubi/Durba”Common & Regional Name - LN.- Doob ghass; H. - Dhub;S. - Dhurva; Eng.- Doob grass (creeping cyanodon); B.-Dubh - Dubra; Tel.- Harvali; Tam.- Arugampullu; Marathi-Haryali.Vegetative Character - A perennial ever green herbaceousgrass prostrate 1-3 mt and 1-1.5ft high, and Growth beginsat temperatures above 15-20 °C with optimum growthbetween 25 and 40 °C; in winter, the grass becomesdormant and turns brown. Growth is promoted by full sunand retarded by full shade, e.g., close to tree trunks. Root-adventitious stolons, rooting at nodes, forming a dense tufton the surface of the soil, runners sometimes 20 m long;.Stem – erect or prostrate herbaceous, branched, grasscreeps along the ground and roots wherever a node touchesthe ground, forming a dense mat. Leaf - blades are a grey-green color and are short, usually 2–10 cm long. ;inflorescence on culms 15 cm to 1 m tall consisting of 2-12spikes arranged star-like at apex of stem; spikes 2.5-10cm long with numerous spikelets, arranged in 2 rows onone side of spike; spikelets flat, 2-2.5 mm long, awnless,with 1 floret; glumes unequal, the upper longer and one-

third to three-fourths length of floret flower bisexual irregularincomplete, zygomorphic. Androecium- 10 stamens Ovary-superior. Fruit- seed heads are produced in a cluster oftwo to six spikes together at the top of the stem, each spike2–6 cm long. Found all over India. Flowering – Throughtthe year. Medicinal part use as whole plant.Classification -l Kingdom - Plantae,l Super division - Spermatophyta,l Division - Magneliophyta,l Class - Liliopsida,l Subclass - Commelinidae,l Order - Cyperales,l Family - Poaceae,l Genus - Cynodon,l Species - dactylonMode of Use -Use – The juice of whole plant two spoons taken orally 2times a day for 2-3 month to cure epilepsy.Biological Properties - Epilepsy, Pain, diarrhoea,dysentery, wounds, secondary syphilis, chronic diarrhoea,dysentery vomiting vesical hemuturesis, and as applicationin catarrhal opthalmia, and also can be applied to cuts andwounds, and in chronic diarrhoea and dysentery,Traditionally, calculus, syphilis, stoppage of bleeding frompiles, and irritation of urinary organs, hemorrhages andhyperdypsia, demulcent, astringent dropsy, anasarca, etc.Chemical Constituent s - Nutritional analysis showed thateach 100 g contained (on a zero-moisture basis) 11.6 gprotein, 2.1 g fat, 75.9 g total carbohydrate, 25.9 g fibres,10.4 g ash, 530 mg Ca, 220 mg P, 112.0 mg Fe, 1630 mgK, 28 mg betacarotene equivalent. A total of 20 compoundswere identified from the hydroalcoholic extract of the wholeparts of Cynodon dactylon. Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl esterlinolenic acid, ethy ester d-mannose were the majorcomponents of the hydroalcoholic extract, andhexadecanoic acid ethyl ester was the most abundant one(17.49%). The phytochemical analysis showed that the plantcontained flavanoids, alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoides,triterpenoids steroids, saponins, tannins, resins,phytosterols, reducing sugars, carbohydrates, proteins,volatile oils and fixed oils. Quantitative estimation ofphytoconstituents showed glycosides reached 12.2 %,tannins 6.3%, alkaloids 0.1%, resins 1.0%, free reducingsugar 10% and total reducing sugar 12%. However, theisolated compounds were included: 3H-pyrazol-3-one, 2,4-dihydro-2,4,5-trimethyl 2.2112%, 4H-pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl3.2157%, menthol 1.1807%,benzoic acid, 2- hydroxy-, methyl ester 2.0455%,benzofuran, 2,3-dihydro 0.9639%, 2-furancarboxaldehyde,5- (hydroxymethyl)- 2.3088%, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol3.2348%, decanoic acid, ethyl ester 2.4063%, dmannose11.4820%, 3-Tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole 0.9040%, Ar-tumerone 5.7431%, tumerone1.9123%, . On the otherhand, 22 compounds were identified from the phenolicfraction of the whole parts of Cynodon dactylon. 1


Result and discussion - The most frequently usedtraditional phytotherapies are those against gastro-intestinalproblems as in other areas in Amarkantak in Anuppurdistrict. The survey provides anti epilep sy plants C.dactylon (L.) Pers., sufficient ground to believe thattraditional medicinal practice using native medicinal plantsis alive and well functioning in the study area. In manycommunities, wild plant’s species are used as importantparts of the primary healthcare system due to belief in theeffectiveness, lack of modern medicines and medicationand poor economic status of people. The treatment ofdiseases with plants and plants products also causes noside effects. It is cost effective too.Acknowledgement s - The research scholar is also thankfulto the people of Amarkantak district Anuppur who sharedwith him their indigenous knowledge. R. S. Napit would liketo express thankful to Dr. Smt. D. Thakur, Retired PrincipalGovt. P.G. College Narsinghpur and Dr. K. B. Sulakhiya,Deptt. of Center for excellence Prof Dr. A. K. Shukla, andProf Dr. Navin Sharma, Head and Dean of the Botany Deptt.IGNTU Amarkantak M.P., for their kind cooperation andgood support, in this research work.References :-1. Chandra, G. 1970., Chemical composition of the flower

oil of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. Indian perfume 14(pt. I), 19.

2. Dhingra, V. K., Seshadri T. R. and Mukherjee S. K.1976., Carotenoid glycosides of Nyctanthes arbor-tristisLinn. Indian J. Chem. 14B, 231.

3. Chopra, R.N. Chopra I.C. and Verma, B.S. 1968.,Supplement to Glossary Indian medicinal plants, CSIRNew Delhi.

4. Bhattacharjee, S.K. 1998, S.K. 1998., Handbook ofMedicinal plants. Pointer publishers, New Delhi.

5. Brown, J.E., Rice-Evans, C.A. 1998., Luteolin rich ar-tichoke extract protects low density lipoprotein fromoxidation in vitro. Free Radical Res., 29: 247-255.

6. Jain, S.K. and Tarafder, C.R. 1970., Medicinal plantlore of the Santhals (A revivals of P.O. Bodding’s work).Econ., Bot. 24, 241.

7. Kapale, R. Prajapati. A.K., Napit, R.S., and Ahairwar,R.K. 2013.Traditional Food Plants Of B a i g aTribal’s: A Survey Study In Tribal Villages OfAmarkantak-Achanakmar Biosphere, Central India.

8. Napit, R. S. and Kumar K. 2012. Ethnomedicinal useEuphorbia Plants by Tribal Communities of ShahdolDistrict of M. P. Agrobios News Letter Page. N0. 47-48.

9. Napit, R. S., Shrivastava D. K. & Mishra S. K. 2011.Ethno-medico Botanical Study of Paliha Tribe ofGohparu Block Distt. Shahdol M. P. (India) Journal ofTropical Forestry Vol. 27. Pag N0. 62-64.

10. Napit, Radhe shyam, 2015.Ethnomedicinal Studies onBaiga Tribes in Jaisinghnagar Block District ShahdolM.P. Central India. Research Hunt An International MultiDisciplinary e-journal, Vol.÷ Issue. I, Jan-Feb -2015

Pag. 9- 12.11. Napit, Radhe shyam, 2015. Medicinal Plant King of

Bitters “Swertia chirata Buch.Ham.” (Gentianaceae)Chirayata Used by Tribals of Amarkantak regions Dis-trict Anuppur Central India. Research Hunt An Inter-national Multi Disciplinary e-journal,. Vol.÷ Issue. I Jan-Feb. 2015 Pag.1-4.

12. Napit, Radhe shyam, 2015. Ethnomedicinal Plants(Ptreridophytes) Study and Indegenous Knowledge ofPushprajgrah block with Special Reference toAmarkantak Anuppur District M.P. India. Research HuntAn International Multi Disciplinary e-journal, Vol.÷ Is-sue. I Jan-Feb -2015 Pag.5-8.

13. Napit, Radhe shyam, 2015. Calotrapis (Asclepi-adaceae) Plants Used By The Tribal And LocalPeoples. In The Administered Of Skin Disease “Leu-coderma” District Shahdol Central India.Naveen ShodhSansar (An International Refereed Research Journal)Jan. to March Vol.1 Pag.34-35.

14. Napit, R. S.2016. Calatropis Plant Species Used ByThe Tribal People In The Administered of JaundiceDistrict Shahdol Central India.Pag.147-152.ISSN:2395-3449. Naveen Anveshan A Journal ofMultidisciplinary Subjects. Govt.PG college Shahdol(MP).

15. Napit, Radhe shyam,2016. Traditional Knowledge ofPlant “Tinospora cordifolia” Used by Local People inLoss of Blood Platelets of Shahdol Central India.Pag.198-202. Vol-2.

16. Napit, Radhe shyam 2016. Anti- Diabetic PlantPterocarpus Marsupium Roxb. Used By Tribals OfShahdol District M.P. INDIA. Vol-2.

17. Napit, R.S. 2016. Medicinal Plant , Mucuna pruritaHook., and its use as ‘Antidote,’ in Amarkantak Bio-sphere Region, (M. P.) India.Pag.17-19.

18. Napit. R. S. 2016. Ethnomedicinal Plant, Rubia cordifoliaLinn. and its use as ‘Anti Psoriasis’, Amarkantak Bio-sphere Region, (M. P.) India. Pag. 1921.

19. Napit, Radhe shyam, et al.2105. Studies on Ethno-medicinal Plant (Scoparia dulcis L.) used by GondTribes in Weak Teeth of Shahdol Madhya Pradesh In-dia. Pag. 64-70..

20. Napit, R. S. 2015. Studies on Traditional KnowledgeAnti-Diabetic Plant Used By Local PeopleS h a h d o lDistrict (M.P.) India. Pag. 30-33.

21. Napit, R S. 2015. Ethno-Medicinal Studies on Skin dis-ease in Kol Tribe of Jaisinghnagar Tehsil DistrictShahdol Central India 24-26.

22. Napit, Radheshyam, et al. 2015.Ethno-medico Plantsto Cure Calculi Disease of Amarkantak Anuppur Dis-trict Central India.Pag.16-19.

23. Napit, R.S. 2015. Anti cancerous plants of AmarkantakRegion of Shahdol Division, Madhya Pradesh, India.Pag. 21-23.

24. Napit, Radheshyam, et al.2015.Ethno- bilogical Sudieson traditional Traditional Knowledge of medicine of


Shahdol District Central India. Pag. 28-30.25. Napit, R.S. 2015, Ethnic plants to cure stone disease

of Shahdol District Central India. Pag. 24-27.26. Napit, Radhe shyam, and Singh, Uma, 2015. Studies

On Floral Diversity In The Tribal Areas Of ShahdolDistrict (M.P.) India. Pag.18-20.

27. Shah, G.L. 1984., Some economically important plantsof salsette ISI and near Bombay. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot.5 : 753-765.

*************

Fig 1, 2 - Plant s C. dactylon (L.) Pers.

Amarkant ak Location Map (Madhya Pradesh, India)


Abstract - Frequent botanical surveys were conducted during Dec. 2001 to Dec. 2005. In district Jashpur. Processingand Recognition of Ayurvedic plants. Furthermore, In the present study medicinal paints of Jashpurnagar and itsadjoining localities have been studied. Disease wise use of plants has been presented in some diseases.

During the course of present investigation, ethnobotanical studies of the tribals of Jashpur district with specialreference to Birhor endangered tribe, field tours were made during the above mentioned. These field tours wereplanned in such a way as to cover the tribal areas in different seasons to collect the ethno botanically interestingspecies either in flowering or fruiting. After having identified the particular tribes and their regional jurisdiction orpurpose of ethnobotanical investigation, some familiarity about the people, their culture and dialect, their religion, thevegetation pattern and so on was sought with the help of available literature.Key Words - Ethnomedicinal study, Jashpur district, reference to Birhor tribe.

Ethnomedicinal Study Of Jashpur District With SpecialReference To Birhor Tribe Of Chhattisgarh India

Introduction - At present, Jashpur district is situated at22021' to 23016' North Latitude and 83028' to 84024' ELongitude. Total geographical area of the district is 5339.78Km2.

The forest vegetation of the Plateau is of sub -tropicaltype dominated by Sal trees, and the soil in usually laterite.The climate is masonic tide with well-defined summer, rainyand winter. May and June are the hottest month Decemberand January are the coldest Month. During present ofinvestigation monthly maximum rainfall 600-832 mm. hasbeen recorded, in month of July. In the study area Red &yellow soils are predominant Chhattisgarh is very rich innatural vegetation. 41.52% geographical area of the stateis covered by forests. Jashpur district is covered by denseforests like herb, shrub and trees, of Teak, Sal, Bambooand mixed forests.

The history of medicinal plants is intimately connectedwith’ the history of botany. From The earliest times, tribalmedicine men used plants and other products, to drive outthe evil spirits which they believed to the cause of disease.In India the earliest mention of the medicinal use of plantsis found in the Rig- Veda. Then Ayurveda, Sushruta Samhitaand Charak Samhita followed. These books containremarkable description of medicinal plants as it was knownto ancient Hindus.

All India Survey of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants hasresulted in a-large number of collections and extensiveinformation. Due to continuous decrease in forest cover, anumber of medicinal plants have become endangered orat the brink of extinction. In the present study medicinalpaints of Jashpurnagar and its adjoining localities have been

Rakesh Kumar Sharma *

*Research Scholor , Pt S.N.S. Govt. PG College, Shahdol (M.P.) INDIA

studied. Disease wise use of plants has been presented insome diseases.

Power (1874) used the term “Aboriginal Botany” toinclude all forms of vegetable world which the aboriginalsused for medicine, food, textile, fabrics, ornaments etc. “Anintroduction to the subsistence Economy of India” Faulks(1958), published an important text entitled. “An Introductionto Ethnobotany”. This was followed by Anderson (1967).“Plants, man and life” Dukes (1968) published DarienEthnobotanical Dictionary. Jain (1981), published the firstbook on Indian ethnobotany i.e. “Glimpse of IndianEthnobotany”based on fieldstudies about phytogeographicalareas of India.

Napit, R. S.2016. Calatropis Plant Species Used ByThe Tribal People In The Administered of Jaundice DistrictShahdol Central India.Napit, Radheshyam, 2016. TraditionalKnowledge of Plant “Tinospora cordifolia” Used by LocalPeople in Loss of Blood Platelets of Shahdol Central India. There have been organized many seminars andconferences of ethnobotany in India and abroad. The reviewis present the contribution of Angiospermic flora and theirethnobotanical importance.Methodology- During the course of present investigation,ethnobotanical studies of the tribals of Jashpur district withspecial reference to Birhor endangered tribe, field tours,and Interview started were made during the period Dec.2001 to Dec. 2005. These field tours were planned in sucha way as to cover the tribal areas in different seasons tocollect the ethnobotanically interesting species either inflowering or fruiting. After having identified the particular


tribes and their regional jurisdiction or purpose ofethnobotanical investigation, some familiarity about thepeople, their culture and dialect, their religion, the vegetationpattern and so on was sought with the help of availableliterature.

For the collection of plants and the preparation ofherbarium sheets the methods adopted and recommendedby Lawrence (1951) and Davis and Heywood (1963) havebeen followed.Study Site - Jashpur is a part of Chhattisgarh study siteis surrounded by Sarguja district and Jharkhand state inthe North, Jharkhand and Orissa in the East; Orissa andRaigarh district (Dharmjaygarh) in the South; & Sargujadistrict in the west. The district of Jashpur, has 4 Tahsilsviz.- Jashpurnagar, Bagicha, Kunkuri and Pathalgaon. Thedistrict of Jashpur, can be divided into two distinctgeographical parts- Upper Ghat and Lower Ghats NorthernPart is known as Upper Ghat due to its elevation, whichranges from 488 meter to 1136 meter. Southern part isknown as Lower Ghat which has a lower height, which rangefrom 274 meter to 488 meter.Drainage of Upper Ghat is made by Ib and Kanhar rivers,Drainage of North-Western Upper Ghat is brought aboutby Kanhar river which joins Sone River in Mirzapur districtof Uttar Parades. Rest of the drainage of North-Westernregion is brought about by Sankha river and its tributariesLava and Baki.

Map of Jashpur is being presented on Fig.1

Usage of Medicinal Plant - The history of medicinal plantsis intimately connected with’ the history of botany. FromThe earliest times, tribal medicine men used plants andother products, to drive out the evil spirits which theybelieved to the cause of disease. In the present study medicinal paints of Jashpurnagar andits adjoining localities have been studied. Disease wise useof plants has been presented in some diseases.FEVER-(1) Aegle marmelos, Corr . (Rutaceae), “Bel”

The root bark is given in intermittent fever.(2) Allium sativum. Linn. (Liliaceae), “Lahsun”

Bulb is carminative expectorant stimulant in fevers.

(4) Ammannia baccifera Linn. (L ythraceae),“Dadhmari”Bulb is carminative expectorant stimulant in fevers.

(5) Carissa carandas. Linn. (Apocynaceae)“Karaunda”A decoction of leaves given at the commencement of

remittent fever.DYSENTERY -(1) Bauhinia variegat a. Linn. (Caesalpiniaceae),

“Kachnar”Dried buds of plant used in treatment of dysentery.

(2) Corchrus cap sularis. Linn. (T iliaceae), “Jute”Infusion of leaves given in dysentery.

(3) Citrus limon. W all. (Rut aceae), “Bara nebu”Juice of ripe fruit used in dysentery.

(4) Syzigium cumini. skeels. (Myrt acae) “Jamun”Juice of leaves given in dysentery and bark is largelyused in dysentery.

(5) Emblica officinalis. Gaertn, (Euphorbeaceae),“Amla”The fruit is arcid cooling refrigerant given in dysentery.

DIARRHOEA -(1) Aegel marmelos. Corr . (Rutaceae), “Bel”

Unripe fruit used in digestive stomachic in diarrhoea.(2) Bauhinia variegat a. Linn. (Caesalpiniaceae),

“Kachnar”Dried buds are used in diarrhoea.

(3) Butea monosperma. Lamk, (Papilionaceae),“Parsa”Extrect of plant stem like gum is given in diarrhoea.

(4) Corchrus cap sularis. Linn. (T iliaceae), “Jute”Decoction of root and unripe fruit used in diarrhoea.

(5) Citrus limon W all. (Rut aceae), “Bara nebu”Juice of ripe fruit used in diarrhoea.

(6) Ficus bengalensis. Linn. (Moraceae), “Bargad”Infusion of bark used as a tonic given in diarrhoea.

JAUNDICE -(1) Argemone maxicana. Linn. (Pap averaceae), “Pili

Katili”The latex or yellow juice of plant used in affection ofjaundice.

(2) Asterancantha longifolia. Nees. (Acanthaceae),“Tal-makhana”The leaves, roots & seed are employed for jaundice.

(3) Boerhaavia diffusa. Linn. (Nyct aginaceae) “PatharChatt a”Crushed root useful in jaundice.

(4) Eclipt a a1ba. Linn. (Asteraceae) “Ghamira”Juice of plant given in fever of jaundice.

(5) Emblica officinalis. Gaertn, (Euphorbeaceae),“Amla”Dried fruit in combination with iron used for jaundice.

BURNS -(1) Amaranthus spinosus. Linn. (Amaranthaceae), “

Kataili chaulai “The leaves and root boiled and applied as emollient


poultice to burns.(2) Beta vulgaris. Linn.(Amaranthaceae), “ Suger beet “

Leaves applied as a paste to burning.(3) Eucalyptus globulus. Linn. (Myrt aceae), “L yptus”

Oil form leaves used in ointment for burns.(4) Linum usit atissimum. Linn. (Linaceae), “Alsi”

Oil mixed with lime water used as application to burns.(5) Tectona grandis. Linn (V erbenaceae) “Sagwan”

Wood powdered made into a paste and applied toburning.

(6) Tridax procumbens Linn. (Composit ae),“Barmasiya”Leaf paste mixed with a small amount of salt and isapplied on boils.

ULCERS -(1) Azadiracht a indica . Juss. (Meliaceae), “Neem”

Decoction of leaves is antiseptic and use in ulcers.(2) Bauhinia variegat a. Linn. (Caesalpiniaceae),

“Kachnar”The bark is rubbed to and used to ulcers.

(3) Eclipt a alba. Linn. (Asteraceae) “Ghamira”Seeds, root used in externally as antiseptic to ulcers.

(4) Heliotropium indicum. Linn. (Boraginaceae),“Balkamu”Juice of tender leaves applied to ulcers.

(5) Jasminum sambac. Ait. (Oleaceae), “Mogra”Dried leaves soaked in water and made into a poulticeused in indolent ulcers.

SKIN DISEASES -(1) Azadiracht a indica. Juss. (Meliaceae), “Neem”

Decoction of leaves is antiseptic and use in Eczema.(2) Buchanania lanzan. Roxb, (Anacardiaceae),

“Chironji”Kernal as ointment used in skin disease.

(3) Cassia fistula Linn. (Caesalpiniaceae), “Amalt as”Juice of leaves used as skin diseases.

(4) Cassia occident alis. Linn. (Caesalpiniaceae), “Khasaundi “Juice of leaves used as skin diseases.

(5) Cassia tora . Linn. (Caeslpininiaceae) “Chakora”Leaves and seed are used in skin diseases forringworm and itch.

RHEUMATISM -(1) Adhatoda vasica. Nees (Acanthaceae), “ Adusa”

Crushed leaves and root used in treatment of chronicrheumatism.

(2) Asterancantha longifolia. Nees. (Acanthaceae),“Tal-makhana”The leaves, root and seed are employed forrheumatism.

(3) Brassica campestris. Linn. (Curcifere) “ Sarson”Oil combined with camphor forms an efficaciousembrocation in muscular rheumatism

(4) Cassia fistula. Linn. (Caesalpiniaceae), “Amalt as”The fruit are cathartic and are applied in rheumatism.

(5) Semicarpus ancardium. Linn (ancardiaceae)

" Bhiwa" The seed oil is apply for pain.ABSCESSES -(1) Amaranthus spinosus Linn. (Amaranthaceae), “

Kataili chaulai “Leaves and roots applied as emollient poultice toabscesses.

(2) Ficus bengalensis. Linn. (Moraceae), “Bargad”Leaves are applied as poultice to abscesses.

(3) Jasminum sambac Ait. (Oleaceae), “Mogra”The plant used in affection of the mouth.

Discussion - Ethnomedicine is the most importantdiscipline of ethnobotany, which is constantly being exploitedby scientists and extensively studies for herbal drugs herbalmedicines, folk medicines phototherapy, medicinal agent,traditional medicines etc.Acknowledgement s - The research scholar is also thankfulto the people of Amarkantak new district Anuppur whoshared with him their indigenous knowledge. would like toR.K. Sharma express thankful to Guide Dr. Vijay KumarShrivastava Principal Govt. G.D. College Rewa, Dr. Smt.D. Thakur Principal Govt. P.G. College Narsinghpur, Dr. S.K. Mishra Govt. P.G. College Shahdol, R. S. Napit for theirkind cooperation and good support and guidance in theform of research work.References :-1. Arora, R.K., 1981. Native food plants of north eastern

tribals. In S.K. Jain (Ed.) Glimpses of Indian Ethno-botany 91-106.

2. Chaudhary, et. al. 1977, Ethnobotanical uses of her-baria Bull. Bot. Surv. India. 19 : 256-261.

3. Harshberger, J.W. 1895. Some new ideas, Philadel-phia Evening Telegraph.

4. Jain, S.K., 1963. Studies on Indian Ethnobotany II,Plants used in medicine by the tribals of MadhyaPradesh. Vanyajati. 11: 126-128.

5. Jain, S.K. & Rao, R.R. 1983. Ethnobotany in India - Anover view Howrah : Botanical Survey of India.

6. Janaki Ammal, E.K. 1955. An introduction to the sub-sistence economy of India. Background paper No. 10Webner. Grof. Foundation International Sympo. On“Man’s role in changing the face of the Earth.” Princetoninn. Princeton. N.J. June 16-22.

7. Lawrence, G.H.M. 1951. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants.Macmillan, New York.

8. Maheshwari, J.K. and R.P. Dwivedi, 1985. Ethnobotanyof Abujmarhia tribe of Bastar district, M.P. - I. EightnAll India Botanical Conference (Hyderabad), J. IndiaBot. Soc. Abste. Vol. 64 Supplement, p 53.

9. Nair, P.T. 1965. Tree symbol worship among the Nairsof Kerela. Folklore 6: 114- 1.124.

10. Kapale, R. Prajapati. A.K., Napit, R.S., and Ahairwar,R.K. 2013.Traditional Food Plants Of BaigaTribal’s: A Survey Study In Tribal Villages OfAmarkantak-Achanakmar Biosphere, Central India.

11. Napit, R. S. and Kumar K. 2012. Ethnomedicinal useEuphorbia Plants by Tribal Communities of Shahdol


District of M. P. Agrobios News Letter Page. N0. 47-48.

12. Napit, R. S., Shrivastava D. K. & Mishra S. K. 2011.Ethno-medico Botanical Study of Paliha Tribe ofGohparu Block Distt. Shahdol M. P. (India) Journal ofTropical Forestry Vol. 27. Pag N0. 62-64.

13. Napit, Radheshyam, 2015.Ethnomedicinal Studies onBaiga Tribes in Jaisinghnagar Block District ShahdolM.P. Central India. Research Hunt An International MultiDisciplinary e-journal, Vol.÷ Issue. I, Jan-Feb -2015Pag. 9- 12.

14. Napit, Radheshyam, 2015. Medicinal Plant King of Bit-ters “Swertia chirata Buch.Ham.” (Gentianaceae)Chirayata Used by Tribals of Amarkantak regions Dis-trict Anuppur Central India. Research Hunt An Inter-national Multi Disciplinary e-journal,. Vol.÷ Issue. I Jan-Feb. 2015 Pag.1-4.

15. Napit, Radheshyam, 2015. Ethnomedicinal Plants(Ptreridophytes) Study and Indegenous Knowledge ofPushprajgrah block with Special Reference toAmarkantak Anuppur District M.P. India. Research HuntAn International Multi Disciplinary e-journal, Vol.÷ Is-sue. I Jan-Feb -2015 Pag.5-8.

16. Napit, Radheshyam, 2015. Calotrapis(Asclepiadaceae) Plants Used By The Tribal And Lo-cal Peoples. In The Administered Of Skin Disease “Leu-coderma” District Shahdol Central India.Naveen ShodhSansar (An International Refereed Research Journal)Jan. to March Vol.1 Pag.34-35.

17. Napit, R. S.2016. Calatropis Plant Species Used ByThe Tribal People In The Administered of JaundiceDistrict Shahdol Central India.Pag.147-152.

ISSN:2395-3449. Naveen Anveshan A Journal ofMultidisciplinary Subjects. Govt.PG college Shahdol(MP).

18. Napit, Radheshyam,2016. Traditional Knowledge ofPlant “Tinospora cordifolia” Used by Local People inLoss of Blood Platelets of Shahdol Central India.Pag.198- 202. Vol-2.

19. Napit, Radheshyam 2016. Anti- Diabetic PlantPterocarpus Marsupium Roxb. Used By Tribals OfShahdol District M.P. INDIA. Vol-2.

20. Napit, R.S. 2016. Medicinal Plant , Mucuna pruritaHook., and its use as ‘Antidote,’ in Amarkantak Bio-sphere Region, (M. P.) India.Pag.17-19.

21. Napit. R. S. 2016. Ethnomedicinal Plant, Rubiacordifolia Linn. and its use as ‘Anti Psoriasis’,Amarkantak Biosphere Region, (M. P.) India. Pag. 19-21.

22. Napit, Radheshyam, et al.2105. Studies on Ethno-medicinal Plant (Scoparia dulcis L.) used byGond Tribes in Weak Teeth of Shahdol MadhyaPradesh India. Pag.64-70..

23. Power, S. 1875 : Aboriginal Botany. California Acad-emy of science proceeding 5 : 375-379.

24. Pushpangadan, P. 1984. All India coordinated Re-search project on Ethnobiology (AICRPE)a. An Annual Report MAB projects 1984, Man andBiosphere Programme. Govt. ofb. India.

25. Rao, R.R. 1997. Medico botany of Mysore plants. Jour.Res. Med. Ham. 12 : 53-58.

26. Shah, N.C. 1996. The Identity of “Tukmaria” A UnaniMedicine and an Export Item froma. India. Ethnobotany. Vol. 8. pp. 105-108.

1. A natural secen of Astha Village of Jashpur

2. Birhor husband and wife 3. Semicarpus anacardium, Linn

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Abstract - Cyanobacteria are beneficial for rice plants and can produce a wide range of allelochemicals which affectthe growth of other organisms. In the view of this, effect of allelochemical on rice plant has been studied. Nostoccalcicola was isolated from domestic sewage of Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India. Nostophycin allelochemical wasextracted from Nostoc calcicola. Rice seeds were treated with different concentration of nostophycin and quantitativeand qualitative effects were studied. In present investigation Nostophycin, a cyclic peptide was isolated from Nostoccalcicola which contain an unusual Ahoa â-amino acid. 50% concentration of nostophycin enhance germination rateof seeds as compared to control. Various concentrations of allelochemicals affect the growth rate differently.Key Words - Allelochemical, germination, Nostophycin.

Effect Of Nostophycin Allelochemical On Oryza Sativa

Introduction - Cyanobacterial features conspicuousresearchers due to their capability of synthesis of naturalproducts, diverse range of habitats, wide diversity andmorphological variability of cyanobacteria. According toKalaitzis et al., (2009) cyanobacteria can produce immenserange of bioactive compounds which help in survival inendurance and competitive ecological niche. Amongprokaryotes cyanobacterial group are more susceptible toflourish in fierce niche and capable of produce bioactivecompound (Clardy and Walsh, 2004; Lin et al., 2008). Bioticand abiotic factors or species itself induce to produce suchtype of bioactive compounds (Singh, 2014; Cheng andCheng, 2015). Beneficial or harmful biochemicalsubstances released by one organism and influence thegrowth, survival and reproduction of other organisms, calledallelochemicals and phenomenon known as allelopathy.Anabaena, Nostoc and Tolypothrix are species which isbeneficial for rice plants and soil as well. It becomesimportant to study its effect on rice plants.Materials and Methods -Collection of Sample - International standard methodswere followed for sampling and analysis of waste water.The waste water samples were collected in triplicate (2 literseach) from each of three sites in sterilized colored plasticbottles (Tarsons Product Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India) in aregular uninterrupted interval from July 2012 to June 2013in mid of every month.Culture Requirement sCulture V essels - Borosil glass vessels were usedthroughout the experimental work. The flasks were washedwith chromic acid and sterilized in autoclave before use.The test tubes and conical flasks were stoppered by non-

Vaishali Gupt a * Deepak Vyas **

* Department of Bot any, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Central University , Sagar, (M.P.) INDIA** Department of Bot any, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Central University , Sagar, (M.P.) INDIA

absorbent cotton plugs.Culture Conditions - Cultures were maintained in cultureracks at 2500-3000 lux light intensity for 14 h light and 10 hdark alternate intervals (Rippka et al., 1981a) at temperatureapproximately 30ÚC (Waterbury, 2006). The illuminationcame from fluorescent lamp with a constant light intensityat about 3000 lux.Culture Medium- The modified Chu No. 10 (Chu, 1942)(Table 1.1) and BG 11 (Rippka et al., 1979) (Table 1.2)media were used as a media for culture of cyanobacteria.After screening and purification BG 11 was used as a cul-ture media for flourish growth. The media was sterilized inautoclave under pressure of 15 lbs for 15-20 minute at1210C temperature before use and pH was maintained at7-7.5.

Table 1.1: Composition of Chu No. 10Deionised water 1LCa(NO3)2 40 mgK2HPO4 10-50 mgMgSO4.7H2O 2.5 mgNa2CO3 20 mgNa2SiO3 2.5 mgEDTA 0.8 mgTable 1.2 (See in the last p age)Isolation of Cyanobacteria - Samples were incubated forapproximately 20-25 days at 2500 lux light intensity ofalternate 16 h and 8 h of dark regular intervals attemperature 25±20C (Waterbury, 2006).Direct Isolation from Samples -Streak Culture-Dilution Method -Identification of Cyanobacteria - Isolated cyanobacteria


were observed under microscope for systematic analysis.Camera lucida drawings were prepared for taxonomicidentification of cyanobacteria by using the keys anddescription based on treaties of Desikachary (1959),Komark and Anagnostidis (1986, 1989), Fogg et al., (1973),Rippka et al., (1979, 1981b) and Bergey’s Manual ofsystemic Bacteriology (Castenholz, 1989 a, b, c, d), Hindakand Hindakova (2003), Veerendra et al., ( 2008).Preparation of Crude Extract from CyanobacterialSamples - Cells were harvested in mid log phase andwashed with double distilled water. After harvesting, cellswere centrifuged at 10000×g for 15 min and supernatantwas removed and pellet was lyophilized (freeze dried) for12 h. Furthermore, freeze dried pellet was suspended inmethanol and 0.01% TFA (Trifluoroacetic acid), then shakenfor 8 h by orbital shaker. Later, it was kept for overnight at -200C and further sonicated in a cold room. Subsequently,centrifuged at 10000×g for 15 minute and supernatant wasvacuum dried at 400C and pellet was re-extracted twice.Biological Assay -Experiment al Setup for S tudies of AllelochemicalsEffect s on Rice Plant s - Allelochemicals Nostophycin(NPC) was isolated from cyanobacteria Nostoc calcicolaMTU1010 rice variety (Oryza sativa) was used as anexperimental object.Experiment al Setup for Biological Assay - 10 g of riceseeds were weighed in triplicate for each treatment. All grainsamples were surface sterilized with 0.1% HgCl----

2 for 1

min immediately followed by rinsing five times in distilledwater. Four concentrations 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% wereprepared for treatment and distil water was used for control.Seed samples were imbibed for 72 h separately in prepareddifferent concentration and distilled water. After imbibitionseeds were transferred into different pots separately andpre sowing observation of seed germination was recorded.Morphological S tudy - Post sowing parameters such asroot length, shoot length, plant height, number of tillers perear, leaf length and weight of seeds were recorded in regularintervals.Biochemical S tudy - Concentration of free amino acids,carbohydrate contents and protein contents were estimatedin 110th days after sowing (DAS).Estimation of Protein - Protein estimation was done withthe help of Lowry’s method (Lowry et al., 1951).Estimation of Glycine - Quantitative estimation of glycinewas carried out by Ninhydrin method (Sawhney and Singh,1999).Estimation of Proline - For rapid quantitative analyses ofproline from de-hulled germinated paddy seeds Batesmethod was followed (Bates et al., 1973).Estimation of GABA - GABA was estimated by the methodof Kitaoka and Nakano (1969).Estimation of Carbohydrate - Carbohydrate content wasestimated by the method of Dubois et al., (1969).Result s - Rice seeds were imbibed in Nostophycin for 72h and afterwards, monitored for 110th days. After imbibitions,

germination rate was recorded for every concentration intable 2.1.Table 2.1 - Effect of allelochemicals on seed germination.Treatment s Concentration

25% 50% 75% 100%NPC 65.7±2.3 66.3±3.5 65.3±2.1 59.0±2.6Control 62.3±4.0 62.3±4.0 62.3±4.0 62.3±4.0

In a regular interval shoot length, root length, plantheight and leaf length of rice seedling was monitored andrepresented respectively in table 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5.Table 2.2 - Effect of allelochemicals on shoot length of riceseedlings.Concentrations NPC Control

Af ter 6 days25% 2.64±0.11 2.45±0.1250% 2.59 ±0.1175% 1.57±0.21100% 1.46±0.07

After 12 days25% 3.14±0.62 2.97±0.1050% 3.09±0.1075% 1.93±0.60100% 1.65±0.11

After 18 days25% 3.37±0.40 3.49±0.1050% 3.25±0.2075% 2.19±0.19100% 1.80±0.11Table 2.3 - Effect of allelochemicals on root length of riceseedlings.Concentration NPC Control

Af ter 6 days25% 1.87±0.17 2.14±0.3350% 1.70±0.3975% 1.43±0.15100% 1.25±0.09

After 12 days25% 2.64±0.59 2.72±0.1950% 2.50±0.3475% 2.28±0.62100% 2.15±0.03

After 18 days25% 2.85±0.17 3.01±0.2050% 2.80±0.4875% 2.56±0.12100% 2.40±0.03

After 110 days25% 7.86±0.53 8.05±0.8150% 7.59±0.2075% 7.37±0.21100% 7.20±0.27Table 2.4 - Effect of allelochemicals on plant height of riceseedlings.Concentration NPC Control

After 35 days25% 36.99±1.64 32.79±2.57


50% 33.67±2.1675% 26.37±2.54100% 23.14±1.43

After 70 days25% 46.60±1.73 43.52±2.4150% 43.09±2.0575% 35.77±2.77100% 31.70±2.1

After 110 days25% 59.07±3.09 51.19±3.9950% 55.30±2.2675% 45.70±2.98100% 44.15 ± 2.46Table 2.5 - Effect of allelochemicals on leaf length of riceseedlings.Concentration NPC Control

After 35 days25% 5.86±0.69 5.29±0.2450% 5.64±0.3075% 4.03±0.32100% 3.93±0.30

After 75 days25% 10.10±0.50 12.27±0.5550% 10.33±0.2775% 8.25±0.42100% 6.83±0.21

After 110 days25% 23.83±0.55 23.53±1.3050% 25.57±1.6175% 19.10±0.53100% 20.00 ±0.7

After 110 days, protein, free amino acids, GABA andcarbohydrate were estimated in treated and non treatedseeds in table 2.6.Table 2.6 (See in the next p age)Conclusion - In present investigation allelochemicals viz.Nostophycin was found to be effective on growth of riceplant. A limited literature was published on the effect ofcyanobacterial allelochemicals on rice plants. Object of thepresent investigation was to understand in vitro allelopathicrole of isolated allelochemicals on the growth of riceseedlings. Different concentrations of allelochemicals (0%,25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) affected the growth of riceseedlings at different rate during the observed time ofperiods (6th, 12th, 18th, 35th, 70th, 110th DAS). After analyzingresults throughout the experiment, it is found that lowerconcentrations of Nostophycin stimulated the growth andhigher concentrations of same allelochemical was foundto be inhibitory on the growth of rice seedlings. It is clearthat there is inverse relationship between Nostophycinconcentration and growth of rice seedlings, as concentrationincreases it results in decreases in growth parameters.References :-1. Bates L, Waldren R and Teare I (1973) Rapid determi-

nation of free proline for water-stress studies. Plantand soil 39(1):205-207.

2. Castenholz RW, Rippka R, Herdman M, and WilmotteA (1989) Subsection III Bergey’s Manual of Systemat-ics of Archaea and Bacteria

3. Castenholz RW (1989b) Order Nostocales vol 3 Will-iams and Wilkins Baltimore.

4. Castenholz RW (1989c) Order Oscillatoriales vol 3Williams and Wilkins Baltimore.

5. Castenholz RW (1989d) Order Stigonematales vol 3Williams and Wilkins Baltimore.

6. Cheng F and Cheng Z (2015) Research Progress onthe use of Plant Allelopathy in Agriculture and the Physi-ological and Ecological Mechanisms of Allelopathy.Frontiers in plant science 6:1020.

7. Chu SP (1942) The influence of mineral compositionof the media on the growth of planktonic algae-I Methodand culture media. The Journal of Ecology 31:284-325.

8. Clardy J and Walsh C (2004) Lessons from naturalmolecules. Nature 432:829-837.

9. Desikachary TV (1959) Cyanophyta 686.10. Dubois M, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK, Rebers P and Smith

F (1956) Colorimetric method for determination of sug-ars and related substances. Analytical chemistry28(3):350-356.

11. Fogg GE, Stewart WDP, Fay P, Walsby AE (1973) TheBlue-Green Algae. London and New York.

12. Hindák F, Hindáková A (2003) Diversity ofcyanobacteria and algae of urban gravel pit lakes inBratislava, Slovakia: a survey. Hydrobiologia 506:155-162.

13. Kalaitzis JA, Lauro FM, Neilan BA (2009) Miningcyanobacterial genomes for genes encoding complexbiosynthetic pathways. Natural product reports26:1447-1465.

14. Kitaoka S and Nakano Y (1969) Colorimetric determi-nation of w-amino acids. Journal of biochemistry 66(1):87-94.

15. Komarek, Jiri, Anagnostidis K (1986) Modern approachto the classification system of Cyanophytes 2-Chroococcales. Algological Studies/Archiv fürHydrobiologie 73:157-226.

16. Komarek, Jiri, Anagnostidis K (1989) Modern approachto the classification system of Cyanophytes 4-Nostocales. Algological Studies/Archiv fürHydrobiologie 56:247-345.

17. Lin Y, Schiavo S, Orjala J, Vouros P, Kautz R (2008)Microscale LC-MS-NMR Platform Applied to the Iden-tification of Active Cyanobacterial Metabolites. Analyti-cal chemistry 80(21):8045-8054.

18. Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL and Randall R.J(1951). Protein measurement with the Folin phenol re-agent. J biol Chem 193(1):265-275.

19. Rippka R, Waterbury JB and Stanier RY (1981a) Iso-lation and purification of cyanobacteria: some generalprinciples. The prokaryotes Springer 212-220.

20. Rippka R, Derulles J, Waterbury JB, Herdman M andStainer RY (1979) Generic assignment, strain histo


ries and properties of pure cultures of cyanobacteria. Jour-nal of General microbiology 111(1):1-61.

21. Sawhney SK and Singh R (1999) Introductory practi-cal Biochemistry. Narosa Publishing House.

22. Singh S (2014) A review on possible elicitor moleculesof cyanobacteria: their role in improving plant growthand providing tolerance against biotic or abiotic stress.

Journal of applied microbiology 117(5):1221-1244.23. Veerendra DN, Manjappa S, Puttaiah ET (2008) Di-

versity of Phytoplankton in Mani Reservoir, Hosanagar,Karnataka. Environmental Issues and Solutions:62.

24. Waterbury JB (2006) The cyanobacteria—isolation,purification and identification The prokaryotes. SpringerUS 1053-1073.

Table 2.6 - Estimation of protein, free amino acids, GABA and carbohydrate in rice seed.Treatment Protein Free Amino Acid GABA Carbohydrate

(g/100g) Glycine Proline (g/100gm)25% NPC 2.40 0.34 0.90 0.43 2.3650% NPC 2.76 0.36 0.94 0.42 2.4575% NPC 2.38 0.31 0.96 0.38 2.21100% NPC 2.26 0.26 0.90 0.36 2.20Control 2.25 0.22 1.19 0.35 2.23

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Table 1.2 - Composition of BG 1 1 medium Deionised water (1L)Macronutrient s Micronutrient s Deionised water (1L)NaNO3 1500 mg H3BO3 286 mgK2HPO4 400 mg MnCl 2.4H2O 181 mgMgSO4.7H2O 75 mg ZnSO4.7H2O 22.2 mgCaCl2.2H2O 36 mg NaMoO4.5H2O 39 mgNa2CO3 200 mg CuSO4.5H-2O 7.9 mgFerric ammonium citrate 6 mg Co(NO3)2.6H2O 4.9 mgCitric acid 6 mg pH 7-7.5EDTA 1 mgMicronutrient 1 ml


Abstract - Regional analysis of the explored representatives of the Bagh Beds of Narmada valley during the Cretaceousperiod is focused as for as the sequence stratigraphical aspects are concerned. Overview of the current paleontologicalstudy has been undertaken in an area of Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh. The existing nomenclature of classificationof the Bagh Beds shows the main disparity about the validity of Deola-Chirakhan Marl, Coraline limestone and Bryozonelimestone. In this paper, the sequence stratography of the constituent lithounits of Bagh Beds are compared, summarizedand overviewed chronologically, with respect to nomenclature suggested by other stratigraphers for eliminatinguncertainty in nomenclature.Keywords - Stratigraphy, Cretaceous period, Bagh Beds, Sequence.

Overview Of Late Sequence Stratigraphy Of CretaceousRocks Of Bagh Beds, India

Introduction - The perception of sequence stratigraphywas visualized more than two hundred years ago, but itsscientific groundwork developed gradually, as ourunderstanding of Earth and its geological record has beendeveloped. Perceptive relationship between worldwidechanges in sea level and sedimentary environments wasmodified with advancement of new technologies.

Chronological framework of Sequence stratigraphyhighlights facies relationships and stratal architecture, whichis measured by many as one of the latest elusive revolutionsin the wide field of sedimentary geology (Miall, 1995). Theuse of sequence stratigraphic analysis is significant forimproving the resolution of time correlation within individualsedimentary basins and potentially at a global scale. In thispaper efforts have been made to include the literaturerelated to the sequence stratigraphic analysis given bydifferent paleontologists to reveal conflicting ideas aboutnomenclature of the lithounits of bagh bed’s stratigraphysince 1975.1. Chiplonkar et al. (1975) have discussed the strati-graphic nomenclature of the Bagh Beds in considerabledetail. The classification of the Bagh Beds proposed byChiplonkar et al. is given below :

Upper Coralline limestone with Oyster bed at top B Upper Inoceramus bed A Deola and Chirakhan Marl with G Hemiaster H Lower Coralline limestone B Lower Inoceramus bed E Nodular limestone. D Astarte -Turritella bed. S Oyster bed with shark teeth. Trace fossil horizon Lower portion of Nimar sandstone with oyster bed.

Mamta Pathrade * Amrit a Khatri **

* Department of Zoology , M.J.B. Govt. P . G. Girls College, Moti T abela, Indore, (M.P .) INDIA** Department of Zoology , M.J.B. Govt. P . G. Girls College, Moti T abela, Indore, (M.P .) INDIA

2. Dassarma and Sinha (1975) studied the marine Cre-taceous formation of Narmada valley of Madhya Pradeshand Gujarat, on the basis of the field and paleontologicalevidences. These authors also divided the Bagh expo-sures of Narmada valley into two groups :l Eastern exposures – extend from Barwaha through

Man valley and Bagh up to Jobat and Alirajpur inJhabua district Madhya Pradesh.

l Western exposures – extended from west of Alirajpurthrough Kawant up to Rajpipla in Bharuch district,Gujarat.The classification proposed by Dassarma and Sinha

is given below:Eastern p art of Narmada V alley

(Barwaha – Man valley, Bagh – Alirajpur)__________ Deccan traps ____________________ Lametas______________

Senonian……………………………………………… Coniacian……………………………………………… Turonian Coralline Limestone to Nodular Limestone Cenomanian Calcareous Sandstone Bagh Beds Locally with clusters of Oysters (Upper Nimars) Lower Nimar sandstone Cretaceous __________________

PrecambriansWestern p art of Narmada V alley

(Kawant-Rajpipla) __________ Deccan traps __________

__________ Lametas______________ Senonian…………………… Rajpipla Limestone Coniacian………………….. Oyster Bed


Turonian Calcareous Sandstone to (Upper Nimars) Cenomanian

Lower Cretaceous Nimar sandstones Precambrians

The generalized classification of Bagh Beds given byDassarma and Sinha (1975) is as follows. Deccan Traps Lametas : Shales, Sandstones, Limestone and Conglomerates ————————————— Coralline Limestone Bagh Beds Nodular Limestone Calcareous Sandstone

(uppermost Nimars) ————————————————

Nimar Alternations of grits, ferruginous Sandstone sandstones, Series quartzitic and conglomeratic sandstones ____________________________

Metamorphics

3. Guha (1976) proposed new names “Karondia lime-stone” for the Nodular limestone and “Chirakhan limestone”to include the Deola-Chirakhan Marl and Coralline lime-stone of Bose (1884). He remarked that these names aresuggested following the ‘Code of Stratigraphic Nomencla-ture of India’ (1971). The classification given by him is asfollows: Group Formation

Deccan Traps/ Unclassified sedimentaries

Bagh Chirakhan limestone Group Karondia limestone Nimar sandstone

__________________ Metamorphics4. Smith (2010) suggested that the stratigraphic log hasbeen divided into five fold subdivisions, labeled A-E sepa-rated by some different depositions. Unit A comprises of 4-5 meters of gray colored bedded micritic limestone show-ing a wavy appearance. Unit B is 1.1- 1.3 meter micriticlimestone having nodular and rubbly appearance. The up-per part of this unit is dark red color. Unit C is calcareniteunit up to 120 cm thick and forms a more resistant bed.Many bryozoans were recorded from in this region. Thisunit represent a sand sole deposit Unit D is similar to UnitC but it has truncated burrows and its top is a haematitecoated hardground. Unit E is 1.5 – 2.5 meter thick showingpink to cream colored micrites (Fig.1).Fig.1 Composite lithological log of the Bagh formationas exposed in the region South of Zirabad, Dhar (af terSmith, 2010).

5. Gangopadhyay and Maiti (2012) proposed two forma-tions of Bagh groups viz. the older Nodular limestone andthe younger Bryozoan limestone (also known as Corallinelimestone, Barwah Bryozoan limestone, and Chirakhanlimestone). Nodular limestone formation is divisible intothree sub units vertically. The basal subunit is consisting ofplanar-laminated lime mudstone. Just above the basal subunit is the region of middle sub unit bearing a recognizablenodular characters. Remarkably under characteristic rep-resenting the top most subunit which contains a higher pro-portion of argillaceous material in the form of clay seems,wrapped around the limestone nodule. A 3-5 cm thick purpleclay horizon is observed at the place of contact of basaland middle sub unit. A regionally persistent, heavily boredhardground (H1) is demarcated at the junction of middleand upper subunit. General planar, bored, synsedimentarycemented surface form the hardground. Polycheat, anne-lids and sponges made the bores in the thin horizons (Fig.2).Fig. 2 (See in last p age)Discussion - The present study regarding the stratighaphicset up of the Bagh beds, worked out by previous workers,was screened and compared. The authors also made asignificant gathering of fossil faunal forms from Dhar district.A systematic analysis of the excavated faunal materialsdenotes the biozonations and age of the beds. It wasrealized during the present exploration that the fossils werenot dispersed uniformly in all beds and hence well organizedbiozonations become a difficult task.

Dassarma and Sinha (1975); Phansalkar & Borgohain(1984) and Gangopadhyay & Maiti (2012) have not followedChiplonkar et al. (1975). They argued the placement ofDeola-Chirakhan Marl and Coralline limestone togetherbecause the Deola-Chirakhan Marl according to them is adistinct unit having its own paleontological characteristics.These authors have not honored the names proposed byGuha (1971) mainly on the grounds that no valid reasonshave been assigned for displacing the old terms andmoreover, the type section of Karondia limestone was ill-


chosen.The new names suggested in the classification of Bagh

Beds add to the multiplicity of nomenclature and createdconfusion. In addition, no justifiable reasons have beenassigned for displacing the old nomenclature which hasbeen deeply gripped in the Indian geological literature formore than a century (Chiplonkar et al., 1975, Chiplonkar,1982).

The Bagh Beds of the Narmada valley have beendivided into two groups of exposures namely - the EasternNarmada valley and the Western Narmada valley (Poddar,1964; Dassarma and Sinha, 1975; Chiplonkar et al., 1975).The Bagh Beds were considered to constitute a singlepaleontological unit in spite of lithological differences of thedifferent members of these Beds (Chiplonkar, 1982).

The majority of the workers including Roy-Chowdhuryand Sastri (1954, 1962); Sahni and Jain (1966); Dassarmaand Sinha (1975); Guha (1976); Gangopadhyay and Maiti(2012) have not recognized the Deola-Chirakhan as adistinct stratigraphic unit, whereas Rode and Chiplonkar(1935) followed the Deola-Chirakhan Marl proposed byBose (1884) as a distinct constituent member of the BaghBeds. Chiplonkar and Badve (1972), Chiplonkar et al.(1975), Chiplonkar (1982) and Smith (2010) emphasizedthe recognisation of Deola-Chirakhan Marl as a distinctlithounit on the basis of the stratigraphic and paleontologicalwork carried out by them. These authors have contradictedthe observations of Roy-Chowdhury and Sastri (1962);Sahni and Jain (1966) who considered the Deola-ChirakhanMarl as a product of the weathering of Nodular limestoneand also having insignificant thickness.

Gangopadhyay and Maiti (2012) have changed thename of Coralline limestone as Bryozoan limestoneformation. It is because of the fact that corals are lackingand bryozoans were dominating in the younger formation.The contact between Nodular limestones with theBryozoans limestone is very sharp. The Lameta groupcovers Bryozoans limestone in some regions but at mostof the places the Deccan trap overlies the Lameta group.Many sedimentological information were known due tomining activities, digging and collecting raw material forcement factories near the study area, as a result many goodsections of horizons were exposed.

Pathrade & Khatri (2016) reviewed and comparedrecently the constituent lithounits of Bagh bedschronologically with other stratigraphers regarding thevalidity of Deola –Chirakha Marl as a separate stratigraphicunit. They confirmed the views of Gangopadhyay and Maity(2012) about Bryozoan limestone formation.Conclusion - The Bagh beds in the Narmada Valley ofMadhya Pradesh, India yielded a rich and varied inverte-brate fossil fauna but lack of standardization reflectsconflicts among nomenclature of lithounits. The internationalcode of stratigraphic nomenclature permits introduction ofnew names for the existing stratigraphic units on the basisof some solid grounds. In the light of existing controversy

the authors reported the Bagh Beds to be divisible into threelithounits viz. Nimar sandstone, Nodular limestone andBryozoan limestone. The future approach may be pooledwith other types of stratigraphic as well as several non-stratigraphic disciplines for standardized stratigraphic code.References :-1. Bose, P. N. 1884. Geology of the lower Narbada val-

ley between Nimawar and Kawant. Mem. Geol. Surv.Ind., 21(1): 1-72.

2. Chiplonkar , G. W. and Badve, R. M. 1972. Newerobservations on the stratigraphy of the Bagh Beds.Jour. Geol. Soc. Ind., 13(1): 92-95.

3. Chiplonkar , G. W., Badve, R. M. and Ghare, M. A.1975. On the stratigraphy of Bagh Beds of the LowerNarmada valley. Proc. IV Ind. Colloq. Micropal. andStrat., 209-216.

4. Dassarma, D. C. and Sinha, N. K. 1975. Marine Cre-taceous formations of Narmada Valley (Bagh Beds),Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind.Palaeontologia Indica new series, 42:1-123.

5. Gangop adhyay , T. K. and Maiti, M. 2012. Geologicalimplication of a Turreted Gastropod and Astartid Pele-cypod bearing horizon in the Nodular limestone ofSukar nala section near Zirabad of Bagh, Dhar dis-trict, M.P., India. Jour. of Mahasa. University Thailand,31(1):45-49.

6. Guha, A. K. 1971. Age and affinity of the Bagh fauna-A discussion. Geol. Sci., 8:47-55.

7. Guha, A.K. 1976. A Lithostratigraphic classification ofthe Bagh group (Beds), Madhya Pradesh. Proc.VIth Ind.Colloq. Micropal. and Start., 66-76.

8. Mail, A.D. 1995. Description and interpretation of flu-vial deposits: a critical perspective.Jour. Sedimentol-ogy, 42(2): 379.

9. Pathrade, M., Khatri, A. 2016. Review of EarlyChronostratigraphical Study on Cretaceous Rocks ofBagh Beds, India. Jour.Divya Shodh Samiksha, I(VIII):20-23.

10. Phansalkar , V. G. and Borgohain, R. 1984. Deposi-tional environments of Bagh Beds of Mau, Uri andWaghni river valleys of Dhar district, Madhya Pradesh.IVth Convention, Indian Absor. Sedimentlogist (Abst.):16-17.

11. Poddar , M.C.1964. Mesozoic of Western India- theirgeology and oil possibilities. Int. Geol. Cong. 22nd

Sess., Pt. 1:126-143.12. Rode, K. P. and Chiplonkar , G. W. 1935. A contribu-

tion to the stratigraphy of the Bagh Beds. Curr. Sci.,4(5): 322-323.

13. Roy-Chowdhary , M. K. and Sastri, V . V. 1954. A noteon the revised classification of the Cretaceous and as-sociated rocks of the Man river section of the LowerNarmada Valley. Sci. and Cult., 20 (4): 184-185.

14. Roy-Chowdhary , M. K. and Sastri, V . V. 1962. Onthe revised classification of the Cretaceous and theassociated rocks of the Man river section of the


Narbada Valley. Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind., 91(2): 283-304.15. Sahni, M.R. and Jain, S.P . 1966. Note on a revised

classification of the Bagh Beds, Madhya Pradesh. Jour.Pal. Soc. Ind., 11:24-25.

16. Smith, A. B. 2010. The Cretaceous Bagh formation,India: a Gondwana window onto Turonian shallow waterechinoid faunas. Cretaceous research, 31: 368-386.

Fig. 2 Generalized S tratigraphy of the Bagh group along the Man river valley (af ter Gangop adhyayand Maiti, 2012).

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Abstract - The quality of water has been studied extensively in different rivers, dams and other water bodies in Indiaand abroad by a number of workers such as Ramanujan SN (2005), and Sen N (2009). The observations recordedin the present study may prove valuable as a reference for assessing the changes due to the environmental conditionsin the locality, in future. The findings of the present study underline the importance of Bansagar dam in providingpreferred abode for fishes

In the present study, two species of fish under endangered, eight species of fish under of vulnerable, twentyspecies under the category of lower risk near threatened, three species under the category of lower risk least concernand four species were reported as data deficient. In conclusion, it may be stated that Bansagar reservoir harbours 51species of fishes belonging to 30 genera, 13 families and 07 orders. Order Cypriniformes was found to be a majororder with 10 species.Key Words - Study on Water quality and Piscean diversity of Bansagar Dam.

Study On Water Quality And Piscean Diversity OfBansagar Dam Of Shahdol District MP India

Introduction - Present investigations have an objective toexplore the water quality and fish diversity in Bansagar damconstructed on river Son to fulfill the need of irrigation tothe states of Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar Pradeshalong with fish culture. The Bansagar dam is constructedin river Son a tributary of Ganga River System at Deolondin Shahdol district of Madhya Pradesh. The dam fulfils therequirement of irrigiation , drinking water to the states ofMadhya Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Besidesirrigation it also provides energy through its hydro electricpower generation plants. The river Son is not only a river,but also a lifeline of the peoples of area as it provides waterfor their livelihood in several ways and the dam fulfils therequirement of their irrigation in large level.

Urbanization, industrialization and steep demand forwater have led to serious problems of waterquality degradation in different water resources in thecountry. The physicochemical analysis of Ganga river showsthat the water has high TDS, TSS, BOD, and COD. Thecoli form bacteria were found to be alarmingly high in theriver. Most of the parameters analyzed were found highnear the bank in comparison to the water in the middlestream of that station. The XRF analysis of sediments ofthe Ganga river showed that Si, Fe, Ca, Al and K are themajor elements of the Ganga sediment.

Many of its tributaries are heavily polluted and the mainwater quality issues are, organic pollution indicated by BODand pathogens indicated by coli form count. There is afluctuating trend of water quality attributed to the flowconditions in the river which depend on rainfall andwater abstraction. In view of water scarcity in the basin, it

Dr. Prabhu Das Rawat *

*Research Scholar (Zoology) Pt. S.N.S. Govt. P .G. College, Shahdol (M.P.) INDIA

is very important that no wastewater be discharged intothe river. There is an urgent need to augment wateravailability in the basin by rainwater collection,water conservation and environmental flow determinationin various segments of the river affected bywater abstraction.

Physico-Chemical changes occurs as a result of watercontamination in the aquatic environment frequently affectthe injury and intoxication of fish. Following physico-chemical factors found to be responsible for intoxication offish-l Water Temperature, Water pH, Oxygen, Ammonia,

Nitrate and Nitritrs, Sulphate (Hydrogen Sulphide),Carbon Dioxide, Chlorine.

Review of Literature - The quality of water has beenstudied extensively in different rivers, dams and other waterbodies in India and abroad by a number of workers suchas Pradhan, B.R. and D. Swar, (1988),Beveridge, M.C.M.and M.J. Phillips, (1988), HMG, (1993) , Helland-Hansen,E., T. Holtedahl and K.A. Liye, (1995).

In and around Madhya Pradesh, the interest in fishfauna has been quite old. Allen DJ, Molur S, Daniel BA(Compilers) (2010). The Status and Distribution ofFreshwater Biodiversity in the Eastern Himalaya.Cambridge, UK and Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, andCoimbatore, India: Zoo Outreach Organisation.

A total of 71 fish species were recorded from Chambaldivision Barman RP (1989). On a small collection of fishfrom Mizoram, India. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., Bombay86(3):463-466. 46 species of fishes were recorded fromKunwari river of Chambal division Saxena R., Shrivastava


P. (1989). Finally it is suggestive to ensure essentialmeasures for the conservation of existing fish fauna atBansagar reservoir by the authority concerned.Materials & Methods - The methodology adopted duringthe course of study can be summarized under followingheads -l Preliminary survey of the collection areal Water samplingl Collection of Specimensl Preservation techniquesl Identification of genus & species

Water sampling was done from pre establishedsampling stations to study the water quality. Water wasbrought to laboratory for estimation of its quality. Simpletechniques were adopted through titration method toanalyze water quality. Some of the parameters weredetermined with help of water analyzer.

Before the collection work, a preliminary survey of thearea was done to identify the spots where collection ofspecimen can be done easily. Collection covers the totalarea as fisher mans use boats for fishing and the moveseverywhere in the dam during fishing.Observation - The present observations were carried outin Bansagar dam of Shahdol district situated in villageDevlond on Son River and cater the need of irrigation tothe states of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Biharwith production of electricity through its hydroelectric powergeneration plant along with fish cultivation. Objectives ofthis study were -l To explore water quality of daml To study the diversity of fish species population.l Statistics of fish populationl To suggest conservation measures to preserve fish

diversity in the reservoir.To Explore W ater Quality Of Dam - An attempt has beenmade to find out the physico-chemical parameters of thedam and their impact over fish diversity. The parameterswere recorded in pre established sampling stations of thedam. The dam is the main picnic spot of area and about anaverage, more than 500 people visit regularly except rainyseason. Human activities also affect the parameter up tosome extent. Data obtained have been represented in table-3 and correlated for different months of year (Table see inthe last p age)Table 1 - Showing the Physico- Chemical parameters ofthe Bansagar dam during the different months of year.Figure 1 - Bar diagram showing water temperature of thedam during different months of year (See in the last p age)Figure- 2 Line diagram showing water temperature of thedam during different months of year.Diversity Of Fish S pecies Population - During the courseof study a total 51 species of primary fresh water fishesbelonging to 6 orders, 13 families and 10 genera wererecorded from the study sites.

In the assemblage structure, cyprinid constituted thedominant group with 7 families 12 genera and 51 species.

Among cyprinids Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Cirrhinusmrigala ,Osteobrama cotio, Puntius sophore, Puntiusticto, Rasbora daniconius were represented in all studysites.

In brief the fish fauna recorded during the course ofobservation can be summarized as follows:-Order - 1. CLUPEIFORMES 2. CYPRINFORMESFamily - 1. Notopteridae 2. CyprinidaeSpecies - 1. Notopteridae2. Cyprinidae, N o t o p t e r u snotopterus, Notopterus chitala

Cyprinidae , Barilius bendelesis, Catla catla,Cirrhinusmrigala, Cirrhinus reba, Danio devorio, Danio equipinatus,Esomus danricus, Discognathus lamta.Morphometeric features -1. PARAMETER OBSERVATION- The 02 Morphometericfeatures study here only.1. Scales Type Cycloid scale 2 Barbels Absent 3 TotalLength 24 cm 4 Standard length 22.3 cm 5 Length of Head5.3 cm 6 Height of the body 7.1 cm 7 Length of caudalPeduncle Not measured as Anal fin confluent with caudal8Height of caudal peduncle Not measured as Anal finconfluent with caudal 9 Length of head excluding snout 4.1cm 10 Width of head 3.5 cm 11 Inter orbital width 0.4 cm12 Diameter of the eye 1.0 cm 13Snout 1.2 cm 14 Predorsallength 13.1 cm Fin formula:- D.8 (1/7); P.17; V.6; A. 100, C,19; L.l. 225.Vert.30-60.

Dorsal profile not convex. A distinct median grooveon the head. Anal fin confluent with caudal fin. Anal finis pointed. Color silvery but is varies accordinglyecological conditions2. Observation -1 .Scales Type Cycloid scale 2 Barbels Absent 3Total Length 20. 3cm. 4 Standard length 18.7 cm 5Length of Head 4.5cm. 6Height of the body3.87cm. 7 Lengthof caudal Peduncle Not measured as Anal fin confluentwith caudal 8 Height of caudal peduncle Not measured asAnal fin confluent with caudal 9 Length of head excludingsnout 3.9 cm 10 Width of head 2.7 cm 11Interorbital width 1.2 cm 12 Diameter of the eye 0 . 7cm 13Snout 1.9 cm 14 Predorsal length 7.6 cmFin formula:- D.9 (1/7); P.17; V.6; A. 100, C, 19; L.l. 225* Fin formula:- D.11(2/9) P.15; V.9; A.8 (2/6); L. l. 32-36;L.tr 4½/5 Vert-18-14; Barbels 2 pairs. Snout very diversifiedcovered with pores having deep transversedepressions.Eyes directed up wardly.Generally a dark spotbehind the gill opening.

Upper profile of head is concave and lower is convex.Preorbital is entire two distinct spines on either side of throat.Anal fin confluent with caudal fin. Ventral fin is minute andcaudal fin is pointed. Lateral line present. color bluish brown.(See in the last p age)Disscution - The quality of water has been studiedextensively in different rivers, dams and other water bodiesin Shahdol. observations on limnological factors responsiblefor the proper growth of fish species.

In present observations several parameters of dam


water were taken into consideration during the course ofstudy and it has been noticed that average watertemperature of the dam was minimum 17.5 in the month ofJanuary and maximum 25.4 in the month of June. Minimumvalue of pH was 6.5 in the month of November and it wasmaximum 8.1 in June. The minimum value of oxygen 4.8mg/liter was in the month of July whereas the values weremaximum 6.8 in the months of April and September. Thoughquantity of ammonia was recorded negligible but theminimum value was in the month of November while it wasmaximum in the month of July. The scenario of water qualitystrongly recommends that water during summer do notfavours fish physiology.

In the present study, two species of fish underendangered, eight species of fish under of vulnerable, tenspecies under the category of lower risk near threatened,three species under the category of lower risk least concernand four species were reported as data deficient. Inconclusion, it may be stated that Bansagar reservoirharbours 51 species of fishes belonging to 30 genera, 13families and 06 orders and also research paper in representof fishes belonging to 10 genera, 02 families and 02 orders.Acknowledgement

I owe my profound indebtedness to my supervisor, Dr.Binay Kumar Singh, Professor & Head, Department ofZoology for his kind support and moral encouragement inevery walk of research work during Ph.D. I pay my tendercompliments to all senior faculty members, Dr. BharatSharan Singh, Professor, Dr. Kaushalendra Kumar,Assistant for his ever moral encouragement and full supportwhenever needed. I also pay my heartiest thanks to Dr.Ritesh Mandal for providing best support in drawingphotographs, plotting graphs and composing thesis. I wouldlike to pay tender compliment to Dr. Radhe Shyam Napitfor his painstaking support in doing field work.References :-1. Allen DJ, Molur S, Daniel BA (Compilers) (2010). The

Status and Distribution of Freshwater Biodiversity inthe Eastern Himalaya. Cambridge, UK and Gland, Swit-zerland: IUCN, and Coimbatore, India: Zoo OutreachOrganisation.

2. Ao S, Dey SC, Sarmah SK (2008). Fish and Fisheriesof Nagaland. Department of Fisheries, Government ofNagaland, Kohima, Nagaland, p. 234.

3. B. Khalil and T.B.M. Ouarda. J. Environ.Monit. 2009,11, 1915-1929.

4. Beveridge, M. C. M. and M. J. Phillips, 1988.Aquaculture in reservoirs. In: Proceedings of aWorkshop on Reservoir Fishery Management in Asia(S.S. De Silva, ed.): 234-243. IDRC, Ottawa..

5. Daniels RJR (2001). Endemic fishes of the WesternGhats and the Satpura Hypothesis. Curr. Sci. Banga-lore 81:240-244.

6. Helland-Hansen, E., T. Holtedahl and K.A. Liye, 1995.Enviromental Effects. Vol. 3. HydropowerDevelopment. Norwegian Institute of Technology.

7. HMG, 1993. National Guidelines for EIA (EnvironmentImpact Assessment) of Hydro-Electric Projects. HMG,Nepal.

8. M. Kido, Yustiawati, M.S. Syawal Sulastri, T. Hosokawa,Environ. Monit. Assess, 2009, 156, 317-329.

9. North Eastern Council (2008). Ten years perspectiveplan: Water resources of North East India.

10. P.K. Dubey, L.P Maheshwari and A.K. Jain,91980):Ichthyo-Geographical survry of the Chambal Division,Madhya Pradesh. Journaln of Jiwaji University,1980,8(2):113-122.

11. Pradhan, B. R. and D. Swar, (1988). Limnology andfishery potential of the Indrasarovar ReservoirKulekhani, Nepal. In: Proceedings of a Workshop onReservoir Fishery Management in Asia (S.S. De Silva,ed.): 87-93. IDRC, Ottawa.

12. Ramanujan SN (2005). Biodiversity of aquatic faunaof Mizoram: The present scenario. AquaticBiodiversity in India: The Present Scenerio. Daya Publ.House, New Delhi, pp. 61-80.

13. Saxena , R.N. 1988.A checklist of Reva District,Madhya pradesh (India). Cheetal, 29 (1): 40-50.

14. Yearly Progress, (2005). Limnobiological/BiologicalStudy of Sunkoshi River. In: Yearly Progress Report ofInland Aquaculture Fisheries Section Balaju.Kathmandu.


Months Temp. pH of Oxygen Ammonia Nitrites H2sMg/ Co2Mg/ ChlorineMgIn 0 C water Mg/ liter Mg / liter Nitrates liter liter / liter

Mg/ literJanuary 17.5 7.0 6.2 0.37 30.6 0,008 1.60 0.006February 18.0 7.1 6.4 0.59 31.8 0.008 0.80 0.004March 19.0 7.5 6.1 0.94 31.9 0.007 1.20 0.005April 21.7 7.6 6.8 1.47 22.8 0.006 1.50 0.008May 24.2 7.8 5.7 2.06 29.8 0.005 1.20 0.009June 25.4 8.1 5.2 2.85 28.9 0.003 0.80 0.001July 23.2 6.8 4.8 3.62 24.2 0.001 1.20 0.002August 22.6 7.8 5.2 2.32 26.9 0.004 3.80 0.006September 21.8 7.3 6.8 1.01 60.8 0.006 3.20 0.005October 23.5 7.4 6.4 0.64 63.0 0.006 2.80 0.006November 18.5 6.5 6.3 0.32 58.6 0.008 1.20 0.005December 18.3 7.1 6.2 0.36 38.6 0.009 0.20 0.005

Table 1 - Showing the Physico- Chemical parameters of the Bansagar dam during the different months of year.

Figure - 1


Figure - 2

Figure:1 - Photo graph of Notopterus notopterus Figure:2:-Photo graph of Notopterus chitala

Figure:3:-Photo graph of Barilus bendelisis Figure:4:-Photograph of Catla catla


Figure:9:-Photograph of Esomus danricu Figure:10:-Photograph of Discognathus lamta.

Figure:7:-Photograph of Danio devario Figure:8:-Photograph of Danio equipinatus

Figure:5:-Photograph of Cirrhinus mrigala Figure:6:-Photograph of Cirrhinus reba

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Abstract - This paper deals with the basic concept and will provide fundamental ideas about the research methodsand methodology i.e. the meaning, objectives, scopes and types of research. A person who is going to do researchactivity must know regarding formulation of the research problem, literature survey, development of hypotheses,preparing the research design, execution of the project, collection and analysis of the data. Hypothesis- testing,generalization and interpretation of data results and conclusion must also be included in the research report.

Today, in the world of nano analysis, none field is untouched regarding to know the origin, properties and uses ofanything. It is true that all sets of the material and immaterial world are under the inquisitive approach i.e, Research,research may be in Physical, Biological chemical and in Social Sciences or in Political, Economical and in Commercialfields.

Research Methods and Methodology :A Comprehensive Review

Introduction - All the progress in the society is born ofinquiry. Deeper inquiry leads to invention and discovery.Thus an increased amount of inquiry makes researchpossible. Research inculcates scientific, inductive andlogical thinking different. It provides the basis for nearly allgovernment policies and economic systems. As a matterof fact, the role of research in several fields like economical,social, commercial and political etc., apart from scientifichas greatly increased. Research has its special significancein solving various operational and planning problems ofbusiness and industry. Research is equally important forsocial scientists in studying social relationships and inseeking answers to various social problems. Likewise, inevery field of science, the research plays a significant rolein providing the intellectual satisfaction of knowing a fewthings just for the sake of knowledge and also has practicalutility for the scientists.

Here is the emphasis on the challenges which thepresent research methodology is faced with towards themaintenance and sustenance of its quality, implementationaspect of any research by way of proposing a heuristic andworking taxonomy of eight conceptually distinctimplementation outcomes such as acceptability, adoption,appropriateness, feasibility, fidelity, implementation cost,penetration and sustainability.

Research is an academic activity that contains definingand redefining problems; formulating hypotheses;collecting, organizing and evaluating data; makingdeductions and reaching conclusions; and at least carefullytesting the conclusions to determine whether they fit theformulating hypotheses. Research is thus an originalcontribution to the existing treasure of knowledge. It is the

Dr. Pramod Pandit *

* Head (Chemistry) S.B.N. Govt. P .G. College, Barwani (M.P.) INDIA

pursuit of truth with the help of study, observation,comparison and experiment.Objectives of Research - The purpose and aims of anyresearch is to discover answers to questions through theapplication of scientific procedures. The main objective ofresearch is to reach and find out the truth/facts which ishidden and which has not been discovered as yet.The main goals/ objectives of the research may be fall intothe following heads broadly:1. Exploratory or Formulative Research S tudies - Thiskind of research is to gain familiarity with a phenomenon orto achieve new insights into it.2. Descriptive or Eleborative Research S tudies - It’smain aim is to portray accurately the characteristics of aparticular individual, situation or groups.3. Diagnostic or Result Oriented Research S tudies -To determine the frequency with which something occursor with which it is associated with something else.4. Hypothesis – T esting Research S tudies - To justify ahypothesis of a causal relationship between variables.Motivative Factors in Research - The motivation forcesbehind any research are of fundamental significance. Someof the motives for doing any research activity may be oneor more of the following:1. Desire to get a research along with its consequential

benefits ;2. Desire to face the challenges in solving the unsolved

problems ;3. Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work;4. Desire to be of service to society ;5. Desire to get respectability ;6. Directives of the government ;


7. Employment needs;8. Curiosity about new things ;9. Desire to understand causal relationships, social

thinking and awakening.However, this is not an exhaustive list of motives to

undertake research, there may be many more such motiveswhich may motivate or at times compel persons toundertake research.Types and Approaches of Research - Broadly differenttypes & approaches of research can be classified intofollowing basic categories:1. Descriptive or Analytical - Descriptive researchincludes surveys and fact finding enquires of different kinds.It includes the description of the state of affairs as it existsat present. The main characteristic of this kind of researchis that the researcher has no control over the variables.The researcher can only report as to what has happenedor what is happening. It is also known as Exposit factoresearch in social science or business research. In this kindof research, the researchers try to find the causes evenwhen they cannot control the variables. Also the use ofsurvey methods of all kinds, including comparative andcorrelational methods on the other hand. In analyticalresearch, the researcher has to use facts or informationalready available. The researcher analyses the informationin different ways to do a critical evaluation of the materialor problem, calculations and mathematical formulas arealso used in such research.2. Applied or Fundame ntal - The research can eitherbe applied or fundamental. An applied research aims atfinding a solution for an immediate problem directly relatedto or facing by a society or industrial/business organization.The fundamental research, on the other hand, is mainlyconcerned with the formulation of theory. The fundamentalresearch is also called ‘pure’ or ‘basic’ research.

Research concerning some natural scientificphenomenon or relating to pure mathematics or concerninghuman behaviour to make generalizations about commonhuman behavior are also the some examples offundamental research. The research aimed at certainconclusions or solutions facing a concrete scientific,economical, social or business problem is an example ofapplied research.3. Quantit ative or Qualit ative - The quantitativeresearch is based on the measurement of quantity oramount of any material or problem. It is applicable to anyphenomenon that can be expressed in terms of quantity.Qualitative research, on the other hand, is concerned withqualitative phenomena e.g. immaterial reasons for anyevent human behavior, motivation research, etc. Motivationresearch aims at discovering the underlying motives anddesires. This kind of research uses in-depth interviews, wordassociation tests, sentences completion tests, storycompletion tests and similar other projective techniques.The qualitative research is specially important in thebehavioral sciences where the aim is to discover the

underlying motives of human/animal or any materialbehavior. The qualitative research is relatively a difficult joband therefore one requires guidance from experimentalpsychologists while doing research.4. Conceptual or Empirical - The conceptual researchis related to some absolute/abstract ideas or theory. It isgenerally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop newconcepts or to interpret existing ones. On the other hand,empirical research relies on experience and observationalone. This does not give due regard for the system ortheory. It is a data-base research. This research comes upwith conclusions verifiable by observations andexperiments. This is infact an experimental type of researchin which it is necessary to get at facts first hand, at theirsource, and actively to go about doing certain things tostimulate the production of desired information. Empiricalresearch, on the otherhand, is appropriate when proof issought that certain variables affect other variables in someway. Evidence gathered through experiments or empiricalstudies is today considered to be the most powerful supportpossible for a given hypothesis.5. Theoretical or Practical - Theoretical researchincludes data based paper work research, in whichcomparison, analysis and decision are taken on theprevious existed theories and ideas. No experimental orfield work is included in this type of research. On the otherhand practical research work purely and compulsorilyincludes practical, experimental and field work in which dataare collected through sampling and after experiment thisdata are analyzed and compared to obtain the result andfor making the conclusion.Research Methods versus Methodology - There is amarked difference between research methods and researchmethodology. Research methods may be understood asthose methods/techniques that are used in the conduct ofresearch. In this way, all those methods which are used bythe researcher during the course of studying the researchproblem are termed as research methods.

Research methodology, on the other hand, is a widerconcept. It is a way to systematically solve the researchproblem. It may be understood as a science of studyinghow research is done scientifically. In it, we study the varioussteps that are generally adopted by a researcher in studyinghis research problem alongwith the logic behind them. It is,therefore, necessary for the researcher to know not onlythe research methods/techniques but also the methodology.Researchers need to understand the assumptionsunderlying various techniques and they need to know thecriteria by which they can decide that certain techniquesand procedures will be applicable to certain problems andothers will not. All this means that it is necessary for theresearcher to design his methodology for his problem asthe same may differ from problem to problem.

Thus the scope of the research methodology is widerthan that of research methods.Research Process - Research process consists of a series


of actions or steps necessary to effectively carry outresearch and desired sequencing of these steps. A briefdescription of the research process is as follows:i. Formulating the Research Problem - At the veryoutset, the researcher must find out the problem, he wantsto study; i.e., he must decide the general area of interest oraspect of subject matter that he would like to inquire into.Initially, the problem may be stated in a broad general wayand then ambiguities, if any, relating to the problem beresolved. Then, the feasibility of a particular solution has tobe considered before a working formulation of the problemcan be set up. Essentially two steps are involved informulating the research problem; viz., understanding theproblem thoroughly and rephrasing the same intomeaningful terms from an analytical point of view.ii. Extensive Literature Survey - Once the problem isformulated, the brief summary of it should be written down.It is compulsory for a research worker writing a thesis for aPh.D. degree to write a synopsis of the topic and submit itto the necessary Committee or Research Board forapproval. At this juncture, the researcher should undertakeextensive literature survey connected with the problem. Forthis purpose, the abstracting and indexing journals andpublished or unpublished bibliographies are the first placeto go. Academic journals, conference proceedings,government reports, books, etc. must be tapped dependingon the nature of the problem.iii. Development of W orking Hypothesis - Afterextensive literature survey, researcher should state in clearterms the working hypothesis or hypotheses. Workinghypothesis is tentative assumption made in order to drawout and test its logical or empirical consequences. Researchhypotheses are developed to provide the focal point of theresearch. The hypotheses also affect the manner in whichthe tests must be conducted in the analysis of the data,and indirectly the quality of the data which is required forthe analysis. The hypotheses should be very specific andlimited to the piece of research in hand because it has tobe tested.iv. Preparing the Research Design - The researchproblem having been formulated in clear cut terms, theresearcher will be required to prepare a research design;i.e., he will have to state the conceptual structure withinwhich the research would be conducted. The preparationof such a design facilitates research to be as efficient aspossible yielding maximal information. In other words, thefunction of the research design is to provide for the collectionof relevant evidence with minimal expenditure of effort, timeand money. But how all these can be achieved dependsmainly on the research purpose. The research purposesmay be grouped into four categories; viz. (i) Exploration,(ii) Description, (iii) Diagnosis and (iv) Experimentation. Aflexible research design which provides opportunity forconsidering many aspects of a problem is consideredappropriate if the purpose of the research study is that ofexploration.

v. Execution of the Project - The execution of theproject is a very important step in the research process. Ifthe execution of the project proceeds on correct lines, thedata to be collected would be adequate and dependable.The researcher should see that the project is executed in asystematic manner and in time.vi. Analysis of Dat a - After the data have been collected,the researcher turns to the task of analyzing them. Theanalysis of data requires a number of closely relatedoperations such as establishment of categories, theapplication of these categories to raw data through coding,tabulation and then drawing statistical inferences.vii. Hypothesis T esting - After analyzing the data asstated above, the researcher is in a position to test thehypotheses, if any, he had formulated earlier. Do the factssupport the hypotheses or they happen to be contrary isthe usual question which should be answered while testingthe hypotheses.viii. Generalisations and Interpreation - If the hypothesisis tested and upheld several times, it may be possible forthe researcher to arrive at generalization; i.e., to build atheory. As a matter of fact, the real value of the researchlies in its ability to arrive at certain generalisations. If theresearcher has no hypothesis to start with, he might seekto explain his findings on the basis of some theory. It isknown as interpretation. The process of interpretation mayquite often trigger of new question which in turn may leadto further researches.ix. Prep aration of the Report or the Thesis - Finally, theresearcher has to prepare the report of what has been doneby him. Writing of the report must be done with great carekeeping in view the following:The layout of the report should be as follows: the preliminarypages ; the main text and the end matter. In the preliminarypages, the report should carry title and date followed byacknowledgements and foreword.The main text of the report should have the following parts :1) Introduction : It should contain a clear statement ofthe objective of the research and an explanation of themethodology adopted in accomplishing the research. Thescope of the study along with various limitations should aswell be stated in this part.2) Summary of findings : After introduction there wouldappear a statement of findings and recommendations innon-technical language. If the findings are extensive, theyshould be summarized.3) Main report s: The main body of the report should bepresented in logical sequence and broken down into readilyidentifiable sections.4) Conclusion : Towards the end of the main text, theresearcher should again put down the results of his researchclearly and precisely. In fact, it is final summing up.

At the end of the report, appendices should be enlistedin respect of all technical data. Bibliography, i.e. list of books,journals, reports, etc. consulted, should also be given inthe end. Index should also be given specially in a published


research report.(a) The report should be written in a concise and objective

style in simple language avoiding vague expressionssuch as ‘it seems’, ‘there may be’, and the like.

(b) Charts and illustrations in the main report should beused only if they present the information more clearlyand forcibly.

Concluding Remarks - Researchers in India are facingseveral problems while pursuing their research. The lackof scientific training in the methodology of research is agreat impediment for researchers in our country. There is apaucity of competent researchers in our country. Manyresearchers take a loop in the dark without knowing theresearch methods. Also there is an insufficient interactionbetween the university research departments on one sideand industrial/business/government departments andresearch institutions on the other side. So, efforts shouldbe made to develop satisfactory liaison among all concernedfor better and realistic researches. The library management

and functioning is not satisfactory at many places and muchof the time and energy of researchers are spent in tracingout books, journals, reports, etc. So, for quality research,all these problems are required to be eliminated from ourresearch organizations.

References :-1. Dr.R.N.Trivedi and Dr.D.P.Shukla Research

Methodology ISBN 81-85788-28-6, 2005.2. D .Slesingar, M .S tephenson, T h e Encyclopaedia of

Social Sciences, (IX edi.), Mac Millan, 250, 1930.3. E. Proctor, P. Hovmand and R. Griffey, Adm Policy Ment

Health, 38, 65,2011.4. A. Tong, K. Fleming and E. McJnnes, Entreg , B M C

medical research Methodology,12, 181,2012.5. Pauline V. Young, Scientific Social Surveys, 1949,

Prentice Hall, New York, p.321.6. James Harold Fox, Criteria of Good Research, Phi

Delta Kappan 39, 285, 1958.

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Synthesis of Some 2- styrylquinolines as possibleAntimalarial (Part II)

Introduction - Different types of quinaldines werecondesed with some- aldehydes in the presence ofcondensing agent s yielded styrylquinolines.

The antimalarial activity1-2 of quinoline derivatives hasbeen extensively studied, stryryl quinolines have been foundto possess antiseptic3, antimicrobiol4, and trypanocidalactivity5, Many styryl derivatives are used as the startingmaterials for the synthesis of cyaninedyes6, Antimalarialdrugs have been synthesised from 8-aminoquinoline and4-amino quinoline.

Although the chemotherapeutic properties of a largenumber of substituted 2-styryl-quinolium salts have beenrather intensively studies, styrylquinolines bearing dimethylSulphonyloxy-4-mthoxy-benzaldehyde and pyrene have notcome to notice therefore it seemed of interest to preparenew styrylquinoline bearing these groups for therepeuticevaluation. Sulphonyloxy-4-mthoxy-benzaldehyde andpyrene were condensed with 6-chloro, 6-bromo, 6-nitro, 6-benzamide qinaldines, in the presence of condensingagents styrylquinolines of the type (I)(II) hve been Obtainedin yield ranging from 36 to 89%

(I)

(II)R = Cl, Br, NO2, NHC

6H

5

The structure of the above compounds were supported bytheir ir spectra which showed bands at 1610 Cm-1 (C = N),1678 CM-1 (Congugated with ring) 1325 Cm-1 (-N ),Experiment al - The starting materials 6-chloro quinaldine,

Dr. Malti Dubye (Rawat) *

* Department of Chemistry , Govt. Girls P .G. Auto College of Excellence, Sagar (M.P .) INDIA

6-bromoquinaldine7, 6-nitro-quinaldine8, 6-benza-midoquinaldine8,were synthesised by the reportedprocedure.

Equimolecular amounts of quinaldine and aldehydedwre heated in presence of condensing agents such aszinchloride or acetic annydride. The hot solution was pouredin to 20% sodium hydroxide solution, The mass waspluverised removed by filtration washed well with water anddissolved in concentrated hydrochloric acid on dilution withwater the product separated which was suspended in waterand made alkaline with ammonium hydroxide.

