eqip 2020 - malayalam.pdf - diet kasaragod
TRANSCRIPT
Chief Editor
K. Ramachandran Nair
Principal, DIET Kasaragod
Chief Co-ordinator
Dr. K. Raghurama Bhat
Senior Lecturer, DIET Kasaragod
Mob : 94472823047
Co-ordinator
Dr. Suresh Kokkot
Senior Lecturer, DIET Kasaragod
Administrative Support
N. Nandikesan, DEO Kasaragod
Resource Team
Mathematics : Narayanan K, BARHSS Bovikanam
Rabiya N, TIHSS Naimarmoola
Balakrishna P., BEMHSS Kasaragod
Physics : Asokan.K, GHSS Kundamkuzhy
Prashanth Kumar, GFHSS Bekal
Chemistry : Mini Thomas PT, GHSS Kasaragod
B. Jayarama Rai, GHSS Belluru
Jayakumari R, TIHSS Naimarmoola
English : Prakasan.T, GHSS Alampady
Vishwanath Bhat, MSCHS Neerchal
Santhakumari V, TIHSS Naimarmoola
Prabhakaran.CT, GHSS Mogralputhur
Social Science : Jyothikumari, GVHSS Karadka
Minish Babu K, GVHSS Iriyanni
Raghava M.N., GHSS Mogralputhur
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CONTENTS
English 9 - 66
Physics 67 - 98
Chemistry 99 - 130
Mathematics 131 - 176
Social Science I 177 - 240
Social Science II 241 - 288
EQIP 2020
(Education Quality Improvement Programme for class ten)
ENGLISHStudent SupporStudent SupporStudent SupporStudent SupporStudent Support Mat Mat Mat Mat Material fterial fterial fterial fterial for Class or Class or Class or Class or Class TTTTTenenenenen
DIET KASARAGOD
10
11
PROFILE
Profile is a short biography of a person. Here is a sample profile.
SATYAJITH RAY
Satyajith Ray was born on 2nd may 1921 in Calcutta. He was an Indian film director,
producer, screen writer, Lyricist, Music composer, writer etc. Sukumar Ray and Suprabha
Ray are his parents. Sandip Ray is his son. He completed his education from University of
Calcutta. Pather Panchali, Apur sansar, Sonar Kella, Charulatha are his notable works. He
won Dada Saheb Phalke Award in 1984, Bharat Ratna in 1992, and many national awards for
film direction. He died on 23rd April 1992 at the age of 70.
What do we write in a profile?
How do we use the hints?
1. First give the name of the person you are going to write. Then answer these questions.
When was she/he born?
Where was he/she born?
What is he/she famous for?
What are his/her achievements?
What are his/her major works?
What are the awards he/she won?
When did he/she die?
Prepare a profile of Vaikom Muhammed Basheer using the hints given below.
Name : Vaikom Muhammed Basheer
Born : 21 January 1908
Place of Birth : Thalayolaparamba, Vaikom
Parents : Kaye Abdul Rahman, Kunhathumma
Spouse : Fabi Basheer
Famous as : Beypore sultan
Education : Thalayolaparamba Malayalam School,
Vaikom English School
12
Career : Novelist, Short story writer, Freedom fighter
Major works : Pathummayude Aadu, Balyakalasakhi,
Mathilukal, Premalekhanam etc.
Awards : Sahithya Academi award, Muttathu varkey award,
Vallathol award, Padmasri (1982) etc.
Died : 5 July 1994 Beypore
Now fill up the blanks with suitable words from the about hints.
.............................................. (Name)
....................................................................(Name) was born on .............. (date) at
...............(place) in .......................(place). ........................(Father) and ............ ........... (mother)
were his parents. ................................... (Name) was his wife. He was popularly known as
......................................... He was a ...................., .............................. and ............................,...
.................................... ........................................., ..........................., .................................... are
his major works. He won ........................, ............................, .............................., and
..................................., in 1982 etc. He died on ......................... (date) at
.......................................................................
Fill up the blanks with suitable words.
VAIKOM MUHAMMAD BASHEER
Vaikom Muhammad Basheer......................... 21 January 1908. He
............................... Beypore sultan. .............novelist, short story writer and freedom fighter.
Pathummayude Aadu, Balyakalasakhi, Mathilukal and Premalekhanam.........................
....................................Sahithya academi award, Muttathuvarkey Award, Vallathol Award, and
Padmasri in 1982 etc. He...................................... 5 July 1994..........................
Beypore................................
13
Pushkin prize
at Tagon rog in Russia
a physician playwright
and short story writer.
a Russian
on 29 January 1860
was his wife
He was
He died
Olga Knipper
ANTON CHEKHOV
Anton Chekhov was born
on 15 July
1904 He was
uncle Vanya Three sisters
and the cherry orchard
are his major works
He had won
Prepare a profile by matching the phrases given in the circle.
14
Prepare hints from the given bio sketch.
Robert Frost was born on 26 March 1874 at San Fransisco, California in America. He
was a famous poet and play wright. Elinor Miriam White was his wife. He had six children.
He was educated at Dart Mouth College in Harvard University. A boy’s will and North of
Boston are his major works. He was awarded Pulitzer prize for poetry and congressional
Gold Medal in 1960. He died on 29 January 1963 at the age of 88 at Boston.
Name :
Born :
Palce of Birth :
Occupation :
Spouse :
Education/Almamater :
Children :
Notable works :
Notable awards :
Death :
Prepare a profile of Anton Chekhov.
Hints :
Birth : 1860, Russia
Famous as : One of the masters of modern short story, play wright.
Theme : The entire range of the human spirit.
Provoke the readers to ask questions.
Speciality : Outstanding representative of the late
19th century Russian realist school.
Works : ‘Three Sisters’ ‘The Cherry Orchard’ and
‘The Lady with the Dog.’
Death : 1904
15
Prepare a profile of Malala Yousafzai
Hints :
Birth : 12 July 1997 Mingora, Pakistan
Speciality : Advocate of girl’s education, while she was a child.
Attacked by gunman : 9 October 2012, while travelling home from school.
Awards : Nobel Prize for Peace 2014.
Prepare a profile of Robert Frost
Hints :
Birth : 1874
Nationality : American
Strength : Realistic depictions of rural life and command
of American colloquial speech.
Speciality : ‘Most critically acclaimed American poet of the
20th century’
Honours
and Awards : Pulitzer Prize for Poetry (4 times)
Congressional Gold Medal - 1960
Works : ‘After Apple Picking’, ‘Mending wall’
‘Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening’,
‘The Road not Taken’
Death : 1963
Prepare a profile of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie
Hints :
Birth : September 15, 1977
Nationality : Nigeria
Literary genre (types): Novelist, Non fiction writings and short stories.
Regarded as : The most prominent young Anglo phone author in
African Literature.
Famous literary works : Purple Hibiscus, Half of a Yellow Sund and Americanah.
16
Prepare a profile of Pablo Neruda
Hints :
Birth : 1904
Nationality : Chilean
Career : Poet, Diplomat and Politician
Pen Name : Pablo Neruda
(from the Czech post Jan Neruda)
Honours and
Awards : Nobel Prize for Literature (1971)
Style : Surrealist poems, historical epics, political
manifestos and a prose autobiography.
Speciality : Wrote in green ink = personal symbol of
desire and hope.
Death : 1973
Prepare a profile of William Blake
Hints :
Birth : 1757
Nationality : English
Career : Poet, Painter, Printmaker
Famous as : Seminal figure of the Romantic age
Inspiration to : Many writers and artists of his age
Considered as : Major poet and an original thinker
Important works : Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience.
The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, The Four Zoas
and Jerusalem.
Death : 1827
17
NOTICE
Features of a Notice
* If it is a school Notice write the name of the school
* Title
* Salutation (Not compulsory)
* Notice Matter (What programme, Date, Time, Venue, Chief Guest etc.)
* Signature and name / issuing authority
* Place and date of issue
* Programme chart
Programme Notice
Q You are moved by the sad plight of Vanka. Being the Secretary of the English Club you
are going to conduct an awareness programme against ‘Child Labour’. Prepare a Notice
for that.