Difficulties were encountered in the isolation andpurification of styryl-quinolins, several solvents such asethanol, acetone or acetic acid and mixture of these solventsin appropriate proportions had to be tried for obtaining puresamples.TABLE 1 : STYRYL QUINOLIEES DERIVED FROM 3-M E T H A N E S U L P H O N Y L O X Y- 4 - M E T H O X Y -BENZALDEHYDE (SEE IN NEXT PAGE)

TABLE - 2 : STYRYL QUIOLINES DERIVED FROMPYRENE-3-ALDEHYDE (SEE IN NEXT PAGE)

Acknowledgement - I am thankful to Dr. B.K. Latta,Professor, Science College, Gwalior M.P. for Valuableguidance and CDRI Lucknow for providing I.R. spectra.References :-1. ELDERFIED etal J. Amer, Chem. Soc. 70, 40, (1948).


2. KENYCN, WIESMER and KWARTLER Ind. Eng.Chem. 41, 654 (1949).

3. PROC, ROY, Soc. B., 100, 193, (1926).4. OPANASENKO, E.P., PALU, P.U. KHIM, Farm, E.11,

8(9)18, 21 (1974).

5. PROC ROY, Soc., B., 195, 99 (1929).6. L.G.S. BROOKER and R.H. SPRAGUE, J. AM. Chem.,

Soc., 831, 7 (1930).7. JHOSON AND ADAMS, J. Amer., Chem., Soc, 831, 7

(1930).8. F.M. HAMER, J. Chem., Soc., 119, 1432 (1921).

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TABLE 1 : STYRYL QUINOLIEES DERIVED FROM 3-METHANESULPHONYLOXY-4-METHOXY-BENZALDEHYDE

S. Quinaldine Styryl Quino-line R M.P.OC Styryl quinoline yield % Colour Formulacondensing agentAcetic Zincanhydride Chloride

1 6-Choloroquinaldine Cl 127 65 (c) 45.47 Yellow C19

H17

NSClO4

2 6-Bromoquinaldine Br 170 36.3 (c) 42.36 Red C19

H17

NSBrO4

3 6-Nitroquinaldine NO2

240 62.5 (b) 41.67 Brown C19

H17

N2O

6

4 6-Benzamido- NHCOC6H

5165 26.3 (c) 89.31 Pale Yellow C

26H

18N

3O

5

quinaldine

Solvent of crystallization: b= Acetonec = Alcohol

TABLE - 2 : STYRYL QUIOLINES DERIVED FROM PYRENE-3-ALDEHYDE

S. Quinaldine Styryl Quino-line R M.P.OC Styryl quinoline yield % Colour Formulacondensing agentAcetic Zincanhydride Chloride

1 6-Choloroquinaldine Cl 198 17.51 (b) 21.2 Yellow C27

H17

ClN2 6-Bromoquinaldine Br 107 63.79 (c) 21.8 Yellow C

27H

17BrN

3 6-Nitroquinaldine NO2

112 27.34 (b) 53.8 Brown C27

H17

O2N

2

4 6-Benzamido- NHCOC6H

5226 29.07 (b) 42.2 Yellow C

34H

18ON

quinaldine

Solvent of crystallization: b= Acetonec = Alcohol


Abstract - An Indian traditional medicinal plant Boswellia serrata commonly called salai guggal. All parts of the plantare medicinally important. Analysis of raw materials and final products need reliable methods for the standardizationof natural product drugs. Separation of carbohydrates was performed using thin layer chromatographic techniquesand compared with the standards. Detection of amino acids from extract was carried out using thin layer chromatographictechnique. These were compared with the standards.Key Words - Boswellia serrata, Amino acids, Carbohydrates, thin layer chromatography, Rf values.

Separation Of Amino Acids And Carbohydrates FromThe Leaves Of Boswellia Serrata Plant By Thin Layer

Chromatography

Introduction - Traditional medicines for human diseaseshave been widely used in many parts of the world. Herbalplants are usually the primary source of medicine in manydeveloping countries. Natural product compounds fromplants provide biologically active compounds. Determinationof metabolites such as amino acids, carbohydrates areimportant for the quality control of herbs and herbalproducts. Chromatographic methods can be used in searchfor bioactive compounds such as amino acids,carbohydrates. Separation and identification ofcarbohydrates and amino acids in complex samples likeplant extracts have been often carried out using thin layerchromatography. This technique has various merits as:analysis of multiple samples can be performed at one timeand also economical in terms of money and time. Asstationary phases silica gel has been employed. Mobilephase systems, which have been used, are n-BuOH:Acetone: Acetic acid: H

2O (7:7:2:4) and Hexane: Ethyl

acetate: Acetic acid (3:6:1). Ninhydrine and aniline-hydrogenphthalate as spraying reagents are used.

Boswellia serrata (Family: Burseraceae) is a deciduousmiddle sized tree, which is mostly concentrated in tropical;parts of Asia and Africa. In India it occurs in dry hilly forestsof Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Bihar, Assam,Orissa as well as central peninsular regions of AndhraPradesh, Assam etc. B. serrata gum resin has beenreported to have analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiarthriticand anti-pyretic activity.Materials and Method - The plant used in the study wascollected from Pachmarhi district Hoshangabad MadhyaPradesh. The collected plant materials were cleaned, shadedried, powdered coarsely in a blender and then stored inair-tight containers for further use.Determination of carbohydrates - The air shade dried

Arti Chaurasia * Anil Gharia **

* Department of Chemistry , MIT College, Indore (M.P.) INDIA** Department of Chemistry , P M B Gujrati Science College, Indore (M.P.) INDIA

powdered material of Boswellia serrata leaves (6g) wasmixed with fixed quantity of calcium carbonate in distilledwater (45 mL) and heated on water bath for 3 h. Theaqueous extract was separated by decantation and thepowder was further heated four times with distilled wateron water bath. The aqueous filtrate was combined and 15% w/v solution of lead acetate was added till the precipitateobtained. The solution was filtered, small quantity ofammonia was then added to the filtrate and then H

2S gas

was bubbled through the filtrate in order to remove leadacetate as lead sulfide. Lead sulfide was removed byfiltration. The neutral solution of filtrate obtained wasconcentrated over water bath under reduced pressure to agummy mass of carbohydrates.

Pre-coated silica gel TLC plate was used for TLCchromatography. Hexane: Ethyl acetate: Acetic acid (3:6:1)solvent system was used. The extracts were spotted onthe chromatographic plate along with standard samples.The mobile phase was allowed to run to a certain heightand the chromatogram was dried at room temperature. Thespecific spraying reagent, aniline-hydrogen phthalate wasused to develop the chromatogram. The Rf values of thetest sugars were confirmed by comparing with the Rf valuesof authentic sugars (Table-1).TABLE-1Hexane: Ethyl acetate: Acetic acid (3:6:1)Carbohydrates Rf value for Rf value for

Standard plant sampleCarbohydrates

Lactose 0.55 0.51Maltose 0.40 0.39Insulin 0.18 0.19Mannitol 0.23 0.21Determination of amino acids - s Air shade dried material


of leaves was used for experiment. Extracts were preparedby using different solvents such as acetone, ethanol andwater. Pre-coated silica gel TLC plate was used for TLCchromatography. Acetone: n-BuOH: Acetic acid: H

2O

(7:7:2:4) solvent system was used. The extracts werespotted on the chromatographic plate along with standardsamples. The mobile phase was allowed to run to a certainheight and the chromatogram was dried at room temperature.Ninhydrine, a spraying reagent, (1.80 g of ninhydrine in 20mL acetone) was sprayed on the chromatographic plate anddried at room temperature. The Rf values of the amino acidsof the experimental samples were determined and comparedwith the standards (Table-2).

TABLE - 2Acetone: n-BuOH: Acetic acid: H

2O (7:7:2:4)

Name of amino Rf value for Rf value ofacids standard amino plant extract

acidsArginine 0.145 0.154Butyric acid 0.572 0.575Cysteine 0.075 0.080Glutamic acid 0.242 0.250Hydroxy proline 0.054 0.055Histidine 0.550 0.540Lysine 0.118 0.115Ornithine 0.033 0.030Proline 0.560 0.550Tryptamine 0.630 0.632Serine 0.185 0.180Result and discussion - The detection of carbohydratesshowed the presence of mannitol, maltose, lactose andinsulin. The amino acids are basic units of proteins andtherefore their presence was detected. Leaves of Boswelliaserrata were found to be a rich source of various aminoacids. The amino acid study showed the presence of butyricacid, ornithine, cysteine, histidine, argenine, serine, hydroxyprolin, prolin, glutamic acid, lysine and tryptamine.Conclusion - It is concluded that this study would lead tothe establishment of some valuable compound that has tobe used to formulate new, different and more potent drugsof natural origin. Amino Acids are the “building Blocks” ofthe body. There are about 28 amino acids commonlyreferred to in human health .They are required by the bodyas it acts as a precursor. Carbohydrates are essentialcomponents of many natural products known for greatmedicinal importance. The carbohydrate

Moieties increase drug water solubility, decreasetoxicity, and contribute to the bioactivity of the naturalproducts.

Acknowledgement s - The authors express their sinceregratitude to Dr. M L Gangwal, retired professor, M B KhalsaCollege and Dr. Anil Gharia, professor, P M B GujratiScience College, Indore for their constant guidance andencouragement. I am also thankful to the department ofchemistry in P M B Gujrati Science College, Indore forhelping and providing necessary lab facilities for thisresearch work.

References :-1. S.G. Joshi, Medicinal Plants, Oxford and IBH Publishing

Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, India, p. 102 (2000).2. R.N. Yadav and D. Barsainya, Asian J. Chem., 8, 813

(1996).3. S.K.Prakash, International Journal of poultry science

5(3)259-261,2006 ISSN 1682-8356, Asian Network ofScientific Information , 2006.

4. L.Pral.M.Latha, Singapore Medicinal Journ.2002.Vol.42 (12) 617-621.

5. R.G.Ayo, J.O.Amupitan, and Yimin zhao African.Journal. Biotech. Vol 6, (11) 4 June 2007 p.p .1276-1279.

6. Culea M, Hodisan S, Hosu A and Cimpoiu C (2006).Analysis of free amino acids from plant extracts bychromatographic methods. Studia UniversitatisBabesBolyai Chemia, 1: 105-114.

7. Muhammad Nasimullah Qureshi, Guenther Stecherand Guenther Karl Bonn, Quality Control of Herbs:Determination of Amino Acids in Althaea officinalis,Matricaria chamomilla and Taraxacum officinale. Pak.J. Pharm. Sci., Vol.27, No.3, May 2014, pp.459-462.

8. S.A.Gaikwad, Asha Kale, Kavita Mundhe,N.R.Deshpande, J. P.Salvekar, Detection of AminoAcids Present in the Leaves of Cassia auriculata L.Int.J. PharmTech Res.2010, 2(2).

9. Rasika C. Torane, Anjali D. Ruikar, Pranav S.Chandrachood and Nirmala R. Deshpande, Study ofAmino Acids and Carbohydrates from The Leaves ofEhretia laevis. Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 21, No.2 (2009), 1636-1638.

10. Abdurrahman Onaran and Hayriye Didem Saðlam,Antifungal Activity of Some Plant Extracts againstDifferent Plant Pathogenic Fungi. Int’l Journal ofAdvances in Agricultural & Environmental Engg.(IJAAEE) Vol. 3, Issue 2 (2016).

11. Bhanwar singh hada and S S Katewa, “Ethnomedicinalplants used against various diseases in Jhalawardistrict of Rajasthan, India,” journal of globalbiosciences, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 2077-2086, 2015.

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Abstract - The present paper study has offered immense scope and opportunities for the development of this research.Ascorbic acid (1-2) is used in the prevention and treatment of scurvy. The symptoms of scurvy include weakness andfatigue, with muscle and joint pains, breathlessness and tachycardia. Potassium peroxysulphate (5 gm) potassiumhydroxide (10 gm) and tetturic acid (5 gm) were dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water water. This solution was boiledand 0.5 M solution of coppersulphate was added to it gradually till a red colour appears. On further addition of coppersulphate solution a brownish precipitate results. The addition of copper sulphate solution is continued till the precipitationin complete.Key words - Micro analysis, Ascorbic acid, and pharmaceutical preparation, with potassium dipertelluratocuprate (III)Reagent.

Micro analysis of Ascorbic acid and its pharmaceuticalpreparation with potassium dipertelluratocuprate (III)

Reagent

Introduction - Ascorbic acid (1-2) is used in the preventionand treatment of scurvy. The symptoms of scurvy includeweakness and fatigue, with muscle and joint pains,breathlessness and tachycardia. The gums bleed, becomespongy and imflared, and teeth loosen in their sockets.Haemorrphages occuvs in the skin with a consequentanaemia.

In the present work a new titrimetric method has beendescribed for the microdetermination of ascorbic acid inthe pure sample. The oxidation takes place of boilingtemperature (250C) with in 30 minuts and is of generalapplicability. The accuracy of the method is within most ofthe cases.Experiment :Pot assium dipertelluratocuprate (III) Reagent -Potassium peroxysulphate (5 gm) potassium hydroxide (10gm) and tetturic acid (5 gm) were dissolved in 100 ml ofdistilled water water. This solution was boiled and 0.5 Msolution of coppersulphate was added to it gradually till ared colour appears. On further addition of copper sulphatesolution a brownish precipitate results. The addition ofcopper sulphate solution is continued till the precipitationin complete.

Complete precipitation was tested by the absences ofred colour in the supernatant layer of the reaction mixture.The brownish precipitate obtained in this way was filteredthrough sintered glass crucible(G-4) washed thoroughly withdistilled water to remove undecomposed peroxydisulphateand potassium sulphate.

The precipitate was now boiled with 200 ml of a solution

Alok Mishra *

* Research Scholar (Chemistry) Pt. S.N. Shukla, Govt. P .G. College, Shahdol (M.P .) INDIA

containing KOH (6 g) and telluric acid (4g) to get again ared colored solution of copper tellurate complex. Theprepared solution of Cu(III) was approximately 0.035mconcentration. It was stored in a standard volumetric flask.Since direct titration of Cu(III) with sodium arsenite givesinaccurate results ,an indirect method of standardization ofCu(III) with sodiumarsenite has been attempted. An aliquotof Cu(III) solution is mixed with approximately 1.5 timessodiumarsenite solution (0.02m) . It is allowed to stay for3-4 minutes and then acidified with a calculated amount of1NH

2SO

4 till the green suspension is dissolved and a clear

solution is obtained which is acidic. It is then treated with5ml of 0.5m sodium bicarbonate solution the unusedarsenite is back titrated with a standard iodine solution usingstarch an indicator. A stock solution of the ascorbic acidwas prepared by dissolved 100mg of sample in 100 ml.Distilled water in 100 ml volumemetre flash. All the samplewere either of analar B.D.H. Grade.General procedure - Aliquots containing 1-5mg of thesample were taken in 150ml Erlenmeyer flask and 5ml of0.035m Cu(III) solution was added to it. The content wereshaken thoroughly. The reaction mixture was heated on aboiling water bath for prescribed reaction time. After thereaction was over , the contents were cooled to roomtemperature . The unused Cu(III) was determined byarsenite method. A blank was also run simultaneously usingall the reagents omitting the sample. The recovery of samplewas calculated by the following formula:-Mass of sample (mg)= M.N. (S-B)

N


Where M= relative molecular mass of sampleN= Normality of iodine solutionS= Volume of iodine solution for sample experimentB= Volume of iodine for the blank experimentAndn= number of moles of Cu(III) per mole of sampleResult s and discussion - With the recommendedprocedure the determination of ascorbic acid (pure sample)and its pharmaceutical preparations has successfully beenachieved on 1-5 mg of the sample size with in accuracy of

Taking ascorbic acid as the representative compound,the effect of various variables on the reaction was studied.Cu(III) was found to be necessary for the quantitativeoxidation of ascorbic acid. A more concentrated solutiondoes not give any improvement either in this recovery ofthe sample or the reaction time. The lower concentrationgives in accurate results. Therefore, the prescribed amountof Cu(III) reagent was employed for the general procedure.

It was also observed that the quantitative oxidation ofascorbic acid and its pharmaceutical preparation is obtainedwith in the reaction time of 30 min. Beyond this reactionthere was no improvement in the recovery of the sample.The reaction time lesser than this gives in consistent resultsat lower recovery. The effect of temp. was also studied and

it was found that accurate and constant results are obtainedat boiling temp. The stoichiometry of the reaction wasestablished for each sample and it was found that 14equivalents of Cu(III) reagent were needed for the completereaction.Table (see in bottom)

In view of above oxidation reaction and consideringthe amount of Cu(III) consumed per mole of the ascorbicacid sample the following course of reaction maybeproposed for the oxidation of ascorbic acid with the use ofCu(III) reagent.

C6H8O6 Cu (III) 2HCOOH + 4CO2 + 2H2O 7 (O)

Acknowledgement s - Alok Kumar Mishra would like toexpress thankful to Dr. Dharmendra Dwivedi HOD ofChemistry Govt. P.G. College Shahdol good support, in thisresearch and research scholar is also thankful to my friendDr. R. S. Napit Deptt. of Botany for their kind cooperationand good support, in this research work.References:-1. Bessey, O.A.J. Biol. Chem. 126, 771 (1938)2. Erdey L. and Z. Anal. Chem. 162, 180 (1958)

Table : Micro analysis of Ascorbic acid and and it s pharmaceutical prep aration with Cu(III) reagent (0.035M)by the recommended procedure

Sample Amount Reaction time Amount Recovered Stoichiometry Error %Present(mg) (min) (mg)

Ascorbic acid (pure) 1.0000 30 1.0051 14 +0.511.0065 +0.651.0047 +0.47

Sorvicin 1.0000 30 1.0034 14 +0.341.0020 +0.201.0024 +0.24

*************


Abstract - The Sun constantly emits matter into the space in the form of more or less steady solar wind. The cloudsof gas time to time ejects from the Sun in an event called a Coronal Mass Ejection (CME).We have observed the datamore than 19990 Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) which were obtained by Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph(LASCO) on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) during the period of 1996 to 2012. Basically, wehave determined the angular width and linear speed of CMEs during the period of 1996 to 2012. In this work we havestudied that linear speed of CMEs is maximum distribution to near 200 to 400 km/s and angular width of CMEs ismajority of distribution in the range of 10 to 50 for the period of 1996 to 2012.Key Words - Coronal mass ejection, Sun, Speed.

A Study Of Distribution Of Speed And Angular WidthOf Coronal Mass Ejection During 1996 To 2012

Introduction - Coronal mass ejections are described asthe mass ejection of matter from the coronal region of theSun .The coronal mass ejection is one of the interestingtopics in space physics for extensive study. CMEs aremagnetized plasma structure that erupt from closed fieldregion on the sun and propagate into the heliosphere [1].CMEs were first detected in the 1970s by the orbiting solarobservatory (OSO-7) on 14 December, 1971 [2]. Detail ofthe source region is usually detected by using theobservations of non-coronagraph. Examples of suchobservations are X-Ray, EUV Microwave and H-ALPHA [3].

CMEs are eruption of plasma from the sun that rangein speed from 10 km/s to more than 33,000 km/s [4]. Thesesolar phenomena are episodic expulsion of mass andmagnetic field from the solar corona. The initial detectionof CMEs was followed by extensive observation using bothspace based and ground based instruments. The spacebased observation included the coronagraph are on boardSkylab in 1973 and 1974 [5], solar wind coronagraph onthe US. Air force satellite P78-1 from 1979-1985 [6], andrecently the large angle spectrometric coronagraph(LASCO) on the solar and heliospheric observatory (SOHO)from 1996 to present [7]. The most extensive set of groundbased observation of CMEs have been obtained using themark-III K corona meter (MK3) which has been replacedby mark -IV (MK4), at the Mauna Loa Solar observatory(MLSO) since 1980 [8]. However, LASCO has significantadvance over previous instrument as it has wide field ofview, increases sensitivity and increased dynamic range.SOHO satellite can continuously observe the sun (not justoptical wavelength). This represent the data from solar cycleand beyond with a single spacecraft.

Recent measurement of speed of the CMEs suggested

Vinod Kumar Ade*

*Department of Physics, Govt. J.S.T . P.G. College, Balaghat (M.P .) INDIA

that there are two different type of speed, slow CME andfast CME which are associated with eruptive prominencesand originate from solar active region [9]. Fast CMEpropagate at constant speed and the slow CME areaccelerating [10]. In 1966, the number of CMEs detectedby SOHO/LASCO exceeds more than 12000. The medianapparent angular width of CME observed in the LASCOfield of view is about 50 degree [11], CME with maximumapparent width of 360 degree are commonly called as fullhalo CMEs, and that with apparent angular width greaterthan equal 120 degree are taken as Halo CMEs [12].

The physical properties of CMEs were studied andKimanetic properties of CMEs are summarized byGopalswamy. CMEs contain coronal material at atemperature of few 106 K. The density in the frontal structureof CMEs close to the sun is estimated to be in the range of108-9 cm3 and expected to decrease as the CME expandinto the interplanetary space. The mass content of CME isrange from 1012 gram to > 1016 gram, wider CMEs beingmore massive. The average value of CME mass is 4x104

grams. Kinetic energy of CMEs is ~1027 erg to > 1023 ergmaking CMEs the most energetic phenomena in theheliosphere. The statistical properties of full halo CME werestudied and obtained the average value of speed is 466km/s [13] and average value speed of Halo CME is 300km/s to 500 km/s. The Linear speed and angular width areconsidered to be the basis attributes of CME measurementfrom a series of image taken during an eruption. In thispaper, we have analyzed kinetic properties like linear speedand angular width of CME during the period of 1996 to 2012.II. Method and Dat a Analysis - Observation of CMEs iscollected from LASCO/SOHO CME catalogue at http:cdaw.gsfe.nasa.gov/cme_list. LASCO/SOHO CME cata


logue contains list of all CMEs. The SOHO mission‘sLASCO instrument routinely records CMEs. The SOHO/LASCO continuously records CME using its two telescopesC2 and C3. The C1 telescope which can observe closer tosun was disabled in June 1998.

The CME are classified on the basis of angular width.Halo CMEs are having angular width greater than or equalto 120 degree and full halo CMEs having angular width=360 degree. We observed CME data from 1996 to 2012by SOHO/LASCO and distribute the angular width andspeed, respectively in difference of 10 degree and 100 km/s to each other.

Mass motion is a basic characteristic of CME quantifiedby the speed. On tracking a CME feature in successiveframes, one can derive the speed of the CME. It is to bementioned that the measurements are made in the skyplane, so all the derived parameters such as speed, widthetc are lower limit to actual values. We observed the CMEspeed by LASCO/SOHO during 1996-2012 and speeddistribution (the no. of event as a function of speed) areexhibited in study.III. Result and Discussion - CMEs are known as its heavymass and energy, its containing coronal material at tem-perature of few 106 K. Direct measurement of the magneticfield strength in CMEs has not been possible yet. How-ever, magnetic field in prominences (before eruption) hasbeen measured, which range from a few gauss to 100 G.Kinetic properties of CMEs is associated with phenomenaoccurring in the chromospheres, corona and interplanetaryspace. The angular width and speed of CME are measuredfrom a series of images taken during an eruption.Speed Distribution - Mass motion is one of the basicproperty of CME quantified by speed. Coronagraphsobtained images with a certain type cadence. So when aCME occurs, the leading edge progressively appears at agreater heliocentric distance. The speed is normallydetermined from a linear fit to the height-time plots, butCMEs often have finite acceleration, so that the linear fitspeed should be understood as the average value withincorona graphic field of view. Height time measurementsare made in the sky plane, so all of the derived parameterssuch as speed etc are lower limit to the actual values [14].Table 1 and Fig. 1 show that distribution of CME speed.Our results are in good agreement with the previous results.In Fig. 1 distribution of the CME by their speed (km/s) ispresented.CME Angular W idth - CME angular span in effective wordnamed as CME width is measured as the position angleextent in the sky plane. For CME originating from close tolimb, the measured width is likely to be the true width. ForCMEs away from the limb, the measured width is likely tobe an over estimate. Many CMEs show an increase inangular width as they move out, so measurement is madewhen the angular width appears to approach a constant

value. Distributions of angular width of CME observed duringthe period of 1996-2012 are illustrated in Table 1 and Fig.2.During this period, numbers of CMEs greater than 19700are observed. In Fig. 2, distribution of CMEs by their angularwidth in degree is presented.IV. Conclusion - From the above discussion of result, Itmay be concluded that1. During the period of 1996-2012, a large no. of CMEs

has speed 600 km/s but greater than 100 km/s.2. Maximum of the CME distribution is located near 200

to 400 km/s and speed of more than 4000 CMEs is200-300 km/s out of more than 19000 CMEs.

3. The majority distribution of angular width in the range10 to 50 degree.

4. In this period, highest number of CME has angularwidth 10 to 20 degree.

Acknowledgement - Authors are thankful to SOHO/LASCO CME CATALOG for study and therefore the authorknowledge SOHO/LASCO CME CATALOG is generatedand maintained at the CDAW data center by NASA. Weare thankful to N. Gopalswamy for providing literature usedin this study and many helpful clarifications.References :-1. Gopalswamy, N., 2006, Coronal mass ejections of solar

cycle 23 J. Astrophysics, 27,2432. Tousy R, 1973, Solar Dynamics and its effects on the

heliosphere and earth. J. Space Res, 13,7133. Hundson and Cliver, 2001. JGR, 106, 251994. Gopalswamy et al., 2004. The sun and the heliosphere

as an integrated system. ASSL series, 2015. Mac Queen et al., 1976, Initial results from the high

altitude observatory white light coronagraph on sky lab,281, no. 1304,405

6. Koomen et al., 1975, White light coronagraph in OSO-7, Appl. opt., 14(3), 743

7. Brueckner at el., 1995, The large angle spectroscopiccoronagraph (LASCO), Sol. Phy., 162,357

8. Mac Queen & Fisher, 1983, The high altitudeobservation coronagraph/polarimeter on the solarmaximum mission, sol. phys., 65, 91

9. Gosling et al. 1976, The speeds of coronal massejection events, sol. phys., 48,389

10. Mac Qeen & Fisher 1983, The kinematic of solar innercoronal transients, sol. phys., 89, 89

11. St. Cry, O., at el., 2000, Properties of coronal massejections. J. Geophysical Res., 18169, 105

12. Howard at el., 1982, The observation of a coronaltransients directed at earth, APJ, 263, L 101

13. Gopalswamy at el., 2010, Coronal mass ejections fromsunspot and non sunspot regions astrophysics andspace science proceeding, 289

14. Gopalswamy at el., 2006, Evolution of a group ofcoronal holes associated with eruption of near byprominences and CMEs J. space sci. Rev., 123.303


Fig. - 1 - Distribution of CME speedfor the period of 1996-2012.

Fig. - 2 - Distribution of CME angular width for the period of 1996-2012.

Table 1. - CME Distribution for Angular width in range type (difference of 10 degree) andlinear speed in range type (difference of 100 km/s) from 1996 to 2012Angular Width (Degree) Linear Speed (km/s)Range Number of CME events Range Number of CME events0-10 2931 0-100 41611-20 3114 101-200 294021-30 2579 201-300 487931-40 2124 301-400 405841-50 1875 401-500 258751-60 1568 501-600 176961-70 1171 601-700 121471-80 880 701-800 82881-90 649 801-900 45191-100 475 901-1000 262101-110 366 1001-1100 175111-120 309 1101-1200 105121-130 221 1201-1300 74131-140 207 1301-1400 56141-150 162 1401-1500 35151-160 99 1501-1600 29161-170 103 1601-1700 24171-180 49 1701-1800 17181> 906 1801> 78

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Superconductivity

Introduction - Superconductivity is a phenomenon ofexactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magneticflux fields occurring in certain materials, calledsuperconductors, when cooled below a characteristic criticaltemperature. It was discovered by Dutch physicist HeikeKamerlingh Onnes on April 8, 1911, in Leiden. Likeferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines, superconductivityis a quantum mechanical phenomenon. It is characterizedby the Meissner effect, the complete ejection of magneticfield lines from the interior of the superconductor as ittransitions into the superconducting state. The occurrenceof the Meissner effect indicates that superconductivitycannot be understood simply as the idealization of perfectconductivity in classical physics.

The electrical resistance of a metallic conductordecreases gradually as temperature is lowered. In ordinaryconductors, such as copper or silver, this decrease is limitedby impurities and other defects. Even near absolute zero,a real sample of a normal conductor shows someresistance. In a superconductor, the resistance dropsabruptly to zero when the material is cooled below its criticaltemperature. An electric current flowing through a loop ofsuperconducting wire can persist indefinitely with no powersource.Element ary properties of superconductors -l Zero electrical DC resist ance - The simplest method

to measure the electrical resistance of a sample ofsome material is to place it in an electrical circuit inseries with a current source I and measure the resultingvoltage V across the sample. The resistance of thesample is given by Ohm’s law as R = V / I. If the voltageis zero, this means that the resistance is zero.Superconductors are also able to maintain a current

with no applied voltage whatsoever, a property exploited insuperconducting electromagnets such as those found inMRI machines. Experiments have demonstrated thatcurrents in superconducting coils can persist for yearswithout any measurable degradation. Experimentalevidence points to a current lifetime of at least 100,000years. Theoretical estimates for the lifetime of a persistentcurrent can exceed the estimated lifetime of the universe,depending on the wire geometry and the temperature.

In a normal conductor, an electric current may be

Dr. Neeraj Dubey *

*Professor & H.O.D. (Physics) Govt. Art s & Commerce College, Sagar (M.P.) INDIA

visualized as a fluid of electrons moving across a heavyionic lattice. The electrons are constantly colliding with theions in the lattice, and during each collision some of theenergy carried by the current is absorbed by the lattice andconverted into heat, which is essentially the vibrationalkinetic energy of the lattice ions. As a result, the energycarried by the current is constantly being dissipated. Thisis the phenomenon of electrical resistance and Jouleheating.

The situation is different in a superconductor. In aconventional superconductor, the electronic fluid cannot beresolved into individual electrons. Instead, it consists ofbound pairs of electrons known as Cooper pairs. This pairingis caused by an attractive force between electrons fromthe exchange of phonons. Due to quantum mechanics, theenergy spectrum of this Cooper pair fluid possesses anenergy gap, meaning there is a minimum amount of energy E that must be supplied in order to excite the fluid.Therefore, if E is larger than the thermal energy of thelattice, given by kT, where k is Boltzmann’s constant and Tis the temperature, the fluid will not be scattered by thelattice. The Cooper pair fluid is thus a superfluid, meaningit can flow without energy dissipation.

In a class of superconductors known as type IIsuperconductors, including all known high-temperaturesuperconductors, an extremely small amount of resistivityappears at temperatures not too far below the nominalsuperconducting transition when an electric current isapplied in conjunction with a strong magnetic field, whichmay be caused by the electric current. This is due to themotion of magnetic vortices in the electronic superfluid,which dissipates some of the energy carried by the current.If the current is sufficiently small, the vortices are stationary,and the resistivity vanishes. The resistance due to this effectis tiny compared with that of non-superconducting materials,but must be taken into account in sensitive experiments.However, as the temperature decreases far enough belowthe nominal superconducting transition, these vortices canbecome frozen into a disordered but stationary phase knownas a “vortex glass”. Below this vortex glass transitiontemperature, the resistance of the material becomes truly zero.l Superconducting phase transition - In


superconducting materials, the characteristics ofsuperconductivity appear when the temperature T islowered below a critical temperature T

c. The value of this

critical temperature varies from material to material.Conventional superconductors usually have criticaltemperatures ranging from around 20 K to less than 1 K.Solid mercury, for example, has a critical temperature of4.2 K. As of 2009, the highest critical temperature foundfor a conventional superconductor is 39 K for magnesiumdiboride (MgB

2), although this material displays enough

exotic properties that there is some doubt about classifyingit as a “conventional” superconductor. Cupratesuperconductors can have much higher criticaltemperatures: YBa

2Cu

3O

7, one of the first cuprate

superconductors to be discovered, has a criticaltemperature of 92 K, and mercury-based cuprates havebeen found with critical temperatures in excess of 130 K.The explanation for these high critical temperatures remainsunknown. Electron pairing due to phonon exchangesexplains superconductivity in conventional supercond-uctors, but it does not explain superconductivity in the newersuperconductors that have a very high critical temperature.

The onset of superconductivity is accompanied byabrupt changes in various physical properties, which is thehallmark of a phase transition. For example, the electronicheat capacity is proportional to the temperature in thenormal regime. At the superconducting transition, it suffersa discontinuous jump and thereafter ceases to be linear. Atlow temperatures, it varies instead as e-á/T for someconstant,α . This exponential behavior is one of the piecesof evidence for the existence of the energy gap.

The order of the superconducting phase transition waslong a matter of debate. Experiments indicate that thetransition is second-order, meaning there is no latent heat.However, in the presence of an external magnetic field thereis latent heat, because the superconducting phase haslower entropy below the critical temperature than the normalphase. It has been experimentally demonstrated that, as aconsequence, when the magnetic field is increased beyondthe critical field, the resulting phase transition leads to adecrease in the temperature of the superconductingmaterial.

Calculations in the 1970s suggested that it may actuallybe weakly first-order due to the effect of long-rangefluctuations in the electromagnetic field. In the 1980s it wasshown theoretically with the help of a disorder field theory,in which the vortex lines of the superconductor play a majorrole, that the transition is of second order within the type IIregime and of first order within the type I regime, and thatthe two regions are separated by a tricritical point. Theresults were strongly supported by Monte Carlo computersimulations.l Meissner effect - When a superconductor is placed

in a weak external magnetic field H, and cooled belowits transition temperature, the magnetic field is ejected.

The Meissner effect does not cause the field to becompletely ejected but instead the field penetrates thesuperconductor but only to a very small distance,characterized by a parameter , called the Londonpenetration depth, decaying exponentially to zero withinthe bulk of the material. The Meissner effect is adefining characteristic of superconductivity. For mostsuperconductors, the London penetration depth is onthe order of 100 nm.The Meissner effect is sometimes confused with the

kind of diamagnetism one would expect in a perfectelectrical conductor: according to Lenz’s law, when achanging magnetic field is applied to a conductor, it willinduce an electric current in the conductor that creates anopposing magnetic field. In a perfect conductor, an arbitrarilylarge current can be induced, and the resulting magneticfield exactly cancels the applied field.

The Meissner effect is distinct from this—it is thespontaneous expulsion which occurs during transition tosuperconductivity. Suppose we have a material in its normalstate, containing a constant internal magnetic field. Whenthe material is cooled below the critical temperature, wewould observe the abrupt expulsion of the internal magneticfield, which we would not expect based on Lenz’s law.A superconductor with little or no magnetic field within it issaid to be in the Meissner state. The Meissner state breaksdown when the applied magnetic field is too large.Superconductors can be divided into two classes accordingto how this breakdown occurs. In Type I superconductors,superconductivity is abruptly destroyed when the strengthof the applied field rises above a critical value H

c. Depending

on the geometry of the sample, one may obtain anintermediate state consisting of a baroque pattern of regionsof normal material carrying a magnetic field mixed withregions of superconducting material containing no field. InType II superconductors, raising the applied field past acritical value H

c1 leads to a mixed state in which an

increasing amount of magnetic flux penetrates the material,but there remains no resistance to the flow of electric currentas long as the current is not too large. At second criticalfield strength H

c2, superconductivity is destroyed. The mixed

state is actually caused by vortices in the electronicsuperfluid, sometimes called fluxons because the fluxcarried by these vortices is quantized. Most pure elementalsuperconductors, except niobium and carbon nanotubes,are Type I, while almost all impure and compoundsuperconductors are Type II.Applications - Superconducting magnets are some of themost powerful electromagnets known. They are used inMRI/NMR machines, mass spectrometers, the beam-steering magnets used in particle accelerators and plasmaconfining magnets in some tokamaks. They can also beused for magnetic separation, where weakly magneticparticles are extracted from a background of less or non-magnetic particles, as in the pigment industries.


Superconductors are used to build Josephson junctionswhich are the building blocks of SQUIDs, the most sensitivemagnetometers known. SQUIDs are used in scanningSQUID microscopes and magnetoencephalography. Seriesof Josephson devices are used to realize the SI volt.Depending on the particular mode of operation, asuperconductor-insulator-superconductor Josephsonjunction can be used as a photon detector or as a mixer.The large resistance change at the transition from thenormal- to the superconducting state is used to buildthermometers in cryogenic micro-calorimeter photondetectors. The same effect is used in ultrasensitivebolometers made from superconducting materials.References:-1. John C. Gallop (1990). SQUIDS, the Josephson Effects

and Superconducting Electronics. CRC Press. pp. 3,20. ISBN 0-7503-0051-5.

2. Anatoly Larkin; Andrei Varlamov (2005). Theory ofFluctuations in Superconductors. Oxford UniversityPress. ISBN 0-19-852815-9.

3. A. G. Lebed (2008). The Physics of OrganicSuperconductors and Conductors. 110 (1st ed.).Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-76667-4.

4. Jean Matricon; Georges Waysand; CharlesGlashausser (2003). The Cold Wars: A History ofSuperconductivity. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-3295-7.

5. Michael Tinkham (2004). Introduction toSuperconductivity (2nd ed.). Dover Books. ISBN 0-486-43503-2.

6. Terry Orlando; Kevin Delin (1991). Foundations ofApplied Superconductivity. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-201-18323-8.

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Mathematics of Cryptography- an Overview

Introduction - Cryptography or cryptology (from Greek êñõðôüò kryptós, “hidden, secret”; and ãñÜöåéí graphein,“writing”, or -ëïãßá -logia, “study”, respectively) is the practiceand study of techniques for secure communication in thepresence of third parties called adversaries. More generally,cryptography is about constructing and analyzing protocols that prevent third parties or the public from readingprivate messages; various aspects in informationsecurity such as data confidentiality, data integrity,authentication, and non-repudiation are central to moderncryptography. Modern cryptography exists at the intersectionof the disciplines of mathematics, computer science,and electrical engineering. Applications of cryptographyinclude military communications, electronic commerce, ATMcards, and computer passwords.History of Cryptography - Cryptography prior to themodern age was effectively synonymous with encryption,the conversion of information from a readable state toapparent nonsense. The originator of an encryptedmessage (Alice) shared the decoding technique needed torecover the original information only with intended recipients(Bob), thereby precluding unwanted persons (Eve) fromdoing the same. The cryptography literature often uses Alice(“A”) for the sender, Bob (“B”) for the intended recipient,and Eve (“eavesdropper”) for the adversary. Since thedevelopment of rotor cipher machines in World War I andthe advent of computers in World War II, the methods usedto carry out cryptology have become increasingly complexand its application more widespread.Mathematics and modern Cryptography - Moderncryptography is heavily based on mathematical theory andcomputer science practice; cryptographic algorithms aredesigned around computational hardness assumptions,making such algorithms hard to break in practice by anyadversary. It is theoretically possible to break such a system,but it is infeasible to do so by any known practical means.These schemes are therefore termed computationallysecure; theoretical advances, e.g., improvements in integerfactorization algorithms, and faster computing technologyrequire these solutions to be continually adapted. Thereexist information-theoretically secure schemes thatprobably cannot be broken even with unlimited computingpower—an example is the one-time pad—but these

Sudhish Kumar *

* Assist ant Professor (Maths.) Govt. College, Khurai, Distt. Sagar (M.P .) INDIA

schemes are more difficult to implement than the besttheoretically breakable but computationally securemechanisms.Legal issues in Cryptographic technology - The growthof cryptographic technology has raised a number of legalissues in the information age. Cryptography’s potential foruse as a tool for espionage and sedition has led manygovernments to classify it as a weapon and to limit or evenprohibit its use and export. In some jurisdictions where theuse of cryptography is legal, laws permit investigatorsto compel the disclosure of encryption keys for documentsrelevant to an investigation. Cryptography also plays a majorrole in digital rights management and copyright infringem-ent of digital media.Terminology of Cryptology - Until modern times,cryptography referred almost exclusively to encryption,which is the process of converting ordinary information(called plaintext) into unintelligible text (called ciphertext). Decryption is the reverse, in other words, moving fromthe unintelligible cipher text back to plaintext.A cipher (or cypher) is a pair of algorithms that create theencryption and the reversing decryption. The detailedoperation of a cipher is controlled both by the algorithmand in each instance by a “key”. The key is a secret (ideallyknown only to the communicants), usually a short string ofcharacters, which is needed to decrypt the cipher text.Formally, a “cryptosystem” is the ordered list of elementsof finite possible plaintexts, finite possible cipher texts, finitepossible keys, and the encryption and decryption algorithmswhich correspond to each key. Keys are important bothformally and in actual practice, as ciphers without variablekeys can be trivially broken with only the knowledge of thecipher used and are therefore useless (or even counter-productive) for most purposes. Historically, ciphers wereoften used directly for encryption or decryption withoutadditional procedures such as authentication or integritychecks. There are two kinds of cryptosystems: symmetric and asymmetric. In symmetric systems thesame key (the secret key) is used to encrypt and decrypt amessage. Data manipulation in symmetric systems is fasterthan asymmetric systems as they generally use shorter keylengths. Asymmetric systems use a public key to encrypt amessage and a private key to decrypt it. Use of asymmetric


systems enhances the security of communication.Examples of asymmetric systems include RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman), and ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography).Symmetric models include the commonly used AES(Advanced Encryption Standard) which replaced the olderDES (Data Encryption Standard).

In colloquial use, the term “code” is often used to meanany method of encryption or concealment of meaning.However, in Cryptography, code has a more specificmeaning. It means the replacement of a unit of plaintext(i.e., a meaningful word or phrase) with a code word (forexample, “wallaby” replaces “attack at dawn”).

Cryptanalysis is the term used for the study of methodsfor obtaining the meaning of encrypted information withoutaccess to the key normally required to do so; i.e., it is thestudy of how to crack encryption algorithms or theirimplementations.Some use the terms cryptography and cryptology interchangeably in English, while others (including USmilitary practice generally) use cryptography to referspecifically to the use and practice of cryptographictechniques and cryptology to refer to the combined studyof cryptography and cryptanalysis. English is more flexiblethan several other languages in which cryptology (done bycryptologists) is always used in the second senseabove. RFC 2828 advises that steganography issometimes included in cryptology.

The study of characteristics of languages that havesome application in cryptography or cryptology (e.g.frequency data, letter combinations, universal patterns, etc.)is called crypto linguistics.Basic terminology/not ation -• P is the plaintext. This is the original readable message(written in some standard language, like English, French,Cantonese, Hindi, Icelandic, . . . ).• C is the cipher text. This is the output of some encryptionscheme, and is not readable by humans.• E is the encryption function. We write, for example,E(P) = Cto mean that applying the encryption process E to theplaintext P produces the cipher text C.• D is the decryption function, i.e.D(C) = P.Note D(E(P)) = P and E(D(C)) = C.The encryption key is piece of data that allows thecomputation of E. Similarly we have the decryption key.These may or may not be the same. They also may not besecret, as we’ll see later on.• To attack a cipher is to attempt unauthorizedreading of plaintext, or to attempt unauthorizedtransmission of cipher text.Number theory and Cryptography - Modular Arithmetic:-Two numbers are equivalent mod n if their difference ismultiple of nExample: 7 and 10 are equivalent mod 3 but not mod 4

7 mod 3 10 mod 3 = 1; 7 mod 4 = 3, 10 mod 4 = 2.

Modulo arithmetic – Fermat’s Little Theorem:-If p is prime and 0 < a < p, then Fermat’s theorem states-

ap-1 1 (mod p)

Ex: 3 (5-1) = 81 1 (mod 5)36 (29-1)= 37711171281396032013366321198900157303750656

1 (mod 29)

Every number a has either 2 square roots (

λ

a, -

λ

a ) or 0square roots

Solve x2 a (mod p) where p is a prime number.

1. p mod 4 can be either 1 or 3 – suppose it is 32. Then p = 4t + 3 where t is some positive integer

3. but a(p-1)/2 1 mod p; a(4t+3-1)/2 = 1 mod p; a2t+1 1 mod p

a2t+2 a mod p; a2(t+1) a mod p; (at+1)2 a mod p

4. So, if p = 4t + 3, then find the t, the square root of a is at+1

Example:- p=19 = 4*4+3, so t=4. Suppose a is 7?7 mod 19 = 75 mod 19 = 11 mod 19We can check:- 121 mod 19 = 7 mod 19Symmetric Encryption - An encryption procedure issymmetric, if the encrypting and decrypting keys are thesame or it’s easy to derive one from the other. Innonsymmetrical encryption the decrypting key can’t bederived from the encrypting key with any small amount ofwork. In that case the encrypting key can be public whilethe decrypting key stays classified. This kind of encryptionprocedure is known as public-key cryptography,correspondingly symmetric encrypting is called secret keycryptography. The problem with symmetric encrypting isthe secret key distribution to all parties, as keys must alsobe updated every now and then.Symmetric encryption can be characterized as a so calledcryptosystem which is an ordered quintet (P,C,K,E,D),where• P is the finite message space (plaintexts).• C is the finite crypto text space (crypto texts).• K is the finite key space. function space which includes every possible encryptingfunction and D is called the decrypting function space whichincludes every possible decrypting function.• d

k(e

k(w)) = w holds for every message (block) w and key

k. It would seem that an encrypting function must beinjective, so that it won’t encrypt two different plaintexts tothe same crypto-text. Encryption can still be random, andan encrypting function can encrypt the same plaintext toseveral different crypto-texts, so an encrypting function isnot actually a mathematical function. On the other hand,encrypting functions don’t always have to be injectivefunctions, if there’s a limited amount of plaintexts whichcorrespond to the same crypto -text and it’s easy to findthe right one of them. Almost all widely used encryption


procedures are based on results in number theory oralgebra (group theory, finite fields, and commutativealgebra).Towards mobile cryptography - Mobile code technologyhas become a driving force for recent advances indistributed systems. The concept of the mobility ofexecutable code raises major security problems. We candeal with the protection of mobile code from possiblymalicious hosts. We can conceptualize the specificcryptographic problems posed by mobile code, and we areable to provide a solution for some of these problems. Thereare techniques to achieve “non-interactive evaluation withencrypted functions” in certain cases and give a completesolution for this problem in important instances. We canfurther present a way in which an agent might securelyperform a cryptographic primitive-digital signing-in anuntrusted execution environment. Our results are basedon the use of homomorphic encryption schemes andfunction composition techniques.RSA Algorithm - A public-key encryption technology wasdeveloped by RSA Data Security, Inc. The acronym stands

for Rivest, Shamir, and Adelman, the inventors of thetechnique. The RSA algorithm is based on the fact that thereis no efficient way to factor very large numbers. Deducingan RSA key, therefore, requires an extraordinary amountof computer processing power and time. The RSAalgorithm has become the de facto standard for industrial-strength encryption, especially for data sent overthe Internet. It is built into many software products,including Netscape Navigator and Microsoft InternetExplorer. The technology is so powerful that the U.S.government has restricted exporting it to foreign countries.Conclusion - Thus we observe that cryptography has onlyrecent origin that is only in the second half of last century.Mathematics has great application in Cryptography andapplications of cryptography are also increasing its’ reachin various fields with recent being the mobile cryptography.Thus we find great opportunities of research for Computerengineers and other scientists in the field of Cryptography.References:-1. Open ended material in the shape of primary data and

other scholarly Articles found freely on internet.

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* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (gßndXm) amOH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmnd⁄mb`, H$mQ>¤ma (CŒmamI S) ‰mmaV

‡`mJ hX` amJmß H$mR>rH$ H$aZ H$ nbE nH$`m OmVm h°, J´m_rUmß H$rAZn^kVm H$ H$maU CŒmamI S> H$ J´m_rU jÃmß _ß BgH$m C[`mJZht H$ ]am]a h°& `hmß `h EH$ Pm∂S>r H$ È[ _ß AmgmZr g IVmß dg∂S>H$mß H$ nH$Zma —nÓQ>JV hm OmVm h° d [ewAmß _der d ]›Xamß H$m^mOZ hr ]ZVm h°&

4.4.4.4.4. ]mh_r ]mh_r ]mh_r ]mh_r ]mh_r - BgH$m dmZÒ[nVH$ Zm_ g›Q>bm Eng`mnQ>H$m Hw$b E[Egrh° ]mh_r ]yQ>r gÂ[yU© maVdf© _ß [mB© OmVr h° [a›Vw hna¤ma g bH$abJ^J 200 \w$Q> H$r Dß$MmB© [a Bg AnYH$mßeV: XIm OmVm h°& `h^y ‡gmar` AÀ`›V H$m_b bVm hmVr h°, `h Jrbr d Va ^yn_ _ß\°$bVr h° BgH$ [d© gßnY`mß g _yb nZH$ba [•œdr _ß Kwg OmV h° Am°aEH$ ÒdV›Ã [m°Ym ]Z OmV h°, ]mh_r H$ [m°Y H$m ÒdmX ]hwV H$Sw>dmhmVm h°, Bg_ß hmBS≠>mH$mnQ>brZ Zm_H$ jma^, VmOr [nŒm`mß _ßEne`mnQ>H$mgmBS> Zm_ ΩbmBH$mgmBS> hmVm h°, h EH$ ]hwdfr© emH$h°, nOgH$r [nŒm`mß ha df© EH$Ã H$r OmVr h° `h ]wn”dY©H$ Edß]bdY©H$ hmVr h°& AV: BgH$m EH$ÃrH$aU OßJbmß g nH$`m Om gH$Vmh°&]–rZmW _ß Bg 700-Í$[` ‡nV nH$bm H$r Xa g ]Mm OmVm h° `hmßBgH$m Oyg ^r ^r ]hwVm`V _ß ]Zm`m OmVm h°, Om _wª`V: hna¤mag AmVr h°&

5.5.5.5.5. ^r_b ^r_b ^r_b ^r_b ^r_b - BgH$m dmZÒ[nVH$ Zm_ J´rnd`m A[mnOQ>r \$mnb`m Hw$bnQ>nbEgr hmVm h°& CŒmamI S> _ß BgH$r AZH$ ‡OmnV`mß [mB© OmVrh°, BgH$m aem, VZm, [Œm, \$b, bH$∂S>r AmnX g^r C[`mJr hmVr h°`h CŒmamI S> H$ J´m_rU jÃmß _ß IVmß H$ Amg-[mg ]hwV AnYH$_mÃm _ß [m`m OmVm h°& BgH$r H$m_b emImAmß H$m Hy$Q>H$a e°Â[y H$È[ _ß nH$`m OmVm h°& CŒmamI S> _ß ]mbmß H$m YmZ H$ nbE J´m_rU_nhbmEß BgH$m ‡`mJ nH$`m OmVm h° d BgH$ [Œmmß H$m ‡`mJ OmZdamßd _dne`mß H$m nIbmZ _ß nH$`m OmVm h°& BgH$m ‡`mJ CŒmamI S> H$J´m_rU jÃmß _ß ]hwÈ[mß g nH$`m OmVm h°&

6.6.6.6.6. nZJw © S>rnZJw © S>rnZJw © S>rnZJw © S>rnZJw © S>r- BgH$m dmZÒ[nVH$ Zm_ ]mBQ°>d›g nZJw S>r Hw$b-]a]rZgr h°& `h [m°Ym CŒmamI S> _ß 4000 \$rQ> VH$ H$r Dß$MmB© [a[m`m OmVm h°&BgH$r [nŒm`mß, [wÓ[ d N>b Am°fnY H$ È[ _ ß‡`mJ H$r OmVr h°BgH$r [nŒm`mß Om∂S>mß H$r gyOZ (JnR>`m) H$Q>, OmßH$ H$ H$mQ>Z _ßC[`mJr hmVr h° BgH$r [nŒm`mß H$m VnH$`m ]ZmH$a nga H$ ZrM aIZg ga XX© R>rH$ hmVm h° Am°a BgH$ [m°Y H$ [wÓ[mß H$m C[`mJ [nMg,h°Om, ]wIma, `H•$V d hX` H$r ]r_mna`mß H$m R>rH$ H$aZ _ß nH$`m


OmVm h°&7.7.7.7.7. [wZZ©dm [wZZ©dm [wZZ©dm [wZZ©dm [wZZ©dm - BgH$m dmZÒ[nVH$ Zm_ ]mahmnd`m nS>‚`yOm Hw$b-

(Z∑Q>mnOZgr h°) `h gÂ[yU© ^maV _ß 13000\$rQ> H$r Dß$MmB© [a[m`m OmVm h°& `h Ia-[Vdma H$ g_mZ ]agmV _ß AnYH$ [m`mOmVm h°& BgH$ O_rZ g D$[a H$ nhÒg _ß [mQ>ne`_ ZmBQ>≠Q> AnYH$_mÃm _ ß[m`m OmVm h°& nOg H$maU `h _yÃVb d d_ZH$mar Am°fYrH$ È[ _ß ‡`mJ H$r OmVr h°& Bg_ß [wZZ©drZ Zm_H$ EH$ nHß$nMVMa[am jmam^, [mQ>ne`_ ZmBQ>≠Q> Ò_ _ß "bmamBS>-ZmBQ>≠Q> d "bmaQ>[m` OmV h° [mQ>ne`_ ZmBQ>≠Q> H$r C[nÒWnV H$ H$maU `h hX` H$r_mg[ne`mß H$ gßHw$MZ j_Vm H$m ]∂T>m`m OmVm h°& Xygar _yÃbAm°fnY`mß Ohmß eara _ß [mQ>ne`_ ZmBQ>≠Q> H$r _mÃm H$m hm´g H$aVr h°dhr [wZZ©dm _yÃb hmZ H$ gmW-gmW [mQ>ne`_ ‡Xm`H$ h°&

8.8.8.8.8. arR>m arR>m arR>m arR>m arR>m - arR>m H$m dmZÒ[nVH$ Zm_ Ò[mBZS>g _wH$amÒgr JmBaQ>Z h°&arR> H$m [∂S> CŒmamI S> H$ OßJbmß (dZmß) _ß ]hwVm`V _ß [m`m OmVm h°arR> H$r Xm ‡OnV`mß [mB© OmVr h°&

(1) Sapindus Mukorssi - BgH$ OßJbr d•j nh_mb` jÃmß _ß 4000\w$Q> H$r Dß$MmB© VH$ [mE OmV h° [a›Vw CŒma ^maV Ag_ AmnX _ßBgH$ _ZwÓ`mß ¤mam bJmE hwE d•j ]mJ ]JrMmß _ß m Jmßdmß H$ Amg-[mg [mE OmV h°&

(2) Sapindus Trifoliatar - BgH$ d•j ndefV: XnjU maV maV _ßn_bV h° BgH$ \$b 3-3 gmW OwS>∂ hmV h°&CŒmamI S> _ß Sapindus Mukorssi Zm_ H$r ‡OmnV [mB© OmVr h°

Om nH$ OßJbmß _ß [mB© OmVr h° d OmJÈH$Vm H$ A^md _ß CŒmamI S> OßJbr[ew hr Bg Im OmV h°& arR> H$m C[`mJ CŒmamI S> _ß ]mb H$[S>∂ YmZ _ß‡`mJ dm gm]wZ H$ ÒWmZ [a ‡`mJ H$aV h°&9.9.9.9.9. VO[mV VO[mV VO[mV VO[mV VO[mV - BgH$m dmZÒ[nVH$ Zm_ ngZm_mZ_ Q>_mbm h°& `h CÓU

Edß g_erVmÓU ‡Xe _ß 3000 g 6000 \w$Q> H$r Dß$MmB© VH$ V_mb[Ã H$ OßJbr d•j [m` OmV h°& BgH$ gwImE hwE [Œm ]mOmamß _ßVO[mb H$ Zm_ g n]H$V h°& BgH$r [nŒm`mß _ ßEH$ C∂S>Zerb Vb[m`m OmVm h° nOgH$m _wª` KQ>H$ wnOZb h°, BgH$ AnVna∫$ Vm[r©Zd ngfin_H$ EnÎS>hmBS> ^r [m`m OmVm h°&CŒmamI S> H$ J´m_rU jÃmß _ß J´m_rU _nhbmEß BgH$m Kaby C[`mJ_dne`mß H$ Mma H$ È[ _ß ndefV: H$aVr h°& OmJÈH$Vm H$ ]mXCŒmamI S> H$ J´m_rU bmJ Bgg AnYH$ AmnW©H$ bm^ ‡m· H$a gH$Vh°& ∑`mßnH$ IS>∂ _mgmbmß H$ È[ _ß BgH$m ]hw`mV g ‡`mJ nH$`mOmVm h° d Bgg CŒmamI S> H$ J´m_rU jÃmß _ß [wÈf [bm`Z H$mAmgmZr g amH$m Om gH$Vm h° d J´m_rUmß H$m amOJma ^r ‡m· hmgH$Vm h°&

10.10.10.10.10. nJbm` nJbm` nJbm` nJbm` nJbm` - nJbm` H$m dmZÒ[nVH$ Zm_ nQ>ZmÒ[mam H$nS©>\$mnb`m h°Bg A_•Vm ^r H$hm OmVm h°& `h H$^r Z gyIZ dmbr EH$ ]S>r bVmÈ[r Pm∂S>r h°& `h g_w– Vb g bJ^J 1000 \w$Q> H$r Dß$MmB© VH$[mB© OmVr h°& BgH$m VZm H$m\$r _mQ>m hmVm h° XIZ _ß h aÒgr O°gmbJVm h° H$m_b VZ VWm emImAmß _ß H$B© dm`wdr` OS>∂ nZH$bVr h°&Bg [a [rb d ha aßJ H$ \y$b PwS> H$ È[ _ß bJV h°, BgH$ [Œm [mZH$ O°g d ]rO _Q>a H$ XmZ H$ È[ _ß bJV h° dh ]b CŒmamI S> H$OßJbmß _ß d•jmß [a \°$br hwB© AmgmZr g nXImB© XVr h°, nJbm` H$r]b ‡m`: CŒmamI S> H$ OßJb _ß IVmß _ß _∂T>m M≈mZmß AmnX ÒWmZmß _ß

Hw$S>bmH$ma M∂T>Vr hwB© n_bVr h°& BgH$r ndneÓQ> [hMmZ `h h° nH$BgH$r ]mh` N>mb hÎH$ ^ya aßJ H$r H$mJO H$ [aV O°gr hmVr h°IwaMZ [a `h [aV H$ O°g nZH$bVr h° Am°a AßXa g ham JyXm hmVmh°&nJbm` _ß bJ^J 1µ2 ‡nVeV ÒQ>mM© H$ AnVna∫$ AZH$ H$∂S>d O°g

O°d gnH´$` gßKQ>H$ [m` OmV h° nJbm` _ß nJbmBZ Zm_H$ EH$ H$Sw>dmΩbyH$mgmBS> VWm VrZ ‡H$ma H$ EÎH$mbmBS> hmV h° Bg_ß nJbmBn_ZH°$g_ßnYZ [m_naZarZmÀ[naU, Q>rZmÒ[naH$ Z_mH$ O°d gnH´$` [XmW© [m`OmV h° Bg_ß EH$ CS>Zerb Vb hmVm h° Edß dgm EÎH$mhb nJbÒg°b EH$Egmne`b Am`b VWm H$B© ‡H$ma H$ dgm AÂb hmV h° BgH$m Am°fYr`_yÎ` ]hwV AnYH$ hmVm h°11.11.11.11.11. ]h ∂S>m -]h∂S>m -]h∂S>m -]h∂S>m -]h∂S>m - »>gH$m dmZÒ[oVH$ Zm_ Q>ao_Zmob`m ]oboaH$m h°, `h

CŒmamI S> H$ OßJbm|$ _| gd©Ã [m`m OmVm h°& hmß H$ J´m_rU jÃm|$ _|bmJm| H$r CXmgrZVm H$ H$maU BgH$m C[`mJ hm Zht [m`m h° boH$Z`h CŒmamI S> H$ OßJbm|$ g oZïewÎH$ ‡m· hmZ dmbm EH$ A S>mH$ma\$b h°& oOgH$m oH$ ‡`mJ Am°fYr H$ Í$[ _|$ AZH$ amJm|$ H$m XyaH$aZ _| oH$`m OmVm h°& BgH$ \$b $_| Q>oZ>Z ]r1- ogQ>mÒQ>amb Jm°obH$Eog∂S> BbJr Eog∂S>, EoWb J°bQ>, MHw$boMH$ Eog∂S> _°oZQ>b, ΩbyH$mOJ°b∑Q>mO \´ ∑Q>mO VWm a°_ZmO hmV h°& ]rO g M_H$rb [rb aßJ H$moÒWa Vb oZH$bVm h° BgH$m Am°fYr` _yÎ` ]hwV AoYH$ hmVm h°&AZH$ amJm|> O°g- ZÃ amJ, Jb H$ amJ, H$\$$ _|$ C[`mJr hmVm h°&

12.12.12.12.12. neH$mH$mB ©neH$mH$mB ©neH$mH$mB ©neH$mH$mB ©neH$mH$mB ©- BgH$m dmZÒ[nVH$ Zm_ grOb[rnZ`m OmnV dgnOb[rnZEg Hw$b H$m [m°Ym h°& `h CŒmamI S> _ ‡mH•$nVH$ È[ g8000 \$rQ> VH$ ]hwV _mÃm _ß [m`m OmVm h° BgH$ [∏$ \$bmß gAm`wdnXH$ e°Â[y ]Zm`m OmVm h° CŒmamI S> H$ ]mOma _ß \$bmß H$m40-50 Í$0 nH$bm H$ Xm_mß _ß ]Mm OmVm h°&

13.13.13.13.13. [wZZ©dm[wZZ©dm[wZZ©dm[wZZ©dm[wZZ©dm- BgH$m dmZÒ[nVH$ Zm_ ]mahmnd`m nS>‚`yOm h° `hCŒmamI S> _ß 13000 \$rQ> H$r Dß$MmB© [a [m`m OmVm h°& h Ia[VdmaH$ È[ _ß ]agmV _ß AnYH$ [m`m OmVm h° `h ]hwdfr©` ‡gaUerb2-3 _rQ>a bß]m jw[ H$B© H$m_b emImAmß Am°a ‡emImAmß g `w∫$[Œm AmY g EH$ BßM bß] Jmb `m A S>mH$ma, _•Xw am_e Am_Z-gm_Z bJ hmV h° [wÓ[ N>mQ> Jwbm]r N>mQ>-N>mQ> _w S>H$mß H$ g_mZAd•›V hmV h° \$b ) BßM bÂ], [ßM aIr` J´n›W `w∫$ hmV h°& _ybÒWyb —∂T> d ÌdV hmVm h°& dfm©H$mb _ ßBg_ß \$b d \y$b bJV h°°&Bg_ß [wZZ©drZ Zm_H$ EH$ nHß$nMV Ma[am jmam^ [mQ>ne`_ ZmBQ>≠Q>^Ò_ _ß "bmamBS>, ZmBQ>≠Q> Am°a "bmaQ> [mE OmV h°& BgH$m ‡`mJ AZH$]r_mna`mß _ß Am°fYmß H$ È[ _ß nH$`m OmVm h°& CŒmamI S> H$ OßJbmß _ß`h ]hwVm`V _ß [m`m OmVm h°&

14.14.14.14.14. _∏$y/Pybm/N>S>rbm_∏$y/Pybm/N>S>rbm_∏$y/Pybm/N>S>rbm_∏$y/Pybm/N>S>rbm_∏$y/Pybm/N>S>rbm- BgH$m dmZÒ[nVH$ Zm_ [ma_nb`m h°, BgH$r[ma_nb`m d AgnZ`m Zm_ H$r ‡OmnV`mß [mB© OmVr h°& Om nH$ A[Zndn^fi JwU Y_© H$ AmYma [a AZH$ ‡H$ma H$r Am°fYr ]ZmZ _ß_hÀd[yU© hmVr h°& CŒmamI S> H$m gdm©nYH$ Am` _∏$y H$ Ï`m[ma g‡m· hmVr h°, BgH$m ‡`mJ gm]a d Ja_ _gmbm, aßJ amJZ, hdZgm_J´r ]ZmZ _ß d anOZmBS> nZH$mbZ _ß nH$`m OmVm h°, Om gwJ›Yr_ß ‡`mJ nH$`m OmVm h°& CŒmamI S> H$ ‡W_ J´S> H$ _∏$y H$m \´$mßg H$mnZ`m©V nH$`m OmVm h°, Bg ‡H$ma _∏$y H$ ¤mam CŒmamI S> H$r AmnW©H$Am` H$m _O]yVr ‡m· hmVr h°&


Bg ‡H$ma oX XIm OmE Vm CŒmamI S> ‡mH•$oVH$ gÂ[Xm H$r —oÔ> g]hwV hr gÂ[fi am¡` H$hm OmE Vm AoVÌ`mo∫$ Z hmJr hmß am¡` _ß ‡H•$oV¤mam oZïewÎH$ ‡XV hr BVZr gÂ[Xm h° oH$ òX `hmß H$ am¡`dmgr BggÂ[Xm H$m `WmoMV C[`mJ H$a|$ Vm `hmß g [bm`Z H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm hrZht hmJr& ∑`m|oH$ odoYH$ —oÔ> g CŒmamI S> _| dZ jÃ H$r oÒWoV Bg‡H$ma h° -1 AmanjV dZ - 46.08 ‡nVeV2 gßanjV dZ - 18.48 ‡nVeV3 nZOr dZ - 0.23 ‡nVeV4 _°a dZ jÃ - 35.21 ‡nVeV

Bg ‡H$ma `nX am¡` _ß XIm OmE Vm dZ jÃ AnYH$ h° d am¡` dZgÂ[Xm H$r —nÓQ> g AÀ`›V YZr h°& nOg H$maU Bg dZ gÂ[Xm _ß CfiVH$hm Om gH$Vm h°&

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ

1. CŒmamI S> B©à ]wH$ 2011 - [•ÓR> gß0-3932. CŒmamI S> B©à ]wH$ 2013 - [•ÓR> gß0-4033. CŒmamI S> B©à ]wH$ 2011 - [•ÓR> gß0-4024. Am`wdX- [•ÓR> g•0-118, 150, 164, 201, 321

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_hmod⁄mb` N>mÃmAm| H$m Ob gßajU H$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$VmH$m A‹``Z H$aZm

S>m∞. gwf_m e_m© * o‡ ßH$m JhbmV**

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‡XŒm odÌbfU - ‡XŒm odÌbfU - ‡XŒm odÌbfU - ‡XŒm odÌbfU - ‡XŒm odÌbfU - ‡ÒVwV emY H$m`© hVw _hmod⁄mb` N>mÃmAmß H$m ObgßajU H$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm H$m A‹``Z hVw ‡oVeV _mZ ‡oVeV _mZ ‡oVeV _mZ ‡oVeV _mZ ‡oVeV _mZ H$m C[`mJoH$`m J`m&[naUm_, oZÓH$f© Edß oddMZm - [naUm_, oZÓH$f© Edß oddMZm - [naUm_, oZÓH$f© Edß oddMZm - [naUm_, oZÓH$f© Edß oddMZm - [naUm_, oZÓH$f© Edß oddMZm - ‡ÒVwV emY A‹``Z g oZÂZ [naUm_‡m· hwE-1. Hw$b 90 ‡óVeV N>mÃmE± Bg ]mV g gh_V h° oH$ Ob gßajU AmO

H$ wJ H$r _m±J h°& Bgg kmV hmVm h° oH$ N>mÃmE± Ob gßajU H$ obEOmJÍ$H$ h° &

2. Ob gßajU g gß]ßoYV ôdÓ` H$r `mOZm ]ZmZ H$ gß]ßY _|$ 78‡oVeV N>mÃmAmß Z gh_oV OVm`r, oOgg Ob gßajU g gß]ßoYVôdÓ` H$r `mOZm ]ZmZ H$ gß]ßY _ß CZH$r OmJÍ$H$Vm H$m kmZhmVm h° &

3. Ob gßajU od^mJ H$r OmZH$mar H$ odf` _ß 75 ‡oVeV N>mÃmAmßZ A[Zr gh_Vr OVmB©, O]oH$ 25 ‡oVeV N>mÃmAmß H$m BgH$rOmZH$mar Zht Wr&

4. Hw$b 86 ‡oVeV N>mÃmE± Ob gßajU g gß]ßoYV odefkm| H$_mJ©Xe©Z H$m AmdÌ`H$ _mZVr h° &

‡ÒVwV emY H$ oZÓH$f© Í$[ _ h_ H$h gH$V h¢ oH$ N>mÃmE± Ob gßajU H$obE OmJÍ$H$ h°& C›hmßZ Ob gßajU g gß]ßoYV ôdÓ` H$r `mOZm ]ZmaIr h°& Ob gßajU g gß]ßoYV ‡oejU H$m°eb d [am_e© H$m AmdÌ`H$g_PVr h°& Ob gßajU g [•œdr [a [`m©· _mÃm _ß Ob H$r C[b„YVm]Zr ahJr & Ob H$r C[b„YVm H$ MbV \$gb CÀ[mXZ _ß d•o¤ hmJroOgg oH$gmZmß H$r AmoW©H$ Xem ^r gwYaJr VWm Xe H$r AW© Ï`dÒWm^r _O]yV hmJr &

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. Devadas, R. P. (1958). The meaning of home science.

Coimbatore: Sri Avinashilingam Home Science Col-lege.

2. Malaviya, R. (2007). Evolution of home scienceeducation: the metamorphosis. University News. 45(08), 1-7.

3. University Grants Commission (2001). UGC modelcurriculum: Home Science: post graduateprogrammes.New Delhi: University GrantsCommission.

4. University Grants Commission (2001). UGC modelcurriculum: Home Science: undergraduateprogrammes. New Delhi: University GrantsCommission.

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Abstract - The empowerment of the women is a highly significant issue of our times. Woman empowerment is themost important instrument for the socio-economic development of a nation. Women play a very strategic role in thedevelopment of society. Women should have political. Economic and social empowerment. The social empowermentof women includes better status in the family, freedom for marriage, right to property, social mobility, social freedom,family welfare, social transformation and gender equity. The economic empowerment of women includes ownershipand control of research right to property, employability, and improvement in the standard of living, fulfilment of basicneeds, entrepreneurship development and improvement of bargaining power of women. The political empowermentincludes political reservation, political participation and political leadership development of women. That is why theneed for NGOs working towards women empowerment and development is so vital in India. Women play a verystrategic role in the development of society. That is why the need for NGOs working towards women empowermentand development is so vital in India.Keywords - Women Empowerment, economic empowerment, social empowerment, political empowerment, NGO.

Dimensions Of Women Empowerment And NonGovernment Organisation

Introduction - The role and status of men and women aregoverned by cultural practices. In India status of women isvery low. Thus when we talk of women’s development andtheir sustainability, the word comes, empower means togive or to give power, for sustainable development we mustemphasis on women empowerment

Bringing women into the main stream is one of themajor challenges for every government. WomenEmpowerment is most vital system to strengthen the futureof women in India. The government of India came up in thenew millennium by declaring the year 2001 partners likemen. Empowerment of women would mean equippingwoman to be economically independent, self-reliant, havepositive esteem to enable them to face any difficult reaction.NGOs have emerged as the tool that wields power to createa socio, economic revolution in the rural and urban areasof our country. Emancipation of women is a pre-requisitefor nation’s economic development and social upliftment.

The empowerment of women through self help groups(SHGs) would lead to benefits not only to the individualwomen, but also for the family and community as a wholethrough collective action for development self help groupshave linkages with NGOs (Non Government Organization)and banks to get finance for development. NGOs focus ondevelopment and empowerment of woman in the rural areabut also in the urban areas NGOs are recognized for theirrole in developing new initiatives, new programmes orcomponents of programmes, new approaches, to address

Dr. M. D. Somani * Bhavana Nahar **

* Commerce Dep artment, Mat a Jija Bai Govt. Girls P .G. College, Indore (M.P .) INDIA** Research Scholar (Commerce) Devi Ahilya V ishwidyalaya, Indore (M.P.) INDIA

development problems and issues. NGOs are playing asignificant role in the empowerment of disadvantagewomen, helping them stand on their oven through suchprogramme as socio-economic programmes, vocationaltraining and other similar programs. In the present timesnon-government organizations and other institutions arecalled upon to work together to achieve the goal ofempowerment of women in India.Objective Of The S tudy - The study has followingobjectives :1. To study the dimensions of Women Empowerment.2. To study the role of NGO in Women Empowerment.Non Government Organization ; A New Strategy ForWomen Empowerment :1. Confidence and mutual respect for women striving for

social change2. A vehicle for the promotion of economic activities3. A framework for awareness raising, confidence

building, self- reliance.The concept of empowerment moves from the power.

Power is the upright of the term empowerment.Empowerment is a lively multidimensional process thatallows women to know their full identity and powers in allera of life. There is distinct meaning of term empowermentin distinct socio-cultural and political contexts, and doesnot convert easily into all languages. An investigation oflocal terms linked with empowerment around the worldalways leads to lively discussion. These terms involve self-


strength, control, self-power, self-reliance, own choice, lifeof dignity in context with one’s values, capability of fightingfor one’s rights, independence, own decision making, beingfree, awakening, and capability to mention only a few.Dimensions Of W omen Empowerment - Empowermentis of central value; it also has instrumental value.Empowerment is appropriate at both the individual andcollective level, and can be economic, social, or political.Economic Empowerment - Economic empowerment isthe capacity of women and men to participate in, contributeto and benefit from growth processes in ways whichrecognize the value of their contributions, respect theirdignity and make it possible to negotiate a fairer distributionof the benefits of growth. Economic empowermentincreases women’s access to economic resources andopportunities including jobs, financial services, property andother productive assets, skills development and marketinformation

Economic empowerment is not only a process but it isalso a stage which is to be acquired by making strategiesfocusing on building credit worthiness and financialindependence among women by eliminating all the gender-specific barriers which stop women from gaining access totheir rightful share in every spheres of life. As a result, inthe development discourse, most of the poverty alleviatingprogrammes carries an implied agenda of womenempowerment, which starts with access to credit andparticipation in income generation which was accepted assure strategies for economic empowerment.

Therefore, economic empowerment is an essentialcondition for enabling women to seek justice and equality,because due to the lack of economic strength, women willnot be able to exercise their rights and entitlements. Inabsence of sound income security, people lack real libertyto make rational choices and to become sociallyresponsible. Economic empowerment is not only a processbut also the stage which is to be achieved by makingstrategies emphasizing on building credit worthiness andfinancial autonomy among women by removing all thegender-specific barriers which create a hurdle for womenfrom gaining access to their rightful share in every spheresof life. Therefore, in the development discussion, most ofthe poverty alleviating programmes has an implied plan ofwomen empowerment, which initiates with access to creditand participation in income yielding which wasacknowledged as sure strategies for economicempowerment.

Economic Empowerment is to ensure provision oftraining, employment and income generation activities withboth forward and backward linkages with the ultimateobjective of making all potential women economicallyindependent and self-reliant; and economic empowermentis a necessary condition for enabling women to seek justiceand equality, because without economic strength, womencannot be able to exercise their rights and entitlements. Itis proved by the recent studies on development issues that

the sustainable development is only possible by makingwomen an equally important epitome of the developmentprocess.

In economic empowerment women are given herobligations in economy, it is directly related with the statusof women’s at the society same as the man by voidinginjustice and equality. In political empowerment the womenshould have place in peasant and national meet andconcluded one woman have one vote, personalempowerment belonging to exemptions of women in theirown matters. That’s all brings evolution in the economy.Social Empowerment - Social empowerment related tothe high social place of women in the society. It is mostlyapposed that providing access of money to the womenproves as unsuccessful tool for getting women’sempowerment till it have connectivity with varieties ofprocess like awareness training which greatly influence theawareness of women’s subordination, ideas of our ownworth and on the understanding of empowering women.Social empowerment has similarity of behaviour, similarityof esteem, similarity of prospect and similarity of grade.Through social empowerment there is a construction ofallowed coverage by different confirmatory developmentalschemes and policies for the expansion of women for gavethem simple and justify access of all necessary suitabilitywhich gave them authority to appreciate their actualpotentials.Political Empowerment - Political empowerment is thatregular activity which pushes the women’s for mobilisingand removing the hurdles and the involvement of their intaking the decisions for more awareness and the judgmentin removal developmental road blockers. Now all thegovernmental and non-governmental areas have theinvolvement of women’s judgment process and strength.As all we know that now there is the participation of womenin banks, gram panchayats, at the legislative, ministerialand sub- ministerial levels along with the top levels of thecorporate sector and other social and economic institutions.There are many progressive hurdles along with health,nutrition; family earning and learning is highlighted aswomen involvement in Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRI),Village Development Boards and other government bodies.The political participation of women is proves that thewomen have the leadership skills, which manage all thesituations for the social placement along with the strengthof taking right place in the society.

To understand the above dimensions 100 women wereasked to fill in a questionnaire consisting of variousdimensions of women empowerment. They were asked togive their opinion regarding the various aspects of womenempowerment and what is a part of it and what is not. Thevarious dimensions included were as follows1. Educating the Rural Women2. Supplementation of Government Efforts3. Efforts Organizing the Rural Women4. Building various Model and Experiment


5. Ensure Women’s Participation in their empowerment6. Mobilizing the optimum Resources7. Promoting Rural Leadership8. Representing the Rural Women9. Promoting Technology in Rural areas10. Activating the Rural Delivery System11. Providing effective & efficient Training to Rural Women.12. Monitoring and Evaluation.13. Impact assessment.14. Planning and ImplementationThe data showed the following : Dimensions of W omen Empowerment Percent age Educating the Rural Women 67 Supplementation of Government Efforts 86 Efforts Organizing the Rural Women 64 Building various Model and Experiment 50 Ensure Women’s Participation in their 79 empowerment Mobilizing the optimum Resources 86 Promoting Rural Leadership 76 Representing the Rural Women 80 Promoting Technology in Rural areas 64 Activating the Rural Delivery System 45 Providing effective & efficient Training 63 to Rural Women Monitoring and Evaluation 72 Impact assessment 56 Planning and Implementation 70

It was found that most of the women felt that the NGOstook care that the women are empowered and feel thatsome change is happening for their betterment. It was alsofound that there are some aspects that are more obviouswhen it comes to women empowerment and there areothers that are still to be worked on.Role Of N GO For Sust ainable Development Of W omen :1. The groups can provide many activities that will benefit

in present and for future use.2. Through NGOs they can empowerment in social,

economic and political level.3. Through NGOs the women develop self confidence of

family and society.4. Through NGOs they can provide many activities that

will benefit in present and future too.The growth of this sector consisting of non-government

organizations engaged in social welfare and developmentactivities has been accelerated in recent years by severalfactors increase in fund availability for social causes,positive public perception of the capacity of the voluntarysector to address social concerns and increasingawareness of the limitations of state and public agenciesto reach out effectively to sections of society needingtransformation. Women’s non-profit organizations have longplayed an important role in the lives of women in manyparts of the world. In India, well-educated and affluentwomen found socially sanctioned work outside the homein the voluntary sector. They worked as volunteers under

the aegis of religious organizations and for social servicenonprofits dedicated to the alleviation of poverty.Suggestions for the growth of women empowermentwith the help of NGO :1. There should be a continuous attempt to inspire,

courage and motivate women with the help of NGOs.2. Organize training programs to develop production

process, marketing, financial and other skills .This willencourage women empowerment.

3. Vocational training to be extended to womencommunity.

4. Educational institutes should tie with variousgovernments and NGO to assist womenempowerment.

5. NGO and government organizations should spreadinformation about policies, plan and strategies on thedevelopment of women in various fields. Womenshould utilize the various schemes provided by thegovernment.

Conclusion - NGO helps to make gender equality andresolute fights to secure women’s rights in all waysthroughout of life. NGO are promoting employment byworking with women by organizing training programmesfor the income building activities. NGO have put inintervention strategies to various ends to empower thewomen and girls to improve their lives.

However, for a significant impact in the present era ofliberalisation and globalisation where in market forces adopta key role, it becomes essential for the NGO sector to takea lead in helping women the challenges posed by the systemand this study reveals that the NGOs have been able toprovide empowerment to certain extent. NGOs have helpedthe women by providing access to the system, informationon market opportunities, training facilities, information onsources of credit, etc.

Women, although constitute half of humanity, aresocially, economically and politically marginalized. Thenature of empowerment can be diverse, depending uponthe parameters that define the lack of power within theinstitutional framework in operation. For the past severaldecades, national governments, non-governmentalorganizations and international agencies have been awareand concerned about the status of women. Empowermentis a process of internal change, or power within,augmentation of capabilities, or power to, and collectivemobilization of women, and when possible men, or powerwith, to the purpose of questioning and changing thesubordination connected with gender, or power over. Theconcept of participation in NGO’s programme is related toinvolvement in programmes that are organized by NGOsto improve the community situation. After joining NGO’s,drastic changes are seen in the life style and living standardof women. Now women have started earning money,becoming independent and self motivated. They can taketheir own decisions in some matters and give theirsuggestions in family concerns. NGOs help women for their


empowerment.Written by Kaiser, Empowerment is not giving people

power, people already have plenty of power, in the wealthof their knowledge and motivation, to do their jobsmagnificently. It encourages people to gain the skills andknowledge that will allow them to overcome obstacles inlife or work, help them develop within themselves or in thesociety.References :-1. R.K. Rao (2001) Women and Education, Delhi.2. Women’s Education India (1995-98) Present status

perspective plan, statistical indicators with global view,Vol 111 Concept Publication Co., New Delhi.

3. Malhotra, Anju, Sidney Ruth Schuler and Carol

Boender (2002) Measuring Women’s Empowermentas a Variable to International Development, WorldBank, Washington D.C.

4. Das vijayalakshami; formation of saving and creditgroup for poor women, IWWB, Ahmadabad.

5. Behuria A. 2004. Woman empowerment through SelfHelp Groups, Human touch, 1 (5).

6. Bhuyan. D. 2011. Empowerment of Indian women: AChallenge of 21st Century, Orissa Review, pp. 60-63.

7. Ramakrishna. H. 2013. The Emerging Role of NGOsin Rural Development of India, International Journal ofSocial Science & Interdisciplinary Research, Vol. 2 (4).

8. N.L. Gupta (2003) Women’s Education through Age,concept, population Co, New Delhi.

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Abstract - Rupee has been depreciating for a long period. A country like India is heavily dependent on oil import, wehave seen imbalance in our Balance of payment due to the high depreciation of the Indian Rupee. India established afloat exchange regime, with the Rupee’s effective rate placed on a controlled, floating basis and linked to a “basket ofcurrencies” of India’s major trading partners. More recently, the Indian Rupee has been depreciating in step formation,but roughly in line with the fall in its Purchasing Power Parity since the early 1980s. for this study I have taken 2 IT and2 Oil companies for time series of 6 years.

Comparative Analysis Of Rupee Depriciation On IT AndOIL Companies In Period Of (2006-2011)

Introduction - The Indian Rupee is the original officialcurrency of India. The issuance of the currency is controlledby the Reserve Bank of India. The Indian rupee symbol “ “(officially adopted in 2010) is derived from the Devanagari

consonant “a“ (Ra) with an added horizontal bar. The symbolcan also be derived from the Latin consonant “R” byremoving the vertical line, and adding two horizontal bars(like the symbols for the Japanese Yen and the Euro). Thefirst series of coins with the rupee symbol was launched on8 July 2011.

The English translation of “Rupee” is “silver,” and thename exists because it was previously a silver coin. Thisvery fact had severe consequences in the 19th century,when the strongest economies in the world were on thegold standard. The discovery of vast quantities of silver inthe U.S. and various European colonies resulted in a declinein the relative value of silver to gold.

Suddenly, the standard currency of India could not buyas much from the outside world. Such circumstances ledto what is now referred to as “the fall of the Rupee.” Duringthe period 1950-1951 until mid-December 1973, Indiafollowed an exchange rate regime with the Rupee linked tothe Pound Sterling, except for the devaluations in 1966 and1971. When the Pound Sterling floated on June 23, 1972,the Rupee’s link to the British unit was maintained-thus,paralleling the Pound’s depreciation and de factodevaluation. In 1975, the Rupee’s ties to the Pound Sterlingwere disengaged.

While the PPP was 15 around 1982, the actualexchange rate was 9.30 per US dollar. After the devaluation,the Rupee underwent the change from a controlled regimeto a “Managed” or “Dirty” float regime, where the marketsupposedly determines the exchange rate.Rupee Depreciation - Rupee depre-ci-a-tion means that

Jyot sana Verma * Dr. Rajeev Kumar Jhalani **

*Lecturer , Rukma Devi Pannalal Ladhha Maheshwari College, D.A.V .V., Indore (M.P.) INDIA**Princip al, Rukma Devi Pannalal Ladhha Maheshwari College, D.A.V .V., Indore (M.P.) INDIA

rupee has become less valu-able with respect to dol-lar. Ifthe rupee moves upward from 30 per dol-lar to 40 per dol-larthen rupee is said to depre-ci-ate. It means that rupee isnow cheaper than what it used to be ear-lier, so if the dol-larwas Rs 30 and now it reached 40.Rupee Fluctuation From 2006 T o 2011 (Graph see inthe last p age)

levels. companies that have foreign borrowings on theirbooks will see a negative impact on their profits. On theother hand, Indian companies (like those from the IT andpharmaceutical sectors) that are major exporters, willbenefit from the falling rupee.Causes of Depreciation -1. Withdrawal by FII’ s - The main driver of rupeedepreciation in the last three months has been the withdrawal of funds by foreign institutional investors (FIIs)from domestic economy. The rather pessimistic view of FIIsis being governed by global developments. FIIs haveregistered a net sales position of US $ 1,581 million,between August and November so far. ( Graph See in thelast p age)2. Strengthening of Dollar - As these downbeat forceshave played strong over the last few months, investor risk-appetite has contracted, thereby increasing thedemand for safe haven such as US treasury, gold and thegreenback. The Euro has depreciated 6.55% against thedollar in the last three months which has in turn made thedollar stronger vis-à-vis other currencies, including the rupee. With winter, the demand for oil andconsequently dollar is only expected to move furtherupwards. Domestic oil importers have also contributed tothis strengthening to meet higher oil import bills.1. Widening Current Account Deficit - The current account balance is composed of trade balance and net


earnings from invisibles. While earnings from invisibleshave been quite robust this year (growth of 17% y-o-y),the trade account has deteriorated on unfavourable termsof tradeFurthermore on a quarterly basis, even invisibles earnings have registered some decline. With contributionof exporters remaining on the sidelines and earningsfrom invisibles continuing to decline, a further widening of the CAD would result in outflow of dollars from the Indian economy accentuating the depreciation inrupee2. Decline in other Capit al Flows - Foreign DirectInvestments (FDI), External Commercial Borrowings (ECBs) and Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds(FCCBs) have maintained robust trends this year, when compared with net inflows in FY11. However, on amonth-on- month basis, ECBs and FCCBs have registered slowdown. A prospective decline in these other inflows on the capital account of the balance of payments could cause further depreciation in rupee.Review Of Related Leterature -Krishnas in Economy , Indian Economy - The past twoweeks have been disastrous for the rupee value againstdollar currency. The same time last month (22-Aug-2011),rupee value against dollar was 44.5 – 45.0 range, at thistime of writing this article it is hovered to the range of 49.0– 50.0. It is expected to raise further which would result inweakening the rupee value against the dollar currency. Thiskind of increase would have the drastic impact on the macroeconomy of the country like heavy raise in the import costwhere countries like India heavily depends on the importingon Oil and other crucial raw materials needs for theindustries.Mr Sujit Sircar , Chief Financial Officer , iGATE Patni -The rupee could rise to 50 levels in the near-term; the ITindustry looks for stability in the currency; and even asrevenue rises with a depreciating rupee, costs for the IndianIT companies also shoot up. Operationally, I think that therupee depreciation will impact the October to Decemberquarter results of IT companies positively. There could bea 2 to 3 per cent gain in profitability. However, it must benoted that there will be a hedging loss that will need to beabsorbed in the bottom-line.Alan Greene, V ice President and Senior Credit Officerat Moody’ s - Moody’s investor service on Wednesday saidin a report that a sharp decline in rupee exerts pressure onoil marketing companies such as Indian Oil Corporation,HPCL and BPCL and companies with foreign currency debtfaces direct impact of the weaker currency.