Notice
ABC School
Awareness Programme Against Child Labour
The English Club of our school has decided to conduct an Awareness Programme
on ‘Child Labour’.
Date : 25 March, 2019
Venue : School Auditorium
Time : 10 am
All are Welcome
Kasaragod Sd/
15.01.2019 Secretary, English Club
18
Programme
Prayer : School Choir
Welcome Speech : Head master
Presidential Address : President, PTA
Inaugural Address : District Collector
Felicitation : Staff Secretary
Vote of Thanks : Secretary, English Club
National Anthem
Layout of a Programme Notice
Step 1
Notice
Name of the School / Organization
Name of the programme
Step II
Salutation
Body of the Invitation
Features (what, where, when)
sd/
Place : Designation of the
Date : Issuing Authority
19
Step III
Programme
Prayer :
Welcome Speech :
Presidential Address :
Inaugural Address :
Felicitation :
Vote of Thanks :
National Anthem
Programme Notice - Worksheet
You have decided to stage ‘My Sister’s Shoe’ in the form of a play in connection with
your English Club inauguration. Prepare a Notice to be circulated in the school.
Notice
........................... (Name of School) ......
........................... (Name of the function) ......
Dear friends,
................ of our school has decided to conduct .............. (Name of the programme)
........... on ........ date ................. at ....... (time) ........ in ........... (venue/place) ........................
(Name of the person) .................... will inaugurate the function.
“All are Welcome”
Place : sd/
Date : Secretary
(Name of the club / organisation)
20
Programme
Prayer : ................................................................
Welcome Speech : ................................................................
Presidential Address : ................................................................
Inaugural Address : ................................................................
Felicitation : ................................................................
Vote of Thanks : ................................................................
National Anthem
Possible Questions :
1. The English club of your school plans to conduct a seminar on the topic “Rights of
Children” in connection with The World Day Against Child Labour. Draft a notice to
be circulated among the students and teachers of the school.
2. Imagine that you are the convenor of the school English club. The club has decided to
conduct a one day movie fest in your school. Prepare a notice to invite everyone to
watch the movies.
3. Your school invites the film maker Majid Majidi to release a school magazine titled
‘Frames’. You are the editor of the magazine. Draft a notice to invite the teachers and
students of your school.
4. You have decided to stage ‘My Sister’s Shoe’ in the form of a play in connection with
your English Club inauguration. Prepare a Notice to be circulated in the school.
5. In connection with the ‘World Anti-Tobacco Day’, the Health Club of your school is
going to conduct a skit, based on the story ‘The Best Investment I Every Made’. Draft
a suitable notice.
6. The School Arts Club is conducting a Poster Making Competition on the Dangers of
Drug - Addiction and Alcoholism. Prepare a suitable notice to put up on the School
Notice Board.
7. Dr. A.J. Cronin is invited to inaugurate the ‘Home For Derelict Youth’ started by Mr.
John. Prepare a notice to invite the public for the inaugural function.
21
8. The English Club of your school is conducting a seminar on ‘Racial Discrimination’.
The District Collector has consented to inaugurate the function. Prepare a Notice
for it.
9. Martha is selected as ‘The Scholar of the Year’ of the Texas school. A programme is
organised to felicitate Martha and honour her with ‘The Scholarship Jacket’. Prepare
a Notice with the details of the programme.
10. The Literary Club of your school has decided to conduct a Book Exhibition. Since
you are the Secretary of the club, draft a notice to be circulated.
11. The Fine Arts Club of your school is going to stage the play ‘The Book That Saved the
Earth’ in your school. Prepare a notice for it.
12. Alfred Hitchcock decided to make a film called ‘Birds’. He needed a variety of birds,
especially ravens in large number to shoot the film. Draft the likely notice to be
published in a newspaper.
13. Imagine that Sathyajith Ray put up notices about his intention to get a tiger to be used
in him film “Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne”. Prepare the notice.
Evaluate your Notice.
Grading Indicators
Notice
Suitable Heading
Proper Salutation
Date, Time and Venue of the programme.
Use Clear and brief language
Place and date of issue.
Specify the Issuing authority.
Give details of the programme.
22
SPEECH
Features of a good speech
- Salutation
- Introduction of the topic
- Make use of questions
- Catchy expressions/ Proverbs/Quotations
- Stating the speaker’s view point.
- Rhetorical questions.
- Proper conclusion.
Tips to remember
Salutation
Eg. - Repected Headmaster, teachers and dear friends.
- Respected dignitaries, ladies and gentlemen
Introduction
- Today I am here to say a few words on the topic.....................
- I would like to speak a few words on .............................................
Catchy expression
- We must stand together to fight against the issue............................
- How can we find a lasting solution to this problem?
- Let’s not forget the importance of .........................
Ending
- Let me conclude my words.
- Let’s do what we could.........................
- I stop my words hoping that all of you will try to put these ideas into
practice.
- Thank you all. Have a nice day.
23
Q: “No animal is harmed in the production of this film”. You might have noticed this
statement at the beginning of films. Do you think that animals are harmed while
shooting? Prepare a SPEECH in response to this statement.
Ans: A warm good morning to all of you.
Respected Headmaster, teachers and my dear friends, I would like to speak a few
words on “The use of Animals in Films”. You might have noticed the statement “No animal
is harmed in the production of this film’’ at the beginning of films. In some films like
‘Pulimurugan’ animals play a significant role. In most of the films, modern technology is
used to portray animals. But some film makers use real animals. Satyajith Ray used a real
tiger in his film “Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne”. In his times it was an innovative idea in Indian
film industry. Animals are our fellow beings. They have the right to live. They should not be
harmed in anyway. They shoud be respected like other actors. They should never be ex-
ploited. We should try to use modern technology instead of using real animals. Animals
should be used only if it is absolutely necessary.
I conclude my words by requesting the Animal Welfare Board of India, to look into
the matter seriously.
Thank you, Have a nice day!
Speech -Worksheet-1
Respected chief guest, dignitaries and my dear friends,
I am very happy to stand before you to speak a few words
about......................(topic)......................................................... I think the topic is a very
familiar one for all of you...................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
With these few words I conclude my short speech.
Thank you. Have a nice day.
24
Possible Questions:
1. Suppose you are the school leader and you are asked to deliver a speech on Child
Labour”. Prepare the speech.
2. In the light of the lesson, ‘Project Tiger’ and the films you have seen, prepare a speech
to be delivered on the inaugural day of the English Literary Club of your school on
the topic, “The Role of Films in Society”.
3. Prepare a speech on poverty, with special reference to ‘My Sister’s Shoes’.
4. The small investment of virtue paid back in double in the story. “The Best Invesment I
Ever made”. In the light of the story prepare a speech on the topic. “The need for
rehabilitation of deliquent youth’’ to be delivered in the school Assembly.
5. The Youth Welfare Organization has decided to honour Mr. John, in a public function,
for the valuable contributions he has made. Prepare a felicitation speech.
6. The SPC wing of your school is conducting an awareness programmed about the
dangers of ‘Drug addiction and Alcholism’. Being the SPC captain you have to deliver
a speech. Prepare the speech to be delivered on the occassion.
7. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie reiterates the influence of reading British and American
books in transforming her into a writer. Prepare a speech on “The Importance of
Reading”.
8. On the day of the fulfilment of a long chased dream Martha was extremely happy to re
ceive the scholarship Jacket, the award for her excellence. Prepare the speech she
delivered after accepting the honour.
9. Imagine that you are a classmate of Martha who achieved the scholarship jacket by
her outstanding performance. You are asked to congradulate her in the valedictory
fucntion. Write down the speech that you would deliver.
25
Speech - Grading Indicators.
→ Makes a good salutation.
→ Introduces the topic well.
→ Develops the topics with supporting materials.
→ Present the speaker’s own views.
→ Organises ideas closely related to the theme.
→ Concludes the speech effectively.
Writing a News Report
Features of a good News Report
→ Appropriate headline.
→ Lead sentence
→ Body of the News (the gist)
→ Organisation of information
→ Logical order and Cohesiveness.
→ Appropriate Language - reporting style, passivisation, tense form etc.
Q: Imagine that the youth Welfare Organization awarded the Best Civilian Award to
Mr.John for his selfless service he rendered to the maladjusted youth. The news appeared
in one of the dailies. Attempt the news report.
Ans:
BEST CIVILIAN AWARD TO MR.JOHN
London, Nov 15: The Best Civilian Award, set up by the Youth Welfare Organization,
was awarded to Mr.John who has been instrumental in bringing about remarkable changes
in the lives of maladjusted and deluquent youth for the past 15 years. The derelict
adolescents are taken from the juvenile courts and provided with healthy environment by
John and his wife. The award committee said that the youth are healed and changed in mind
26
and body and sent back to the world as socially responsible citizens. The couple had re-
cently set up training centres of their own, to train the youth on different skills like handi-
crafts, carpentry, gardening, photography etc. On receiving the award from the Minister for
youth welfare, in a function held at Oxford University Senate Hall, Mr.John expressed his
gratitude to the Youth Welfare Organization.
Layout of a News Report
A Catchy and concise headline
Place line: Date line............................. The opening sentence/explanation of
the headline/most important information........................ Answers most of the 5Ws-
Who? What? When? Where? Why? The lead
.................... Details of the New................ most important comes first, simple and
straight statements............... body of the report .......................... Quote in direct
speech, what actually someone or witnesses said etc, Quotations are also part of
the body of new report..................
Possible Questions
1. Suppose that a news reporter of a local daily reported the troubled life of Vanka. How
would the news report be?
2. The Child Welfare Department in Moscow came to know about the sad plight of Vanka
Zhukov at the shoe maker’s house. They rescued him from there. Prepare the likely
news - report.
3. You are the reporter of a famous daily. You happened to visit the shooting location of
Satyajith Ray’s film, ‘Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne’. What could be the report you pre-
pare for the daily?
4. The film club of your school has conducted an exclusive film show of Majid Majidi
the well-known Iranian filmmaker. Prepare a detailed news report of the show to be
published.
5. The young man opened the gas in an attempt to commit suicide. Unfortunately this
27
gas- leak resulted in a fire that spread to the neighbouring apartment. Prepare a news
report of the fire.
6. Drug addiction and alcholism are major social issues today. A programme was held in
the school campus to make the public aware of the dangers of these issues. Prepare
a news-report of the function.
7. Having revived from the malicious life by the doctor and others, John dedicates his
life for the rehabilitation of delinquent youth. Prepare a news report about John.
8. The Americans were awe-struck when the 19 year old Nigerian girl joined the Univer-
sity in the US. A News Report appeared in the dailies. How would the report be?
9. The scholarship Jacket presenting ceremony was unique event in the history of Texas
School. Prepare a news report of the function.
10. You are a Newspaper Reporter. You happened to hear the speech of Adichie. You
prepared a news report to be published in the nextday’s newspaper. How would that
report be. Write the news report.
News Report - Grading Indicators
Headline : Short and catchy
Place line: Date line
Lead paragraph: Factual details - time, place major events
Organization : Main points state - explained
Content : Evidences logically presented
Language used: Suitable for reporting.
28
Letter
A letter is a written message containing information from one party to another. There
are different type of letters used for different types of communication. They may be clas-
sified as
1. Informal/personal letter- Written to relatives and friends
2. Formal/Official letter - Written to offices or concerned officials.
Essential of a letter.
1. Heading : address of the writer with date. It can be on the left or right.
2. Salutation : Courteous greeting (Dear.........)
3. Body : Content of the letter.
4. Subscription : Courteous leave taking (Yours.................)
5. Signature : Name of the writer.
The abovesaid features differ with respect to the kind of letter.
Formal Letter
1. Vanka was a victim of child labour. Imagine you come across one such child in your
locality. Write a letter to the childline, seeking help for the same.
Karun Kumar
Anand Nivas
Karur
Kasaragod 671321
20th Dec. 2018
The Officer
Childline Cell
Kasaragod
Dear Sir/madam
Sub: Victim of child labour - help- regarding
I would like to draw your kind attention to the following.
I am a resident of Karur. As you know, there is a glass factory over here.
29
Recently, I came to know that a young boy of 10 years has been employed over there.
Working in such a factory poses a lot of danger. Moreover, the owner has been treat-
ing the boy very badly.
So, I shall be grateful, If you could kindly look into the matter and take an action
immediatley.
Thanking you
Yours faithfully,
Sd/-
Karun Kumar
Question :
The boy in the story Adventures in a Banyan Tree was quite surprised to see the white
squirrels in the hole in the banyan tree. Imagine he shares his feelings of wonder with one
of his friends through a letter. Attempt the likely letter.
Ivy Cottage
Landour Cantt
Dehradun
05 January 2020,
Dear Sam,
Hope this letter finds you in the best of health and spirits. I am fine over here. I
would like to share an interesting experience with you.
In fact, I am very happy to write this letter. Won’t you ask the reason? Why? What
happened? Let me tell you.
This is the best vacation I have ever had. Really it was a wonderful experience. As
you know there is a huge banyan tree over here. It is a heaven in fact. It is a home to hundreds
of animals, birds and insects. Being a lover of nature, I couldn’t have asked for more.
I know that the nature is wonderful and full of surprises. To my astonishment, I came
across three baby squirrels in a hole in the tree and that too all of them white. Have you ever
seen such squirrels? It’s really amazing. How beautiful they were! How could they be white?
It is a proof of nature’s wonder. There are surprises all over. Even my grandpa was amazed.
But, he was able to guess the reasons though. Whatever it may be, you should also get a
chance like me. Explore the nature and feel its bounty.
30
Nothing more to pen. Do share something from your side. Please convey my regards
to your parents.
Yours lovingly,
Sd/-
(Name)
DIARY
A diary should convey the personal feelings of the writer, whoever the character is. It
depends on the mood of the person and generally has an emotional touch.
1. Finally the scholarship jacket was awarded to Martha, the joy didn’t know bounds. She
was very happy. What might be her feelings? Write her diary for the moment.
Diary
22 December, Saturday
What a wonderful day! My dream has come true. Finally, the scholarship jacket is
mine. I had been waiting for it. Rosie, my sister was my role model. Now, the jacket has my
name on it. Really, this is the moment I had waited for. Eight long years and the scholarship
jacket......... I had lost hope in between. The change in policy, fifteen dollars, all shattered
my hopes. But, all’s well that ends well. I can never forget this day. It is a red letter day for
me.
2. Ali was very sad when he lost his sister’s shoes. They were the only shoes his sister
Zahara had. What might be his feelings then? Write his thoughts as a diary entry.
20 December Thursday
What can I do now? How will I tell this to Zahra? She loved her pink shoes. Father
would scold me. How could I be so careless? Who might have taken it? She won’t be able to
go to school now. She will get angry too. Father doesn’t have the money to buy another pair
of shoes for Zahra. Mother had told me to be carefyl. But I ................. Now, I will have to
give my sneakers to Zahra. Yes, That is the only way. Ya.......... Allah. Forgive me. I wil try to
be more careful.
31
Miserable Life
Nine Year OldTortured
VANKA
ApprenticeHard Working
Kind
Orphan
CHARACTER SKETCH
Vanka :
Vanka was a nine year old orphan boy. After his mother’s death he was looked after
by his grand dad. He was a night watchman .He sent Vanka to Moscow to apprentice under
Alyakhin,a shoe maker. His life in the master’s house was very miserable .He was often
tortured. He thought of running away from there. At last he wrote a letter to his grand uncle
to take him back to his village.
Question: Kiran didn’t want Sharat to search Nilkanta’s box to know more about him. What
were the feelings of Kiran then? Attempt the likely diary entry of Kiran.
Wednesday, 15 January 2020
Thank God. Sharat agreed. If he had seen the things in Nilu’s box, he would have been
furious. Luckily, I was able to convince him. I know Nilu had not stolen those things as a
thief. It was just because of the emotional state of his mind. A homeless kid! Poor boy....