“Energy constitutes the largest portion of India’s importbill, and IOC, together with the other unrated Indian refiningand marketing companies BPCL and HPCL, which importoil to supplement their small amounts of domesticproduction, have the most direct exposure to a weaker localcurrency,”.Vijay Bhambwani, Author , CEO, BSPLindia.com - Thepure oil marketing company plays first, HP, BPCL and IOC.

Of these, BPCL and HPCL might fall as compared to IOC.Although it appears weak on the charts and is resisting aprecipitous decline in the absolute near term but is definitelya short sell. As far as Reliance is concerned, Reliance isalso facing tremendous amount of pressure. Levels of Rs720-725 band is what I would watch out for. If that isbreached, Reliance is into a very bad time then. The stockmay even go all the way to Rs 660 or Rs 680.Objectives -1. To study the impact of currency depreciation.2. To measure effect of currency depreciation on account

of OIL and IT company.3. To study the factors arising out because of currency

depreciation.Methodology - The methodology is based on secondarydata. I will use exchange rates and time as independentvariables(X) and profit of TCS, Infosys, IOC and HP asdependent variables(Y). For showing the impact of depen-dent variables on independent variables I will use Regres-sion Analysis. In Regression Analysis I will calculate R-square (Coefficient of determination), Coefficient, Standarderror, T stat, Significance.R-square - Measures the proportion of the variation in thedependent variable that was explained by variations in theindependent variables.

Std error of the estimate measures the dispersion ofthe dependent variables estimate around its mean.Compare this to the mean of the “Predicted” values of thedependent variable. If the Std. Error is more than 10% ofthe mean, it is high.

The table “Coefficient s” provides information on theconfidence with which we can support the estimate for eachsuch estimate.

If the value in “Sig.” is less than 0.05, then we canassume that the estimate is true with a 95% level ofconfidence. Always interpret the “Sig” value first. If thisvalue is more than 0 .1 then the coefficient estimate is notreliable because it has “too” much dispersion/variance.The standard error here refers to the estimated standarddeviation of the error term u.

After regression analysis I will calculate percentgrowth rate of all the companies from the period of 6 years(2006 to 2011). I will use the formula of percent growth rateie. Final value – Initial value divided by Initial value thenmultiply by 100.

Analysis Of Dat aRegression Analysis Of TCS Profit

year ex rates (X) Time TCS profit(cr)Y32006 45.1768 1 4445.232007 41.341 22008 43.6193 32009 48.4237 42010 45.7152 52011 46.8466 6 7569.994161.654508.76


4696.215618.51Dependent V ariable: TCS Profit (See in the last p age)

Here r^2 explain 71% of dependent variable isexplained by independent variable.

Std error explain the difference(error) between theactual value and expected value of exchange rate(193) andtime(256).Significance explain the level of significance(5%) in theexchange rate and time.

Regression Analysis Of Infosys Profityear ex rates (X) Time INFY profit(cr)Y42006 45.1768 1 43952007 41.341 2 40952008 43.6193 3 44702009 48.4237 4 58192010 45.7152 5 58032011 46.8466 6 6443Dependent V ariable: Infosys Profit (See in the last p age)

Here r^2 explain 97% of dependent variable isexplained by independent variable.

Std error explain the difference(error) between theactual value and expected value of exchange rate(41) andtime(54).

Significance explain the level of significance(5%) inthe exchange rate and time.Regression Analysis Of Indian Oil Corporation Profityear ex rates (X) Time IOC profit(cr)Y52006 45.1768 1 6412.562007 41.341 2 7525.062008 43.6193 3 6962.582009 48.4237 4 2949.552010 45.7152 5 10220.552011 46.8466 6 7445.48Dependent V ariable: Indian Oil Corporation Profit (Seein the last p age)

Here r^2 explain 49% of dependent variable isexplained by independent variable.Std error explain the difference(error) between the actualvalue and expected value of exchange rate(471) andtime(625).

Significance explain the level of significance(5%) inthe exchange rate and time.Regression Analysis Of Hindust an Petroleumcorporation Profit

year ex rates (X) Time HP profit(cr)Y62006 45.1768 1 956.262007 41.341 2 1268.192008 43.6193 3 726.272009 48.4237 4 574.982010 45.7152 5 1301.372011 46.8466 6 1539.01Dependent V ariable: Hindust an Petroleum corporationProfit (See in the last p age)

Here r^2 explain 44% of dependent variable isexplained by independent variable.Std error explain the difference(error) between the actualvalue and expected value of exchange rate(77) andtime(103).

Significance explain the level of significance(5%) inthe exchange rate and time.Year On Year Growth Of All The Comp anies (See in thelast p age)Findings - The profits of IT and OIL companies are notfluctuating due to fluctuation in the exchange rate. Thefluctuation in profit is measured by other factors likesubsidies of govt. because when exchange rate is decliningthe profit of TCS is increasing but at the same time theprofit of Infosys is moving according to the fluctuation inthe exchange rate. On the other hand fluctuation in profitof IOC and HP is not moving according to fluctuation in theexchange rate.

Hence I can say that the impact of fluctuation inexchange rate is not alone can affect the profit of IT andOIL companies.Conclusion - In research of comparative analysis of rupeedepreciation on IT and OIL companies I have usedsecondary data for calculating impact of fluctution inexchange rate in profit of TCS, Infosys, IOC, HP with thehelp of time series data of 6 years from 2006 to 2011.For calculating the impact I have used regression analysisand percent growth rate in profit of all the companies withexchange rate and time.After calculating all the impact I have shown percent growthrate with the help of scattered line chart .References :-1. www.bseindia.com2. www.nseindia.com3. www.moneycontrol.com4. www.rbi.org.in5. www.economictimes.indiatimes.com6. finmin.nic.in7. planningcommission.nic.in


Rupee Fluctuation From 2006 T o 2011

Dependent V ariable: Hindust an Petroleum corporation ProfitCoefficient Std. Error T Stat Sig. R2

Intercept 4844.603 3331.591 1.454141 0.241885 0.447529Exchange Rate -95.6259 77.89236 -1.22767 0.307115Time 153.5619 103.2671 1.487036 0.233719

Dependent V ariable: Indian Oil Corporation ProfitCoefficient Std. Error T Stat Sig. R2

Intercept 38771.06 20175.3 1.921709 0.150385 0.493905Exchange Rate -770.112 471.6972 -1.63264 0.201049Time -770.112 625.3604 1.346583 0.270813

Dependent V ariable: Infosys ProfitCoefficient Std. Error T Stat Sig. R2

Intercept -3657.219697 1770.723144 -2.06538 0.130819 0.977085123Exchange Rate 168.1587667 41.39938329 4.061866 0.026904Time 351.2702928 54.88591847 6.400008 0.007727

Dependent V ariable: TCS ProfitCoefficient Std. Error T Stat Sig. R2

Intercept 3081.60893 8274.49999 0.372422 0.734332 0.712656089Exchange Rate 1.572694004 193.4572312 0.008129 0.994024Time 575.4430255 256.4791302 2.243625 0.110589

Year On Year Growth Of All The Comp aniesYear YOY Profit YOY Profit OF YOY Profit YOY Profit

OF TCS(cr) INFOSYS(cr) OF IOC(cr) OF HP(cr)2006 Nil Nil Nil Nil2007 -6.37 -6.83 17.35 32.622008 8.34 9.16 -7.47 42.732009 4.16 30.18 -57.65 -20.832010 19.64 -0.27 246.51 126.332011 34.73 11.03 -27.15 18.26


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Abstract - Rural Women in MP are extensively involved in different type of agricultural activities. About 20 to 70% ofthe rural women are involved in agricultural production and post harvest activities. The agricultural activities in whichthe women play a very leading role in the state are transplantation, weeding, threshing, reaping, looking after the farmcattle and other live stock (goat rearing etc.) collecting fodder, watering fruits plants, preparing and transporting manureand other inputs to the field. They also help in constructing and repairing of irrigation channels and storage facilities.A sample of 80 farm women belonging to 3 different villages of Khandwa District were selected by using randomsampling technique with the objective of studying different activities performed and the problems being faced by themin doing these activities. For data collection interview schedule, field observation and case studies were framed. Datawas analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively.The data has ben collected through likert’s five [5] point scale structuredquestionnaire from 80 women farmers of Khandwa District in MP State.Keywords - Agriculture Production, activities performed by women, problem faced by women.

A Study of Agricultural Activities Performed by RuralWomen and Problems faced by them in Khandwa District

of M.P. State

Introduction - Swaminathan, the famous agriculturalscientist describes that it was women who first domesticatedcrop plants and therby initiated the art and science offarming. While men went out hunting in search of food,woman started gathering seeds from the native flora andbegan culvating those of interest from the point of view offood, feed, fodder, fibre and fuel. Woman have played andcontinue to play a key role in the conservation of basic lifesupport systems such as land, water, flora and fauna. Theyhave protected the health of the soil through organicrecycling and promoted crop security through themaintenance of varietal diversity and genetic resistance.

That women play a significant and crucial role inagricultural devlopement and allied fields including in themain crop production, livestock production, horticulture, postharvest operations, agro/ social forestry, fisheries etc. thenature and extent of women’s involvement in agriculture,no doubt, varies greately from region . Even within a region,their involvement varies widely among different ecologicalsub-zones, farming systems, castes, classes and stagesin the family cycles. But regardless of these variations, therehardly any activity in agricultural production, except plough-ing in which women are not actively involved. Studies onwomen in agriculture conducted in India and otherdeveloping and under developed countries all point to theconclusion that women contribute far more to agriculturalproduction than has generally been acknowledged.Recognition of their crucial role in agriculture should not

Neha Purohit * Dr. Shailendra Mishra **

*Research Scholar , School of Commerce, D.A.V .V., Indore (M.P .) INDIA** Professor , School of Commerce, D.A.V .V., Indore (M.P.) INDIA

obscure the fact that farm women continue to be concernedwith their primary function as wives, mothers & homemakers.

Women are active partners in farming and undertakemanagement along with men. There are certain unit operat-ions in production agriculture in which women dominate inproduction agriculture, post harvest management and agroprocessing.Literature review:1. Grover ( 2004 ) The agriculture policy 2000 highlightsincorporation of greater issues in agriculture. The nationalpolicy on empowerment of women stream need to maintainstream gender prepestive in devlopement process, andpolicy framework for agriculture extension suggestedmainstreaming women in agriculture .2. Singh ( 2003 ) Without the total intellectual and physicalparticipation of women, it will not be possible to popularizealternative systems of land management to shiftingcultivation, arrest gene and soil erosion, and promote thecare of the soil and health of economic plants and farmanimals. The women perform the maximum farm operationsthereby contributing a lot of towards the upliftment of theeconomic and social status of their families and finally,accelerating the pace of rural devlopement.3. Gupt a MP ( 2005 )Rural women have been intensivelyinvolved in agriculture and its allied fields. They performnumerous labour intensive jobs such as weeding, hoeing,grass cutting, picking and cotton stick collections. Womenare also excepted to collect fuel wood from fields, which is


being used as a major fuel source for cooking .4. Vinod Sharma ( 2015 ) Women’s contribution to thefarm sector has ben ignored and inadequately understood.In our economy, very few scientific attempts have beenmade to examine the actual participation of female labourin crop production and other subsidiary activities at the farmlevel.5. BrohiSikandar (2005) in his research paper entitled“NDP Irrigation Reforms Lack Gender Equality” argued thatdespite gargantuan efforts and uncasing participation insocio-economic field,women role has been discarded.6. ZarQuresh (2005 ) has mentioned in his paper “ Roleof rural women” that role of women in agriculture sector isas important as men, therefore, women should educatethemselves in agricultural. He also highlights the importanceof education to rural female and proposed to educatewomen in floriculture and food preservations.7. Alam SM (2006) has pointed out in his entitled “ProductionHazards,Marketing Risks” mentioned thatmajority of women is self-employed and work in dangerousenvironments. Their daily tasks included keeping and caringfor the livestock at farms. They grow grains,cotton, fibers,fruits and vegetables. The crop farmer plants, tills, fertilizers,sprays, harvests, packs and stores the product. Thelivestock farmer feeds and cares for animals, while thehorticulture farmers produce ornamental plants and nurseryproducts.

In spite of the major role played by women in differentagricultural and allied activities, their role in the decisionmaking is negliagible. In addition there are many otherproblems which the rural farm women are facing such as,difficulties in carrying major agricultural operations,unhygienic condition in the field, time management betweenfarm and household activities, veiling problems etc. keepingthese in view, the present study has been undertaken tostudy the type of activities performed by these women andalso to assess the problems being faced by them in doingthese activities.Main Objectives of the study - The main objectives ofthe present study are as follows :1. To find out the role of women in agriculture and its

allied fields.2. To find out main obstacles in women growth in

agriculture sector.3. To analyze the gender differences in roles and activities

in agriculture sector.Research Methodology :1.Nature of S tudy - The study is descriptive in nature. Thestudy will be done in a completely natural and unchangednatural environment.Descriptive research design is a validmethod for researching specific subjects and as a precursorto more quantitative studies.2.Sample and Population -The population consists of MPState residents and sample has been collected from womenrural farmerof MP State.3.Sample Size - A sample of 80 respondents has been

collected for study purpose.4.Collection of dat a-Primary dat a was collected througha structured questionnaire and response were collected ondichotomous and liker’s five [5] point scale.Secondary dat a was collected from available literature,journals, gazettes, publications and internet.5.Statistical tool used for analysis - Appropriate statisticaltool, Excel spread sheet and SPSS software were used foranalysis.Observation - This study about rural women farmer wasconducted with the help of circulation of structuredquestionnaires among 80 women farmers of KhandwaDistrict. The questions asked, were about problems anssolutions of agricultural field. The demographic result ofthese 80 respondents is mentioned here along with piecharts:Age - The data has collected from different age groupsframed as follows : The demographic result related to therural farmer Of 80 respondents has been included in thispaper. Among these 80 respondents 43 were 25-35 agegroup, 26 were 36-45 age group and 11 were 45-55 group.

Age Group No. of respondent s25-35 years 4336-45 years 2646-55 years 11

Educational Qualifications - The qualification of 80respondents very as 80 respondents include 68 Illiterate, 5Higher Secondary, 3 High School, 3 Graduate and 1 PostGraduate respondent.There wasn’t any response fromspecial other courses.

Educational Qualification No.of respondent s Illiterate 68 Higher Secondary 5 High School 3 Graduate 3 Post Graduate 1 Others 0


Marital Status - There were 4 options given under thisquestions as married, unmarried, widowed, divorced. Theresponses were taken from 76 married, 2 unmarried and 2widowed. There wasn’t any response from divorced lady.

Marital Status No. of respondent s Married 76 Unmarried 2 Widowed 2 Divorced 0Caste - The data has been collected from different casteframed as follows :

Caste No. of respondent sSC 3ST 10OBC 64GENERAL 3

Main Occup ation - The main occupation of 80 respondentsvary as 80 respondents include 34 related agriculture, 3related job, 43 related agricultural labour .No respondentrelated in agro-based enterprises.

Main Occup ation No. of respondent s Agriculture 34 Service 3 Agricultural labour 43 Agro-based enterprises 0

Result and Discussion :Table 1 : Activity Profile of Farmer in Khandwa District ACTIVITY MEN WOMEN A.HOUSE HOLD ACTIVITY - +++ 1.Child Care - +++ 2.House Keeping - +++ 3.Cooking - +++ 4.Caring Sick Person + +++(+) = Low involvement , (++) = moderate involvement,( +++) = High involvement,( -) = Not at allAll women farmer’s are highly obliged to carry out domesticactivities. These domestic obligation of women farmersrestrict their mobility , time and energy to do farmingactivities. Women form all are highly involved in thetraditional farming activities as these activities do notdemand much physical body strength and energy .Table 2 : Access and Control Profile of farmingpopulation in the study area in Khandwa District RESOURCE/ BENEFITS ACCESS CONTROL 1.Home Land +++ +++ 2.Farm Land +++ + 3.Farm Tools +++ ++ 4.Formal credit +++ ++ 4Informal credit ++ +++ 5.Market retail/village ++ +++ 6.Farm produce-food crops ++ +++ 7.Farm produce-cash crops +++ - 8.Farm income +++ ++ 9.Non-farm income +++ ++(+) = Low involvement , (++) = moderate involvement,( +++) = High involvement,( -) = Not at allWomen has full access to home lands and low access tofarm land as low lands are found away from the residences.Women’s low control over lands and assests even theyhave ownership is mainly due to cultural traditions and fearto their husbands. Women in the study area get landownership is mainly due to cultural traditions and fear totheir husbands. Womens in the study area get landownership from their parents as a dowry for marriage.Women have moderate access and low control over farmtools due to lack of knowledge and skills on improved farmimplements .Women have little access to formal crdits eventhey have property ownership as a result of limited socialinteraction , time constraints and cultural barriers. Womenhave full access and control to village level and retailmarkets as they have to sell their products to meethouseholds and personal needs . The variation in th accessand control attain extension activities indicates thedifference in the existing power relationship between menand women .


Table 3 : Particip ation of Rural W omen in farm activitiesin Khandwa DistrictS. Farm Activities Frequency % Age1. Ploughing of field 3 3.75%2. Cleaning of field 74 92.5%3. Leveling of field 35 43.75%4. Raising nursery seedling 78 97.5%

(chilly,tomato)5. Sowing 72 90%6. Transplanting 78 97.5%7. Manure application 74 92.5%8. Fertilizer application 18 22.5%9. Weeding 77 96.25%10. Thinning 71 88.75%11. Gap filling 72 90%12. Irrigation 31 38.75%13. Plant protection measures 13 16.25%

(use of insecticides,pesticides)

14. Harvesting of crop and 78 97.5%cutting of grass

15. Picking 76 95%16. Shifting produce to 7 8.75%

threshing floor17. Threshing 13 16.25%18. Winnowing 33 41.25%19. Drying of grains 77 96.25%20. Cleaning of grains 44 55%21. Grading 54 67.5%22. Storage 73 91.25%23. Marketing 13 16.25%24. Processing 59 73.75%Farm Activities - As agriculture is a multi activity ventureand comprises of large number of diverse activities eachone of which is equally important and has a direct bearingon the net productivity of the agriculture produce.Thepresent study reveals that women are an integral part ofevery agriculture activity and many of the activities areexclusively undertaken by women folk. The extent of womenparticipation in these activities is an under.1. Ploughing of field - The ploughing of agricultural fieldsin the study area is mainly done by tractors which are eitherself owned or hired. Both mechanical and animalploughingis carried out by men and only 3.75% of the women sampledare performing this task.2. Cleaning of the field - Cleaning of the field is carriedout after ploughing and before sowing of seeds and isconsidered essential for better seed germination andhealthy seedlings.The study shows that about 92.5% of thewomen are involved in this activity.3. Leveling of fields - It is carried out for the finalpreparation of fields for sowing of seeds or transplanatationof seedlings. The study shows that about 43.75% of thewomen are engaged in this activity in the study area.4. Raising nursery and T ransplanat ation - Majority ofthe women i.e.97.5% are actively onvolved in the

preparation of nurseries for raising seedlings of vegetablesand paddy . 97.5% of the women are engaged intransplanting these in different fields.5. Manure and Fertilizers applications - The survey inthe study area reveals that 92.5% of the women carry outmanuring of the fields and only 22.5% are engaged in theapplication of chemical fertilizers . The application ofchemical fertilizers in the area is mainly done by men>6. Weeding- It is essential for obtaining higher yieldofthe crops and about 96.25% of the farm women are doingthis task in the study area.7. Thinning and gap filling - Thinning of crop palnt iscarried out in the fields with dense growth an dgap filling isrequired for ensuring proper coverage of the field by cropplants where seed germination rates of seeds is low .88.75% of the women are engaged in the thinning and 90%of the women in gap-filling activities in the study area.8. Irrigation - Only 38.75% of the women are activelycarrying aou the Irrigation of their agricultural fields as thisactivity in the study area is mainly carried out by men whodo it round the clock according to water distribution scheduledevised by irrigation department of the government.9. Plant protection measure - Only 16.25% of the womenin the study area are carrying out this activity indicatingthat this activity is predominatly carried out by the man folkof the family.10. Harvesting crop s and cutting of grass - Majority ofthe womrn in the study area i, e 97.5% are performing thisactivity is indicating that these activities are exclusivelyundertaken by women.Picking of the harvest- Majority ofthe women i.e 95% are actively engaged in picking of theharvest and other crop produce.11. Shif ting produce to threshing floor - Only 8.75% ofthe women are performing this task as this activity involvesheavy load handling and is therefore done mainly by menin the family.12. Threshing and winnowing - Only 16.25% of thewomen are doing the work of threshing as this activity isdone mechanically by men and winnowing is exclusivelydone by women as 41.25% of these are performing thisactivity in the study area.13. Drying and cleaning of grains - More than 96.25%of the women in the study area under study are carryingout these important post harvest activities.14. Marketing - Marketing of the produce is consideredthe male domain in the study area and is wholly carried outby the men in the family but a small percentage of womeni.e 16.25% are also actively involved in some way in theprocess of marketing of crop produce.15. Processing - Processing of some crop produce isnecessary for increasing its self life such as prepration ofJams,Jelly,Picklesetc; 73.75% of the women in the studyarea are actively involved in the processing of produce forits storage and marketing.16. Storage - More than 91.25% of the women engagedin agriculture are , at the end of the cropping season storing


the crop produce in a proper way in grain storage containersand other storage structures built for this purpose.Table 4 : Problems faced by Rural W omen in KhandwaDistrict Problems N= % Age A) Health Problems : Backache,headache,fatigue/restless 75 93.75 % Unhygienic condition in the field 60 75% Need of healthy diet 70 87.5% B) Management problems : Management of time between farm 58 72.5% and home Difficulties in carrying major operations 50 62.5 like crop harvesting / transplanting, rice cultivation/sowing C) Social problems : Feel shy to work with in-laws in field 48 60% Veiling problem 77 96.25% D) Financial problems : Lack of resources 68 85% Lack of finance 78 97.5%Problems :1. Health Problems - Almost all the women (93.75%)engaged in agriculture and allied activities activities sufferfrom back ache, head ache and fatigue while 80% of thewomen feel that their diet is not balanced and healthy.Majority of the women in the study area i.e 75% feel thatthe condition in the field is unhygienic.2. Management problems - 72.5% of the agriculturalwomen face great difficulty in managing the time betweenfarm and home while majority of the women i,e 62.5% facedifficulties in carrying out major agricultural operations likecrop harvesting , transplanting , sowing etc.3. Social Problems - A majority of the women in thestudy area i,e 60% face the traditional veiling problem while96.25% of them are not very comfortable working alongwith their in laws in the agricultural fields.4. Financial Problems - Maximum number of women inthe study area i,e between 85-97.5% face financialproblems ranging from severe to mild on account of bothlack of resources and lack of finances.Summary and Conclusions - Rural women constitutethe most important work force in Indian economy. A goodnumber of economically active women are engaged inAgricultural sector. A study of rural women in different farmactivities in Khandwa District showed that women areactiviely engaged in all major agriculture related activitiessuch as ploughing, cleaning, and leveling of fields; raisingnursery; sowing seeds, transplanting , manure and fertilizersapplications, weeding, irrigation etc. Study also shows thatmajority of the women suffered from minor health problem,management problem, social and financial problem.

Suggestions - As the participation of women in agriculturalactivities is indispensable and on the increase in rural areas,the following steps need to be taken to enhance theiragricultural productivity.1. Government should conduct workshops,seminars and

awareness programmes where the rural farm womenare aquatinted with the modern cost effectiveagricultural techniques.

2. Full awareness about intake of healthy diet among therural farm women should be undertaken on prioritybasis.

3. Government should frame some policies which benefitsthe rural agriculture women and encourage them todiversify the agricultural activities.

References :-1. Administrative Report (2015-16) Annual Report;

Department of Agriculture Cooperation and Farmer’sWelfare; Govt. of India; New Delhi

2. Madhya Pradesh Devlopement Report ; PlanningCommission;Govt. of India ; New Delhi

3. Women Status in MP and Planned Interventions StatePlanning Commission , MP (2010)

4. RajaduraiHariharan (Dec 2014 ) ; A study on womenfarmers participation in agriculture extention activitiesin Vavuniya District, Srilanka

5. Bridget Uyoyou&Imonikebe(July 2010 );Constraints toRural Women Farmer’s Involvement in FoodProduction in Nigeria

6. Dr. MunMun Ghosh & Dr. Arindamghosh ( June 2014); Analysis of Women participation in Indian Agriculture

7. Jaswinder Singh , Harpreet Singh, Sukhjinder Singh ;A Questionnaire on survey of problems facing byagriculture field using data mining

8. O.J.Okwu& B.I. Omoru (Nov.2009) ; A study of womenfarmers agricultural information needs and accessibility: A case study of Apu Local government Area of BenweState , Nigeria

9. AbdalAal, Mohamed (2002) ; Research on women’swork in agriculture

10. Bibhu Santosh Behera&AnamacharanBehera (Sep2013); Gender issues : The Role of women inAgriculture sector in India

11. Dr. S P Shahi ; Technology and Devlopement : Ruralwomen in Focus

12. Mary Barbercheck, Kathryn Brasier, Nancy EllenKiernan (June 2009) ; Meeting the extention needs ofwomen farmers : A perspective from Pemsylvania

13. http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/.../Role_of_women_in_India_Agriculture.pdf

14. http://www.icar.org.in/files/.../12-OMEN%20IN %20AGRICULTURE.pdf

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Abstract - Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) has inherent provisions forproactive disclosure of information to its citizens in reference to implementation of the MGNREGS. Citizen awarenessis a key to efficient, effective and transparent execution of the scheme, while the programme rests on participationprinciples. Janmanrega is an instrument for information flow to and from ground-level, which will connect citizens withthe system. An initiative towards good governance, Janmanrega is an interface to improve quality of public services.Keywords - National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA), Janmanrega.

JANMANREGA - Mirror of MGNREGA (MahatmaGandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act)

Introduction - The National Rural Employment GuaranteeAct NREGA, also known as National EmploymentGuarantee Scheme, NREGS is an Indian job guaranteescheme, enacted by legislation on August 25, 2005. TheNREGA provides a legal guarantee for one hundred daysof employment in every financial year to adult members ofany rural household willing to do public work-relatedunskilled manual work at the statutory minimum wage. Thisact was introduced with an aim of improving the purchasingpower of the rural people, primarily semi or un-skilled workto people living below poverty line in rural India. It attemptsto bridges the gap between the rich and poor in the country.Achievement s ( financial year 2017-18) All states:1. Approved Labour Budget : 21550000002. Persondays Generated : 1211829000

so far3. % of Total Labour Budget : 56.234. SC Persondays % as of : 22.11

Total Persondays5. ST Persondays % as : 16.73

of Persondays6. Women Persondays out : 54.91

of Total(%)7. Average days of Employment : 32.23

provided per Household8. Average Wage Rate per : 162.62

day per Person (Rs.)9. Total no. of HHs completed : 525473

100 days of Wage Employment10. Total HHs Worked : 3670000011. Total Individual Worked : 53867000Source: - Ministry of Rural Development as on 06/09/2017Review of Literature - Bengaluru, July 6,2016,08.15PMIST (IANS) The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural

Amit a Singh * Dr. Deepak Talwar **

* Assist ant Professor , Vidyodaya College, Manawar , Dhar (M.P.) INDIA** Associate Professor (MBA), Medi-cap s University , Indore (M.P.) INDIA

Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is the single mostinnovative programme from India and a lesson to the wholeworld, said Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz.

Management Information System- A web enabled MISwww.nrega.nic.in has been developed. This makes datatransparent and available in the public domain to be equallyaccessed by all. The village level household data base hasinternal checks for ensuring consistency and conformity tonormative processes.

It includes separate pages for approximately 2.5 lakhGram Panchayats, 6465 Blocks, 619 Districts and 34 States& UTs. The portal places complete transaction level data inpublic domain for example - Job cards, Demand for workand Muster rolls which is attendance cum payment sheetfor worker.MGNREGA Help Line- The Department of RuralDevelopment (DRD), Government of India proposes toestablish a network of Helplines under MGNREGA at theNational, State, District and Block levels for facilitating theredressal of grievances in relation to the implementation ofthe MGNREGA Scheme. The Helpline consists of a toll freeMTNL number (1800 110 707) that will be used by theMGNREGA households and other individuals and groupsto raise their questions, submit their grievances andcomplaints and seek guidance from the Department of RuralDevelopment The operations will run with the use of latestinformation and communication technology to providesolutions to complainants on a real time basis. Throughthe same helpline, the operations will run with the use oflatest information and communication technology (ICT) toprovide solutions to queries and/or complainants on a realtime basis.( Arpita Shrama)NREGAsof t -Envisions implementing e-Governance acrossState, District and three tiers of Panchayati Raj Institutions.


It empowers the common man using information technologyas a facilitator. NREGAsof t provides information to citizenin compliance with the right to information Act (RTI Act). Itmakes available all the documents like Muster Rolls,registration application register, job card/employmentregister/muster roll issue register, muster roll receipt registerwhich are hidden from public otherwise. To facilitate fasterinformation exchange between the various stakeholdersthrough the network.Objectives of the S tudy :-1. To study functions of Janmanrega – Mirror of

MGNREGA2. To study the benefits of JanmanregaResearch Methodology - The research is based onprimary and secondary data. Personal visit, groupdiscussion techniques were used for collecting primary dataand newspapers, reports, research articles were used tocollect secondary data.Introduction to Janmanrega - Mahatma Gandhi NationalRural EmploymentGuarantee Act (mgnrega) has inherentprovisions for proactive disclosure of information regardingworks and implementations of MGNREGS. Publicawareness is must for effective ececution of thescheme,while the programme rests on participationprinciples. Paradigm shift from an employment-oriented toa sustainable and productive livelihood support programmewarrants greater public engagement. Mobile phone actsas a mode of communication with people at farther places,with greater ease and lesser time.

The Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) launched‘Janmanrega’ – a Citizen-centric Mobile Application(CCMA). This was launched by Hon’ble Minister of RuralDevelopment on 19th of June 2017. Janmanrega is aninstrument for information flow to and from ground-level,which will connect citizens with the system. An initiativetowards good governance, Janmanrega is an interface toimprove quality of public services. Janmanrega has beendeveloped with collaboration between the MoRD, NationalInformatics Centre (NIC) and National Remote SensingCentre (NRSC, Hyderabad). Beta Version of this AndroidApplication is now available at Ministry’s MGNREGAWebsite that will allow locating already geotagged morethan 1.78 crore Mahatma Gandhi National RuralEmployment Guarantee Scheme’s (MGNREGS) Assetswithin Indian Space Research Organisation’s (ISRO)Bhuvan Map Interface along with their attributes and twophotographs using an Android mobile phone. Citizens willalso be able to provide feedback about assets that havebeen created under the programme. MGNREGSfunctionaries, such as Gram Rojgar Sahayaks (GRSs) mayalso be encouraged and involved to carry out masscampaigns and demonstrations sessions of the app in GramSabhas and other village meetings and congregations.Janmanrega app will go a long way in reinforcing theMinistry’s resolve towards good governance alongtransparency and accountability.

1. Searching for Assets2. Searching for Nearby Assets, based on User’s Current

Location3. Providing Feedback on Asset.BENEFITS of JanmanregaSust ainable development -Successful implementation of MGNREGA seriouslydepends on the establishment and operationalization of aproper computer based Management Information System(MIS) that interconnects all the Gram Panchayats, Blocks,Districts, States and the Union Ministry.It ensures publicaccountability,strengthening transparency and encouragingactivities that tap the productive potential of worksundertaken so that it becomes a platform for sustainabledevelopment.Publicity - All information available for public access. Thedate, time, agenda, importance and sanctity of the schemamust be widely publicized so as to ensure maximumparticipation.Transp arency - The accountability and transparencymeasures in NREGA have proved to be a catalyst for somestate governments and civil society organizations to takeinnovative steps towards developing and institutionalizingaccountability tools into the governance system.Janmanrega provides transparency by providing currentstatus and details of the asset created under mgnrega.Lackof transparency and accountability in delivery systems thathave allowed corruption to remain unchecked. Grievanceredressal - It becomes easy with Janmanrega to lodgingof complaints through Grievance Redressal System.TheProgramme Officer will be the Grievance Redressal Officerat the Block level, and the District Programme Coordinatorat the District level.A system of appeal will be designed todeal with grievance at each level. Appeal against the GramPanchayat will be to the Programme Officer. Appeal againstthe Programme Officer will be to the District ProgrammeCoordinator. Appeal against the District ProgrammeCoordinator may be with and appropriate authoritydesignated by the State Government.All grievances will bedisposed of within the time limit prescribed in the Act.Effective implement ation and management - In view ofenormous size of the MGNREGA programme it is necessaryto make best use of latest Information Technologies . Thiswill not only help in ensuring effective implementation andproper management of the Programme but will also bringtransparency and accountability. Since it is a right basedprogramme, mobile phones and mobile applications canbe used as IT tool to ensure rights and entitlements.Janmanrega aap have the potential to capture details ofthe Assets under mgnrega.Social audit - Janmanrega facilitation of Social Audit.Withthe help of Janmanrega we can improve the overall deliverysystem in the implementation of MGNREGA by capturingall the processes right from registration, demand of work,issue of dated receipt, allocation of work,measurement ofwork and assets created.This makes data transparent andavailable in the public domain to be equally accessed by


all.Functions of JAMANREGA :1. Display of MGNREGA Assets, as location maker over

Bhuvan’s Administrative Basemap.2. Display of MGNREGA Assets, as location maker over

Bhuvan’s Satellite Imagery.3. By tapping on any location marker, Asset’s details and

photographs can be viewed within a informationwindow.

4. Assets details like Asset Name, Asset Description,Asset Id, Asset Creation Date, Work Type, IndividualBeneficiary, Scheme Used, Cumulative Cost of Asset.

5. Giving Feedback. Under the option ‘Give AssetFeedback’ optional questions like

a. Whether the citizen information board (CIB) exists?b. Whether work is complete?c. Whether the assets and its description match?d. Whether the asset is useful?Suggestions and Findings :1. Mobile phone acts as a mode of communication with

people at farther places, with greater ease and lessertime.

2. Janmanrega app will go a long way in reinforcing theMinistry’s resolve towards good governance alongtransparency and accountability

3. It is an initiative towards good governance.4. It is an interface to improve quality of public services.5. Both traditional modes of publicity (such as informing

people through the beating of drums) as well as modernmeans of communication (such as announcements onmicrophones) should be used to make people awareabout the new plans and schemes launched bymgnrega.

6. Citizens will come to know about the current status ofthe asset under mgnrega.

7. With Janmanrega citizens will also be able to providefeedback about assets that have been created underthe programme.

8. MGNREGS functionaries, such as Gram RojgarSahayaks should carry out demonstrations sessionsof the app in Gram Sabha.

Conclusion - The success of the Janmanrega applicationdepends upon the open and fearless participation of allpeople,particularly potential beneficiaries of the programme.

Effective public participation requires adequate publicityabout the application as well as informed public opinion.This itself requires that people have prior access toinformation from the President of the Gram Panchayat. Itcan considerably improve the confidence of the grass rootlevel workers. It can ensure better public awareness andinformation flow about the current status of the assetscreaed under MGNREGA. Let us hope that Janmanregaimplementation would bring in the desired results in thedays to come.References :-1. Yamini Aiyar, Salimah Samji,1 February 2009 , Trans-

parency and Accountability in NREGA, A Case Studyof Andhra Pradesh. Accountability initiative researchand innovation for governance accountability.

2. Dr. Manoj P K Assistant Professor, Dept. of AppliedEconomics Cochin University of Science and Tech-nology (CUSAT), Kochi –682022.(KERALA) Informa-tion and Communication Technology(ICT) for Effec-tive Implementation of MGNREGA in India:An Analy-sis. E-Mail: [email protected]

3. Poverty and MGNREGS in India, Title:- Rural Devel-opment through the National Rural Employment Guar-antee Scheme,(NREGS).

4. Encyclopedia of NREGA and Panchayatiraj5. Letter of Ministry of Rural Development MNREGA Di-

vision, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi. Dated:- 17/08/2017.By :- Aparajita sarangi (Joint secretory MNREGA).

6. Arpita Shrama, Analysis: The Mahatma Gandhi Na-tional Rural Employment Guarantee Act – Recent ICTInnovations, G.B. Pant University.

Webography : -1. http://www.nrega.net/ict/2. http://www.nrega.net/ict/information/management-in-

formation-system/3. http://www.nrega.net/ict/information/benefits-NREGA4. https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2012/04/analysis-the-

mahatma-gandhi-national-rural-employment-guaran-tee-act-recent-ict-innovations/

5. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/mgnrega-is-most-innovative-indian-programme-joseph-stiglitz/articleshow/53083919.cms

6. Reference_Document_-_Janmanrega_(14-08-2017).pdf


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Abstract - Bharat Sanchar Nigam limited the largest public sector& Bharti Airtel private Limited the largest privatesector under taking odf the Nation. “Employee re a Companies greatest asset’’ and keeping these assets means makingsure that They are motivated an satisfied in their job. Monitoring this and making Sure that it is the case depends oneffective communication between employees And their managers with any problems they may have. And so a correctChannel of communication needs to be selected and implemented for this Face to face would often be the best method.Removing any hygiene factorFrom an employees. Job through effective communication will help ensure That they aremotivate which will lead to greater motivation, and greater Productivity. Today, it has about 36.42 million line basictelephone capacity, 7.13 million WLL capacity, 95.96 million GSM capacity, 34,727 fixed exchanges, 1,17,090 GSMBTSs, 9,594 CDMA Towers, 102 Satellite station 7,73,97 RKm. of OFC, 47RKm. of microconnecting 646 districts, 4519cities/towns & 6.25 lakhs villages. Bharti Airtel Pvt. Ltd.mobile broadban coverage to all towns Coverage.

Comperative Study Bharat Sanchar Nigam LimitedBharti Airtel Private Limited (Indore Distt.)

Introduction - with a corporate philosophy that considersHuman Resource as the most prized assets of theorganization, it’s natural for BSNL&AIRTEL to continuallyhone employee skills, enhance their knowledge and theirexpertise and their aspirations to fruition. Even as BSNL &AIRTEL goes about conducting its business activities, it laysemphasis on constant enhancement of knowledge and skillsthrough regular training programmes.

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited has a vast reservoir ofhighly skilled and experienced work force of about 3,57,000personnel.Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd.& Bharti Airtel PrivateLtd.

We believe that our staff, which is one of the best trainedmanpower in the telecom sector, is our biggest asset.1. We believe that our future depends on our staff who

provide services to our valued customers and stay intouch with them.

2. To meet the technological challenges, employees aretrained for technology up-gradation, modernization,computerization etc in BSNL’s training Centers spreadacross Country. These centers are properly equippedwith the requisite infrastructure facilities such as Lecturerooms, modern audio-visual aids, libraries, hostels etc.

3. To apex training centers of BSNL i.e. Advance levelTelecom Training Center (ALTTC) at Ghaziabad andBharat Ratna Bhimrao Telecom Training Center atJabalpur are comparable to any world class TelecomTraining Center. Moreover, 43 zonal training centers anda National Academy of Telecom Finance andManagement have been running for several years now.Bharti Airtel Private Ltd.training center new Delhi.

Dr. Ashok V erma* Dr. Anit a Shinde **

* Ex.Princip al Govt. P.G.College, Sendhwa (M.P.) INDIA** Research Scholar (Commerce) D.A.V .V. University , Indore (M.P.) INDIA

4. Different curriculum run in these centers to imparttechnology based training, training for Attitudinal change,basic educational and skill development program etc.Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. was incorporated on 15th

september 2000 . It took over the business of providing oftelecom services and network management from theerstwhile Central Government Departments of TelecomServices (DTS) and Telecom Operations (DTO), with effectfrom 1st October‘ 2000 on going concern basis.It is one ofthe largest & leading public sector units providingcomprehensive range of telecom services in India.

BSNL has installed Quality Telecom Network in thecountry & now focusing on improving it, expanding thenetwork, introducing new telecom services with ICTapplications in villages & winning customer’s confidence.Today, it has about 36.42 million line basic telephonecapacity , 7.13 million WLL capacity , 95.96 million GSMcapacity , 34,727 fixed exchanges, 1,17,090 GSM BTSs,9,594 CDMA Towers, 102 Satellite S tations, 7,73,976RKm. of OFC, 4751 RKm. of microwave networkconnecting 646 district s, 4519cities/towns & 6.25 lakhsvillages . BSNL is the only service provider, making focusedefforts & planned initiatives to bridge the rural-urban digitaldividin ICTsector.

The company has vast experience in planning,installation, network int switching & transmission networks& also has a world class ISO 9000 certified Telecom TrainingInstitute.During the 2015-16, turnover of BSNL is around Rs.32,919 Crores.Bharti Airtel Limited is an Indian global telecommuni-cations services company based in New Delhi, India. It


operates in 18 countries across South Asia and Africa. Airtelprovides GSM, 3G and LTE mobile services, fixed linebroadband and voice services depending upon the countryoperation.Itisthe largest mobile network operator in India andthe third largest in the world with 400 millionsubscribers. Airtel was named India’s second most valuablebrand in the first ever Brandz ranking by MillwardBrown and WPP plc.Airtel is credited with pioneering the business strategy ofoutsourcing all of its business operations except marketing,sales and finance and building the ‘minutes factory’ modelof low cost and high volumes. The strategy has since beenadopted by several operators. Airtel’s equipment is providedand maintained by Ericsson and Nokia Solutions andNetworks whereas IT support is provided by IBM. Thetransmission towers are maintained by subsidiaries and jointventure companies of Bharti including BhartiInfratel and Indus Towers in India Ericsson agreed for thefirst time to be paid by the minute for installation andmaintenance of their equipment rather than being paid upfront, which allowed Airtel to provide low call rates of ¹1 (1.6¢ US)/minute.Objective -1. To improve productivity by training and skill development

and redeployment Of legacy manpower.2. developindigenous knowledge pool exposed to latest

technological advancements In telecom areawith inBSNL & BHARTI AIRTEL license areas.

3. Be the leading telecom service provider in India.Training under National Skill Development Scheme -Pursuant to the National Skill Development Scheme, YourCompany imparted training to 7121 students, thus achievinga target of 94.9% against the MoU Target of 80% [6000].Out of7,564 number of students allotted forBSNLAICTEEETP, 7,501 number of students joined thetraining. Being a leading pan India public sector telecomservice provider, Your Company always excellsince the areaof disaster management, specially in the areas of fasterrestoration of communication facilities in the areas affectedby natural calamities. During the devastating floods ofChennai, Company swung into action and restored thecommunication facilities in record time. As part of the nation-wide Swachh BharatAbhiyan,BSNL Skill Development – Support In Nation Building -Telecom Factories of Company located at Kolkata, Gopalpur,Kharagpur, Jabalpur, Richhai,Bhilai and Mumbai are in-housemanufacturing units engaged in production of varioustelecomproducts. These factories clocked the output ofRs.466.71 crore in the year under review. A target of Rs. 607crores has been set for the financial year 2016-17.Computerisation And It ERP Extension of CDR Solutionsto new areas ER Management - Telecom Factories of yourCompany located at Kolkata, Gopalpur, Kharagpur, Jabalpur,Richhai,Bhilai and Mumbai are in-house manufacturing unitsengaged in production of various telecomproducts. Thesefactories clocked the output of Rs.466.71 crore in the year

under review. A targetof Rs. 607 crores has been set for thefinancial year 2016-17.BSNLTraining to the Employees - Training to NewRecruits:-681 new recruits joined for induction training againstthe total recruits of 735, and there was an achievement of100% against the MoU Target of 100%.In-house training toExecutives/Non-executives:- Against the MoU Target of 10%of total number of employees of 2,25,867, training wasimparted to 40,280 Executives/Non-executives and theachievement is 17.8%Training under National Skill Development T raining -Under this scheme, 7,564 number of students were allottedfor BSNL-AICTE EETP and 7,501 number of students joinedthe training. Against the MoU Target of 80% [6000], a total of7,121 students were trained, thus achieving a Target of94.9%. (see in next p age)Revenue under T raining programmes - State of the ArtTraining Centres of Your Company have generated aRevenue of Rs.41.63 crores during the year under review,comprising Rs.27.63 Crores in providing vocational trainingand training infra sharing; and Rs.14 crores from trainingunder BSNL AICTE Employability Enhancement TrainingProgramme.Foreign Deput ations - Training programmes and forAttending exhibitions/meetings/conferences/ business visitsto get first hand information on latest telecom technologydevelopments.Access for the cycle 2015-18. Two face toface training programmes were scheduled as part ofBroadband Access Network Planning Programme.Government policies with regard to reservations for variouscategories of employees in the matters of recruitments andpromotions are being followed.A glimpse of representationof Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe, OBC, Ex-Servicemen,PhysicallyDisabled employees and their representation ason 31.3.2016Implement ation Of Official Language PolicyCompliances BSNL& Bharti Airtel - BSNL Company wasconferred with the Dalal Street Investment Journal Best PSUAward 2015, in the category of Highest Turnover PSU inMini Ratna – Non manufacturing.

Company completed the prestigious SBI 2 Mbps BWup gradation project in a record period of 3 months. Inrecognition of the same, airtel the SBI has awarded the“Certificate of Collaboration Excellence” , to the Company.

In line with the directions contained in the Right toInformation Act 2005, BSNL&BHARTI Airtel CompanyUnicode software has been installed in all the computers toencourage increased use of Hindi in official work andemployees are also trained to use Unicode software. OLWing carries outinspection of Circles. Skill developmentworkshops are held frequently for sharpening the skillsofemployees.

All theIn collaboration with theGovernment ofMadhyaPradesh, launched an internet literacy programme -‘e-Shakti’,to build internet awarenessand access for women


workingwith various governmentdepartments and forgirlstudents of government-runschools and colleges500,000+Villages in the countrywill be offered mobilebroadband100,000Solutions will be offered through acombination of Wi-Fi hotspots, small cells and indoorsolutions 70%Reduction in our carbon footprint 160,000+Base station deployments.‘In Employees’ Wellbeing Bharti Airtel - Bharti Airtelacknowledges the immense potential of its human capital,and therefore, ‘Win with People’ believes that its successdepends on its ability to develop pC company stronglybelieves ‘Win with People’ is essential to continue winning inthe market. This belief translates in ensuring that everybusiness vertical is equipped with right talent, which is bothcompetent and engaged. The Company achieves thisobjective by undertaking various initiatives for talentdevelopment, employee engagement and communication.This approach has helped the Company in building anorganization, which is not only inclusive and entrepreneurialemployer by its people. Bharti Airtel has consistently tried tocreate and promote an inclusive work environment foremployees from diverse backgrounds to help them realizetheir full potential. The objective is to ensure that the -strongworkforce of 18,179 employees are both skilled and engaged;and that the organization is perceived as being inclusive,entrepreneurial and an equal opportunity employer. Therewere 4,968 subcontracted employees as on March31, 2016.During the period, there were no temporary and casualemployees. Being in service industry, the Company doesnot have any labour union or association in the organization.How ever, employees have full access to management toraise their concern at any time without any fear / coercion.All the concerns or issue raised by employees are resolvedsatisfactorily. The Company is fully committed to thepromotion of diversity across all levels of the organization.There were1,491 permanent women employees, whichrepresented around 8% of the total workforce. A total of 123people with disabilities were employed at various companylocations. To nurture workforce diversity, with a particularfocus on gender, the Company has implemented practiceof its women employees. the Company has conductedawareness and training programmes for employees withrespect to this law. Training sessions were also conductedfor all members of the Internal Complaints Committee onthe legal and practical aspects to enable the members to

deal with investigations. Eight cas during the year; and allprocedures were followed.155+ Unique training interventions for the Company’semployees, of which over 130 comprised functional training.Conclusion - Human resource as the most prized assetsof the organization, its natural for BSNL Bharti Airtel privatelimited to continually hone employee skills, our huge Helpsus create differentiated experience for our customers throughat attractive Portfolio of products and service. our staff whichis on of the best trained manpower In the in the telecomsector, is our biggest asset. Employee are trained fortechnology Up gradation moderzation,computerizationBSNLs are training centers spread across Country ,telecomtraining center at Jabalpur are comparable to any world classtelecom training center. BHARTI Airtel private limited trainingcenter at Indore in Madhya Pradesh more ever 43 zonaltraining centers and a National Academy of telecom financialAnd management have been running for several yearsnow..today ,it has about 36.42 Million line basictelephone capacity 7.13 million WLL capacity, 95.96 millionGSM Capacity 34,727 fixed exchanges, 1,17,090,GSMBTSs, 9,594 CDMA OFC, 4751 RKM. OF Microwave networkconnecting 646 districts ,4519 cities/ towns 6.25 lakhs villagesBharti Infratel and Indus Towers in India.References :-1. “BSNL bags 80% of Rs 2,500-crore rural mobile

telephony project”. The Hindu. Chennai, India. 28 March2007.

2. Pahwa, Nikhil (29 May 2010). ”India’s 3G Auction Ends;Operator And Circle-Wise Results”. MediaNama.Retrieved 3 September 2014.

3. “BSNL 3G Services Now In 826 Cities In India”. 15 July2011. Retrieved 29 August 2012.

4. “BSNL releases 3G wireless pocket router”.5. “BSNL decides to discontinue 160-year-old telegram

service”. The Times of India. 12 Jun 2013. Retrieved13June 2013.

6. “Overview”. Airtel.in. Retrieved 12 November 2015.7. “Telecom Subscription data, June 2015” (PDF). TRAI.

Retrieved 30 October 2015.8. “Airtel becomes third largest globally”. NDTV. 30 June

2015.9. “HDFC Bank named India’s most valuable brand in

BrandZ ranking”

Table 1 - BSNL Training to the employee -31-3-2016Group Total no.of employee Scheduled cast Scheduled tribe OBC Ex.service menExecutive 44,906 7,574 2,362 6,367 105Non-exe. 1,66,180 31,825 8,897 15,190 248Total 2,11,086 39,399 11,259 21,587 35331-3-2015Executive 46,694 7,729 2,388 5,986 138Non exe. 1,78,818 32,586 9,303 14,582 404Total 2,25,520 40,311 11,691 20,568 542Source- BSNLannual report 2015-2016


Abstract - Agriculture is gambling of monsoon. On one side production cost of crops increase more than 200% withinlast 20 years, prices of equipments-labours-fertilizers-pesticides and other expenses rates also be increased butother hand income of agro product not to be increase proportionally. Therefore farmers taking loan year-by-year andtrapping in the cycloid of interest. Finaly they took step for suicide. In this paper, I tried to find basis reasons of suicideby the farmers and also to be find the solution of that problems. One of the best solutions of above problems to providemonthly salary package. It not only provide financial help to them but also will be decrease percentage of taking loanand suicide data in future.Keywords - gambling, pesticides, trapping, package, suicide.

Is provide monthly salary package avoided suicide bythe farmers : an analytical study(Special Reference To

The Farmers Of Madhya Pradesh State)

Introduction - In Madhya Pradesh, Agriculture is gamblingof monsoon. Every year state’s farmers are uncertain moodfor their crops and incomes. It may be bumper crops in aparticular year or may be failure due to dryness or flood inthe state. As the nature of the income from agriculture isuncertain or low therefore farmers are taking loan fromvarious registered and non-registered financial institutesfor complete their finance requirements. Due to compoundrate implementation on principal and pending of old loans,farmers are suppress under the weights of loans. Finally,due to stress farmers take step for suicide. There are 11000farmers took suicide within the duration of last 10 years inMadhya Pradesh.Causes of Low Productivity in Agriculture1. Population Pressure - One of the important resourcesLand is limited, and has almost reached the level wheremore expansion in cultivated area is not possible. Thegrowth in population creates immense pressure on land.Even though land-human ratio in India is better comparedto some of the developed countries like Japan, the Nether-lands, Belgium and even China, other factors like very lowyields and low levels of industrialisation in India compoundthe problem of population pressure on agricultural land.2. Uneconomic Holdings - The average size of land-holdings in India in 2001 was less than two hectares. One-fourth of the total rural households own less than 0.4 hect-are each, while another one-fourth are landless. This cre-ates difficulties in application of modern inputs, adoption ofscientific land improvement, water conservation and plantprotection measures and in introducing mechanised op-erations. These measures alone are capable of securingand stabilising high yields. The tardy progress of land re-

Dr. Rajesh Jain *

* Asst. Professor (Commerce) IPS Academy , Indore (M.P.) INDIA

forms in most states has compounded this problem. Con-solidation of land can help improve productivity.3. Uncert ain Monsoons and Inadequate IrrigationFacilities - With more than half of the gross cropped areabeing rainfed, failure or inadequacy of rains causesfluctuation in yields. Even if the maximum irrigation potentialis realised, around 86.5 mHa of gross cropped area willremain under rainfed conditions. This underlines the needto develop rainfed agriculture on scientific lines.4. Subsistence Nature of Farming - As we know thatIndian agriculture is characterized by its subsistence nature,i.e., most of the produce is directly consumed by theproducers and surplus, if any, is generally low. This isbecause most Indian farmers, being poor, use outdatedimplements and technology, and are not able to afford costlyinputs. This results in low levels of returns and meagreincomes, which in turn means low savings and low levelsof reinvestments. Thus, a vicious circle operates andstagnation in agriculture prevails.5. Decline in Soil Fertility - For an agricultural countrylike India, soil is a precious resource, and degradation- ofsoil is a serious problem, which leads to depletion of soilfertility. Soil erosion is the main form of degradation whichoccurs because of deforestation and unscientific agriculturalpractices like shifting cultivation. Increasing salinity, alkalinityand aridity because of mismanagement and repeated useare other reasons for loss of soil fertility.6. Lack of Support Services - This refers to theinstitutional support factors like support pricing, marketingand credit facilities. These services help create a favourableenvironment to induce a spirit of entrepreneurship amongfarmers by absorbing the risks involved in the agricultural


activity. These services are particularly inadequate in caseof coarse cereals, and pulses.7. Poor Organisation of Resourdces and Lack ofEntrepreneurship - India has an under-developedagricultural infrastructure and institutions. Conditions ofpoverty and deprivation and unequal distribution of landresources hamper the evolution of an agriculturalentrepreneur class. An underdeveloped agricultural sectoron account of low productivity is the main reason for lowlevels of diversification of the economy. A buoyantagricultural sector has been the basis for industrialdevelopment in the developed countrie.Review of Literature - Gupta Raman (2012) topic – “Increase of unemployment in agricultural sector of nimar “study founded that short rainfall in nimar sector from thelast seven years, farmers could not getting proper revenuefrom the crops and it’s a lossable activity for them. VohraPooja (2014) topic – Role of banking sector for thedevelopment of agriculture “result of this study analyzedthat banking institutes provided loans to the farmers ontheir commercial or non-commercial purpose but improperroutine of income, farmers could not repayment loans ontime. Jain Sunil ( 2015) topic – A study of farmer’s problemsin India founded that high rate of seeds and agricultureequipments, average returns from agro-product push themin depreciation and select way for suicide.Rationale of S tudy - The present study is to analyse theunfavourable income from agriculture to the farmer ofMadhya Pradesh. Due to costly availability of fertilizer-pesticide, average return of crops in seasons, farmerspushup more burden of loans and take suicide. To avoidedthis accident, government should provided monthly incometo the farmers. It not only helpful to build financial strongposition for the farmers but they will also avoiding to takesteps for suicide. The significance of the study was to findthe reasons of increasing suicide of farmers in mp and toremove them.Objectives of S tudy - The objectives of this study were :1. To know the reasons which are responsible to increase

suicide rate of farmers in Madhya Pradesh.2. To find the way to be control on suicide figures and

improve morale status of the farmers3. To find the alternatives that to be increase financial

position of the farmersResearch Methodology :Research Design - Study area of the farmers for the sur-vey is Madhya Pradesh state.Sample Design - Sampling method here used is ‘RandomSampling Method.’Random Sampling Method was usedbecause it was not known previously as to whether a par-ticular farmer taking loan or not.Tools for Dat a Collection - The new gathered data whichhelp to solve the problem in hand which is especially col-lected for the particular research is known as primary data.Here primary data that are collected in the course of re-search consist of original information that comes from farm-

ers and includes information gathered from surveys andquestionnaires. Information that are already exists some-where, having been collected for another purpose, is knownas secondary data. Here in the research the secondary datawas collected through various books, magazines andwebsites. The geographical area covered for the samplingof the study is related to MP state.Data Analysis and Interpret ationTable 1 and Graphs 1 & 2 (see in last p age)Interpret ation - From the table 1 and graphs 1 & 2 analysis,data shown that in condition of non salary package farmer’snet & final income Rs. 62400 where investment nearby Rs.500 only. When salary package provided by the government,final income of farmers update till 278400 & amount ofinvestment increase till Rs. 15000.

Table 2 : Conditions of Loans with / without SalaryPackage

Particular Loan taken Loan takenbefore salary after salarypackage package

a) Loan taken for 190000 80000 agricultural purpose b) Loan taken for non- 65000 17000 agricultural purpose Total Loan Taken 255000 970Graphs 3 & 4 (see in last p age)Interpret ation - Without salary package farmers taking loanRs. 255000 on which 190000 for productive purpose &remain for non-farming use. But after getting salary packageamount of total loan decrease by 158000 in whichcontribution of agro field 82% and 17% for non- agriculturepurpose.Findings :1. Before salary package farmers average yearly income

is 62400 and there are no other resources of income.2. After providing salary package farmers total income

might be increase by 216000 which helpful to reducethe burden of farmers.

3. When salary package not available to the farmers theninvestment done by them nearby 0.5% to 2% but afterpackage provide it may be increase between 5% to 8%.

4. Without help of salary package farmers should haveto take loan Rs. 255000 out of agro loan 190000 andfor other purpose Rs. 65000.

5. Providing the facility of salary package amount of loantaken reduces till 97000 in which amount for non agroloan only Rs. 17000.

6. Due to provide salary package it might be reduce sui-cide rate of farmers in Madhya Pradesh.

Suggestions :1. Salary of Package should be provided to the farmers

as it be reducing their financial burden.2. Government should be more provided incentives and

subsidy on fertilizer and agricultural equipments whichwill be beneficial for farmers on financial ground.

3. Different institute can advertise salary package sys


tem and their benefits to the farmers.4. Facility of salary package should be including in high

range of exemption under income tax act.5. Proper controlling of the government on agriculture

markets transactions due to avoided exploitation offarmers.

Conclusion - It is to be clear that agriculture activity inIndia totally be dependent on rainfall which nature is uncer-tain. Therefore the nature of farmer’s Income also not becertain. If any year raining in a form of flood or dry seasonsand damage crops, losses suffer by farmers on financialground. Due to pending prior loan and repayment of themfarmers again taking new loan. This process continues yearby year and farmers become trapping in the cycloid of in-terest. It will become the major causes for taking suicide.To be avoiding this situations, government bodies shouldbe require making a plan to provide monthly salary pack-age to the farmers. Salary package scheme not only willbe helpful on financial ground to the farmers but it willsalso avoiding suicide mentality. Farmers are one of theimportant part of our society as their contribution is majorfor our economy so its necessary to solve their financialproblems. And providing salary package is one the bestsolution of that problem.

References :-1. Mamoria, C.B. (2014), “Agricultural Problems of India“,

Jain Brothers.2. Rao, B. Sambasiva ( 2015), “ Agricultural in India –

Policy and Performance”, Serials Publication3. Deb, Bimal J (2014) “Changing Agricultural Scenario

in North East India“, Concept Publishing Company4. Ramachandran (2015), “ Corporatization in Agricultural

“, Anmol Publication5. Deshpande,R.S.(2010),“Agrarian crisis and farmer

suicides“, Shree India6. Kumar Nilotpal (2016), “Unraveling Farmers suicides

in India”, Amazon Publishing7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmers%27_suicides_

in_India8. www.hindustantimes.com/india.../farmer-suicides..

.india.../story-GKLoObJeDtbH2Z2...9. www.indiacelebrating.com/essay/farmer-suicides-in-

india-essay/10. https://thewire.in/52228/what-is-the-future-of-agricul-

ture-in-india/11. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_India12. www.iegindia.org/ardl/Farmer_Incomes_Thiagu_

Ranganathan.pdf

Table 1 : Income with / without salary p ackageParticular Farmer ’s Average Income Farmer ’s Average Income

[Before Salary Package] [Af ter Salary Package](A) Earning from Sales of Crops[ wheat, rice, 114000 114000pulse, cotton, fruits & vegetiables etc.](B) Expenses regarding Agriculture [ seeds, 51600 51600fertilizer, pesticides, Land, tractors, irrigations,transport – loading charges etc.]Net Income [ A – B ] 62400 62400Income Tax Burden Nil NilSalary Package Nil 216000Final Income 62400 278400Investment ( if any ) 0.5% to 2% 5% to 8%


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Abstract - Dairy sector in India is ensuring a vital position for the livelihood of many people. Its role in poverty alleviationand inclusive growth is commendable and without which it is hard to imagine the livelihood of the people of the ruralIndia. Dairy cooperatives can bring together the aims of increasing milk supply, enhancing incomes of poor ruralhouseholds and promoting economic participation of women. This paper analyses the financial efficiency of RajasthanCooperative Dairy Federation Ltd. (RCDF) In India. The main objective of the paper is to understand the liquiditymanagement of Rajasthan Dairy Federation Ltd. region as well the problems in liquidity management of these units. Inthis paper we have used secondary data for analysis of working capital liquidity and profitability of RCDF. We haveincluded last two year datai.e. 2015 and 2016 for comparing the working capital of different units we have used ratioanalysis technique and common size statement technique.Key words - Financial efficiency, Ratio analysis, financial viability, working capital management.

A Critical Evaluation Of Working Capital Management OfRajasthan Co-Operative Dairy Federation Ltd. (RCDF)

Introduction - Working Capital management and liquidityis an integral part of overall financial management. A firmmay exist without making profits but cannot survive withoutliquidity. Effective working capital management has alwaysincreased profitability of the firm. Efficiency of workingcapital management is determined by the efficientadministration of its various components like cashmanagement, accounts receivable management, andinventory management. The adequacy or inadequacy ofworking capital in a business is to be judged from the natureof business, its operating cycle, the working capital turnover,the size of business and other factors. These factorsinfluence the working capital needs of the business. Theratios may not be a guiding factor for all times to come inthe life of a business. If cash not managed and utilizedproperly, the milk processing plant fails. The researcherhas identified RCDF which faced financial difficulty owingto cash inflow problems. The researcher prepared the caseand tried to identify the various reasons.Literature Review - Working capital starvation is generallycredited as a major cause if not the major cause of smallbusiness failure in many developed and developingcountries (Rafuse, 1996).Desai D.K. and Narayanan A.V.S.(1967) sought to measure the impact of modernization ofthe dairy industry on the economy of Kheda district in termsof investments, value-addition, and employment andinfrastructure facilities. The authors could ascertain positivedevelopments in all the above parameters. Working capitalstarvation is generally credited as a major cause if not themajor cause of small business failure in many developedand developing countries (Rafuse, 1996).Shin and Soenen,(1998) highlighted that efficient Working Capital

Dr. Nuzhat Sadriwala *

* Assist ant Professor , Department Of Account ancy And S tatistics, R.M.V . Girls College, Udaipur (Raj.) INDIA

Management (WCM) was very important for creating valuefor the shareholders. The way working capital was managedhad a significant impact on both profitability and liquidity.Kale et al (2000) studied the financial position working andoperational efficiency of 23 dairy cooperatives in Raigaddistrict of Maharashtra. They studied the economicefficiency through income expenditure ratio, expenditureincome ratio, rate of return on capital and rate of turnover.J. Panda and A.K. Satapathy. It covers a study of 10 privatesector companies engaged in production of Cement. Thestudy covers the various aspects of working capital periodfrom 1965 to 1985. He had analyze working capital positionof selected units as a whole and as well as individualanalysis.A study by Amarjit Gill 1, Nahum Biger 2, NeilMathur 3 (2010), under the title “The Relationship betweenWorking Capital Management and Profitability: Evidencefrom the United States”, the aim of this paper is to find therelationship between working capital management andprofitability.

Literature reviewed signifies the importance of efficientmanagement of the account receivable practices togenerate sufficient cash from operations to ensure the shortterm survival and growth of business. Small firm needs tomanaged their working capital in an efficient way as itsignificantly decides the business success or failure.Objectives of the study :1. To examine the management of working capital of the

co-operative dairy with the help of ratios and commonsize statement analysis in Rajasthan cooperative DairyFederation Ltd.

3. To know the marketing cost by efficient administrationof its various components like accounts receivable and


cash.3. To find out the reasons for inefficient liquidity position

of milk processing plants on the basis of financialstatement analysis.

4. To give suggestion to follow appropriate financialstrategies i.e. short term as well as long term for future.

Research Design and Methodology - Annual statements(2014-15, 2015-16) collected from the dairy plants.Websites, research journals, government published reports,newspapers, referred. Case study prepared and dataanalysed with the help of MS Excel sheet used for furtherdata processing. Further annual statement of the dairy wasanalysed with the help of ratio analysis tool and commonsize statement analysis to diagnose the problems. Theimportant ratios identified which influence contributesubstantially in dairy plant failure or success. The decisionstaken and reasons thereof analysed. The table shows majorratios calculated to diagnose the health of milk dairy plant.

Table No. 1 RATIOS 2015 2016 Net Profit Ratio .55 2.76 Current Ratio .095 .125 Liquid Ratio .011 .009 Stock To Current Assets 0.004 0.006 Advances To Current Assets 0.161 0.103 Cash And Bank To Current Assets 0.0188 0.0127 Stock Turnover Ratio(STR) 25.398 31.83 STR ( Days) 14 days 12 days Debtor Turnover Ratio(DTR) 12.27 15.36 DTR ( Days) 29.23 67.26 Creditor Turnover Ratios(DTR) 15.11 10.72 CTR (Days) 24 days 34 days Debt To Equity Ratio=LTD/SE 1.03 1.05 +R&SUR Total Debt Ratio=Debt/TA 0.22 .79Interpret ation - The above table depicts that thefinancingstructure of the dairy plant indicated through Debt to equityratio. In the year 2015, it’s observed that the debt to equityratio was 1.03 which increased to 1.05 in 2016. The totaldebt ratios in the year 2015 and 2016 was 0.22 &0.79respectively. It indicates that the debt component is around79% of the total assets. The current ratios increased from.095 to .125 in the year 2015 to 2016.But if we look at debtorturnover in days, it’s observed that it decreased from 12.27to1 5.36 days in 2015 to 2016.It indicates that the paymentfrom the customer is delayed or dairy plant is delayed torecovermoney from the debtors. At the same time, if wetake a look at creditor turnover in days, the payment of thesupplier delayed by the plant from 24 to 34 days. It is anindication that the dairy plant doesn’t have adequate moneyto pay the creditors. Hence the payment is delayed. Thenet profit has shown an increase from .55 in 2015 to 2.76in 2016 which has contributed in the increase in liquidity ofthe dairy plant.But, still more liquidity is needed to makeearly paymentsto its creditors.

Table No. 2 (See in next p age)Observations and findings :1. The current ratio is very poor being .125 which is veryfar from standard current ratio i.e. 2:1. Dairy plants accountreceivable practices are not satisfactory as it has shownan increase from 12 to 15 days. The plant has either offereda liberal credit to customers or failed to select a rightcustomer on their credit worthiness. The current ratio isalso poor. This is bad sign especially for the high turnoverlow margin industry wherein the procurement costconstitutes around 94% of the total milk sale. The reasonsighted by the director to continue the supply of milk saleto those customers with an anticipation that customers willnot pay if milk supply stopped to them. It shows lack ofprofessionalism in following the sound debtor managementpractices like selecting proper customers on the basis ofcredit worthiness, setting formal debtor policies andensuring prompt recovery from the customers or takingbusiness decisions on the basis of debtor aging scheduleand daily cash inflow and outflow. The plant authorities mightbe lacking in financial aspects of management due to poorfinancial knowledge and skills.2. On the basis of common size statement analysis, it isobserved that the net profit has increased to a good extentbut also the dairy plant spend much on their financial costand their employees. The poor marketing especially inidentifying and selecting the wrong customers withoutverifying their credit worthiness or financial standings. Thisis clear from the slower or almost non recovery of paymentsfrom the customer. The poor cash inflow brings the dairyplant in financial difficulty as it fails to fulfil the currentobligations on the basis of current operations of dairy plants.3. If we look at the dairy plants capital structure, it is debtridden. It is 79 per cent of the total assets. Debts bringsfinancial obligations of paying interest along with principaland that is risk to the dairy plant. It significantly influencesprofit and risk. The plan though earned profit but notsufficient which is not enough to pay bank interests andprincipal. Hence, capital structure decisions substantiallyaffect the working capital performance if finance notallocated and utilized properly.Conclusions - The study on financial efficiency of RCDFLtd. is not so satisfactory. The more efficient the milkprocessing sector in its management particularly thefinancial management, the more benefits it can pass on toall the stakeholders. On the contrary weak financialmanagement of the milk processing plants led to failure ofmilk plant and economic drainage of resources. Hence it isimportant that milk processing industry to be healthy, itshould keep on increasing its profitability as it is crucialand significant factor for survival, growth and long termsustainability of milk processing plant. Health of thebusiness depends upon the sound financial managementpractices and their proper implementation, monitoring andcontrol. The short term survival of business depends upon


the effective management of the current assets and currentliabilities. If any business has to thrive or prosper, then theyneed to make their cash position healthy and ensure thatcash inflow and cash outflow properly managed so thatshort term failure can be avoided.The financial managermust determine the satisfactory level of working capitalfunds and also the optimum mix of current assets andcurrent liabilities. Dairy plant especially need to refine theiraccount receivable management practices on the basis ofsound financial management practices which ensure timely,regular and healthy cash inflow by selecting the rightcustomer, ensuring strict recovery, eliminating poorcustomers and implementing formal credit policy.References :-1. Amarjit, Gill., Nahum, Biger., and Neil, Mathur. (2010).

“The Relationship Between Working CapitalManagement And Profitability: Evidence From TheUnited States”.

2. ] Shin, H.H and Soenen, L. 1998. “Efficiency of workingcapital and corporate profitability”,Financial Practiceand Education, Vol 8 No 2.

3. Kale, N.K., Tilekar, S.N., Borude, S.G. and Hinge, B.J.,2000, “An economic enquiry in to working of dairycooperatives in coastal area of Maharashtra”, IndianCoop Rev., 38(4): 426-433.

4. Technopak. (2010). Public Private Partnership in IndianDairy Industry 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2011.

5. Vyas V.S. and Chauclari. K.M., “Economics of DairyFarming in Mahasana District”, Airthvikas, Vol I, No.2,July 1971, pp.20-40.

6. Desai D.K. and Narayan. A.V.S.”Impact ofModernization of Dairy Development in KhedaDistrict”,1967.

7. Rafuse, M. E. 1996. “Working Capital Management:An Urgent Need to Refocus”. vol 6 no.

8. Panda, Jagannath, and Asit Kumar Satapathy. WorkingCapital Structure of Private Enterprises: A Study ofCement Industry. Discovery Publishing House, 1988.

9. http://www.development-of-dairyindustry-in-india10. http://www.dairyknowledge.in/article /01-share-

agriculture-and-livestocksector-gdp

Table No. 2PARTICULARS 2015 COST % OF 2016 COST % OF

SALES SALESSales 4,300,918,774 100 6,351,531,104 100Procurement Cost 3,956,920,937 92 6,148,189,242 94Processing Cost 6,565,273 0.153 6,965,064 .11Employee Cost 237,330,216 4.518 120,116,986 1.89Selling & Distribution Cost 22,839,645 0.53 15,801,228 .25Administration Cost 7,393,527 0.172 7,027,049 .11Financial Cost 143,136,888 1.627 70,523,952 1.11NET PROFIT 23,820,009 .5538 175,458,979 2.76

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Abstract - Manuscript T ype: Empirical. Research Question/Issue: The present paper attempts to analyze the level ofmandatory disclosure practices among the biggest manufacturing companies in India in the time period 2011-2012 to2015-2016 and its effects on performance and profitability.Research Findings/Result s: Using the survey of 13 manufacturing companies with the Standard & Poor’s scorecard to assess the mandatory disclosure practices of the companies as a benchmark. It is observed that among thesample manufacturing companies HUL are high disclosure companies and Whirlpool are low disclosure companies inmandatory disclosure practices.Theoretical Implications: The results of the study support theoretical arguments that mandatory disclosure increasesperformance.Practical Implications: A country’s government environment—especially legal and market infrastructure—highlyaffect the companies’ rate of disclosure which then increases profitability. To policy makers and practitioners, theresults suggest that disclosure should be monitored. Good legislation and a market environment that is free fromcorruption are essential for mandatory disclosure to be efficient.Keywords - Mandatory Disclosure Practices, S&P, Listed Companies and Transparency and Disclosure

An Empirical Analysis of Mandatory Disclosure Practicesin Listed Manufacturing Companies in India

Introduction - Present day financial improvement to asignificant degree relies on upon the accessibility of capital.In creating nations where the objective is to have quickfinancial development, capital is exceptionally fundamentalto build the yield and the supply of monetary products forthe advantage of individuals from society. The monetarydata ought to be accessible in such a shape, to the pointthat these invested individuals having various financialpremiums are equipped for supporting their activities in anintelligent and objective way. The most critical perspectiveis the announcing of financial achievement or disappoint-ment of the monetary units that control and utilize theconsiderable bit of the rare capital assets of the nation.

According to Healy and Palepu (2001) , “disclosurecomprises all forms of voluntary corporate communications,for example, management forecasts, analystspresentations, the annual general meetings, press releases,information placed on corporate websites and othercorporate reports, such as, stand-alone environmental orsocial reports”.Review of Literature - Jawahar Lal (1985) in his publishedthesis entitled “Corporate Annual Reports - Theory andPractice” has examined the disclosure practices ofmanufacturing companies in the private sector. Dr. Lal hasconsidered fifty items for measuring the extent of the qualityof disclosure in the annual reports of 180 companies

Dr. Sunil More Jindal * CA Mukesh Agrawal **

* H.O.D (Commerce) Govt. College, Anjad, Distt. Barwani (M.P .) INDIA** FCA, ISA(ICAI) School of Commerce, D.A.V .V., Indore (M.P.) INDIA

selected for the study. He has examined mainly the impactof four company characteristics, namely - asset size,earning margin, nature of industry and association with alarge industrial house - on the quality of XLVII disclosure.He has concluded that there has been a considerableimprovement in disclosure quality during the period understudy. He has discovered that of the four characteristics,the size of the company has better association with theextent of disclosure than any of the other three variables.

Kohli (1998) made a comprehensive attempt tocompare the current status of disclosure level of Indian andU.S. companies for the years 1990-91 to 1994-95.The studywas based on 100 Indian and 100 U.S. companies. An indexof 212 disclosure items of both 26 mandatory and voluntarynature was prepared. The influence of company attributeslike size, profitability, age, nature of industry and auditingfirms on the disclosure level of Indian as well as UScompanies was also studied. Findings of the study showedthat there was improvement in mean disclosure score ofIndian companies over the period of study. Total assets,turnover, profits, age of the company and auditing firmshad a positive and significant effect on the disclosure score.Indian companies lagged behind in the matter of disclosureof corporate information. Study suggested that in order tomake the corporate annual reports more informative anddecision oriented, these must provide detailed information


about their future plans and policies.Sarkar(2011) analyzed the mandatory and voluntary

disclosure practices of public limited companies in Indiafor the year 2009-10.For the purpose of the study publishedannual reports of 12 companies selected on the basis of10 BSE Sensex stocks in descending order of their marketcapitalization as on 31-3-11 were scanned. The authoridentified 22 items of mandatory disclosure and 32 itemsof voluntary disclosure. Findings of the study showed thatthere was 100 percent disclosure for mandatory items butwide diversity in the type and presentation of voluntarydisclosure among companies. He suggested a commonframework for presentation of information in the annualreports to meet the test of comparability and said thatfailures should also be reported in the annual reports.Objectives of the study :1. To study mandatory disclosure practices in

Manufacturing companies.2. To dwell upon mandatory disclosure practices in

selected manufacturing companies in India.3. To study the correlation between mandatory disclosure

and performance of companies.Research Methodology - The present study surveys themandatory Disclosure practices in Indian CorporateManufacturing sector. For this purpose it makes use ofsecondary data. The study adopts on the sample companiesto assess the efficiency of its Disclosures. Further, the studymakes a judicious use of the various reports of the Ministryof Corporate Affairs, SEBI and other global agencies. Thestudy involves using the mandatory disclosure scorecardto rate the disclosure practices of the sample companies.Tools used for Analysis - In the first part the studyextensively makes use of the disclosure scorecarddeveloped by Standard & Poor’s to assess the mandatorydisclosure practices of the companies. This scorecardconsists of 85 items with a maximum score of 85 and wasdesigned to ensure maximum objectivity in assessing thecompanies.

The data collected (secondary data) was classified,calculated, tabulated and analysed using appropriate toolssuch as percentages, One-way ANOVA.Mandatory Disclosures Practices in Samplemanufacturing Comp anies by Using Score Card -Various regulatory bodies have issued different regulationsto improve the disclosure practices of manufacturingcompanies from time to time. After consulting the provisionsissued by these laws and by scanning the annual reportsof the selected manufacturing companies an index of 85items is prepared. Further these 85 items are divided into4 sub-heads i.e. statutory disclosure , director’s report,balance sheet abstract and disclosure as per accountingstandards issued by ICAI (Institute of CharteredAccountants of India). Disclosure results of the companieshave been analyzed for all these 85 items.

Table:1 Selected key mandatory disclosure p arameters:Index Of Mandatory Items Category Number of Percent age

items Statutory disclosure 64 75.29 Balance sheet abstract 5 5.88 Directors Report 10 11.76 Disclosure as per 6 7.06 accounting standards Total 85 100 Source: Researcher compilationTable:2 (see in next p age)Anova result of MDI Group s Count Sum Average Variance ABNL 5 360 72 4 Apollo tyres 5 315 63 2 Asian paints 5 390 78 10 NMDC 5 380 76 2 Pidilite 5 375 75 10 Bajaj auto 5 395 79 6.5 Havells 5 370 74 2 Whirlpool 5 310 62 5 HUL 5 415 83 6.5 United Spirit 5 355 71 4.5 BOMBAY DYEING 5 380 76 6 L&T 5 410 82 6 Ultra tech 5 380 76 6Source: Researcher compilationCompany-wise mandatory disclosure of manufacturingcompanies reflect that HUL and L&T is having highestdisclosure score than other companies (83, 82 mean scoresrespectively). Higher percent change in disclosure scoreover the year is in Bombay dying. The ANOVA results ofscore card wise sample of the Manufacturing companies.It is observed that F value 36.5012 is highly insignificant.So the top 13 Manufacturing companies behave verydifferently with respect to MDI Disclosures.Conclusion - In the study, we have analyzed the significantdifferences in mandatory disclosure mechanism andimportance given to it by different company policies. Studyhighlights that, different company’s emphasis on differentparameters within the company policy framework. Theoverall averages and ranking given shows the comparativescore analysis between the companies.

On the score card average for last 5 years as per thedisclosures in Annual Reports , shows the differences inthe adherence of norms by different manufacturingcompanies in last 5 years of operations and reporting. Majormandatory clauses are met with but non mandatoryparameters are not integrated in the corporate system oreither of the parameters are not disclosed in Annual Reportsfrom which the data had been derived can serve as limitationto this study and as to the disclosure it may have humanerror as finding the facts. Literature review and overall studyenvisages the possibility of enhancing the capabilitiesthrough mandatory and non mandatory disclosure norms


leading to vigilant and transparent system and shifting majorparameters of non mandatory clauses to mandatory norm.References :-1. Baneijee Bhabatosh: Harmonization with International

Accounting Standards: A Case Study of Earning PerShare: Indian Accounting Review: December 2002

2. D’Souza Dolphy: IFRS- The Way Forward: TheChartered Accountant: May 2007

3. Hyderabad Dr. R.L.: Risk Reporting: The CharteredAccountant: May 2007

4. Mohammad Dr. Jafar, Agarwal Sushil Srinikeshan:Accounting Standards and Gaps in practices in India:The Indian Journal of Commerce; oct-Decl997.

5. Rao prof. Rajeshwar K.: Disclosure Needs forTransparency in Accounting policy and Statement: TheIndian Journal of Commerce, July- Sept. 1995

6. Sen Dilip Kumar: Clause 49 of Listing Agreement on

Corporate Governance: The Chartered Accountant:December 2004.

7. Tamboli R.L.: Analysis of Accounting Disclosure andInvestor Protection: The Indian Journal of Commerce.Oct-Dec 2004.

8. Tiwari Shailendra Kr.: GAAP A Journey From Domesticto International Platform: The Chartered Accountant:July 2002.

List o f Journals and magazines :1. The Chartered Accountant: New Delhi, issues from

September 2005 to August 2007.2. The Indian Journal of Commerce: issues from July-

Sept 2005 to April-June 2007.3. The Chartered Accountants Today: Taxmann, New

Delhi.4. ICFAI Reader: The ICFAI University Press.5. Indian Accounting Review: vol-6 No-2

Table:2 Comp anywise mandatory disclosure scoreS. Company Name 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Mean Score1 ABNL 70 70 72 74 74 722 Apollo tyres 61 63 63 63 65 633 Asian paints 74 76 78 80 82 784 NMDC 74 76 76 76 78 765 Pidilite 71 73 75 77 79 756 Bajaj auto 76 77 79 81 82 797 Havells 72 74 74 74 76 748 Whirlpool 59 61 62 63 65 629 HUL 80 81 83 85 86 8310 United Spirit 68 70 71 73 73 7111 BOMBAY DYEING 74 74 76 76 80 7612 L&T 78 82 82 84 84 8213 Ultra tech 72 76 76 78 78 76Source: Researcher compilation

ANOVASource of V ariation SS df MS F P-value F critBetween Groups 2375.384615 12 197.949 36.501182 5E-21 1.9436Within Groups 282 52 5.42308Total 2657.384615 64 Source: Researcher compilation


Abstract - Women entrepreneurship has a vital role in the development of any economy. Women entrepreneurs arethose women who think of a business enterprise, initiate it, organize and combine the factors of production, operatethe enterprise and undertake risks and handle economic uncertainty involved in running a business enterprise. Therole and participation of women are recognized and steps are being taken for the promotion of women entrepreneurship.The focus of the study is on relationship between women entrepreneur and Small and Medium Enterprises(SMEs)in Madhya Pradesh; secondly focus is on role of government in encouraging women entrepreneurs in SME inMadhya Pradesh. The secondary data is used for study and analyzed in general way.Key word - Women Entrepreneur, Small & Medium Enterprises (SMEs), Madhya Pradesh

Role Of Women Entrepreneur In Small And MediumEntreprises (Smes) In Madhya Pradesh

Introduction - Women form a significant human resourceof nation. They should be used as instruments for the growthand development of economy of each and every state.Women, on the other hand, are willing to take up businessand lend their contributions to the growth of the nation.Women entrepreneur may be that innovative entrepreneurwho initiate, organize, innovate, imitate or adopt a businessactivity and run a business enterprise. Accordingly, theGovernment of India (G.OI2006) has defined womenentrepreneur as “an enterprise owned and controlled by awomen having a minimum financial interest of 51 per centof the capital and giving at least 51 per cent of theemployment generated in the enterprise to women.”Though women constitute about 50% of population, thepercentage of women owned enterprises is less than 5%in India, which is in sharp contrast to this ratio in USA whichis ~40% and ~25 % in UK, as per E&Y. India ranks low at70 among 77 countries covered in the FemaleEntrepreneurship Index 2015, with a score of 25.3. Notsurprisingly, US, with 82.9 points were rated as No. 1 andAustralia and UK followed, in that order. Even though ratingof India got improved by 4 points over last year, it is importantto have deeper insights into the factors that led to thisimprovement.Numbers of W omen Entrepreneurs Registered in India(Table See in the last p age)Role Of W omen Entrepreneur In Smes - The Centre forEntrepreneurship Development Madhya Pradesh widelyknown as CEDMAP in a span of over 25 years has achievedenormous success in the field of entrepreneurshipdevelopment activities for upliftment of society in the stateof Madhya Pradesh (MP) and Chhattisgarh (CG). TheCEDMAP, an autonomous body, has launched variousprogrammes for entrepreneurship development in Madhya

Dr. Anoop Kumar V yas * Urvashi V erma **

*Professor & Head (Commerce) S.A.B.V . Govt. Art s & Commerce College, Indore (M.P.) INDIA**Research Scholar (Commerce) Devi Ahilya V ishwavidyalaya, Indore (M.P.) INDIA

Pradesh for innovative practices and skill certification. TheCEDMAP not only has diversified activities inentrepreneurship development and skill developmentprogrammes but it also has actively participated in nation-wide financial inclusion programmes.

Association of Industries, Madhya Pradesh and IndoreManagement Association Professional Women Forumalong with India SME Forum, Mumbai launched of nation-wide initiative of ‘Empowering Women EntrepreneurConference’ in which Sushma Morthania, Director Generalof India SME Forum while addressing said,“Entrepreneurship in India is underrated especially forwomen and it is only women who can change this myth.Indore has given many such examples and that is whathas compelled us to launch our forum form Indore.”It currently has 70,000 SMEs working all over the countrywith the full hand support of the forum with 170 SME inaverage attending them in every city. Ritu Grover, IMA,Professional Women’s Forum who is supporting theinitiative said, “We have similar zeal to promote womenentrepreneur as that of Indian SME Forum and we try arelevel best to assist women entrepreneurs to grow themprofessionally in Indore and the launch of this forum willhelp us bring all the women entrepreneurs under oneumbrella.” In SMEs, support for women entrepreneur willhelp the restructuring large enterprises consolidatingmanufacturing complexes.Role Of Government Of India T o Support W omenEntrepreneur - The Micro, Small & Medium EnterprisesDevelopment Organisation (MSME-DO), the various StateSmall Industries Development Corporations (SSIDCs), thenationalised banks and even NGOs are conducting variousprogrammes including Entrepreneurship DevelopmentProgrammes (EDPs) to cater to the needs of potential


women entrepreneurs. Various government schemes forMSMEs also provide certain special incentives andconcessions for women entrepreneurs. Under the scheme,Prime Minister ’s Rozgar Yojana (PMR Y), preference isgiven to women beneficiaries. The Credit Guarantee FundScheme for Micro and Small Enterprises , the guaranteecover is generally available upto 75% of the loans extended;however the extent of guarantee cover is 80% for MSEsoperated and or owned by women.