What could he do? I know he has no one else. If he is cornered as a thief, he will have a
horrible time. That’s why I restricted Sharat from searching Nilu’s box. Nilkanta used to be
a real entertainer. I am going to miss him anyway. But people like him too have an existence.
If we suspect them every time, it may not be quite good. Moreover, people like Nilu are not
able to prove their innocence as well. Oh God! Take care of him. Bless him wherever he is.
That’s my only prayer to you.
32
KonstantinMekarich
Lean Old Man
Teasing Maids
Sixty Years Old
Nine Years old
Tell Jokes
Man of Humour
Night Watch Man
Vanka’s Grand Dad
Konstantin Makarich: Konstantin Mekarich was a lean old man of about sixty. He was
Vanka’s grand dad. He was a night watchman of an estate. He was a man of humour. He would
tell jokes to maids and others. He offered them snuff. He had two pet dogs.
Alyakhin: Alyakhin was Vanka’s master. He was a shoe maker. He was very cruel.
He exploited Vanka. He punished Vanka very much. One day he beat him with stirrup strap.
Life in the master’s house was intolerable for Vanka.
The Homeopath: The Homeopath lived in a rented room. It was his clinic as well. He was
a lover of beauty. He wanted to be more handsome. So he decided to change the style of his
moustache and shave every day. He wanted to marry a fat woman doctor.
HOMEOPATHIC
DOCTOR
A lover of beauty
Decides to be more handsome
Lived in a rented houseLikes to marry a fat woman
His clinic
Less earning
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Grand Dad: Martha’s Grand Father is strong and hard working. Even at his old age he
works in vegetable field. He is loving and caring. He is quite determined. His strong decision
helps Martha to win the scholarship jacket.
Strong and Hard working
GRAND
DAD
Help to win the scholarshipjacket Works in Vegetable
field
Strong Decision
Loving and caring
Determinant
Martha: Martha was a fourteen years old girl. She was studying in 8th grade at smallTexas
school. She was hard working. She was the best valedictorian of the school. She is slim and
good at sports. She was quite determined. She had made up her mind to win the scholarship
jacket. She was very obedient. She loved her parents very much.
Central CharacterSensitiveBoldBrilliant14 Yers old8th Grade StudentDaughter of a poorMexican farm laborerVery Lean – Friendscall her“String Bean”
Fourteen years old girl
MARTHA
8th grade at TexasSchool
To won thescholarship jacket
Very lean and good atsports
Quite determined
Best valedictorian
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History Teacher
MR.
SCHMIDT
Sincere
Not ready to falsify schoolrecords
Always supported
Truthful
Loved all students
Mr. Schmidt:Mr. Schmidt was the history teacher at Texas school. He was sincere and
truthful. He loved all the students especially Martha. He was not ready to falsify the
school records. He always supported the right decision.
MR.BOONE: MR.BOONE was the maths teacher at Texas school. He was not sincere
and truthful. He was very cunning. He wanted Mr Smith to falsify school records. He
supported racial discrimination. He stood in favour of Joan.
Maths Teacher
MR. BOONE
Not SincereReady to falsify school
records
Racial Discrimination
Not Truthful
Very Cunning
35
Prepare the character Sketch of Kiran in 'The cast away'
KIRAN
Kiran is the main character in the story 'The caste away'. She is a dear one to all the
family members. She is jovial, amiable, caring, kind, sympathetic and sensitive. She dis-
likes lonliness. She hates the heavy burden of doing nothing. She enjoys others company.
The arrival of Nilkanta changes her lassitude. She is a good hostess. She not only looks
after him with care but spoils him with utmost affection and sympathy too. She has a great
liking to his performance like recitation, singing and acting. She is a lovable sister-in-law.
She cares her brother in law very much. One can see the sisterly and motherly affection in
her. She has an enchanting and soothing nature. She is the last word in the family. Kiran is
really shocked when she discovers the theft of Nilkanta. But she saves him from the dis-
grace of theft.
Helps his parents
↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓ ↓Children of Heaven Loving, Kind and Helpful
ALI
Maturity beyond his ageReady to shareLoves his sister Zahara
Smart little girl
↓ ↓ ↓
↓ ↓Important character in the film “Children of Heaven”
Knows the financial backgroundHelp her parentsLikes to go schoolevery day
ZAHARA
ALI : Ali is one of the characters in the film “Children of Heaven”. He is loving, kind and
helpful. He helps his parents. He loves his sister Zahara. When he lost his sister’s shoe,
he was ready to give his shoes. His maturity can be felt throughout the film.
Zahara : Zahara is a smart little girl. She is an important character of MajidMajidi. She is
very loving and helpful. She loves her brother and parents. She knows the financial status
of the family well.
36
AUNT JANE
Aunt Jane is an ideal character in the play Never-Never Nest. She leads a happy life.
She finds happiness in leading a simple life and helping others. She is loving and generous.
She never likes extravagance. She never owes a penny to any one in her life and cash down
is her motto. She wants others also to do the same. She is against consumerist culture. She
is a caring and loving aunt. She stretches her helping hand to jack and jill finding that they
are in a financial crisis. She advises them not to follow their present way of living.
MR. JOHN
Mr. John is a solicitor by profession. He is in his early fourties, rather short in built,
with a fair complexion and clear blue eyes. His thin hair had begun to recede from his
forehead. His dark suite, sober tie and rimless spectacles gave evidance of a serious and
reserved disposition. He was earnest but shy to approach the doctor. Besides his profes-
sion he also tike to work in a charitable organisation and act as a social worker.
APPRECIATION OF THE POEM, LINES WRITTEN IN
EARLY SPRING
William wordsworths poem, Lines written in early spring, brings forth harmony and
oneness in nature. It isa landscape poem.The poet is in a pleasant and peaceful mood.He
enjoys the wonderful nature. But the poet weeps thinking over the activities of men in
nature.The poet also recalls the cruelties of man towards his fellow beings.The hopping
birds and budding twigs fill the poets heart with happiness. Each motion in nature thrills the
poet.But he ends the poem with the lament What man has made of man.The nature has a
panacea to heal all the wounds of the soul but he feels sorry for the activities men. The
beauty of thepoem depends on the poetic devices used by the poet.What man has made of
man is an example of refrain.the poet introduces personification in the line,every flower
enjoys the air it breathes. Hopping birds and budding twigs are examples of visual image
and thousand blended note is an instace of auditory image.The rhyme scheme of the poem
is abab.
37
MOTHER TO SON
The poem” Mother to son”is written by the American poet Langston Hughes.Mother
advises her son the journey of life.To her, life is not a crystal stair.There are full of tacks;
splinters and torn boards.The path of life is not smooth.We have to face them and continue
our journey. Only those who survive all the difficulties can be successful in life
The poem is a DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE written in free verse.” Life for me ain’t been a
crystal stair “is an example for METAPHOR.The poem is rich with IMAGES like crystal
stair,tacks,splinters,Torn boards etc…
BLOWIN’IN THE WIND
“Blowin’ in the wind” is a song of protest written by Bob Dylan.The singer is an
inspiring mood and put forward number of questions. It is an attempt for the abolition of
inequality and injustice.The victims can not turn a deaf ear to that song of protest.The only
answer to the question is blowing in the wind.
The poet presents us the problem of our society.there are many people suffering while
others pay no attention.The song is divided into stanzas and refreins.It has a rhythemic flow.
THE BALLAD OF FATHER GILLIGAN
The poem ballad of father Gilligan is written by the Irish poet W.B.Yeats .It is the
story of a priest named Father Gilligan.He was always engaged in selfless service.The people
of his Parish were suffering from epidemic and each dies day by day.He complaints about
his weariness.One day an old man sent for him.But while praying he fell asleep.He woke up
next day morning.He recalled his mistake.At once he rode to the old man’s house.The old
man’s wife was surprised to see father there again.Father Gilligen knew that the God had se
nt one of his angels to do his duty.If we are faithful,we will get the favour of God.