Some of the special schemes for women entrepreneursimplemented by the government are provided below:l Mahila Coir Yojana is a woman-oriented self-employ-

ment scheme in the coir industry, which provides self-employment opportunities to the rural women artisansin regions producing coir fibre.

l Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP)is a flagship scheme of the government for employ-ment generation programmes in the unorganized sec-tor.

l Trade Related Entrepreneurship Assist ance andDevelopment (TREAD) scheme for women envisageseconomic empowerment of women through develop-ment of their entrepreneurial skills in non-farm activi-ties.

l Promotional Package which comprises several pro-posals and schemes having direct impact on the pro-motion and development of the micro and small enter-prises. These, inter alias, include credit and fiscal sup-port, cluster-based development, infrastructure, tech-nology and marketing support.

l Enhanced Credit Flow to the MSEs Sector isscheme which the Government announced for Step-ping up Credit to Small and Medium Enterprises (SME)in August 2005 for doubling the credit flow to this sec-tor within a period of five years.

l Skill Development programmes conducted by Minis-try of MSME for skill development for nearly 1.8 lakhtrainees during 2007-08 and the targets set for 2008-09 is 3 lakh persons.

l Cluster Development Programme is a scheme onwhich the Government has been focusing for devel-opment of the MSEs - through which different clustersand concentrations of enterprises are given the ben-efit of a whole variety of interventions ranging fromexposure to skill development.

l Rajiv Gandhi Udyami Mitra Yojana scheme waslaunched to promote and support establishment ofmicro and small enterprises through handholding ofpotential first generation entrepreneurs.

l National Fund For Unorganised Sector (NCEUS) isone of creation for National Fund for the unorganizedsector.

Role Of Government Of Madhya Pradesh T o SupportWomen Entrepreneur - Madhya Pradesh is implementingvarious schemes, programmes, social welfare schemes,Health and Nutrition, scholarship for women empowerment,

Girl Child pregnant women, mothers, ward members,Anganwadi Workers, Women Health Volunteers, thewomen living in the rural & tribal areas, ex-servicemen,physically handicapped, nursing women, Lactating mother,widows/destitute, Old age women, women self-help group(SHG), Women Entrepreneurs and Adolescent Girls’.l ‘Mamatva Mela’ is an annual event of the Corpora-

tion, in which products of women’s self help groups,rural / urban women entrepreneurs, are demonstratedand sold in which training program for self reliance for14 to 35 years adolescent girls and young womenorganise to increase awareness, towards the entre-preneurship, and prepare them for sustainable finan-cial development, by providing them information on selfemployment.

l Since 1999 the plan for organizing the ‘Haat BazaarOpert aing Plan’ at the district level has been launchedto make available the market to the products, preparedby women’s self help groups and women entrepreneursof rural areas.

l Under the ‘Step Scheme’ Government is given thegrant with the aim to make available the self employ-ment and to make financially self reliant to women,the training is provided in Agriculture, animal hus-bandry, dairy, fisheries, handlooms, handicrafts, khadiand village industries, sericulture etc trades.

l ‘Tejaswini Rural W omen Empowerment Program’has enabled to empower the rural women to fully uti-lize different economic, social and political opportuni-ties for their betterment.The chief minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan said in

‘Global Investors Summit-2016’, “Madhya Pradeshgovernment has created a Rs 100 crore venture fund forbudding entrepreneurs with innovative ideas for setting upindustries, He said M.P., which was “sick state” ten yearsago, is now zooming with 10 per cent annual growth rate.According to him, the agriculture sector has been growingat over 20 per cent for the past four years. There are hugeopportunities for heavy to small scale industries in MP. Everysector has different policy.Result - The nominal GSDP of Madhya Pradesh for theyear 2014-15 was Rs. 5.08 lakhs crore. The State recordeda 16.85 percent growth in its GSDP over the period of 2013-14 and a Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) forGSDP of 14.65 percent between 2004 -05 and 2014-15. In last four years alone, the State’s GSDP hasgrown at more than 10% consistently which is significantlybetter than the national average. The number of registeredMSMEs increased to 48179 in a year 2015-2016 from 19835in a year 2014-2015. In India number of women enterprisesof registered sector is 2.15 i.e. 13.72% of the totalenterprises and number of women enterprises ofunregistered sector is 18.06 i.e. 9.09% of total enterprises.Employment level of female is 19.04 i.e. 20.45% whereasmale employment level is 74.05 i.e. 79.55 %. (Fourth allIndia Census of MSME 06-07).


The Government of Madhya Pradesh has introduced24 hour energy supply in its districts and villages and thementioned technical assistance project of AsianDevelopment Bank (ADB) supports the electrification in 32project districts in three regions of Madhya Pradesh, namely:Bhopal, Indore and Jabalpur. The objective of the project isto build the capacity of women from Self Help Groups(SHGs) through gender mainstreaming interventions andto enable women to build their own energy-based incomegenerating businesses. Since project start in January 2013until November 2014, 18,000 women have participated intrainings that include topics on gender, efficient energy use,financial literacy and enterprise development. Until projectend in April 2015 the target is to train a total of 20,000women. Amongst the women who received a first training500 interested female entrepreneurs are identified andtrained as trainers on Business Development Support andanother 500 women are trained on Gender & Energy. Theselected women trainers gain knowledge on the marketand on business planning and will serve as advisors to otherwomen in the villages who want to set up an enterprise.Conclusion - Now state and central government both areconcentrating on the development of womenentrepreneurship. Coordinated efforts are needed to enablewomen entrepreneur to make better economic choices.Government has also run number of schemes andprogrammes to encourage female workers in a country. Topromote women entrepreneurship in a country the Ministryof Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises has also launcheda special evolution programme for unemployed girls andwomen to set up their own business. A completeentrepreneurial development can be achieved by theparticipation of women and therefore the growth anddevelopment of women entrepreneurs must be increasedin a country.Refernces :-1. Priti Goswami: GROWTH OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP

IN MSME IN MADHYA PRADESH, Asia Pacific Jour-nal of Research Vol: I. Issue XXVIII, June 2015

2. Chingunta, F. (2001) ‘Youth Livelihoods and Enterprise

Activities in Zambia’, Report to IDRC Canada.3. Rosa, P., Carter, S., & Hamilton, D. (1996). Gender as

a determinants of small business performance: insightfrom a British study . . Small Business Economics, 8(4), 463-478.

4. Wijewardena, H., & Cooray. (1996). Factors contribut-ing to the growth of small manufacturing firms: per-ceptions on Japanese owner/manager. Journal of En-terprising culture , 4 (4), 351-361

5. Manichavel, S. (1997). Small Industries:Need for en-trepreneurs in villages. Social Welfare , 32 (72).

6. Dr. Robita Sorokhaibam,(2011).Women entrepreneur-ship in Manipur, North-East India. Interdisciplinary Jour-nal of Research in Business, Vol. 1, Issue. 5,(pp.46-53)

7. June 02, 2014 The SupportBiz.com/Article/News: In-dia SME Forum Empowering Women Entrepreneurs

8. Article: Stepping Stones for Women Entrepreneurshipin India. Posted by : YES BANK Date : 26-07-16

9. Women Entrepreneurs: Concept and Functions ofWomen Entrepreneurs: Article by: D.K.Sinha

10. The Times Of India, Updated: Sep 22, 2016, 03.42AM IST, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/trend-track-ing/Madhya-Pradesh-govt-created-Rs-100-cr-venture-fund-for-entrepreneurs/articleshow/54454861.cms

11. The Economic Survey of Madhya Pradesh for 2015-16,www.data.worldbank.org

12. www.dcmsme.gov.in/schemes/wenterpre.htm13. http://mpmsme.gov.in/mpmsmecms% 5CUploaded%

20Document/Whats%20New/%5C01102016010426MP-MSME-%20Vision%20Doc-%20Final%20 (En-glish). pdf

14. http://www.cedmapindia.org/index-main.php15. http://smallb.sidbi.in/%20/fund-your-business%20/ad-

ditional-benefits-msmes%20/women-entrepreneurship16. http://fs-unep-centre.org/projects/enhancing-energy-

based-livelihoods-women-micro-entrepreneurs17. http://www.smetimes.in/smetimes/in-depth/2009/Mar/

03/women-empowerment-and-their-role-in-smes.html18. http://msme.gov.in/Report_working_group_5yearplan-

2012-17.

Numbers of W omen Entrepreneurs Registered in IndiaWomen No of Units Rank No of Women Rank PercentageEntrepreneurship Registered EntrepreneursStatesTamil Nadu 9,618 1 2,930 2 30.36Uttar Pradesh 7,980 2 3,180 1 39.84Kerala 5,487 3 2,135 3 38.91Punjab 4,791 4 1,618 4 33.77Maharashtra 4,339 5 1,394 6 32.12Gujarat 3,872 6 1,538 5 39.72Karnataka 3,822 7 1,026 7 26.84Madhya Pradesh 2,967 8 842 8 28.38Other States & UTs 14,576 9 4,185 9 28.71Total 57,452 18,848 32.82Source: Report of MSMEs, 12th Five year plan2012-2017.

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Abstract - Most women across the globe rely on the informal work sector for an income. If women were empowered todo more and be more, the possibility for economic growth becomes apparent. Empowering women in developingcountries is essential to reduce global poverty since women represent most of the world’s poor population. Eliminatinga significant part of a nation’s work force on the sole basis of gender can have detrimental effects on the economy ofthat nation. in developing countries today are micro, small or medium enterprises. Often they do not mature. This hasnegative for growth and poverty reduction. Understanding the specific barriers women’s businesses face and providingsolutions to address them are necessary for countries to further leverage the economic power of women for growth andthe attainment of development goals.Keywords - Empowering, economic growth, development goals.

Gender Gap and Women Entrepreneurship

Introduction - Under the Ministry of Micro, Small andMedium Enterprises and joint collaboration betweendifferent Departments have initiated various schemes forEntrepreneurs in order to motivate and encourage youngminds to innovative ideas, to Women Entrepreneurship, topromote self-employment. Schemes and programs forentrepreneurs especially, small, micro and mediumbusiness. Government Of India offers various schemes forEntrepreneurs sectors such as Agricultural, Chemicals, andFertilizers, Finance, Commerce & Industry, CommunicationAnd Information Technology, Corporate Affairs, Culture,Food Processing, Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, andScience & Technology etc. Entrepreneurs belonging to firstgeneration, various categories, physically handicapped,minorities, ex-servicemen marginalized communities andalso General Category etc. is included to avail the benefits.Financial assistance, insurance, subsidy, training, helpsearly stage tech startup, business loans, special incentiveis provided to set up new enterprises for entrepreneurs.Participation in ‘Entrepreneurship Development’Programme For Women Owned Businesses will increasethe awareness, capacities and confidence.

Contrary to common perception, a large percentageof women in India work. National data collection agenciesaccept that statistics seriously understate women’scontribution as workers However, there are far fewer womenthan men in the paid workforce. In urban India, womenparticipate in the workforce in impressive numbers. Forexample, in the software industry 30% of the workforce isfemale. In rural India in the agriculture and allied industrialsectors, females account for as much as 89.5% of thelabour force. In overall farm production, women’s average

Rahul Suryawanshi *

* Research Scholar (Commerce),D.A.V .V.,Indore (M.P.) INDIA

contribution is estimated at 55% to 66% of the total labour.According to a World Bank report, women accounted for94% of total employment in dairy production in India.Women constitute 51% of the total employed in forest-basedsmall-scale enterprises Infrastructure is another low-hanging fruit for policymakers. The lack of basic amenitiesaffects women more than men, as women are oftenresponsible for a larger share of time-consuming householdactivities. Better electricity and access to water andsanitation may reduce the burden of women in providingessential household inputs for their families, and allow formore time to be directed toward entrepreneurial activities.Travel in India can also be restrictive and unpredictable,and women face greater constraints in geographic mobilityimposed by safety concerns and social norms. Investmentin local transport infrastructure may thus directly alleviatea major constraint to female entrepreneurs in accessingmarkets.

The global workplace gender gap is getting wider andeconomic parity between the sexes could take as many as170 years to close after a dramatic slowdown in progress.The slowdown is partly because of chronic imbalances insalaries and labour force participation, despite the fact that,in 95 countries out of the 144 that are ranked, women attenduniversity in equal or higher numbers than men. These arethe key findings of The World Economic Forum’s (WEF)Global Gender Gap Report 2016,.The report is an annualbenchmarking exercise that measures progress towardsparity between men and women in four areas: educationalattainment, health and survival, economic opportunity andpolitical empowerment. In the latest edition, the report findsthat progress towards parity in the key economic pillar of


gender has slowed dramatically with the gap—which standsat 59%—now larger than at any point since 2008. Behindthis decline are a number of factors. One is salary, withwomen around the world on average earning just over halfof what men earn despite, on average, working longerhours, taking paid and unpaid work into account. The Global Gender Percent age improvement Gap Index Nicaragua 12% Nepal 11% Bolivia 11% Slovenia 11% France 10% Cameroon 10% Iceland 9% Ecuador 8% India 8% Namibia 8%Note:2016 rank out of 144 countriesSource: The Global Gender Gap Report 2016

Another persistent challenge is stagnant labour forceparticipation, with the global average for women at 54%,compared to 81% for men.

The education gender gap has closed 1% over thepast year to over 95%, making it one of the two areas wheremost progress has been made to date. Health and survival,the other pillar to have closed 96% of the gap, hasdeteriorated marginally. Two-thirds of the 144 countriesmeasured in this year’s report can now claim to have fullyclosed their gender gap in sex ratio at birth, while morethan one-third have fully closed the gap in terms of healthylife expectancy. The pillar where the gender gap loomslargest, political empowerment, is also the one that hasseen the greatest amount of progress since the WEF beganmeasuring the gender gap in 2006. This is now over 23%;1% greater than 2015 and nearly 10% higher than in 2006.However, improvements are starting from a low base: onlytwo countries have reached parity in parliament and onlyfour have reached parity on ministerial roles, according tothe latest globally comparable data. The slow rate of

progress towards gender parity, especially in the economicrealm, poses a particular risk given the fact that many jobsthat employ a majority of women are likely to be hitproportionately hardest by the coming age of technologicaldisruption known as the Fourth Industrial Revolution.“Women and men must be equal partners in managing thechallenges our world faces—and in reaping theopportunities. Both voices are critical in ensuring the FourthIndustrial Revolution delivers its promise for society,”Conclusion- Many of the barriers to women’sempowerment and equity lie ingrained in cultural norms.Many women feel these pressures, while others havebecome accustomed to being treated inferior to men.] Evenif men, legislators, NGOs, etc. are aware of the benefitswomen’s empowerment and participation can have, manyare scared of disrupting the status quo and continue to letsocietal norms get in the way of development. Recentstudies also show that women face more barriers in theworkplace than do men. Gender-related barriers involvesexual harassment, unfair hiring practices, careerprogression, and unequal pay where women are paid lessthan men are for performing the same job. Adisproportionate share of women-owned business indeveloping countries today are micro, small or mediumenterprises. Often they do not mature. This has negativefor growth and poverty reduction. Understanding the specificbarriers women’s businesses face and providing solutionsto address them are necessary for countries to furtherleverage the economic power of women for growth and theattainment of development goals.

References :-1. Tambunan, Tulus. (2009); Women entrepreneurship

in Asian developing countries: Their development andmain constraints,

2. Journal of Development and Agricultural EconomicsVol. 1(2), Page No. 027-040;

3. the glass ceiling. Thousand Oaks,4. CA: Sage.2 WEF gender gap report 2016;5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_entrepreneurs.

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Abstract - After Independence role of cooperative societies grew to encompass socio-economic development anderadication of poverty in rural India. Within short span of time role of cooperatives extended beyond industrial credit.It started covering activities such as production forming marketing and processing “ The paper examined the contributionsof cooperatives to small and medium scale enterprises (SME) development, indentified, the challenges and to suggestedway of strengthening this role.Key words - Small Scale, Co-operative, Nigeria, Economy.

Contributions of Cooperative societies indevelopment of Small Scale Industries

Introduction - Cooperative society means “an autonomousassociation of person united voluntarily to meet theircommon economic, social, and cultural needs andaspirations through a jointly-c Wiled and democratically-controlled enterprise”. The cooperation, which means living,thinking and working together to achieve a common goalthrough co-operative principles, envisages a group ofpersons with one or more common economic needs,voluntarily agreeing to pool their resources both human andmaterial and use them for mutual benefit, through anenterprise / organization managed by the group itself indemocratic lines. Subsequently, any organization formedby a group of persons to work together to accomplish theobjectives for which it is formed through the co-operativeprinciples is called a co-operative society.Concept of cooperative societies - The concept ofcooperation is as old as mankind and it forms the bask fordomestic and social life. The cooperation is nothing butgroup instinct in human which enable one to live with others,work with others and help each other in times of stress andstrain. Without cooperation, the social and economicprogress would not be possible. It is impossible for anycivilization to flourish unless the cooperation supplementsthe competition in human society, if any. This is becausehuman beings have developed out of group life and thereforenaturally respond to group and social stimuli. So, the co-operative spirit is innate and intrinsic in human beings.

In the modern technical sense, the birth of co-operativemovement and its applications in the economic field wastraced after the Industrial Revolution in England during thesecond half of the 18th and first half of 19th century. Thecooperation, understood as an economic system today, wasborn as a peaceful reaction against the mercantile economyand industrial revolution. Now the cooperation occupies aposition of primary importance as a form of business

Dr. Sapna Soni * Smit a Patidar **

*Professor (Commerce) Shahid Bheema Nayak Govt. P .G. College, Barwani (M.P .) INDIA** Research Scholar (Commerce) D.A.V .V., Indore (M.P.) INDIA

organization in almost all the countries in the world.We know that Cooperation is must necessary in large

scale industries but in small scale industries role ofcooperation is also plays an important role.History of cooperative societies in India - The co-operative movement in India is century old. The movementwas started in India with a view to encourage and promotethrift and mutual help for the development of persons ofsmall means such as agriculturists, artisans and othersegments of the society. It was also aimed at concentratingthe efforts in releasing the exploited classes out of theclutches of the money lenders. During British rule, basedon the recommendations of Sir Frederick Nicholson (1899)and Sir Edward Law (1901), the Co-operative Credit SocietiesAct was passed in 1904, paving the way for the establishmentof co-operative credit societies in rural and urban areas.Under this Act, only primary credit societies were permittedto register and non-credit and federal organisations of primaryco-operative credit societies were left out.

The first urban co-operative credit society wasregistered in October 1904 at Kanjeepuram now in TamilNadu State. In October and December 1905, Betegiri Co-operative Credit Society in Dharwar District and theBangalore city co-operative credit society, both in KarnatakaState were registered. The introduction of the Co-operativeCredit Societies Act 1904, for providing credit to farmersmarked the beginning of the institutionalization of co-operativeBanking in India. This Act was amended in 1912 to facilitatethe establishment of central co-operative banks at the districtlevel, thereby giving it a three tier federal character.

Since 1950s, the co-operatives in India have maderemarkable progress in the various segments of Indianeconomy. During the last century, the co-operativemovement has entered several sectors like credit, banking,production, processing, distribution/marketing, housing,


warehousing, irrigation, transport, textiles and even in smallscale industries . Today, India can claim to have the largestnetwork of co-operatives in the world numbering more thanhalf a million, with a membership of more than 200 million.After independence, for the first 3 years i.e. up to 1949, nosignificant development could be made. It was mainly dueto the problem created by partition and absence of concreteprogramme for national re-organisation. However, theleaders of free India could the importance of co-operativemovement for a successful democracy importance was givento strengthen co-operative structure of country and variousprovisions were made through different Five year Plan.

The First Plan also recommended for training ofpersonnel’s and setting up of Co-operative MarketingSocieties. The Second Plan laid down proposals forextending co operative activity into various fields. It gavespecial emphasis on the warehousing co operatives at theState and Central level. The Third Plan brought still newareas under Cooperative societies. The cooperative societyfor sugarcane, cotton; spinning, milk supply was proposed.Some concrete steps were taken to train the personnel’s.The co operative training College at Pune and many regionalcenters were established to train the workers. The FourthPlan emphasised for consolidation of co operative system.The new programmer high yielding crops was started.Different credit societies were organised to serve theseprogrammes.Small Scale industries - In Indian economy small-scaleand cottage industries occupy an important place, becauseof their employment potential and their contribution to totalindustrial output and exports. Government of India has takena number of steps to promote them. However, with therecent measures, small-scale and cottage industries facingboth internal competition as well as external competition.There is no clear distinction between small-scale andcottage industries. However it is generally believed thatcottage industry is one which is carried on wholly or primarilywith the help of the members of the family. As against this,small-scale industry employs hired labour.Moreover industries are generally associated withagriculture and provide subsidiary employment in ruralareas, As against this, small scale units are mainly locatedin urban areas as separate establishments.Objectives of Small Scale Industries - The objectives ofsmall scale industries are:1. To create more employment opportunities with less

investment.2. To remove economic backwardness of rural and less

developed regions of the economy.3. To reduce regional imbalances.4. To mobilize and ensure optimum utilization of

unexploited resources of the country.5. To improve standard of living of people.6. To ensure equitable distribution of income and wealth.7. To solve unemployment problem.8. To attain self-reliance.

9. To adopt latest technology aimed at producing betterquality products at lower costs.

Role of cooperative societies in development of SmallScale Industries – Cooperative societies play an importantrole in development of small scale industries and cottageindustries. We know that in present age if we want to startany business first we need capital then we take help ofbanks for business loan. Cooperative society do same thingbut in easy way and less paper work.

Cooperative societies play a vital role in developmentof small scale Industries as we know that in Today’s Era forstart ups. We need huge amount of capital and assistancealso. Co-operative societies assists us from start tomarketing of business. Same is in care of SSI As blood isessential for survival of Humans money is essential forsurvival of Business. So Co-operative societies helps inarranging funds for business and marketing too as smallscale industries have shortage of funds so cooperativesocieties help in marketing their product.Financial Assist ance by Co-oprative Society in SmallScal Industries

The details of financial assistance extended by the co-oprative society given in Table : Year Loans Sanctions Loan Disbursement 2010-11 26832.6 17476.9 2011-12 25867.9 11012.5 2012-13 25898.2 16614.9 2013-14 33937.7 24986.4 2014-15 30799.0 16183.3 2015-16 36490.0 22483.0

Source : Annual Report District FormFinancial Assistance to small scale industries by co-

operative 2010-11 to 2015-16 (Rs. in Crores)It is clear from Table 1 that the co-operative socity loans

senctions had increased from Rs. 26832.6 crors in 2010-11 to Rs. 36490 crores in 2015-16 and during the sameperiod disbursement too had increased from 17476.9 croresto Rs. 22483 crores reflecting the rapid industrial andbusiness growth of the country on the one side and thecorresponding increase in the mobilization of resources bythe development financial institution on the other. In thisthe co-operative had leading role as it has been the apexfinancial institutions of the country.Conclusion - The role of small scale industries is vital indevelopment of industrial sector as they contribute. Morethan 37% to countries GDP and generate employment for80s Lakh indians.References :-1. Formation and Management of a co-operative society

alongwith multi state co-operative societies Act andRules.

2. (Nabhi Board of Editors)3. Credit cooperative society in Tribal area – A study (Patel

Dilipkumar)4. entrepreneurship.com5. www.cooperative.com6. wikipedia.org


Abstract - Solar Panel Products are one of the best alternate of electricity. It reduces the amount of electricity comingfrom fossil fuels by supplying your operations with clean, renewable energy from the sun. In this research paper, Ihave done research work on customer’s satisfaction towards solar panel product in Indore region. The main object ofmy research to know the overall satisfaction of the consumer towards Solar Product. I have collected data from 500customers with the help of questionnaire and interpreted them. From above research I founded that majority of thecustomers got aware about solar panel product and their benefits. Popular brand in the market of solar panel productare Vikram and Tata Power. 85% customers gave important to the ‘Price’ of the product in this research while 64%prefer on the base of quality of product. Majority of customers are satisfied from solar product as it reduces theirelectricity bill. With the help of new innovations and better planning for after sales services, there one be a bright futureof solar panel product market in present era.Keywords - solar panel, satisfaction, interpreted, quality, innovation.

Customer Satisfaction Towards Solar Panel Product InIndore Region : An Analytical Study

Introduction - Solar p anels , also called photovoltaic orPV modules as it directly converts sunlight into electricity.It reduces the amount of electricity coming from fossil fuelsby supplying your operations with clean, renewable energyfrom the sun. A solar electric system is a significantinvestment that can last for decades. That’s why choosingthe right equipment and installation service is so important.There are so many brand available of solar panel in theIndian market like this :Branded Solar Panel available for CustomerVikram SolarWaaree SolarGoldi Green Technologies Pvt.Ltd.Tata Power Solar Systems Ltd.Moser Baer SolarLimitedXL Energy LimitedSolar SemiconductorEmmveePhotovoltaics Private LimitedNavitas Green Solutions Pvt.LtdSatvik SolarPanchwakra SolarSurana Solar

Components of Solar PanelCustomer satisfaction, a term frequently used in marketing,is a measure of how products and services supplied by acompany meet or surpass customer expectation. Customersatisfaction plays a major role in determining the likelihood

Dr. Rajesh Jain *

* Asst. Professor (Commerce) IPS Academy , Indore (M.P.) INDIA

of an organization’s success and profitability over the longterm.

Financial & Environment al benefit s1. Dramatically reduce your electricity bill When there are

more than 2 batteries in the series, it will equalize thevoltage in them and ensure they do not have differentvoltages.


2. Protect your bottom line from rising electricity ratesElectricity costs are rising between 4-7% per annually.The sun, however, never invoices you. When you in-vest in a solar panels, you are essentially purchasing25 to 30 years of electricity at today’s prices.

3. Take advantage of government incentives In additionto the federal investment tax credit, which covers upto 30% of the installed cost, state and local incentivescan provide financial assistance as well. Also, mostsolar electric systems qualify for tax advantages likemodified accelerated depreciation, so be sure to checkwith your accountant or tax attorney when consideringwhether to go solars

4. Reduce your business’s carbon footprint - Solarpanels reduce the amount of electricity coming fromfossil fuels by supplying your operations with clean,renewable energy from the sun. By providing moreenergy and lasting longer than other brands, Su-Kam solar panels are the best choice for cutting yourcarbon footprint down to size.

Review of Literature - Brayden (2008) topic – Impact ofSolar module on society study found that the customerservice function is changing dramatically in many servicebusiness and it involved task-oriented activities. William(2011) topic – Solar Energy is the best alternate of currentenergy resources study founded that level of customersatisfaction regarding solar module depends on publicity,availability and awareness of consumer. Daniel (2014) topic– Consumer Buying behavior study regarding Solar Productstudy founded that prices, durability of product and shapingare major factors to determine the satisfaction level ofconsumers.Rationale of S tudy - The present study is to analyse thesatisfaction level of those customers who utilize Solar PanelProduct. Solar module is very useful for daily routine work.There are so many variables who decided the satisfactionlevel of a customer like Price of Product, utility of product,return on investment of product helpful to reduce electricitybill etc. The significance of the study was to get the detailedoverview of customer satisfaction of those consumers whoused solar panel product. Here conducted this research tocheck the variance in the level of customer satisfactiontowards solar panel product.Objectives of S tudy - The objectives of this study were :1. To know the factors which influence the consumer

buying behaviour of Solar Panel.2. To know the overall satisfaction of the consumer to-

wards Solar Product.3. To know about consumer acceptance of the Solar Prod-

uct & to understand why customer prefer Solar Prod-uct.

4. To find out the most prominent area of dissatisfaction.Research MethodologyResearch Design - Study area of the customer satisfac-tion towards Solar Panel in Indore region.Sample Design - Sampling method here used is ‘Random

Sampling Method.’ Random Sampling Method was usedbecause it was not known previously as to whether a par-ticular person will be asked to fill the questionnaire or usedsolar panel or not.Tools for Dat a Collection - The new gathered data whichhelp to solve the problem in hand which is especially col-lected for the particular research is known as primary data.Here primary data that are collected in the course of re-search consist of original information that comes frompeople and includes information gathered from surveys andquestionnaires. Information that are already exists some-where, having been collected for another purpose, is knownas secondary data. Here in the research the secondary datawas collected through various books, magazines andwebsites. The geographical area covered for the samplingof the study is related to Indore region.Data Analysis & Interpret ation1. Do you utilize the Solar Panel Product ?

Yes No485 15

Interpret ation : As per above analysis, 97% informer utilizesolar panel product. Only 15 are not to be using that product.Reasons might be not proper space to assemble them.2. Which Company’s Solar Panel would you like to pur-chase ? Vikram Waaree Tata Power Satwik 218 22 210 50

Interpret ation : According from survey, majority viewers likevikram (44%) and Tata Power (42%) solar panel. Only 10%like Satvik brand product. Using of Waaree solar panelpercentage just only 4%.


3. For which purpose you prefer Solar Panel Product ?Domestic Commercial479 21

Interpret ation : From above analysis, 479 customers whoutilize solar panel belong from domestic background. Only4% customers using solar product for commercial purpose.4. Have you give preference to ‘Price’ on purchase ofSolar Panel ?

Yes No423 77

Interpret ation : Buying solar panel product ‘Price’ sector isimportant for 423 customers out of 500. On other handonly 77 customers shown view that price is secondary forthem.5. Is ‘Quality of Product’ important factor for you to buySolar Panel ?

Yes No318 182

Interpret ation - Out of 500 customers, 318 gave importantto the quality of product or see quality level when to take adecision to buy product. Only 182 are not gave preferenceto quality for buying any product.

6. Are you satisfied from Solar Panel Product ?Satisfied Dissatisfied460 40

Interpret ation: Out of 500 customers, 460 are satisfiedfrom solar product. Only 8% are not satisfied due to manyreasons.7. Is Solar Product helpful to reduce electricity bill ? Yes No

445 55

Interpret ation: Using solar panel product, analysis showthat 445 customer’s electricity bill has reduced. On otherhand 11% customer’s bill have not founded in reducingcategory.8. Can you afford the maintains expenses of solar product ? Yes No 376 124

Interpret ation: 75% customers agree that they can affordmaintains expenses but 124 out of 500 customers are notin position to afford that expenses.9. Are you satisfied from the after sales services of solarpanel product ?


Satisfied Dissatisfied 289 211

Interpret ation: Out of 500 customers 289 are satisfied fromafter sales services of solar product. But 42% never beingsatisfied from after sales services.Findings :1. 97% customers utilized solar panel product out of 500

survey data.2. Out of total survey customers 44% prefer to buy vikram

solar panel and 42% of tata power product. Only 10%are interested to buy waaree product and 4% to besatwik.

3. 479 customers are utilized solar panel product indomestic use & remain 21 in commercial use out of500 survey.

4. On one hand 85% customers prefer ‘Price’ to bepurchase solar panel product & on other hand 15%are not giving important to factor of ‘Price’.

5. 318 customers gave important the factor ‘Quality ofGoods’ when to buy solar panel product. 36%customers have not given important to the quality ofgoods.

6. Out of survey, 460 customers are satisfied from thesolar panel product. Only 8% gave dissatisfied viewregarding product.

7. In survey, 89% customer’s electricity bill has reducedafter using solar panel product. On other hand 11%customer provided negative response due to reducingelectricity bill.

8. 376 customers view that they can afford maintainsexpenses for using solar panel product. Only 25%customers afford that charges.

9. 58% customers are satisfied from using of solar panelproduct while 42% are dissatisfied.

Suggestions :1. Manufacturer company of solar panel product should

be doing proper marketing to increase sells of solarproduct.

2. Solar panel agencies should be launch awarenessprogramme for customers.

3. Company’s should launch discount schemes forimprove domestic as well as commercial sell of solar

panel product.4. All manufacturer company of solar panel product

should reduce price of solar panel product thatfavorable for customers.

5. Companies should maintain good level of quality inproduct of solar panel which will be popular incustomers.

6. Solar panel producers should find the reasons ofdissatisfaction of customers regarding product andremove them.

7. Company should produce more innovative product ofsolar panel that be helpful to reduce electricity bill ofcustomers.

8. Supplementary parts of solar panel product should beavailable in the market on easy and cheapest way thatcustomers can afford their expenses easily.

9. All producers of solar panel product should improvethe level of after sales services and remove complainin short duration that create positive image of productin the market.

Conclusion - In present era, many of the countries in theworld facing problem of low production of electricity due tolimited resources. Utilization of solar panel is one of thebest alternate of above problems. In India, day by daycustomers are going to be habitual for using solar product.In my current research area, Companies are trying to awarecustomers regarding benefits of solar product andconsumers are also giving positive response for them. It’sthe result that 97% customers are using solar product outof 500 research data. If manufactures decrease productioncost and improve quality of solar product, graph of salesalso be break the record. With innovation in solar product,burden of electricity bill can be reducing. Providing betterservices after sales, company’s can create sound goodwillin consumers mind. Finally, majority of equipmentsdepending on electricity , availability of limited resources toproduce electricity and busy lifestyle there one be a brightfuture of solar panel product.

References :-1. Boxwell Michael (2014): Solar Electricity Handbook

2014, BooyahChicago .2. Walker Andy (2013) : Solar Energy: Technologies and

Project Delivery for Building, RS Means3. Johnson Kenneth (2009): Energy Research

Development, Nova Science Publisher4. www.solarpanelenergy.co.za/5. www.livemint.com › Industry › Energy6. www.solarpanelindia.in/solar-power-pack/7. www.puppypoppins.co.uk/unique-customer-solar-

panel-items-order-tradition/8. http://www.roofsol.in/9. https://dir.indiamart.com/indore/solar-panels.html

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‡Xe Edß _hmamÓQ>≠ _ß H$bm CÀ[mXZ Edß Ï`dgm` H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``ZH$aZm h°, BgobE emY H$m A‹``Z jÃ _‹` ‡Xe Edß _hmamÓQ>≠ XmZmß h°&oH$gr odf` [a AZwgßYmZ H$m H$m`© H$aZm odH$mg H$m EH$ Am°[MmnaH$H$m`© h°, oOgg Ï`o∫$ Edß g_mO H$ ]m°o’H$ j_Vm H$m odH$mg hmVm h°&‡ÒVwV emY [Ã H$r ‡H•$oV dUm©À_H$ hmH$a [wU© Í$[ g o¤Vr` gß_H$mß [aAmYmnaV h°& BZ g_ßH$m H$m gßJ´hU ^maVr` C⁄moZH$r od^mJ, ‡H$moeV[oÃH$mEß, ‡oVoÓR>V emY [oÃH$mEß, X°oZH$ g_mMma [Ãmß g oH$`m J`m h°,VWm ‡m· g_ßH$m H$m A‹``Z H$aZ H$ obE gmßoª`H$r odoY Am°gV H$m‡`mJ oH$`m J`m h°&^maV H$ ‡_wI H$bm CÀ[mXH$ am¡` Edß CZH$ jÃm ß H$m A‹``Z^maV H$ ‡_wI H$bm CÀ[mXH$ am¡` Edß CZH$ jÃm ß H$m A‹``Z^maV H$ ‡_wI H$bm CÀ[mXH$ am¡` Edß CZH$ jÃm ß H$m A‹``Z^maV H$ ‡_wI H$bm CÀ[mXH$ am¡` Edß CZH$ jÃm ß H$m A‹``Z^maV H$ ‡_wI H$bm CÀ[mXH$ am¡` Edß CZH$ jÃm ß H$m A‹``Z(gmoaUr XI AmJ [•> [a)(gmoaUr XI AmJ [•> [a)(gmoaUr XI AmJ [•> [a)(gmoaUr XI AmJ [•> [a)(gmoaUr XI AmJ [•> [a)^maV _ H$bm CÀ[mXZ H$m jÃ, CÀ[mXZ Edß CÀ[mXH$Vm H$ A‹``Z^maV _ H$bm CÀ[mXZ H$m jÃ, CÀ[mXZ Edß CÀ[mXH$Vm H$ A‹``Z^maV _ H$bm CÀ[mXZ H$m jÃ, CÀ[mXZ Edß CÀ[mXH$Vm H$ A‹``Z^maV _ H$bm CÀ[mXZ H$m jÃ, CÀ[mXZ Edß CÀ[mXH$Vm H$ A‹``Z^maV _ H$bm CÀ[mXZ H$m jÃ, CÀ[mXZ Edß CÀ[mXH$Vm H$ A‹``ZH$r VmnbH$m d aImoMÃ (XI AmJ [•> [a)H$r VmnbH$m d aImoMÃ (XI AmJ [•> [a)H$r VmnbH$m d aImoMÃ (XI AmJ [•> [a)H$r VmnbH$m d aImoMÃ (XI AmJ [•> [a)H$r VmnbH$m d aImoMÃ (XI AmJ [•> [a)

gmaUr Edß aImoMÃ H$m A‹``Z H$aZ H$ [ÌMmV `h kmV hmVm h°H$r ^maV _ß H$bm CÀ[mXZ Edß Ï`dgm` H$ jÃ _ß H$m\$r CVma MT>md ahmh°& odJV Xg dfm _ß H$bm CÀ[mXZ H$ obE g]g AoYH$ 830.0 hOmah∑Q>a H•$of ^yo_ H$m C[`mJ df© 2010 - 11 _ß hwAm h°, dhr g]g H$_569.5 hOma h∑Q>a H•$of ^yo_ H$m C[`mJ df© 2005 - 06 _ß hwAm h°&H$bm CÀ[mXZ H$r AJa ]mV H$r OmE Vm g]g AoYH$ CÀ[mXZ ^r df©2010 - 11 _ß CÀ[moXV hwAm h°& Bg df© Xe H$m Hw$b H$bm CÀ[mXZ29780 _°Q>≠H$ Q>Z ‡m· hwAm h° &dhr g]g H$_ CÀ[mXZ dmbm df©16744.5 _roQ>≠H$ Q>Z CÀ[mXZ A‹``Z H$ ‡W_ df© 2004 - 05 _ß‡m· hwAm h°&

_‹` ‡Xe _ß H$bm CÀ[mXZ Edß Ï`dgmg H$m A‹``Z - _‹` ‡Xe _ß H$bm CÀ[mXZ Edß Ï`dgmg H$m A‹``Z - _‹` ‡Xe _ß H$bm CÀ[mXZ Edß Ï`dgmg H$m A‹``Z - _‹` ‡Xe _ß H$bm CÀ[mXZ Edß Ï`dgmg H$m A‹``Z - _‹` ‡Xe _ß H$bm CÀ[mXZ Edß Ï`dgmg H$m A‹``Z - gÂ[yU©Xe H$r Vah _‹` ‡Xe _ß ^r H$bm \$gb H$m EH$ ZJX \$gb H$ Í$[ _ßCÀ[moXV oH$`m OmVm h°& _‹` ‡Xe H$ Hw$b H$bm CÀ[mXZ H$m bJ^J75 g 80 ‡oVeV CÀ[mXZ H$db AH$b ]wahmZ[wa oOb g ‡m· hmVm h°&d°g Vm _‹` ‡Xe H$ A›` oOb I S>dm , ]S>dmZr , Yma oObm _ß r H$bm\$gb H$m CÀ[mXZ oH$`m OmVm h° &

_‹` ‡Xe _ H$bm \$gb H$m jÃ CÀ[mXZ Edß CÀ[mXH$Vm H$m_‹` ‡Xe _ H$bm \$gb H$m jÃ CÀ[mXZ Edß CÀ[mXH$Vm H$m_‹` ‡Xe _ H$bm \$gb H$m jÃ CÀ[mXZ Edß CÀ[mXH$Vm H$m_‹` ‡Xe _ H$bm \$gb H$m jÃ CÀ[mXZ Edß CÀ[mXH$Vm H$m_‹` ‡Xe _ H$bm \$gb H$m jÃ CÀ[mXZ Edß CÀ[mXH$Vm H$mA‹``Z H$r VmobH$mA‹``Z H$r VmobH$mA‹``Z H$r VmobH$mA‹``Z H$r VmobH$mA‹``Z H$r VmobH$m

df©df©df©df©df© jÃ "000jÃ "000jÃ "000jÃ "000jÃ "000 CÀ[mXZ "000CÀ[mXZ "000CÀ[mXZ "000CÀ[mXZ "000CÀ[mXZ "000 CÀ[mXH$VmCÀ[mXH$VmCÀ[mXH$VmCÀ[mXH$VmCÀ[mXH$Vmh∑Q>a _ ßh∑Q>a _ ßh∑Q>a _ ßh∑Q>a _ ßh∑Q>a _ ß _roQ> ≠H$ Q>Z _roQ>≠H$ Q>Z _roQ>≠H$ Q>Z _roQ>≠H$ Q>Z _roQ>≠H$ Q>Z

2004 - 05 15.00 756.00 50.002005 - 06 15.00 730.00 48.802006 - 07 14.90 773.00 52.002007 - 08 15.20 788.20 51.902008 - 09 28.80 1498.00 51.902009 - 10 33.00 1459.80 44.202010 - 11 38.10 1719.60 45.202011 - 12 24.80 1379.2 55.602012 - 13 25.76 1701.0 66.002013 - 14 26.27 1735.0 66.00

( ÛmV - amÓQ≠>r` ]mJdmZr Edß C⁄mnZH$r ]mS©> S>mQ>m]g 2005, 20082011, 2014 )(AmbI XI AmJ [•> [a)(AmbI XI AmJ [•> [a)(AmbI XI AmJ [•> [a)(AmbI XI AmJ [•> [a)(AmbI XI AmJ [•> [a)

AmbI Edß VmobH$m H$m A‹``Z H$aZ H$ [ÌMmV `h kmV hmVm h°,

H$r A‹``Z H$mb H$ Xg dfm _ß _‹` ‡Xe _ H$bm \$gb H$ jÃ _ß H$^rd•o’ hwB© h°, Vm H$^r H$_r XO© hwB© h°& A‹``Z H$ dfm _ _‹` ‡Xe _ßH$bm \$gb H$r H•$of ^yo_ H$m jÃ g]g H$_ 14.90 hOma h∑Q>a df©2005-06 _ß XO© h°, g]g AoYH$ H•$of ^yo_ H$m C[`mJ df© 2010 -11 _ß hwAm h° Om 38.10 hOma h´∑Q>a Wr& CÀ[mXZ H$r —oÓQ> g g]gAoYH$ CÀ[mXZ 1735 hOma _roQ>≠H$ Q>Z CÀ[mXZ df© 2013 - 14 _‡m· hwAm h° dhr g]g H$_ CÀ[mXH$Vm df© 2009 -10 _ß XO© hwB© h°, Om_mÃ 44.20 _oQ>≠H$ Q>Z ‡oV h∑Q>a h°&_hmamÓQ>≠ _ ß H$bm CÀ[mXZ Edß Ï`dgm` H$m A‹``Z - _hmamÓQ>≠ _ ß H$bm CÀ[mXZ Edß Ï`dgm` H$m A‹``Z - _hmamÓQ>≠ _ ß H$bm CÀ[mXZ Edß Ï`dgm` H$m A‹``Z - _hmamÓQ>≠ _ ß H$bm CÀ[mXZ Edß Ï`dgm` H$m A‹``Z - _hmamÓQ>≠ _ ß H$bm CÀ[mXZ Edß Ï`dgm` H$m A‹``Z - _hmamÓQ>≠ am¡`\$b CÀ[mXZ H$ jÃ _ß Xe H$m EH$ _hÀd[wU© am¡` _mZm OmVm h°, `hm±CÀ[moXV hmZ dmbm AßJya Xe _ß hr Zht Ao[Vw A[Zr o_R>mg H$ H$maUodÌd _ß OmZm OmVm h°& dhr ZmJ[wa _ß CÀ[moXV hmZ dmb gßVa A[Zmodef _hÀd aIV h°& AJa h_ H$bm CÀ[mXZ H$r ]mV H$a Vm Xe _CÀ[moXV hmZ dmb Hw$b H$bm CÀ[mXZ g]g AoYH$ _hmamÓQ>≠ am¡` g‡m· hmVm h°& am¡` _ß g]g AoYH$ H$bm CÀ[mXZ H$db ObJmßd oOb g‡m· hmVm h°, Om am¡` H$ Hw$b CÀ[mXZ H$m bJ^J 75 g 80 ‡oVeVhmVm h°&

_hmamÓQ>≠ _ ß H$bm \$gb H$ jÃ CÀ[mXZ Edß CÀ[mXZ j_Vm H$_hmamÓQ>≠ _ ß H$bm \$gb H$ jÃ CÀ[mXZ Edß CÀ[mXZ j_Vm H$_hmamÓQ>≠ _ ß H$bm \$gb H$ jÃ CÀ[mXZ Edß CÀ[mXZ j_Vm H$_hmamÓQ>≠ _ ß H$bm \$gb H$ jÃ CÀ[mXZ Edß CÀ[mXZ j_Vm H$_hmamÓQ>≠ _ ß H$bm \$gb H$ jÃ CÀ[mXZ Edß CÀ[mXZ j_Vm H$A‹``Z H$r VmobH$mA‹``Z H$r VmobH$mA‹``Z H$r VmobH$mA‹``Z H$r VmobH$mA‹``Z H$r VmobH$m

df©df©df©df©df© jÃ "000jÃ "000jÃ "000jÃ "000jÃ "000 CÀ[mXZ "000CÀ[mXZ "000CÀ[mXZ "000CÀ[mXZ "000CÀ[mXZ "000 CÀ[mXH$VmCÀ[mXH$VmCÀ[mXH$VmCÀ[mXH$VmCÀ[mXH$Vmh∑Q>a _ ßh∑Q>a _ ßh∑Q>a _ ßh∑Q>a _ ßh∑Q>a _ ß _roQ> ≠H$ Q>Z_roQ> ≠H$ Q>Z_roQ> ≠H$ Q>Z_roQ> ≠H$ Q>Z_roQ> ≠H$ Q>Z

2004 - 05 73.30 4658.4 61.002005 - 06 73.20 4608.50 63.002006 - 07 73.40 4621.90 63.002007 - 08 80.00 4962.90 62.002008 - 09 80.00 4960.00 62.002009 - 10 85.00 5200.00 61.172010 - 11 82.00 4303.00 52.502011 - 12 82.00 4315.00 52.602012 - 13 82.00 3600.00 43.902013 - 14 83.00 4830.60 58.20

( ÛmV - amÓQ>≠r ]mJdmZr Edß C⁄mnZH$r ]mS©> S>mQ>m]g 2005 2008 2011 2014 )(aImoMÃ XI AmJ [•> [a)(aImoMÃ XI AmJ [•> [a)(aImoMÃ XI AmJ [•> [a)(aImoMÃ XI AmJ [•> [a)(aImoMÃ XI AmJ [•> [a)

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_‹` ‡Xe Edß _hmamÓQ>≠ _| H$bm CÀ[mXZ Edß Ï`dgm` H$m_‹` ‡Xe Edß _hmamÓQ>≠ _| H$bm CÀ[mXZ Edß Ï`dgm` H$m_‹` ‡Xe Edß _hmamÓQ>≠ _| H$bm CÀ[mXZ Edß Ï`dgm` H$m_‹` ‡Xe Edß _hmamÓQ>≠ _| H$bm CÀ[mXZ Edß Ï`dgm` H$m_‹` ‡Xe Edß _hmamÓQ>≠ _| H$bm CÀ[mXZ Edß Ï`dgm` H$mVwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``ZVwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``ZVwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``ZVwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``ZVwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z

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ÛmV ÛmV ÛmV ÛmV ÛmV - amnÓQ≠>` ]mJdmZr Edß C⁄mnZH$r ]mS©>&


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bm^mo›dV H•$fH$mß H$m oH$E JE ^wJVmZ amoe _ß ^r d•o’ hr [m`r J`r h°&C[`w©∫$ VmobH$m Xe H$ g_ÒV am¡`mß H$m Hw$b S>mQ>m ob`m J`m h° VWm [yaXe H$m S>mQ>m Xem© m J`m h° VWm C[ w©∫$ S>mQ>m (VmobH$m) AmoW©H$ gdjU(2009-10) Am°a EJrH$ÎMab B›Ì`maßg H$Â[Zr Am∞\$ Bo S> m obo_Q>S>,ZB© oXÑr ¤mam ‡H$moeV dmof©H$ ‡oVdXZ (2013-14) [a AmYmnaV h°&

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df© df© df© df© df© ]ro_V oH$gmZmß H$r oOb H$ Hw$b oH$gmZmß [a ]ro_V oH$gmZmß H$r oOb H$ Hw$b oH$gmZmß [a ]ro_V oH$gmZmß H$r oOb H$ Hw$b oH$gmZmß [a ]ro_V oH$gmZmß H$r oOb H$ Hw$b oH$gmZmß [a ]ro_V oH$gmZmß H$r oOb H$ Hw$b oH$gmZmß [a gßª`m gßª`m gßª`m gßª`m gßª`m ]ro_V oH$gmZmß H$m ‡oVeV]ro_V oH$gmZmß H$m ‡oVeV]ro_V oH$gmZmß H$m ‡oVeV]ro_V oH$gmZmß H$m ‡oVeV]ro_V oH$gmZmß H$m ‡oVeV

Iar\$ Iar\$ Iar\$ Iar\$ Iar\$ 2009 39059 30.23 2010 44221 34.23 2011 48411 37.47 2012 52330 40.51 2013 65420 50.64

a]r a]r a]r a]r a]r 2009-10 48228 37.33 2010-11 37656 29.15 2011-12 38928 30.13 2012-13 43552 33.71 2013-14 92586 71.67ÚmV:-1. EJ´rH$ÎMab B›Ì`maßg H$Â[Zr, ^m[mb2. H•$of C[gßMmbH$ od^mJ, oObm B›Xm°a3. ^y-Ao^bI od^mJ, oObm B›Xm°a4. oObm gmßoª`H$r od^mJ, oObm B›Xm°a

C[`w©∫$ VmobH$m H$ A‹``Z g Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ oOb _ß H•$fH$mß H$m H•$of]r_m `mOZm H$ ‡oV Í$PmZ ]∂T>m h° AWm©V ‡À`H$ df© H•$of ]r_m `mOZmH$ A›VJ©V ]ro_V H•$fH$mß H$r gßª`m _ß d•o’ hwB© h° ∑`mßoH$ Iar\$ H$ g_Òhm± df© 2009 _ß ]ro_V H•$fH$mß H$r gßª`m 39059 Wr& dh df© 2013 _ß]∂T>H$a 65420 hm J`r h°, Om bJ^J 20.41 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ h° VWmdht a]r H$ g_` df© 2009-10 _ß Ohm± ]ro_V H•$fH$mß H$r gßª`m 48228Wr dhr 2013-14 _ß ]∂T>H$a 92586 hm J`r h°, Om oH$ 34.34 ‡oVeVVH$ H$r d•o’ Xa h°&VmobH$m-3 : oOb _ß H•$of ]r_m `mOZm H$ A›VJ©V H•$of ^yo_ H$mVmobH$m-3 : oOb _ß H•$of ]r_m `mOZm H$ A›VJ©V H•$of ^yo_ H$mVmobH$m-3 : oOb _ß H•$of ]r_m `mOZm H$ A›VJ©V H•$of ^yo_ H$mVmobH$m-3 : oOb _ß H•$of ]r_m `mOZm H$ A›VJ©V H•$of ^yo_ H$mVmobH$m-3 : oOb _ß H•$of ]r_m `mOZm H$ A›VJ©V H•$of ^yo_ H$m

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2009 121381.55 252919 47.99 2010 130280.56 253044 51.49 2011 135279.71 248997 54.32 2012 137847.00 250459 55.04 2013 172162.21 250728 68.66

a]ra]ra]ra]ra]r 2009-10 134309.29 164007 81.89

2010-11 102475.78 178911 57.28 2011-12 102081.20 185870 54.92 2012-13 112951.12 199879 51.07 2013-14 148114.98 210990 70.20ÚmV:-1. EJ´rH$ÎMab B›Ì`maßg H$Â[Zr, ^m[mb2. H•$of C[gßMmbH$ od^mJ, oObm B›Xm°a3. ^y-Ao^bI od^mJ, oObm B›Xm°a4. oObm gmßoª`H$r od^mJ, oObm B›Xm°a

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amÓQ≠>r` H•$of ]r_m `mOZm H$ oH´$`m›d`Z g B›Xm°a oOb _ß H•$ofCÀ[mXZ _ß d•o’ hwB© h¢&

VmobH$m-4 : df© 2009-14 VH$ oOb H$ oH$gmZm ß ¤mam oH$`mVmobH$m-4 : df© 2009-14 VH$ oOb H$ oH$gmZm ß ¤mam oH$`mVmobH$m-4 : df© 2009-14 VH$ oOb H$ oH$gmZm ß ¤mam oH$`mVmobH$m-4 : df© 2009-14 VH$ oOb H$ oH$gmZm ß ¤mam oH$`mVmobH$m-4 : df© 2009-14 VH$ oOb H$ oH$gmZm ß ¤mam oH$`mJ`m Jhy ± H$m CÀ[mXZ, ]ro_V oH$gmZm ß H$r gßª`m Edß joV[yoV© H$rJ`m Jhy ± H$m CÀ[mXZ, ]ro_V oH$gmZm ß H$r gßª`m Edß joV[yoV© H$rJ`m Jhy ± H$m CÀ[mXZ, ]ro_V oH$gmZm ß H$r gßª`m Edß joV[yoV© H$rJ`m Jhy ± H$m CÀ[mXZ, ]ro_V oH$gmZm ß H$r gßª`m Edß joV[yoV© H$rJ`m Jhy ± H$m CÀ[mXZ, ]ro_V oH$gmZm ß H$r gßª`m Edß joV[yoV© H$r

‡m· amoe‡m· amoe‡m· amoe‡m· amoe‡m· amoe df© df© df© df© df© joV[yoV© H$rjoV[yoV© H$rjoV[yoV© H$rjoV[yoV© H$rjoV[yoV© H$r Jhy ± H$mJhy ± H$mJhy ± H$mJhy ± H$mJhy ± H$m ]ro_V oH$gmZm ß]ro_V oH$gmZm ß]ro_V oH$gmZm ß]ro_V oH$gmZm ß]ro_V oH$gmZm ß

‡m· amoe‡m· amoe‡m· amoe‡m· amoe‡m· amoe CÀ[mXZCÀ[mXZCÀ[mXZCÀ[mXZCÀ[mXZ H$r gßª`mH$r gßª`mH$r gßª`mH$r gßª`mH$r gßª`m(o_. Q>Z)(o_. Q>Z)(o_. Q>Z)(o_. Q>Z)(o_. Q>Z)

2009-10 29.73 257.84 48228 2010-11 58.93 259.79 37656 2011-12 60.30 490.57 38928 2012-13 0 516.84 43552 2013-14 790.88 347.11 92586

gmamßegmamßegmamßegmamßegmamßeCases

Valid Missing Totalgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV

Jhy± H$m CÀ[mXZ 5 100.0% 0 0.0% 5 100.0% ‡m· Xmdm amoeJhy ± H$ g_` ]ro_V oH$gmZm ß H$m odVnaV H$r JB© amoeJhy ± H$ g_` ]ro_V oH$gmZm ß H$m odVnaV H$r JB© amoeJhy ± H$ g_` ]ro_V oH$gmZm ß H$m odVnaV H$r JB© amoeJhy ± H$ g_` ]ro_V oH$gmZm ß H$m odVnaV H$r JB© amoeJhy ± H$ g_` ]ro_V oH$gmZm ß H$m odVnaV H$r JB© amoe

]ro_V oH$gmZmß H$r gßª`m Hw$b.00 29.73 58.93 60.30 790.88

Jhy± H$m 257.84 0 1 0 0 0 1 CÀ[mXZ 259.79 0 0 1 0 0 1

347.11 0 0 0 0 1 1490.57 0 0 0 1 0 1516.84 1 0 0 0 0 1

Hw$b 1 1 1 1 1 5


x2 [arjU [arjU [arjU [arjU [arjU_mZ_mZ_mZ_mZ_mZ df Asymp. Sig.

(2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 20.000a 16 .220 Likelihood Ratio 16.094 16 .446 Linear-by-Linear .088 1 .767 Association N of Valid Cases 5

C[`w©∫$ [arjU g ‡ÒVwV hmVm h° oH$ x2 H$m _mZ .220 h°, Om 5‡oVeV g H$_ h°& BgobE d°H$oÎ[H$ [naH$Î[Zm AÒdrH•$V hwB© h° VWmey›` [naH$Î[Zm ÒdrH•$V hwB© h°&amÓQ≠>r` H•$of ]r_m mOZm H$ oH´$`m›d`Z _ß ‡m· H$o_`m±/g_Ò`mE±:-amÓQ≠>r` H•$of ]r_m mOZm H$ oH´$`m›d`Z _ß ‡m· H$o_`m±/g_Ò`mE±:-amÓQ≠>r` H•$of ]r_m mOZm H$ oH´$`m›d`Z _ß ‡m· H$o_`m±/g_Ò`mE±:-amÓQ≠>r` H•$of ]r_m mOZm H$ oH´$`m›d`Z _ß ‡m· H$o_`m±/g_Ò`mE±:-amÓQ≠>r` H•$of ]r_m mOZm H$ oH´$`m›d`Z _ß ‡m· H$o_`m±/g_Ò`mE±:-1.1.1.1.1. D±$Mr „`mO Xam ß [a F$U ‡m· H$aZm -D±$Mr „`mO Xam ß [a F$U ‡m· H$aZm -D±$Mr „`mO Xam ß [a F$U ‡m· H$aZm -D±$Mr „`mO Xam ß [a F$U ‡m· H$aZm -D±$Mr „`mO Xam ß [a F$U ‡m· H$aZm - oOZ oH$gmZmß Z J°aodŒmr` gßÒWmZmß g F$U ob`m hwAm h°/bV h¢, Eg F$Umß H$m ›`yZV_ 36‡oVeV dmof©H$ d AoYH$V_ 60 ‡oVeV d Bgg r AoYH$ Xamß g „`mOdgybm OmVm h°& D±$Mr „`mO Xaß N>mQ> oH$gmZmß H$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg _ß ]mYH$h°&2.2.2.2.2. H•$of odŒm H$r H$_r - H•$of odŒm H$r H$_r - H•$of odŒm H$r H$_r - H•$of odŒm H$r H$_r - H•$of odŒm H$r H$_r - Om oH$gmZ ]¢oHß$J d J°a ]¢oHß$J gßÒWmZmß gF$U bH$a oS>\$mÎQ>a/AoVX` hm JE h¢ Am°a dfm~ g F$U ob` hwE F$U d„`mO H$r aH$_ H$m ^wJVmZ Zht H$a [m ah h¢, C›hß [wZ: H•$of odŒm ‡m·H$aZ _ß H$oR>ZmB`mß H$m gm_Zm H$aZm [∂S> ahm h°&3.3.3.3.3. H$_ Am` - H$_ Am` - H$_ Am` - H$_ Am` - H$_ Am` - ‡_moUV ]rO, amgm`oZH$ Cd©aH$, H•$of `ßÃmß H$m H´$`H$aZ VWm ogßMmB© Ï`dÒWm H$aZ _ß bKw Edß gr_m›V H•$fH$mß H$ [mgAmdÌ`H$ H•$of odŒm H$r H$_r h°& N>mQ> oH$gmZmß H$r H•$of ^yo_ H$m Am°gVaH$]m 0.62 h°∑Q>`a h°& H•$of ^yo_ H$m aH$]m H$_ hmZ d AogßoMV ^yo_hmZ g \$gbmß H$m CÀ[mXZ H$_ hmVm h°& Im⁄mfi d XbhZr \$gbmß H$rC[O H$m N>mQ> oH$gmZmß H$ Òd ß H$ [nadmamß ¤mam C[^mJ H$a bZ g odH´$``mΩ` C[O H$r _mÃm H$_ hm OmVr h°& Bg H$maU CZH$r Am` _ß r H$_r hmOmVr h°&4.4.4.4.4. H•$of gÂ]›Yr `mOZmAmß H$ oZ`_mß d ‡oH´$`mAmß H$r OoQ>bVmH•$of gÂ]›Yr `mOZmAmß H$ oZ`_mß d ‡oH´$`mAmß H$r OoQ>bVmH•$of gÂ]›Yr `mOZmAmß H$ oZ`_mß d ‡oH´$`mAmß H$r OoQ>bVmH•$of gÂ]›Yr `mOZmAmß H$ oZ`_mß d ‡oH´$`mAmß H$r OoQ>bVmH•$of gÂ]›Yr `mOZmAmß H$ oZ`_mß d ‡oH´$`mAmß H$r OoQ>bVm- - - - - mOZmAmß H$m bm^ bZ H$ obE AZH$mß oZ`_mß H$m [mbZ H$aZm hmVm h°VWm H$B© OoQ>b ‡oH´$`mAmß H$r [yoV© H$aZr hmVr h°& H$hm± OmZm h° ? oH$gggÂ[H©$ H$aZm h° ? oZYm©naV AmdXZ [Ã H$m°Z XJm ? AmdXZ H$ gmWAm°a H$m°Z-H$m°Z g ‡[Ã gßbæ H$aZm [∂S>ßJ d CZ ‡[Ãmß H$m H$m°Z AoYH•$VH$aJm ? ‡H$aU ÒdrH•$V H$aZ H$ obE H$m°Z-H$m°Z AoYH$mar AoYH•$V h°? OZ ‡oVoZoY`mß H$r ]°R>H$ _ß ‡ÒVmd [mg H$admZm BÀ`moX ‡oH´$`m H$m[yU© H$aZ _ß J´m_rU H•$fH$mß H$m AZH$mß [aemoZ`mß H$m ghZ H$aZm hmVmh°&oOb H$ H•$fH$m ß H$r g_Ò`mAmß H$ g_mYmZ hVw gwPmd:-oOb H$ H•$fH$m ß H$r g_Ò`mAmß H$ g_mYmZ hVw gwPmd:-oOb H$ H•$fH$m ß H$r g_Ò`mAmß H$ g_mYmZ hVw gwPmd:-oOb H$ H•$fH$m ß H$r g_Ò`mAmß H$ g_mYmZ hVw gwPmd:-oOb H$ H•$fH$m ß H$r g_Ò`mAmß H$ g_mYmZ hVw gwPmd:-1.1.1.1.1. AmYwoZH$ H•$of C[H$aUmß H$m OwQ>mZm - AmYwoZH$ H•$of C[H$aUmß H$m OwQ>mZm - AmYwoZH$ H•$of C[H$aUmß H$m OwQ>mZm - AmYwoZH$ H•$of C[H$aUmß H$m OwQ>mZm - AmYwoZH$ H•$of C[H$aUmß H$m OwQ>mZm - H•$of H$m`m~ H$m H$aZ H$obE H•$fH$mß H$m H$B© C[H$aUmß H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm hmVr h°& oOZ H•$fH$mß H$[mg H•$of C[H$aU C[b„Y Zht h°, AmdÌ`H$Vm [∂S>Z [a H•$of `ßÃmß H$rH$_r Z ah& ` C[H$aU emgZ H$r odo^fi H•$of `mOZmAmß H$ VhV ]¢oHß$JgßÒWmZmß g F$U bH$a H´$` oH$E Om gH$V h¢&2.2.2.2.2. H•$ofJV `mOZmAmß H$r ‡oH´$`m gab H$aZm - H•$ofJV `mOZmAmß H$r ‡oH´$`m gab H$aZm - H•$ofJV `mOZmAmß H$r ‡oH´$`m gab H$aZm - H•$ofJV `mOZmAmß H$r ‡oH´$`m gab H$aZm - H•$ofJV `mOZmAmß H$r ‡oH´$`m gab H$aZm - H•$fH$mß H$m bm^

XZ H$ obE ]Zm`r J`r emgH$r` mOZmAmß H$r ‡oH´$`m gab hmZr MmohEVmoH$ oZaja H•$fH$ ^r CZ `mOZmAmß H$m bm^ ‡m· H$a gH$& CZH$mC[H$aU, ]rO, Cd©aH$ H$r gwodYmE± Am°a AZwXmZ C[b„Y H$amZ _ß H•$ofod^mJ H$ AoYH$mna`mß d H$_©Mmna`mß H$m gH$mamÀ_H$ Ï`dhma A[ZmZmMmohE&3.3.3.3.3. ]¢oHß$J gßÒWmZm ß g hr H•$of odŒm ‡m· H$aZm - ]¢oHß$J gßÒWmZm ß g hr H•$of odŒm ‡m· H$aZm - ]¢oHß$J gßÒWmZm ß g hr H•$of odŒm ‡m· H$aZm - ]¢oHß$J gßÒWmZm ß g hr H•$of odŒm ‡m· H$aZm - ]¢oHß$J gßÒWmZm ß g hr H•$of odŒm ‡m· H$aZm - H•$fH$mß H$m A[ZjÃ _ß oÒWV ]¢H$ emIm g hr H•$of oH´$`mAmß H$m gÂ[fi H$aZ H$ obE H•$ofF$U ‡m· H$aZm MmohE ∑`mßoH$ BZ F$Umß [a naOd© ]¢H$ ¤mam oZYm©naV Xamßg „`mO ob`m OmVm h°& „`mO H$r Xa ‡m`: H$_ hr ahVr h°, Om 5-12‡oVeV dmof©H$ ahVr h°&4.4.4.4.4. F$U amoe H$m O_m H$admZm - F$U amoe H$m O_m H$admZm - F$U amoe H$m O_m H$admZm - F$U amoe H$m O_m H$admZm - F$U amoe H$m O_m H$admZm - H•$fH$mß H$m CZH$ ¤mam obE JEF$Umß H$r amoe H$m g_` [a F$UXmVmAmß H$ `hm± O_m H$adm XZm MmohE&‡m· H$r J`r amoe d BgH$ „`mO H$m g_` [a O_m H$adm oXE OmZ gÏ`dhma ]Zm ahVm h° VWm [wZ: F$U ‡m· H$aZ _ß gwodYm hmVr h°& ‡m· H$rJ`r F$U amoe H$m g_` [a O_m Zht H$admE OmZ g ‡oVHy$b Ï`dhma/oddmX CÀ[fi hmV h¢ VWm Z` F$U ‡m· H$aZ _ß H$oR>ZmB`m± AmVr h°& AV:F$U amoe H$m g_` [a O_m H$adm oX`m OmZm MmohE&oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - amÓQ≠>r` H•$of ]r_m `mOZm H$ oH´$`m›d`Z H$ ]mX H•$fH$mß H$mAmoW©H$ odH$mg hwAm h° ∑`mßoH$ `mOZm H$ [ÌMmV≤ Ohm± oH$gmZmß H$m F$UAmgmZr g ‡m· hm OmVm h°, dht \$gb ]]m©X hmZ [a joV[yoV© H$ Í$[ _ßamoe (AmoW©H$ ghm`Vm) r ‡m· hmVr h° Edß H•$fH$ mOZm [ÌMmV≤ Xmhar,Vrhar \$gb VH$ bZ H$ gmW-gmW AoYH$ _yÎ` dmbr OmoI_ ar \$gbmßH$m CÀ[mXZ ^r H$aZ bJ h¢, oOgg H•$of H$r CÀ[mXH$Vm _ß d•o’ hwB© h°&CÀ[mXZ d•o’ g H•$fH$mß H$r Am` _ß d•o’ hwB© VWm Am` d•o’ g H•$fH$mß H$mAmoW©H$ OrdZ ÒVa D±$Mm CR>m h° d H•$fH$mß H$m AmoW©H$ odH$mg hwAm h°&g›X^© J´›W gyMr :-g›X^© J´›W gyMr :-g›X^© J´›W gyMr :-g›X^© J´›W gyMr :-g›X^© J´›W gyMr :-1. _‹`‡Xe EH$ ^m°JmobH$ A‹``Z S>m∞. ‡o_bm Hw$_ma _ ‹ ` ‡ X e

oh›Xr AH$mX_r, ^m[mb 20102. AmoW©H$ odH$mg Edß oZ`mOZ ‡m. Ama. EZ. Xw] Edß S>m∞. dr. [r.

og›hm ZeZb [o„bH$ oed hmD$g, ZB© oXÑr 20083. ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm Í$– XŒm (H$. [r. E_. gw›Xa_≤) aÒVmJr E S>

H$Â[Zr, _aR> 20064. C[H$ma _‹`‡Xe S>m∞. bmb Edß O°Z C[H$ma ‡H$meZ (o‡ßoQß>J yoZQ>)

AmJa 20075. ‡oV`moJVm gmohÀ` _‹`‡Xe bIZ Edß gÂ[mXZ gÂ[mXH$ _ S>b

gmohÀ` ^dZ [o„bH$e›g (^dZ o‡›Q>g©, AmJam) 2009g_mMma [Ã Edß [oÃH$m :-g_mMma [Ã Edß [oÃH$m :-g_mMma [Ã Edß [oÃH$m :-g_mMma [Ã Edß [oÃH$m :-g_mMma [Ã Edß [oÃH$m :-1. ‡oV`moJVm X[©U (gm_m›` A‹``Z) - ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm2. gm_m›` kmZ oXΩXe©Z (C[H$ma)3. `mOZm (_mogH$ [oÃH$m)d]gmBQ>:-d]gmBQ>:-d]gmBQ>:-d]gmBQ>:-d]gmBQ>:-1. www.economicimes.com2. www.mpkrishi.org3. www.aicoindia.com


VmobH$m-1 : amÓQ≠>r` H•$of ]r_m `mOZm H$m a]r Am°a Iar\$ H$ obhmO g df©dma ‡Xe©ZVmobH$m-1 : amÓQ≠>r` H•$of ]r_m `mOZm H$m a]r Am°a Iar\$ H$ obhmO g df©dma ‡Xe©ZVmobH$m-1 : amÓQ≠>r` H•$of ]r_m `mOZm H$m a]r Am°a Iar\$ H$ obhmO g df©dma ‡Xe©ZVmobH$m-1 : amÓQ≠>r` H•$of ]r_m `mOZm H$m a]r Am°a Iar\$ H$ obhmO g df©dma ‡Xe©ZVmobH$m-1 : amÓQ≠>r` H•$of ]r_m `mOZm H$m a]r Am°a Iar\$ H$ obhmO g df©dma ‡Xe©Z

H´$.H´$.H´$.H´$.H´$. df©df©df©df©df© am¡`m ß H$r gßª`mam¡`m ß H$r gßª`mam¡`m ß H$r gßª`mam¡`m ß H$r gßª`mam¡`m ß H$r gßª`m goÂ_obV oH$gmZgoÂ_obV oH$gmZgoÂ_obV oH$gmZgoÂ_obV oH$gmZgoÂ_obV oH$gmZ jÃ(o_ob`ZjÃ(o_ob`ZjÃ(o_ob`ZjÃ(o_ob`ZjÃ(o_ob`Z ]ro_V amoe]ro_V amoe]ro_V amoe]ro_V amoe]ro_V amoe ‡ro_`_‡ro_`_‡ro_`_‡ro_`_‡ro_`_ Hw$b XmdHw$b XmdHw$b XmdHw$b XmdHw$b Xmd

(bmI _ß)(bmI _ß)(bmI _ß)(bmI _ß)(bmI _ß) h∑Q>Aa _ß)h∑Q>Aa _ß)h∑Q>Aa _ß)h∑Q>Aa _ß)h∑Q>Aa _ß) (H$am ∂S> _ ß)(H$am ∂S> _ ß)(H$am ∂S> _ ß)(H$am ∂S> _ ß)(H$am ∂S> _ ß) (H$am ∂S> _ ß)(H$am ∂S> _ ß)(H$am ∂S> _ ß)(H$am ∂S> _ ß)(H$am ∂S> _ ß) (H$am ∂S> _ ß)(H$am ∂S> _ ß)(H$am ∂S> _ ß)(H$am ∂S> _ ß)(H$am ∂S> _ ß)1 1999-2000 9 5.8 7.8 356 5 8

2 2000-2001 18 105.0 163.3 8506 235 12813 2001-2002 20 106.6 160.4 9001 292 559

4 2002-2003 21 121.0 195.7 11270 365 20135 2003-2004 23 123.9 188.3 11164 347 1150

6 2004-2005 25 162.2 296.1 16945 535 11997 2005-2006 25 167.2 277.5 18589 555 1398

8 2006-2007 25 179.1 273.0 21352 610 22499 2007-2008 25 184.43 281.43 24475 683 1722.9

10 2008-2009 25 191.54 265.58 26671 802 3609.111 2009-2010 25 200.00 275.60 27855 950 3809.2

12 2010-2011 25 210.00 279.00 28765 959 3988.413 2011-2012 25 221.04 285.50 29840 1065 4091.5

14 2012-2013 25 228.20 294.74 30150 1149 5121.615 2013-2014 25 254.2 314.70 32144 1244 5431.2

_hm`mJ 25 164.00 237.4 1980553 653.06 2508.73

ÚmV:-1. AmoW©H$ gdjU (2009-10) Am°a2. EJ´rH$ÎMa BßÌ`ma›g H$Â[Zr Am∞\$ Bo S>`m obo_Q>S>, ZB© oXÑr 2014

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AmJam,2012 &4. Financial Accounting Part -2 Class 11th Book ,NCERT

New Delhi ,2006.5. Aradhana Relhan(2013), " E-Accounting Practices Of

Smes In India', International Journal Of TechnicalResearch(IJTR) Vol. 2, Issue 1, Mar-Apr 2013.

6. Mohd Fazli Mohd Sam (2012), "The Adoption of Com-

puterized Accounting System in Small Medium Enter-prises in Melaka, Malaysia', International Journal ofBusiness and Management; Vol. 7, No. 18; 2012.

7. Mahesh U. Daru (2015), " ROLE OF COMPUTER-IZED ACCOUNTING IN BANKING SECTOR', Inter-national Journal of Advanced Research in Manage-ment and Social Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 2, February2015.

8. Richard W. (2014), "ADOPTION OF COMPUTER-IZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM BY COFFEE SOCIET-IES IN NYERI COUNTY, KENYA', European Journalof Business and Social Sciences, Vol. 3, No.3 , pp 88-103, June 2014.

9. Banerjee , J., & Lloyd, A. (1995). Management Account-ings and Information Technology. Management Ac-counting.

10. Naidu, S., & Chand, A. (2012). A Comparative StudyOf The Financial Problems Faced By Micro, Small AndMedium Enterprises In The Manufacturing Sector OfFigi And Tonga. International Journal Of EmergingMarkets .

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and a Group)4. g_yhmß H$ ]rM gßKf© (Conflict between Groups)

1.1.1.1.1. Ïò∫$ H$ ^rVa gßKf© (Ïò∫$ H$ ^rVa gßKf© (Ïò∫$ H$ ^rVa gßKf© (Ïò∫$ H$ ^rVa gßKf© (Ïò∫$ H$ ^rVa gßKf© (Conflict within an Individual ))))) -`h AmßVnaH$ gßKf© h°& `⁄o[ Bgg gßJR>Z grY-grY ‡^modV VmZht hmVm, o\$a r Ïò∫$`mß H$ AßV_©Z m _oÒVÓH$ _ß Mb ah D$hm[mhg, CZH$ ]m¯ Ï`hdma, H$m`©j_Vm, oZU©`Z H$m°eb d _mZogH$gOJVm [a AÀ`ßV hr ‡oVHy$b ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& _yb Í$[ g Ïò∫$ H$^rVa H$ gßKf© H$r CÀ[oŒm - Òd`ß H$ obE b˙` H$m MwZmd H$aZ Am°a‡À`moeV ^yo_H$m H$m oZdm©h H$aZ H$m bH$a hm gH$Vr h°&

(A)(A)(A)(A)(A)b˙` gßKf© (b˙` gßKf© (b˙` gßKf© (b˙` gßKf© (b˙` gßKf© (Goal Conflict ) -) -) -) -) - `h V] CÀ[fi hmVm h°, O]oH$Ïò∫$ H$m Xm `m AoYH$ odH$Î[mß `m Adgamß _ß g oH$gr EH$ H$mM`Z H$aZm [∂S>Vm h°& ` odH$Î[ gm—Ì` (AZwHy$b) `m [naO©Z(‡oVHy$b) hm gH$V h¢ Am°a [naoÒWoV H$ AZwgma BZ_ß gm—Ì`,gm—Ì` gßKf©, gm—Ì` [nadO©Z gßKf©, [nadO©Z - [nadO©Z gßKf©hm gH$V h¢& gm—Ì` - gm—Ì` _ß Xm gH$mamÀ_H$ $ $ $ $ Adgamß _ß g EH$H$m M`Z gm—Ì` - [nadO©Z _ß - AZwHy$b H$ gmW Ow∂S> hwE ‡oVHy$bAdga _ß gßKf© ([XmfioV boH$Z XyaÒW ÒWmZ [a), Am°a [nadO©Z- [nadO©Z _ß - Xm ‡oVHy$b Adgamß _ß g EH$ H$m M`Z (‡XyofVÒWmZ `m AÀòYH$ Xya oÒWV ÒWmZ _ß g EH$ H$m M`Z) hmVm h°&

(])(])(])(])(]) ^yo_H$m gßKf© ^yo_H$m gßKf© ^yo_H$m gßKf© ^yo_H$m gßKf© ^yo_H$m gßKf© (Roal Conflict) - - - - - oH$gr ^r Ïò∫$ H$ AßV_©Z _ß`h Cg g_` CÀ[fi hmVm h° O]oH$ m Vm dh AÀòYH$ _hÀdmH$mßjrd mdwH$ hm m O] Cg A[Zr mΩ`Vm, Í$oM d [X H$ AZwHy$b H$m`©Xmo`Àd Z o_b&Ïò∫$ H$ ^rVa H$m gßKf©, oH$gr ^r gßJR>Z H$r _mZd eo∫$ H$ ob


EH$ MwZm°Vr ]Z OmVm h°, ∑`mßoH$ gßKf©aV Ïò∫$ AßVV: A[Z g^rgh`moJ`mß d gß[yU© [nade H$m AdÌ` hr ‡^modV H$aVm h°&

2.2.2.2.2. Ïò∫$`mß H$ ]rM gßKf© (Ïò∫$`mß H$ ]rM gßKf© (Ïò∫$`mß H$ ]rM gßKf© (Ïò∫$`mß H$ ]rM gßKf© (Ïò∫$`mß H$ ]rM gßKf© (Interpersonal Conflict ) - ) - ) - ) - ) - gßKf©Eg h¢, Om Xm Ïò∫$`mß _ß hmV h¢& O] Eg gßKf© CÉmoYH$mar dAoYZÒW H$ ]rM hmV h¢ Vm bß]mdV≤ gßKf© H$hbmV h¢ Am°a O] `gßKf© g_mZ gßJR>ZmÀ_H$ ÒVa [a H$m`©aV Ïò∫$`mß H$ ]rM hmV h¢Vm g_Vbr` gßKf© H$hbmV h¢&Bg ‡H$ma H$ gßKfm~ H$m _wª` H$maU Ïò∫$`mß H$ Òd^mdmß _ß odamY

[m`m OmZm, Ah_≤ H$m Q>H$amd hmZm, H$m`© e°br VWm Ïò∫$ odef H$rgm_moOH$-gmßÒH•$oVH$ [•ÓR> yo_ _ß A›Va hmZm m o\$a Xmo`Àdmß, AoYH$mamßAmoX H$r AÒ[ÓQ>Vm H$ H$maU Q>H$amd hmZm AmoX ‡_wI h°&3.3.3.3.3. Ïò∫$ Am°a g_yh H$ ]rM gßKf© Ïò∫$ Am°a g_yh H$ ]rM gßKf© Ïò∫$ Am°a g_yh H$ ]rM gßKf© Ïò∫$ Am°a g_yh H$ ]rM gßKf© Ïò∫$ Am°a g_yh H$ ]rM gßKf© (Conflict between an

Individual and a Group) - - - - - g_yh H$ H$m`© ‡Xe©Z _ß ‡À`H$H$m Ah_≤ `mJXmZ h°& O] H$mB© Ïò∫$ A[Z g_yh H$r AmH$mßjm H$AZwHy$b ‡Xe©Z Zht H$aVm h° Vm gß[yU© g_yh [a AoVna∫$ X]mdCÀ[fi hm OmVm h° d [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ Ïò∫$ d g_yh _ß gßKf© H$rewÍ$AmV hmVr h°&

4.4.4.4.4. g_yhm ß H$ ]rM gßKf© (g_yhm ß H$ ]rM gßKf© (g_yhm ß H$ ]rM gßKf© (g_yhm ß H$ ]rM gßKf© (g_yhm ß H$ ]rM gßKf© (Conflict between Group s) - ) - ) - ) - ) - B›hßAßVg_yh gßKf© ^r H$hm Om gH$Vm h°& BgH$ obE g_yhmß _ß AoYH$magŒmmAmß d ^yo_H$mAmß H$m Q>H$amd, gro_V gmYZmß VWm [mnaVmofH$mßH$ ob` ‡oVÒ[Ym©, `m AmXem~, oZ`_mß gdm eVm~ AmoX H$m AßVaCŒmaXm`r hm gH$Vm h°&

gßKf© - H$maU `m ÛmV (gßKf© - H$maU `m ÛmV (gßKf© - H$maU `m ÛmV (gßKf© - H$maU `m ÛmV (gßKf© - H$maU `m ÛmV (Conflict % Causes or Sources ) -) -) -) -) -òX gmßJoR>H$ gßKf© H$ H$maUmß H$r h_ ImO H$a gH$ Vm h H$m`© gßKf© H$g_mYmZ hVw _hÀd[yU© hm gH$Vm h°& Bgr C‘Ì` g gßKf© H$ Hw$N> ‡_wIH$maUmß H$m A‹``Z oH$`m J`m h°& O°g -(1)(1)(1)(1)(1) gro_oV gmYZmß H$ obE ‡oV`moJVm - gro_oV gmYZmß H$ obE ‡oV`moJVm - gro_oV gmYZmß H$ obE ‡oV`moJVm - gro_oV gmYZmß H$ obE ‡oV`moJVm - gro_oV gmYZmß H$ obE ‡oV`moJVm - oH$gr ^r gßJR>Zmß _ß

gmYZ Agro_V Zht hm gH$V h¢& O°g [yßOr, VH$ZrH$, `ßÃ AmoX&gmYZmß H$r gro_VVm d _mßJ H$r oZaßVaVm gßJR>Z _ß X]md CÀ[fiH$aVr h°, oOgH$m [naUm_ AßVg©_yh gßKf© H$m AßV©Ïò∫$ gßKf© H$Í$[ _ß gm_Z AmVm h°&

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) [aÒ[a oZ^©aVm - [aÒ[a oZ^©aVm - [aÒ[a oZ^©aVm - [aÒ[a oZ^©aVm - [aÒ[a oZ^©aVm - gßJBZ H$m AoYH$mße H$m`© [aÒ[a oZ^©aVm H$T>mßM [a I∂S>m hmVm h°, odo^fi od^mJmß H$ H$_©Mmar, Ïò∫$JV dod^mJr` ÒVa [a Am[g _ß AmolV ahV h¢& BZ_ß O] A[jm ddmÒVodH$Vm H$m AßVa hmVm h°, Vm gßKf© O›_ bVm h°&

(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) H$m`© e°br d YmaUmAmß _ ß o^fiVm - H$m`© e°br d YmaUmAmß _ ß o^fiVm - H$m`© e°br d YmaUmAmß _ ß o^fiVm - H$m`© e°br d YmaUmAmß _ ß o^fiVm - H$m`© e°br d YmaUmAmß _ ß o^fiVm - gßJR>Z H$ Ïò∫$`mß _ß A[ZrC_´, AZw^d, Xmo`Àd, b˙` AmoX H$ AmYmamß [a o^fiVm ahVr h°&O°g wdm ‡]ßYH$ d AZw dr ‡]ßYH$, BßOroZ`naßJ od^mJ d CÀ[mXZod^mJ AmoX H$r YmaUmAmß d ‡mWo_H$VmAmß _ß AßVa hmVm h°&

(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) Xmf[yU© gÂ‡fU - Xmf[yU© gÂ‡fU - Xmf[yU© gÂ‡fU - Xmf[yU© gÂ‡fU - Xmf[yU© gÂ‡fU - O] gÂ‡fU H$r Ï`dÒWm OoQ>b hm m gÂ‡fUH$m°eb H$m A^md hm Vm ^r gßJR>Z H$ gXÒ`mß _ß ^´_, gßXh `moddmX CÀ[fi hmZ H$r gß^mdZm ]∂T> OmVr h°& gyMZm oZXe `mOmZH$mar H$ AW© `m AZW© hmZm hr H$B© ]ma gßKf© H$m _wª` H$maUhmVm h°&

(5)(5)(5)(5)(5) gßJR>Z gßaMZm H$r AÒ[ÓQ>Vm - gßJR>Z gßaMZm H$r AÒ[ÓQ>Vm - gßJR>Z gßaMZm H$r AÒ[ÓQ>Vm - gßJR>Z gßaMZm H$r AÒ[ÓQ>Vm - gßJR>Z gßaMZm H$r AÒ[ÓQ>Vm - oH$gr ^r gßJR>Z _ß H$m`m~ H$mCoMV ]ßQ>dmam Z hmZ, gŒmm H$ gß]ßYmß H$ A[na^mofV hmZ, H$m`m~ H$mAmdÌ`H$VmZwgma od^mOZ Z hmZ, od^mJr` gßaMZm H$ XyofV hmZ

AmoX H$maUmß g gßKf© CÀ[fi hm gH$V h¢&(6)(6)(6)(6)(6) AoV _hÀdmH$mßjm `m g_yh g AgÂ]’ Ïò∫$ : AoV _hÀdmH$mßjm `m g_yh g AgÂ]’ Ïò∫$ : AoV _hÀdmH$mßjm `m g_yh g AgÂ]’ Ïò∫$ : AoV _hÀdmH$mßjm `m g_yh g AgÂ]’ Ïò∫$ : AoV _hÀdmH$mßjm `m g_yh g AgÂ]’ Ïò∫$ : H$^r-H$^r

gßJR>Z _ß oZ w∫$ H$mB© AoYH$mar m H$_©Mmar g_yh H$r gmßPm gßÒH•$oV_ß Òd`ß H$m g_modÓQ> Zht H$a [mVm h°& BgH$ obE CgH$r AoV_hÀdmH$mßjm, Hw$ R>m, [mnadmnaH$ [•ÓR>^yo_, oZOr VZmd m YZ, ]b`m gß]ßYmß H$r eo∫$ CŒmaXm`ra ahVr h°& Egm Ïò∫$ g_`-Ag_`[a gßJR>Z _ß VZmd `m gßKf© H$m O›_ XVm ahVm h°&gßKf© H$ C[`w©∫$ H$maU H$^r gm_yohH$ Í$[ g Vm H$^r EH$b Í$[ ggßKf© hVw CŒmaXm`r ahV h¢&

gßKf© H$r ‡oH´$`m (gßKf© H$r ‡oH´$`m (gßKf© H$r ‡oH´$`m (gßKf© H$r ‡oH´$`m (gßKf© H$r ‡oH´$`m (Process of Conflict ) - ) - ) - ) - ) - Hw$N> _ZmodõfH$mßEdß gßJR>Z odefkmß _ß gßKf© H$r ‡oH´$`m H$m AWm©V≤ BgH$ CÀ[fi hmZ gbH$a g_mYmZ H$r oÒWoV VH$ [hw±MZ H$r ‡oH´$`m H$m gy˙_ odõfU oH$`mh°& ‡À`H$ ‡H$ma H$m gßKf© A[Zr Amaßo^H$ AdÒWm _ß EH$ AßHw$a H$ Í$[ _ßahVm h°, VÀ[ÌMmV≤ dhr AßHw$a d•j H$ Í$[ _ß [naoUV hm OmVm h°&

O°g h gßKf© AÏ`∫$ Í$[ _ß ewÍ$ hmVm h°, O]oH$ ´_ d gßdmXhrZVmH$r ewÍ$AmV hmVr h°, o\$a gßKf© H$r AZw^yoV gß[yU© [nade _ß hmVr h°, o\$agßKf© H$r Ï`dhma _ß AZw^yoV hmVr h°, o\$a gßKf© h∂S>Vmb, Vm∂S>\$m∂S> AmoXH$ Í$[ _ß Ïò∫$ hm OmVm h° d Ao›V_ MaU H$ Í$[ _ß h g_mYmZ m X_ZH$ Í$[ _ß g_m· hmVm h°& Hw$b o_bm H$a BgH$r ‡oH´$`m Bg ‡H$ma hmVr h° -

(AÏ`∫$ gßKf©)Latent Conflict

(]mYH$ gßKf©) (AZw^yV gßKf©)Pereived Conflict Felt Conflict

(AÏ`∫$ gßKf©)Menifest Conflict

(AÏ`∫$ gßKf©) Conflict Resolution

gßKf © H $ g_mYmZ H $ C[m` `m VH$ZrH $ g ßKf © H $ g_mYmZ H $ C[m` `m VH$ZrH $ g ßKf © H $ g_mYmZ H $ C[m` `m VH$ZrH $ g ßKf © H $ g_mYmZ H $ C[m` `m VH$ZrH $ g ßKf © H $ g_mYmZ H $ C[m` `m VH$ZrH $ (Measures orTechniques of Conflict Resolution) - - - - - òX oH$gr gßJR>Z _ßgßKf© CÀ[fi hm MwH$m h° Vm o\$a CgH$m g_mYmZ oH$`m OmZm r AmdÌ`H$hmVm h°& AbJ-AbJ [naoÒWoV`mß _ß m AbJ-AbJ gßKfm~ _ß g_mYmZH$ C[m` r AbJ-AbJ hr hmßJ& o\$a r Hw$N> gm_m›` C[m` Bg ‡H$mahm gH$V h¢ -(1)(1)(1)(1)(1) gŒmmdmXr oZXeZ gŒmmdmXr oZXeZ gŒmmdmXr oZXeZ gŒmmdmXr oZXeZ gŒmmdmXr oZXeZ (Authorit ative Order) - - - - - Bg_ß CÉ

AoYH$mar ¤mam A[Z AoYZÒWmß H$m AmXe `m oZXe XH$a gßKf©X]m`m OmVm h° d X] hmZ H$r Xem _ß hr g_mYmZ H$ gH$mamÀ_H$H$X_ ^r CR>mE OmV h¢&

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) [a_ H$moQ>H$ b˙`mß H$m C[`mJ [a_ H$moQ>H$ b˙`mß H$m C[`mJ [a_ H$moQ>H$ b˙`mß H$m C[`mJ [a_ H$moQ>H$ b˙`mß H$m C[`mJ [a_ H$moQ>H$ b˙`mß H$m C[`mJ (Use of SuperordinateGoals) - - - - - Bg_ß odo^fi [jmß H$m gßJR>Z H$ CÉ b˙`mß H$r `mXoXbdmB© OmVr h°& O°g gßJR>Z H$ AoÒVÀd H$m ‡ÌZ, `m Jhar_mZdr` gßdXZmAmß H$r ]mVß AmoX& Egm hmZ [a gßKf©aV Ïò∫$


gh`mJ H$aZ, l_ H$aZ d À`mJ H$aZ hVw VÀ[a hm OmV h¢&(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) gmYZmß H$m odÒVma gmYZmß H$m odÒVma gmYZmß H$m odÒVma gmYZmß H$m odÒVma gmYZmß H$m odÒVma (Expansion of Resources) - - - - - òX

gßKf© H$m _wª` H$maU gmYZmß H$r gro_VVm h°, Vm BZ_ß d•o’ H$aZH$m ‡`mg H$aH$ ^r gßKf© g_m· oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°&

(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) gßJR>Z gßaMZm _ ß gwYma gßJR>Z gßaMZm _ ß gwYma gßJR>Z gßaMZm _ ß gwYma gßJR>Z gßaMZm _ ß gwYma gßJR>Z gßaMZm _ ß gwYma (Reform in OrganizationStructure) - - - - - H$B© ]ma gßJR>Z H$ T>mßM H$ Xmf H$m Xya H$aH$ `mgßJR>Z H$ H´$_ Xmo`Àd, H$m`© jÃ AmoX H$m [wZ©oZYm©aU H$aH$ ^rgßKf© H$m g_mYmZ hm gH$Vm h°&

(5)(5)(5)(5)(5) Ï`mª`mZmß, ‡oejU gÃmß H$m Am`mOZ Ï`mª`mZmß, ‡oejU gÃmß H$m Am`mOZ Ï`mª`mZmß, ‡oejU gÃmß H$m Am`mOZ Ï`mª`mZmß, ‡oejU gÃmß H$m Am`mOZ Ï`mª`mZmß, ‡oejU gÃmß H$m Am`mOZ (Lecture, T rainingSessions) - - - - - òX gßKf© H$m H$maU oH$gr N>mQ>-N>mQ> g_yh H$rAZwemgZhrZVm `m AHw$ebVm h°, Vm BgH$m g_mYmZ ‡^md[yU©

Ï`mª`mZmß `m ‡oejU gÃmß g oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& Ï`mª`mZmß `m‡oejU gÃmß g H$m`© H$ ‡oV JÂ^raVm d gßJR>Z H$ ‡oV g_[©UH$r ^mdZm odH$ogV H$r Om gH$Vr h°&gßKf© g_mYmZ H$r C[`w©∫$ VH$ZrH$mß H$ AoVna∫$ gyMZm d gÂ‡fU

‡Umbr _ß gwYma H$aH$ `m Z` odMmamß H$m ‡mÀgmohV H$aH$ `m AoV_hÀdmH$mßjr H$_©Mmna`mß H$m AoVna∫$ [X `m Xmo`Àd AmoX gm¢[ H$a ^rgßKf© H$m Z H$db g_mYmZ hr oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°, Ao[Vw gßJR>Z H$r_mZdr` gÂ[Xm H$r D$Om© H$m gH$mamÀ_H$ H$m`m~ _ß ‡`mJ ^r ]∂T>m`m OmgH$Vm h°&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-1. Ïò∫$JV emY$ H$ AmYma [a &

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1. OZJUZm 2011AoYH$ ^y-Ao^bI, ]S>dmZr AoYH$ ^y-Ao^bI, ]S>dmZr AoYH$ ^y-Ao^bI, ]S>dmZr AoYH$ ^y-Ao^bI, ]S>dmZr AoYH$ ^y-Ao^bI, ]S>dmZr ^maV 2008

‡H$meZ od^mJ gyMZm d ‡gmaU _ßÃmb`, ^maV gaH$ma2. Agriculture statistics at a glance directorate of

economics and statistics, ministry of agriculture,government of India new Delhi.