APPRECIATION OF THE POEM,POETRY’’
Pablo Neruda’s verse POETRY tells us his own personal experience.The strange thing
in the poet’s life was that poetry came in search of him.He was ignorant of the tme,place
and manner from which the poetic inspiration touched him. It gave him a new face.He was
rather blind and dumb when he had the inspiration to write poem. It touched the wings of his
soul and started composing poems.His first poem was a faint one, a pure nonsense of a
beginner. Gradually the poetic life took him to a world of mystery and imagery.
38
NARRATIVE
→ Narrative as a discourse intends to nurture the learners ability to tell something ef-
fectively.
→ The term ‘Narrative’ is derived from the Latin term ‘Narrate’ whcih means ‘to tell’
Features of Narrative
→ Catchy headline
→ Speaker’s identity and views are clearly fixed.
→ Events fixed and sequenced properly.
→ Time, place and context conveyed well.
→ Proper introduction and conclusion
→ Choose appropriate words.
→ Creativity in building up the narrative
→ Variety in kinds of sentences.
THE SNAKE AND THE MIRROR
It is the story of a homeopath,He is a lover of beauty,He wants to look more handsom.He
has decided to shave every day.He wants to grow a thin moustache and keep apleasant smile
on his face.He would like to marry a fat woman.She will not be able to run after him if any
problem arises.The lesson tells us his strange experience.One evening he had supper at a
restaurant and got back to his rented room.When he opened the door,he heard the familiar
sound of rats.Hetook of his coat and rested in his chair.Heheard something fallen on the
floor.It sounded a rubber tube.Yet he turned his head to see what it was. By that time a cobra
had crawled upto his shoulder.It slided down his left arm and coiled round above his elbow.The
cobra stood there with fastened hood.He was facing death quite near.If he moved a bit the
cobra would strike him.So he left himself on the chair like a stone image.After sometimes,it
crawled down and moved towards the mirror.The homeopath gotup,sprang out to the yard
and rushed to his friends house.The next day he returned to his room with his friend .But he
found all his belongings robbed away.
39
Assess your Narrative
Grading Indicators
Gives a suitable title.
Sequences the events properly
Expresses the theme/message properly
Use suitable vocabulary and sentences
Provides proper beginning and ending.
GIST OF THE LESSONS
“My Sister’s Shoes”
‘My Sister’s Shoes’ is an extract from the film ‘Children of Heaven’ an Iranian film
written and directed by Majid Majidi. The title of the film ‘Children of Heaven’ informs us
about the character of Ali and Zahra. The extract presents four scenes - Ali in the cobbler’s
shop, Ali in the bakery, Ali in the vegetable shop and Ali at home. He gets Zahra’s shoes
repaired from the cobbler, goes to the backery to buy nan and then he goes to the vegetable
shop to buy potatoes for his family. He keeps the shoes in the small gap between two boxes
in the Vegetable Shop. A junk collector picks up the parcel by mistake. When Ali reached
home he tells Zahra that he lost her shoes. They communicate while doing their home
work. Zahra expresses her displeasure. Ali takes a decision to share his pair of shoes with
Zahra. Ali’s sense of responsibility and early maturity is clear. Ali’s parents were so poor
that they couldn’t afford to buy a new pair of shoes. The film throws light on the pathetic
conditions of certain section of the Iranian society. It is a story of innocence, compassion
and the goodness that exists in the human society.
The Never Never Nest
‘The Never Never Nest’ is a comic one act play about a young couple. They make use
of the buy-now-pay-later marketing system. This comedy is very relevant today because we
can buy almost anything now on the installment basis. Jack and Jill were a young married
couple who had a small baby. One day Aunt Jane visited them. She was surprised to find that
eventhough Jack’s salary was not very high, they lived in a beutiful house with all comforts,
such as a radio, a car and a refrigerator. She wondered whether, as a wedding gift she gave
40
them 2000 pounds instead of the 200 pounds that she wanted to give them. Jack tells her
that they owned the house. Aunt Jane realises that nothing really belonged to them. The
total amount to be paid towards installments per week came to more than seven pounds a
week, when earnings were only six pounds a week. Aunt Jane was shocked. Before she left
she gave ten pounds and told to make at least one article completely theirs. Jack wanted to
pay it for the installment on the car. But Jill said by paying that money the baby would be
completely theirs.
Q. Write a review of the one act play ‘The Never - Never Nest’
The Never-Never Nest is a one act play written by Cedric Mount. It is a satire on the
system of installment schemes and consumeric culture. The play unfolds in the lounge of
Jack and Jill. Aunt Jane is the author’s voice in the play. At the rise of the curtain, we see the
room and the things in it. These things are important characters in the play Jack and Jill
make full use of the buy-now-pay-later marketing system. This comedy is very relevant
today, because we can buy almost everything now on installment basis.
The aunt is surprised by the well-furnished cozy room. But then she comes to learn
that all the house and everything in it- are purchased on installment scheme. Here aunt Jane
stands untouched by consumerist pleasure. So she refuses to stay in the house and use
things there. But, a generous act of Aunt Jane before she goes leads us to the climax which
is a laughable realization. Thus, through Aunt Jane as the one ‘Person Chorus’, the play
humorously makes us guided against consumerism. Consumerism, the culture of spending
too much on buying things - hooks people in debt traps. It makes a trap of living beyond our
means. Slowly we become trapped in debt.
ADVENTURES IN A BANYAN TREE
RskinBond’s story Adventures in banyan tree depicts a perfect harmony between man
and nature. The boy,the true lover of nature ,finds pleasure in nature.He makes friendship
with a grey squirrel and becomes a frequent visitor of the old banyan tree.It is turned out to
be the abode of his learning and enjoyment.One day he happened to be the witness of a
fierce fight between a cobra and a mangoose.The cobra was a trained fighter . But it was
conquered by the mangoose.The boy used to take his fathers pet rat with him to the banyan
tree.The friendship between a squirrel and the white rat is also picturised very beautifully
in this story.The story highlights the importance of preserving nature and the need for de-
41
veloping a positive attitude towards all the living beings in nature.The story also bringsforth
a lot of moral messaages like bravery,confidence,willpower,sense of victory and surren-
der.
SUMMARY OF STORY CASTAWAY
In the story Castaway Rabindranath Tagore emphasises the need for cultivating moral
values like love, kindness and generocity.Kiran, Nilkanta, Sharath and Satish are the main
characters in the story. Kiran is represented as an embodiment of love and kindness.While
kiran and sharath were quarrelling about her departure for her home, Nilkanta turned up in
the garden having got off from a shipwreck.Kiran treated him well and came to know that he
belonged to theatrical troop.She felt pity for the homeless boy and supported him
well.Nilkanta entertained every one through his performance.His company with the naughty
boys in the locality irritated sharath and his mother and they wanted his departure. One day
Satish, sharaths brother came to the house to spent his vacation. After his arrival kiran was
busy and she could not spent much time with Nilkanta. Nilkanta thought that satish was
responsible for this change, So he decided to take revenge upon satish.The previous evening
of their departure for their home satish found his favourite ink stand missing.He accused
Nilakata as the thief.When kiran opened Nilkantas box to keep her surprise gift for him,
she was shockedto see the missing inkstad in the box.Having failed to convince the fact
Nilkanta left the house without being noticed by anyone.
Vanka
The gist of the story will help you to answer the long answer type questions..
Vanka was an orphan boy.After mothers death ,he was looked after by grand father.He was a
night watch man of an estate .So he sent him to Moscow to apprentice under a shoe
maker,Aliakhin.Vankas life at the masters house was very miserable.The master,mistress
and the senior apprentices treated Vanka very badly.Onday the master caught him by the hair
and bet him with the stirrup strap for he fell asleep while rocking the baby.On another occasion
the mistress rubbed the herrins head on his face for he started to gut it at the tail.The senior
apprentices would send him to tavern to buy vodka.They also compelled him to steal
cucumber.If the master found it out ,he would beat him hard.It was intolerable for Vanka to
42
continue there. So he wrote a letter to grandpa requesting him to take him back to the
village.
THE SNAKE AND THE MIRROR
It is the story of a homeopath,He is a lover of beauty,He wants to look more handsom.He
has decided to shave every day.He wants to grow a thin moustache and keep apleasant smile
on his face.He would like to marry a fat woman.She will not be able to run after him if any
problem arises.The lesson tells us his strange experience.One evening he had supper at a
restaurant and got back to his rented room.When he opened the door,he heard the familiar
sound of rats.Hetook of his coat and rested in his chair.Heheard something fallen on the
floor.It sounded a rubber tube.Yet he turned his head to see what it was. By that time a cobra
had crawled upto his shoulder.It slided down his left arm and coiled round above his elbow.The
cobra stood there with fastened hood.He was facing death quite near.If he moved a bit the
cobra would strike him.So he left himself on the chair like a stone image.After sometimes,it
crawled down and moved towards the mirror.The homeopath gotup,sprang out to the yard
and rushed to his friends house.The next day he returned to his room with his friend .But he
found all his belongings robbed away.
WRITE-UP
A write-up is a written account of something or someone. Here, we would like to
present a sample write-up for you to ponder about and have a better idea.
Note: Please remember to provide a heading to the Write-up.
Question: The banyan tree was home to quite a few animals and birds. It was a happy dwelling
place for the boy as well, thereby symbolising an excellent example for a harmonious living.
Based on the above idea, prepare a write-up on the need of harmony to have a peaceful
living.
Harmonious Living
Every living being in this nature has its own existence. But, the kind of living depends
a lot on the harmony with others. Harmonious living is definitely a door to a peaceful living
by all means and is needed to maintain the equilibrium in the nature.
A tree is a home to hundreds and hundreds of living beings ranging from a little ant
or an insect to even a big animal. Although there may be a fight for supremacy like the one
43
between the mongoose and the cobra, the born enemies, yet it can never be negated that it is
the rule of the planet. It is just the cycle of nature that revolves around the birth and death.
But, a bird, a squirrel, a rat or a monkey may try to have a life among the trees for their
living. Even, a man can have a living by the trees. The fruits may be a food for the beings but
in turn the seed in it waits to be dispersed accordingly. The boy in the story had made the
banyan tree as his resting place which truly shows man’s charm to find respite in nature.
Harmony is the essence for a happy living in the nature and whenever disturbed, has
invited its wrath, in one way or the other. Harmony with nature is the need of the hour for
life to exist in future on this beautiful planet, Earth. It may be better if man understands it
the sooner.
V The Best Investment I Ever Made
- A.J. Cronin
The narrator was on a voyage out from. New York. On board, he came across a couple,
Mr. and Mr. John, Mr. John had been waiting to speak to the narrator. He introduced himself
as a solicitor by profession, who had been on a visit to the settlement houses in New York
to deal with the cases of bakcward, maladjusted and delinquent youth.
The introduction leads to a recollection of past from the life of Mr. John.
The incident took place quite back, around quarter a century. The narrator had just set
in a practice in London. One foggy November night, at about 10 O’clock, he was awakened
by a loud banging on the door. It was a sergeant of police who brought a case of suicide into
notice. Both of them hurried towards a building owned by a landlady where they came
across the body of a young man in the attic of the building.
The doctor tried his best for on hour and thirty minutes to bring the man back to his
concious. On enquiry, it was known that the young man had lost his parents and had become
a victim of a troubled adolescence. He was forced to steal a paltry sum of seven pounds
and ten shilling, from his office. Unable to face the consequences he had taken the extreme
step of suicide by turning on the gas in his room.
Finally, the three people, the landlady, the Sergeant and the doctor resolved to help
the young man. The landlady offered a month free boards, the Sergeant didn’t register a
case and the doctor agreed to pay the paltry sum of seven pounds and ten shillings to put
back in the office safe.
Hence the nominal sum secured the best investment to the narrator, which did a world
of good in the life of the narrator. In fact an immensely profitable one.
44
LANGUAGE ELEMENTS
Formation of questions
The following Question words are used What, How, At what time
Who - Person
Whom - Object of the verb
Whose - Possession
What - Object /idea/action
Which - Choice
When - time
Where - place
Why - reason
How many - quantity
How much - amount/price
How long - duration/length
How far - distance
How often - Frequency
How old - age
Helping Verbs
Present Past
Singular Plural Singular Plural
is, am are was were
does do did
has have had
will would
shall should
can could
may might
45
must
used to
ought to
need
dare
Spliting of a verb
Wash → do + wash
Washes → does + wash
Washed → did + wash
drink → do + drink
drinks → does + drink
drank → did + drink
Pattern of a question
Question word + helping verb + Subject + Verb + Object + Rest part of the
sentence.
Fill up the blanks with suitable question word to get the underlined words as
answers.
1. Vanka was a nine year old boy
................................... was vanka?
2. Vanka took from the cupboard a bottle of ink and a pen.
......................... did vanka take from cupboard?
3. Vanka took from the cupboard a bottle of ink and a pen.
......................... did Vanka take the bottle of ink and pen?
4. Zhivarev was a small, lean old man
.............................. was shivarev?
5 In the day time he slept in the back kitchen.
......................... did he sleep in the back kitchen?
6. The master beat me because by mistake I went to sleep while rocking their baby.
..................................... did the master beat you?
46
7. They must cost a hundred rouble each.
................................... must they cost?
8. Miss Olga, Vanka’s favourite was the busiest of all.
.................................. was the busiest of all?
9. We need the tiger for a couple of hours for the shooting.
.................................. do you need the tiger for shooting?
10. He was in his early 40’s
.................................. was he?
11. We are leading for alpha centauri a hundred millions away.
............................... is Alpha centauri?
Fill up the blanks with suitable verb forms
1. The Principal waited for me to speak.
Who ........................ for her to speak.
2. Vanka was a nine year old buy.
Who ................................... Vanka?
3. In the day time he slept in the back kitchen.
When ............................... he ...................... in the back kitchen?
4. She spoke in a trembling rush?
How....................... she.....................?
5. The shooting will take place near shiouri.
Where......................... the shooting..............................?
6. I want a pencil.
What ............................ you .........................?
7. I went there to meet Omega
Why ............................ you ............................ there?
8. I like the red pen.
Which pen ............................ you ..........................?
9. Think tank orders to eat the sandwich.
What ......................... think tank........................?
47
Yes/No Questions
1 Yes, it is alive
Is it alive?
2. No, It was not beautiful
Was it beautiful?
3. Yes, They were working in USA
Were they working in USA?
4. Yes, I like Oranges
Do you like Oranges?
5. Yes, He hates tea.
Does he hate tea?
6. No, She did not go to his uncle’s house
Did she go to his uncle’s house?
Frame Yes/ No Questions : Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Verb
1. It is raining.
..........................................?
2. He can speak Hindi
..........................................?
3. They have gone to the park
..........................................?
4. She will go there
..........................................?
5. He was running fast
..........................................?
6. He jumped into the pond
..........................................?
7. He drove fast
..........................................?
8. She looks pretty ?
..........................................
48
9. She lives in Kochi
..........................................?
10. The brought Ice cream
..........................................?
11. She rose early in the morning
..........................................?
12. She washed her dress well
..........................................?
QUESTION TAGS
Study th following sentences.
The day is good isn’t it?
He was strong, wasn’t he?
Raju played well, didn’t he?
They will sing a song, won’t they?
Mary isn’t an athlete, is she?
Rahul and Sona didn’t study well,did they?
You are an Indian, aren’t you?
Identify the helping verbs and write it first. If the statement is negative write the
positive forms of the helping verb. If the statement is positive use the negative form
of the helping verb. Then use the subject in its pronoun form. If no helping verb use
do, does/did suitably.
Play = do+paly
Plays = does+paly
Played = did + paly
Pronoun form
Raju - he
Rani - she
India - it
Rahim & Sabitha - they
us - we
49
Match the following
1 Rahul is tall, ...... has he?
2. Daya and Laya are friends, ...... Shall we?
3. Dog barks loudly, ...... isn’t she?
4. Barking dog seldom bites, ...... don’t we?
5. Shyla is a beautiful lady, ...... does it?
6. Manoj cries for food, ...... doesn’t it?
7. Let’s dance, ...... aren’t they?
8. Please close the window, ...... isn’t he?
9. He has never seen Tajmahal, ...... doesn’t he?
10. We study English, ...... Will you?
Tag questions
Fill in the blanks:
The car is in the garden, ............?