3. Agricultural situation in india – various issues,directorate of economics & statistics, ministry ofagriculture, government of india, new Delhi.

4. Indian Agriculture In Brief, Various Issues, DirectorateOf Economics And Statics, Ministry Of Agriculture,Government Of India , New Delhi.


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gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-1. S>m∞. Eg.gr. O°Z, J´m_rU Edß H•$of od[UZ, H°$bme [wÒVH$ gXZ,

^m[mb, 2014, [•ÓR> 1892. B©Ìda YtJam, J´m_rU AW©Ï`dÒWm, gwÎVmZ M›– E S> g›g, ZB©

oXÑr, 1989, [•ÓR> 63. S>m∞. Q>r.EZ. MVwdXr, VwbZmÀ_H$ AmoW©H$ [’oV`m±, amOÒWmZ oh›Xr

J´›W AH$mX_r, O`[wa, 1990, [•ÓR> 744. _moQ©>Z O. ]b, AZwdmXH$ odO›– Hw$_ma lrdmÒVd, _‹`‡Xe oh›Xr

J´›W AH$mX_r, ^m[mb, 1972, [•ÓR>, 1435. B©Ìda YtJam, J´m_rU AW©Ï`dÒWm, gwÎVmZ M›– E S> g›g, ZB©

oXÑr, 1989, [•ÓR> 119

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_‹`‡Xe [ ©Q>Z _ß Ï`dgmo`H$ gÂ^mdZmE±

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[`©Q>H$ A¿N> [y±Or[oV hm `m Am_ ZmJnaH$ XmZmß H$ ohgm] g ^r hmQ>bOm odbmogVm [yU© Am°a ]OQ> H$r A¿N>r gßª`m h°& BgH$ gmW-gmW d°oeÓQ>[yU© Ï`dÒWm h° Am°a dhm± H$ J´ßWmb`mß _ß odo^fi Ò_aUr` h° Am°a ]hwV hrAmZ›XXm`H$ [mH©$ h° Om ]hwV hr [wamZr ImO H$m ^r oX`m h°&7

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gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. amOe Jm`b, [`©Q>Z gwodYmAmß H$m ‡]›YZ, dßXZm [o„bH$e›g,

ZB© oXÑr, 2011, [•ÓR> 192. S>m∞. ]r.[r. ogßh, [`©Q>Z odH$mg g_Ò`mE± Edß gÂ^mdZmE±, Amem

[o„boeßJ H$mÂ[Zr, AmJam, 2013-14, [•ÓR> 1973. amOe Jm`b, [`©Q>Z gwodYmAmß H$m ‡]›YZ, dßXZm [o„bH$e›g,

ZB© oXÑr, 2011, [•ÓR> 144. H$.Eb. AJ´dmb, ^maV H$ gmßÒH•$oVH$ H$›–, IOwamhmß oX _°H$o_bZ

H$Â[Zr, ZB© oXÑr, 1980, [•ÓR> 85. amOe Jm b, maVr` [ ©Q>Z C⁄mJ, dßXZm [o„bH$e›g, ZB© oXÑr,

2011, [•ÓR> 816. S>m∞. ]r.[r. ogßh, [`©Q>Z odH$mg g_Ò`mE± Edß gÂ^mdZmE±, Amem

[o„boeßJ H$mÂ[Zr, AmJam, 2013-14, [•ÓR> 1107. _‹`‡Xe [`©Q>Z od^mJ, [nadhZ Edß gßMma od^mJ _ßÃmb`, ZB©

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Abstract - In this paper we are estimating the economic impact of change in climate on productivity of agriculture ofMadhya Pradesh in Anuppur District. Agriculture is one of the oldest activities in all economic activities and it is notonly the backbone of food grain supply but also provide the raw material to industries. Approximately 70% of thefarming population of Madhya Pradesh is employed mainly in Agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, fisheriesand dairy etc. Farming sector leads to 30% Net Domestic Product of central India. Climate is the main factor whichinfluences the agricultural production of any country. The crops being grown in any particular area are dependent onthe climate, which means that the crop is grown according to the rain, temperature and weather, and also climatechange can affects the production of crops to a great extent. Higher production of crops depends on their optimumclimate of which the direct effect on the income of the farmers. Thus, the favorable climate is the basis of high yield ofagricultural sector; high yield increases the income of the farmers and also helps in increasing their living standards.Thus, the effect of the optimum climate of a particular area is the main cause of high yield of crops and higher incomeof the farmers, like this the effect of unfavorable climate is the main cause of low yield crops, shifting of crops anddecrease in the income of the farmer. This paper attempts to discuss and analyze the economic impact of climatechange on Agricultural productivity of Madhya Pradesh in Anuppur district.Keywords - Climate Change, Agriculture Productivity, Economic Impact, Indian Economy.

Economic Impact of Climate Change on AgricultureProductivity of Madhya Pradesh (With Special

Reference to Anuppur District)

Introduction - Agricultural productivity is fully dependenton the weather, climate and availability of water, out of whichany one of the factor changes will affect the agricultureproduction and crop pattern. In such situation, agricultureis an important, in which any change or decline can affectthe country’s population and agriculture dependententrepreneurs. Approximately 70% of the rural populationare living in central India is pursued in agricultural activities.Not only the agriculture has for food surety but also hugedependency on agriculture sector for living also lights upits importance and uplift the economic status of the Anuppurdistrict. In central part of India, continuously rising intemperature and uncertainty in rain are the main causes ofnegative impact on Rabi crops as well as Kharif crops. Alsovarious other examples are seen in the world whereincrease in the possibilities in change in the climaticconditions due to growing population, modern technology,speedy urbanization, more industrialization, transport,innovation, deforestation and more high economicdevelopment etc.Objective of the study :1. To evaluate the climate changes of Anuppur district of

Madhya Pradesh.

Dr. Rajkumar Nagwanshee *

* Assist ant Professor (Economics) Indira Gandhi National T ribal University (A Central University) Amarkant ak (M.P.) INDIA

2. To evaluate the impact of climate change on agriculturalproductivity of Anuppur district.

3. To study the probable effect of climate change onagriculture sector of Anuppur district.

4. To suggest the ideas for improving the productivity ofagriculture sector of Anuppur district.

Methodology - This research paper estimates its resultson the basis of secondary data only. The data related to thepresent study on agriculture productivity has been collectedfrom the various Government institutes like EconomicSurvey of India, Annual Reports of Ministry of Agriculture,Statistics office Anuppur and refer various reputed journalsand websites. Various statistical methods are used for theanalyses of the present study on the economic impact ofclimate change on agriculture productivity of AnuppurDistrict.Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture - Change inclimate and weather directly affects the Agricultureproduction. Agriculture sector are fully dependent on theclimate and geographical factors. Soil, water, weather andtemperature play a main role in the productivity of cropssimilarly so that climate and production of crop is directlyproportional.


Temperature of Anuppur District, 2015Temperature in ( 0C)

Month Max. in Month Min. in Month January 30.1 01.4 February 35.7 05.5 March 38.7 9.9 April 42.5 17.0 May 45.9 21.1 June 45.6 21.9 July 35.4 22.4 August 36.2 23.31 September 36.7 20.3 October 37.0 19.3 November 32.9 28.6 December 33.4 02.5 Source: Statistics office AnuppurChange in the climatic condition of a particular region playsa crucial role in the emergence of any nation. Rain andtemperature largely affects productivity of agriculture of thatparticular region and together with change in crops,temperature also plays a crucial role means every crop hasits own optimum temperature. If temperature is rapidlyfluctuated then definitely crop production changes andaffects the agriculture. Regarding the effect of change inclimate, largely affected the development of agriculture ofAnuppur district. In the study of temperature, we found thatthe temperature is increasing continuously month wise inthe year 2015. As a result of increase in temperature infuture the cropping pattern will change.Years wise average rainfall of Anuppur District Years Average Total Rain (M.M.) 2010-11 978.50 2011-12 1563.00 2012-13 1264.00 2013-14 1208.10 2014-15 1186.80 Source: Statistics office Anuppur

Water resource is a factor which is highly influenced by thechange in climate. In the present scenario the problem ofwater crisis and unequal distribution of water have beenseen all over the world, these similar conditions are also

seen in the study area. These situations are increases dueto uncertainty of rainfall. In the present table according tothe year 2010-11 and 2011-12 total average rainfall was978.50 mm and 1563.00 mm calculated respectively. Afterthat again the amount of rainfall was decreased in the year2014-15 total average rainfall was 1186.80 mm. Throughestimated values found that change in climate shows thatcontinuous uncertainty in rainfall occurs. As a result,continuous negative effects are shown on the main cropsof production area and their productivity which is not goodindication in the agricultural development.Impact on Agricultural Productivity - Impact onAgriculture is highly susceptible to change in climatebecause India is a large populated country having greatchallenges of supply of food grain and employment so thatwe have tried to increase in the crop production. In thisreference we studied the area under major crops (inhectares) which is given in the following table.Area under major crops (in hectares)s Years Wheat Paddy Jowar Maize Arhar 2010-2011 10883 97568 338 11619 7389 2011-2012 11637 99732 287 11468 6249 2012-2013 13374 105693 250 11464 6020 2013-2014 13770 10566 244 11382 5612Source: Statistics office Anuppur

It is clear from the table that the study on the condition ofagriculture of Anuppur district and regarding development,experienced that the entire area of usable land is increased.In which Rabi crops increases the area of agricultural


cultivation. In the year 2010-11 area of wheat was 10883hectare where as the area is increased by 13770 hectarein 2013-14 also increases the area of rice crop where asthe area of crops preferably jowar, maize and arhar getsdecreased. According to the year 2010-11 the area of cropspreferably jowar, maize and arhar was 338, 11619 and 7389respectively and found that the area of crops is decreasedlike 244, 11382 and 5612 respectively in 2013-14.

Production under major crops (in metric tons) Years Rice Wheat Jowar Maize Arhar 2010-11 216.39 12.21 0.25 12.24 3.96 2011-12 253.28 31.17 0.30 16.82 4.36 2012-13 280.55 35.18 0.47 23.24 5.85 2013-14 294.25 32.95 0.49 30.8 6.49Source: Statistics office Anuppur

Whereas raising the population of India all food demandwill increase as a result, we will face a severe problem offood crisis and Climate change will not only affect cropproductivity but also adversely affect their nutrition. It is clearfrom the table that the study on the condition of agricultureof Anuppur district and in the context of development, thetotal production of main crops like wheat, rice, jowar, maizeand arhar is increased during the year 2010-11 to 2013-14.According to the above table, some crops (wheat and rice)production is continuously increased in high quantity,whereas jowar, maize and arhar are also increasing but invery low quantity. It means this low quantity crops are highlyaffected by the climate change.Probable effect of Climate Change :1. Productivity of crops will get decrease if the climate is

changed.2. Rabi crop will be adversely affected by the change in

the climatic conditions of the atmosphere andagricultural persons will be facing more and more lossin the cultivation.

3. Situation of Uncertainty will occur in the productivity ofcrops due to the increase in droughts and floods.

4. According to the change in the climate, crops areshifted to other crops i.e. soybean is shifted to maizeand paddy.

5. Due to change in climate the farmer’s income wouldbe adversely affected.

6. Irrigation is highly affected by the change in climatewhich directly affects the production of agriculture.

7. Farmers are highly confused for the selection of propercrops at the time of sowing as they are not properlyanalyzing the climate and future climate.

8. Fertility of land is also adversely affected by the climatechange which directly affects the production of crops.

Suggestion :1. We require for creating a new crop varieties that can

tolerate the climate change.2. We have to formulate novel progressed agricultural

technology and equipments according to changing inclimate.

3. To aware the farmers about the continuous change inthe climatic condition so that they can shift fromtraditional pattern of agriculture to advance farmingtechnology which can resist the variation in climate.

4. To invent the substitutes for facing the problemscreated by the change in the climatic condition.

5. To aware the farmers about the information of weatherand forecasting.

Conclusion - Climate change is not only the problem ofonly Indian agriculture sector but also it affects the wholeworld agriculture. Indian economy is mainly dependent onthe agricultural sector and agriculture is severely affectedby the climate change. In this study we were analyze thatin the Anuppur district the temperature is gradually risingmonth wise during the year 2015. Similarly we also studiedthe rainfall during the year 2010-2015 according to datatotal average rainfall is continuously decreasing. Area undercrop in hectare is gradually increasing in case of wheatand paddy and cropping area is decreasing in case of maize,jowar and arhar it implies that the pattern of crops ischanging due to change in climate. In case of productionunder major crops (in metric tons) we found that all thecrops are gradually increasing in its production but the riceand wheat are heavily produced as compared to maize,jowar and arhar it means low produced crops are notfavoring the present climatic conditions. To save Indianagriculture from the adverse effects of change in climate,we have to use our resources equitably. Now, it is verynecessary to take those steps which are friendly to theenvironment so that fertility of soil can maintained and ournatural resources can be saved like we have to crop the


agriculture in variety, use advanced agricultural technologyand equipments, aware about the problems created byclimate change and forecasting of weather for farmers.References :-1. Mahato, Anupama (2014), “Climate Change and its

Impact on Agriculture”, International Journal ofScientific and Research Publications, Volume 4, Issue4, April 2014, Vol. 1 ISSN 2250-3153.

2. Kamble P. S. (2015) “Concerns of Climate Change forIndian Agriculture” International Journal in Managementand Social Science Vol.03 Issue-01, ISSN: 2321-1784.

3. District Statistical Office, Anuppur, Madhya Pradesh,2016.

4. Government of India (2016-17)

5. Economic Survey 2016-17.6. Nimole M. (2014) “Water Crisis in Rural and Urban

Areas: Planning and management” Aksharvinyas UjjainISBN 9788192813325.

7. K N Ninan and Satyasiba Bedamatta (2012) “ClimateChange, Agriculture, Poverty and Livelihoods: A StatusReport”, The Institute for Social and Economic Change,Bangalore, ISBN 978-81-7791-133-6.

8. S. K. Misra and V.K. Puri (2017) Indian Economy(Chapter- Basic Issues in Agriculture), HimalayaPublishing House, New Delhi, ISBN: 978-93-5273-171-8.

9. Reddy V K (2012) “ Agriculture and RuralDevelopment” Himalaya Publishing House, New Delhi,ISBN: 978-93-5051-556-3.

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MmohE& oOgg BZ jÃmß _ß amOJma H$ Adgamß _ß d•o’ H$r Om gH$&

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ1. Kumar, M. J. S. kumar, s. (2012) A study on the

performance of lead bank scheme Indian Journal ofCommerce & Management Studies vol.3 ISSN : 2240-0310 EISSN: 2229-5674

2. Surendran.,A. B.Manoharan, B. Performance of leadbank scheme in virudhunagar district of tamilnadu;national monthly refereed journal of reasearch incommerce & management VOL.1, 2277-1166

3. Malhotra S.R(1987) ,' Institutional Credit to the Needsof Small Farmers', Indian Dissertation Abstrat , ICSSR;New Delhi.

4. G, V. (2014) Priority sector lending by financialinstitutions with special reference to co imba to redistrict) Asia Pacific Journal of Research Vol: I noXVIII, ISSN: 2320-5504, E-ISSN-2347-4793.

5. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indias-rising-income-inequality-richest-1-own-58-of-total-wealth/articleshow/56586277.cms

6. https://www.sbi.co.in/portal/hi/web/agriculture-banking/lead-bank-scheme.

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2011-12 2015-161 Bank of India 3794533 7796600 4002087 105.462 State Bank of India 4150073 6458235 2308162 55.613 Bank of Maharashtra 220200 523337 303137 137.664 Punjab National Bank 178819 7 40800 561981 314.275 Union Bank of India 307641 1 061731 554090 245.126 Central Bank of India 157805 4 93645 335840 212.817 I.D.B.I. Bank 179134 6 12648 433514 242.008 Bank of Baroda 1267597 4749143 3481546 274.659 Syndicate Bank 2532 (2013) 70759 68227 2694.5810 Dena Bank 6100 (2013) 42971 36871 604.4411 HDFC Bank 64689 1256375 1191685 1842.1712 ICICI Bank 143316 974040 830724 579.6413 Axis Bank 219766 688100 468334 213.1014 Canara Bank 10794 (21015) 109366 98572 913.2115 UCO Bank 48807 (2015) 53273 4466 9.1516 Vijaya Bank - 50302 - -17 Allahabad Bank - 8416 - -18 RRB 2569700 4789337 2219637 86.3719 DCCB 7132945 15294871 8161926 114.4220 LDB 203507 154113 -49394 -24.27

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YEAR TOTAL YOY TPS YOY % of total loanLOAN GROWTH GROWTH to TP sectors

2012 20589.725 - 19579.476 - 95.092013 26604.333 29.21 25232.78 28.87 94.842014 31667.431 19.03 30361.098 20.32 95.872015 38386.927 21.22 36192.746 19.21 94.282016 45928.062 19.65 42926.305 18.6 93.46STDEV 9901.81732 4.71 9126.86439 4.8 -MEAN 32635.2956 22.28 30858.481 21.75 -Hw$b F$Um| Edß ‡mWo_H$Vm H$ ÒVa _| ‡XŒm F$U H$ _‹` ghgß]ßY 0.99ÛmV - oObm AJ´Ur ]¢H$ (]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m) IaJmZ _wª` emIm &

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odoŒm` df© 2012 g 2016(ruppes in 000)

YEAR AGRICULTURE yoy SMES YOY GROWTH ops YOY2012 15832.2 (76.9) - 1511.3 (7.3) - 2285.0 (11.1) -2013 19076.4 (71.7) 20.5 4293.2 (16.1) 184.1 1863.1 (7.0) -18.42014 23514.9 (74.3) 23.3 4745.4 (15.0) 10.5 2100.8 (6.6) 12.82015 27629.8 (72.0) 17.5 5908.2 (15.4) 24.5 2654.8 (6.9) 26.42016 31148.4 (67.8) 12.7 8733.6 (19.0) 47.8 3044.3 (6.6) 14.7STDEV 6202.8 4.5 2621.7 79.7 466.5 19.2MEAN 23440.3 18.5 5038.3 66.7 2389.6 8.8H$mÓQ>H$ _ß Xr JB© gßª`m gÂ]ßYwV gßª`m H$m ‡oVeV Xem©Vr h°yoy – df©dma d•o’ XaÛmV - oObm AJ´Ur ]¢H$ (]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m) IaJmZ _wª` emIm &

VmobH$m - 04VmobH$m - 04VmobH$m - 04VmobH$m - 04VmobH$m - 042 way ANOVA

Source of SS df MS F P-value F critVariationyears 1.11E+14 4 2.77E+13 3.093693 0.08151 3.837853sectors 1.31E+15 2 6.57E+14 73.48041 7.1E-06 4.45897Error 7.16E+13 8 8.95E+12Total 1.5E+15 14


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( Í$. 00000 _|)Bank 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Agriculture % to Rank Stdev Average

total totalagri-loan

DCCB 600.56 784.94 1065.39 1227.52 1310.90 4989.67 42.57 1 299.37 997.86Bank of India 302.70 404.29 484.59 557.16 609.07 2357.99 20.12 2 121.91 471.56Narmada 237.37 247.58 267.05 333.08 363.77 1448.95 12.36 3 55.66 289.77Malwa BankState Bank 217.33 248.97 248.97 301.65 317.70 1334.72 11.39 4 41.50 266.92of IndiaBank of Baroda 101.95 51.05 19.39 22.44 84.68 279.54 2.39 5 36.83 55.90Union Bank 19.81 25.45 28.88 63.90 81.54 219.59 1.87 6 27.22 43.92of IndiaAxis Bank 21.84 34.72 33.50 45.37 47.90 183.34 1.56 7 10.44 36.67HDFC Bank 3.94 10.74 41.56 60.40 64.44 181.09 1.55 8 27.84 36.22ICICI Bank 8.38 14.19 22.81 34.91 80.24 160.54 1.37 9 28.70 32.11I.D.B.I. Bank 16.29 26.29 18.81 40.29 48.62 150.31 1.28 10 13.96 30.06PNB 10.76 14.87 73.01 10.26 25.68 134.59 1.15 11 26.50 26.92Bank of 12.74 15.65 16.84 19.33 27.84 92.42 0.79 12 5.75 18.48MaharashtraLDB Bank 20.19 18.33 16.92 14.27 15.38 85.09 0.73 13 2.35 17.02Central Bank 9.37 10.09 10.77 16.67 23.95 70.85 0.60 14 6.19 14.17of IndiaUCO Bank - - - 3.57 4.15 7.72 0.07 15 0.41 3.86Syncicate Bank - 0 1.51 1.94 2.02 5.47 0.05 16 0.94 1.37Dena Bank - 0.48 1.48 1.22 1.56 4.73 0.04 17 0.49 1.18Canera Bank - - - 0 4.00 4 0.03 18 2.83 2.00Vijaya Bank - - - - 1.39 1.39 0.01 19 1.39Total 1583.21 1907.64 2351.49 2762.98 3114.84 11721.03 100.01 620.28 2344.03ÛmV: oObm AJ´Ur ]¢H$ (]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m) IaJmZ _wª` emIm


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(odoŒm` df© 2012 g 2016 VH$ )(amoe Í$. 0000 . _|)

Banks 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 total % RANK STDV AVERAGEBank of Baroda 7.40 133.29 174.69 174.84 329.61 819.82 32.54 1 115.24 163.96DCCB 6.70 70.53 47.72 158.9 207.2 491.12 19.50 2 82.56 98.22State Bank 103.8 105.5 105.5 77.75 98.02 490.77 19.48 3 11.82 98.15of IndiaBank of India 15.86 48.09 64.31 75.70 80.80 284.76 11.30 4 26.18 56.95Narmada 1.41 21.68 24.34 22.36 26.86 96.65 3.84 5 10.22 19.33Malwa BankPunjab National 0.25 12.57 12.95 12.42 40.02 78.20 3.10 6 14.65 15.64BankUnion Bank 6.36 11.52 13.47 12.64 9.27 53.27 2.11 7 2.87 10.65of IndiaBank of 3.92 9.78 12.59 11.42 13.69 51.41 2.04 8 3.84 10.28MaharashtraCentral Bank 2.45 7.52 9.77 13.31 17.93 50.97 2.02 9 5.85 10.19of IndiaICICI Bank 1.36 6.16 2.46 8.02 14.57 32.58 1.29 10 5.25 6.52Axis Bank 0.00 0.22 1.90 9.57 13.45 25.14 1.00 11 6.12 5.03I.D.B.I. Bank 1.31 1.36 0.90 6.62 10.84 21.03 0.83 12 4.39 4.21HDFC Bank 0.21 0.83 3.23 5.61 1.08 10.97 0.44 13 2.23 2.19Syncicate - 0.14 0.47 0.83 2.09 3.53 0.14 14 0.85 0.88BankCanera Bank - - - 0.09 3.39 3.48 0.14 15 2.33 1.74Vijaya Bank - - - - 2.11 2.11 0.08 16 - 2.11Dena Bank - 0.09 0.19 0.67 1.08 2.02 0.08 17 0.46 0.51UCO Bank - - - 0.02 0.78 0.80 0.03 18 0.54 0.40Allahabad - - - - 0.52 0.52 0.02 19 - 0.52 BankLDB Bank 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.00 20 0.02 0.01Total 151.13 429.32 474.54 590.82 873.36 2519.17 100.00 21 503.83ÛmV: oObm AJ´Ur ]¢H$ (]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m) IaJmZ _wª` emIm


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odoŒm` df© 2012 g 2016OPS

BANK 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 TOTL % RANK STDEV AVERAGEState Bank 46.82 57.30 84.94 93.99 94.05 377.09 31.56 1 21.96 75.42of IndiaDCCB 106.04 70.45 38.98 37.79 11.36 264.62 22.15 2 36.33 52.92Bank of India 33.42 22.68 32.51 48.60 65.99 203.19 17.01 3 16.93 40.64Narmada Malwa 15.96 10.67 17.25 41.32 60.64 145.84 12.21 4 21.20 29.17BankHDFC Bank 0.04 1.53 13.45 16.88 23.88 55.78 4.67 5 10.20 11.16Union Bank 3.77 7.13 1.94 8.09 10.38 31.32 2.62 6 3.39 6.26of IndiaBank of Baroda 7.52 7.49 3.81 5.13 5.93 29.88 2.50 7 1.59 5.98Bank of 4.31 2.65 3.94 3.61 5.85 20.36 1.70 8 1.17 4.07MaharashtraCentral Bank 3.50 2.94 4.40 4.14 4.72 19.71 1.65 9 0.72 3.94of IndiaPunjab National 3.94 1.23 3.73 2.07 6.67 17.63 1.48 10 2.09 3.53BankAxis Bank 0.01 0.04 2.50 0.00 7.46 10.02 0.84 11 3.23 2.00ICICI Bank 2.73 1.90 1.51 1.19 0.97 8.29 0.69 12 0.69 1.66I.D.B.I. Bank 1.57 0.19 0.61 0.19 1.13 3.69 0.31 13 0.61 0.74Canera Bank 0.03 3.38 3.41 0.29 14 2.36 1.70Dena Bank 0.02 0.27 0.67 0.71 1.67 0.14 15 0.33 0.42Syncicate Bank 0.00 0.14 1.03 0.38 1.55 0.13 16 0.45 0.39Vijaya Bank 0.94 0.94 0.08 17 0.94UCO Bank 0.68 0.00 0.68 0.06 18 0.48 0.34LDB Bank 0.16 0.10 0.10 0.07 0.00 0.43 0.04 19 0.06 0.09Allahabad Bank 0.00 0.00 0.00 20 0.00Total 228.50 186.31 210.08 265.48 304.43 1194.80 100.00 46.65 238.96ÛmV- oObm AJ´Ur ]¢H$ (]¢H$ Am∞\$ BßoS>`m) IaJmZ _wª` emIm &


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(GDP): Historical Statistics.2. http://hindi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/business-

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S>m∞. Z°ZdVr YmaU *

‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm - ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm - ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm - ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm - ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm - H•$of ‡YmZ AW©Ï`dÒWm h°, H•$of^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm H$r ar∂T> _mZr OmVr h° & H•$of Xe _ß OrodH$m[mO©ZH$m EH$ gmYZ Zht ]oÎH$ EH$ ‡_wI C⁄mJ ]Z JB© & gZ≤ 1956 _ß 2001VH$ Am°⁄mJrH$aU H$ A›VJ©V Xe _ß C⁄mJ H$m ]∂T>mdm XZ H$ ]mdOyX r^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$ obE H•$of [a oZ ©a h° & gm_m›`V:XIm J`m h° oH$ oOg df© Xe _ß H•$of CÀ[mXZ AoYH$ hmVm h°, Cg df©Xe H$r Amoœm©H$ odH$mg Xa D∞$Mr hmVr h° & BgH$ od[arV H•$of jÃ _ß gyIm[∂S>Z H$ H$maU H•$of CÀ[mXZ _ß H$_r hmZ g AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$r Xa ^rH$_ hm OmVr h° & Xe H$ C⁄mJ-Y›Yß, odXer Ï`m[ma, odXer _w–m H$mAO©Z, amÓQ≠>r` Am` VWm amOJma ÒVa _ß d•o’ g^r H•$of [a oZ^©a h° &odo^fi [ßMdfr© mOZmAmß ¤mam MbmE Om ah odo^fi H$m ©H$_mß Edß ‡`mgmßg H•$of H$m amÓQ≠>r` AW©Ï`dÒWm _ß Jna_m[yU© XOm© o_bm h° &A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` - A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` - A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` - A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` - A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` - ‡ÒVwV emY H$m`© H$ A›VJ©V oZÂZoboIV C‘ÌòZYm©naV oH$E JE$ h° -1. _mQ> Vm°a [a h_ma Xe H$r AmYr ^yo_ H•$of `mΩ` h° VWm dV©_mZ _ß

H•$of jÃ H$m bJ^J EH$ oVhmB© ^mJ ogoMßV h° & odo^fi gßgmYZmßg H•$of H$ odH$mg H$m A‹``Z H$aZm &

2. H•$of ‡YmZ Xe hmZ H$ ZmV ogßMmB© gwodYmAmß _ß hwB© d•o’ H$mA‹``Z&

3. H•$of odH$mg H$ obE ogßMmB© gmYZmß H$r d•o’ H$ obE ‡^mdembrH$m`© ZroV H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm H$m A‹``Z &

4. AW©Ï`dÒWm H$ odo^fi jÃmß H$r AmdÌ`H$VmAmß H$m [yam H$aZ H$obE Ob gßgmYZmß H$m XmhZ ‡Xe H$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$ H$Î`mUH$ AmYma [a A‹``Z H$aZm &

5. ogßMmB© j_Vm H$m oZ_m©U H$a CgH$ C[`mJ ‡oH´$`m H$m A‹``ZH$aZm&

6. _‹`‡Xe _ß [ßMdfr©` `mOZmAmß H$ Xm°amZ ogßMmB© [na`mOZmAmß gH•$of _ß AmE [nadV©Z H$m A‹``Z &

`mOZmH$mb _ß ogßMmB© gmYZmß H$r ‡JoV -`mOZmH$mb _ß ogßMmB© gmYZmß H$r ‡JoV -`mOZmH$mb _ß ogßMmB© gmYZmß H$r ‡JoV -`mOZmH$mb _ß ogßMmB© gmYZmß H$r ‡JoV -`mOZmH$mb _ß ogßMmB© gmYZmß H$r ‡JoV -1. bKw ogßMmB© [na`mOZmE - bKw ogßMmB© [na`mOZmE - bKw ogßMmB© [na`mOZmE - bKw ogßMmB© [na`mOZmE - bKw ogßMmB© [na`mOZmE - Bg dJ© _ß d ogßMmB© [na`mOZmE± AmVr

h° oOZH$ A›VJ©V 2 hOma h∑Q>à g H$_ ]mE OmZ `mΩ` H$_m S>jÃ\$b hmVm h° &

2. _‹`_ [na`mOZmE∞ - _‹`_ [na`mOZmE∞ - _‹`_ [na`mOZmE∞ - _‹`_ [na`mOZmE∞ - _‹`_ [na`mOZmE∞ - Bg dJ© _ß d ogßMmB© [na`mOZmE± AmVr h°,oOZH$ A›VJ©V 2 hOma h∑Q>à g AoYH$ VWm 10 hOma h∑Q>àVH$ ]m` OmZ `mΩ` H$_m S> jÃ\$b hmVm h° &

3.3.3.3.3. d•hV≤ [na`mOZmE∞ - d•hV≤ [na`mOZmE∞ - d•hV≤ [na`mOZmE∞ - d•hV≤ [na`mOZmE∞ - d•hV≤ [na`mOZmE∞ - BZ [na`mOZmAmß H$ AZVJ©V CZ mOZmAmß

* AoVoW od¤mZ (AW©emÛ) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, Z[mZJa, oObm-]wahmZ[wa (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

Edß H$m`©H´$_mß H$m emo_b oH$`m OmVm h°, oOZH$ A›VJ©V 10 hOmah∑Q>à g AoYH$ ]mE OmZ `mΩ` H$_m S> jÃ\$b hmVm h° Bg_ß_wª`V: ]∂S>r Zhaß d ]hwC‘Ì`r [na`mOZmE∞ AmVr h° &

4.4.4.4.4. A‹``Z H$r [naH$Î[Zm - A‹``Z H$r [naH$Î[Zm - A‹``Z H$r [naH$Î[Zm - A‹``Z H$r [naH$Î[Zm - A‹``Z H$r [naH$Î[Zm - ‡_wI ogßMmB© [na`mOZmAmß H$\$bÒdÍ$[ H•$of CÀ[mXZ _ß [`m©· d•o’ hwB© h° oH$›Vw Hw$N> Vœ` CâH$a gm_Z AmV h°, d oZÂZoboIV h° -

1. ogßMmB© [na`mOZm H$ d•o’ hmZ g H•$of H$m odH$mg hmVm h° AWm©VH•$of jÃ _ß CÀ[mXZ H$r _mÃm, Am` Edß amOJma _ß do’ hmVr h° &

2. gr_mßV H•$fH$ 100 ogßMmB© H$ gmYZmß H$r Ï`dÒWm Zht OwQ>m [m ah,dht Xygar Ama AÀòYH$ ogßMmB©, Ob odVaU H$r A[`m©· Ï`dÒWmVWm IVr]m∂S>r H$r Iam] odoY`mß H$ H$maU ObmH´$mßoV, bdUVm VWm]hw_yÎ` O°d gßgmYZmß H$ ZÓQ> hmZ H$r g_Ò`mEß [°Xm hm JB© h° &

3. OZgßª`m _ß VOr g odÒVma H$ H$maU oZa›Va H$_ hm ahr [mZr H$rAm[yoV© [a AoYH$moYH$ X]md [∂S> ahm h° Am°a ‡oV Ïò∫$ [mZr H$rC[b„YVm H$_ hm ahr h° BgobE hmb H$ dfm _ß Ob H$m ‡]ßY _wª`MwZm°Vr ]Z J`m h° &

H•$of H$m _hÀd -H•$of H$m _hÀd -H•$of H$m _hÀd -H•$of H$m _hÀd -H•$of H$m _hÀd -1.1.1.1.1. H•$of amOJma H$m g]g ]∂S>m ÛmV - H•$of amOJma H$m g]g ]∂S>m ÛmV - H•$of amOJma H$m g]g ]∂S>m ÛmV - H•$of amOJma H$m g]g ]∂S>m ÛmV - H•$of amOJma H$m g]g ]∂S>m ÛmV - maVr` H•$of 65% H$m ©erbOZgßª`m H$m ‡À`j Í$[ g amOJma ‡XmZ H$aVr h° & ^maV _ß [yßOr H$rN>o] e_ubr ‡H•$oV H$r dOh g J°a H•$of jÃ H$m Yr_m odH$mg hmVm h°O]oH$ OZgßª`m _ß VOr g d•o’ hm ahr h°& AV: H•$of hr amOJma H$m‡_wI ÛmV h° &2.2.2.2.2. amÓQ≠>r` Am` H$m ‡_wI ÛmV - amÓQ≠>r` Am` H$m ‡_wI ÛmV - amÓQ≠>r` Am` H$m ‡_wI ÛmV - amÓQ≠>r` Am` H$m ‡_wI ÛmV - amÓQ≠>r` Am` H$m ‡_wI ÛmV - H•$of H$m amÓQ≠>r` Am` _ß g]gAoYH$ mJXmZ hmVm h°& gaH$mar AmßH$∂S>mß H$ AZwgma Xe H$r amÓQ≠>r` Am`_ß H•$of Edß Cgg gß]ßoYV ohÒgm 31.3% h° &3.3.3.3.3. odXer Ï`m[ma _ß _hÀd - odXer Ï`m[ma _ß _hÀd - odXer Ï`m[ma _ß _hÀd - odXer Ï`m[ma _ß _hÀd - odXer Ï`m[ma _ß _hÀd - ^maVr` H•$of H$m odXer Ï`m[ma _ß ^r_hÀd[yU© ÒWmZ h° & hm± Hw$b oZ`m©V H$m bJ^J 25% oZ`m©V H•$of [XmW©VWm H•$of g gß]ßoYV H$É [XmWm [a AmYmnaV C⁄mJmß ¤mam oH$`m OmVmh°&4.4.4.4.4. Im⁄mfimß H$r [yoV© - Im⁄mfimß H$r [yoV© - Im⁄mfimß H$r [yoV© - Im⁄mfimß H$r [yoV© - Im⁄mfimß H$r [yoV© - dV©_mZ _ß Im⁄mfimß H$r AmdÌH$VmAmß H$r bJ^JeV ‡oVeV [yoV© maVr` H•$of ¤mam hr H$r OmVr h° & hm± H•$of H$ ha mJ_ß bJ^J 67% ohÒg _ß Im⁄mZmß \$gbß O°g Jhy∞, Mmßdb, MZm AmoXCJm`r OmVr h° Ï`m[mnaH$ \$gbmß O°g OyQ>, H$[mg AmoX H$r IVr ef20% ohÒg _ß hmVr h° &5.5.5.5.5. Am°⁄moJH$ odH$mg H$m AmYma - Am°⁄moJH$ odH$mg H$m AmYma - Am°⁄moJH$ odH$mg H$m AmYma - Am°⁄moJH$ odH$mg H$m AmYma - Am°⁄moJH$ odH$mg H$m AmYma - Am°⁄moJH$ odH$mg hVw ^r H•$ofH$m odH$mg oH$`m OmZm AmdÌ`H$ hmVm h° EH$ Vm Am°⁄moJH$ jÃ _ß bJ


lo_H$mß H$r Im⁄ AmdÌ`H$VmAmß H$r [yoV© H•$of jÃ g hmVr h° Xyga H•$of,Am°⁄moJH$ H$É _mb H$r [yoV© H$m _wª` ÛmV hmVr h°& dÛ, OyQ>, dZÒ[oV,MrZr, S>àr AmoX C⁄mJ A[Z H$É _mb H$r [yoV© H$ obE H•$of [a oZ^©aahV h° & H•$of CÀ[mXZ _ß H$_r Eg C⁄mJmß H$ obE gßH$Q> H$m H$maU ]ZOmVr h° &

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 6.01VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 6.01VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 6.01VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 6.01VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 6.01^maV _ß ogßMmB©, gmYZmß H$m Hw$b ogßoMV jÃ\$b H$m ‡oVeVH´$. oddaU Hw$b ogßoMV jÃ\$b H$m ‡oVeV1. Zhamß ¤mam ogßMmB© 37.092. Vmbm]mß ¤mam ogßMmB© 07.003. Q>Áy]db ¤mam ogßMmB© 28.044. A›` Hw$Amß ¤mam ogßMmB© 20.055. A›` gmYZ 06.02

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demonetisation2. Gopika Gopakumar, Vishwanath Nair (8 November

2016). 'Rs500, Rs1000 notesmay be back, if historyis a guide'. Live Mint.

3. gmhy ‡^mH$a, Aam∂S>m A_mK, ZJXr AW©Ï`dÒWm g H$_ZJXAW©Ï`dÒWm H$r Ama, `mOZm, \$adar, 2017

4. H$_ ZJX AW©Ï`dÒWm : XwoZ`m H$ ]a∑g, `mOZm, \$adar, 20175. http://www.bis.org/cpmi/publ / d155.pdf (26 Dec.2016)


ÚmV - ÚmV - ÚmV - ÚmV - ÚmV - http://www.bis.org/cpmi/publ / d155.pdf (26 Dec.2016)

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O:oejm Edß ^X^md H$r EH$ Xyga [a oZ^©aVm Zht h¢&

H1: oejm Edß ^X^md H$r EH$ Xyga [a oZ^©aVm h¢& = 5%

d.f. = 1X2

tab.= 3.84

X2 cal

.= 104.97 5% gmW©H$Vm ÒVa [a X2 H$m gmaUr _yÎ` 3.84 h¢ O]oH$ X2 H$m

[naH$bV _yÎ` 104.97 h¢ Om gmaUr _yÎ` g AoYH$ h¢& AV: h_mar HO(

ew›` [naH$Î[Zm) AÒdrH$ma hmVr h¢ Am°a H1(d¢H$oÎ[H$ [naH$Î[Zm)

ÒdrH$ma hmVr h¢ AWm©V oZX©eZ g ‡m· Am∞H$∂S>m| H$ AZwgma oejm Edß^X^md XmZm|> _ß oZ^©aVm [m`r J`r& AWm©V oejm g ^X^md H$_ hm ahmh¢, _Vb] AoeojV Ïò∫$ AoYH$ ^X^md H$aV h¢&oeojV Edß AoeojV CŒmaXmVmAm|> ¤mam _ohbmAm|> g gbmh bZoeojV Edß AoeojV CŒmaXmVmAm|> ¤mam _ohbmAm|> g gbmh bZoeojV Edß AoeojV CŒmaXmVmAm|> ¤mam _ohbmAm|> g gbmh bZoeojV Edß AoeojV CŒmaXmVmAm|> ¤mam _ohbmAm|> g gbmh bZoeojV Edß AoeojV CŒmaXmVmAm|> ¤mam _ohbmAm|> g gbmh bZH$m odÌbfUH$m odÌbfUH$m odÌbfUH$m odÌbfUH$m odÌbfU_ohbmAm|> g gbmh gbmh bZ gbmh Zht `mJ

dmb bZ dmboeojV 193 103 296AoeojV 18 74 92`mJ 211 177 388H

O:oejm Edß _ohbmAm| g gbmh H$r EH$ Xyga [a oZ^©aVm Zht h¢&

H1: oejm Edß _ohbmAm| g gbmh H$r EH$ Xyga [a oZ^©aVm h¢&

= 5% d.f. = 1X2

tab.= 3.84

X2 cal

.= 58.945% gmW©H$Vm ÒVa [a X2 H$m gmaUr _yÎ` 3.84 h¢ O]oH$ X2 H$m

[naH$bV _yÎ` 58.94 h¢ Om gmaUr _yÎ` g AoYH$ h¢ AV: AV: h_marH

O ( ew›` [naH$Î[Zm ) AÒdrH$ma hmVr h¢ VWm H

1 (d¢H$oÎ[H$

[naH$Î[Zm) ÒdrH$ma hmVr h¢& AmWm©V oZX©eZ g ‡m· AmH$∂S>m| H$ AZwgma


oejm Edß _ohbmAm| g gbmh XmZmß _ß oZ^©aVm [m`r J`r& AWm©V oeojVÏò∫$ Ka H$r _ohbmAm| g AoYH$ gbmh bV h¢ Am°a AoeojV Ïò∫$ KaH$r _ohbmAmß g H$_ hr gbmh bZm [gßX H$aV h¢&oeojV Edß AoeojV CŒmaXmVmAmß H$ Ka H$r _ohbmAm| H$ _VXmZoeojV Edß AoeojV CŒmaXmVmAmß H$ Ka H$r _ohbmAm| H$ _VXmZoeojV Edß AoeojV CŒmaXmVmAmß H$ Ka H$r _ohbmAm| H$ _VXmZoeojV Edß AoeojV CŒmaXmVmAmß H$ Ka H$r _ohbmAm| H$ _VXmZoeojV Edß AoeojV CŒmaXmVmAmß H$ Ka H$r _ohbmAm| H$ _VXmZH$m odÌbfUH$m odÌbfUH$m odÌbfUH$m odÌbfUH$m odÌbfUCŒmaXmVmAm H$ Ka H$r _VXmZ _VXmZ Zht H$r `mJ_ohbmAm|$ _VXmZ H$aVr h¢ H$aVr h¢oeojV 225 79 304AoeojV 28 68 96`mJ 253 147 400H

O :oejm Edß CŒmaXmVmAmß H$ Ka H$r _ohbmAm|$ H$ _VXmZ H$r EH$ Xyga

[a oZ^©aVm Zht h¢&H

1 : oejm Edß CŒmaXmVmAm| H$ Ka H$r _ohbmAm| H$ _VXmZ H$r EH$ Xyga

[a oZ^©aVm h¢& = 5%d.f. = 1X2

tab.= 3.84

X2cal.

= 63.125% gmW©H$Vm ÒVa [a X2 H$m gmaUr _yÎ` 3.84 h¢ O]oH$ X2 H$m

[naH$bV _yÎ` 63.12 h¢ Om gmaUr _yÎ` g AoYH$ h¢& AV: h_mar HO (

ew›` [naH$Î[Zm ) AÒdrH$ma hmVr h¢ Am°a H1 (d¢H$oÎ[H$ [naH$Î[Zm)

ÒdrH$ma hmVr h¢ AWm©V oZX©eZ g ‡m· Am∞H$S>m H$ AZwgma oejm EdßCŒmaXmVmAmß H$ Ka H$r _ohbmAm| H$ _VXmZ XmZmß _ß oZ^©aVm [m`r J`r&oZÓH$f© ‡m· hmVm h° oH$ oeojV Ïò∫$`mß H$ Ka H$r _ohbmE|ßA[Zm ]hw_yÎ`_V AoZdm © Í$[ g H$aVr h¢ oH$›Vw AoeojV Ïò∫$`m H$ Ka H$r _ohbmAm°_ß _VXmZ H$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm H$_ hr [m`r J`r h¢&oeojV Edß AoeojV CŒmaXmVmAm ß H$m gm_moOH$ H$m`©H´$_m _ ßoeojV Edß AoeojV CŒmaXmVmAm ß H$m gm_moOH$ H$m`©H´$_m _ ßoeojV Edß AoeojV CŒmaXmVmAm ß H$m gm_moOH$ H$m`©H´$_m _ ßoeojV Edß AoeojV CŒmaXmVmAm ß H$m gm_moOH$ H$m`©H´$_m _ ßoeojV Edß AoeojV CŒmaXmVmAm ß H$m gm_moOH$ H$m`©H´$_m _ ß^mJrXmar H$m odÌbfU^mJrXmar H$m odÌbfU^mJrXmar H$m odÌbfU^mJrXmar H$m odÌbfU^mJrXmar H$m odÌbfUgm_moOH$ H$m`©H´$_mß ^mJrXmar ^mJrXmar Zht `mJ_ß ^mJrXmar bV h¢ bV h¢oeojV 202 102 304AoeojV 09 87 96`mJ 211 189 400H

O :oejm Edß gm_moOH$ H$m`©H´$_mß _ß mJrXmar H$r EH$ Xyga [a oZ^©aVm

Zht h¢&H

1 : oejm Edß gm_moOH$ H$m ©H´$_m _ß mJrXmar H$r EH$ Xyga [a oZ ©aVm

h¢& = 5%d.f. = 1X2

tab.= 3.84

X2cal.

= 95.33 5% gmW©∫$m ÒVa [a X2 H$m gmaUr _yÎ` 3.84 h¢ O]oH$ X2 H$m [naH$bV

_yÎ` 95.33 h¢ Om gmaUr _yÎ` g AoYH$ h¢& AV: h_mar HO ( ew›`

[naH$Î[Zm ) AÒdrH$ma hmVr h¢ Am°a H1 (d¢H$oÎ[H$ [naH$Î[Zm) ÒdrH$ma

hmVr h¢ AWm©V oZX©eZ g ‡m· Am∞H$S>m H$ AZwgma oejm Edß gm_moOH$H$m`©H´$_mß _ß ^mJrXmar XmZmß _ß oZ^©aVm [m`r J`r& oZÓH$f© ‡m· hmVm h°oH$ oeojV Ïò∫$ gm_moOH$ H$m`©H´$_mß _ß AoYH$ mJrXmar oZ^mV h¢ Am°aAoeojV Ïò∫$ gm_moOH$ H$m`©H´$_mß _ß H$_ ^mJrXmar oZ^mV h¢&oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oejm H$m gm_moOH$ odH$mg _ß `mJXmZ H$m A‹``Z H$aZ gh_ß oZÓH$f© ‡m· hmVm h° oH$ oeojV Ïò∫$`mß _ß gm_moOH$ odH$mg H$mÒVa ]∂T> ahm h°& oeojV Ïò∫$` AoeojV Ïò∫$`m H$r A[jm H$_ ^X^md H$aVm h¢, _Vb] AoeojV Ïò∫$ AoYH$ ^X^md H$aV h¢& oeojVÏò∫$ Ka H$r _ohbmAmß g AoYH$ gbmh bV h¢ Am°a AoeojV Ïò∫$ KaH$r _ohbmAmß g H$_ hr gbmh bZm [gßX H$aV h¢&oeojV Ïò∫$`mß H$ KaH$r _ohbmE| A[Zm ]hw_yÎ` _V AoZdm`© Í$[ g H$aVr h¢ oH$›Vw AoeojVÏò∫$`mß H$ Ka H$r _ohbmAm| _ß _VXmZ H$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm H$_ hr [m`rJ`r h¢&oeojV Ïò∫$ gm_moOH$ H$m ©H´$_mß _ß AoYH$ mJrXmar bVoZ^mVh¢ Am°a AoeojV Ïò∫$ gm_moOH$ H$m`©H´$_mß _ß H$_ ^mJrXmar h¢&Bgg`h oZÓH$f© oZH$bVm h° oH$ oejm gm_moOH$ odH$mg _ß AoYH$ `mJXmZX ahr h¢&gwPmd - gwPmd - gwPmd - gwPmd - gwPmd - oejm g gm_moOH$ odH$mg hVw oZÂZ oboºV gwPmd ‡ÒVwV h¢&1. o[N>∂S> hwE jÃmß _ß Egr gßÒWmAmß H$m oZ_m©U, Om _ohbm ‡Vm∂S>Zm,

b∂S>H$-b∂S>oH$`mß H$m g_mZ oejm, _ohbm amOJma Edß _ohbmgeo∫$H$aU [a H$m`© H$a bmJmß H$m _mJ©Xe©Z H$aß&

2. ]mb-oddmh, XhO ‡Wm O°gr gm_moOH$ Hw$ÈoV`mß H$m Xya H$aZ H$obE R>mg H$X_ CR>mE OmE&

3. oejU gßÒWmZmß _ß gm_moOH$ Hw$ÈoV`mß H$m Xya H$aZ gß]ßYr odf`mß[a od⁄moW©`mß H$m H$m`©embmEß H$adm`r OmE&

4. _ohbm amOJma H$m ]∂T>mdm XZ H$ obE _ohbmAmß H$m ‡oeojV oH$`mOmE d J•h C⁄mJ Edß Hw$Q>ra C⁄mJ g Om∂S>m OmE&

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. Self, S. and Grabowski, R. (2003).Does Education all

Levels cause growth? Indians, a case study. Economicof Education Review, 23 (2003) 47-55.

2. Abiodum, L. N. and Iyiola,W. T. (2011). Education andEconomic Growth: The Nigerian Experience.Journalof Emerging Trend¢ in Economics and Managementscience, Vol. 2, No, 3, PP.225-231.

3. Haldar, S. K. and malik, G. (2006). Does Human Capi-tal Cause Economic Growth? a case study of India.International Journal of Economic sciences and Ap-plied research, 3 (1) 7-25.

4. Kumar, S.(2012). Higher Education and Economic De-velopment in India. International Journal of scientificResearch Engineering and Technology, Vol. 1, No, 5,PP.045-0

*************


odkm[Z H$m Jm_rU Edß ehar jÃmß [a ‡^md H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z

S>m∞. AÍ$Um Hw$gw_mH$a *

‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - odkm[Z h_ma OrdZ _ß _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m AXm H$aV h¢&h_mar OrdZ e°br, H$m`©e°br, ImZ[mZ VWm h_mar _mZogH$Vm H$m ^rodkm[Z ‡^modV H$a ah h¢& dmÒVd _ß AmO h_ odkm[Z H$ `wJ _ß Or ahh¢& ]mOma _ß ha CÀ[mX odkm[Z H$ AmYma [a Mb ahm h°& ‡À`H$ CÀ[mXH$odkm[Z H$ ¤mam C[^m∫$mAmß VH$ A[Z CÀ[mX [hw±MmZ H$ obE ‡`ÀZerbh°, oOgg C[^m∫$mdmX oXZ-‡oVoXZ ]∂T> ahm h°& AmO H$r AmoW©H$ ‡oH´$`m_ß odkm[Z Z EH$ odoeÓQ> ÒWmZ ]Zm ob`m h°& od[UZ H$ jÃ _ß odkm[ZEH$ eo∫$embr Am°Oma H$ Í$[ _ß H$m_ H$aVm h°& oH$gr odH´$Vm H$ obEA[Z J´mhH$mß VH$ A[Zr ]mV H$hZ Am°a C›hß g_PmZ-_ZmZ H$m odkm[Zg]g ghO _m‹`_ h°& _ZwÓ` H$ AmoW©H$, gm_moOH$ amOZroVH$, Ymo_©H$Edß gmßÒH•$oVH$ OrdZ [a odkm[Z H$m Ï`m[H$ ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°&A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` -A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` -A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` -A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` -A‹``Z H$m C‘Ì` -odkm[Z H$m J´m_rU Edß ehar jÃmß [a ‡^mdmß H$mVwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z H$aZm&emY odoY - emY odoY - emY odoY - emY odoY - emY odoY - A‹``Z g gÂ]o›YV OmZH$mar ‡m· H$aZ H$ obEgdjUmÀ_H$ [’oV H$m ‡`mJ oH$`m J`m h°, oOgH$ obE gmjmÀH$ma EdßAZwgyMr H$m ‡`mJ oH$`m J`m h°& A‹``Z H$m odõfU ‡oVeV H$ AmYma[a oH$`m J`m h°& ehar Edß J´m_rU jÃmß H$ VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z hVw B›Xm°aoOb H$ 75 J´m_rU Edß 75 ehar C[^m∫$mAmß H$m M`Z gwodYm oZXe©ZH$ AmYma [a oH$`m J`m h°&J´m_rU Edß ehar jÃm ß [a ‡^md H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z -J´m_rU Edß ehar jÃm ß [a ‡^md H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z -J´m_rU Edß ehar jÃm ß [a ‡^md H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z -J´m_rU Edß ehar jÃm ß [a ‡^md H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z -J´m_rU Edß ehar jÃm ß [a ‡^md H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z -

odkm[Z H$m C[^m∫$m H$ H´$` Ï`dhma [a ‡^mdodkm[Z H$m C[^m∫$m H$ H´$` Ï`dhma [a ‡^mdodkm[Z H$m C[^m∫$m H$ H´$` Ï`dhma [a ‡^mdodkm[Z H$m C[^m∫$m H$ H´$` Ï`dhma [a ‡^mdodkm[Z H$m C[^m∫$m H$ H´$` Ï`dhma [a ‡^mdodkm[Zmß H$m ‡^mdodkm[Zmß H$m ‡^mdodkm[Zmß H$m ‡^mdodkm[Zmß H$m ‡^mdodkm[Zmß H$m ‡^md J´m_rU jÃJ´m_rU jÃJ´m_rU jÃJ´m_rU jÃJ´m_rU jÃ ehar jÃehar jÃehar jÃehar jÃehar jÃ

Amd•oVAmd•oVAmd•oVAmd•oVAmd•oV ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV Amd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒm ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeVhm± 60 80 55 73Zht 15 20 20 27Hw$b 75 100 75 100

g´mV - gdjU ¤mam ‡m· Vœ`mß H$ AmYma [aC[`w©∫$ VmobH$m g Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ 80 ‡oVeV J´m_rU jÃ H$

C[^m∫$mAmß [a odkm[Zmß H$m ‡^md [∂S>Vm h° O]oH$ 73.3 ‡oVeV eharC[^m∫$mAmß [a odkm[Zmß H$m ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ ehar jÃ H$rA[jm J´m_rU jÃ H$ C[^m∫$m odkm[Zmß g AoYH$ ‡^modV hmV h¢&dmÒVd _ß odkm[Z H$m C[^m∫$m H$ H´$` Ï`dhma [a gH$mamÀ_H$ ‡^md[∂S>Vm h°&

odkm[Z H$m gm_moOH$ bmôdkm[Z H$m gm_moOH$ bmôdkm[Z H$m gm_moOH$ bmôdkm[Z H$m gm_moOH$ bmôdkm[Z H$m gm_moOH$ bmôdkm[Z ¤mamodkm[Z ¤mamodkm[Z ¤mamodkm[Z ¤mamodkm[Z ¤mam J´m_rU jÃJ´m_rU jÃJ´m_rU jÃJ´m_rU jÃJ´m_rU jÃ ehar jÃehar jÃehar jÃehar jÃehar jÃg_mO H$m bm^g_mO H$m bm^g_mO H$m bm^g_mO H$m bm^g_mO H$m bm^ Amd•oVAmd•oVAmd•oVAmd•oVAmd•oV ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV Amd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒm ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV

* ‡m‹`m[H$ (AW©emÛ) emgH$r` gßÒH•$V _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

hm± 65 87 60 80Zht 10 13 15 20Hw$b 75 100 75 100

g´mV - gdjU g ‡m· Vœ`mß H$ AmYma [aC[`w©∫$ VmobH$m g Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ J´m_rU jÃmß H$ 87 ‡oVeV

CŒmaXmVmAmß H$ AZwgma odkm[Zmß H$ ¤mam g_mO H$m bm^ ‡m· hmVm h°O]oH$ ehar jÃ H$ 80 ‡oVeV CŒmmaXmVmAmß H$ AZwgma odkm[Zmß gg_mO bm^mo›dV hmVm h°& ⁄o[ J´m_rU Edß ehar XmZmß jÃmß _ß odkm[Zmßg bm^ ‡m· hmVm h° oH$›Vw VwbZmÀ_H$ Í$[ g J´m_rU jÃmß _ß odkm[Zmß ggm_moOH$ bm^ AoYH$ h°&

odkm[Z H$m ÒdmÒœ` [a ‡^mdodkm[Z H$m ÒdmÒœ` [a ‡^mdodkm[Z H$m ÒdmÒœ` [a ‡^mdodkm[Z H$m ÒdmÒœ` [a ‡^mdodkm[Z H$m ÒdmÒœ` [a ‡^mdoejm H$ ÒVaoejm H$ ÒVaoejm H$ ÒVaoejm H$ ÒVaoejm H$ ÒVa J´m_rUJ´m_rUJ´m_rUJ´m_rUJ´m_rU ehareharehareharehar_ß d•o’_ß d•o’_ß d•o’_ß d•o’_ß d•o’ Amd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒm ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV Amd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒm ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeVhm± 63 84 58 77Zhr 12 16 17 23Hw$b 75 100 75 100

ÚmV - gdjU ¤mam ‡m· Vœ`mß H$ AmYma [aC[ w©∫$ VmobH$m g Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ odkm[Zmß H$ H$maU ÒdmÒœ` gwYma [a

gH$mamÀ_H$ ‡^md [∂S>m h°& Jm_rU jÃmß [a 84 ‡oVeV gH$mamÀ_H$ ‡^md[∂S>m h°, O]oH$ ehar jÃmß [a 77 ‡oVeV gH$mamÀ_H$ ‡^md [∂S>m h°&VwbZmÀ_H$ Í$[ g Jm_rU jÃmß _ß ÒdmÒœ` gwYma H$m ‡oVeV AoYH$ h°&

odkm[Zmß H$m oejm H$ ÒVa [a ‡^mdodkm[Zmß H$m oejm H$ ÒVa [a ‡^mdodkm[Zmß H$m oejm H$ ÒVa [a ‡^mdodkm[Zmß H$m oejm H$ ÒVa [a ‡^mdodkm[Zmß H$m oejm H$ ÒVa [a ‡^mdoejm H$ ÒVaoejm H$ ÒVaoejm H$ ÒVaoejm H$ ÒVaoejm H$ ÒVa J´m_rUJ´m_rUJ´m_rUJ´m_rUJ´m_rU ehareharehareharehar_ß d•o’_ß d•o’_ß d•o’_ß d•o’_ß d•o’ Amd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒm ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV Amd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒmAmd•oŒm ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeVhm± 60 80 70 93Zhr 15 20 05 07Hw$b 75 100 75 100

ÚmV - gdjU ¤mam ‡m· Vœ`mß H$ AmYma [aC[`w©∫$ VmobH$m g Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ odkm[Zmß H$ H$maU oejm H$ ÒVa [a

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OwbmB© 1942 _ß ZmJ[wa H$r g^m _ß S>m∞. AÂ]S>H$a Z H$hm Wm oH$oH$gr g_mO H$r ‡JoV H$m AZw_mZ Cg g_mO H$r _ohbmAmß H$r ‡JoV gbJm`m Om gH$Vm h°& CZH$ AZwgma Ûr dJ© amOZ°oVH$ VWm gm_moOH$jÃmß _ß [rN> Z ahß& g_mO H$r ‡JoV, g_•o’ _ß oÛ`mß H$m ^r `mJXmZ h°&oÛ`mß H$m gm_moOH$, d°YmoZH$ Am°a amOZroVH$ ÒVa [a [wÍ$fmß H$ g_mZhr AoYH$ma ‡m· hmß Am°a C›hß ha jÃ _ß CfioV H$ Adga o_bV ahß, BgH$obE S>m∞. AÂ]S>H$a Z 1927 g 1956 VH$ gVV≤ ‡`mg oH$E&

_ohbm _OXyamß H$m, odefH$a ImZ _ß H$m_ H$aZ dmbr _ohbm _OXyamßH$m ‡gyoV H$r gwodYmEß ‡m· Zht Wr& ‡gyoV H$r AdÒWm _ß CZH$m H$m_ [aZ AmZm AZw[oÒWV _mZm OmVm Wm Am°a Cg AdoY H$m C›hß H$mB© dVZZht oX`m OmVm Wm& h Jar] _ohbmAmß H$ gmW A›`m` Wm& S>m∞. AÂ]S>H$aZ Bg A›`m` H$m Xya H$aZ H$ obE ImZ """""‡gyoV gwodYm AoYoZ`_‡gyoV gwodYm AoYoZ`_‡gyoV gwodYm AoYoZ`_‡gyoV gwodYm AoYoZ`_‡gyoV gwodYm AoYoZ`_1941' 1941' 1941' 1941' 1941' _ß gßemYZ H$am`m Am°a CgH$ ¤mam ImZ _ß H$m_ H$aZ dmbr_ohbm _OXyamß H$m ‡gyoV g [yd© Am°a ‡gyoV H$ [ÌMmV≤ AdH$me H$r gwodYm‡oVoXZ AmR> AmZm H$r Xa g g dVZ H$ gmW C[b„Y H$admB©& ]mX _ß1945 _ß S>m∞. AÂ]S>H$a Z [wZ: gßemYZ o]b [e oH$`m Am°a Bg gwodYmH$m Am°a ]∂T>m`m VWm J^m©dÒWm _ß oH$gr r _ohbm _OXya H$ obE ImZ H$A›Xa OmZ [a amH$ bJm Xr&'''''(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)

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]m]m gmh] AÂ]S>H$a Z ]´mÂhU amOm am__mhZ am∞` H$r ^mßoV gVr ‡WmH$r g_mo· Am°a ]´mÂhU B©úaM›– od⁄mgmJa H$r Vha oh›Xy odYdm H$[wZod©dmh H$r EH$ ANw>V hmV hwE dH$mbmV H$r&

oZÓH$f©V: `h _mZZm hr R>rH$ hmJm oH$ _Zw-og’mßVmß _ß ]ßYm hwAm^maVr` g_mO hr Zmar H$ [VZ H$m H$maU ahm h°& S>m∞. AÂ]S>H$a Zmar H$mgÂ_moZV ÒWmZ oXbmZ H$ obE gßKf©aV ah& CZH$m g_J´ oM›VZ maVr`g_mO H$m OOm©amdÒWm g oZH$mbH$a ÒdÒW g_mO H$ Í$[ _ß ∂T>mbZ H$mahm h°& CZH$ ‡`ÀZmß H$r bß]r VWm ¤‹X©f©-gßKf©[yU© JmWm g Bg Vœ`H$r [woÓQ> hmVr h° oH$ C[ojVmß H$ _grhm W Am°a Zmar H$r Jna_m H$m [wZ:ÒWmo[V H$aZm MmhV W& maVr` g_mO d maVr` Zmar H$m Egr ‡aUm dMVZm Xr oOgH$ ghma EH$ ÒdÒW g_mO H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r Om gH$Vr h°&CZH$m b˙` AZwH$aUr` h°&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ1. gÂ[mXH$ - ZmJÌda amd, Jm[mbH•$ÓU, bI - gwlr _ha gmZr,

"""""S>m∞. AÂ]S>H$a H$m oMßVZ Edß [wZOm©JaU H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm'S>m∞. AÂ]S>H$a H$m oMßVZ Edß [wZOm©JaU H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm'S>m∞. AÂ]S>H$a H$m oMßVZ Edß [wZOm©JaU H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm'S>m∞. AÂ]S>H$a H$m oMßVZ Edß [wZOm©JaU H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm'S>m∞. AÂ]S>H$a H$m oMßVZ Edß [wZOm©JaU H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm',AÂ]S>H$a [rR> odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z, 2008, [•.gß.08

2. gßH$bZ - _aÂ_Q> - S>m∞. Ado›VH$m ‡gmX, YmdZ S>m∞. hna_mhZ """""]m°’]m°’]m°’]m°’]m°’YÂ_ Edß gßÒH•$oV H$m Ad°oXH$ g_mO [a ‡^md'YÂ_ Edß gßÒH•$oV H$m Ad°oXH$ g_mO [a ‡^md'YÂ_ Edß gßÒH•$oV H$m Ad°oXH$ g_mO [a ‡^md'YÂ_ Edß gßÒH•$oV H$m Ad°oXH$ g_mO [a ‡^md'YÂ_ Edß gßÒH•$oV H$m Ad°oXH$ g_mO [a ‡^md', _.‡. XobVgmohÀ` AH$mX_r C¡O°Z, 2001, [•.gß. 88-89

3. bI-gmhamV-A›Oy, gÂ[mXH$ - YmdZ - S>m∞. hna_mhZ, """""_ohbm_ohbm_ohbm_ohbm_ohbmgeo∫$H$aU', geo∫$H$aU', geo∫$H$aU', geo∫$H$aU', geo∫$H$aU', _.‡. XobV gmohÀ` AH$mX_r-C¡O°Z (_.‡.),2002, [•.g. 1∂49-150

4. emÛr - gmhZbmb, """""oh›Xy H$mS> o]b Am°a S>m∞. AÂ]S>H$a'oh›Xy H$mS> o]b Am°a S>m∞. AÂ]S>H$a'oh›Xy H$mS> o]b Am°a S>m∞. AÂ]S>H$a'oh›Xy H$mS> o]b Am°a S>m∞. AÂ]S>H$a'oh›Xy H$mS> o]b Am°a S>m∞. AÂ]S>H$a', gÂ`H$‡H$meZ ZB© oXÑr, 2011, [•.gß. 51-52

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_mZd gVV≤ odH$mg H$r gßH$Î[Zm gmW©H$ V] hr hm gH$Vr h¢, O]odÌd H$r AmYr Am]mXr _ohbmAmß H$r oejm [a odef ‹`mZ oX`m OmEJm&`h ‡mH•$oVH$ gÀ` H$ AoYH$ ZOXrH$ ghr ‡VrV hmVm h°& gVV≤ odH$mgH$r oXem _ß gm_moOH$ odH$mg H$m AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$ gmW AQy>Q> gÂ]›Yh°& gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> Z r odH$mg H$ gm_moOH$ [j [a Oma oX`m h° VmoH$ g^rbmJmß H$ obE ]hVa OrdZ H$m C‘Ì` g_ÒV odH$mg ‡`ÀZmß H$m H$›–r`b˙` ]Zm ahß& g^r H$ gVV≤ odH$mg H$ obE 1990 H$ df© g ]∂S>-]∂S>odÌd gÂ_bZ Am`moOV oH$E JE Om oH$ oZÂZmZwgma h° -l g^r H$ obE oejm [a odÌd gÂ_bZ-1990 Om_VrZ WmB©b¢S>&l ]Émß H$ obE odÌd oeIa gÂ_bZ-1990 ›`y`mH©$&l [mfU [a A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` gÂ_bZ-1992 am_&l [`m©daU Edß odH$mg [a gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> gÂ_bZ-1992 na`m-X≤-

OZna`mß&l _mZd AoYH$ma [a odÌd gÂ_bZ-1993 od`Zm&l OZgßª`m Edß odH$mg [a A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` gÂ_bZ-1994 H$moham&l bKw¤r[ odH$mgerb am¡`mß H$ oQ>H$mD$ odH$mg [a gÂ_bZ-1994

]ma]mCg&l gm_moOH$ odH$mg H$ oZo_Œm-odÌd oeIa gÂ_bZ 1995

H$m[ZhJZ&l _ohbmAmß [a MVwW© odÌd gÂ_bZ-g_mZVm, odH$mg Am°a emßoV H$

obE H$m`©-1995 o]oOßJ&l _mZd [`m©daU gÂ_bZ-1996 BÒVmß]b&l odÌd Im⁄ oeIa gÂ_bZ-1996 am_&l odÌd oejm _ßM-2000 CH$ma&l ›`yZV_ odH$ogV Xem| H$ obE gÂ_bZ-2001 ]´wgÎg&

l ZÒbdmX H$ odÈ’ odÌd gÂ_bZ-2001 Ca]Z&l odH$mg H$ obE odŒm [mfU [a AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` gÂ_bZ-2002 _mZQ>ar&l d•’mdÒWm [a o¤Vr` odÌd gÂ_bZ-2002 _¢oS≠>ßS>&l oQ>H$mD$ odH$mg H$ obE odÌd oeIa gÂ_bZ-2002 Omhmßg]J©&

_mZd odH$mg H$r gßH$Î[Zm H$m gmW©H$ H$aZ H$ obE odÌd ÒVa [aAZH$ gÂ_bZmß H$ _m‹`_ g odo^fi ‡H$ma H$ H$m`©H´$_mß H$m AßOm_ XH$a_mZd odH$mg H$ odo^fi jÃmß _ß odo^fi ÒVamß [a H$m`© H$aH$ odH$mg H$roXem _ß gVV≤ ‡`mg oH$` OmV ah h¢ [a›Vw [`m©daU Edß ‡H•$oVO›`Am[XmE Edß od[oŒm`m± ^r g_`-g_` [a _mZd odH$mg H$m AdamoYVH$aVr ahr h¢& o\$a r _mZd odH$mg H$r oXem _ß odÌd H$ Xe gVV≤ ‡`ÀZH$aV h¢ Am°a [nadV©Z H$ oZ`_ H$m gmW©H$ H$a gVV≤ _mZd odH$mg H$rgßH$Î[Zm H$m gmW©H$Vm H$r Ama AJ´ogV H$a ah h¢& Bgg oZoÌMV hr `hH$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ ‡H•$oV _ß [nadV©Z hmV ahßJ Am°a gVV≤ _mZd odH$mg^r g_`mZwgma hmVm hr ahßJm, ∑`mßoH$ ‡H•$oV Am°a [a_mÀ_m H$m odYmZH$^r JbV Zht hm gH$Vm h°&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ1. \$o∂S>`m, S>m∞. ]r. Eb. - A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` H$mZyZ, gmohÀ` ‡H$meZ,

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AmJam&3. \$o∂S>`m, S>m∞. ]r. Eb. - g_H$mbrZ amOZroVH$ _w‘ß, gmohÀ` ‡H$meZ,

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H•$ÓU Hw$_ma Jw·m *

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Abstract - Whenever we talk about Indigenous or Tribal traditional Knowledge we cannot overlook or steer away fromIndigenous art and innovation which evolved without any help of a Hi-tech Lab. The skill with which the Indigenouspeople of India are able to sustain their livelihood is not only unique but utilitarian also. In other words, it’s very practicaland useful in daily life. Each of their product or art signifies their love and respect towards Mother Nature. In a way,they show gratitude for each of the thing they take from nature in making their living. This sentiment has often resultedin continuance of Tribal inhabited areas as less or low polluted areas in terms of Air/Chemical pollution in India. Mostof the products made by the Indigenous people are eco-friendly these are either made from Trees or plant parts. In fact,these people silently teach everyone of the modern individual to be nature conservationist which is the call of the day.Keywords - Indigenous, Inventions, Innovations, India, nature conservation etc.

History of Indigenous Inventions & Innovations

Introduction - Many Native Inventions are created by theIndigenous people that are still in use today. Soon after thearrival of Columbus, detailed descriptions of the inventionsof Indigenous Peoples began to make their way back toEurope. Not satisfied that “adivasi or savages” would beable to generate such innovation, rumors began to spreadthat most of the inventions were made by the modern races,Christians or Israelites. Such rumors still exist today and infact continue to be discussed by archeologists. But all ofthis aside, indigenous cultures have created thousandsupon thousands of innovations that are in use today in themost modern of practices, be it a tub of popcorn at themovies, the administering of medicines with surgicalprecision or the removal of tartar from teeth in moderndentistry. In order to give some more credit where credit isdue to our ancestral innovators, here are some Nativeinventions and innovations that changed the world. Theseare but a few examples of indigenous ingenuity, buthighlighting them serves to unveil yet another facet of hiddenhistory.

‘Innovation is nothing but invention added intoimplementation or commercialization’. While invention isdescribed as the first occurrence of an idea for a newproduct or process, innovation is the first attempt to carry itout into practice. The emphasis here is on the ‘newness’ ofthe idea. Innovation creates new value rather than newknowledge. Innovation is not science or technology. It isabout business. Innovations are, generally classified intothree broad categories, ie.; incremental innovations, new-to-the-market/society innovations and breakthroughInnovations. Most innovations take place incrementally.Innovation can occur from the bottom-up or be sponsoredfrom the top-down. Each approach will have its strengths

Dr. Aditi Pit aniya *

* Asst. Professor , Centre for Excellence for Indigenous Knowledge, T ribal Integrated S tudy and Digit alTranslation T echnology , Indira Gandhi National T ribal University (IGNTU), Amarkant ak (M.P.) INDIA

and limitations (Gaynor 2002).Innovation depends on four major elements: resources,

infrastructure, culture and process. Innovation cannot takeplace if any of these four elements are missing. All four areequally important. Innovation encompasses threeoverlapping dimensions, which are –individual, team/teams(including you), and the organization/group. The individual/you will be the centre of the entire process of innovation,as only an individual will have new ideas. But taking ideasto market involves team work, for, one person cannot do iton his/her own. One needs to combine several differenttypes of knowledge, capabilities, skills and resources toconvert invention/idea into innovation. The leader of theteam here plays a key role to effectively coordinate thisprocess to achieve the goal/tasks. The personality of theorganization/group, known commonly as culture, plays avital role in innovation. The innovation process generallyfalls under three major phases that are; generating ideas,harvesting ideas and developing and implementing theseideas. The common factor in these three phases isteamwork – synergy amongst the group. ‘Innovation is aboutaction, it isn’t about perfection.’ believes IDEO (Gaynor2002), (Kelley and Littman 2004), (Adair 2003).Indigenous Inventions & Innovations1. Syringes, or Hypodermic Needles - In 1853,Scotsman Alexander Wood was credited with inventing thesyringe. But, it has been recorded that in pre-Columbiantimes, South American Indians used a type of syringe madefrom sharpened hollow bird bones. They used to attachhollow bird bones to small bladders to inject medicine,irrigate wounds or even clean ears. Additionally, Indigenoushealers also used larger and similar instruments forenemas.


2. Oral Contraception - An oral contraceptive is asubstance taken usually as pills or tablets, by mouth toprevent pregnancy. Instances of Indian women taking suchsubstances date back to the 1700s, more than 200 yearsbefore the creation of a man-made substance by westernmedicine. One of the herbs used was Abres precatories(Ghunghachi or Ratti, white in colour). Basically a root, it istaken orally in powdered form or as a paste. The IndigenousHealers recommend a teaspoonful after menstruation forthree to five days to prevent pregnancy.3. Cigarette - A Maya man is shown smoking a roll oftobacco leaves tied with string on a 1,000-year-old potteryvessel found in Guatemala. The Maya word for smokingwas sikkar, which became the Spanish word cigarro.Likewise, British had learned from Indians how to cultivatetobacco. In India, one can easily find a roll of tobacco leavestied with string used for smoking; commonly known as Bidior Biri.4. Pest Control - To combat insects such as liceinfestation, the Indigenous people of Central India, forexample, washed their hair in a hot infusion made fromsweetroot., Indigenous people also used a hot infusionmade from Azadirchta indica (Kadwa neem) or leaves ofAnona squmosa (Sitafal or Chhitafal) in India. They alsosprinkled ashes on their crops to thwart or squash bugs.They also used ground buffalo gourd to fend off gardenpests, and Inca cotton farmers planted lemon verbena andburned it as a pesticide.5. Machia - It is an Indigenous traditional Indian low seator chair with symmetrical weavings. The colours are usuallyoff white/white/cream, depending upon the material usedfor weaving. These Machia are attractive and utilitarian.They bring life into any seating area. These were the easyreplacement of Sofa sets in the rural India.6. Khatola or Khatoliya - It is a small bed made fromthe ropes of Bagai grass or Mova or Moa grass. This openpatterned woven daybed is basically a traditional Indigenousdaybed. It can be used it as a place to meditate, relax, orsimply dry your delicate laundry. This ethical piece iscomprised of Sal/Sheesham wood from replanted forestsand rope made from jute or Bagai grass or Mova or Moagrass. Made by skilled artisans, pieces may slightly vary,adding to the overall special beauty of each.It is versatile for use in the living room as a day bed orbench, or in the bedroom as an ottoman.7. Pavsul or Pahsul - Large size sickle used for cuttinghard skin fruits like jackfruit or leafy vegetables. It is alsouseful for cutting chicken/goat etc. it is easy to use and theart of cutting can be learnt through it if practiced properly. Itwas an easy replacement for modern knife.8. Pharmaceuticals - In the United States, NorthAmerican Indians have medicinal uses for 2,564 plantspecies. The All India Coordinated Research Project creditsIndigenous communities with the knowledge of 9000 plantspecies out of which 7500 are used for human healing andveterinary health care. Dental care products like datun, roots

and condiments like turmeric used in cooking and ointmentsare also tribal discoveries. Ayurvedic cures for arthritis,diabetes and night blindness owe their origin to the tribalknowledge.9. Godna or T atto Art - The tribal or Indigenous peopleare known worldwide for sporting the latest trend i.e. Tattoart on the body parts. This art dates back to the primitiveage where indigenous people marked their body withinteresting designs which they intend to take with them inthe afterlife when they died. These tattoos vary accordingto the Tribes or the message they carry. In Central India,the Indigenous people known for having interesting tattoosall over their body are the Baigas.10. Petroleum Collection and Extraction - The discoveryof Petroleum or oil in the United States is usually creditedto Edwin L. Drake, who drilled an oil well in Pennsylvania in1859. But it is a known fact that Native Americans sunkpits into the ground more than 400 years ago in the OilCreek Flats of Pennsylvania. These 15 to 20 feet deep pitswere walled with vertical timbers that had been cut withstone axes. Many historians like J.A. Caldwell who wroteabout the oil pits assumed the work was done by a race ofpeople who occupied the country prior to the advance ofthe Indian tribes. However, the French general Montcalm,traveling to Fort Duquesne in 1750, said he observed theSeneca and other Iroquoian Indians set fire to the oil thatseeped from the ground for ceremonial fires. They alsoslathered protective lotion (like petroleum jelly) onto theirskin.11. Musical Instrument s - Some of the musicalinstruments which were invented by the Tribals in India areas follows –1. Gudum2. Nagada3. Timki4. TurhiTribals also use many things for Agriculture and relatedpurposes ranging from sowing to grinding of seeds. TheIndigenous people are also known for products like Pattal-Dona (Plate and Bowl) which are along the line of natureconservation.Indigenous Innovations – A Way Ahead - Indigenousinnovations can aid developing nations embark on acumulative path of positive growth; thereby helping themjoin the ranks of the more advanced nations. Localchallenges and opportunities that are as varied as theindividual communities themselves provide greatopportunities to stimulate economic growth by capitalizingon the local knowledge and resources residing in thecommunities. ‘One style of innovation that really works in acountry as large and diverse as ours is grassrootsinnovations: this includes inventions for a milieu that isquintessentially Indian. … they are critical to how Indianingenuity can be directly used to transform ourcircumstances, in ways that elite corporate researchlaboratories never can’ wrote Arindam Banerji (Banerji


2004).The need to promote indigenous innovations as

evolving alternatives to development has now been wellrecognized. In China, the government introduced a fifteenyears plan that primarily focuses on its urgent need forexpanding its capacity to create “indigenous innovations”.The plan, known as “National Medium and Long TermProgram for Scientific and Technological Development” wasintroduced in the year 2006. It identifies innovation as anew national strategy for China to advance into the ranksof innovative countries by 2020. Although the industrialsector in China is burgeoning, much of this it is low value-added, labour intensive manufacturing. Majority of theindustries are large multinationals owned by foreigncompanies, or the state-owned corporations. Realizing theurgent need to stimulate cutting-edge indigenousinnovations, so as to reduce the dependence on foreigntechnology, the plan aims to foster smaller, entrepreneurialcompanies, because they are the drivers of innovation. Theterm ‘Indigenous Innovations’ is translated by them as“independent, self-reliant, and indigenous”, one thatcombines three distinct elements: original, or genuinely new;integrated, or combining existing technologies in new ways;and assimilated, or making improvements to importedtechnologies.The Need for Revit alization - Indigenous knowledge, alsoreferred to as traditional or local knowledge, is embeddedin the community and is unique to a given culture, locationor society. The term refers to the large body of knowledgeand skills (Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices/IKSP, Indigenous Technological Knowledge/ITK) that has

been developed outside the formal educational system, andthat enables communities to survive. The dominance ofthe western knowledge system has largely led to a prevailingsituation in which indigenous knowledge is ignored andneglected. It is therefore easy to forget that, over manycenturies, human beings have been producing knowledgeand strategies enabling them to survive in a balancedrelation with their natural and social environment.As IK is closely related to survival and subsistence, itprovides a basis for local-level decision making in:1. Food security2. Human and animal health3. Education4. Natural resource management5. Various other community-based activities

References :-1. Gaynor, Gerard. 2002. Innovation by Design: What it

takes to Keep Your Company on the Cutting Edge. NewYork: AMACOM.