You are sreedev, ............?
My brothers were in the library yesterday, ............?
We could dance well, ............?
He has been to America recently, ............?
He will tell her the truth, ............?
Reeta isn’t interested in drawing, ............?
They aren’t good at singing, ......................................?
Tom wasn’t afraid of Jerry, ......................................?
They were not able to cross the bridge, ......................................?
I couldn’t run well, ......................................?
We haven’t read all the books, ......................................?
She hasn’t told me the truth, ......................................?
The girls won’t go, ......................................?
She hadn’t danced well, ......................................?
50
They play well, ......................................?
He plays well, ......................................?
He played well, ......................................?
Raheem and Neethu were well, ......................................?
Rashmi washes well, ......................................?
We washed well, ......................................?
My cat won’t stay in the Kennel any longer, ......................................?
She did not open it, ......................................?
The tiger will kill the boar soon,
He doesn’t open the cover, ......................................?
You don’t come to the party, ......................................?
If Clause
If you study well ......................................... (pass)
If you study well you will pass
Verb (V1) will + V
1 → will pass
If you studied well ...................... (pass)
If you studied well you would pass
If you had studied well you would have passed.
had + (V3) would have + (V
3)
If he studies (V1) well he ............................. (will + V
1)
If I had (V2) money ............................ (buy)
If he runs .............................. (reach)
If you go by a taxi .............................. (reach)
If you went by a taxi .............................. (reach)
If you had gone by a taxi .............................. (reach)
If it stops raining .............................. (go)
If it stopped raining .............................. (go)
↓↓↓↓↓V
2Would + V
1 → would pass
51
If it had stopped raining .............................. (go)
If I had not gone to child, my child ..................................... (die)
If I had not grown in Nigeria I ................................. (think) same about Nigeria.
Conversation
1. Complete the following conversation suitably
Reporter : .......................................................?
Vanka : It was really a wretched life in Alyakhin’s house
Reporter : .......................................................?
Vanka : I had no boots. So I did not run away
Reporter : You were also afraid of frost, ..........................?
Vanka : If I had a pair of shoes ...............................
The more I think of the life in Alyakhin’s house.
....................................................
2. Friend : You seem very frightened, ......................?
Doctor : A snake fell on me. If I had moved it ...........................
Friend : .......................................................?
Doctor : I escaped somehow.
Friend : You had better ............................
Doctor : Thank you I shall stay here today.
3. Mr. Thorat : .......................................................?
Ray : We need it for a couple of hours.
Mr. Thorat : .......................................................?
Ray : The shooting will take place at Shiuri.
You can set the tiger free in the bamboo, grove, .............?
Thorat : No, If it is tied with a thin wire, ........................................?
Ray : Will the wire be visible?
Thorat : No, if the wire is thin ...................................................
Ray : Thank you, You can use so thin a wire..........
52
4. Zahara : .............................?
Ali : If lost your shoes in the vegetables shop.
Zahara : Ali, you have some nerve, ...................?
I will tell dad.
Ali : If you tell dad, ...................
Zahara : .......................................................?
Ali : You can use my sneakers.
5. Mr. Jones : You are Dr. A.J.Cronin, ...........................?
Doctor : Yes, I am .........................?
Mr Jones : I am Mr. Jones. Don’t you still remember me?
Doctor : I cannot. But if you tell me specifically..............
Mr. Jones : Sir, I am Mr. Jones from Landon.
You had saved me from a suicide attempt quarter a century
ago.
Doctor : Would you mind.......................
Mr. Jones : Yes, I shall tell you in detail.
6. Schmidt : Martha, you are getting the scholarship jacket,
...............................?
Martha : Yes sir, But if you had not argued for me,
...........................................?
Schmidt : .......................................................?
Martha : Grandpa told “If you pay for it, Martha ............................ a
scholarship jacket.
Schmidt : He is really sensible .............................?
53
Word pyramid
Explain of a noun phrase
Constituents
1. Noun Phrase
2. Determiner (Det)
3. Adjective (Adj)
4. Prepositional phrase (Prep.Phrase)
5. Relative Clause
Structure
Noun Phrase
Det + Noun Phrase
Det + Adj + Noun Phrase
Det + Adj + Noun pre. phrase
Det + Adj + Noun Phrase Prep. Phrase + Relative clause
eg:
boy
a boy
a good boy
a good boy in the class
a good boy in the class who studies well.
Analysis :
1. Noun - boy
2. Determiner - a
3. Adjective - good
4. Prepositional Phrase - in the class
5. Relative Clause - who studies well.
54
Constituents:
1. Noun : Naming words
eg : bag, school, boy etc.
2. Determiner : Articles - a, an, the
Possessives - my, our, your, his, her their, its
Demonstratives - this, that, these, those
3. Adjective : Describing words
eg : bad, good, beautiful etc.
4. Prepositional Phrease : A noun phrase begining with a preposition.
Preposition - eg: in, on, to, by etc.
Noun phrase - eg: a boy, the boy
Preposition phrase - eg: in the class
prep Noun phrase
5. Relative Clause : A clause begining with a relative pronoun or adverb.
Relative Clause : A meaningful combination of words that can stand
alone and express complete thought. (having its own
subject and predicate)
Relative Pronoun : eg: who, which, that, where, when, how, why, etc.
6. Construct a word pyramid using the word, ‘pen’ following the given pattern.
Noun phrase
Determine + Noun Phrase
Determine + Adjective + Noun Phrase
Determine + Adjective + Noun Phrase + Prepositional Phrase
Determine + Adjective + Noun Phrase + Prepositional Phrase + Relative Clause
55
(a)
pen
a pen
a beautiful pen
a beautiful pen in the pouch
a beautiful pen in the pouch which is red in colour.
(b)
pen
that pen
that attractive pen
that attractive pen in the shop
that attractive pen in the shop which seems costly
(c)
pen
my pen
my blue pen
my blue pen on the table
my blue pen on the table that I missed yesterday.
Sentence Patterns
1. S + V
2. S + V + O
3. S + V + C
4. S + V + A
5. S + V + O + O
6. S + V + O + C
7. S + V + \O + A
56
Constituents
S - Subject - Noun Phrase
V - Verb - Verb Phrase
O - Object - Noun Phrase
C - Complement - Adjective Phrase
A - Adverbial - Adverbial Phrase
Analyse the following sentence.
1. Vanka cried
S + V
2. Alyakhin hated the boy
S + V + O
3. Apprentices were cruel.
S + V + C
4. Mr. Thorat went into the cage.
S + V + A
5. The Principal gave the jacket to Martha.
S + V + O + O
6. The suicide made the landlady angry.
S + V + O + C
7. He kept little Adolf on the table.
S + V + O + A
Constituents
Subject : 1. Vanka
2. Alyakhin
3. Apprentices
4. Mr. Thorat
5. The Principal
6. The suicide
7. He
57
Verbs : 1. Cried
2. hated
3. were
4. went
5. gave
6. made
7. kept
Object : the boy
the jacket
the landlady
the Adolf
Complement : cruel
angry
Adverbial: into the cage
on the table
1. Frame sentences according to the given sentence pattern.
(a) S + V + O
(b) S + V + C
Ans : (a) My friend likes ice cream.
(b) Some children are busy
2. Frame sentence as per the given structure.
(a) S + V + A
(b) S + V + O + C
Ans : (a) Vanka jumped into the pool.
(b) Children gave sweets to the teacher.