2. Adair, A. 1996. Effective Innovation: How to stay aheadof the competition. London: Pan Books.

3. Kelley, Tom, and Jonathan Littman. 2004. The Art ofInnovation: Lessons in Creativity from IDEO, America’sLeading Design Firm. London: Profile Books.

4. Banerji, Arindam. 2004. Innovation: Where Has IndiaSucceeded And Failed. Rediff.Com, (August 12),Http://Www.Rediff.Com/Money/2004/Aug/12ariban.Htm.

5. https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/history/traditional-societies/10-native-inventions-and-innovations-that-changed-the-world/

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Abstract - The purpose of the present paper is to identify the well-known architecture of such elegant temple. AncientKashmir is splendid and wonderful ruins demonstrate that the ancient Kashmiri’s were great architects and produceda beautiful and impressive temple architectural style, and distinct as compared of other parts of India. The ancientarchitecture of Kashmir possess some unique features in many aspects because Kashmiri architects used many ownstyles, designs and techniques as well as local material from base to the top for the construction of their temples . Inthis paper study is based on theoretically and historical understanding and examination of data, archeological materialsand other sources which throws light about the developments of the temple.Key words - Architecture, techniques, sloping knoll, shade, walnut, glimpses, charming.

Unique Architecture of Ancient Payer Temple ofKashmir

Introduction - Payer is situated about 19 miles towardsthe south of Srinagar1 and is famous for a smallest and isamong the most elegant, and also one of the most modernexamples of the style.2 The temple is located at the slopingknoll on which it stands, the cool shade of a clump of walnuttrees, and the cheerful brook running at the foot of the slop,form a charming setting to a temple which would be dwarfedby scenery of a grander scale.3 The identification of thetemple with the temple of Narendrasvami, built byNarendraditya circa A.D.483-490, proposed by GeneralCunningham.4 The temple consists of ten stones only andthe four corners being each a single stone.5

As per the local folklore, ‘’there were five temples inpayar village built by pandavas.[five brothers described inepic Hindu text Mahabharata] one day it happened someenemy launched an attack against the pandavas to capturethe temples. The pandavas decide to lift them away frompayar village to some safer place .their mother ascendedto the top of the table land with a drum. To keep a vigil anenemy and alarm her sons by beating the drum. Once onthe table land she fell asleep and drum fell from her hands,it rolled down the plateau generating a huge sound whichalarmed the pandava brothers .the pandava sensed danger.They lifted up four temples. This one was left to stand inpayar as they forgot to lift it in haste.’’

The temple stands on moulded platform and isdedicated to Vishnu as surya or the sun god.6It is aboutnine feet square and about six feet high, both in its exteriorand interior.7 The temple is open on all the four sides andapproached by steps from on the east side.8

Inside the cupola is radiated so as to represent thesun,and each corner of the square the space interveningbetween the angle and the line of the circle is filled by a

Sabeen Ahmad Sofi *

*Research Scholar , Department of History , R.D.V.V., Jabalpur (M.P .) INDIA

celestial attendant who seems to be sporting at the edge ofits rays.9 The roof has been partly displaced,which is saidto have been the result of an attempt made by the pathansto take it down and remove it to the city.10 The shrine hasfour doorways each crowned by trefoils surmounted bypediments .11 The niche on the eastern front gate depictslakulisa with his four disciples, the deity is seated acrosslegged on a wicker seat.12 The northern niche depictsbhairava,Shiva in the form of bhairava kill the elephantdemon nila.13 The western niche depicts dancing Shiva inhigh relief,six armed Shiva carries trident and khatvangaand dances to the tune of male drummer and female fluteplayer.14 The southern niche depicts three headed Shiva,the central image of Shiva is having Aghora on its right andUma on its left side.15 The ceiling of the temple carved outof single stone block is dome shaped and the interior is stilloccupied by a large stone lingam.16

In the interior the walls are plain, but the roof is hollowedout into a hemispherical dome of which the center isdecorated by an expanded lotus flower.17 The stones in thedoorways and roof are engraved depicting various figuresof Shiva and some animals such as geese, bull, elephantand decorative bands could also be seen.18 The cult imageof the Payer Temple is a Shiva linga, which has an octagonalbase.19

Conclusion - In conclusion we can say, that Kashmir is aheaven for the artist with a romantic temperament, the stonearchitecture added its attraction. Ancient temple architectureof Kashmir represents a tradition of its own and someunique features in many aspects because Kashmir sinceantiquity has been functioning as a cultural bridge betweenIndia on the one hand and central Asia, Gandhara , Egyptianetc on the other hand. Consequently ancient temple


architecture of Kashmir was greatly influenced by the art ofthese foreign countries very much. This is the reason thatthe great ancient Kashmiri architects created a distincttemple architectureeffected by both India as well as centralAsian art style. Payer temple is simple, attractive andimpressive but smaller in size than templesin other parts ofIndia.References :-1. Lawrence, R. Walter, the valley of Kashmir, London,

[1895] p.1762. Fergusson, James, History of Indian and Eastern

Architecture, London, [1891] p.2943. Morison, Margaret cotter, A Lonely summer in Kashmir,

London [1904] p.184. Kak, R.C. Ancient Monuments of Kashmir, London,

[1953] p. 1265. Lawrence R. Walter, the Valley of Kashmir, London,

[1895] P.1766. M.D. W.Wakefield, The Happy Valley: Sketches of

Kashmir and the Kashmiris, London, [1879] .p.241

7. Ibid, p. 241.8. Kak, R.C. Ancient monuments of Kashmir, London,

[1953].p.1269. Lawrence R. Walter, The Valley of Kashmir, London,

[1895] P. 17610. Ibid, p.176.11. Kak, R.C. Ancient Monuments of Kashmir, London,

[1953] p. 126.12. Ibid, p.126.13. Ibid, p.127.14. Ibid, p.127.15. Ibid, p. 127.16. Koul Anand , Archaeological Remains in kashmir.p.47.17. Kak, R.C. Ancient Monuments of Kashmir, London,

[1953] p.17618. Lawrence R. Walter, the valley of Kashmir, London,

[1895] p.17619. Kak, R.C. Ancient Monuments of Kashmir, London,

[1953] p.126

*************


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`hm± [a EH$ ]mV Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ Vrga XeH$ H$ AßV _ß maVr` [±yOr[oVdJ© H$m ‡^mdr V]H$m H$mßJ´g H$m g_W©Z OÍ$a H$aZ bJm Wm [a Hß$mJ´g[a BgH$m ‡^md ZJ ` Wm& H$mßJg ]hwV hX VH$ [±yOrdmXr dJ© H$ g_W©Z[a oZ^©a ^r Zht Wr& [y±OrdmXr dJ© Z Òd`ß hr g_` H$ ]Xbmd H$ gmWamÓQ≠>r` Am›XmbZ H$m g_W©Z ‡XmZ oH$`m Wm& [y±OrdmXr dJ© H$r amÓQ≠>dmXH$r YmaUm ]hwV hr XoH$`mZygr Wr& oOgH$ H$maU amÓQ≠>r` Am›XmbZ H$mH$mB© _m∂S> Zht X gH$ W& bmJmß H$m h VH©$ o_œ`m h° oH$ C›hmßZ [°g H$ Oma[a H$mßJ´g H$r AmoW©H$ ZroV`mß Edß oZU©`m H$m ‡^modV oH$`m VWm CZH$ramOZroVH$ JoVodoY`mß [a r [y±Or[oV`mß H$m ‡^md Wm& amÓQ≠>doX`mß ¤mamCR>m`r J`r AmoW©H$ gßajU d odŒmr` Edß _m°o–H$ Òdm`Œmm H$r _m±J H$db[y±OrdmoX`mß H$m hr g_W©Z Zht H$aVr Wr daZ≤ Am°[oZdoeH$ OZVm H$r_m±J H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aVr Wr&

AmoW©H$ amÓQ≠>dmX O°gr AdYmaUm H$m odH$mg V] hwAm Wm, O]^maVr` [y±OrdmXr EH$ dJ© H$ Í$[ _ß gßJoR>V hr Zht hwE W& EH$ dJ© H$Í$[ _ß gßJoR>V hmZ H$ bJ^J AmYr eVm„Xr [hb hr VÀH$mbrZamÓQ≠>dmoX`mß ¤mam AmoW©H$ amÓQ≠>dmX H$m ImH$m V°`ma oH$`m J`m Wm&

`h Vœ` ghr h° oH$ amÓQ≠>r` Am›XmbZ _ odŒmr` ghm`Vm br J`rWr [a Bg ]mV H$m H$mB© CXmhaU Zht o_bVm oH$ odŒmr` ghm`Vm XH$a[yOrdmXr dJ© Z amÓQ≠>r` AmXmbZ H$m ‡^modV H$aZ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m&_mM© 1939 _ß gaH$mar Iwo\$`m na[mQ©> H$ AZwgma, "H$mßJ´ g H$ [mg"H$mßJ´ g H$ [mg"H$mßJ´ g H$ [mg"H$mßJ´ g H$ [mg"H$mßJ´ g H$ [mgoZò_V YZ gßJ´h H$m EH$ A¿N>m Imgm odH$Î[ h°& Xeô∫$ H$roZò_V YZ gßJ´h H$m EH$ A¿N>m Imgm odH$Î[ h°& Xeô∫$ H$roZò_V YZ gßJ´h H$m EH$ A¿N>m Imgm odH$Î[ h°& Xeô∫$ H$roZò_V YZ gßJ´h H$m EH$ A¿N>m Imgm odH$Î[ h°& Xeô∫$ H$roZò_V YZ gßJ´h H$m EH$ A¿N>m Imgm odH$Î[ h°& Xeô∫$ H$rCgH$r A[rb [a [°g ]agZ bJV h ¢& H$m ßJ ´ g H$m gm_m›`CgH$r A[rb [a [°g ]agZ bJV h ¢& H$m ßJ ´ g H$m gm_m›`CgH$r A[rb [a [°g ]agZ bJV h ¢& H$m ßJ ´ g H$m gm_m›`CgH$r A[rb [a [°g ]agZ bJV h ¢& H$m ßJ ´ g H$m gm_m›`CgH$r A[rb [a [°g ]agZ bJV h ¢& H$m ßJ ´ g H$m gm_m›`JoVodoY`mß Am°a MwZmd IM© H$ obE [`m©· [°gm o_b OmVm h¢& JmßYrJoVodoY`mß Am°a MwZmd IM© H$ obE [`m©· [°gm o_b OmVm h¢& JmßYrJoVodoY`mß Am°a MwZmd IM© H$ obE [`m©· [°gm o_b OmVm h¢& JmßYrJoVodoY`mß Am°a MwZmd IM© H$ obE [`m©· [°gm o_b OmVm h¢& JmßYrJoVodoY`mß Am°a MwZmd IM© H$ obE [`m©· [°gm o_b OmVm h¢& JmßYrOr H$ ‡oV AßYodÌdmg aIZ dmbr OZVm g Hß$mJ´g H$m BVZm [°gmOr H$ ‡oV AßYodÌdmg aIZ dmbr OZVm g Hß$mJ´g H$m BVZm [°gmOr H$ ‡oV AßYodÌdmg aIZ dmbr OZVm g Hß$mJ´g H$m BVZm [°gmOr H$ ‡oV AßYodÌdmg aIZ dmbr OZVm g Hß$mJ´g H$m BVZm [°gmOr H$ ‡oV AßYodÌdmg aIZ dmbr OZVm g Hß$mJ´g H$m BVZm [°gmo_b OmVm h° oH$ [y±Or[oV`mß H$r W°br CgH$ obE H$mB© odef _m`Zo_b OmVm h° oH$ [y±Or[oV`mß H$r W°br CgH$ obE H$mB© odef _m`Zo_b OmVm h° oH$ [y±Or[oV`mß H$r W°br CgH$ obE H$mB© odef _m`Zo_b OmVm h° oH$ [y±Or[oV`mß H$r W°br CgH$ obE H$mB© odef _m`Zo_b OmVm h° oH$ [y±Or[oV`mß H$r W°br CgH$ obE H$mB© odef _m`ZZht aIVr h°&'Zht aIVr h°&'Zht aIVr h°&'Zht aIVr h°&'Zht aIVr h°&'

o¤Vr` odÌd`w¤ H$ Xm°amZ [y±Or[oV`mß H$ ‡oV Jm∞YrOr H$m Í$IH$m\$r H$R>ma hm J`m Wm& o¤Vr` odÌd`w¤ H$ g_` Ohm∞ Am›XmbZ _ßR>hamd Wm VWm OZVm AH$mbJ´ÒV Wr& dht [y±Or[oV dJ© _wZm\$m H$_mZ_ß gbæ Wm& [y±Or[oV`mß H$ ‡^md _ß AmH$a H$mB© AmßXmbZ Zht N>mS>| JE&Om r OZmßXmbZ N>m∂S> JE d H$mßJg VWm BgH$ ZV•Àd H$ Ïò∫$JV \°$gbhmV W& Hß$mJ´g H$ ^rVa ZhÍ$ gmeobÒQ>mß VWm H$Â`woZÒQ>mß H$ ZV•Àd _ßdm_ß[W H$ ]∂T>V ‡^md H$ H$maU [y±Or[oV dJ© oMßoVV hwAm VWm amOZroV_ß goH´$` ohÒgXmar H$ ob` ]M°Z hm CR>m [a›Vw Bg dJ© Z gm_´m¡`dmXH$m hmW Zht Wm_m&


gZ≤ 1929 _ß Hw$N> [zßOr[oV`mß Z _OXya gßJR>Zmß _ß dm_ [j H$ ]∂T>V‡^md H$m H$_ H$aZ H$ obE `yam[ VWm ^maV H$ [y±Or[oV dJ© H$ ZVmAmßH$m o_bmH$a EH$ [mQ>r© ]ZmZ H$r H$moee H$r Wr& Bg ‡H$ma `h Ò[ÓQ> h°oH$ ^maVr` [y∞Or[oV dJ© gm_´m¡`dmX odamYr Wm VWm g_` H$ AZwgmaH$m\$r [na[π$ Wm& dh A[Zm ohV-AohV [hMmZVm Wm& Bg dJ© Z maVr`amÓQ≠>dmX H$m gmW H$^r Zht N>mS>m VWm A[Z ohVmß H$m OZohV _ß g_mohVoH$`m& Bg ‡H$ma h_ XIV h° oH$ ^maVr` amÓQ≠>r` AmßXmbZ _ß [y∞Or[oVdJ© H$m `mJXmZ AodÒ_aUr` Wm&

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. o]o[Z M›–m "AmYwoZH$ ^maV _ß amÓQ≠>dmX VWm C[oZdedmX' H$

A›VJ©V "1947 H$ [yd© ^maVr` [y±Or[oV dJ© VWm gm_´m¡`dmX'&2. AmoXÀ` _wH$Or©, '^maVr` [y±Or[oV dJ© H$ odH$mg _ß Am°[oZdoeH$

H$mb (1927-47) _ß AmoW©H$ amOZroVH$ Edß d°MmnaH$ [hby'3. aOV am`, "^maV _ß Am°⁄mJrH$aU VWm oZOrjÃ H$ gßKf©, 1914-

1947', ZB© oXÑr, 19974. ]r0 MQ>Or© "^maV _ß Ï`m[ma VWm amOZroV' ZB© oXÑr&5. odo[Z M›–m, "^maV H$m ÒdV›ÃVm gßKf©' ZB© oXÑr, 1992&6. E0H$0 ]mJMr, "^maV _ß oZOr oZde', 1900-1939, H°$oÂ]´O,

19727. JmIb BßÒQ>rQ>ÁyQ>, "^maV _ß Ï`m[mnaH$ g_wXm`mß H$m CX`' ZB© oXÑr,

1972

*************


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S>m∞. am_aVZ gmhy *

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BYa oVdmarOr H$m _hb H$ AßXa b OmZ H$r I]a o]Obr H$r ^m∞oV[ya eha _ß \°$b J`r& OZVm _hb H$r Ama C_∂S> [∂S>r& amOm h g] XIH$a]∂S> hr ZmQ>H$r` Tß>J g oVdmar Or H$ oJa‚Vma oH$E OmZ H$ g_mMma H$‡oV AZo^kVm Omoha H$aV hwE Mw[H$ g ]mha oZH$mb \$H$Zß H$ gßH$V XoX`& emhr Jw S>mß Z oVdmar Or H$m _am g_PH$a _hb H$ [rN> \$ßH$ oXE&boH$Z ^JdmZ H$m ewH´$ Wm oH$ oZÓR>mdmZ Xe^∫$ A_aZmW Or OrodVW& Am[H$ gh`mJr _Zma_m Xdr H$ gmW o_bH$a Ka bmE, Ohm∞ ]hwVoXZmß VH$ Am[ odÒVa [a [S>∂ ah& OZVmAmß H$m AmH´$me XIV hw` ]hwVoXZmß ]mX amOm ZmQ>H$r` AßXmO _ß Bg KQ>Zm H$ Om∞M H$ AmXe oXE VWm_wH$X_m H$m ZmQ>H$ r Ibm J`m& AoIb maVr` H$mßJg H$_Q>r Z oZÓ[jOm∞M H$amZ H$ obE gmoXH$ Abr H$m am`J∂T> Ôm& gmoXH$ Or amOm go_b, oOgH$ \$bÒdÈ[ emhr Jw S>mß H$m Hw$N> g_` H$r gOm Xr J`r&

gZ≤ 1942 _ß ^maV N>m∂S>m AmßXmbZ [ya Xe _ß A[Zr Ma_ gr_m [aMb ahm Wm, V] emgZ Z lr oVdmar Or H$m ^maV ajm AoYoZ`_ 38(A) H$ Vh≤V oJa‚Vma H$a obE& AZH$ Ao^`mJ bJmH$a B›hß Xm df© H$H$R>ma H$mamdmg H$r gOm Xr J`r& 4 ZdÂ]a 1942 g 6 _B© 1944 VH$am`J∂T> ÒQ>Q> H$ H$mamdmg _ß aI JE& BZg Vb oZH$mbZß Edß M∏$r [rgZBÀ`moX H$R>ma H$m`© ob`m J`m& Ob g _w∫$ hmZ [a Jm±YrOr Z [ÃmMmaH$a Am[H$m g[oÀZH$ gdmJ´m_ ]wbm`m& Am[ lr Jm±YrOr H$ gmWaMZmÀ_H$ H$m`© H$VmB© ]wZmB© grI EMß OrdZ [`©›V A[Z hmW g H$mVmhwAm Edß Ka _ß Am[H$r [oÀZ _Zma_m Xdr ¤mam ]wZm hwAm ImXr H$m H$[∂S>m[hZV ah& Am[Z Jm∞YrOr ¤mam MbmE Om ah aMZmÀ_H$ H$m`©H´$_mß H$mna`mgV H$ Am_ ZmJnaH$mß VH$ [hwMm∞H$a C›hß H$VmB© ]wZmB© grImZ VWmÒd`ß H$ ]wZ hwE ImXr H$[∂S>mß H$m C[`mJ H$aZ H$ obE gX°d ‡naV oH$`mEdß OZVm H$m OmJÈH$ H$aZ H$m _hÀd[y m© H$m`© oH$`m&

lr A_aZmW oVdmar Or H$ draVm, amÓQ≠>‡_ Edß amÓQ≠>ô∫$ H$r gamhZmH$aV hwE 15 AJÒV 1972 H$m oXÑr H$ bmboH$bm _ß Am`moOV ÒdVßÃVm


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Am[ ]M[Z g hr —∂T> oZÌM`r H´$moVH$mar ‡d•oV H$ W& EH$ KQ>Zm WroOgH$ ]ma _ß Am[ Òd`ß A[Z bI _ß obIm h° oH$ "O] Jm∞YrOr am`J∂T>ÒQ>fZ g JwOaZ dmb W, od⁄moW©`mß H$m CZH$ Xe©Z H$ obE OmZ H$m_Zmhr Wr& ÒHy$b H$ _wª` XadmO [a oejH$ lr O.Ama. ]m∂S> Sß>S>m bH$aI∂S> W& VmoH$ H$mB© r od⁄mWr© ÒQ>eZ Zht Om gH$& boH$Z _a AßXa Jm∞YrOr H$m XIZ H$r B¿N>m Wr, _°Zß XÒV H$m ]hmZm oH$`m& _wP AZw_oV o_bJB©, _¢ grYm abd ÒQ>eZ J`m& dhm∞ ]hwV gma bmJ [hb g EH$Ã W& _¢bmJmß H$ ]rM _ß AYa _ß bQ>H$ J`m Am°a _ar YmVr ZrM oJa J`m& _¢oZ©dÛ hr ÒQ>eZ _ß º∂S>m ahm& Jm∞Yr Or H$m Xºm, d V•Vr` lUr _ß g\$aH$a ah W& bmJmß H$m hwOy_ H$_ hmZ H$ ]mX [wZ: _¢ YmVr H$m CR>mH$a [hZm'&Am[H$m `h H$WZ Xeô∫$ H$r ^mdZm H$m [nabojV H$aVm h°&

Am[ A‹`m[H$ H [X [a H$m`© H$aV hwE r h_em AmOmXr H$r b∂S>mB©_ß goH´$` È[ g H$m © H$aV ah& gZ≤ 1930-31 _ß godZ` Adkm AmßXmbZH$r bha am`J∂T> oOb _ß [hw∞Mm, Cgr g_` gZ≤ 1931 _ß Jm∞Om Mm°H$ oÒWVJm[mb _ßoXa H$ g_r[ o_≈r H$ _H$mZ _ß ]ßerYa oÃ[mR>r Edß VrmWam_WdmB©V H$r ‡aUm g ºmXr ^ßS>ma H$r ÒWm[Zm oH$E JE, oOgH$ Am[gÎg_Z W& Bgr ºmXr ^ßS>ma g EH$ amOZroVH$ Owbyg oZH$bm oOg_ßemo_b hmZ H$ H$maU Am[H$ Ao^^mdH$ H$m ‡emgZ ¤mam AOr©ZdrgrH$ ‡XŒm AoYH$ma H$m oZaÒV H$aZ H$r Y_H$r oX`m J`m&

gZ≤ 1936-37 _ß O] gw^mf M›– ]mg ]ß]B© H$r Ama Om ah W, V]Am[ gh`moJ`mß H$ gmW abd ÒQ>eZ _ß _wbmH$mV H$a amOZroVH$ MMm©H$r VWm amOm MH´$Ya ogßh H$ H$m[^mOZ ]Z& amOm Z Am[H$m amO_hb]wbmH$a ‡Vmo∂S>V oH$`m &

gZ≤ 1942 _ß Jm∞Yr Or Z ^maV N>m∂S>m AmXmßbZ H$m eßºZmX oH$`mAm°a "H$am m _am' H$m Zmam oX`m Vm Am[Z hnaMaU gmd Am°a JZ[VbmblrdmÒVd H$ gmW o_bH$a Q>mCZhmb _ß oVaßJm P S>m \$hamE& gZ≤ 1945_ß oejH$ [X g À`mJ [Ã XH$a ºwb Vm°a g AmßXmbZ _ß Hy$X [∂S>& Am[Jw· gßÒWm "]H$ma gßK', "‡JoVerb ZmJnaH$ gßK' VWm "ÒQ>Q> H$mßJ´g' H$goH´$` gXÒ` W& ‡JoVerb ZmJnaH$ gßK H$r Ama g lr Ì`m_ ZmamÙ

H$mÌ_rar H$ Zm_ [Ã obºm& Bg [Ã _ß Am[ o[N>∂S> ZmJnaH$m H$m CÑºH$aV hwE g∫$r O°g N>mQ>r na`mgV H$m g_m· H$aZ H$m AZwamY oH$`m&od⁄mMßX bmb d_m©, dma›– ZmW ]ZOr©, ]›Xß Abr \$mV_r ZQ>da ]ham,gwa›– ZmW oÃ[mR>r BÀ`moX OmJÈH$ ZmJnaH$mß H$ gmW o_bH$a o]hma^yH$Â[ [ro∂S>Vmß VWm _hmZXr ]m∂T> [ro∂S>Vmß H$r ghm`Vm H$r &

Am[ H$Q>H$ _ß Am`moOV AoIb ^maVr` Xer am¡` ‡Om [nafX≤ H$g^m _ß am`J∂T> ÒQ>Q> Hß$mJ´g H$r Ama g gXÒ` H$ È[ _ß emo_b hwE& Bgg^m _ß jÃr` H$m¢ogb H$ C[m‹`j [X [a Am[H$m M`Z oH$`m J`m&Am[ gZ≤ 1947 g 1950 VH$ ÒdVßÃVm [ÌMmV≤ gßodYmZ oZ_m©Ãr g^mH$ gXÒ` H$ È[ _ß Bg dZmMßb jÃ H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd oH$E& odobZrH$aUAmßXmbZ _ß Am[H$m goH´$` `mJXmZ ahm VWm Am[Z Bg AmßXmbZ H$mZV•Àd oH$`m& gZ≤ 1950 g 1952 VH$ gßgX gXÒ` H$ È[ _ß Am[H$m`mJXmZ gamhZr` ahm& Am[ `mOZm Am`mJ H$ JR>Z H$m gwPmd,ZmJnaH$Vm oZ`ßÃH$ H$mZyZ, og∏$mß H$m ‡MbZ, bºmAmß H$ obE Xe_bd‡Umbr H$m J´hU, naOd© ]¢H$ H$m amÓQ≠>r`H$aU H$m ‡ÒVmd aºZ dmb [hbgßgX W Am[H$ ` g^r ‡ÒVmd g ^maVr` Ï`dÒWm oH´$`merb h°&

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Bg ‡H$ma Am[ XmZmß Z am`J∂T> na`mgV _ß OmJ•oV [°Xm H$a ZmJnaH$mßH$m na`mgVr ‡emgZ Am°a o]óQ>e hyHw$_V H$ "\y$Q> S>mbm Am°a emgZ H$amH$r ZroV' H$ oºbm\$ EH$OyQ> H$a AmdmO ]wbßX oH$E& Bg H$m`© H$ obEAZH$ ‡H$ma H$r `mVZmE ghZ H$aZm [S>∂m& AßVV: am`J∂T> ÒdVßÃ hwAmAm°a Am_ ZmJnaH$ ÒdVßÃVm g Ao^‰myV hmH$a Py_ CR> & Eg [mdZ Am°a[yoZV H$m © H$ obE am`J∂T>dmgr AmO VH$ Am[ XmZmß H$m l’m[yd©H$ Ò_aUH$aV h°&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ1. am`J∂T> oObm JOoQ>à&2. H$bm‡dmh, X°oZH$ g_mMma [Ã&3. Xe]ßYw, X°oZH$ g_mMma [Ã&4. AJ´dmb, am_Hw$_ma, am`J∂T> Am°a ÒdmYrZVm H$r b∂S>mB©&5. OZH$_© X°oZH$ g_mMma [Ã(Xr[mdbr odefmßH$)&6. Ao^bImJma (am`J∂T> oObm H$m`©b` g ‡m· ÒdVßÃVm gßJ´m_

gZmZr gyMr)&7. ew∑bm, gwaeM›–, N>ŒmrgJ∂T> H$ na`mgVmß H$m odbrZrH$aU &8. ]`ma, (oh›Xr gm·mohH$ g_mMma [Ã) am`J∂T>&9. am`J∂T> gßXe, (oh›Xr g_mMma [Ã) am`J∂T>&10. H$mÌ_rar, Ì`m_ZmamÙ, N>ŒmrgJ∂T> H´$mßoV H$r b[Q>mß _ß&11. _‹`‡Xe gßXe&12. _hm_m`m _w–mUmb` am`J∂T> g ‡m· XÒVmdO&13. e_m© H$_boH$ema, am`J∂T> Xe©Z&

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Jmß∂S> OZOmoV`mß _ß JmÃO Ï`dÒWm

S>m∞. gwXm_m ‡YmZ *

‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ^maVr` OZOmoV`mß _ß oOg ‡H$ma Y_© H$m _hÀd h°, Cgr‡H$ma OZOmVr` g_mO _ß Q>mQ>_ H$m odef _hÀd XIZ H$m o_bVm h°&"Q>mQ>_' H$m Xygam AW© JmÃ g _mZm OmVm h°& AmoXdmgr g_mO _ß EH$Q>mQ>_ dmb Ïò∫$ [aÒ[a oddmh Zht H$aV& g_mZ JmÃ dmb Am[g _ßgJmÃr` _mZ OmV h°& BgH$m AW© h° oH$ EH$ hr Q>mQ>_ `m JmÃ dmb Ûr-[wÍ$f ^mB©-]hZ _mZ OmV h¢& Bg gß]ßY _ß† oH$ogßJ† oH$ogßJ† oH$ogßJ† oH$ogßJ† oH$ogßJ† H$m odMma h° oH$ -"Q>mQ>_dmX _ZwÓ` VWm ‡mH•$oVH$ odf`mß H$ ]rM EH$ odef gm_moOH$g_°∑` H$r gÂ[yU© ‡Umbr h°, Om Hw$N> AWm~ _ß CZ gÂ]›Ymß H$ g_mZ h° Omg_mO _ß _ZwÓ` Edß _ZwÓ` H$ ]rM ÒWmo[V hmV h¢& †Q>mQ>_ H$r CÀ[oŒm H°$ghwB© Bg ‡ÓZ H$ CŒma _ß odo^fi g_mO emoÛ`mß _ß _V^X hm gH$V h°,oH$›Vw BgH$r odefVmAmß [a g^r od¤mZ EH$_V h¢& Q>mQ>_ gX°d hrAmXamÒ[X hmVm h°& òX dh [ew h°, Vm CgH$r hÀ`m Zht H$r OmVr& ohßgH$[fw H$m òX Q>mQ>_ (JmÃ) h°, Vm Egm _mZm OmVm h° `m `h odÌdmg h° oH$dh Cg JmÃ H$ Ïò∫$ H$m hmoZ Zht [h∞wMmEßJm&Jm ß ∂S> OZOmoV H$ Q>mQ>_ `m JmÃ - Jm ß ∂S> OZOmoV H$ Q>mQ>_ `m JmÃ - Jm ß ∂S> OZOmoV H$ Q>mQ>_ `m JmÃ - Jm ß ∂S> OZOmoV H$ Q>mQ>_ `m JmÃ - Jm ß ∂S> OZOmoV H$ Q>mQ>_ `m JmÃ - Jmß∂S>mß H$ gdm©oYH$ ‡MobV JmÃ_aH$m_, _amdr, ZVm_ Am°a Q>H$m_ h°& ` g^r JmÃ Jmß∂S>mß H$r C[OmoV`mß _ß^r [m` OmV h¢& g^r JmÃmß H$ Zm_ "Q>mQ>o_H$' h°&

††††††††††† AZwgyoMV OZOmoV gÂ]›Yr JUZm (gZ≤ 1981) H$ AZwgma [Mmgg AoYH$ Jmß∂S>mß H$r C[OmoV`m± _mZr JB© h°& Jmß∂S>mß H$r gm_moOH$ gßJR>ZH$r g]g _hÀd[yU© odefVm h° - ododY gßJR>Z m A’©H$& ‡À H$ gßJR>Z(A’©H$) AZH$ JmÃ g ]Zm h°& CXmhaU H$ obE [hm∂S>r _mo∂S>`mAmß _ß (Xm^mJmß _ß ]ßQ> h¢&) H´$_e: 99 Edß 69 JmÃ h¢&Hw$b g_yhm ß H$ AZwgma od^mOZ - Hw$b g_yhm ß H$ AZwgma od^mOZ - Hw$b g_yhm ß H$ AZwgma od^mOZ - Hw$b g_yhm ß H$ AZwgma od^mOZ - Hw$b g_yhm ß H$ AZwgma od^mOZ - Jmß∂S> OZOmoV H$ ‡_wI JmÃmß H$mCZH$ Hw$b g_yhmß H$ AmYma [a XIm Om gH$Vm h°& "CXmhaU H$ obEAmoXbm]mX (AmßY´‡Xe) H$ amOJmß∂S>mß H$ 4 Hw$b g_yh o_bV h°& ` Hw$bg_yh EH$ gßª`m odef H$ XdVmAmß H$m [yOV h°& O°g -1.1.1.1.1. `Í$J [ßJ (gmV Xd dmb) -`Í$J [ßJ (gmV Xd dmb) -`Í$J [ßJ (gmV Xd dmb) -`Í$J [ßJ (gmV Xd dmb) -`Í$J [ßJ (gmV Xd dmb) - ‡_wI JmÃ Ywadm, _amdr, _g©H$mb,

_eam_, gwP`mZ, [S>am AmoX&2.2.2.2.2. gmÍ$J [ßJ (N>: Xd dmb) -gmÍ$J [ßJ (N>: Xd dmb) -gmÍ$J [ßJ (N>: Xd dmb) -gmÍ$J [ßJ (N>: Xd dmb) -gmÍ$J [ßJ (N>: Xd dmb) - AmQ>a_y, S>J_, ES>_, CBH$, ]H$∂S>,

]mo∂S>`m, AmoX&3. gßgwJ [ßJ ([m±M Xd dmb) - BÓQß>J, haH$m, g°`m_, oQ>aH$_ AmoX&4. ZmbwßJ [ßJ (Mma Xd dmb) oPH$am_, [ygm_, gwa[mZ, Q>H$m_ AmoX&Jmß∂S> OZOmoV H$ JmÃ H$m dJr©H$aU H$ Xm AmYma h°†&&&&&1. Xd C[mgZm H$ AmYma [a2. XdJ∂T>r `m Xd IobhmZ H$ AmYma [a &Xd C[mgZm H$ AmYma [a Jm ß ∂S> OZOmoV gmV Xdm ß H$ C[mgH$ h¢ -Xd C[mgZm H$ AmYma [a Jm ß ∂S> OZOmoV gmV Xdm ß H$ C[mgH$ h¢ -Xd C[mgZm H$ AmYma [a Jm ß ∂S> OZOmoV gmV Xdm ß H$ C[mgH$ h¢ -Xd C[mgZm H$ AmYma [a Jm ß ∂S> OZOmoV gmV Xdm ß H$ C[mgH$ h¢ -Xd C[mgZm H$ AmYma [a Jm ß ∂S> OZOmoV gmV Xdm ß H$ C[mgH$ h¢ -

* (g_mOemÛ) [ß.e.ew∑b emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, oObm - ehS>mb (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

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g^r Xdmß H$r [yOm df© _ß EH$ ]ma Xeha H$ oXZ hmVr h°& [yOZ H$oXZ ` bmJ _m±gmhma Zht H$aV&

_‹`‡Xe H$ _ S>bm, O]b[wa, ogdZr, ]mbmKmQ>, oNß>Xdm∂S>m oObVWm _hmamÓQ≠> H$ H$B© oObmß _ß ]mah Xdmß H$r JmÃO Ï`dÒWm [mB© OmVr h°&†††† †††††††††Jmß∂S>r [Z_r _wR>dm [hmßXr [mar Hw$_ma obßJm ¤mam H$m m dßfr` Jmß∂S> g_wXm`_ß JmÃO Ï`dÒWm H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m, oOgg g_mO _ß [mar Ï`dÒWm VWmemXr/naÌVXmna`mß gß]ßY ]ZmZ _ß gabVm VWm Jmß∂S>dmZm H$ odemb g_mOH$m gßJoR>V H$aZm AmgmZ ]Zm oX`m, Om EH$ Xd g ]mah Xd VH$ gJmXdVmAmß _ß od^moOV h°,4 oOg_ß g ‡W_ gmV Xd emIm _ß gm°-gm° Am°aef [mßM ^w_H$m Xd gJm emIm _ß Xg-Xg Xd emIm JmÃ gJmAmß H$Zm_ h¢, oOZH$m oddaU oZÂZmZwgma h°& (XI AmJ [•> [a)(XI AmJ [•> [a)(XI AmJ [•> [a)(XI AmJ [•> [a)(XI AmJ [•> [a)

oddmh, _aU `m oH$gr CÀgd [a oOgH$ `hm± oOVZr AoYH$ gßª`m_ß XwY^mB© BH$∆m hmV h¢& dh ImZXmZ CVZm hr Jm°addmZ VWm gßJR>Z H$r—oÓQ> g CVZm hr ]bdmZ _mZm OmVm h°& ‡À`H$ XwY^mB© A[Z ^mB`mß H$mgßJR>Z H$aZ _ß gX°d gMÓQ> ahVm h°& XwY^mB`mß H$m _bm BZH$r XdJwo∂S>∂`mß_ß Xf©Zr` hmVm h°& dhm± BZH$r [maÂ[naH$ ‡roV Am°a __Vm H$m gw—∂T> [naM`‡m· hmVm h°&†††††††††††††††††† dÒVwV: Jmß∂S> OZOmoV _ß JmÃ H$m odef _hÀd h°& EH$ JmÃ H$ g^rJmß∂S> gXÒ` A[Z H$m EH$ gm_m›` [yd©O H$r g›VmZ _mZV h¢& Bg Ame`g EH$ JmÃ H$ g^r gXÒ` Am[g _ß ^mB©-]hZ hwE& Bg H$maU g Jmß∂S>OZOmoV A[Z JmÃ `m g_mZ JmÃ _ß oddmh Zht H$aV h¢& JmÃ H$m ‡maß^‡_wI [yd©O g hmVm h°& Cgr H$ Zm_ g [nadma H$ dße H$m [naM` oX`mOmVm h°& Am°a [nadma H$ gXÒ` [r∂T>r Xa [r∂T>r Cg JmÃ H$m [mbZ H$aV h¢&

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1.††††† Jmß∂S>dmZm H°$b S>a (oXZXoe©H$m) &2.††††† Jmß∂S>dmZm _mV•eo∫$ gßY _‹`‡Xe ^m[mb &3.††††† emYmWr© H$ oZOr gßJ´h g &


††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††††3.3.3.3.3. VrZ Xd H$m Zm_† VrZ Xd H$m Zm_† VrZ Xd H$m Zm_† VrZ Xd H$m Zm_† VrZ Xd H$m Zm_† - 1.OwJmb JmßJmß 2._wbmb JmßJmß 3.gwH$mb JmßJmßAQ>m_ AmVm_ MbH$m oV`m©_ ZbH$m_ abH$mQ>m AbZmH$m AmamdrMbmßS>r† Vwam_ [am_r†† bmgH$m Am`m_ H$Wam_†††† Mram`m VmVbm[waMm_ dbm©Q>r† Am`_m H$H´$m_ oMMm©_r† Vm`m©_r [wgr`m_† gbm_BH´$m_ H$∂S>m[m oMÒVm_ oXZZmH$r† [ZXmdr † [S>_m BVm_ H$gßS>roMS>m[m Xmdm_ [mßS>m_ ogagmQ>m BH$m©`m H$tJam_††† oMVm_ ZH$m©_[w`m_ gmamßS>r Bgam_ oH$bm[ oM_m©Q>m ZVam_ [wS>H$m hw_VmBbm_ Hw$›Xm_ OwVam_ Zam_r [am_ damQ>r BbZmH$m Hw$ßXam_Q>m`m©_ ZdamVr [gm_ odH´$m CS>m_ H$mßXm_ Sß>Jam_ ZbH$m_[mßJm_r ogbm_ CQ>m_ H$m`H$mQ>m Cwdm©b Zm`H$m [Zm_ grdm©Q>mC[m©Vr Jwgam_ S>am_ oZ[m©Vr _ßXm_ ga[mVr CÒQ>m_ JMm_VÑm_ oZbm©_ o_›H$mQ>m gwS>m_ Egam Jm m_ VB©H$m ZwßOm_`gam_ EbJm_ MßXm_ oVgm_ ZwVm_ß aßJm_ A∂S>H$m_ Amgam_Mbm_ VwhmH$m [wßS>m_ ]b[mVr óó óó- óó- óó

2.2.2.2.2. Xm Xd H$m Zm_† Xm Xd H$m Zm_† Xm Xd H$m Zm_† Xm Xd H$m Zm_† Xm Xd H$m Zm_† - 1.gmamb JmßJmß 2._mamb JmßJmßAßJam_ H$bm_ MßJm_ Q>H$m_ Vm`m_† [›S>m_ AH´$m_ H$Mm_oMßXm_† Q>ram©_ VmhJm_†† o[S>Jm_ AmXam_ H$∂S>m_†††† oMbm_ oQß>Jbm_XbmßS>r o[Mm_† BßJm_r H$hmH$m oMH$mbr† Qw>H$m_ Xamdr† o[amdrBXm_ H$dQ>m_ Mw∂S>m_ Q>mS>_mVr† Xwbm©_† o[amQ>r BMm_ oH$H$am_MßXam_ Sw>Mm_ Xwam_ o[gm©_ BS>m[m Hw$bZmH$m††† MwamQ>r Sw>ar`m_Xwar`m_ [wßJm_ CßJm_ Hw$a[mVr MwQ>m_r Sw>B©H$m XmgS>m_ XwB©H$mCbm_ Hw$am_ MwH$am_ Sw>H$am_ Xmam_ [fimH$m CMm_ H$hmH$mMbH$mQ>m S>mbm_ Xm_mH$gm ]maZmH$m EQ>m_ H$m_Vmar Mdm©Q>m oVamdrZmJmVm_ o_bm_ EhMmS>m H$mh[mS>m MmS>m_ Vwdm©S>m ZH$m©_ am`Vm_AmQ>m_ H$mb`m MmhH$m VmamQ>r [S>Jm_ amZdmar AmZmH$m JS>m_Ofim_ Vmbm_ [≈m_ bßJm_ H$S>m_ JXwH$m©`m Prbm_ VS>Jm_[ßMm_ bm`gßJm H$H$m_ Jm`H$m Q>H´$m_ VmJm©_ EJm_ H$mdm©_MßXm_ Va[mVr Z≈m_ ^moX`m óó óó- óó- óó

1.1.1.1.1. EH$ Xd H$m Zm_ †EH$ Xd H$m Zm_ †EH$ Xd H$m Zm_ †EH$ Xd H$m Zm_ †EH$ Xd H$m Zm_ †- 1.Vmamb JmßJmaAßJm_ CH$m_ H$›dmVr VS>m[m `bmßS>r odOm_ A∏$m_ CH´$m_Hß$Jm_† VmB©H$m `ar`m_†† odhH$m AßXam_ C`m©_†††† JwßXm_ Z`Q>rg∂S>Jm_ MQ>≤Am_† Aamdr Cdm©©©©©©©©Q>r JmßXam_† ZJgmar `a_mb† daH$mbAdm©b Co[©Q>m_ JrdmßJm Zbr`m_† f`Jw∂S>m† dbmßS>r AbmßS>r Eam_M≈m_ [ßS>m_ ahH$m_ dXam_ AbJm_ E›Xm_††† oMVH$m_r [B©H$mabm[mVr damVr Aam©Q>r ES>H$mb Mdm©Q>m o[bH$mQ>m bdmQ>r dbm_rAgS>r EH$m_ Mw_JmXm _wa[mVr bJm_ gßJm_ Aam©_ EfimH$mOwΩJm_ _wam©_ boM`m_ gS>m_ Aam©am Am`m_ oPÑm_ XS>m_obßJmQ>m ga[mVr A`_m Amdm© Qß>Jm_ Xam©_ dßOm_ gmaVrBßJm_ AmamQ>r oQ>aH$mQ>m oX_m©H$m dXm©_ gy_m©H$r BS>m_ Amgm©_Q>m`H$m oXJam_ dar`m_ gwdbm_ BOm_ Hß$Jm_ VOm_ `dZmVmdS>H$mb gmJm_r Ba[wßJm_ H$H$am_ Vamdr H$m©b dS>m_ gwB©H$mB_mMr Hw$aZmH$m VaH$mbm H$mZm óó óó- óó- óó


†6. N>: Xd H$m Zm_††6. N>: Xd H$m Zm_††6. N>: Xd H$m Zm_††6. N>: Xd H$m Zm_††6. N>: Xd H$m Zm_†- 1._hAmXmb JmßJmß 2.AhAmXmb JmßJmß 3.A[mB©AmXmb JmßJmß 4.Q>m[m`AmXmb JmßJmß5.^›S>AmXmb JmßJmß 6.H$mB›XmAmXmb JmßJmßAS>r`m_ H$S>r`m_ MrMm_ oVamdr [›Xm_ ]mX]m`Zm Agam_ H$mVbm_MraH$m oVbm_ [maVm dS>H$mb AmVam_ H$ram_ oMS>m_ oVbJm_[maQ>r daH$∂S>m AhmH$m Hw$S>m[m oMbH$m_ oV_mMr [mdbm dS>_mAm`_m [wa`m_ [m`m Vwgm_ MwbH$m_r gÑm_ AS>m_m Hw$gam_N>XÊ`m Vwam©_ ]aHw$Q>m gtJam_ Aa_mß Hw$b_›Vm Ob[Vr Vwbm_]Jm_ grS>m_ AH$m_ Hw$_am Q>H$m_ Vwbmdr ]mJm_r gamVr`mAmbm∂S>r H$am_ hH$mßbm oVa[mVr _aH$m_ gtXam_ Am≈r H$maMmS>J_Vr Z`Vm_ _am[m ogagm_ CB©H$m H$mQ>ZmH$m Vw_S>m_ ZJgmar_bJm_ gmar Cgß∂S>r H$mS>m[m Vma ZVm_ bmXr gragmßCaVr H$mam_ gmgm©_ [aVVr am`_›Vm H$mhMmS>m Ca ohMm_rVm∂S>m_ [wam_ ohS>m_ CS>m_ JmdS am`gram_ VmS>mg OJVbH$m_r H$[H$mQ>m Ebm_ JS>m_ oVS>m_ dbmQ>r dbmXr [wgm_oVS>Jm_ Zm_yVm© daQ>r hwgßS>r óó- óó- óó óó

†5 [mßM Xd H$m Zm_††5 [mßM Xd H$m Zm_††5 [mßM Xd H$m Zm_††5 [mßM Xd H$m Zm_††5 [mßM Xd H$m Zm_†-1.Ahm JmßJmß 2._hm JmßJmß 3.a°H$m JmßJmß 4._°H$m JmßJmß†5.Xm›Xmb JmßJmßAS>_ H$rQ>m_ JmaßJm [wH$m© o_Ãm_ [ßS>am_ hm∂S> H$rgam_H$fimH$m [wJm_ o_Vbm_ [mMm_ AÒQ>m_ H$bmßS>r oMJm_ ]Ñm_ro_ZJm_ [m`H$m Abm_ H$mJm oMQ>am_ ]ΩJm_ _wJm_ [mH$m_Aa_mVr H$mS>m_ oMS>Jm_ ]m[m©Vr _wMm_r [mQ>m_r A≈m_r H$mQ>m_oMVbm_ o]H$am_ o_›Xm_ [aÒV A∏$m_r H$mQ>m_r oM›hmH$m ]wXm__w`m_r [wa AQ>m©_ H$mßH$m_ oMdm©b ]mgm_ _wa_›Vm Z`Q>rA[m©Vr H$mH$∂S>m oMb_ßVm ]mgm©_ _wa[wßJm gS>m[m AH$m©_ [Xm_roMVbmH$m ^mOm_ _wam[m gmßam_ A∏$mb JMm_ MwWm©_ ]wam__wa[mQ>m ogQ≠>m_ BÒQ>m_ JQ>am_ Mm[m_ _ßJbm_ gwgm_r gJm©VrH$mam[m JVbm_r Mmbm_ _Mm_ gwH$m©Vm Zbr`m_ Hß$Jbm JwßOm_MmhH$m_ _am[ Xwadm ^mOm_ H$bm©_ Jmbm_ [wH$m©Q>r _bZmH$mXwamßS>r ZbmßOr H$R>mVm_ JmXm_ [wbH$m_ _Vbm_r Ywa H$tJam_JmMm [mdbm o_ßJm_ H$m°d∂S>m óó- óó óó- óó

4. Mma Xd H$m Zm_†4. Mma Xd H$m Zm_†4. Mma Xd H$m Zm_†4. Mma Xd H$m Zm_†4. Mma Xd H$m Zm_†- 1._mb JmßJmß 2.bmb JmßJmß 3.H$mb JmßJmß 4.[mb JmßJmßAS>m_ Cfm©_ H$dm_ H$mMam_r VmhmH$mQ>r _a[mMr ES>m_ AßMm_H$bmQ>r H$maH$mQ>r†† oVH$m©_ gram_ AVbm_†††† EJm∂T>m oH$Om_ H$mdmVwÉm_ gaH$mQ>r AS>Jm_ EMm_ H$tXam_ H$mdmMr VwÂ_m_ [m`m_AS>m[m Eamdr H$r›dmVr† H$mdmg ZVm_ VmamQ>r A]m]m Edm©Q>roH$S>Jm_ JQ>m_ [aMmH$r gwßXam_ BQ>mdr††† E_›Vm H$raH$mQ>m JQ>m__ßJm_ MrH$am_ BßXam_ AmßJm_ Hw$`_m MS>m_ ga_mH$r dmÎH$m_BS>Jm_ AmMm©_ Hw$Mm_ MamQ>r gS>_mH$ oMbm_ BH$m©b H$dm©Q>rHw$H$m©_r oMZJm_ gw[m©S>m grVm_ BbmßS>r H$am_ Hw$`m_ Mwb_mVrVbmßOm OmbH$mQ>m BbJm_ Hß$Xm_ Hw$`H$m Mdm©Q>m VbmßS>r Hw$gam_BÍ$H$m_ H$Om_ Hw$S>`m_ oMbm_ ohS>m_ Z`Vr CßXam_ H$Q≠>m_H$Mr_wam Q>m[m©H$r ohbm_ ZQ>m[m Cam_ Hß$–m_ Hw$am©Vr Q>mfl[m_[wgm©_ [ÒVmH$r Cgam_ H$amB© H$S>m_ VH$m_ _wH$m©H$r CbmßS>rH$H$m©_r H$Q>m_ Q>∏$m _waH$m óó- óó óó- óó


8. AmR> Xd H$m Zm_†8. AmR> Xd H$m Zm_†8. AmR> Xd H$m Zm_†8. AmR> Xd H$m Zm_†8. AmR> Xd H$m Zm_†- ^y_H$m Zmam`Ugwa JmßJmßAßJm_ Hß$Jbm CßXmg H$gßS>r XwJmgCH$m_ VmamQ>r Bbm_ Sw>dm©b Xamdr†† †††9. Zm° Xd H$m Zm_†9. Zm° Xd H$m Zm_†9. Zm° Xd H$m Zm_†9. Zm° Xd H$m Zm_†9. Zm° Xd H$m Zm_†- ^y_H$m H$mbmgwa JmßJmßAS>m_ VamQ>r Vw[m©S>m ZQ>m[m MamQ>rBbmßS>r Hw$Mm_ H$mdm [agmß S>Jm_r†† ††††† †† †10. Xg Xd H$m Zm_†10. Xg Xd H$m Zm_†10. Xg Xd H$m Zm_†10. Xg Xd H$m Zm_†10. Xg Xd H$m Zm_†- ^y_H$m hramOmoV JmßJmßVwÂ_m _ßS>mar ]wXm_ Xwadm H$∂S>VmJmaßJm [waH$m _wam[m [wßS>am_ H$raßJm_†† †††11. Ω`mah Xd H$m Zm_†11. Ω`mah Xd H$m Zm_†11. Ω`mah Xd H$m Zm_†11. Ω`mah Xd H$m Zm_†11. Ω`mah Xd H$m Zm_†- ^y_H$m _mZH$mgwßJmb JmßJmßH$bßJm JmQ>m da_m YwÍ$dm [Q>mdrH$Q>tJm ZQ>r _wamdr IßS>mVm [ßS>am_†† †††12. ]mah Xd H$m Zm_†12. ]mah Xd H$m Zm_†12. ]mah Xd H$m Zm_†12. ]mah Xd H$m Zm_†12. ]mah Xd H$m Zm_†- ^y_H$m Vwa[mam` JmßJmßCB©H$m dXmbr H$maMm gmar XS>mßOmVmam Hß$Jm_ gÑm_ _aH$m_ ZVm_

7. gmV Xd H$m Zm_†7. gmV Xd H$m Zm_†7. gmV Xd H$m Zm_†7. gmV Xd H$m Zm_†7. gmV Xd H$m Zm_†-† 1.YZ]mh JmßJmß 2.Y›R>mB© JmßJmß 3.o[ S>OwJm 4.am`_w‘m JmßJmß 5.oMH$Q>amO JmßJmß6. ^ßS>gmam JmßJmß 7. ^ßwBXm]mQ>m JmßJmßAS>_mMr H$maQ>r C[m©Vr ]Oy_wVm H$a[ ghH$m A∂S>_ß H$m`Vm_rVbmßS>r _S>mdr H$a[mVr gar`m_ Ama_ma Hw$g~Jm Vm∂S>m_ _amB©††Xar`m_ oV`m©_ AOw_y©Om H$mh_wßS>m Vwbmdm _ßJam_ Ywdm© ZßOm_BadmVr JmQ>m oVbZmH$m _a[mVr [ßMam_ _wH$m©gr Hß$Jmbr JmQ>m_rVwΩJm_ _gam_ [Q>mdr ]wXm©_ Hß$Jmbm JmbmßJ Vwar`m_ d≈r[wamQ>r H$mH$mQ>m H$fimH$m JmSß>Jm VJm©_ da_m [wßJm_ _ßS>m_rH$daVr J∂S>r Vmam_ gÊ`m_ ^yOm_ `a[mVr H$Q>tJm OwfimH$mZamVr gamQ>r ^bmdr Vwar`m H$dQ>m_ OrH$am_ ZQ>r g`m_H$mfr`m_ Xam~ H$raßJm O∂S>[mVr Z≈m_r gÍ$Vm [Q>mdr [wamH$rHw$ßOm_ OtJm_ [‘m_ gQ>r©`m H$aH$mar N>m≈m ]mgm©_ grXmdm`ZmH$mßS>dmVr ]m≈r OmS>m_ gdQ>m [wH$m©_ H$tJam_ daJm H$[H$mQ>mOw_ZmVr S>mS>am ]mJm©_ dmS>rdm [›–m [ar`m_ dmhQ>r H$mH$mS>r`m_g©H$mbm ]wagm_ I S>mVm oPH$am_ óó óó- óó óó

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g_mO oZ_m©U H$r AmYma oebm h° , [nadma -EH$ gm_moOH$ odõfU

S>m∞. C_m bdmoZ`m *

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[nadma oZ_m©U g g_mO H$m oZ_m©U hmVm h° ∑`mßoH$ [nadma EH$ [yamg_mO h°, g_mO _ß A¿N> JwUmß H$m ]T>m`m OmE & g_mO _ß T>amß Hw$aroV`mßÏ`m· h¢, B›hß g_mO g oZH$mbZm h°& BZ Hy$aroV`mß H$m IÀ_ H$aZ H$mH$m`© h_ß A[Z Ka g H$aZm MmohE Za Am°a Zmar EH$ g_mZ Za Am°a Zmar EH$ g_mZ Za Am°a Zmar EH$ g_mZ Za Am°a Zmar EH$ g_mZ Za Am°a Zmar EH$ g_mZ Za Am°a ZmarH$m g_mZVm H$m XOm© o_bZm MmohE & VmoH$ _ohbmEß ^r `h AZw^d H$aßoH$ d Cgr VarH$ g gÂ_moZV h¢ & Bgr ‡H$ma g Hw$aroV`mß O°g - o^jmd•oV,^´ÓQ>mMma, A[amY, ]mboddmh, oZY©ZVm, ]amOJmar, ÌdVdgZ A[amY,gm`]a H´$mB_ A›` AZH$ BZ g_Ò`mAmß H$ oZamH$aU H$ obE AmßXmbZMbmZm MmohE & VWm g_Ò`mAmß H$ g_mYmZ H$ obE ghH$mnaVm [yU©]mVmdaU H$m oZ_m©U g_mO _ß H$aZm MmohE & o_bOwb H$a ahZ H$r ‡d•oVH$m Ao^d’©Z Ïò∫$ H$m o_bOwb H$a H$aZm MmohE &

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S>m∞ S>r0 S>r0 e_m©3. ^maV _ß g_mO-dra›– ‡H$me e_m©

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^maV _| ]mbl_ Am°a H$mZyZ

S>m∞. ¡`moV _hVm *

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A[amY - ogßh oZemßV ^maV H$r OZJUZm 2011

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gm_moOH$ EH$Vm Edß gwajm H$r —oÓQ> ggß w∫$ [nadma H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm

S>m∞. _ZmO dmZI∂S> *

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* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (g_mOemÛ) emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

10. gh`mJ H$r ^mdZm&11. [aÒ[a H$V©Ï` ]mY&12. ÒWmo`Àd&gß`w∫$ [nadma H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm -gß`w∫$ [nadma H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm -gß`w∫$ [nadma H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm -gß`w∫$ [nadma H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm -gß`w∫$ [nadma H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm -1.1.1.1.1. oM›Vm H$r H$_r - oM›Vm H$r H$_r - oM›Vm H$r H$_r - oM›Vm H$r H$_r - oM›Vm H$r H$_r - gß`w∫$ [nadma _ß g^r ‡H$ma H$r [naoÒWoV`mß H$mghZ H$aZ H$r A[yU© eo∫$ hmVr h°, AV: CZ_ß gmhg H$m odH$mg hmVm h°,haH$ Ïò∫$ H$m A[Zr [ÀZr, ]Émß VWm Òd`ß H$ obE Aml` H$m odH$mghmVm h°, Ïò∫$JV [nadma _ß `h gß^d Zht hm gH$Vm h°&2.2.2.2.2. odamgV H$r ajm - odamgV H$r ajm - odamgV H$r ajm - odamgV H$r ajm - odamgV H$r ajm - g`wß∫$ [nadma _ß [mnadmnaH$ odamgV Am°agßÒH•$oV H$r ajm H$r OmVr h°& AZH$ [ro∂T>`mß H$ gXÒ` gmW-gmW ahV h°,Bgg ]É, ]∂S> ]y∂T>mß H$ AmXemß H$m AZwgaU H$aV h°, \$bÒdÍ$[ [mnadmnaH$[aÂ[amAmß H$m oZò_V Í$[ g [mbZ hmVm h°, oOgg d Ao_Q> ahV h°&3.3.3.3.3. gwajm H$r ^mdZm - gwajm H$r ^mdZm - gwajm H$r ^mdZm - gwajm H$r ^mdZm - gwajm H$r ^mdZm - gß`w∫$ [nadma og\©$ d•’mdÒWm _ß Ïò∫$ H$mgwajm ‡XmZ Zht H$aVm, Ao[Vw AmoW©H$, gm_moOH$ , amOZ°oVH$ VWm_Zm°d°kmoZH$ gwajmE± ^r ‡XmZ H$aVm h°& Ïò∫$ A[Z H$m ha ‡H$ma ggwaojV g_PVm h°&4.4.4.4.4. _mZdr` ^mdZmAmß H$m odH$mg - _mZdr` ^mdZmAmß H$m odH$mg - _mZdr` ^mdZmAmß H$m odH$mg - _mZdr` ^mdZmAmß H$m odH$mg - _mZdr` ^mdZmAmß H$m odH$mg - gß`w∫$ [nadma H$r C[`moJVm`h h° oH$ BZ_ß _mZdr` ^mdZmAmß H$ odH$mg H$ obE AoYH$ Adga ahVh°& AZwemgZ, ghZerbVm, Òdmo^_mZ, Am°a AmÀ_odÌdmg H$r mdZmAmßH$m odH$mg gß w∫$ [nadma _ß hr gß d hmVm h°& BgH$ gmW hr Ïò∫$ gh`mJrOrdZ o]VmZm grI OmVm h°& gß`w∫$ [nadma B›ht _mZdr` ^mdZmAmß [a


Q>rH$m hwAm h°&5.5.5.5.5. ]Émß H$ [mbZ-[mfU H$m AmXe© ÒWmZ - ]Émß H$ [mbZ-[mfU H$m AmXe© ÒWmZ - ]Émß H$ [mbZ-[mfU H$m AmXe© ÒWmZ - ]Émß H$ [mbZ-[mfU H$m AmXe© ÒWmZ - ]Émß H$ [mbZ-[mfU H$m AmXe© ÒWmZ - gß w∫$ [nadma ]mbH$m|H$ Ïò∫$Àd H$ g_woMV odH$mg _ß ^r ghm`H$ hmVm h°& Bg_ß ahVw hwE ]ÉCXmaVm, gohÓ mwVm, gdm, gh`moJVm, ‡_ ,gX≤^md Am°a AmkmH$mnaVmH$m [mR> [∂T>V h°& gß`w∫$ [nadma _ß ahV hwE N>mQ>[Z g hr ]Ém `h grIOmVm h° oH$ CgH$m OrdZ H$db Cgr H$ ob` hr Zht h°, ]oÎH$ CgH$OrdZ H$r gmW©H$Vm Xygamß H$ ob` OrZ _ h¢&6.6.6.6.6. ]∂S>-]y∂T>>m ß H$m _mJ©Xe©Z -]∂S>-]y∂T>>m ß H$m _mJ©Xe©Z -]∂S>-]y∂T>>m ß H$m _mJ©Xe©Z -]∂S>-]y∂T>>m ß H$m _mJ©Xe©Z -]∂S>-]y∂T>>m ß H$m _mJ©Xe©Z - gß`w∫$ [nadma _ß ]∂S>-]w∂T>mß H$m EH$A¿N>m O_KQ> hmVm h°, oO›h| OrdZ H$m bÂ]m AZw^d hmVm& BZ_ß AZH$A¿N> C[Xe d oZXe o_bV ahV h¢ Am°a gXÒ`mß H$m A[Z OrdZ H$mg\$b ]ZmZ _ß ghm`Vm o_bVr h°, ]∂S>-]y∂T> A[Z g N>mQ>r Am`w H$ bmJmßH$m gX°d CoMV _mJ© [a aIZ H$m ‡`ÀZ H$aV h°&7.7.7.7.7. _ZmaOZß H$m CŒm_ gmYZ - _ZmaOZß H$m CŒm_ gmYZ - _ZmaOZß H$m CŒm_ gmYZ - _ZmaOZß H$m CŒm_ gmYZ - _ZmaOZß H$m CŒm_ gmYZ - gß`w∫$ [nadma ¤mam CZH$ gXÒ` H$m[`m©· _ZmaßOZ hmVm ahVm h°& Cg_ß AZH$ N>mQ> ]Émß H$r VmVbr ]mV,CZH$ _ZmaßOZ oH´$`m H$bm[, mB©-]hZmß H$m ‡_, _mVm H$m dmÀgÎ` AmoXgXÒ`mß H$ oXb H$m ]hbmVr ahVr h°& gmW gmW \w$g©V _ß m VrO-À`m°hmam|_ß [nadma H$ gXÒ` o_bH$a h∞gr _OmH$ H$aV, Ib, gßJrV, bmH$JrV ,Ymo_©H$ ÔZ AmoX g A[Zm oXb ]hbmV ahV h°&8.8.8.8.8. gm_moOH$ ]r_m - gm_moOH$ ]r_m - gm_moOH$ ]r_m - gm_moOH$ ]r_m - gm_moOH$ ]r_m - gß`w∫$ [nadma H$m gßJR>Z ^r Bg ‡H$ma H$m h°dh A[Z gXÒ`mß H$ obE ]r_m H$Â[Zr H$ Í$[ _ß H$m`© H$aVm h°, ∑`moH$emaroaH$ `m _mZogH$ Ag_W©Vm `m XwK©Q>Zm hmZ [a `h A[Z ‡À`H$gXÒ` H$r ajm H$aVm h°& ]r_ma [∂S>Z [a gdm gwlwfm o_bVr h°, d•’mdÒWm`m Ag_W©Vm m ]H$mar m XwK©Q>Zm hmZ [a Aml` o_bVm h°, ImZ [hZZH$m o_bVm h° Am°a oH$gr ^r AdÒWm _ß ^yImß _aZ H$m ^` Zht ahVm&9.9.9.9.9. goÂ_obV Am` - goÂ_obV Am` - goÂ_obV Am` - goÂ_obV Am` - goÂ_obV Am` - gß`w∫$ [nadma _ß goÂ_obV Am` Am°a goÂ_obVIM© hmVm h°, Bg H$maU Í$[` H$r ]MV `m H$_ IM© _ß AoYH$ bmJm ßH$mâU [mfU hmVm h°, AbJ-AbJ [nadma ]gmZ _ß gm_m›`V`m IMm©AoYH$ hmVm h°, ∑`mßoH$ [nadma g g]ßoYV ha MrO H$m AbJ-AbJIarXZm [∂S>Vm h°& BVZm hr Zht, gß`w∫$ [nadma _ß IM [a ]∂S>-]y∂T>>mß H$moZ`ßÃU hmVm h°, Om oH$ Bg gß]Y _ß H$m\$r AZw^dr hmV h°&

10.10.10.10.10. amÓQ≠>r` EH$Vm H$r ‡mÀgmhZ - amÓQ≠>r` EH$Vm H$r ‡mÀgmhZ - amÓQ≠>r` EH$Vm H$r ‡mÀgmhZ - amÓQ≠>r` EH$Vm H$r ‡mÀgmhZ - amÓQ≠>r` EH$Vm H$r ‡mÀgmhZ - gß w∫$ [nadma [am[H$ma Am°a À`mJH$r ^mdZm H$m CÀ[fi H$aVm Am°a Bgg gm_wXmo`H$ OrdZ H$r Ï`dhmnaH$oejm o_bVr h°& g`wß∫$ [nadma H$ gXÒ` H$ ZmV ‡À`H$ gXÒ` H$ ÖXÀm°a _oÒVÓH$ g gßH$rU© md Xya hmV h°, oOgH$ \$bÒdÍ$[ CZ_ß A[Z[ZH$r ^mdZm odH$ogV hmVr h°, Bgg amÓQ≠>r` EH$Vm H$r ^mdZm [Z[Vr h°&11.11.11.11.11. Xe gdm H$m Adga - Xe gdm H$m Adga - Xe gdm H$m Adga - Xe gdm H$m Adga - Xe gdm H$m Adga - My∞oH$ gß`w∫$ [nadma _ß ]rdr-]Émß `m ]y∂T>,_m∞-]m[ H$m [mbZ [mfU H$m ^ma oH$gr EH$ H$ oga [a Zht hmVm Am°aMy∞oHß$ CZ_ß g EH$ Xm gXÒ`mß H$r AZw[oÒWoV g BZ H$m`m _ß H$mB© ]mYmZht [hwßMVr, Bg H$maU gß`w∫$ [nadma H$ gXÒ`mß H$m [nadma H$r oM›VmAoYH$ Z aIH$a Xe gdm Ama À`mJ H$aZ H$m Adga AoYH$ ‡m· hmVmh°&oZÓH$f© - gß`w∫$ [nadma H$m ôdÓ` oZÓH$f© - gß`w∫$ [nadma H$m ôdÓ` oZÓH$f© - gß`w∫$ [nadma H$m ôdÓ` oZÓH$f© - gß`w∫$ [nadma H$m ôdÓ` oZÓH$f© - gß`w∫$ [nadma H$m ôdÓ` lr H$[oS>`m H$ AZwgma "oh›Xw_Zmd•oŒm`m∞ AmO ^r g`wß∫$ [nadma H$ [j _ß h°' AmJ obIm h° oH$ BVZmVZmd VWm ^ma ghZ H$aV hwE ^r gß`w∫$ [nadma A] VH$ OrodV h° VWmBgH$m ôdÓ` AßYH$ma Zht h°& o^fi-o^›Z [ro∂T>`mß _ß gßKf© hmV hwE ^rAmZ dmbr [r∂T>r _ß g`wß∫$ [nadma H$ obE gw—∂T> mdZm od⁄_mZ h°& J´m_rUAmoW©H$ gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm H$ AßVJ©V gß w∫$ [nadma H$r C[`moJVm AmO^r h°, BgrobE Jm±d _ß BgH$m odÒVma Am°a ‡^md Ò[ÓQ>V: XIZ H$m o_bVmh° Am°a em`X ôdÓ` _ß ^r Egm hr hmJm, O] VH$ oH$, ^maVr` J´m_rUg_wXm` H$ \$bÒdÍ$[ _ß H$mB© H´$mßoVH$mar [nadV©Z Zhr hmVm&

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-1. S>m∞. _wH$Or©, aod›–ZmW - ^maVr` g_mO d gßÒH•$oV 2001oddH$

‡H$meZ Odmha ZJa oXÑr2. S>m∞. ]Kb, S>r.Eg. Edß - maVr` g_mO 2007 H°$bme [wÒVH$ gXZ,

S>m∞. ]Kb, oH$aU, ^m[mb3. S>m∞. oghß dra›–ZmW - J´m_rU Edß ZJar` g_mO 1995 oddH$

‡H$meZ oXÑr4. ‡m. Jw·m, E_.Eb. Edß - g_mO emÛ 2002 gmohÀ` ^dZ S>m∞.

e_m© S>r.S>r. [o„bH$eZ AmJam

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Oògßh ZJa Edß O°V[wa odH$mgI S> _ß oejm H$m^m°JmobH$ A‹``Z

S>m∞. XeaW ‡gmX gmH$V *

emY gmamße - emY gmamße - emY gmamße - emY gmamße - emY gmamße - ^maV Jm±dmß H$m Xe h°, 2001 H$r OZJUZm H$ AZwgma 72.4% % % % % bmJ J´m_mß _ß oZdmg H$aV h¢& ^maV _ß J´m_mß H$ odH$mg H$ obEjÃr` odH$mg `mOZmAmß H$ A›VJ©V odH$mg hVw AmYma ^yV gwodYmAmß-oejm, [` Ob gdm, ÒdmÒœ` gdm, od⁄wV gdm, [nadhZ gdm H$ odH$mgH$m _hÀd oX`m J`m& `h ghr ^r Wm, ∑`mßoH$ C[`w©∫$ gdmAmß H$ ]hmbr Am°a oH$gr jÃr` BH$mB© H$ odH$mg H$r H$Î[Zm H$aZm gß^d Zht h°& odH$mg`mOZmAmß H$m AW©© Ohm± EH$ Ama bmJmß H$ AmoW©H$ Edß gm_moOH$ Í$[m›Va m g h°, dht Xygar Ama BZH$m gÂ]›Y AmoW©H$ odH$mg g h°& odÒV•V AWm~_ß `h H$maH$mß H$r OoQ>bVm H$ [hMmZ H$r EH$ ‡oH´$`m h°, Om gm_moOH$ Edß ^m°oVH$ AoÒVÀd H$r aMZm, [nadV©Z AWdm odH$mg _ß `mJXmZ XV h¢&_Ama. [r. o_l_ Edß A›` H$ AZwgma odH$mg mOZm AmoW©H$ Edß gm_moOH$ [nadV©Z bmd VmoH$ gßÒWmJV ∂T>m±Mm H$ oZ_m©U _ß g_mO ¤mam oH$`m J`mEH$ OmJÍ$H$ ‡`mg h°, Om [nadV©Z H$m EH$ gVV ‡oH´$`m H$ Í$[ _ß MbVm h°& jÃr` odH$mg H$m _wª` H$m`© amÓQ≠>r`, am¡`r` Edß jÃr` ÒVa [ajÃr` oZ`mOZ H$r `mOZm H$m ZroV`mß H$ ¤mam A›VjÃr` odf_VmAmß H$m H$_ H$aZm h°&

‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - `mOZm Am`mJ odoeÓQ> H$m`©H´$_mß H$ obE am¡` _ß EH$ `mXm oObmß H$m M`Z H$aVm h°& [a›Vw o[N>∂S> hwE jÃmß H$ g_Ò`mAmß H$ g_mYmZH$m h gßVmf‡X H$X_ Zht h°& o[N>∂S>m[Z EH$ d•hX ÒWmoZH$ ÒdÍ$[ h°, OmjÃr` od^Xmß H$ gÂ[yU© Ao^bjUmßß ¤mam [nabojV hmVm h°& o[N>∂S> hwEjÃmß H$r g_Ò`mAmß H$ g_mYmZ H$ obE `mOZmH$mamß ¤mam Ï`doÒWV ZB©`mOZm ‡oH´$`m ]ZmB© OmZr MmohE& mOZm Hw$N> Bg ‡H$ma H$r hmZr MmohE,oH$ o[N>∂S> hwE jÃmß H$ odH$mg H$r odoeÓR> g_Ò`mAmß H$ gß]ßY _ß [`m©·OmZH$mar gwoZoÌMV H$a gH$& o[N>∂S> jÃmß H$ ÒWmoZH$ H$m`©H´$_mß _ß H•$ofVWm A›` AmYma^yV ∂T>m±Mm _ß gwYma H$ obE ghm`Vm Xr OmZr MmohE&BgrobE `mOZm Am`mJ Z gmVdt [ßMdfr©` `mOZm _ß AmYma^yV ∂T>m±Mm,jÃ H$ odH$mg H$m gdm¿M dar`Vm ‡XmZ H$aZ H$r og\$mnag H$r&‡ÒVmodV emY ‡odoY - ‡ÒVmodV emY ‡odoY - ‡ÒVmodV emY ‡odoY - ‡ÒVmodV emY ‡odoY - ‡ÒVmodV emY ‡odoY - emY [Ã _ß o¤Vr`H$ gm_J´r H$m gßH$bZoH$`m J`m h°& Ïò∫$JV gdjU Edß gßH$bZ H$m ^r emY [Ã H$m AmYma]Zm`m J`m h°, dmÒVodH$ oÒWoV H$m Oògßh ZJa Edß O°V[wa odH$mgI S>_ß oejm H$m ^m°JmobH$ A‹``Z Zm_H$ emY [Ã H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m J`mh°& Bg [Ã _ß o¤Vr`H$ AmH$∂S>mß H$m gßH$bZ H$aH$ emY [Ã _ß g_mohVH$aZ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m J`m h°& [Ã-[oÃH$mAmß H$ _m‹`_ g ^r emY [Ã]ZmZ _ß _XX br JB© h°&C‘Ì` :C‘Ì` :C‘Ì` :C‘Ì` :C‘Ì` :1. A‹``Z jÃ OZOmVr` OZgßª`m dmbm jÃ h°& 1961 H$ [yd© oejm

gß]ßYr odH$mg H$r Ama H$mB© ‹`mZ Zht oX`m J`m, oH$›Vw ]mX _ß`mOZmAmß ¤mam `h g_P J`m oH$ O] VH$ Bg jÃ H$ bmJmß H$moeojV Zht oH$`m OmEJm, V] VH$ odH$mg gß^d Zht& AV: oejmAmYmnaV ZroV H$ H•$`m›d`Z H$ H$maU oejm gßÒWmAmß H$m odH$mghwAm o_bVm h°&

2. 1961 H$ ]mX oejm odH$mg gß]ßYr ZroV`mß H$m g_J´ Xe _ßoH´$`mo›dV oH$`m J`m, oOgH$m ‡^md Bg jÃ H$ oejm gßÒWmAmß

* AoVoW od¤mZ (^yJmb) emgH$r` ÒZmVH$mŒma _hmod⁄mb`, O°V[wa, $oObmñehS>mb (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

H$ odH$mg H$m H$maU ]Zr&3. 1951 H$ [yd© ardm na`mgV H$ AmYrZ Bg jÃ H$ g_J´ odH$mg H$r

H$mB© H$Î[Zm Zht H$r JB©& ÒdVßÃVm H$ ]mX AYmgßaMZmAmß _ß odH$mgH$r Ama ‹`mZ oX`m J`m& O°g-O°g AYmgßaMZmAmß _ß odH$mg hmVmJ`m, CŒmamŒma JÂ`Vm ]∂T>Vr JB©, oOZH$ ‡^md H$ H$maU ‡mWo_H$embmAmß H$r gßª`m _ß odH$mg hmVm J`m&

4. 1961 H$ [yd© Ohm± oZdmg H$aZ dmbr AoYgßª`H$ bmJ Kw_∏$∂S>‡H•$oV H$ W& 1961 H$ ]mX ÒWmB© AoYdmgmß _ß d•o’ hwB© oOgH$m‡^md ‡mWo_H$ embmAmß H$ odH$mg _ß hwAm&

5. AmoXdmog`mß H$m gßodYmZ _ß ‡XÀV AmajU H$r gwodYmE± OZOmVr`g_yh H$m amOJma C[b„Y H$amZ _ß _XX H$r, bmJmß H$ ahZ-ghZH$m ÒVa ]∂T>m, oOgH$m ‡^md oejm [a [∂S>m&AmYma^yV gwodYmEß Egr gwodYmEß hmVr h¢, oOZH$ Í$ΩU hmZ [a

oH$gr ‡Xe H$r gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$ oH´$`mEß [yU©V: Í$ΩU hmH$a odH$mg H$rJoV H$m ]moYV H$aVr h¢& òX BZ gwodYmAmß H$m ]hmb oH$`m OmVm h°, Vmg_mO H$m odH$mg A[Z Am[ JoV ‡m· H$aZ _ß gm_W© hmVm h° BZAmYma^yV gwodYmAmß H$ ghO C[b„YVm H$ ]J°a oH$gr jÃ m ‡Xe H$modH$mg gß^d Zht h°&C[`moJVm -C[`moJVm -C[`moJVm -C[`moJVm -C[`moJVm - oH$gr ^r Xe H$ amÓQ≠>r` OrdZ _ß oejm H$m _hÀd[yU©ÒWmZ hmVm h°& oejm H$ A^md _ß OrdZ [ew VwÎ` h°& oejm H$r ‡JoVamÓQ≠> H$r ‡JoV H$m gyMH$ h°& Òdm_r oddH$mZ›X Z H$hm h° oH$ h_mam XeCfioV ∑`mß Zht H$a ahm h°, ∑`mßoH$ `hm± oejm H$m A^md h°& AV: òX XeH$m g_w›ZV ]ZmZm h°, Vm gd©‡W_ OZgmYmaU H$m oeojV H$aZm hmJm&oejm EH$ gm_moOH$ ‡oH´$`m h°, oOgH$ ¤mam _ZwÓ` H$r O›_OmV eo∫$`mßH$m odH$mg hmVm h°& CgH$ d∫$Ï` VWm odMmamß _ß oZaßVa [nadV©Z, [na_mO©ZEdß [nadY©Z hmVm h°, Am°a dh A[Zr g‰`Vm, gßÒH•$oV H$m g_PZ, gwaojVaIZ Am°a odH$mg H$aZ _ß gm_W© hmVm h°° _hmÀ_m Jm±Yr H$ AZwgma _¢


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A‹``Z jÃ OògßhZJa Edß O°V[wa odH$mgI S> ehS>mb oObm_ß oÒWV Eg ^y-^mJ h¢, Om [wamVZ g_` g KZ dZmß Edß [hw±M g XyaAmoXdmgr OZgßª`m ‡YmZ ^y-^mJ h¢& AV: 1950 H$ [yd© oejm ‡XmZH$aZ dmbr gßÒWmAmßß H$m bJ^J A^md ahm& g_r[r ZJa Edß oObm_wª`mb` ehS>mb _ß [yd© _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa H$m od⁄mb` Wm BgH$ AoVna∫$A›` ÒWbmß [a ‡mMrZ gßÒH$o•V g gÂ]o›YV JwÍ$Hw$b [’oV H$ Hw$N> H$›–ah ÒdVßÃVm ‡mo· H$ ]mX amÔ>≠r` odH$mg H$ ‡`mgmß H$ A›VJ©V oejm H$odH$mg _ß gd©- ‡W_ ‹`mZ oX`m J`m, oOgH$ A›VJ©V ]w∂T>ma Edß

OògßhZJa _ß 1951 _ß H´$_e: 05 Edß 03 [yd© _m‹ò_H$ od⁄mb` VWm07 Edß 05 ‡mWo_H$ od⁄mb`mß H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r JB©& 1957 _ß oejm odH$mgH$ obE C[ w©∫$ [mR>embmAmß H$m Cfi`Z H´$_e: hmB©ÒHy$b Edß [yd© _m‹ò_H$embm H$ Í$[ _ß oH$`m J`m VWm XmZmß odH$mgI S>mß _ß H´$_e: 12 Edß 08‡mWo_H$ embmE± Imbr JB™& Xyga H´$_ _ß O°V[wa Edß OògßhZJa XmZmßhr odH$mgI S>mß _ß amoÃ H$mbrZ [mR>embmEß Imbr J`t, oO›hß 1961 _ß‡mWo_H$ Amdmgr`, [mR>embm H$ Í$[ _ß [nadoV©V oH$`m J`m& Bg ‡H$ma1961 H$r oÒWoV _ß OògßhZJa Edß O°V[wa odH$mgI S>mß (VÀH$mbrZg_` _ß odH$mgI S> H$m XOm© Zht o_bm) _ß g_ÒV ‡H$ma H$r embmAmß H$rgßª`m H´$_e: 17 Edß 21 hm JB©& 1961 g 2007 H$r AdoY VH$ od⁄mb`mßH$r gßª`m Edß CZ_ [XmZwH´$_ _ß bJmVma Ao^d•o’ hmVr J`r, O°gm oH$oZÂZmßoH$V gmaUr H´$. 1 g Ò[ÓQ> h°&gmaUr H´$_mßH$ -1gmaUr H´$_mßH$ -1gmaUr H´$_mßH$ -1gmaUr H´$_mßH$ -1gmaUr H´$_mßH$ -1(XI A(XI A(XI A(XI A(XI AJJJJJbbbbb [•> [a) [•> [a) [•> [a) [•> [a) [•> [a)gmaUr H´$. 1 g Ò[ÓQ> hmVm h° oH$ odo^fi emgH$r` `mOZmAmß VWm H$›–Edß am¡` emgZ H$ gVV ‡`mgmß H$ H$maU A‹``Z jÃ _ß oejm H$mbJmVma odH$mg hwAm o_bVm h°& 1961 _ß g_ÒV ‡H$ma H$ od⁄mb`mß H$rHw$b gßª`m 38 Wr, Om 2007 H$r oÒWoV _ß 1001 hm J`r& Bg ‡H$maoejm gßÒWmZmß _ß 25.34 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© o_bVr h°& oH$›VwOògßhZJa Edß (O°V[wa) ]w∂T>ma XmZmß hr odH$mgI S>mß _ß d•o’ H$m ÒdÍ$[EH$ g_mZ Zht [m`m OmVm O°gm oH$ C[`w©∫$ (gmaUr H´$. 1 _ß Ò[ÓQ> h°&)oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© - odo^fi gÂdJ© H$ gßÒWmAmß _ß odH$mg H$r gßª`m AbJ-AbJo_bVr h°& gZ≤ 1961 _ß ‡mWo_H$ od⁄mb` H$r XmZmß odH$mgI S>mß H$rgoÂ_obV gßª`m 20 Wr, Om 1971 _ß 72 hm JB©& Bg ‡H$ma 52 ‡mWo_H$embmAmß _ß Ao^d•o’ hwB©& 1971-81 XeH$ _ß 72 ‡mWo_H$ embmAmß _ßAo^d•o’ hwB©& 1981 AmYma df© 1999 _ß 214 ‡mWo_H$ embmAmß H$Ao^d•o’ H$ gmW BZH$r gßª`m 428 hm JB©& AJb XeH$mß 2001 Edß2007 _ß ‡mWo_H$ embmAmß H$r gßª`m H´$_e: 509 Edß 758 hm JB©& Bg‡H$ma 1961 AmYma df© [a Hw$b ‡mWo_H$ embmAmß _ß 3690 JwZm H$rAo^d•o’ hwB©& ‡mWo_H$ embmAmß H$r ^m±oV [yd© _m‹ò_H$ _m‹ò_H$ EdßC¿MVa _m‹ò_H$ Edß _hmod⁄mb`mß H$r gßª`m _ß H´$_e: 1537 JwZm,2450 JwZm odH$mg hwAm o_bVm h°& oZÓH$f© Í$[ _ß oejm bmßJmß H$ OrdZH$ AmdÌ`H$VmAmß Edß AmH$m±jmAmß g gÂ]o›YV h° Om AmoW©H$, gm_moOH$,amOZ°oVH$ Am°a gm±ÒH•$oVH$ odH$mg H$aV hwE amÓQ≠> H$ C›ZV H$m _mJ© ‡ÒVV‡ÒVwV H$aVr h°&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-1. W.R. Lassay – Planning in rural Environmants. Megrow

Hill Book, co. New Delhi p.22. RP Mishra – et al. – Regional devlopment Planning in

India, Vikas publising house, New Delhi, 1974, 93913. VKV Rao – New apporaches to Indian planning -1

Yojana May-1, 1984,p.9.4. gm_moOH$ AZwgßYmZ H$ _yb VÀd, _.‡. oh›Xr J´›W AH$mX_r,

adr›–ZmW R>mHw$a _mJ©, dmbJßJm, ^m[mb _.‡., AÓQ>_ gßÒH$aU2003.

5. S>m∞. ‡o_bm Hw$_ma, _‹`‡Xe, EH$ ^m°JmobH$ A‹``Z, o¤Vr`gßÒH$aU, _.‡. oh›Xr J´›W AH$mX_r ^m[mb (_.‡.).

6. _.‡. gm_m›` kmZ, C[H$aU ‡H$meZ 2/11 E. ÒdXer dr_mZJaAmJam-2.


7. Eg.S>r. H$m°oeH$ Edß e_m©, E.H$., ^m°JmobH$ odMmaYmamEß Edß odoYVßÃ, g·_ gßÒH$aU 1990, aÒVmJr ‡H$meZ oedmOr amS>, _aR>.

8. S>m∞. gr.dr. ^m_mna`m, ^maV H$m d•hX ^yJmb, 1994.9. _‹`‡Xe _ß Am°⁄moJH$ odH$mg H$r g_Ò`m`ß, C⁄mJ gßMmbZmb`,

^m[mb 1999, 2005.

gmaUr H´$_mßH$ -1 :OògßhZJa Edß (O°V[wa) ]w∂T>ma (odH$mgI S>) _ß oejm gßÒWmAmß H$ odH$mg H$m ÒdÍ$[ (1961-2007)gmaUr H´$_mßH$ -1 :OògßhZJa Edß (O°V[wa) ]w∂T>ma (odH$mgI S>) _ß oejm gßÒWmAmß H$ odH$mg H$m ÒdÍ$[ (1961-2007)gmaUr H´$_mßH$ -1 :OògßhZJa Edß (O°V[wa) ]w∂T>ma (odH$mgI S>) _ß oejm gßÒWmAmß H$ odH$mg H$m ÒdÍ$[ (1961-2007)gmaUr H´$_mßH$ -1 :OògßhZJa Edß (O°V[wa) ]w∂T>ma (odH$mgI S>) _ß oejm gßÒWmAmß H$ odH$mg H$m ÒdÍ$[ (1961-2007)gmaUr H´$_mßH$ -1 :OògßhZJa Edß (O°V[wa) ]w∂T>ma (odH$mgI S>) _ß oejm gßÒWmAmß H$ odH$mg H$m ÒdÍ$[ (1961-2007)

H´$.H´$.H´$.H´$.H´$. df©df©df©df©df© ‡mW.od⁄mb`‡mW.od⁄mb`‡mW.od⁄mb`‡mW.od⁄mb`‡mW.od⁄mb` d•o’ gßª`md•o’ gßª`md•o’ gßª`md•o’ gßª`md•o’ gßª`m [yd© _m.[yd© _m.[yd© _m.[yd© _m.[yd© _m. d•o’ gßª`md•o’ gßª`md•o’ gßª`md•o’ gßª`md•o’ gßª`m C._m.C._m.C._m.C._m.C._m. d•o’ gßª`md•o’ gßª`md•o’ gßª`md•o’ gßª`md•o’ gßª`m A›À›À›À›À›` Hw$b od⁄m.Hw$b od⁄m.Hw$b od⁄m.Hw$b od⁄m.Hw$b od⁄m. d•o’ H$md•o’ H$md•o’ H$md•o’ H$md•o’ H$m d•o’ H$md•o’ H$md•o’ H$md•o’ H$md•o’ H$m

gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m od.od.od.od.od. od.od.od.od.od. gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m A›VaA›VaA›VaA›VaA›Va ‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV‡oVeV

gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m gßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`mgßª`m

1. 1961 20 - 08 - 02 - 8 38 - -

2. 1971 72 52 15 7 04 2 25 123 88 231.6

3. 1981 214 142 28 13 12 8 04 360 234 185.7

4. 1991 428 214 66 38 26 14 23 543 183 50.83

5. 2001 509 295 148 82 42 16 53 754 211 38.85

6. 2007 758 249 179 31 51 9 13 1001 247 32.75

ÛmV:- oObm oejm AoYH$mar ehS>mb g ‡m· OmZH$mar [a AmYmnaV df© 2007

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CXmarH$aU H$ MbV gr_mAmß H$m AoVH´$_U H$aH$ odH$ogV amÓQ≠>mß ZA›` amÓQ≠>mß _ß A[Zr Ï`mdgmo`H$ JoVodoY`m± H$m ]∂T>mdm oX`m& ]m∂OmaH$r eo∫$`mß Z oH$gr ^r amÓQ≠> H$r AmoW©H$-Ï`dÒWm H$m ‡^modV H$aZ H$gmW-gmW dhm± H$r gßÒH•$oV [a A[Zr N>m[ N>m∂S>r& ÒWmZr` gßÒH•$oV[oÌM_rH$aU H$ aßJ _ß aßJr OmZ bJr& "∂Oram amS>' C[›`mg _ß Xw]B© H$gmßÒH•$oVH$ [nade H$m oMÃU Bg `WmoÒWoV H$m [naMm`H$ h°-

"[oÌM_r Xemß Z oH$g ]war Vah N>mQ> H$_∂Oma amÓQ≠>mß H$m XmhZ oH$`mWm& Bg_ß d r Xe emo_b W, oOZH$ [mg g‰`Vm Edß gßÒH•$oV H$m gwZhamBoVhmg h°, oO›hmßZ dmÒVd _ß AmO H$ AmYwoZH$ gßgma H$r Ztd S>mbr Wr&AmO H$r VH$ZrH$ Z, ImgH$a IVaZmH$ hoW`mamß Z gmohÀ` d H$bm H$mZH$ma H$a `h gmo]V H$aZm ewÍ$ H$a oX`m oH$ gßdXZm H$m H$mB© _hŒmdoX_m∂Jr XwoZ`m _ß Zht ah J`m h°&'9

odH$mg ‡oH´$`m _ß gr_mAmß H$m AoVH´$_U hmZ g gßÒH•$oV r d°oÌdH$`mÃm H$aVr h°& Xw]B© Om H$^r aoJÒVmZ Wm, AmO dhm± B©_maVß, C⁄mJ,aÒQ>maßQ>, ]m∂Oma, Am°a Ï`m[mnaH$ JoVodoY`mß H$ MbV [o„bH$ [mH©$,Òdro_ßJ [yb [Z[ MwH$ h¢& Ï`m[mnaH$ JoVodoY`mß Z Xw]B© H$m Z∑em hr]Xb oX`m& dV©_mZ Xw]B© _ß ZJarH$aU H$m odH$mg hwAm Am°a aoJÒVmZ H$gmW-gmW dhm± H$r ÒWmZr` ]‘y gßÒH•$oV Am`moVV gßÒH•$oV H$r ^ßQ> M∂T>J`r&10

gßÒH•$oV H$ Bg gßH´$_UH$mbrZ Xm°a _ß [wamZr [r∂T>r Zd-gßÒH•$oV H$mJ´hU H$aZ H$ [j _ß Zht h¢, dhr Z`r [r∂T>r H$ obE Zd-gßÒH•$oVAmYwoZH$Vm H$m ‡VrH$ h°& ^mJdmXr gßÒH•$oV Z Z`r [r∂T>r H$m AmH$of©VoH$`m& E.]r.gr.S>r. C[›`mg _ß oMoÃV haX`mb d erb [wamZ gßÒH$mamßH$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aV hwE [oÌM_r gßÒH•$oV H$m A[gßÒH•$oV H$hH$a _w±h_m∂S>V h¢, [a›Vw Z`r [r∂T>r H$r erZr H$ obE ^mJdmXr gßÒH•$oV ghO Í$[_ß J´m¯ h°& b∂S>H$ Am°a b∂S>H$r H$ ‡_-o_bZ mZr "S>Q>' H$r gßÒH•$oV AmYwoZH$Zd`wdmAmß H$r [hbr [ßgX h°& erZr A[Z o_Ã oZH$ H$ gmW "S>Q>' [a


OmH$a ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aZ dmb A[Z _mVm-o[VmhaX`mb d erb H$ odMmamß H$m PQ>H$m XVr h°-

"[hbm PQ>H$m CgZ V] oX`m Wm O] dh odoYdV KmofV Í$[ g"S>Q>' [a J`r Wr& Zhm CZ oXZmß ÒHy$b _ß [∂T>Vr Wr&'11

erb A[Z ]Émß _ß [Z[ ahr [oÌM_r gßÒH•$oV H$ obE H$ZmS>m H$ [nadeAm°a b∂S>oH$`mß H$r oejm H$m Xmfr R>hamVr h°& adr›– H$mob`m Z gßÒH•$oV`mßH$ gßH´$_U H$m erZr d erb H$ _m‹`_ g ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h°& erb _`m©XmdmXrAm°a Z°oVH$VmdmXr ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV H$r C[O h°, Vm erZr C¿N•>ßIb d^mJdmXr [oÌM_r gßÒH•$oV H$r& [oÌM_r gßÒH•$oV H$ Iwb gß]ßYmß H$m WmW©Bg ‡H$ma Ï`∫$ hwAm h°-

"`hm± oeÓQ>mMmade ^r MwÂ]Z ob`m OmVm h° Am°a EH$ Xyga H$m Ny>H$a]mV H$aZm EH$ gm_m›` gr ]mV h°, AmÀ_r`Vm ‡Xoe©V H$aZ H$m g]ggab C[m`& Bg _m_b _ß Vm oh›XwÒVmZr ]hwV AW© ImOVm h°& Bg —oÓQ> gVm dh \´$m`S> H$m ]m[ h°&'12

[oÌM_r OJV≤ H$r MH$mMm¢Y _ß ^Q>H$md H$r oÒWoV h° Am°a dhm± `m°Z-ewoMVm H$m H$mB© ÒWmZ Zht h°, O]oH$ maVr` [nade _ß m°Z-ewoMVm H$m_yÎ`dmZ _mZm OmVm h°-

"h_mar gßÒH•$oV _ß Vm `h hra OdmhamV g ^r ¡`mXm _yÎ`dmZ h°&hram Im OmE Vm Xw]mam IarXm Om gH$Vm h°, _Ja Bg Zht& `h Ûr H$mEgm Am^yfU h° Om Im OmZ [a Xw]mam hmogb Zht oH$`m Om gH$Vm&'13

[oÌM_r \°$eZ H$ dM©Òd H$ gm_Z ^maVr` [hZmdm _OmH$ H$m odf`]ZVm Om ahm h°& J´m_rU d ÒWmZr` [hZmd H$m AmO oVaÒH$ma H$r —oÓQ> gXIm OmVm h°& ^maVr` oÛ`mß H$ [aß[amJV [hZmdm odXer gßÒH•$oV H$gm_Z K•Um H$r dÒVw ]Z MwH$m h°& adr›– H$mob`m H$m H$WZ Bg WmoÒWoVH$m ‡_mU h°-

"Xm oH$bm H$m Oy∂S>m ]Zm H$a ` Am°aVß gmMVr h¢, d ]hwV AmYwoZH$ h¢&XaAgb O] ]rog`mß gmb [hb maV g hm± Am`r Wt, CZ oXZmß h_m_mobZr, Amem [mnaI Am°a ZßXm O°gr Ao^ZoÃ`m± Eg Oy∂S> ]Zm`m H$aVrWt& ` AmO ^r Cgr `wJ _ß Or ahr h¢& BZ ]Mmna`mß H$m [Vm hr Zht oH$^maV H$r AmYwoZH$mE± A] Oy∂S>m Zht ]ZmVr, Hß$Ymß [a ]mb S>mb _ÒVr gKy_Vr h¢& ` Am°aVß A[Z VWmH$oWV ÒVZmß H$m ]ma ]ma Xw[≈ g T>m±[VrahVr h°&'14

Am^yfUmß H$r [aß[amJV e°br A] AmYwoZH$Vm H$r M[Q> _ß AmH$aA[Zr AW©dŒm Im MwH$r h°& AmYwoZH$ \°$eZ H$r XwoZ`m _ß JhZmß H$m _hŒdH$_ hmVm Om ahm h°-

"` [ßOm]r Am°aVß H$] g_PßJr oH$ BZH$ JhZmß H$m \°$eZ [wamZm [∂S>MwH$m h°& A] ^maV _ß ^r H$mB© Am°aV \$mZyg H$r Vah PybZ dmb ]wßX Zht[hZVr&'15

ha Ïò∫$ OdmZ Am°a gw›Xa oXIZm MmhVm h°& Ïò∫$ H$r Bg_mZogH$Vm H$m [aI H$a gm°›X`© ]∂T>mZ H$m Xmdm H$aZ dmb AZH$ CÀ[mX]m∂OmÍ$ gßÒH•$oV Z [e oH$E& gm°›X © ‡oV`moJVm H$r ‡À H$ dÒVw (‡mS∞>∑Q>)EH$ \$mZ H$m∞b H$ OnaE Ka _±JdmE OmZ H$r gwb^Vm AmYwoZH$ g_` H$rXZ h°-

"Bg [mÒQ>-Ωbm]b XwoZ`m _ß OdmZ oXIZm, gw›Xa oXIZm Am°adOZ KQ>mZm Aa]mß-S>m∞bamß H$m H$mam]ma h°&...Ka ]°R> _mobe H$aZ dmbmVoH$`m Am OmE, gßH$ H$aZ dmbr o]Obr H$r W°br Am OmE, ]mbCJmZdmbm bmeZ Am OmE, Jmam H$aZ H$r H´$r_ Am OmE, Vm Am°a ∑`m

MmohE?'16

]´mßoS>S> gßÒH•$oV Z [ya odÌd H$r VÒdra ]Xb S>mbr& odo^fi H$Â[oZ`mßZ A[Z-A[Z ]´mßS> ]m∂Oma _ß CVma H$m Ïò∫$ H$ gm_Z odH$Î[ [°XmoH$E& ]hwamÓQ≠>r` H$Â[oZ`m± odÌd H$ ha H$mZ _ß A[Z ]´mßS> H$r o]H´$r hVw]m∂Oma H$r ImO _ß mÃmE± H$aVr h°& ES>rS>mg, ZmBH$, _m Q>r H$mabm, fl`y_m,AmZbr, ›`w_am, [[ BÀ`moX AZH$ ]´mßS> Zm_ AmO H$ `wdmAmß H$r‡mWo_H$Vm h°& odXer ]´mßS>mß H$ gm_Z jÃr` bKw C⁄mJ (ImXr ^ßS>ma)oQ>H$ Zht [mE& AmO gwXya jÃ H$ N>mQ> g Jm±d _ß odXer dÒVwAmß H$r a_mah°&

Ïò∫$ H$ Ïò∫$Àd H$m CgH$ JwUmß g Zht, daZ≤ [hZmd g gÂ]’H$aH$ AmßH$m OmZ bJm& Ïò∫$Àd H$m CÉ ÒVar` ]ZmZ H$ obE H$r_Vr]´mßS>mß H$m A[Zm Xmdm h°& "gmXm OrdZ CÉ odMma' A] ]rV ∂O_mZ H$r]mV hm J`r h°-

"_wP `h ]mV oH$gr ^r Vah Zht O±MVr Wr oH$ AJa _¢Z dwS>b° S> H$OyV Zht [hZ, [rQ>a BßΩb° S> H$r H$_r∂O Zht [hZr, OmEoS>H$ H$r Q>mB© ZhtbJm`r, br H$r [VbyZ Zht [hZr, EßH$a H$ H$\$obßH$ Zht bJmE,AmÎS>Ò[mBg H$m Am‚Q>aed Zht Wm[m Am°a Q>mBQ>Z H$r K∂S>r Zht ]m±Yr Vm_¢ Hw$N> H$_ AmX_r hy± `m hm OmD±$Jm& _wP Zht bJVm oH$ BgH$r H$mB© VwH$`m gr_m h°& H$bmB© K∂S>r gm° È[` g bH$a EH$ bmI È[` VH$ H$r o_bVrh°& VWmH$oWV ÒVar` gm_mZ A∑ga g ¡`mXm KoQ>`m gmo]V hmVm h°&]´m S> ]ZmZdmb CZH$m odkm[Z ^r h_t g H$admV h¢& _¢ g_P Zht [mVmWm oH$ ∑`mß _w‚V _ß A[Z MÌ_ [a a]Z, Q>reQ©> [a ZmBH$ `m EoS>S>mg,]mam_yS>mg [a aßJba `m _mH©$ E S> Ò[›ga H$m Zm_ `m o]Ñm oM[H$mE Ky_y±? B›gmZ H$r H$Xa CgH$ JwUmß H$ H$maU hmVr h° `m CZ dÒVwAmß H$ H$maUoO›hß dh BÒV_mb H$aVm h° ? H$b oX _¢ _h±J g _h±J Am°a AZm°oMÀ`[yU©_h±J gyQ> AmoX [hZH$a X∂‚Va OmD±$ Am°a oXZ a H$m_ Z H$Í±$, m H$m_ _ßJboV`m± H$a H$aH$ Xygamß H$m [aemZr _ß S>mbVm OmD±$ Vm ∑`m _wP H$m_[a aIßJ ? og\©$ BgobE oH$ _¢Z ]hwV A¿N> H$[∂S> [hZ aI h¢ ?'17

ImZ-[mZ H$r [nadoV©V gßÒH•$oV _ß "_°∑S>mZmÎS>g' H$r EH$b gßÒH•$oVH$m dM©Òd H$m`_ hm MwH$m h°& ha eha _ß, ha g_` _ß _°∑S>mZmÎS>g H$rJwUdŒmm g_mZ ahZ H$ Xmd odkm[Z H$ OnaE [ya odÌd _ß \°$b MwH$ h°&N>mQ>-N>mQ> ]É ^r "_°H$-S>r' H$ ImZ-[mZ H$ ‡oV CÀgwH$ h°& oMÃm _w“bH$m H$WZ BgH$r [woÓQ> H$aVm h°-

"OyV [ßgX H$aZ XmZmß Afl[y H$ gmW _mH$Q> MbßJr& IarXXmar H$]mX Afl[y C›hß _°H$S>mZÎS>≤g _ß oIbmEßJ ^r& oMH$Z ]J©a, \´$ßM \´$mB H$gmW& ]J©a H$ gßJ H$mB© C[hma ^r _w‚V o_bJm& C›hß Q>r.dr. [a ]Vm`mJ`m h°& dhmß g dh AmBgH´$r_ ImZ "oZÈbmO' ^r OmEßJr&'18

ImZ-[mZ H$r [oÌM_r e°br _ß XyY, bÒgr H$r OJh H$mÎS> oS≠>ß∑g,amQ>r H$r OJh o[¡Om H$ ‡MbZ Z [ya odÌd H$m ‡^modV oH$`m& ha Ïò∫$"\$mÒQ> \y$S>' H$r Ama bmbmo`V h°&

^y_ S>brH$aU H$ AÀ`mYwoZH$ [nade _ß gmßÒH•$oVH$ gßH´$_U H$gmW-gmW [aß[amAmß H$m O_H$a XmhZ hwAm& bm^ Am°a bm^ H$r AmYwoZH$Xm°∂S> _ß mJVm hwAm Ïò∫$ [aß[amAmß g H$Q> MwH$m h°& bmH$ OrdZ H$r ghOAm°a Òdm^modH$ ‡d•oŒm "AmYwoZH$Vm' H$r Ymam _ß ]h Mbr&

_hmZJamß VH$ hr Zht, ]oÎH$ J´m_rU AßMb _ß r [mÌMmÀ` gßÒH•$oVZ A[Zr C[oÒWoV XO© H$adm Xr h°& Jm±d H$ aÒ_-nadmO, [d©-À`m¢hma,Ymo_©H$-H•$À`, aroV-[aÂ[am, AmMma-Ï`dhma, ahZ-ghZ AmoX _ß EH$


Z`m [nadV©Z [nabojV hmZ bJm& "ahZ [a aΩKy' _ß [ßM°`m (ZmJ[ßM_r)H$m [d© ]∂S> CÀgmh g _Zm`m OmVm Wm& ZmM-JmZm, ImZ-[mZ H$m A[ZmEH$ odef gm°›X`© Wm& Bg Adga [a Hw$ÌVr H$ Xm±d-[ßM MbV W, [a›VwA] hmbmV ]Xb MwH$ h°& [ßM°`m _mÃ EH$ aÒ_ Wr -

"Xyga Jm±dmß _ß [ßM°`m _mÃ Ymo_©H$ À`mhma ah JB© Wr boH$Z [hm∂S>[wa_ß A^r Mb ahr Wr-aÒ_ H$ Í$[ _ß hr ghr !'19

H$Â[Zr H$ [°H$O [mH$a _hmZJa _ß H$m_ H$a H$aZ dmbm Za›– A[Zr_m± H$r _•À`w [a ]mb CVadmZ g Ò[ÓQ> _Zm H$a XVm h° ∑`mßoH$ AmYwoZH$g_` _ß Bg ‡Wm H$m H$mB© _hŒmd Zht h°& gmW hr Cg Mm°W oXZ H$Â[Zr _ßhmoOa hmH$a H$Â[Zr odoOQ> H$aZ dmbmß H$m gm_Zm ^r H$aZm h°& ]mbCVadm H$a dh Òd`ß H$m Í$o∂T>dmXr Zht H$hbmZm MmhVm-

"AÂ_m H$ obE AoVe` ‡_ ]KmaZ dmb ]Q> Zaß– Z CZH$ H$m_ _ß]mb CVmaZ g _Zm H$a oX`m Wm& ]mbmß _ß ∑`m aIm h°& AmSß>]amß _ß CgodÌdmg Zht& Hß$[Zr odoOQ> H$aZ ]mha g bmJ Am ah& Mm°Wm H$aH$ oXÑrMbm OmEJm& Vahdt H$r gw]h bm°Q> AmEJm&'20

^y_ S>brH$aU H$r AW©-ZroV`mß H$ gmW hr AßJÓr r odÌd-^mfm]Z J`r& maV _ß AßJOr emgZH$mb H$ Xm°amZ AßJOr mfm CVZr g_•’Zht Wr, oOVZr ^maVdf© _ß AmO ‡^mdr h°& dV©_mZ g_` _ß AßJÓr H$m^mofH$-kmZ Ïò∫$ H$ Ïò∫$Àd H$m [naMm`H$ h°& oh›Xr [∂T>Z-]mbZdmb H$m AßJÓr H$ gm_Z H$_Va AmßH$m OmVm h°& \$bÒdÍ$[ ^maVrÒZ_mZg ‡À`j `m [amj Í$[ g AßJÓr[Z g ‡^modV h°& AßJÓr H$rBg gŒmm H$m Ao^Ï`∫$ H$aV hwE AO` Zmdna`m obIV h°-

"AßJÓr!...AmO AßJÓr H$m dM©Òd d°gm hr h°, O°gm S>∂T> hOma gmb[hb, ]´m˜Umß H$r gßÒH•$V H$m Wm&...`h d∫$ AmO ^r AkmV H$maUmß gÒdU©`wJ H$hm OmVm h°...'21

Bg ‡H$ma H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ d°ÌdrH$aU H$r ‡oH´$`m Z gmßÒH•$oVH$[nade H$m Jha Í$[ _ß ‡^modV oH$`m h°& [oÌM_r gßÒH•$oV Z [ya odÌd [a

A[Zr N>m[ N>m∂S>r, dht [oÌM_r gßÒH•$oV ^r A›` gßÒH•$oV`mß g ‡^modVhwE o]Zm Zht ah gH$r&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï-1. Oxford English-English-Hindi Dictionary2. JwÈ, Jm[mb, ^maV H$m ^y_ S>brH$aU, A^` Hw$_ma Xw],(gß0),

[•ÓR>-2553. ogßh, [wÓ[[mb, ^y_ S>brH$aU Am°a oh›Xr C[›`mg, [•ÓR>-174. ogßh Zrob_m, ^y_ S>brH$aU Am°a ^maV _ß _mZdmoYH$ma, [•ÓR>-225. og›hm goÉXmZßX, ^y_ S>brH$aU H$r MwZm°oV`mß, ^yo_H$m g C’•V&6. ‡^m IVmZ, ]mOma H$ ]rM : ]mOma H$ oIbm\$ (^y_ S>brH$aU

Am°a Ûr H$ ‡ÌZ), [•ÓR>-247. IVmZ, ‡^m, ^y_ S>brH$aU : ]´mßS> gßÒH•$oV Am°a amÓQ≠>, [•ÓR>-318. ogßh, Ao_V Hw$_ma, y_ S>brH$aU Am°a maV : [na—Ì` Am°a odH$Î[,

[•ÓR>-819. e_m©, Zmogam, ∂Oram amS>, [•ÓR>- 13510. e_m©, Zmogam, ∂Oram amS>, [•ÓR>- 5911. H$mob`m, adr›–, E.]r.gr.S>r., [•ÓR>- 712. H$mob`m, adr›–, E.]r.gr.S>r., [•ÓR>- 3213. H$mob`m, adr›–, E.]r.gr.S>r., [•ÓR>- 1414. H$mob`m, adr›–, E.]r.gr.S>r., [•ÓR>- 5615. H$mob`m, adr›–, E.]r.gr.S>r., [•ÓR>- 5616. gamdJr, AbH$m, EH$ ]´H$ H$ ]mX, [•ÓR>- 12017. Òd`ß ‡H$me, B™YZ, [•ÓR>- 4618. _w“b, oMÃm, oJobJSw>, [•ÓR>- 3219. ogßh, H$merZmW, ahZ [a aΩKy, [•ÓR>-7420. _w“b, oMÃm, oJobJSw>, [•ÓR>- 5221. Zmdna`m, AO`, CYa H$ bmJ, [•ÓR>- 9

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‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - ‡ÒVmdZm - "odZ`-[oÃH$m' _ß ô∫$ H$m gmßJm[mßJ dU©Z oH$`m J`m h°&`h g^r ô∫$-J´›Wmß _ß EH$ [a_mÀH•$ÓQ> J´›W h°& Bg_ß VwbgrXmg ZA[Z ˆX` H$m odZ` g o^JmH$a ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h°& VwbgrXmg Z odZ`[oÃH$m H$ _m‹`_ g A[Z Amam‹` lram_ H$ MaUmß _ß EH$ AOr© [e H$r h°,oOg_ß ô∫$ H$ AZH$ AßJmß Edß C[mJmß gohV A[Zr Ï`Wm gwZmH$aH$ob`wJ g AWm©V≤ gmßgmnaH$ H$ÓQ>mß g ]mha oZH$mbZ VWm JdmZ≤ lram_H$ MaUmß _ß eaU [mZ H$r ]ma-]ma ‡mW©Zm H$r JB© h°& ô∫$ _ß oZ_æÏò∫$ H$m Vm `h J´›W OrdZ H$m gma hr bJVm h°& VwbgrXmg Z odZ`-[oÃH$m H$ _m‹`_ g Ïò∫$ H$m Bg ^dgmJa g [ma hmZ H$m Om amÒVmoXIm`m h°, dh amÒVm h°-ô∫$& odZ`-[oÃH$m H$r AmYma yo_ hr o∫$ h°&"odZ`-[oÃH$m ô∫$H$mßS> H$m EH$ [a_mÀH•$ÓQ> J´›W h°, AZwamJ _hmXoYH$m EH$ oXÏ` aÀZ h°& ∫$mß H$ gag X` H$m Vm h J´›W OrdZ gd©Òd h°&ô∫$[W H$r gmßJm[mßJ [’oV Bg_ß oXImB© JB© h°& Bg ‡_aÀZ-_ßOyfm H$^rVa gwaogH$ Om°har H°$g-H°$g odbjU aÀZ [m gH$Vm h° `h H$hZ H$r]mV Zht, AZw^d H$aZ H$r h°& O] g_J´ J´›W hr o∫$-ag g [naflbw· h°Vm ô∫$-og’m›V hr gd©Ã ‡oV[fi o_bJm boH$Z oH$gr H$ _V gVwbgrXmg odoeÓQ>m¤°VdmXr Am°a oH$gr H$r gÂ_oV g A¤°VdmXr og’oH$E JE h¢& h_mar —oÓQ> _ß VwbgrXmg H$m ô∫$-Xe©Z am_mZwOmMm`© H$odoeÓQ>m¤°VdmX g _b ImVm h°&'1 odoeÓQ>m¤°VdmX _ß ]´˜ VWm Ord _ßAßVa hmVm h°& ]´˜ odoeÓQ> hmVm h° VWm Ord Vw¿N> hmVm h°& Ord B©Ìda H$reaU _ß OmH$a hr B©Ìda (]´˜) H$m gmoZ‹` ‡m· H$a gH$Vm h°& Ord o∫$H$ _m‹`_ g hr Bg _m`m Í$[r AmdaU H$m H$mQ> gH$Vm h° VWm B©Ìda_`hm gH$Vm h°& `h gßgma Om gÀ` ‡VrV hmVm h°, dh _m`m H$ hr H$maU‡VrV hmVm h°& O] _ZwÓ` B©Ìda H$r eaU _ß OmVm h° Vm h _m`mOmb H$Q>OmVm h° VWm Ord H$m Om gÀ` bJ ahm Wm dh o_œ`m OmZ [∂S>Vm h°& Bg‡H$ma hnaô∫$ g hr ^d]›YZmß g _w∫$ hwAm Om gH$Vm h°& VwbgrXmg ^ram_ H$m odoeÓQ> VWm Ord H$m Vw¿N> g_PV h¢ VWm am_ ô∫$ g hr OrdB©Ìda H$m gmo_fl` ‡m· H$a gH$Vm h°& am_mZwOmMm © Z eßH$admX H$m I S>ZH$a ô∫$‡YmZ lrgß‡Xm` H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r Wr & Bgr gß‡Xm` _ß AmJ MbH$a am_mZ›X Or hwE& oO›hmßZ o∫$ H$m OmoV-[m±oV H$ ]›YZ g oZH$mbH$aOZ-OZ VH$ [hw±Mm`m& "AmMmar d°ÓUdmß _ß Hw$N> gßH$rU©Vm XIH$a lram_mZ›X Òdm_r Z EH$ [•WH$ hr A[Zm gß‡Xm` Mbm oX`m& B›hmßZlram_Zm_ Am°a am_-ô∫$ H$m hr ‡mYm›` oX`m& OmoV-[m±oV H$m odMmaEH$X_ Vm∂S> oX`m& Owbmh, M_ma Am°a H$gmB© ^r BZH$ Mb hm JE& ô∫$-^mJraWr gwodÒVrU©-jÃ _ß hmH$a ]hZ bJt& Z^m _ S>b lram_Zm_ H$r_Ywa-‹doZ g Jy±O CR>m&'2 VwbgrXmg r Bgr lrgß‡Xm` H$ AZ›` d°ÓUd

* ghm`H$ ‡d∫$m (oh›Xr) S>r.E.dr. _hmod⁄mb`, A]mha ([ßOm]) ‰mmaV

W& AmMm`© am_mZwO `m odoeÓQ>m¤°VdmX `m lrgß‡Xm` H$ AZwgma- Ordd ]´ EH$ Zht hmV& ]´ (B©Ìda, gJwU) odoeÓQ> hmVm h° VWm oMV≤ (Ord)d AoMV≤ (OJV≤) ]´˜ H$m Aße _mÃ h°& Ord d ]´˜ XmZmß hr gÀ` h° oH$›VwXmZmß g_mZ Í$[ g ÒdVßÃ Zht h¢& Ord ]´˜ g o^fi CgH$m Aße _mÃ h°&B©Ìda, Ord Am°a OJV≤ VrZmß hr gÀ` h¢ VWm o∫$ ¤mam Ord H$m _mj ‡m·hmVm h°& Ord H$m B©Ìda H$m gm—Ì` ‡m· hm OmVm h° boH$Z "Ord d [a_mÀ_mH$m E∑` gÂ[fi Zht hmVm&'3 Ord O] VH$ JdmZ≤ H$r eaU _ß Zht OmVm,V] VH$ CgH$m [a_ H$Î`mU hm Zht gH$Vm& Bg ‡H$ma VwbgrXmg H$m r`hr _mZZm h° oH$ B©Ìda odoeÓQ> h° VWm Ord Vw¿N> h° boH$Z Ord B©Ìda H$reaU _ß AmH$a Y›` hm OmVm h°& JdmZ≤ H$m gm—Ì` ‡m· hm OmVm h°& Bgr]mV H$m VwbgrXmg Z AJ´ oboIV [⁄ g Bg ‡H$ma ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h°-

"""""Vy X`mbw, XrZ hm¢ ß, Vy XmZr, hm¢ oÎmar&Vy X`mbw, XrZ hm¢ ß, Vy XmZr, hm¢ oÎmar&Vy X`mbw, XrZ hm¢ ß, Vy XmZr, hm¢ oÎmar&Vy X`mbw, XrZ hm¢ ß, Vy XmZr, hm¢ oÎmar&Vy X`mbw, XrZ hm¢ ß, Vy XmZr, hm¢ oÎmar& hm¢ ‡og’ [mVH$r, Vy [m[- [wßO-hmar&& hm¢ ‡og’ [mVH$r, Vy [m[- [wßO-hmar&& hm¢ ‡og’ [mVH$r, Vy [m[- [wßO-hmar&& hm¢ ‡og’ [mVH$r, Vy [m[- [wßO-hmar&& hm¢ ‡og’ [mVH$r, Vy [m[- [wßO-hmar&&ZmW Vy AZmW H$m, AZmW H$m°Z _mgm&ZmW Vy AZmW H$m, AZmW H$m°Z _mgm&ZmW Vy AZmW H$m, AZmW H$m°Z _mgm&ZmW Vy AZmW H$m, AZmW H$m°Z _mgm&ZmW Vy AZmW H$m, AZmW H$m°Z _mgm& _m g_mZ AmaV Zohß, AmaoVha Vmgm&& _m g_mZ AmaV Zohß, AmaoVha Vmgm&& _m g_mZ AmaV Zohß, AmaoVha Vmgm&& _m g_mZ AmaV Zohß, AmaoVha Vmgm&& _m g_mZ AmaV Zohß, AmaoVha Vmgm&& ]´˜ Vy, hm¢ Ord, Vy h° R>mHw$a, hm¢ Mam& ]´˜ Vy, hm¢ Ord, Vy h° R>mHw$a, hm¢ Mam& ]´˜ Vy, hm¢ Ord, Vy h° R>mHw$a, hm¢ Mam& ]´˜ Vy, hm¢ Ord, Vy h° R>mHw$a, hm¢ Mam& ]´˜ Vy, hm¢ Ord, Vy h° R>mHw$a, hm¢ Mam&

VmV-_mV, JwÈ-gIm, Vy g] o]oY ohVw _am&&VmV-_mV, JwÈ-gIm, Vy g] o]oY ohVw _am&&VmV-_mV, JwÈ-gIm, Vy g] o]oY ohVw _am&&VmV-_mV, JwÈ-gIm, Vy g] o]oY ohVw _am&&VmV-_mV, JwÈ-gIm, Vy g] o]oY ohVw _am&&Vmohß _mohß ZmV AZH$, _moZ`° Om ^md°&Vmohß _mohß ZmV AZH$, _moZ`° Om ^md°&Vmohß _mohß ZmV AZH$, _moZ`° Om ^md°&Vmohß _mohß ZmV AZH$, _moZ`° Om ^md°&Vmohß _mohß ZmV AZH$, _moZ`° Om ^md°&

¡`m ß À`m ß Vwbgr H•$[mbw! MaZ-gaZ [md°&&'¡`m ß À`m ß Vwbgr H•$[mbw! MaZ-gaZ [md°&&'¡`m ß À`m ß Vwbgr H•$[mbw! MaZ-gaZ [md°&&'¡`m ß À`m ß Vwbgr H•$[mbw! MaZ-gaZ [md°&&'¡`m ß À`m ß Vwbgr H•$[mbw! MaZ-gaZ [md°&&'44444

AWm©V≤ h ZmW! Vy XrZmß [a X`m H$aZ dmbm h°, Vm _¢ XrZ hy±& Vy AVwbXmZr h°, Vm _¢ oÎ_ßJm h±y& _¢ ‡og’ [m[r hy±, Vm Vy [m[-[wßOmß H$m ZmeH$aZ dmbm h°& Vy AZmWmß H$m ZmW h°, Vm _wP-O°gm AZmW ^r Am°a H$m°Zh°? _a g_mZ H$mB© X:wIr Zht h° Am°a Va g_mZ H$mB© Xw:Imß H$m haZ dmbmZht h°& Vy ]´˜ h°, _° Ord hy±& Vy Òdm_r h°, _¢ gdH$ hy±& AoYH$ ∑`m, _am Vm_mVm, o[Vm, JwÈ, o_Ã Am°a g] ‡H$ma g ohVH$mar Vy hr h°& _a-Va AZH$ZmV h¢; ZmVm VwP Om A¿N>m bJ, dhr _mZ b& [a›Vw ]mV `h h° oH$ hH•$[mbw! oH$gr ^r Vah `h VwbgrXmg Va MaUmß H$r eaU [m Omd& Bg‡H$ma VwbgrXmg A[Z Amam‹` lram_ g A[Zr XrZVm H$m dU©Z H$aVhwE H$hV h¢ oH$ h ‡^w _¢ XrZ hy± & Hw$N> ^r H$aZ H$m _a _ß gm_œ`© Zht h°& _¢oÎmar H$r Vah ha g_` Am[ g Hw$N> Z Hw$N> _m±JVm hr ahVm hy±& _¢ VmH$db [m[r hr Zht g^r [mo[`mß _ß AJ´J ` hy±& boH$Z Am[H$r gm_œ`© _ß_wP [yU© odÌdmg h°& Am[ XrZmß [a X`m H$aZ _ß AmJ ahV h¢& Am[ AVwbXmZr h¢, ^∫$ H$m o]Z _m±J g] Hw$N> X XV h¢ß& Am[ [m[-[wßOmß H$m [bH$-P[H$V hr ZÓQ> H$a XV h¢& Am[ g^r AZmWmß H$ ZmW h¢ AWm©V ghmam h¢oOgH$m Bg gßgma _¢ H$mB© ghmam Zht CgH$m B©Ìda A[Z Am[ ghmam ]ZOmV h¢ß& ^JdmZ≤ Òd`ß gmaWr ]Z H$a CgH$ aW H$m hm±H$V h¢ß& Am[ XwImß


H$m haU H$aZ dmb h¢& Vy ]´˜ h°, _¢ Ord hy±& Vy Òdm_r h°, _°ß gdH$ hy±&VwbgrXmg obIV h¢ oH$ B©Ìda ]´˜ h° AWm©V≤ odoeÓQ> h¢, _ZwÓ` Ord h° Om_m`m H$ AYrZ h° AWm©V≤ Vw¿N> h°& Ord ô∫$ H$ _m‹`_ g B©Ìda H$r eaU_ß AmH$a hr Bg gßgma g Va gH$Vm h°& Bg ‡H$ma VwbgrXmg Z ]´˜ H$modoeÓQ> VWm Ord H$m Vw¿N> _mZm h°& d ]´˜ VWm Ord H$m AbJ-AbJ_mZV h¢& C›hmßßZ am_Zm_ H$r _hŒmm Am°a gd©‡YmZVm H$m hr ‡_wI _mZm h°&Ord ‡^w H$r eaU [mH$a hr Y›` hm gH$Vm h°& C›hmßZ A[Z gma gß]›YmßH$m JdmZ≤ lram_ _ß hr XIm h°& d A[Z Am[ H$m [m[r VWm AZmW _mZVh¢ boH$Z JdmZ≤ H$r gm_œ © _ß [yU© odÌdmg h° V^r Vm JdmZ≤ H$m A[Zmg] ‡H$ma g ohVH$mar g_PV h¢& oZ:g›Xh C›hm ßZ H$ht-H$htA¤°VdmoX`mß H$r Vah OJV≤ H$m AgÀ` _mZm h°& Cg _•JOb, a¡Ow-g[©,aOV-gr[ AmoX H$hH$a ^´_Í$[ ]Vm`m h°& oH$›Vw VwbgrXmg H$m ‡`mOZA¤°VdmoX`mß H$ ‡`mOZ g o^fi h°& Ohm± A¤°VdmoX OJV≤ H$m AgÀ`g_PV h¢, dht VwbgrXmg H$db Cgr OJV≤ H$m AgÀ` g_PV h¢& Ohm±am_ H$m oZdmg Zht h°& "hnaey›` OJV≤' H$m hr C›hmßZ BZ g] odefUmßg od^yofV oH$`m h° "hna_` OJV≤' H$m Zht& odf`m[^mJ _ß ob· Ord H$moda∫$ ]ZmZ H$ obE gßgma H$ o_œ`mÀd H$m oZXe oH$`m J`m h°, odf`m[aVEdß ^JdXZwa∫$ _hm-^mJ H$m Zht& Om Ord ÒdmW© H$m hr gßgma g_PVh°; CZH$ obE AdÌ` hr JmgmßB©Or ¤mam "OJfio_œ`m' H$m og’m›V‡oV[moXV oH$`m J`m h°, oH$›Vw Om [amW© Edß [a_mW© _ß OJV≤ H$r gŒmmÒdrH$ma H$aV h¢, CZ oZÓH$m_ AZmg∫$ H$_©`moJ`mß H$ obE Am[Z gßgmaH$m ÒJV≤ gMmB©-gma' H$hH$a [wH$mam h°&'5 Bg ‡H$ma VwbgrXmg Zog’m›VÍ$[ g Vm odoeÓQ>m¤°VdmX H$m hr ÒdrH$ma oH$`m h°-"""""Om Vw_ À`mJmß am_ hm¢ Vm° Zohß À`mJm& [nahna [m±` H$moh AZwamJmß&&Om Vw_ À`mJmß am_ hm¢ Vm° Zohß À`mJm& [nahna [m±` H$moh AZwamJmß&&Om Vw_ À`mJmß am_ hm¢ Vm° Zohß À`mJm& [nahna [m±` H$moh AZwamJmß&&Om Vw_ À`mJmß am_ hm¢ Vm° Zohß À`mJm& [nahna [m±` H$moh AZwamJmß&&Om Vw_ À`mJmß am_ hm¢ Vm° Zohß À`mJm& [nahna [m±` H$moh AZwamJmß&&

gwIX gw‡^w Vw_ gm OJ_mht& ldZ-Z`Z _Z -JmMa Zmht&&gwIX gw‡^w Vw_ gm OJ_mht& ldZ-Z`Z _Z -JmMa Zmht&&gwIX gw‡^w Vw_ gm OJ_mht& ldZ-Z`Z _Z -JmMa Zmht&&gwIX gw‡^w Vw_ gm OJ_mht& ldZ-Z`Z _Z -JmMa Zmht&&gwIX gw‡^w Vw_ gm OJ_mht& ldZ-Z`Z _Z -JmMa Zmht&&hm¢ O∂S> Ord, B©g aKwam`m& Vw_ _m`m[oV, hm¢ ]g _m`m&&hm¢ O∂S> Ord, B©g aKwam`m& Vw_ _m`m[oV, hm¢ ]g _m`m&&hm¢ O∂S> Ord, B©g aKwam`m& Vw_ _m`m[oV, hm¢ ]g _m`m&&hm¢ O∂S> Ord, B©g aKwam`m& Vw_ _m`m[oV, hm¢ ]g _m`m&&hm¢ O∂S> Ord, B©g aKwam`m& Vw_ _m`m[oV, hm¢ ]g _m`m&&

hm° Vm Hw$OmMH$, Òdm_r gwXmVm& hm¢ Hw$[yV, Vw_ ohVw o[Vw-_mVm&&hm° Vm Hw$OmMH$, Òdm_r gwXmVm& hm¢ Hw$[yV, Vw_ ohVw o[Vw-_mVm&&hm° Vm Hw$OmMH$, Òdm_r gwXmVm& hm¢ Hw$[yV, Vw_ ohVw o[Vw-_mVm&&hm° Vm Hw$OmMH$, Òdm_r gwXmVm& hm¢ Hw$[yV, Vw_ ohVw o[Vw-_mVm&&hm° Vm Hw$OmMH$, Òdm_r gwXmVm& hm¢ Hw$[yV, Vw_ ohVw o[Vw-_mVm&&Om [° H$hw ± H$mC ]yPV ]mVm& Vm° VwbgrXmg o]Zw _mb o]H$Vm&&'Om [° H$hw ± H$mC ]yPV ]mVm& Vm° VwbgrXmg o]Zw _mb o]H$Vm&&'Om [° H$hw ± H$mC ]yPV ]mVm& Vm° VwbgrXmg o]Zw _mb o]H$Vm&&'Om [° H$hw ± H$mC ]yPV ]mVm& Vm° VwbgrXmg o]Zw _mb o]H$Vm&&'Om [° H$hw ± H$mC ]yPV ]mVm& Vm° VwbgrXmg o]Zw _mb o]H$Vm&&'66666

AWm©V≤ h am_Or! òX Am[ _wP À`mJ ^r XßJß, Vm ^r _¢ Am[H$m ZhtN>m∂Sy>±Jm& ∑`mßoH$ Am[H$ MaUmß H$m N>m∂S>H$a _¢ Am°a oH$gH$ gmW ‡_ H$Í±$?Am[H$ g_mZ gwI XZ dmbm gw›Xa Òdm_r Bg gßgma _ß AmOVH$ Z H$mZmßg gwZm h°, Z Am±Imß g XIm h° Am°a Z _Z g AZw_mZ _ß hr AmVm h°& haKwZmWOr! _¢ O∂S> Ord hy± Am°a Am[ B©Ìda h¢& Am[ _m`m H$ Òdm_r h¢ (_m`mAm[H$ de_ß h°) Am°a _¢ _m`m H$ de hmH$a ahVm hy±& _¢ Vm EH$ H•$VøZ`mMH$ hy± Am°a Am[ ]∂S> CXma Òdm_r h¢& _¢ Am[H$m Hw$[yV hy± Am°a Am[ ohVH$aZ dmb _mVm-o[Vm h¢& md h h° oH$ b∂S>H$m Hw$[yV hmZ [a r _m±-]m[CgH$m ohV hr MmhV h¢, Eg hr Am[ ^r gXm _am [mbZ-[mfU hr oH$`mH$aV h¢& òX H$ht H$mB© ^r _ar ]mV [yN>Vm, Vm `h VwbgrXmg o]Zm hr_mb (CgH$ hmW) o]H$ OmVm& ([a›Vw Am[H$ ogdm _wP-garI ZrM H$mH$m°Z aIVm h°? AV: _¢ Am[H$m H$^r Zht N>m∂Sy>±Jm)& Bg ‡H$ma VwbgrXmgA[Z Am[H$m O∂S> Ord VWm ^JdmZ≤ lram_ H$m odoeÓQ> B©Ìda g_PV h¢Am°a `h ^r OmZV h¢ oH$ Ord B©Ìda H$r eaU _ß AmH$a H•$VH•$À` hm OmVmh° AV: ^JdmZ≤ g H$hV h¢ oH$ _¢ Am[H$ MaUmß H$m N>m∂S>H$a Am°a oH$gH$gmW ‡_ H$Í±$? Am[gm g_W© Bg gßgma _ß H$mB© h° hr Zht& VwbgrXmgA[Z Amam‹` lram_ H$m _mVm-o[Vm _mZV h¢ VWm A[Z Am[H$m CZH$mHw$[yV [wÃ& boH$Z JdmZ≤ [a [yU© odÌdmg h° oH$ Hw$[yV hmV hwE r JdmZ≤_am ohV hr H$aJß& Bg ‡H$ma VwbgrXmg obIV h¢ oH$ AZ›` ^md g ‡^w

H$r eaU _ß OmZm hr Ord H$ obE l`ÒH$a h° VWm hr OrdZ H$r gmW©H$Vmh°& Bg ‡H$ma VwbgrXmg am_-Zm_ H$r _oh_m H$m ]ImZ H$aV hwE WH$VZht h° d obIV h¢ oH$ JdmZ≤ am_ Vm o]Zm hr H$maU Xyga H$m ohV H$a XVh¢& CZH$ g_mZ Xygam H$m°Z hm gH$Vm h°-

"""""AH$maZ H$m ohVy Am°a H$m h°&AH$maZ H$m ohVy Am°a H$m h°&AH$maZ H$m ohVy Am°a H$m h°&AH$maZ H$m ohVy Am°a H$m h°&AH$maZ H$m ohVy Am°a H$m h°&o]aX `Jar]-oZdmO' H$m°ZH$m, ^m¢h Omgw OZ Omh°&&o]aX `Jar]-oZdmO' H$m°ZH$m, ^m¢h Omgw OZ Omh°&&o]aX `Jar]-oZdmO' H$m°ZH$m, ^m¢h Omgw OZ Omh°&&o]aX `Jar]-oZdmO' H$m°ZH$m, ^m¢h Omgw OZ Omh°&&o]aX `Jar]-oZdmO' H$m°ZH$m, ^m¢h Omgw OZ Omh°&&

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bhamß H$ amOhßg H$ _m‹`_ g _wª` [mÃ ZßX H$r AoÒWa _Z: oÒWoV


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gwa›–ZmW H$r dmUr _ß AmOoÒdVm Wr & d A[Z [Ã "]ßJmbr' H$_m‹`_ g gaH$mar gm_´m¡`dmXr ZroV`mß H$m odamY H$aV W& \$bÒdÍ$[Am[H$m 1883 _ß gaH$ma Z Xm _mh H$r H°$X H$m AmXe gwZm`m & Bg X S>H$m Am[Z ]∂S> Jm°ad H$ gmW ÒdrH$ma oH$`m & Cg gOm H$m [ya ^maV _ßodamY hwAm & 1876 _ß Am[Z "Bo S>`Z EgmogèZ' Zm_H$ AoIb^maVr` amOZroVH$ gßJR>Z H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r & amOZroVH$ OmJaU H$r‡]b bha Mb ahr Wr& BßΩb° S> _ß XmXm ^mB© Zm°amOr H$ ‡`mg g "B©ÒQ>BßoS>`m gmgm`Q>r' H$r ÒWm[Zm 1861 _ß hwB© & Bg gßÒWm H$ _m‹`_ gBßΩb° S> _ß amOZroVkmß H$ Í$[ _ß ghmZw^yoV OJmZ H$ obE o_. ¯y_ Z"Bo S>`Z ZeZb H$mßJ´g' H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r & o_. y_ gˆX` VWm maVrÒZVm H$ ‡oV CXma ^md aIV W& d O] oObm _oOÒQ≠>a ah, V] oejm‡gma, [wobg gwYma, _oXam oZfY, Xer ^mfmAmß H$ g_mMma-[Ãmß H$rXer ^mfmAmß H$ g_mMma-[Ãmß H$rXer ^mfmAmß H$ g_mMma-[Ãmß H$rXer ^mfmAmß H$ g_mMma-[Ãmß H$rXer ^mfmAmß H$ g_mMma-[Ãmß H$r‡JoV, ‡JoV, ‡JoV, ‡JoV, ‡JoV, ]mb A[amoY`mß H$ gwYma AmoX H$ obE Am[Z H$m\$r ‡`mg oH$E&^maVr` amÓQ≠>r` H$mßJ´g H$r ÒWm[Zm g oh›Xr AI]mamß H$r Z°oVH$ D$Om©]∂T> JB©& dh gaH$ma H$ JbV oZU©`mß, ZroV`mß VWm H$X_mß H$ odÍ$’OZ_mZg H$m gßKf© H$ obE ‡naV H$aZ bJr Wr&6

A] Cg [r∂T>r H$m O›_ hm MwH$m Wm, oOg ÒdXer Am›XmbZ H$r]mJS>ma gß^mbZr Wr & Bgr `wJ _ß lr Aaod›X Am°a oVbH$ H$m ‡mXw^m©dhwAm & 1894 B©. _ß ]Â]B© g ‡H$moeV hmZ dmb "B›– ‡H$me' _ß lr Aaod›XZ "›`y bÂ[ \$ma AmÎS>' erf©H$ g amOZroVH$ bI obIZm ewÍ$ oH$E & BZbmJm _ß H$mßJ´g H$ ‡oV Ag›Vmf Ï`∫$ hmVm Wm, BgobE amZmS> H$ X]mdH$ H$maU bImß H$m ‡H$meZ ]ßX hm J`m &

oh›Xr [ÃH$mnaVm H$r VOoÒdVm H$m Ao^ZßXZ H$aV hwE OJXre‡gmX MVwdXr Z obIm h°- "Ohm± VH$ H´$mßoVH$mar AmßXmbZ H$m gß]ßY h°,^maV H$m H´$mßoVH$mar AmßXmbZ ]ßXyH$ Am°a ]_ g Zht, g_mMma [Ãmß g ewÍ$hwAm&7 oVbH$ H$m amOZ°oVH$ OrdZ ‡maÂ^ hm MwH$m Wm & "H$gar' Am°a"_amR>m' H$ VrI Vda Z` amOZroVH$ [nadV©Z H$m gßH$V X ah W & 4OZdar, 1881 H$m "H$ear' H$m [hbm AßH$ ‡H$me _ß Am`m Am°a "_amR>m'Cgg Xm oXZ [hb oZH$bm Wm & oVbH$ Z JU[oV CÀgd H$m 1893 _ßamÓQ≠>r` E∑` H$ gßX^© _ß ‡ÒVwV oH$`m & oVbH$ Z Ï`mdhmnaH$ amOZroV H$jÃ _ß V] amÓQ≠>r`Vm H$ AmXe© C[oÒWV oH$E & "Òdam¡` h_mam O›_og’AoYH$ma' H$m CZH$m ogßhZmX odXer VmH$Vmß H$ hmßgb [ÒV H$aZ bJmWm& d°YmoZH$Vm H$r XwhmB© XH$a AßJOmß H$ AmJ hmW [gmaZ H$r amOZroVH$o^jmd•oŒm g_m· ‡m`: hm JB© Wr & [yU© Òdam¡` H$m md OZ-OZ _ß OmJMwH$m Wm& bmH$_m›` oVbH$ H$ gh`moJ`mß _ß odo[ZM›– [mb, Aaod›XKmf Am°a bmbm bmO[V am` W& amOZroV H$ Ymam H$m _m∂S>Z _ß gj_ g^rZd`wdH$ CZH$ gmW W & Zd`wdH$ hr g_` AmZ [a ÒdVßÃVm gßJ´m_ H$‡_wI gZmZr ]Z &

amÓQ≠>r`Vm H$r Ymam gVV≤ odH$mg [m ahr Wr & Cg odH$mg _ß [ÃH$mnaVmH$m ^r A_yÎ` gh`mJ Wm& ^maVr` [ÃH$mnaVm H$ BoVhmg _ß CfirgdtgXr H$m CŒmam’© Am°a ]rgdt gXr H$m ‡maÂ^ AWm©V≤ bJ^J ]rg df©VOÒdr [oÃH$m H$m `wJ h°& Bg H$mb _ß AZH$ _hÀd[yU© [Ã ‡H$moeV hwE& O°g- gm_ ‡H$me, gwb^ g_mMma, A_•V ]mOma [oÃH$m, gmYZm,Am`©Xe©Z, ]ßJbm, _amR>m, H$gar, oQ≠>Ï`yZ, Bo S>`Z o_aa AmoX & 1891

_ß [ÃH$mnaVm H$ jÃ _ß EH$ _hÀd[yU© Ïò∫$Àd Câm- am_mZßX MQ>Or©&B›hmßZ Xmgr, ‡Xr[, ‡dmgr Am°a _mS>Z© naÏ`y AmoX H$B© [Ã oZH$mb &H$db ]ßJmb g hr 38 [Ãmß H$m ‡H$meZ hwAm & Bg H$mbmdoY _ß oh›Xr H$AZH$ [Ã ‡H$moeV hwE & O°g- hnaeM›– Mßo–H$m, maVo_Ã, oh›Xr ‡Xr[,gma gwYmoZoY Am°a CoMV d∫$m& 1890 _ß "oh›Xr ]ßJdmgr' H$m r ‡H$meZhwAm &

bmS©> obßQ>Z H$ emgZH$mb _ß dZm©∑`yba ‡g E∑Q> 1878 [mg hwAm,Om 14 _mM© H$m H$mZyZ ]Zm Am°a _–mg H$ Abmdm g^r ‡m›Vmß [a bmJyhwAm & `h Egm g_` Wm O] ^maV _ß 644 [Ã-[oÃH$mE± ‡H$moeV hm ahrWr Am°a CZ_ß 400 [Ã ^mfm`r [Ã W& BZH$r [mR>H$ gßª`m ^r bJ^JEH$ bmI Wr&8 Bg H$mZyZ H$m [ya Xe _ß odamY hwAm & odamYr Òdamß H$‡H$meZ H$m amH$Z H$ obE `h oZ`_ ]Zm Wm & Bgr H$r ‡oVoH´$`m H$ Í$[_ß _–mg g oh›Xy H$m ‡H$meZ hwAm & g^r [Ãmß Z BgH$m IwbH$a odamYoH$`m &

19dt eVm„Xr H$ CÀVam’© AWm©V≤ 16 OwbmB©, 1893 B©. H$m ]m]yÌ`m_ gw›Xa Xmg, am_ZmamÙ o_l, R>mHw$a oedHw$_maogßh H$ AWH$ ‡`mgmßg "ZmJar ‡MmnaUr g^m' H$r ÒWm[Zm hwB©& ZmJar ‡MmnaUr g^m ^mfmAm°a gßÒH•$oV H$ jÃ _ß h_ma amÓQ≠>r` od–mh H$r ‡W_ ‡VrH$ Wr & oh›XrgmohÀ` H$m `h ^maV›Xw `wJ Wm & ^maV›Xw Òd`ß ÒdXer H$ [jYa W &H$mbm›Va _ß Jm±Yr Or Z ßJ BßoS>`m, Zd OrdZ, oh›Xr Zd OrdZ [Ãmß H$mhnaOZ hnaOZ hnaOZ hnaOZ hnaOZ gßkm Xr & Jm±YrOr Z ÒdVßÃVm AmßXmbZ H$m ZV•Àd oH$`m VWmgÀ`mJ´h, Agh`mJ AmßXmbZ H$m EH$ ZB© oXem Xr & ^maV N>m∂S>mAm›XmbZ, H$am m _am H$r C”mfUm H$a C›hmßZ gma Xe H$m C¤obV H$aoX`m & oOgH$m [naUm_ gZ≤ 1947 _ß ^maV H$r AmOmXr H$ Í$[ _ß gm_ZAm`m & 1920 _ß H$mßJ´g AoYdfZ _ß oh›Xr H$m amO^mfm ÒdrH$ma oH$`mJ`m& AV: oh›Xr H$r [ÃH$mnaVm H$m ZB© ^yo_ VWm ZB© oXem o_b JB© &CgH$m ‡^md jÃ ^r odÒV•V hwAm& Bg gßX^© _ß S>m∞. am_aVZ ^Q>ZmJa H$mH$WZ _hÀd[yU© h°-' H$mßJ´g Z OZVm H$ [mg [hw±MZ H$ obE oh›Xr ^mfmH$m A[Zm`m& \$bV: oh›Xr [ÃH$mnaVm –wVJoV g ]∂T>r& O°g-O°g amÓQ≠>rÀm›XmbZ Vrd´ hwAm, oh›Xr [ÃH$mnaVm ge∫$ Edß VOÒdr hwB©&9^maVràmÓQ≠>r`Vm H$m odH$mg Am°a [ÃH$mnaVm H$m odH$mg Z H$db g_mZm›VahwAm h° Ao[Vw XmZmß EH$-Xyga H$ gh`mJr ah h¢& [ÃH$mnaVm Z amÓQ≠>ròdH$mg H$m JoV ‡XmZ H$r VWm amÓQ≠>r`Vm Z [ÃH$mnaVm H$ ÒdÍ$[ H$m Am°aAoYH$ oZImam &

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ1. S>m∞. odZmX JmXa, oh›Xr [ÃH$mnaVm-ÒdÍ$[ Edß gßX^©, [•ÓR> 1562. S>m∞. odZmX JmXa, oh›Xr [ÃH$mnaVm-ÒdÍ$[ Edß gßX^©, [•ÓR> 503. H•$ÓUo]hmar o_l, [ÃH$mnaVm-BoVhmg Am°a ‡ÌZ, [•ÓR> 1404. H•$ÓUo]hmar o_l, [ÃH$mnaVm-BoVhmg Am°a ‡ÌZ, [•ÓR> 1455. H•$ÓUo]hmar o_l, [ÃH$mnaVm-BoVhmg Am°a ‡ÌZ, [•ÓR> 316. S>m∞. odZmX JmXa, oh›Xr [ÃH$mnaVm-ÒdÍ$[ Edß gßX^©, [•ÓR> 1597. S>m∞. a_ÌM›– O°Z, oh›Xr [ÃH$mnaVm H$m AmbmMZmÀ_H$ BoVhmg,

[•ÓR> 1228. E_. Mbm[oV amd, Xr ‡g, [•ÓR> 699. S>m∞. am_aVZ ^Q>ZmJa, Xr amBO E S> J´mW Am∞\$ oh›X OZ©ob¡_,

[•ÓR> 357-58


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ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma oh›Xr H$mÏ` _ß amOZroVH$ _yÎ`mß H$m gdm©oYH$ _hÀd‡m· hwAm h°& g_ gm_o`H$ OrdZ [yU©V: amOZroV g ‡^modV h° AV:amOZroV [nade g Ow∂S>Zm ‡m`: g^r H$od`mß H$m aMZm [nade ]ZVmJ`m& amOZroVH$ gwP]yP obE Bg Xm°a H$ H$od`mß H$m H•$oVÀd Am_ AmX_rH$ amOZroVH$ h°& gÀ` H$r [r∂S>m H$r H$Wm gwZmVm h°& Bg gßX^© _ß H$odgdÌdaX`mb g∑gZm Or H$m H$WZ —ÓQ>Ï` h° -

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g_H$mbrZ H$odVm H$r [•ÓR> yo_ _ß AZH$mZH$ H$mÏ` AmßXmbZ O›_ßVOr g ‡dmh _ß AmE Am°a ÒdV: oVamohV hmH$a Z` `wJ H$r Z`r odMmaYmam _ß odbrZ hmV JE, oH$›Vw g_H$mbrZ H$odVm _ß odMma yo_ H$m ‡mYm›`h°& _ZwÓ` H$r `WmW©Vm H$ AßoV_ N>ma VH$ Ow∂S>r g_H$mbrZ H$odVm _ZwÓ`H$r dmÒVodH$ oÒWoV H$m ]ImZ H$aVr h° Am°a A[Z CŒmaXmo`Àd H$mgOJVm g oZdm©h H$aVr h°& Jmßd Am°a eha H$ ]rM ]Q>Vr/Qy>Q>Vr, KQ>Vr_mZdr` gßdXZm H$m ]MmZ H$r AoYH$ [waOma H$moee g_H$mbrZ H$odVm_ß hr oXIbmB© [∂S>Vr h°& g_H$mbrZ H$odVm H$r g]g ]∂S>r odoeÓQ>Vm h° oH$g_H$mbrZ _ZwÓ` [yd©dŒmr© YmaUmAmß Edß oMßVZ VWm [aÂ[am g Zht ]oÎH$g_H$mbrZ odMmamß Edß oZÓH$fm~ H$r g_mYmZmß H$r `WmW© Edß ‡`mJ H$r[aI g [aIVm h°& ha [yd©YmaUm H$m ^br^mßoV oMßVZ H$a Cg_ß g gÀÈdß odH$mg H$ ]rO oZH$mb bVm h°& g_H$mbrZ H$odVm H$r gm_moOH$,amOZroVH$, AmoW©H$ [•ÓR>^yo_ _ß g_` H$ gmW d°MmnaH$ ^md ^yo_ H$m‡mYm›` h° Am°a `WmW© H$m CXmŒm Í$[& BgH$ g_mYmZ H$r Ao^Ïò∫$ H$mH$›– ^r _ZwÓ` H$m _ZwÓ` H$ obE oH$`m J`m gmW©H$ ‡`mg h° oOg_ßCgH$r dXZm, oZamem Am°a Hw$ßR>m VWm Qy>Q>Z VWm CgH$ gmW hr CZH$g_mYmZ Edß gh`mJ H$r gßdXZm, ]°MZr ^r g_mohV h°&gm_moOH$ [naoÒWoV`m± - gm_moOH$ [naoÒWoV`m± - gm_moOH$ [naoÒWoV`m± - gm_moOH$ [naoÒWoV`m± - gm_moOH$ [naoÒWoV`m± - gmohÀ` H$ ^md g_mO g [yU©V: ‡^modVhmV h°& gm_moOH$ OrdZ g hr gmohÀ` H$r aMZm gm_J´r V°`ma hmVr h°∑`mßoH$ gm_moOH$ ^mdmß H$r ‡À`H$ N>m`m ‡oV¿N>m`m h_ß gmohÀ` _ß XIZH$m o_bVr h°& ‡À`H$ `wJ H$m OrdßV gmohÀ` A[Z `wJ H$ gm_moOH$gß]ßYmß Am°a OZodÌdmgmß H$m Ï`∫$ H$aVm h°&

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ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma maV _ß oejm H$ ]∂S>-]∂S> H$›– ÒWmo[V oH$E JE, oH$›VwCZ [a AoYH$ma H$db oZOr hmWmß _ß og_Q> J`m Wm, H$mbmßVa _ß oejm H$jÃmß [a ^r Y_©, OmoV, dJ© gÂ‡Xm`mß H$m dM©Òd XIm J`m& BZ oÒWoV`mßH$ [naUm_ ÒdÍ$[ ‡]w’ gm_moOH$ dJ© _ß Om odjm^ CÀ[fi hwAm CgamÓQ≠>r` H$od am_Ymar ogßh oXZH$a ¤mam oboIV [wÒVH$ ew’ H$odVm H$rImO H$r BZ [ßo∫$`mß ¤mam g_Pm Om gH$Vm h° - "Ï`dhmnaH$ _ZwÓ` H$obE B©_mZXmar H$mB© AmdÌ`H$ JwU Zht h°& ‡_^mdwH$ bmJmß H$r ]r_marH$m Zm_ hr ogYmB©, draVm, gÉmB© Am°a ]obXmZ CVZ A¿N> Zht, oOVZrA¿N>r MmbmH$r hm gH$Vr h°& g]g ]∂S>m _yÎ` dh h°, oOgH$ ghma Jm∂S>rMbVr ahVr h°&'

ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma H$od H$m gm_moOH$ ]mY [yd©H$ H$od`mß H$ gm_moOH$]mY g [a Wm& ÒdmYrZVm H$ ]mX hwB© ^mar CWb[wWb Z BZ H$od`mß H$‡JoVdmXr gm_moOH$ md_yÎ`mß H$ md ]mY H$m r [yU©V`m ]Xb oX`m&VÀH$mbrZ gm_moOH$ oÒWoV H$r Jß^raVm H$m S>m∞. am_Xae o_l H$ d∫$Ï`_ß ^br^mßoV g_Pm Om gH$Vm h° - "_m_yob`V H$ ‡oV Jm°ad H$m Om ¡dmaC_∂S>m [∂S>m Wm, dh bm°Q> J`m& bmJ o\$a A[Z-A[Z ÒdmW© _ß gßbæ hmJE& gaH$ma Am°a g_mO H$ ]rM Om _m_yob`V H$m [R>ma Câm Wm, dh[wZ: Yra-Yra YgH$ J`m Am°a A\$ga, ZVmAmß, [y±OrdmoX`mß H$m AoÔmVJm°ad _m_yob`V H$ IyZ g gtMr YaVr H$m ]mZ H$mQ>Z bJm&'

1960 H$ ]mX g od^mOZ H$r g_Ò`m _mZmß Ïò∫$ H$r g_Ò`m ]ZVrJ`r& ∑`mßoH$ dh ‡mMrZ Edß Í$o∂T>JV _m›`VmAmß H$m oZdm©h Zht H$a [mahm Wm& g_H$mbrZ H$odVm H$m [nade A[Z g_` H$ gm_moOH$ AßV©odamYmßH$m VmZm ]mZm h°& H$odVm H$ Òda _ß `ht g g_H$mbrZ H$odVm _ß gm_moOH$_yÎ`mß H$ ‡oV oMßVm Edß BZ _yÎ`mß H$ ‡oV MVZm H$m ‡H$Q>rH$aU hwAm&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ1. Ã`r : EH$ 1974, Ã`r : EH$ Z`r ewÍ$AmV, [•. 11, 122. Yyo_b Am°a CZH$m H$mÏ` gßKf©, gmR>mŒmar oh›Xr H$odVm Am°a Yyo_b,

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goI d _wPg H$hH$a OmV&H$h Vm ∑`m _wPH$m d A[Zr [W-]mYm hr [mV&

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goI [VßJ ^r ObVm h° hm Xr[H$ ^r ObVm h°&oZÌM` hr Jw· Or ohßXr gmohÀ` H$ AVrV H$ gyÃYma, dV©_mZ H$

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h_ H$m°Z W, ∑`m hm JEAm°a ∑`m hmßJ A^r&

AmAm odMmaß AmO o_bH$a` g_Ò`mE A^r&

Eg odamQ> Ïò∫$Àd H$ YZr, amÓQ≠>ô∫$ g [yU© aMZm H$aZ dmb,Zmar H$m Z` Í$[ _ß ‡ÒVwV H$aZ dmb BoVhmgdŒmm, Xe ^mfm g ‡_ aIZdmb amÓQ≠> H$ Cfim`H$ _°oWbreaU JwflV Or Ïò∫$Àd Am°a H•$oVÀdAodÒ_aUr` h°&

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. oed_ßJb ogßh gw_Z,ZB© XwoZ`m X°oZH$ g_mMma [Ã &2. S>m∞. og`m am_ eaU e_m©, X°oZH$ OmJaU oX.3.8.19863. OJXre ‡gmX MVwdXr, oh›XwÒVmZ oX.3.8.19864. ohßXr gmohÀ` H$mf ^mJ-2 gß.S>m∞. Yra›– d_m© &

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AmoXdmog`mß _ß "JwXZm' ‡Wm

S>m∞. E_. ogßh _aH$m_ * p]aO _wdb **

‡ÒVmdZm -‡ÒVmdZm -‡ÒVmdZm -‡ÒVmdZm -‡ÒVmdZm -^maVr` bmH$-gßÒH•$oV _ß "oVb' Am°a "JwXZm', ` XmZmß hrgm¢X`© H$ ‡_wI C[mXmZ _mZ JE h¢& BZg "gwßXaVm' _ß [`m©· Ao^d•o’hmVr h° VWm ` hr ∂Iw]gyaVr H$ gmJa _ß Egm AZmIm "Vy\$mZ' bmV h¢,oOgg gm¢X`©-‡o_`mß H$ gag _mZg _ß, H$^r AmgmZr g "]M°Zr' CÀ[fihm OmVr h°, Vm H$^r "gbmZr a_Ur`Vm' BR>bmZ bJVr h°&'

‡mMrZ gßÒH•$oV H$ A‰`mg dŒmmAmß H$m _mZZm h° oH$, "JmXZ' H$r‡Wm AÀ`ßV ‡mMrZ h°& ^maV H$ gß[yU© AmoXdmgr Am°a J´m_rU jÃ _ß"JmXZm', EH$ emarnaH$ AbßH$aU H$ Í$[ _ß ‡MobV h°& ^maV H$ [yd© gbH$a [oÌM_ VH$ Am°a CŒma g bH$a XojU VH$, ‡m`: g^r jÃmß _ß"JmXZm' AbßH$aU od⁄_mZ h°&

_‹` ‡Xe H$ J´m_rU jÃ _ß ]gZ dmbr "H•$fH$' Edß "XÒVH$ma'∂OmoV`mß _ß ^r, JmXZ H$m ‡MbZ Ï`m[H$ Í$[ g ‡MobV Wm& Ï`mdhmnaH$Vm°a [a, AmOH$b "JmXZ" H$r ‡Wm ]ßX O°gr hm JB© h°& `⁄o[, BgH$m‡MbZ AmO ^r AmoXdmgr g_mO _ß [aÂ[amJV Í$[ g Mb ahm h°&

J´m_rU VWm ehar OZVm, A] Bg [gßX Zht H$aVr h°& ⁄o[, BZH$m‡MbZ AmO r AmoXdmgr g_mO _ß Mb ahm h°& J´m_rU VWm ehar OZVm,A] Bg [gßX Zht H$aVr h°&

`⁄o[, "Q>Qy>' mZ JmXZm H$admZ H$r AmYwoZH$ VH$ZrH$ g AÒWm`rÍ$[ g JmXZm H$admZ H$r _W∂S> AmZ g, AmO "\°$eZ' H$ Vm°a [a wdm dJ©BgH$m C[`mJ H$a ahm h°& "gm¢X`©-‡gmYZmß H$m H$B© —oÓQ>`mß g oMoÃVoH$`m J`m h°& boH$Z, bmH$-H$od`mß H$r agrbr AZw^yoV`mß g MoM©V, `XmZmß gm¢X`©-C[H$aU AX≤^wV aogH$Vm g AßoH$V hwE h¢&

"AßJ-AmbIZ' (JmXZ) H$r ‡Wm, AÀ`ßV [wamVZ h°& JmXZ H$m_wªg C‘Ì`, gm¢X`© d•o’ H$m ahm h°& Hw$N> AmoX_ H$]rbmß _ß `h ‡Wm,oZVmßV o^fi ÒVa [a "AmZwÓR>moZH$' _hÀd aIVr h°&

oH$gr g_`, o]Zm "JwXm AßJ', oÛ`mß H$ obE "b¡Om' H$m odf` Wm&A’© g_` Edß AmoX_ ∂OmoV`mß _ß, AmO ^r Bg "‡Wm' H$m ‡MbZ h°&oMÃmßH$Z H$r ghO ‡d•oŒm H$r m±oV, oÌ∂mjm Am°a gßÒH$ma H$ ]mX r, "JwXZm'Z _ZwÓ` H$r bbH$ Am°a odÌdmg H$m ]m±Ym h°&

eara [a o‡` Am°a C[mÒ` dÒVwAmß H$m AßoH$V H$aZ H$ "_mh' g_ZwÓ` H$r ‡d•oŒm, H$^r ^r "_w∫$' Zht hm [m`r h°&

]rgdt gXr H$ ZV•ÀdodXmß H$m —∂T> odÌdmg h° oH$ AmoX_ _mZd,dÒVwAmß H$m ‡VrH$mßH$Z, Bgr Ame` g H$aVm hmJm oH$, AßoH$V dÒVwAmßH$r Ao^d•o’ hm& oMÃJV dÒVwE±, OrdZ H$ jÃ _ß C[mX` dÒVwAmß H$m‡oVoZoYÀd H$aVr h¢& oHß$Vw, Egm bJVm h° oH$, `h _wª` Í$[ g "[hMmZ'

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (oh›Xr) lr AQ>b o]hmar dmO[`r emgH$r` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) ‰mmaV** emYmWr© (oh›Xr) lr _‹` ^maV oh›Xr gmohÀ` go_oV, Xdr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ‰mmaV

H$ C‘Ì` g hr BZH$m ‡MbZ hwAm h°&"JwXZm' oM›hmß H$ gm_moOH$ _hÀd H$m ^r Hw$N> ∂OmoV`mß H$m g_yh

ÒdrH$ma H$aVm h°& oMo›hV AmH•$oV`m±, ∂OmVr` ‡VrH$mß H$ Í$[ _ß [hMmZrOmVr h°& _‹` ‡Xe Am°a amOÒWmZ H$r "^rb' oÛ`m±, Am±Imß H$ XmZmß AmaoH$Zmamß [a, "oMaÎ`mß' Zm_H$ Xm Am∂S>r bH$raß JmXVr h¢&

` bH$raß, AdÌ` hr Am±Imß H$m [°Zm ]ZmVr h¢ Am°a bÂ]r Am±Imß H$gm¢X`©-]mY H$m V•· H$aVr h¢& BZH$m ‡MbZ, _mÃ "^rb' oÛ`mß _ß hrBgobE h° ∑`mßoH$, H$hm OmVm h° oH$, ^JdVr [md©Vr H$ [oV, ^JdmZ≤ZrbHß$R> AmH$a odamO JE hmß& Bg ‡H$ma Mß–_wIr amYm H$ _wI [a "oVb',]∂S>m hr gwhmdZm bJVm h°&'

oddmh H$ ]mX "JwXdmZm', A¿N>m Zht g_Pm OmVm h°& AmoXdmgrAm°a H•$ofOrdr dJm~ _ß ∂OmVr` _hÀd H$r ajm, "d°ò∫$H$ C[bo„Y' _mZrOmVr h°& "JwXZm' H$ _m‹`_ g Egr ∂OmoV`m±, dÒVwV: "‡VrH$mÀ_H$ gßVmf'AZw^d H$aVr h¢&

ha Ïò∫$, ∂OmoV g Ow∂S>m ahZm MmhVm h°& "JwXZm' Bg _m`Z _ß Cg,"gwajm ^md' g gÂ[•∫$ H$aVm h°& Hw$N> "JwXZm oM›h' eVmo„X`mß g A[ZAmoX_ Í$[ _ß hr ÒdrH•$V Mb AmV h¢, Om ∂OmoV-odef H$ o‡` hmV h¢&

"bmH$-H$od, _ybMßX (J´m_ oN>H$ham, _mhZm H$ oZdmgr) H$r \$mJmßoVb H$m ]hwaßJr oMÃU hwAm h°& "Jmar' H$ Jma Jmb [a AßoH$V "oVb', B›hßAoYH$ _Z^mdZm bJVm h°& Hw$N> g_` H$ obE, Cg Or-âH$a XIZ H$obE, d Ky±KQ> H$ [Q> H$m _wI g AbJ H$aZ hVw gßH$V H$a ah h¢&

_•Xwb-_wÒH$mZ H$ gmW oMVdZ _ß h "H$mbm oVb', ]∂S>m _mhH$ bJVmh°, oOg XIH$a "_Z' a OmVm h°&' C›hß, Xygar ∂OmoV`mß _ß Zht XIm OmVmh°& ^rbmß H$ H$oV[` "JmXZ" CZH$ hr g_mO _ß [aÒ[a ‡mofV XI JE h¢&CZ oM›hmß _ß, Aa ` Ordr ∂OmoV H$ g^r ‡^md Ò[ÓQ> h¢&

Ka H$r dÒVwE±, oOZH$m Ob, Afi Am°a [mnadmnaH$ _yÎ`mß g gß]ßY h°,‡m`: H•$of Ordr ∂OmoV`mß _ß "JwXZm' H$m Í$[ b bVm h°& Am^yfU, d•j,Hw$±Am, ]md∂S>r, Hw$∂S>r, AZmO, Mm±X, gyaO, Ob-[mÃ, ZO AmoX _‹`dVr^maV H$ J´m_mß H$r ‡_wI JmXZm odf`H$ gm_J´r h°& "_ZwÓ` H$ XmohZ AßJ_ß "oVb' H$m hmZm, b˙_r Xdr H$r ‡gfiVm H$m ⁄mVH$ h°& Bgr ‡H$ma, ZmarH$ ]m±` AßJ _ß BgH$m AoÒVd "bm^Xm`H$' ]Vm`m J`m h°&'

"JmXZ" H$r H$bm H$m h_ma odf` g gß]ßoYV ‡OmoV`mß _ß BgH$m‡MbZ Zht h°& gmW hr [hb ^r Bg JmXZ JwXdmZ H$ [rN> gm_m›`V`m,_ZwÓ` H$r odef Vm°a [a oÛ`mß H$r [hMmZ H$ obE JmXZ H$ Í$[ _ß ÛrH$m Zm_, CgH$ [oV H$ Zm_ g AßoH$V H$a oX`m OmVm h°&


"]m±` Jmb [a oVbmß g ^r hÎH$r oVb H$r PbH$, ]∂S>r fl`mar bJVr h° oH$,H$_b [a ^m¢am hr AmH$a ]°R> J`m hm& AWdm, Mß–_m H$ D$[a `_wZm ObH$r EH$ ]y±X oJa [∂S>r hm& Cg XIH$a Vm Egr [r∂S>m hmVr h°, _mZm oXbmß [agßhmaH$ "Amar' H$m oH$gr Z ‡hma hr H$a oX`m hm&'

Cg g_` oÛ`mß H$r ]m°o’H$ oÒWoV ]hwV gm_m›` ÒVa H$r hmVr WrVmoH$ C›hß Kamß [a hr aIm OmVm Wm& A[Zr Bg oÒWoV H$ H$maU g _ohbmE±,H$B© ]ma Ka H$ amÒV hr ^yb OmVt& Eg g_` [a, CZH$ hmW [a obIm"Zm_', CZH$r "[hMmZ' H$m H$m`© H$aVm Wm& "JßJmYa, amYm H$ Jma Jmb[a "oVb' H$m XIH$a H$hV h¢ oH$, `h Vm Egm bJVm h° oH$ _mZm, [yU© Mß–_ß H$mbr amV H$m AßHw$a, AßHw$naV hm J`m hm, AWdm oZ_©b X[©U H$ D$[aAbgr H$m \y$b oJa J`m hm, AWdm \$magr H$ H$od`mß H$ _mZg _ß BgH$mb oVb H$ (ª`mb) Z AZH$ M_ÀH$ma ‡Xoe©V oH$E hmß&'

odYdm oÛ`mß H$ H$[mb [a ^r JmXZm H$a oX`m OmVm Wm, VmoH$ `h[hMmZ _ß Am OmE oH$, h Ûr odYdm h°& JmXZ, H$db oÛ`mß H$ eara [ahr oH$` OmV W& [wÍ$f dJ© H$ ob` BgH$r AmdÌ`H$Vm Zht _mZr OmVrWr&

[wÍ$f dJ© _ß g oH$gr H$r B¿N>m hm JB©, Vm dh JmXZ H$a bVm Wm&oHß$Vw, Bg Vah JmXZ H$admZ dmb [wÍ$fmß H$r gßª`m ZJ ` hmVr h°& H$^r-H$^r, oH$gr grY AmX_r m ]mbH$ H$ gmW H´$ya _∂OmH$ r H$a oX`m OmVmh°& "JmXZm (JwXZm), gm¢X`©-d•o’ H$m Vm EH$ odoeÓQ> gmYZ _mZm J`mh°, boH$Z BgH$ gmW, H$B© [wamVZ _m›`VmE±, bmH$-odÌdmg, _y∂T>mJ´h,Hw$b-Xdr-XdVm-‡VrH$ AmoX r gß]’ h¢& JwXZm H$m ‡MbZ AZwgyoMVOmoV`mß _ß hr h°& g_ÒV maVr` ‡mMrZ Edß Adm©MrZ gmohÀ` _ß r JmXZmH$m `WmAdga CÑI hwAm h°&'

"JmXZm JwXdmZ H$r ‡Wm Ûr dJ© _ß ]hwV AoYH$ ‡MobV h°& [wÍ$f,JmXZm Zht JwXdmV& oÛ`m±, Bg "JhZm' g_PVr h¢ Am°a CZH$m odÌdmgh° oH$, _•À`w H$ g_` A›` Am^yfU Vm hQ>m oXE OmV h¢, [aßVw "JmXZm' hrEH$ Egm Am^yfU h°, Om _•À`w H$ ]mX ^r gmW ahVm h°&

Bg Xm ]ma JwXdm`m OmVm h°& [hbr ]ma, emXr H$ [hb N>mQ>r AdÒWm_ß, b∂S>oH$`m± JwXdmVr h¢& Bg g_`, H$db VrZ o]ßXw bJmE OmV h¢& [hbmd Xygam, ZmH$ H$ [mg VWm Vrgam _ÒVH$ [a&

Xygar ]ma, emXr H$ g_`, O] b∂S>H$r Jm°Z g [hb A[Z _m`H$ _ß hrahVr h°, A[Z eara H$ AßJmß _ß "JmXZm' JwXdmVr h°& JmXZ H$ obE ‡À`H$df© eaXH$mb _ß "JmYmnaZ' m "AJaZr', Jm±d _ß AmVr h°& JmXZ _ß bJmZH$ obE "Ò`mhr' JmYmnaZ ∂IwX ]ZmH$a bmVr h°& dh EH$ "gwB©' ^r aIVr h°,oOg_ß N>X H$aZ H$ ]mX Ò`mhr bJm XVr h°&

JwXdmV g_` H$m\$r [r∂S>m hmVr h°, [a ]mX _ß `h R>rH$ hm OmVr h°&oÛ`m±, XmZmß [m±dmß _ß A±JyR> g bH$a N>mQ>r AßJwbr VH$, VrZ ÒWmZmß _ßVrZ-VrZ o]ßXwE± bJdmVr h¢& E∂S>r g D$[a, Mmamß Ama VrZ-VrZ o]ßXw bJmEOmV h¢&

XmZmß hmWmß _ß, hWbr H$ [rN>, VrZ o]ßXw dmb N>h oZemZ d A±JyR> H$ZrM "o]¿Ny>' H$m oZemZ ]Zdm`m OmVm h°& H$bmB© H$ Mmamß Ama, H$mhZr H$ZrM ]m∂Oy _ß Wm∂S>r-Wm∂S>r Xyar [a "oÃ^wO' AmH$ma _ß oZemZ bJdmE OmVh¢& ]m∂Oy H$ D$[a, EH$ MrVb `m Xm Mrbmß H$r AmH•$oV ]ZdmB© OmVr h°&

Cgg D$[a, R>rH$ Hß$Ymß H$ ZrM, wOm _ß o\$a "oÃ^wO' AmH$ma H$ [m±M`m N>h oM›h AßoH$V oH$E OmV h¢& H$^r-H$^r oÛ`m±, ]m∂Oma _ß JmXZJwXdmVr h¢ Am°a [oV H$m Zm_ VWm "grVm-am_' AmoX obIdmVr h¢& `hJmXZm _erZ ¤mam JmXm OmVm h°& ‡mMrZ gßÒH•$oV H$ od¤mZmß H$r _m›`Vmh° oH$, "JmXZ" H$r ‡Wm, AÀ`ßV ‡mMrZ h°& dÒVwV: AßJ H$m gwßXa ]ZmZ H$r^mdZm hr "JmXZ" _ß oZohV h°&

gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ1. "AmoXdmog`mß H$ ]rM' - lrMß– O°Z - ‡W_ gßÒH$aU, 2007, [•.

19.2. dhr [•. 19.3. dhr [•. 19.4. dhr [•. 19.5. dhr [•. 19.6. dhr [•. 19-20.7. dhr [•. 20.8. dhr [•. 20.9. dhr [•. 20-21.

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The Concept Of Chastity And Naga - Mandala

Introduction - Classical origin- The word derives fromthe Latin castitas, the abstract form of castus, whichoriginally meant a pure state of conformity with the Greco-Roman religion. As the etymological link suggests,castigation, chastisement, and in the extreme case, evencastration originally relate to the use of harsh means topreserve or restore this state of purity. This meaning ispreserved fully in the parallel term “chastening.”

In ancient times, the value of chastity was highlydebated in both the homosexual and heterosexual spheres.In particular, Socrates was an advocate of chastity betweenmale teachers and their students, in opposition to thesexually expressed pedagogic relationships prevalent in histime. Plato, having transmitted many of these teachings,has become the eponym for this type of chastity, knowntoday as Platonic love (as opposed to romantic love).Inter-religious view of chastity -Marriage - Religious teachings maintain that fidelity withinmarriage is vital to the health of the marriage and ensuingfamily. Beliefs in the sacredness of marriage and humansexuality provide reasons for abstinence prior to marriage,fidelity to one’s spouse after marriage, and lifelongabstinence if a person does not marry.

In the context of traditional marriage, the spousescommit to a lifelong relationship which excludes thepossibility of sexual intimacy with other persons.Virginity- Virginity, the physical state of innocent sexualpurity, has often been a requirement for certain religiousfunctions, especially as priests and priestesses. Forexample, Vestal Virgins in Ancient Rome were required tobe virgins, and remain so until they left office at about age40.

The status of virginity is respected and valued in certainsocieties, particularly when there are religious viewsregarding sexual conduct before marriage. A woman whois a virgin is also sometimes referred to as a maiden.

Female virginity is closely interwoven with personal oreven family honor in many cultures. Traditionally in somecultures, there has been a widespread belief that the lossof virginity before marriage is a matter of deep shame. Insome cultures (for example the Bantu of South Africa),virginity testing or even surgical procedures guaranteeingpremarital abstinence (infibulation—The stitching together

Dr. Anurodh Chadar *

*Varisht a Adhyap ak (English) Govt. Excellence H.S.S. Silwani, Distt. - Raisen (M.P .) INDIA

of the vulva, often after a clitoridectomy, leaving a smallopening for the passage of urine and menstrual blood, orthe similar stitching of the prepuce) are commonplace. Thiswould typically involve personal inspection by a female elder.

In Western marriage ceremonies, brides traditionallywear veils and white wedding dresses, which are believedby many to be symbols of virginity. In fact, wearing white isa comparatively recent custom among western brides, whopreviously wore whatever colors they wished or simply theirbest dress. Wearing white became a matter first of fashionand then of tradition over the course of the nineteenthcentury.Celibacy - Celibacy refers to an individual having decidedto refrain from sexual activity (sexual abstinence), or toremain unmarried. Also known as “consecrated virginity,”celibacy usually refers to ordained clergy or persons inreligious orders, and is an avowed way of living in whichthe person forsakes all sexual gratification.

Some religions require celibacy of their priests,regarding sexual purity as essential in order to perform therites and rituals that connect the people to heaven. Othersregard the priestly function more in terms of ministering tothe people, and thus a healthy marriage is considered asgood if not better than celibacy. In monastic orders, a vowof sexual abstinence is often viewed as essential in orderto align one’s mind and spirit to the path of spiritual growth,renouncing cares of the physical world, which include sexualrelationships. Philosophers, too, have taken this path.

The Roman Catholic Church requires a promise ofcelibacy prior to ordination to the diaconate by both secularclerics and “religious” in perpetual vows. Married men canbe ordained only by dispensation of the Holy See. Bycontrast, marriage is accepted or even encouraged forpriests in the Anglican and many Protestant churches. Inthe Eastern Orthodox Church traditions, celibacy is notrequired of secular priests but is required in monastic orders,from which bishops are selected. In virtually all Christiantraditions, celibacy is usually required of monastics—monks, nuns, and friars.

Vows of chastity (celibacy) can also be taken bylaypersons, either as part of an organized religious life (suchas Roman Catholic Beguines and Beghards) or on anindividual basis, as a voluntary act of devotion and/or as


part of an ascetic lifestyle, often devoted to contemplation.The voluntary aspect has led it to be included among thecounsels of perfection.

In some religions, celibate monastic life is commonlypracticed as a temporary phase, as by many men inBuddhism.Abrahamic religions - Traditionally, acts of a sexual natureare prohibited outside of marriage in Islamic and Judeo-Christian ethical contexts, and are considered sinful. Sinceoffenses against the virtue of chastity are most oftenexpressed as fornication or adultery, the term has becomeclosely associated with sexual abstinence in common usagethroughout most of the English-speaking world.

In Roman Catholic teaching, chastity is one of theSeven holy virtues, opposing the deadly sin of lust. Everyoneis called to chastity be they married, single, or in a religiousorder. Chastity is a function of one’s respect for the dignityof another especially in a sexual context. Sex with one’sspouse is not against chastity so long as both remain opento having children—using contraceptives violates truechastity. The Roman Catholic Church also regards asunchaste masturbation and use of contraceptives, evenwithin the confines of marriage, while most ProtestantChristian denominations disagree.

According to Jewish law, sex and acts that are likely tolead to sex are only allowed within the context of a marriage.Sex is not merely a means of physical gratification, but animportant act that requires commitment and responsibility.The requirement of marriage before sex ensures that senseof commitment and responsibility. Out of respect for awoman’s body, Jewish law also forbids sexual relationsamong married persons during or shortly after menstruation,and for a period of time after the birth of a child.

The Quran states, “the believers are… those whoprotect their sexual organs except from their spouses…Therefore, whosoever seeks more beyond that… are thetransgressors”. Muslim scholars say this statement makesit very clear that any sexual gratification outside marriageis considered a transgression of the law of God.Eastern religions -Hinduism - Hinduism’s view on premarital sex is rooted inits concept of the stages of life. The first of these stages,known as brahmacharya, roughly translates as chastity.Celibacy is considered to be the appropriate behavior forboth male and female students during this stage, whichprecedes the stage of the married householder. ManySadhus (Hindu monks) are also celibate as part of theirascetic discipline. At the same time, it should be noted thatprior to the arrival and spread of Islam in India, Hinduismwas, by and large, a religion that celebrated the practice ofsexuality within the context of marriage, producing famousmanuals on the art of lovemaking such as the Kama Sutra.In classical Hinduism, sexual intercourse was seen as asacred act.Jainism - Although the Digambara followers of Jainism arecelibate monks, most Jains belong to the Shevtambara sect,

which allows spouses and children. The general Jain codeof ethics requires that one do no harm to any living being inthought, action, or word. Adultery is clearly a violation of amoral agreement with one’s spouse, and thereforeforbidden, and fornication too is seen as a violation of thestate of chastity.Buddhism - The teachings of Buddhism include the nobleeightfold path, involving a prohibition against sexualmisconduct. All Theravada and most Mahayana Buddhistorders of monks and nuns are expected to be celibate, andthe violation of this state is considered to produce verynegative karmic consequences. The Vajrayana orders allowexceptions to this rule as an upaya (skill in means) inachieving higher stages of enlightenment. These ordersmay permit monks and nuns to marry and practice Tantricsex between them. Promiscuous and unskillful relationstainted by lust would be against the dharma. Hence, almostall Buddhist societies hold to traditional views aboutmarriage and family life, considering both adultery andfornication to be unchaste acts.Paganism - Pagans have no set rules against premaritalsex, homosexuality, masturbation, or nudity. However, sexis viewed as the generative force in nature and is seen bymost pagans as something utterly sacred. The physical actof love is to be approached with great respect andresponsibility. While pre-marital sex is not forbidden,adultery may violate a sacred trust between man andwoman, unless both parties stipulate otherwise.1

Chastity As a virtue - Chastity is the virtue which excludesor moderates the indulgence of the sexual appetite. It is aform of the virtue of temperance, which controls accordingto right reason the desire for and use of those things whichafford the greatest sensual pleasures. The sources of suchdelectation are food and drink, by means of which the lifeof the individual is conserved, and the union of the sexes,by means of which the permanence of the species issecured. Chastity, therefore, is allied to abstinence andsobriety; for, as by these latter the pleasures of the nutritivefunctions are rightly regulated, so by chastity the procreativeappetite is duly restricted. With chastity is often confoundedmodesty, though this latter is properly but a specialcircumstance of chastity or rather, we might say, itscomplement. For modesty is the quality of delicate reserveand constraint with reference to all acts that give rise toshame, and is therefore the outpost and safeguard ofchastity. It is hardly necessary to observe that the virtueunder discussion may be a purely natural one. As such, itsmotive would be the natural decency seen in the control ofthe sexual appetite, according to the norm of reason. Sucha motive springs from the dignity of human nature, which,without this rational sway, is degraded to brutish levels. Butit is more particularly as a supernatural virtue that we wouldconsider chastity. Viewed thus, its motives are discoveredin the light of faith. These are particularly the words andexample of Jesus Christ and the reverence that is owing tothe human body as the temple of the Holy Ghost, as


incorporated into that mystic body of which Christ is thehead, as the recipient of the Blessed Eucharist, and finally,as destined to share hereafter with the soul a life of eternalglory. According as chastity would exclude all voluntaryCarnal pleasures, or allow this gratification only withinprescribed limits, it is known as absolute or relative. Theformer is enjoined upon the unmarried, the latter isincumbent upon those within the marriage state. Theindulgence of the sexual appetite being prohibited to alloutside of legitimate wedlock, the wilful impulse to it in theunmarried, like the wilful impulse to anything unlawful, isforbidden. Moreover, such is the intensity of the sexualpassion that this impulse is perilously apt to bear away thewill before it. Hence, when wilful, it is a grave offence of itsvery nature. It must be observed too, that this impulse isconstituted, not merely by an effective desire, but by everyvoluntary impure thought. Besides the classification alreadygiven, there is another, according to which chastity isdistinguished as perfect, or imperfect. The first-mentionedis the virtue of those who, in order to devote themselvesmore unreservedly to God and their spiritual interests,resolve to refrain perpetually from even the licit pleasuresof the marital state. When this resolution is made by onewho has never known the gratification allowed in marriage,perfect chastity becomes virginity. Because of these twoelements — the high purpose and the absolute inexperience— just referred to, virginal chastity takes on the characterof a special virtue distinct from that which connotesabstinence merely from illicit carnal pleasure. Nor is itnecessary that the resolution implied in virginity be fortifiedby a vow, though as practised ordinarily and in the mostperfect manner, virginal chastity, as St. Thomas, followingSt. Augustine, would imply, supposes a vow. (SummaTheologiæ II-II.152.3 ad 4) The special virtue we are hereconsidering involves a physical integrity. Yet while theChurch demands this integrity in those who would wearthe veil of consecrated virgins, it is but an accidental qualityand may be lost without detriment to that higher spiritualintegrity in which formally the virtue of virginity resides. Thelatter integrity is necessary and is alone sufficient to winthe aureole said to await virgins as a special heavenlyreward (St. Thomas, Suppl., Q. xcvi, a. 5). Imperfect chastityis that which is proper to the state of those who have not asyet entered wedlock without however having renounced theintention of doing so, of those also who are joined by thebonds of legitimate marriage, and finally of those who haveoutlived their marital partners. However in the case of thoselast mentioned the resolution may be taken which obviouslywould make the chastity practised that which we havedefined as the perfect kind.2

Chastity is a virtue concerning the state of purity of themind and body. Chastity includes abstinence from sexualintimacy for the unmarried, and faithfulness to a marriagepartner. Pre-marital virginity (abstinence) is the form ofchastity expected of young people. Sexually active marriedcouples are also considered to practice chastity if they

remain faithful to their marital vows. Finally, chastity includesabstention from all sexual activity (celibacy).

Chastity is seen as undergirding marriage; sexual actsoutside of marriage are considered sinful, both becausethey are spiritually damaging to the individual and becausethey undermine and destroy the family.

Traditional societies enforced the norms of premaritalvirginity and marital fidelity backed by strong communitysanctions and even by force of law. These norms of chastityhave been expected of the faithful of all the major religions,including Christians, Muslims, Buddhists, Hindus andConfucianists. However, in the modern West, particularlysince the sexual revolution of the 1960s, these norms havefallen by the wayside, replaced by widespread acceptanceof casual sex before marriage, cohabitation in place ofmarriage, and extra-marital affairs even when they lead todivorce. In the current cultural climate, some see sexualrestraint as unnatural, even unhealthy.

In attempting to combat the current permissive climate,social conservatives in the United States are advocatingabstinence-based sex education, and municipalities andchurches are promoting marriage education to preparenewlyweds for the challenges of maintaining faithfulmarriages. These efforts aim at restoring a “marriageculture” where chastity is prized. Strong marriages,undergirded by the virtue of chastity, provide economic,psychological, and social benefits to both the married coupleand their children.3

Chastity is such a value invented by patriarchal cultureand accepted by women. It is one of the most powerful yetinvisible cultural fetters that have enslaved women for agessince the dawn of patriarchy. There has been enoughliterature both oral and written glorifying this enslaving valueand deifying the women characters who observed itfaithfully. The Ramayana in which Sita undergoes the fireordeal to prove her chastity to Rama has been a culturalguide to Indians for more than two thousand years. Theconcept of chastity goes with, and gets its indispensablesupport from, another morbid concept that sex is meanand sinful. Prostitution and erotic literature, the morbidinventions of patriarchy, have been a safety value protectingthe unnatural ideal of chastity from the excess pressure oflibido. Every mother along with father and other eldersenslaves her daughters to patriarchy by teaching themverbally and non –verbally that chastity is more importantthan life and that its loss which brings an unbearable socialstigma is worse than death .Many women lose their lives toprotect their chastity and many other women bear in silenceall the oppression and violence of their sadistic husbands.If any brave woman violates these values, she is not onlylooked down upon but also culturally excommunicated.Another major harm of these values is that they haveweakened natural spontaneous love among human beingswhich is feared to lead to ‘immoral’ sex. In spite of perniciousnature of these values, neither men nor women can tolerateattack on these values. Therefore, any sensible intuitive


writer has to use a kind anaesthesia while operating onculture to remove the morbid tissue.4

A Hindu husband can enjoy any liberty but his wife isnot to cross the threshold of her house, the Lakshaman-Rekha of social inhibitions and prohibitions and if she does,she does on the pain of social ostracism. Everybody knowsthat Appanna goes to a concubine but none dares ask himto desist from going there, but he keeps his wife under lockand key lest she should get a company to abate hersuffering. Hindu wives have no voice in anything. She isexhorted to follow the dictates of her husband. She is furthertold that lucky is the wife whose dead body is to pyre by herhusband, implying that she has to live and die in herhusband’s house irrespective of the treatment she receivesfrom her husband and in-laws. Rani, therefore, bears allthe sufferings without speaking a word of revolt. She is leftby her loving parents also to fend for herself in her husband’shouse. “A Cobra is better than such a husband” is thereforea correct observation.5

The play questions the double standard of the Indiansociety, the liberal standpoint that it takes in the case of aman contravening the social norms, while implementingthe same mercilessly the case of a woman.The patriarchal society that invented chastity as a value tobe rigorously observed, eulogizing the women who havecherished such enslaving impositions through myth,literature and folklore giving us models like Sita who had toundergo the fire ordeal to prove her chastity to Rama,eventually succeeded in providing us with excellent sculptsthat served as a moral guide to our ethnicity for years. Thosewith fortitude to rebel against this daunting custom weredeplored or anathematized.6

Girish Karnad’s play Naga Mandala is dense withliterary allusions and mythical references and evocativesensual images that stimulate the sensory perceptions ofthe readers. They prove to be instrumental in weaving athematic nexus and for the progression of the plot. Theartist, keeping in view the treatment of mythin and thehistorical narrative, tries to reinstate them by applying themaesthetic structure of his writings. The mythical plot andstructure of the play is presented in a four dimensionalmatrix: thesis, antithesis, static harmony and finalconsummation.

The play commences with an enigma. The openinglines of the prologue suggest that “the presiding deity ofthe temple cannot be identified”. In the light of Hindumythology it can be infered that the broken idol is that ofGanesha because he “removes obstacles and vouchsafeswisdom. He is propitiated at the beginning of any importantenterprise and is evoked at the commencement of books”.As we have given an identity to the nameless deity, similarlywe shall acknowledge the identity of the female centralcharacter, Rani. The character of Rani is not a woman inperson but a woman in effect. Therefore it was unstableand had no identity. The writer suggests her a proper name.The opening lines of Act One say: “A young girl. Her

name…it does not matter. But she was an only daughter ,so her parents called her Rani”.

Joan Riviere,a psychoanalyst, in “Womanliness as aMasquerate” argued that “women adopt a public mask of‘womanliness’ or feminity in accordance with a male imageof what a woman should be. Thus they conform to thestereotypes of patriarchy”. In simpler words they acquirean imposed female identity. The first strand of the broadermythical design is the development of the thesis point.

Rani’s husband, Appanna, takes her to his house aftermarriage. Appanna treats her as a care taker and servant.They have no physical union. Their marriage is incompletebecause he is interested in a “concubine”. So he spendshis nights with a “bazar woman” instead of his wife. He onlycomes home to satisfy his basic instincts like bathing andeating. Rani sacrifices her pleasures and serves herhusband faithfully. In “The Arsonist” Bapsi Sidhwa portraysJerbanoo being advised that “it was their duty as women towin their men folk…She might try to do those little thingsmen liked so much”. Every night Rani is left alone by her husband so shepines for liberty and reunion with her parents. As Appannalocks her every night so her dreams become a source ofrelief for her. She dreams of an Eagle and asks him:

“Where are you taking me?” And the Eagle answers:“Beyond the seven seas and seven isles. On the seventhisland is a magic garden. And in that garden stands thetree of emeralds. Under that tree, your parents wait for you”.So Rani says: “Do they? Then please, please take me tothem —immediately. Here I come”. So the Eagle carriesher clear across the seven seas. Her soliloquy works as analternative to her dreams to escape from her isolation. Shetalks to herself as:

Then Rani’s parents embrace her and cry. They kissher and caress her. At night she slept between them. Soshe is not frightened any more…In the morning, the stagwith the golden antlers comes to the door. He calls out toRani. She refuses to go.’ I am not a stag,’ he explains, ‘Iam a prince’….

In a nutshell, the dream and monologue serve as anescape mechanism for Rani. The span of the plotprogresses further with the introduction of the charactersof Kurudavva and her son Kappana. Their appearancehighlights the theme of peer support which serves as alifeline in her hard times. Kurudavva’s character and actionscan be classified into three steps. The first step is that ofKurudavva’s being a silent observer and inspecting thehouse through the eyes of Kappanna. After learning aboutthe presence of Rani in the house she adopts the role of aninformer when she informs Rani about her beauty. Shediscloses the affair of her husband with a whore. In the lastphase Kurudavva provides her with a magical root to casta spell on her husband. The taste of the root will openAppanna’s eyes and “he won’t go sniffing after that bitch.He will make you a wife instantly”. The theme ofresourcefulness of women is highlighted in Fahmida Riaz’s


short story “The Daughters of Aai” as well. The villagewoman are termed as “active collaborators” and they ‘didnot abandon Fatu’ in her tough times. They explained “Fatu’sdeparture and reappearance in the village” in her pre andpost delivery period.

A proverb by Charlotte Bronte in Villette complimentsRani’s situation. She said:”Peril, loneliness, an uncertainfuture, are not passive evils, so long as the frame is healthyand the faculties are employed; so long, especially, as libertylends us her wings, and hope guides us by her star”. The enchanting root is a sign of hope for Rani. Lateron, while cooking curry with the paste of the root sheobserves it “boils over, red as blood”. She hesitates to servethe curry to her husband and “puts it in that ant-hill”. A cobradwells in this ant-hill. It eats that curry. Thus the miraculousroot that was aimed at Appanna cast a spell on the cobra.This action leads to the first appearance of Naga. As “Nagasare serpent-genii figures in the Hindu mythology. They havea friendly disposition and are a symbol of fertility andregeneration”. So Naga takes on Appanna’s shape andapproaches to Rani at midnight. He acknowledges herbeauty, calls her a ‘tender bud’, and tries to come close toher. Rani looks confused and hesitant. She constantlyquestions herself about the binaries in her husband’spersona triggered with the change of hours. Here Rani’ssituation is akin to that of Zaitoon in the novel The Bride. Init the author, Bapsi Sidhwa, describes the perplexity of thecharacter thus -

“She had a vague recollection of an unpleasant dream:she had been standing by the river, admiring its vivid colors,when a hand had come out of the ice-blue depths anddragged her in, pulling her down, down…Now herexperiences of the previous day crowded confusedly intoher mind”. The meeting of Naga and Rani continues in the samefashion. She is on a rack of indecision and calls it a dream.And as the play suggests:”they make love”. Later Raniacknowledges that she is “not fantasizing” about thesenocturnal meetings. She then utters “I am pregnant”.

The second strand of the mythical plot is the antithesis.Rani’s innocent utterance invites a tough time for her.Appana brands her as a “harlot”, a “slut”. He questions herabout her chastity and ‘the bloated tummy’. He says: “Ilocked you in, and yet you managed to find a lover! Tell mewho it is? Who did you go to with your sari off”. In the nightNaga visits Rani and informs her about the Elders’ judgmentwhich will be going to be held in the morning. Rani pleadshim to save her from the humiliation and take his wordsback.

RANI: Why are you humiliating me like this? Why areyou striping me naked in front of the whole village? ...Lookat the way you talk—as if you were referring to someoneelse...After you complained to the Elders about me. Nowyou can go and withdraw the complaint. Say my wife isn’t awhore.

Although myths seem to uphold traditional values, they

have also been the means of questioning these values.These myths focus and question the patriarchal moral codethat demands the faithfulness of a woman to her husbandbut not the faithfulness of a man to his wife. Naga’s wordsbring frustration for her when he informs her that ‘it can’tbe done’. He advises her to ‘undertake the snake ordeal’.She trembles with fear while she hears this. She says: “won’tthe Cobra bite the moment I touched it? I will die like yourdog and your mongoose”. But Naga informs her that theCobra will not bite you unless you tell a lie. When Ranirefuses to do so Naga gets angry and says: “I can’t help it;Rani. That’s how it has always been. That’s how it will alwaysbe”. Through these lines of Naga, Karnad shows thepractice of male companion in the Hindu society in particularand on a universal level in general. Through these lines hebeautifully projects the sufferings of the female gender inthe male dominating society.

Appana goes to the village Elders. Next day a hugecrowd gathers in front of Rani’s house. The Elders suggestRani to take her oath by holding red-hot iron in her hand.The village Elders evokes the theme of peer pressure andvictimization of women in the hands of old customs andtraditions. Appana proposes to the Elders to throw Raniand her illegitimate child into boiling oil. The advice of Nagacomes into Rani’s mind. Rani is left to confront theconflicting impulses related to the difficult decision whichshe has to take regarding her future. She strikes a dealwith the village Elders and decides to undergo the snaketest to save her image. Rani shows uncanny strength,indomitable courage and remains firms and resolute turningdown the alternative offer of the village Elders. She goes tothe ant-hill, puts her hand into it and takes the Cobra out.The Elders advise her to ‘be quick’ in taking her oath. Soshe swears by the Cobra that: “I have not touched any oneof the male sex. Nor have I allowed any other male to touchme. If I lie, let the Cobra bite me”. The Cobra does not biteher and it “slides up her shoulder and spreads its hood likeon umbrella over her head”. It becomes submissive and“moves over her shoulder like a garland”. The third strandof the mythical pattern is the static harmony wherecontraries in Rani’s life balance. The Elders call it somethingsupernatural. One of the Elders says: “A miracle! A miracle”!Rani is taken to be a Devi who in Hindu mythology appears“to hold the universe in her womb: she lights thee lamp ofwisdom”. Everybody present there immediately recognizesthe role reversal and this lead to her transformation fromterrestrial creature to celestial creator. This event portraysmyth leading to ethnic cleansing of the society at large.The Elders “prostrate before her” .Mubarak Ali writes in hisarticle “History and Morality” that “… great people wereabove ordinary moral values. Therefore, they should notbe judged on these bases”. Appanna repents on his pastunjust behavior to his wife. But one of the Elders tells himthat: “…your wife is not an ordinary woman. She is agoddess incarnate. Don’t grieve that you judged her wronglyand treated her badly. That is how goddesses reveal


themselves to the world.”. Appanna goes to his wife andbegs for forgiveness from her. She forgives him and “takeshim in her arms”. When Appanna’s concubine watches thismiracle she “feels ashamed of her sinful life and volunteeredto do menial work in Rani’s house”. After sometime Ranigives birth to a beautiful baby boy and in this way the playleads to the fourth strand that is desire consummation.

One day Naga thinks of Rani .He wishes to see his“queen”. He visits her in the same old fashion. When hewatches her sleeping with her husband and son, he feelsjealous. He decides to kill her but stops because his “lovehas stitched up ‘his lip”. He decides to live in her hair andso he “becomes their size now. Enter her tresses! Makelove to them”. Rani feels something heavy in her hair. Sheasks her husband to comb her hair. When he combs, aCobra falls down. Both of them are frightened to see it.Appanna acknowledges Rani’s goddess like qualities andsays that: “Your long hair saved us”. Appanna goes out tofind a stick in order to kill the snake. Rani recognizes thesnake and let it “climb into” her hair because the relationshipbetween Rani and Naga is like a lifeline that sustains herthrough the heartache of marriage. She can neither leavenor betray Naga.Conclusion - The play Naga mandala (play with a cobra)portrays the commoditization of women in a society where

women are not valued as objects of individuality but asobjects of possession. They are subjected to socialindoctrination and their voices are marginalized. The placeof women is shaped by topical references and the idea of awoman holding power of any sort over a man attackes themale ego. Girish Karnad has facilitated the projection ofhis vision with the aid of historical myths and legends. Hewants to empower the female gender and strives for therecognition of their individualistic identity; he feels it ismandatory to reinstate coherent order to the word beyondthe self that is the world of human relationships, of nature,of society as a totality.7

References:-

1. Newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/chastity2. Newadvent.org/cathen/03637d.htm3. Newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/chastity4. M. Sarat Babu, The Concept of Chastity and Naga-

Mandala, The Plays of Girish Karnad, Critical perspec-tives, ed. J. Dodiya, p. 237.

5. Prem Sagar, Karnad’s Naga-Mandala, p. 20.6. Kaustav Chakraborty, ‘Indian Drama In English’, p. 205.7. http:/ /www.academia.edu/7089919/mythical_

elements_in_nagamandala

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Abstract - John Keats, a Romantic poet is regarded as one of the most influential creative geniuses humanity hasproduced. In a letter to his brothers, George and Thomas, in a December 1817 found in ‘Selected Letters’ (PublicLibrary), Keats has coined the phrase of his entire surviving correspondence, even though he only makes mention ofit once:”Negative Capability’’.Key Words - Uncertainties, Mysteries, doubts, negation.

Use of Negative capability in the odes of John Keats

Introduction - Keats fascinates us with the help of Negativecapability. The famous maxim “Only the good die young”,certainly applies to the English poet, John Keats who hadfaced much loss, beginning with the death of a brother whodied in infancy. After this, he had lost his father who wasthrown from a horse and killed. Just later years his motherdied of tuberculosis. Then after four years one of his beloveddied of some illness. He had mentioned two words(‘Negative ‘and ‘Capability’) in a letter to his brother.

These two words are an odd juxtaposition given thattheir meanings seem to cancel each other out, making thephrase more like Eastern mysticism than wisdom. As withsome of those peculiar Taoist saying like, “Act without doing,work without effort”, the term “Negative capability” presentsus with a logical paradox. What could Keats have possiblymeant by this, Negative capability? Perhaps this is whatKeats was simply getting at with the expression, suggestingthat negativity is no ability at all; that it amounts to nothingor, maybe he meant the ability to remain capable, to remainpositive, in the midst of negative circumstances. Certainly,this ability to accomplish extraordinary things in the face ofgreat difficulties proved true of him. But Keats himselfsuggested something much deeper and profound than eventhis in the letter he wrote to his brother on October 27,1818, in which he said that the entire notion struck himsuddenly while wondering, “what quality went to form a Manof Achievement in Literature and which Shakespearepossessed so enormously - I mean negative capability, thatis, when a man is capable of being in uncertainties,mysteries, doubts, without any irritable reaching after thefact and reason? As a literary concept, negative capability as explainedby Keats is the state when man is “capable of being inuncertainties, mysteries, doubts, without any irritablereaching after facts and reason”. This state, according toKeats, must be the main trait of poets to make good poetry.

Twishamp ati De *

* Guest lecturer , Sukumar Sengupt a Mahavidyalaya, Keshpur , Paschim Medinipur (W .B.) INDIA

Hence, the negative space of the poet’s mind, which is freefrom the troubles, conflicts and uncertainties of real life,acts as a container for a particular purpose. Broughttogether, Negative capability refers to the space in one’smind which is free from life’s troubles, and can be usedand developed for certain purpose.Negative capability describes the ability of the individual to -1. Perceive, think and operate beyond any conjecture,

speculation.2. Reach ‘a sort of transmission of (one’s) consciousness

to identify (oneself) with the object.3. experience phenomenon free from epistemological

(logical scientific knowledge) bounds.3. Contemplate the world without the desire to close it

into rational systems, feeling empty to reach a deeperunderstanding of Beauty and Truth.

4. Remove one’s intellectual self while writing (or reading)poetry.

5. Experience the emotion of the language and pass overthe half truths in silence.

6. Go beyond the precise definition of words that causescontradiction.Keats applied the ‘Negative capability’ in two of his

poems (“Ode to a nightingale” and “Ode on a Grecian Urn”).Hearing the song of the bird at Night’, Keats admits that:

“My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness painsMy sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk,

Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains One minute past, and Lethe-wards had sunk.”

The ache that the poet feels is not only the soul desirebut also it is the soul desire to experience the beauty ofnature which the bird is part of ;hence, “It’s not throughenvy of thy happy lot, /But being too happy in thinehappiness”.

The speaker’s desire to experience the nightingale’s“happy lot” is linked to his desire for a “draught of vintage!”


that has been “cooled long age in the deep-delved earth”. Furthermore, the poet adds one more quality of wine thatmay represent the meaning of that bird’s singing to him bycomparing wine to the waters of Hippocrene, the fountainof poetic inspiration.

“O, for a beaker full of warm south,Full of the true, the blushful Hippocrene.”

Or,“Tasting of Flora and the country green,

Dance, and Provencal song, and sunburnt mirth!It is through negative capability power that the poet getsthe ability to dissolve with the bird’s world rather thanescaping to it. The poet is united with the bird, flying withher in that night; and in a bird’s – eye perspective, thenarrator says that he

“..... Cannot see what flowers are at my feet,Nor what soft incense hangs upon the boughs,But, in embalmed darkness, guess each sweet

Wherewith the seasonable month endowsThe grass, the thicket, and the fruit tree wild;White hawthorn, and the pastoral eglantine;”

Visualising the picture painted picture on the Urn in“Ode on a Grecian urn”, Keats’s worries seem to bevanished. The speaker (poet himself) starts to address theurn by applying atmosphere:

“Thou still unravished bride of quietness,Thou foster- child of silence and slow time,Sylvan historian, who canst thus express

A flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme”.The poet goes further to wonder about the dynamic life

depicted on the frozen urn:“What leaf – fringed legend haunts about thy shape

Of deities or the dales of Arcady?What men or gods are these? What struggle to escape?”

To conclude, negative capability is such importanttheory originated by Keats who meant it to be a fundamentalquality of poets; yet, it has been applied in many fields ofknowledge in modern age; like Philosophy, psychology, andpolitics.References :-1. Robert Gittings, John Keats (London: Heinemann,

1970), 173.2. The Letters, 71.3. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, edited by Sally

Wehmeier and others (London: Oxford UniversityPress, 2005), see under “negative” and “capability.”

4. The Letters, 71.5. W.J. Bate, John Keats (Cambridge: Harvard university

press,1962), 236-7.The Letters, 70.6. Gittings, John Keats, 171.7. From a letter to Miss Jeffrey, 9th June 1819. The

Letters, 346. For more information about Shakespeareimpact on Keats, please see Caroline F.E. Spurgeon,Keats’s Shakespeare: A Descriptive Study Based OnNew Material. London: Oxford University Press, 1929).

8. Susan J. Wolfson ed., The Cambridge Companion toKeats (London: Cambridge university press, 2001),157. Actually, Keats wrote this review on 19 or 20December, 1817, and it was published in theChampion, on 21 December. Hence, it is written justfew days before the negative capability letter.

9. Andrew Motion, Keats (USA: University of ChicagoPress,1999),333.

10. John Cook ed., William Hazlitt: Selected Essays (NewYork: Oxford University Press, 2009), PP. 266-70.Hazlitt’s “On Gusto” was first published in TheExaminer, May 26th, 1816.

11. Ibid, 67.12. M. H. Abrams, The Mirror and the Lamp: Romantic

Theory and the Critical Tradition (New York, oxforduniversity press, 1971), 136.

13. The Letters, 71.14. Quate in Gittings, John Keats,174.15. The Letters, 226-7.16. Gittings, John Keats, 143.17. Journal of Thi-Qar University number2 Vol.6 March/

201118. Robert Gittings, John Keats: The Living Year (London:

HEINEMANN,1978), 131.19. The text of the two odes under discussion are taken

from Maurice Buxton Forman ed., The Poetical Worksof John Keats (London: Oxford University Press,1950).“Ode to a Nightingale,”pp.230-233; And Ode on aGrecian Urn,”pp.233-35.

20. Albert Guerards, “Prometheus and the Aeolia Lyre,”Yale Review, XXXIII (New Haven: Yale UniversityPress, 1944),495.

21. Ibid.22. David Perkins, “The Ode to a Nightingale” in Walter

Jackson Bate, Keats: A Collection of Critical Essays(United States of America: Printice-Hall,Inc.,1964),103-112.

23. Ian Jack, Keats and the mirror of arts (Oxford: TheClarendon Press, 1967), 140.

24. Ibid, 141.25. Earl Wasserman, “The Ode On A Grecian Urn” in

Walter Jackson Bate, Keats: A Collection of CriticalEssays (United States of America: Printice-Hall, Inc.,1964), 113-141. Hereafter referred to as Wassermanfollowed by page number.

26. Ian Jack, 214.27. Wesserman, 132.28. Ibid.29. Ibid, 134.30. K. Muir, “The meaning of Hyperion” in K. Muir (ed.),

John Keats: A reassessment, (Liverpool: LiverpoolUniversity Press, 1958),107.

31. John S. Hill, Imagination in Coleridge (London:MacMillan press, 1978),188. This letter was writtenNovember 1819to Peter Morris the pseudoname forJohn Gibson.


32. R. G. Howarth ed. The Letters of Lord Byron (London:dent&sons LTD, 1962), 323. Byron had written this ina letter to Thomas Moore in the 4th march.

33. T. S. Eliot,” Tradition and the Individual Talent” in T. S.Eliot, The sacred wood: Essays on poetry andcriticism(London: Methuen &CO LTD, 1960),53 .

34. Journal of Thi-Qar University number2 Vol.6 March/2011

35. Abrams, M. H. The Mirror And The Lamp: RomanticTheory and the Critical Tradition. New York, oxforduniversity press, 1971.

36. Bate, Walter Jackson. John Keats. Cambridge:Harvard university press,1962

37. Keats: A Collection of Critical Essays. United States ofAmerica: Printice-Hall,Inc.,1964.

38. Cook, John ed. William Hazlitt: Selected Essays. NewYork: Oxford University Press, 2009.

39. Eliot, T.S. The sacred wood: Essays on poetry andcriticism. London: Methuen&CO LTD, 1960.

40. Forman, Maurice Buxton ed. The Poetical Works ofJohn Keats. London: Oxford University Press, 1950.

41. The Letters of John Keats. London: Oxford UniversityPress, 1948.

42. Gittings, Robert. John Keats. London: HEINEMANN,

1968.43. John Keats: The Living Year. London: Heinemann,

1978.44. Hill, john S. Imagination in Coleridge. London:

MacMillan press,1978.45. Howarth, R.G. ed. The Letters of Lord Byron. London:

Dent&Sons LTD,1962.46. Jack, Ian. Keats and the Mirror of Arts .Oxford: The

Clarendon Press, 1967.47. Maurice Buxton Forman ed., The Letters Of John

Keats. London: oxford university press, 1948.48. Motion, Andrew. Keats. USA: University of Chicago

Press, 1999.49. Muir, K. ed. John Keats: A reassessment. Liverpool:

Liverpool University Press, 1958.50. Spurgeon, Caroline F.E. Keats’s Shakespeare: A

Descriptive Study Based On New Material. London:Norwood Editions, 1976.

51. Wehmeier, Sally and others ed. Oxford AdvancedLearner’s Dictionary. London: Oxford University Press,2005.

52. Wolfson, Susan J. ed. The Cambridge Companion toKeats London: Cambridge university press, 2001.

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Abstract - Charles lamb the greatest of the essayists. He was a English essayist, poet, and antiquarian, but known forhis Essays of Elia and for the children’s book Tales form Shakespeare, co-authored with his sister, Mary Lamb.Charles Lamb (10 Feb. 1775-27 December 1834) was at the center of a major literary circle in England.

Elaboration Of Wisdom In Essays Of Charles Lamb

Introduction - Lamb’s “Elia” essays have been nearlyuniversally extolled by reviewers since their initialappearance. While some scholars have considered Lamb’sstyle imitative of earlier English writers, the majority nowaccept that quality as one of “Elia’s” distinctive hallmarks,along with his fondness for the obscure and otheridiosyncrasies. In addition to the elegant prose of his essays,works that have delighted generations of readers, Lamb’scritical writings testify to his versatility and insight, althoughsome commentators have faulted his unsystematic criticalmethod. During the nineteenth century, Lamb’s collectedwritings tended to elicit highly polarized critical reactions.By the beginning of the twentieth century, however, Lamb’sstatus as one of England’s most beloved writers wasaffirmed, and today he is remembered as a perceptive criticand the finest practitioner of the familiar essays form inEnglish.

Charles Lamb had managed beautifully the mentalimbalance of his own, due to certain family clashes.Elaboration Of W isdom In Essays Of Charles Lamb -Pope’s wise maxim that there are “nameless graces of awork of art that no methods teach” is not to floutmethodology, but to insist that “graces” are more importantthan “methods”. But order to be able to interpret andspecifically pin point the place and contribution of CharlesLamb to the development of the traditional essay-form, it isimperative that a close survey of essay and essayists sinceBacon’s times is undertaken, which will enable us to focusour attention on Lamb and his achievements. It is alsoapparent that no writer can be examined critically withouthistorical perspective. This will help us to suggest in whatway Lamb was inferior to many writers and in what way hewas superior to many of them finally helping us indetermining his place and rank in literature. Suchassessment made of Lamb’s place in the development ofthe essay-form is directed to unfold the literary aspects,with which essay as a typical literary genre is concerned itsdevelopment, contemporary relevance and prospects. The

Dr. Jalaj Dixit *

* Princip al,Savit a Devi Jaiswal Memorial College,Shamgarh, Distt. Mandsaur (M.P.) INDIA

essay writing has a very thought provoking and involvinghistory, without the study of which it would not be possiblefor us to justify our estimate of Charles Lamb. With thisend in view an attempt has been made to collect the relevantfacts to trace a systematic evolution of the essay form priorto Lamb.

“An essay by Bacon consists of a few pages ofconcentrated wisdom, with little elaboration of the ideasexpressed; an essay by Montaigne is a medley ofreflections, quotations, and anecdotes; in an essay byAddison, the thought is thin and diluted, and the tendencyis now towards light didacticism and now towards personalgossip; Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understandingis a ponderous volume, close-packed with philosophicmatter; the essays of Macaulay and Herbert Spencer arereally small books.” 1

Dr. Johnson defines an essay to be “a loose sally ofthe mind, an irregular, undigested piece, not a regular andorderly performance.” 2. The Oxford English Dictionarymakes the definition more comprehensive by explainingthe essay as “a composition of moderate length on anyparticular subject, or branch of a subject; originally implyingwant of finish, but now said of a composition more or lesselaborate in style, though limited in range.”3 Sainsburyloosely describes it as “a work of prose art.” 4The art of the essay may be said to consist in the artisticform, that the writer gives to his subject, by adopting amethod which may imply various devices employed by him.His peculiar manner of introducing his subject, his ability tochoose his sentences, loose or periodic, simple, complexor compound, to establish a clear connection between theparagraphs framed, his technique to dilate upon them, hisgift to bring home the point to his artistic presentation.

In his treatment of the subject the writer may haveoccasion to describe, narrate, expose, argue orphilosophies. Accordingly, he casts his thoughts in the mouldof his power for description, narration, exposition orargumentation. Accordingly, as any of these powers


predominate in the essay, it is designated as descriptive,narrative, expository, argumentative or philosophical.Bacon, who is supposed to have initiated the English essay,is said to have followed Montaigne’s style in his writings.There is no doubt that Bacon’s essays abound in short pithysentences, which look like precepts. They are clear, forcefuland brief and thereby become aphorisms to be cited atdifferent departments of knowledge. His essays are wantingin personal element, so much to be seen in modern writers.They are a jumble of ideas written down in short paragraphs,as if the ideas strike the mind of Bacon and he hurries tojot them down, thereby omitting to establish logicalconnection between paragraphs. However, they are full ofpractical wisdom and appear to be the results of hisbobservation on various interests of life. They are as said byBacon himself, “brief notes set down rather significantlythan anxiously.” His aphoristic style and practical wisdomare evident from :

“Revenge is a kind of wild justice, which the more aman’s nature runs to, the more ought law to weed it out.For as for the first wrong, it doth but offend the law; but therevenge of that wrong putted the low out of office.”8

In the exploitation of their prose-pattern it seems thatthese writers have used the essay as a vehicle for writingcharacter-sketches of their times. Such writings, in moderndays, come under Narrative Essay, which treats ofautobiographies and biographies, travels, anecdotes anddaily occurrence of interest in newspapers. An examination

of these authors and others who came after, proves theessay to be far more technically evolved than before.

Richard Steele narrates the story of Alexander Selkirk,who chose to live all alone on the island of Juan Fernandez,having been put ashore from a leaky vessel in a crazy vesselunder a disagreeable commander. Mark into the style ofthe author in the following sentences from his narrativeessay :

“The person I speak of is Alexander Selkirk, who choseto live all alone on the island of Juan Fernandez, havingbeen put ashore from a leaky vessel in a crazy vessel undera disagreeable commander. Mark into the style of the autherin the following sentences from his narrative essay:

“ The person I speak of is Alexander Selkirk whosename is familiar to men of curiosity from the fame of hishaving four years and four months alone in the island ofJuan Fernandez.” 13

“ The writer unfolds that Alexander had an irreconcilabledifference with the captain of the ship and so chose to livealone in the island of Juan Fernandez.”

References :-1. Jerrold, W. : Charles Lamb. London, 19052. Walker, Hugh : The English Essays and Essayists.

Delhi 19613. Ainger, A. : Charles Lamb. London ,18824. Albert, E. : A History of English Literature, 19655. Ashe, T. : Table Talk and Omniana. London, 1884/1909

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Abstract - The objective of the research was to study the influence of Social Values, Nature of school and theirinteraction on Vocational Guidance Needs of the students. The hypothesis of the study was there is no significantinfluence of Social Values, Nature of school and their interaction on Vocational Guidance Needs of the students. Theresearch was survey in nature. 500 students of Higher Secondary School of Indore City were selected randomly as asample. Personal Values Questionnaire (1972) by Sherry and Singh was used for assessment of Value. ‘VocationalGuidance Needs Scale’ (VGNS) was developed and standardized by researcher for assessment of student’s VocationalGuidance Needs. The reliability coefficient of VGNS was found 0.87. Content validity was also ensured. The data wasanalyzed with the help of 2x2 ANOVA. The findings of study were : (1) The students of high and low SV group werefound to have Vocational Guidance Need to same extent. (2) Government School students were found to have moreVocational Guidance Need as compared to Private School. (3) The Vocational Guidance Needs of the students wasfound to be independent of interaction between Nature of School and SV.Key Words - Vocational Guidance Needs, Values, Social Value and Nature of School etc.

Study of Vocational Guidance Needs in Relation to SocialValue and Nature of School of Higher Secondary School

Students of Indore District

Introduction - “Vocational guidance is the process ofassisting the individual to choose an occupation, prepare itenter upon and progress in it.” – National VocationalGuidance Association, USA(1954)

Vocational guidance is the assistance given to studentsin choosing and preparing for a suitable vocation. It isconcerned with the selection of vocation and preparationfor it. According to the International Labour Organization,vocational guidance is the assistance rendered by anindividual to another in the later solving of problems relatedto his progress and vocational selection keeping in mindthe individual’s peculiarities or special abilities and theirrelations with his occupational opportunity. Vocationalguidance may be defined as the process to help anindividual to choose an occupation, prepare for it, enter uponit and progress in it. In other words it helps a person tohave satisfactory vocational adjustment.

A value concept is accepted in philosophy, ethics,aesthetics and sociology and characterizing the socio –historical significance for society and personalized meaningfor individual of certain realities. Marxist – Leninistphilosophy sees the sources of axiological attitude in thesocial characters of human activity. The whole variety ofhuman object oriented activity and social relation are theobject of that attitude. The value assessment criteria fordifferent phenomenon are of concrete historical nature.Values are important factors of social regulation of individualbehaviour and human interrelations.

Dr. Pallavi Acharya *

* Associate Professor , Victoria College, Indore (M.P .) INDIA

Review of Related Literature - Related to VocationalGuidance & Needs some researches have been conductedby Geroge (1968), Dasgupata(1972), Reddy (1972),Mehta(1977), Yadav(1979), Bhatnagar(1983), Mowji(1983),Tulsi(1983),Fernandes(1984),PremLata (1984),Gupta(1985), Kamat(1985) Singh(1985), Sharma(1986), Tripathi(1986),Venkatramana (1988), Gaikwad (1989), Gupta(1991), Kottiyaniyil (1994), Fazel (1996), Das (1998) andMehata, Bajaj & Kumar (2006). Related to VocationalGuidance & Value some researches have been conductedby Mann (1978), Saraswat (1982), Chinara (1992), Dadu(1992) & Gupta (2000).Objective - The objective of the study was : (1) To studythe influence of Social Values, Nature of school and theirinteraction on Vocational Guidance Needs of the students.Hypothesis - The hypothesis of the study was : (1) Thereis no significant influence of Social Values, Nature of schooland their interaction on Vocational Guidance Needs of thestudents.Methodology - The research was survey in nature. 500students of Higher Secondary School of Indore City wereselected randomly as a sample. Personal ValuesQuestionnaire (1972) by Sherry and Singh was used forassessment of Value. This questionnaire included tenvalues for the assessment and consisted of 40 items of‘mostly like’ and ‘mostly dislike’ type. The coefficient ofcorrelation was found 0.64. Only Social Value was taken inthe study. ‘Vocational Guidance Needs Scale’ (VGNS) was


developed and standardized by researcher for assessmentof student’s Vocational Guidance Needs. The reliabilitycoefficient of VGNS was found 0.87. Content validity wasalso ensured. The data was analyzed with the help of 2x2ANOVA.Result & Analysis - The objective was to study theinfluence of Social Value (SV), Nature of School and theirinteraction on Vocational Guidance Needs of the students.There were two categories of SV that is high SV and lowSV, and there were two categories of Nature of School thatis Government School & Private School. The results aregiven in table 1.Table 1 : Summary of 2 x 2 Factorial Design ANOVA

for Vocational Guidance Needs, Social V alue andNature of School

Source Of Type III Sum df Mean F-value Variance of Squares Square Social Value 0.311 1 0.311 0.00 (A) Nature of 3820.430 1 3820.430 4.339*

School (B) A X B 129.779 1 129.779 0.147 Error 436700.765 496 880.445 Total 12149637.000 500 *Significant at 0.05It is evident from table 1that F-value for SV is 0.00 with dfequal to 1/496 which is not significant at 0.05 level ofsignificance. It indicates that the mean score of low andhigh SV group students did not differ significantly. So therewas no significant influence of SV on Vocational GuidanceNeeds of the students. In this context, the null hypothesisthat there is no significant influence of SV on VocationalGuidance Needs of students is not rejected. It may,therefore be, said that the students of high and low SVgroup were found to have Vocational Guidance Need tosame extent.

The F value for School is 4.339 with df equal to 1/496which is significant at 0.05 level of significance. It indicatesthat the mean score of Government School and PrivateSchool students differ significantly. So there was significantinfluence of Nature of School on Vocational GuidanceNeeds of the students. In this context the null hypothesisthat there is no significant influence of Nature of School onVocational Guidance Needs is rejected. The mean scoreof Vocational Guidance Needs of Government School is150.26 and Private school students are 155.83. It showsthat Government School students were found to have moreVocational Guidance Need as compared to Private School.

The F value for interaction between Nature of Schooland SV is 0.147 with df equal to 1/496 which is not significantat 0.05 level of significance. It shows that there is nosignificant influence of interaction between Nature of Schooland SV of the students on Vocational Guidance Need. Inthis context, the null hypothesis that there is no significantinfluence of interaction between Nature of School and SVof the students on Vocational Guidance Needs is not

rejected. . It may, therefore be, said that the VocationalGuidance Needs of the students was found to beindependent of interaction between Nature of School andSV.Findings - The findings of study were : (1) The students ofhigh and low SV group were found to have VocationalGuidance Need to same extent. (2) Government Schoolstudents were found to have more Vocational GuidanceNeed as compared to Private School. (3) The VocationalGuidance Needs of the students was found to be independentof interaction between Nature of School and SV.Delimit ations - To conduct this study some instructionswere followed which were stated as following : (1)The studywas limited to only six schools of Indore district. (2) Thestudy was subjected to only 500 students. (3) Only SocialValue aspect of Personal Value Questionnaire was takenin the study. (4) The present study was restricting to studythe variable vocational guidance need and value.References :-1. Buch, M.B.(ed.): First Survey of Research in Education,

National Council of Educational Research and Training,New Delhi, Studies upto1972.

2. Buch, M.B.(ed.): Second Survey of Research inEducation, National Council of Educational Researchand Training, New Delhi, 1972 – 78.

3. Buch, M.B.(ed.): Third Survey of Research inEducation, National Council of Educational Researchand Training, New Delhi, 1978 – 83.

4. Buch, M.B.(ed.): Fourth Survey of Research inEducation, National Council of Educational Researchand Training, New Delhi, 1983 – 88.

5. Buch, M.B.(ed.): Fifth Survey of Research in Education,National Council of Educational Research and Training,New Delhi, 1988 – 92.

6. Chinara, B.D.: Effect of Stratigeis Inculcation ofDemocratic Values among Adolescents in Relation toIntroversion – Extraversion and Value RelatedBehavioural Types, Ph.D.(Edu.), Punjab U., 1992

7. Dadu, P.: A Study of Personality Values and Religiousattitudes of Urban and Rural Males and Female in thePurview of Socio – Economic Status, Ph.D.(Psy.), AgraU., 1992.

8. Das, J.: Designing developing and try out of GuidanceServices for Students and Community. Ph.D. (Edu.),Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalya, 1998.

9. Faizal, A.: A Study of Cultural and Gender Deficiencyon Need for Achievement, Locus of Control andVocational Choice of Gifted and Average Students,Ph.D.(Psy.), Punjab U., 1996.

10. Gupta, S.: A Comparative Study of Alienated andUnalienated Students in Relation to their PersonalityTraits, Values, Socio – Economic Status and theirAttitudes Towards their Teachers, Ph.D.(Edu.), M.L.S.U., 2000.

11. Jaiswal, S.R.: Guidance and Counselling – An EffectiveApproach, Prakashan Kendra, Lucknow, 1968.


12. Kaur, M.: Self – Concept in Relation to IntellectualVariables, Journal of Educational Research andExtension, Vol. 38. No. 1, 2001.

13. Koottiyaniyil, Therese: The Effect of Student CenteredCounselling on the Low – Achievers in SecondarySchools Ph.D. (Edu.), Mahatma Gandhi University,1994.

14. Mehta, M., Bajaj, S. and Kumar, V.V.: Effect ofPersonality Intervention and Career InterventionProgrammes on Vocational Indecision among

Adolescents Boys, Indian Educational Reviews, Vol.42. No. 2. pp. 81-98, 2006.

15. Myers, G.E.: Principles and Techniques of VocationalGuidance, McGraw Hill Book Company Inc., Tokyo,1941.

16. Sherry, G.P. & Verma, R.P.: Vocational ValueQuestionnaire, National Psychologival Coporation,Agra, 1972.

17. Torrance, E.P.: Guiding Creative Talents, Prentice HallNew Jursey, 1966.

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‹`mZ _ß AmVr h°, oH$ J⁄-[⁄ gmW _ß hr h°, oOg Mß[wH$mÏ` H$hV h°&'lrXŒmMÂ[w' BgH$m lÓR> CXmhaU h°& A›` J´ßWmß H$ A‹``Z H$ [ÌMmV≤`h ahÒ` C”moQ>V hwAm h° oH$ J´ßWmß H$r [ßo∫$`mß H$ ‡W_mja CÉma g _ßÃmßH$r oZo_©Vr hwB© h°, Vm H$ht [ßo∫$`mß H$ Vrga Ajamß H$ CÉmaU g JrVm H$[ß–hd A‹`m` H$m Jwß\$Z ‡m· hwAm h°& Eg H$B© A›` H$mÏ` AbßH$ma dM_ÀH$ma BZH$ gmohÀ` _ß `Ã-VÃ o]Ia [∂S> h°&

AV: oZÓH$f© H$ Í$[ _ß H$h gH$V h° oH$ Q>Â] Òdm_r Z XŒm VÀdkmZ(]´˜ odÓUw _he H$m EH$Àd) d eßH$amMm`© Z odÓUw d oed _ß EH$Àd H$rC[mgZm g A¤°V H$m _mJ© gd©_m›` OZ H$ ob` gwH$a H$a oX`m h°&emY H$m gmamße `hr h° oH$ XmZmß H$m VÀdkmZ, A¤°V og’mßV, Xme©oZH$odMma d OrdZ C‘Ì` g_mZ hr h°& og\©$ _mJ© d C[mgZm o^fi h°& Y_©,AW©, H$m_, _mj ‡mo· H$ gmYZ d ‡mo· H°$g hm ? `ht XmZmß H$ OrdZ-H$m`© d gmohÀ` H$m gma h°& _mZd-_mÃ H$m Y_©, AW©, H$m_ _mj H$r ‡mo·

H°$g ghO d gm°Â` Í$[ g hm, hr XmZmß odMmaH$mß, Xme©oZH$mß, oejmodXmßd gßVmß H$m H$m`© h°&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ1. e_m©, a.‡. (2006) "Am⁄ OJ“wÍ$ eßH$amMm`©',2. Q>Â] Òdm_r, dm.g. (2014) g_J´ J´ßßW gß[Xm,3. web Bibliography4. www.shrivasudevanandsaraswati.com5. www: shrivasudevanandsaraswati.org.com6. www:mahagoga.org.7. www:kundalivishakipatayoga.net8. www: kundalivishakipatayogaswamidham.com9. www:prabhaba.org10. www:shivdham.org

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Am∞oQ>¡_ (AmÀ_H$o›–VVm)

S>m∞. O`]mbm Jw·m *

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gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ1. oedmZr Jw·m &2. S>m∞. AßObr Omer- 31 AJÒV 2006 H$m AmbI &3. A_•Vm ‡H$me &4. AmßH$maqgh OZmQ>r, gÂ[mXH$ B©em ^moQ>`m &5. g°[ b°„g Bo S>`m H$r d] gmBQ> &6. Aaod›X Jm°ad- „bm∞J AmoM©Ïh- A∑Qy>. 2008 Am∞oQ>¡_ &7. http:// austism re sorce cemter.8. http// w.w.w. autism-india.org.9. w.w.w autism- societ.org.10. http//w.w.w. austism.com.

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Abstract - Bail may be regarded as a mechanism whereby the state devolutes upon the community the function ofsecuring the presence of the prisoners and at the same time involves participation of the community in administrationof justice.

The object of arrest and detention of the accused person is primarily to secure his appearance at the time of trialand to ensure that in case he is found guilty he is available to receive the sentence. It his presence at the trial could bereasonably ensured otherwise than by his arrest and detention.

Bail , Its Type & Cancellation in India

Introduction - Bail is one of the cherised rights, claims orprivileges of an accused person . It is one of the mostdignified institutions in any civilized society in which humanvalues, such as faith and trust, take precedence overeverything else the release on bail is crucial to the accusedperson. The jailed accused, subjected to the psychologicaland physical deprivations of jail life, loses his job and isprevented from contributing effectively to the preparationof his defence.Definition of Bail - Bail has been defined in the Law Lexiconas “Security for the appearance of the accused person, ongiving which, he is released pending trail or investigation”The word “bail” means to set at liberty a person arrested orimprisoned on security being taken of his appearance inthe court on a particular day.

The word “bail” covers release on one’s own bond.The definition of bail as given in Webste’s Third new

international Dictionary.“The process by which a person is released from

custody”Classification - The Cr.P.C. has classified all offences into“bail able” and “non bail able” offences. The distinctionbetween them is as follows –

Bailable offence means an offence which is shown asbailable in the first schedule or which is made bailable byany other law for the time being in force.

Non bailable offence means any other offence (Sec.2(a))

Generally, seriouos offences, have been consideredas non bailable offences. While petty offences as bailable.

A person accused of bailable offence has a right toreleased on bail (Sec. 50(2)) makes it obligatory for a policeofficer arresting such a person to inform him of his right tobe released on bail.In what cases Bail to be t aken – Sub-Sec (1) where thereare no reasonable grounds to believe that the accused was

Deeksha Dubey *

* L.L.B. IX Semester , Global Indina Law University , Sonip at (Haryana) INDIA

involved in the commission of non-bailable offence. theaccused shall be released on bail under sec. 436(1).

Amendment of sec. 436 (by- 2005 Amendment) Inrespect of bailable offences, a person has to remain in Jailfor his inability to furnish bail till the case is disposed of Sec436(1) has been amended to make a mandatory provisionthat if the arrested person is accused of a bailable offenceand he is an indigent and cannot furnish surety, the courtshall release him on his execution of a bond withoutsecurities. Thus the amendment has made it compulsoryfor the police to relies a person accused of a bailableoffence if he or she cannot afford to furnish surety.

The right to claim bail granted by sec. 436 in a bailableoffence is an absolute and indefeasible right.

Has a long history In medieval England, the customgrw out of the need to free untried prisoners from disease-ridden jails while they were waiting for the delayed trailsconducted by traveling justices. Prisoners were bailed, ordelivered, to reputable third parties of their own choosingwho accepted responsibility for assuring their appearanceat trial. from this grew the modern practice of posting amoney bond through a commercial bondsman . Bail hasnot been defined under the Cr. P.C. 1973.

“Bail connotes the process of procuring the release ofan accused charged with certain offence by ensuring hisfuture attendance . In the court for trial and compelling himto remain within the jurisdiction of the court.The Cr.P..C. has classified all offences into “bailable” and“non-bailable” offences.1. Bailable offence means an offence which is shown as

bailable in the first schedule or which is made bailableby any other law for the time being in force.

2. Non bailable offence means any other offence (Sec.2(a))

3. Generally, seriouos offences, have been consideredas non bailable offences. While petty offences as


bailable.4. A person accused of bailable offence has a right to

released on bail (Sec. 50(2)) makes it obligatory for apolice officer arresting such a person to inform him ofhis right to be released on bail.Where there are no reasonable grounds to believe that

the accused was involved in the commission of a non-bailable offence, the accused shall be released on bail undersec. 436(1).

In respect of bailable offences a person has to remainin jail for his inability to furnish bail, till the case is disposedof sec. 436(1) has been amended to make a mandatoryprovision that if the arrested person is accused of a baiableoffence and he is an indigent and cannot furnish surety,the court shall release him on his execution of a bondwithout sureties.. Thus the amendment has made it if he orshe cannot afford to furnish surety.

The right to claim bail granted by sec. 436 in a bailableoffence is an absolute and indefeasible right.The court cannot impose any condition in a bail-order underSec. 436. The only exception to this rule is states in sub-sec. (2)

It provides that a person who absconds or has brokenthe condition of his bail-bond (e.g. failed to appear beforethe court on the date fixed) when he was released on bailin a bailable case on a precious occasion shall not, as ofright, be entitled to bail when brought before the court onany subsequent date thought the offence may be bailablefurther, the court can call upon any person bound by suchbond to pay the penalty thereof under sec. 446.

Where a person has during the period of investigationinquiry or trial under this code of an offence under any law(not being an offence for which the punishment of deathhas been specified as one on the punishments under thatlaw) undergone detention for a period extending up to one-half of the maximum period of imprisonment specified forthat offence under that law he shall be released by the courton his personal bond with or without sureties.Other Mandatory Bail Provisions - Where the accusedhas completed 60 or 90 days in detention and there is noformal charge-sheet framed against them, the court is underconstitutional and procedural mandate to ask the detenu ifhe desire to be released on bail and if he can furnish bail,he must be released on bail forthwith. Mere submission ofcharge-sheet cannot be a ground for cancellation of bailgranted under Sec. 167(2).

No reasonable grounds for believing the accused guiltyof a non-baiable offence but sufficient for further inquiry-The accused shall be released on bail in such a case,according to Sec. 437(2)

If , in any case triable by a magistrate, the trial of aperson accused of any non-bailable offence is notconcluded within a period of 60 days from the first datefixed for taking evidence in the case, such person shall, ifhe is in custody during evidence in the of the said period,be released on bail to the satisfaction of the magistrate,

unless for reasons to be recorded in writing the magistrateotherwise directs for believing that the accused is not guiltyof any such offence, it shall release the accused (Sec.437(7))Sec. 437. Cases of Non-bailable offences - Such personshall not be so released if there appear reasonable groundsfor believing that he has been guilty of an offence punishablewith death or life-imprisonment.

Such person shall not be so released if such offenceis a cognizable offence and he had been previouslyconvicted of an offence punishable with death, life-imprisonment or imprisonment for 7 years or more, or hehad been previously convicted on two more occasions of.

16 years or any women or any sick or infirm personaccused of such an offence be released on bail . The provisoapplies to both clauses.Be released on bail if it is satisfied that it is just and properso to do for any other special reason.

The mere fact that an accused person may be requiredfor being identified by witnesses during bail only after givingan opportunity of hearing to the prosecution that suchperson attend in accordance with the conditions

That such person shall not commit an offence similarto the offence of which he is accused or suspected of thecommission of which he is suspected and that such personshall not directly or indirectly make any inducement, threator promise to any person acquainted with the facts of thecase so as to dissuade him from disclosing such facts tothe court or to any police office or tamper with the evidence.

Any officer or court releasing any person on bail in acase or non-bailable offence is required to record in writinghis or its reasons for so doing. This requirement wouldenable the High Court or Court of Session to see whetherthe discretion in the matter of bail was properly exercised.A bail order must be reasoned, while considering bailapplication the court must consider among other thefollowing circumstance.Sec. 437-A (Inserted by 2008 Amendment) - A new Sec.437-A to provide for the court to require accused to executebail bonds with sureties to appear before the higher Courtas and when such Court issues notice in respect of anappeal against437-A Bail to require accused to appear before nextAppellate Court - Before conclusion of the trial and beforedisposal of the appeal, the court trying the offence or theappellate court , is the case may be, shall require theaccused to execute bail bonds with sureties. Court andsuch bail bonds shall be in force for six months. Sec. 445shall apply.Sec. 439. Special power of High Court/Court - Thepowers of the High Court or the court of session areconsiderably wider than the powers of the magistrate inSec. 437.

Under Sec. 439, no distinction is made between variouskinds of offences for the purpose of granting of bail, andbail can be given even if the offence is most serious in


character.Though there is no specific provision for appeal against

the orders refusing to grant bail under Sec. 436(1) the HighCourt or Court of session can be moved under Sec. 439for bail.

The Proviso to Sec. 439(1) requires the High Court/Sessions Court to give notice to the public Prosecutor ofthe application made by the accused before granting bailin cases where the person making an application is.Temporary/Interim Bail - If a court has authority to decidethe bail matter, it has authority to consider a temporary bailor ‘parole’ or dealing with the custody of the accused andmanner of it till the required material is collected.

Offences of trivial nature in which bail is generallygranted, (ii) release of women, children, minors and agedperson, (iii) Studens whose examination are to commenceshould also be given interim relief, and (iv) cases in whichaccusations appear to be frivolous or mala fide.Cancellation of Bail (Secs. 437 (5) and 439 (2)) - Evenafter bail has been granted it can be cancelled under Sec.437(5) or Sec. 439(2). According to Sec. 437(5) any courtwhich has released.

person on bail under Sec. 437(1) or (2) may, if itconsiders it necessary so to do, direct that such person bearrested and committed to custody.5. The person on bail commits the very offence for which

he is being tried or has been convicted, and therebyproves his utter unfitness to be on bail.

6. if he hampers the investigation and foreibly preventsthe search of places under his control for the corpusdelicti or other incriminating things

7. if he tampers with the evidence as by intimidating theprosecution witnesses, interfering with the scene ofthe offence in order to remove traces or proofs of crime.

8. if he absconds i.e. runs away to a foreign country, orgoes underground, or beyond the control of his suretiesand

9. if he commits acts of violence (in revenge) against the

police and the prosecution witness and those who havebooked him or are trying to book him.

Concluding Remarks - Release on bail is crucial to theaccused as the consequences of pre-trial detention aregrave. If release on bail is denied to the accused it wouldmean that though he is presumed to be innocent till theguilt is proved beyond reasonable doubt he would besubjected to the psychological and physical deprivation ofjail life. The jailed accused loses his job or source of incomeand is prevented from contributing effectively to thepreparation of his defence.

Bail is a right and refusal is an exception. However,the courts can impose the conditions while granting bail.But the conditions should not be unreasonable. Court havealso power to cancel bail but power to cancel bail in non-bailable offences must be used sparingly. It is the duty ifthe Magistrate to dispose of the application as early aspossible.

References :-1. Encyclopedia Braitannica, Vol, I, P. 736(15th Edn).2. Clearly bring out the changes that have been made in

the law of bails in the Cr.P.C.1973 by the Cr.P.C.(Amendment) Act, 2005 bringing out clearly the objectsought to be achieved by the Amending Act of 2005/(D.U. 2011/2012 )

3. Nanha V State, 1993 CrLJ 938 (All)4. T.K. Dutta, 1995 CrLJ 3274(Cal).5. http://www.lawersclubindia.com/articles/Discretion-in-

granting-Bail-in-non-Bailable-offences-5262.asp#VQcLENKUe8A

6. http://shodhganga.infilbnet.ac.in/bitstream/1060/7790/10/10_chapter%204.pdf.

7. http:/criminallawyersindia.wordpress.com…/bail-in-ndps-cases-in-india.

8. http://www.shareyouressays.com/119377/provisions-of-bail-under-section-12-of-the-juvenile-justice-care-and-protection-of-children.

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Edß gßdY©Z hVw _hÀd[yU© Edß Ï`m[H$ ‡`mg oH$`m J`m h°&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :-1. AJ´dmb, S>m∞. EM. Am., _mZd AoYH$ma Edß AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` odoY, g›Q≠>b

bm∞ [o„bH$eZ, Bbmhm]mX.2. H$[ya, S>m∞. Eg. H$., _mZd AoYH$ma Edß AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` odoY, g›Q≠>b bm∞

EOßgr, Bbmhm]mX.

3. Karna, G.N., United Nations and the Rights of DisabledPersons: A Study in Indian Perspective (New Delhi:APH Publications Co., 1999).

4. Narasimham, R.K., Human Rights and Social Justice(New Delhi: Commonwealth Publishers,1999).

5. Borgohain, Bani, Human Rights: Social Justice andPolitical Change (New Delhi: Kanishka Publishers,1999).

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Abstract - Among the fashion designing student community, a word like eco friendly (Ecology friendly) must be a verycommon term due to the Government movements, awareness program run by NGO’s, campaigns of WHO or UNICEFand involvement of fashion brands in this era. The objective of this paper is to study the factors affecting awarenessregarding eco friendly garments among students of fashion designing. On a basic level, eco friendly garments being partof the education process may give us a considerable edge in the industry, while learning to incorporate eco friendlypractices at process inception will add both, a competitive advantage and encourage eco-design. The purpose of thestudy is to examine the awareness of eco friendly garments among fashion educated students. This paper also aims toasses the economic status independently responsible for awareness in case of students studying fashion designing .Thethree levels of income, i.e. high, medium and low were studied in the study. Employing the random sampling technique,finally 85 students of diploma level from different colleges of Indore city were selected to serve as subject in the presentstudy. After statistical analysis, results were found that there is significant difference between factors (emoluments status)affecting awareness regarding eco-friendly garments among students of fashion designing. Key Words - Eco Friendly; NGO; WHO; NICEF; Emolument;

Assessment of awareness regarding eco-friendlygarments among students of fashion designing

Introduction - In this fashion era, student community is moreinclined towards fashion. Eco friendly garments are part ofsustainable fashion and play a vital role in the market. Somany big brands have already started their clothing lines withthe name of Green garments, Eco friendly garments, Organicfashion and so on, As a moral responsibility towardsustainability. One step ahead some universities have startedrelated courses such as sustainable fashion designing course,eco friendly garment manufacturing course and eco friendlytextile engineering course at worldwide level. These coursesare running sucessfully because of good job opportunities inmanufacturing units for the passout students. In India, thereare many programmes/courses running related to fashiondesigning at ITI and Diploma level. The basic qualification totake admission in these courses is 10th pass out . Aftercompletion of these courses, students are able to get job ontechnician level or supervisory level. When we talk about ecofriendly term, these courses contain very few informationregarding fashion sustainability. To asses students learningthese courses it is required to find out their awarenessregarding eco friendly garments.Review Of Literature - 1.Assessment of sustainable designpractices in the fashion industry: experiences of eight smallsustainable design companies in the Northeastern andSoutheastern United States Erin Lawless & Katalin MedvedevPublished online: 30 Nov 2015 The primary purpose of thisresearch was to gain an understanding of designers’knowledge of sustainability and investigate current practicesin sustainable fashion design in order to discover whatvariables influence designers’ decisions during the designand product development process of sustainable fashion

Dr. Sonal Bhati *

*H.O.D. (Fashion T echnology) Govt. W omen’ s Polytechnic College, Indore (M.P .) INDIA

apparel. 2. Fashion Design Industry Impressions of CurrentSustainable Practices. Noël Palomo-Lovinski & Kim Hahn.Pages 87-106 | Published online: 27 Apr 2015 in this researchfindings indicate that Designers are, however, responsiblefor as much as 80 percent of any product that is introducedand have the ability to influence . This article exploresprofessional fashion designers’ understanding and awarenessof the current best practices in sustainable design. Thirty-five design professionals were surveyed about sustainabilityin fashion to assess what was missing in their education.The results are interpreted and analyzed as a basis for anew focus on curricula within the American college systemand to create lasting and substantive change in the fashionindustry.3. The Branding of Ethical Fashion and theConsumer: A Luxury Niche or Mass-market Reality? NathanielDafydd Beard Pages 447-467 | Published online: 21 Apr 2015This article seeks to address the branding and marketing ofeco fashion or ethical fashion, juxtaposing the experiencesof today’s, often confused, fashion consumers, against thepromotional methodologies used by, sometimes equallyconfused, fashion brands. Looking at the rise of ethicalfashion, this article takes into consideration the factors thathave influenced this. In addition, the lifestyle and societalindicators that effect consumer behavior in relation topurchasing eco fashion are also investigated. Further to thistheoretical discussion, this article concludes with a reflectionon today’s practical manifestations of the branding andpromotion of eco fashion, and the challenges ahead that bothfashion brands, and consumers, face in the continuation andsustainability of ecofashion.4. A Study of a Social ContentModel for Sustainable Development in the Fast Fashion


Industry Junghyun Jang , Eunju Ko , Eunha Chun & EuntaikLee Pages 61-70 | Received 21 Mar 2012, Accepted 11 May2012, Published online: 12 Dec 2012 Due to an increase inclothes consumption and a decrease in the trend cycle,middle-class consumers generally prefer clothes that arecheap and trendy. The present study is a timely investigationbecause there has been an increase in the social awarenessof benefit sharing. Moreover, consumer perception of theenvironment is on the rise in South Korea. This study is apioneer in applying social sustainability, which has until nowbeen used in the fields of environmental, economic, and socialresearch, to fashion social content. The implications for fastfashion firms that care about the ecological consumers arediscussed, as are opportunities for further research. 5.Sustainable practices and transformable fashion design –Chinese professional and consumer perspectives OsmudRahman & Minjie Gong Pages 233-247 | Received 25 Dec2015, Accepted 14 Mar 2016, Published online: 06 Apr 2016Many consumers are contented with the fast fashion styles,abundant choices, and affordable price. However, otherconsumers and environmental advocates began to questionabout this fast fashion system, including the problems ofoverconsumption and disposable clothing. As a result, manyfashion practitioners and scholars have been developingdifferent strategies and methods to minimise the fabric waste,and prolong the product lifespan through innovative design.The objectives of this study are twofold: (1) to explore varioustechniques for creating transformable clothing and (2) to gaina deeper understanding of how individuals (entrepreneurs,designers, professors, and consumers) respond to theirperceptions of transformable clothing, and issues ofsustainability in China., According to our results, manyinformants and online participants supported the concept ofsustainable fashion as well as the idea of transformablegarments. However, many professionals had numerousconcerns regarding the production cost, practicality,adaptability, and saleability. An analysis on developing acommon CSR labeling system in the fashion industry. yearof publication :2015 Author :Nurunisa Çizmeci The literaturereview exposes that the negative effect of the industry on thesociety and the environment evokes the consumer awarenessand demand for the CSR approach. Surely, the expectationof CSR leads to the fashion companies to regulate theiroperations. But the further step of CSR approach iscommunication.Objective - To study the factors affecting awarenessregarding eco friendly garments among students of fashiondesigning.Hypothesis – H01 There will be no significant differencebetween factor affecting awareness regarding eco friendlygarments among students of fashion designing.Methodology - In this present study, Assessment ofawareness regarding eco-friendly garments among studentsof fashion designing, the respondents were selected byrandom sampling technique on the basis of high, mediumand low income group. The sample size ranges from about85 students from different diploma level colleges and dividedinto three groups on the basis of their family income criteria.The location selected for this study was Indore, Madhya

Pradesh. For qualitative analysis, questioner were framed toexplore the propose of study. Data was collected and aftertabulating the information, chi square test & percentage wereapplied. This research work belongs to the year 2017.Result And DiscussionTable 1 (See in last p age)

Chi- value for the awareness regarding eco friendlygarments among high, medium and low income groupstudents as per information and knowledge obtained 0.282from peer group, 0.400 from Advertisement/Social media,0.094 from educational institute. This is not significant, whileinformation and knowledge gathered from governmentcampaign obtained .000 is significant. Maximum students oflow income group spent most of their time with peer groupand therefore they gather most of their knowledge for ecofriendly garments from them, whereas there are very fewdifferences found between medium and high income group.As per information from Advertisement/social media, all thethree income groups scored approximately the samepercentage, which shows that the social media has becomelifestyle which is the cause of negative as well as positiveimpact. As we know, students spent their maximum time andgive attention to education but only high income group scoredhigher than medium and low income group because ofseriousness and family facilities provided to them. Governmentis trying hard to aware society regarding eco sustainability. Asa results, only middle income group got maximum score thatshows middle class families are the target group of governmentmovements related to social and environment issues and it isplaying a vital impact on them.

In Chi-value for the definition of eco-friendly garments,four statements were applied to reach near to the definedresults. Garments made by locally sourced material obtained.000, garments produced with eco-resources obtained .000,slow fashion garments and hand crafted textiles/artisanshipalso obtained .000 which is significant. To produce a garmentlocally sourced material required less transportation expensesas well as less fuel and energy. Only low income groupstudents scored maximum because of their information andsearch of material which bounds them to purchase local andsecond hand material. That’s why they are aware about thelocal market that is in their income limit rather than reasonbehind subject. Garments produced with eco sources, contain‘’eco’’ word to understand the meaning itself. So, mediumand high income group respondents got 100% score whereaslow income group got only 47.5% which results because ofless opportunities due to income criteria they were less awareabout eco term. Knowledge about hand crafted textile and itsartisanship got results of low and medium which were nearto each other while high income group scored maximumbecause of income level difference. The purchasing capacityis higher as compared to both the groups that give them anopportunity to more exposure to the market segments. So,those higher income groups acquire knowledge aboutartisanship as well as traditional textiles and craft.

Sustainability of garment in the community asses usregarding fashion sustainability and slow fashion as well asethical value of a garment. The results obtained are .675 whichis not significant. The percentage of the subject found


minimum difference because in Indian tradition women keeptheir wedding dresses and gifted apparels with them for thenext generation more than 10 to 20 years. Traditional, emotionaland cultural bonds are the measure factors behind this.

Many Fashion Brands have already started their ecofriendly clothes line for customer, few of them are workingonly on fashion sustainable and eco friendly garments. Indorecity is a commercial capital of Madhya Pradesh, National andInternational brands can be seen in the mall and other outlets.To capture knowledge about eco-friendly garment brands,the chi-square results obtained .000 that is significant. Theresults of percentage found that only high income groupstudents ie. 23% have knowledge regarding eco friendlyfashion brands whereas medium and low income group hasno knowledge about it Because the availability of eco friendlyfashion brands are very few in the city and other internationalfashion brands have no display or outlet of eco friendlyclothing line. Income of the family is a basic requirement ofpurchasing behavior of customer. So, high income group hasoptions to search garments according to their need.Conclusion - On the basis of obtained results;H01 There will be no significant difference between factorsaffecting awareness regarding eco friendly garments amongstudents of fashion designing.

In level of knowledge H01 was not found accepted forInformation from govt. campaigns, Knowledge relatedgarment made by locally sourced material, Knowledge relatedto the garment produced with Eco-resources, Knowledgeabout slow fashion garment, Knowledge about hand craftedtextile and its artisanship, Knowledge about Eco-friendlyfashion brands. Whereas for the level of informationInformation from peer group, Information from Advertisement/social media, Information from educational institute, Garments

in the family since 10+ years” H01 were accepted.Recommendations - To a significant extent, students offashion designing from different levels of family income grouptook education in same platform but the results explain thatthe grasping level of students vary according to their exposureof the eco-friendly subject in terms of knowledge, education,social media responsibility toward society and actualgovernment movements execution. This is the moralresponsibility of education system to inculcate ethicalknowledge as well as moral values in the curriculum relatingto eco-sustainability.References :-1. Assessment of sustainable design practices in the fash-

ion industry: experiences of eight small sustainable de-sign companies in the Northeastern and SoutheasternUnited States Erin Lawless & Katalin Medvedev Pub-lished online: 30 Nov 2015.

2. Fashion Design Industry Impressions of Current Sus-tainable Practices. Noël Palomo-Lovinski & Kim Hahn.Pages 87-106 | Published online: 27 Apr 2015.

3. The Branding of Ethical Fashion and the Consumer: ALuxury Niche or Mass-market Reality? Nathaniel DafyddBeard Pages 447-467 | Published online: 21 Apr 2015.

4. A Study of a Social Content Model for Sustainable De-velopment in the Fast Fashion Industry Junghyun Jang, Eunju Ko , Eunha Chun & Euntaik Lee Pages 61-70 |Received 21 Mar 2012, Accepted 11 May 2012, Pub-lished online: 12 Dec 2012.

5. Sustainable practices and transformable fashion design– Chinese professional and consumer perspectivesOsmud Rahman & Minjie Gong Pages 233-247 |Received 25 Dec 2015, Accepted 14 Mar 2016,Published online: 06 Apr 2016

Table 1 : Assessment of awareness regarding eco-friendly garment s among student s of fashion designingS. Title Income Group Total % Value Asymp. Sig. Sig.

(2-sided) Yes

Between 41000- 70000/-40000/- 70000/- Above

1 Information from peer group 92.5% 87.5% 84.6% 64.6% .842a .656 .282b

2 Information from Advertisement/ 95% 93.75% 92.3% 94.1% .141a .932 .400b

social media3 Information from educational 45% 40.62% 76.92% 48.23% 5.195a .074 .094

institute4 Information from govt. campaigns 20% 31.25% 92.30% 35.29% 22.830a .000 .0005 Knowledge related garment made 75% 25% 0% 44.70% 30.388a .000 .000b

by locally sourced material6 Knowledge related to the garment 47.5% 100% 100% 75.29% 31.377a .000 .000b

produced with Eco-resources7 Knowledge about slow 10% 21.87% 69.23% 23.52% 19.208a .000 .000b

fashion garment8 Knowledge about hand crafted 35% 40.62% 100% 47.05% 17.491a .000 .000b

textile and its artisanship9 Garments in the family since 90% 84.37% 92.30% 88.23% .787a .675 .541b

10+ years10 Knowledge about Eco-friendly 0% 0% 23.07% 3.52% 17.223a .000 .000b

fashion brands


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Bg ‡oH´$`m _ß gß‡fH$ Am°a ‡m[H$ XmZmß _Zmd°kmoZH$ Í$[ g VZmdH$m gm_Zm H$aV h¢&gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñgßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ1. ^mZmdV, S>m∞. _h›–, OwJZy, S>m∞. lrH•$ÓU - ^maVr` bmH$ _m‹`_,

amOÒWmZ oh›Xr J´ßW AH$mX_r, O`[wa2. ^mZmdV, S>m∞. gßOrd - [ÃH$mnaVm H$m BoVhmg Edß OZgßMma _m‹`_,

`woZdog©Q>r [o„bH$eZ, O`[wa, 20003. MVwdXr, OJXrÌda, ogßh, gwYm : OZ_m‹`_ g°’mßoßVH$r, AZmo_H$m

[o„beg© EßS> oS>ÒQ≠>r„`wQ>g© obo_Q>S>, 20024. Xw], Ì`m_mMaU - odH$mg H$m g_mO emÛ, gmjam ‡H$meZ, oXÑr,

1100325. S>m∞. oVdmar, AOw©Z - AmYwoZH$ [ÃH$mnaVm, dmamUgr Bb∑Q≠>m∞oZ∑g,

20086. S>m∞. aŒmy, H•$ÓU Hw$_ma - —Ì` lÏ` Edß OZgßMma _m‹`_, amOÒWmZ

oh›Xr J´ßW AH$mX_r, 20107. S>m∞. oVdmar, AOw©Z - gß[yU© [ÃH$mnaVm, odÌdod⁄mb` ‡H$meZ,

20108. S>m∞. e_m©, ]bm amZr - AmYwoZH$ [ÃH$mnaVm EH$ Z∂Oa _ß, amYm

[o„bH$eZ, 19969. S>m∞. AmbmH$, Q>r S>r Eg - gmßÒH•$oVH$ [ÃH$mnaVm, hna`mUm gmohÀ`


AH$mX_r, 200310. S>m∞. gwb_mZ, _mhÂ_X - Agm_m›` _ZmodkmZ, odf` Am°a Ï`mª`m,

_mVrbmb ]ZmagrXmg [o„bH$eZ, 201111. S>m∞. lrdmÒVd, S>r E_ - AmYwoZH$ gm_m›` _ZmodkmZ, lr odZmX

[wÒVH$ _ßoXa, 201312. S>m∞. oVdmar, ^mbmZmW - ^mfm odkmZ, oH$Vm] _hb EOßgr,

Bbmhm]mX, 199913. S>m∞. e_m©, AemH$ Hw$_ma - AmYwoZH$ [ÃH$mnaVm MwZm°oV`mß Edß

gß^mdZmEß, AmXe© o‡ßQ>g©, ehmXam oXÑr, 200614. S>m∞. ogßh, Xdd´V - ^maVr` Bb∑Q≠>m∞oZH$ _roS>`m, ‡^mV ‡H$meZ,

ZB© oXÑr, 200715. Jw·m, ‡emßV : H$Âfl yQ>a oHß$J, o]b JQ>≤g, ‡^mV [o„bH$eZ, 201116, hna`mb, odO›–, o[ÑB© AmZßXZ - gmeb _roS>`m ogÂ‚br\$mBS>,

AmgrE_ [o„bH$eZ, ZB© oXÑr, 201117. O°Z, a_e - gß[mXZ, [•ÓR> g¡Om Am°a _w–U, _ßJbXr[ [o„bH$eZ,

O`[wa, 200518. OZ_m‹`_ gß‡fU Am°a odH$mg - B›–‡ÒW ‡H$meZ, H$-72 H•$ÓU

ZJa oXÑr, 11005119. H$mR>mar, Jwbm] - gß‡fU, AdYmaUm Am°a ÒdÍ$[, amOÒWmZ [oÃH$m

‡H$meZ, O`[wa, 200520. Hw$_ma, [ßH$O - ‡g H$mZyZ Edß gßodYmZ, S>m`_ßS> ]w∑g, 200921. Hw$_ma, odoZV - _ßS>r _ß _roS>`m, dmUr ‡H$meZ, 201222. bmb, ]ßerYa - ^maVr` ÒdVßÃVm Am°a oh›Xr [ÃH$mnaVm, od⁄mJ´ßW

Hw$Q>ra [o„bH$eZ23. o_l, H$.H$. o_l - odH$mg H$m g_mO emÛ, d°embr ‡H$meZ,

JmaI[wa24. o_l, H•$ÓUo]hmar : oh›Xr [ÃH$mnaVm BoVhmg d ‡ÌZ, dmUr

‡H$meZ, ZB© oXÑr25. _obH$, AemH$ - gyMZm ‡m°⁄moJH$r Edß [ÃH$mnaVm, hna`mUm gmohÀ`

AH$mX_r, 200226. o_l, H•$ÓUo]hmar - oh›Xr [ÃH$mnaVm, maVr` kmZ[rR> [o„bH$eZ,

bmYr am∂S> ZB© oXÑr, 201127. [Q>b, `mJe - gmeb _roS>`m, \´$ßS>er[ [mQ©>Îg Am°a AoVna∫$

BZH$_ ÛmV, [wÒVH$ _hb, ZB© oXÑr 201228. [mR>H$, oHß$ewH$ - Z`m _roS>`m Z`m Am`m_, H$.H$. [o„bH$eZ,

[Q>Zm CŒma ‡Xe, 2009

29. o‡`Xoe©Zr, aMZm, Ymardmb, JrVm - OZgßMma Edß [ÃH$mnaVm,AnahßV [o„bH$eZ BßoS>`m obo_Q>S>, 2012

30, [Mm°ar, gwae - XyaXe©Z Xem Am°a oXem, ‡H$meZ od^mJ, ‡]ßYH$^maV gaH$ma, \$mQ>mob`m _w–Umb`, oXÑr 1994

31, ‡gmX, OJXre - oh›Xr [ÃH$mnaVm H$ oH$oV©_mZ, gmohÀ` gßJ_,Bbmhm]mX &

32, ‡gmX ogßh, S>m∞. Zmam`U - gm_moOH$ _ZmodkmZ, ^maVr ^dZ,E∑Oro]eZ am∂S> [Q>Zm o]hma &

33, [maI, Odar_Ñ - OZgßMma _m‹`_mß H$m d°MmnaH$ [na‡ `, π$mobQ>ro‡ßQ>g©, oXÑr, 2000

34, amd, Mbm[oV - X ‡g, ZeZb ]wH$ Q≠>ÓQ>, ZB© oXÑr &35. ogßh, S>m∞. Am_‡H$me - gßMma _m‹`_mß H$m ‡^md, oh›Xr _m‹`_

H$m`m©›d` oZXemb`, oXÑr odÌdod⁄mb` ¤mam ‡H$moeV,∑bmogH$ [o„bH$eZ, 1993

36. ogßh, S>m∞. lrH$mßV - gß‡fU ‡oVÍ$[ Edß og’mßV, ^maVr` [o„beg©E S> oS>ÒQ≠>r„ wQ>g©, bIÌda H$m∞Â[b∑g, \°$Om]mX, CŒma ‡Xe, 1998

37. ogßKr, Za›– Hw$_ma, JmÒdm_r, dgwYmH$a - g_mOemÛ oddMZm,amOÒWmZ oh›Xr J´ßW AH$mX_r, O`[wa, 1995

38. ogßh, S>m∞. _hmdra - ^maV _ß OZgßdmX, oXÑr [o„bH$eZ, 200039. gm_moOH$ _ZmodkmZ - aVZ ‡H$meZ _ßoXa, 1/185, E ‡m\$gg©

H$m∞bmZr, oXÑr JQ>, AmJam - 240. ogßh, S>m∞. gmZm - odH$mg gßMma Amfm [o„boeßJ Hß$[Zr, AmJam,

28200441. lrdmÒVd, AoIbe - Ï`dhmnaH$ _ZmodkmZ, AOw©Z [o„bH$eZ,

201342. ogßh, AÍ$U Hw$_ma - _ZmodkmZ g_mO emÛ VWm oejm _ß emY

odoY`mß, _mVrbmb ]ZmagrXmg [o„bH$eZ, oXÑr 200843. ogßh, AÍ$U Hw$_ma - CÉVa gm_m›` _ZmodkmZ, _mVrbmb

]ZmagrXmg [o„bH$eZ, oXÑr, 199744. e_m©, amYÌ`m_ - OZgßMma, hna`mUm gmohÀ` AH$mX_r, [ßMHw$bm,

199945. ew∑bm, S>m∞. AO` - odH$mg H$m _ZmodkmZ, _mZdr` odH$mg gßÒWm,

^m[mb, 201146. À`mJr, _Zma_m - odH$mgmÀ_H$ _ZmodkmZ, AodÓH$ma [o„bH$eZ

2007

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