58
Familiarise these Phrasal Verbs
1. Bring about = Cause to happen (Imc-W-am-hp-I)
2. Bring up = educate and provide care (hfÀ¯pI)
3. Bring out = publish (]kn-²o-I-cn-¡pI)
4. Call for = demand (Bh-iy-s -SpI)
5. Call out = summon (hnfn¨p tNÀ¡pI)
6. Call on = Visit a person (kµÀin-¡pI)
7. Call at = Visit a place (Øew kµÀin¡p-I)
8. Carry on = Continue (XpScpI)
9. Carry out = Perform (\nÀÆ-ln-¡pI)
10. Come across = meet by chance (Ahn-Nm-cn-X-ambn Ip-ap«p-I)
11. Come forward = Present oneself (apt¶m-«p-hcnI)
12. get back = return to a place (Xncn-s - pI)
13. get in = arrive (F¯n-t¨cpI)
14. get on = make progress (sa -s -Sp¯pI)
15. get along = manage (ssIImcyw sN¿pI)
16. give in = surrender (Iog-S-§pI)
17. give up = abandon (Dt]-£n¡p-I)
18. go by = pass (IS-¶p-t]mIpI)
19. go on = continue (Imc-W-am-hp-I)
20. go through = read (hmbn-¡pI)
21. look after = take care of (kwc£n¡pI)
22. look down on = despise (Ah-Ú-tbmsS t\m¡pI)
23. make out = understand (a\-Ên-em-¡pI)
24. make up = compensate (]cnlcn¡p-I)
25. put across = communicate (Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S¯pI)
26. put down = supress (ASn- -aÀ¯pI)/write (FgpXp-I)
27. put forward = suggest (\nÀt±-in¡p-I)
59
28. put off = postpone (]n¶oSv Hc-h-k-c- n-te¡v amän sh¡p-I)
29. put up = stay, build (X§p-I, \nÀ½n-¡pI)
30. put on = wear ([cn¡p-I)
31. put out = Exinguish (sISp- pI)
32. put up with = tolerate (kln¡p-I)
33. set off = Start (XpS§p-I)
34. set out = begin (XpS-§pI)
35. takedow = write (FgpXpI)
36. be taken aback = emberrased (A¼-c-¶p-t]mhp-I)
37. turn down = reject (\nc-kn¡p-I)
38. turn up = arrive or appear. (F¯n-t¨cp-I)
Anaysing and Interpreting Data
The following diagram show the percentage of children who failed in the board of
exam in different years. Examine the diagram and answer the questions that follow.
24%
26%
15%5%
30%
2002 2003
2004
2005
2006
1. Which year did the school acquire the best result?
2. What was the percentage in the year 2004?
3. Write whether the following statements are 'True' or 'False'.
A. The school had a very good result in the year 2006 when compared to other years.
B. The failure percentage in the year 2004 is less than that of 2005.
4. In which year did the school acquire the worst result?
60
Study the table below and answer the questions that follow.
Film Year Production Actor
Here comes the Navy 1934 Warner Brothers Lou Edelman
Lost Horizon 1937 Columbia Frank Capra
One Foot in Heaven 1941 Warner Brothers H&B Wallis
The snake pit 1948 20th Century Fox Robert Bassier
Roman Holiday 1953 Paramount George Stevens
1. Which films in the list are produced by Warner Brothers?
2. If you want to see the performance of George Stevens which film will you see?
3. Who is the hero in Lost Horizon?
4. In which year was Roman Holiday released?
5. Name the company produced the movie The Snake Pit?
Study the table that shows the details of mountais in India (more than 800 metres height)
Mountains Metres Feet Range Nearby countries
Mount
Everest 8848 29029 Himalayas Nepal, Tibet
K2 8611 28251 Karakoram Pakisthan
Kanchanjunga 8568 28169 Himalayas Close to Nepal
Tibet (India)
Lhotse 8516 27940 Himalayas Nepal, China
Tibet
Makalu 8462 27762 Himalayas Nepal, China
Now answer the questions that follow:
1. Which mountain belongs to Karakoram range?
2. What is the height of Makalu Mountain?
3. Which is the highest mountain given in the table above?
4. Which mountain range shares the border of three neighbouring countries?
5. Which is the heighest mountain in India?
61
Study the graph showing the quantity of Food Grains used in the years from 2001
to 2007 and answer the questions that follow.
1. Which year did people use the least of rice?
2. Which year did people use the most of wheat?
3. In which years did the consumption of pulses reach the maximum?
4. Write the year in which the use of pulses and rice was the same.
5. Compare the use of Rice and Wheat in 2005 and 2007.
Read the names of the books given below and answer the following questions.
Sentence structure excercise Words for daily use'
Thomas & Thomas Anuragh Visakh
Victory publishing house Orbit International
Nature cure of diabetes Tricks in snooker
Dr. Krishnan Kani Amal Seth
Pinnacle books Orbit International
1. Which book will you advise to a person who has heigh blood sugar?
2. Name the publisher of the book on a game?
3. Which book will you suggest to your friend who wants to improve his knowledge of
English grammer?
4. Suggest the book that enhances vocabulary skills.
5. Which of the publishers has more than one book to its credit?
62
The following table gives you some information about a group of students. Read it
carefully and answwer the questions given below.
Name Rekha Sunil Shaju Veena
Age 15 14 14 13
Height 139 130 132 115
Weight 45 Kg 43 Kg 46 Kg 40 Kg
Brothers 1 1 0 0
Sisters 0 0 1 0
Hobbies Reading Gardening Cycling Videogames
Fathers Farmer Tailor Clerk Postman
Mother Nurse Housewife Teacher Peon
1. Who is the shortest member in the group?
2. How does Veena spend her leisure time?
3. How tall is the eldest member in the group?
4. Whose mother works in a hospital?
5. What is Sunil's father?
Study the Notice and answer the questions
STUDENT POLICE CADET WING
Kerala State (Estd: 2011)
announces the
Annual Passing out Ceremony of SPC Officers
at police Training Centre, Thycaud, Thiruvananthpuram
on 2016 December 20, Wednsday at 3 p.m.
Highlights
- Passing out parade of SPC officials
- Honouring the officials with Medals
Sponsered by
Kerala State Police Department.
1. What is the programme mentioned in the notice?
2. Mention the 'venue of the programme?
3. How often is the passing out ceremony conducted?
4. When did the SPC Wing come into existence?
5. What are the highlights of the programme?
63
The chart given below shows the trend in the use of different browsers to search
the internet
Analyse it and answer the questions that follow.]
1. Which browser is used the maximum according to the chart?
2. Which are the two browsers used by the same number of people?
3. Which browser is used the least?
4. Compare the percentage of the users of Chrome and Firefox.
5. What percentage of people use Chrome for browsing?
Given below are two famous movies of 'Walt Disney Creations', together with the names
of some of their characters. Go through the list and answer the questions that follow.:
The Jungle book (1967) Aladdin (1992)
Mowgli - an abandoned boy Baloo Aladdin- the central character Princess
- a fire spirited bear. Jasmin- Aladdin's love interest
Bagheera - a complacent black Genie - one of Aladdin's mates.
panther
Shere Khan - a fierce Bengal tiger Rajah - Jasmine's pet tiger
Kaa - a fierce python Abu - Aladdin's best friend
King Louie - a hyperactive Jafar - the villian
Orang - utan
1. Mowgli and Baloo are characters that figure in the movie........................
2. Who is Aladdin in love with?
3. The name of the hyperactive ape in 'The Jungle Book' is .........................
4. What words are used to describe Bagheera?
5. The only animal character in Aladdin is ..........................
64
The following are the online advertisements of some Tour Operators. Study the
details and answer the questions that follow:
Tourient Travels Miles of smiles My happy Journey
You can book flights Our title is derived from My happy journey was
hotels, car rentals ensuring that our customer established with the sole
activity plans and are happy about the servicesaim offering the most
full holiday packages of provided to them. exclusive and memo
We have customised and rable experience to
Enjoy the best of unique packages for internat- travellers and vacation
tourism with touri ional tours such as to Thailand ers. Since its inception
-ent a name tourism Europe, East Asia, Austrellia in 2007, our company
oriented like no and Newzealand. We regularly has surpassed many
other. review our management proce- milestones.
dures and evaluate service deli-
very. We are an ISO certified
company with comfort
able travel options,
wonderful resturants and
shopping places which
our clients would love to
know to make their
travel experience.
1. Which company was established in 2007?
2. Which tour operator says it wants to ensure customer satisfaction?
3. Which company should we opt for if we want to make an international trip?
4. Which company is ISO certified?
5. Which tour operator offers full holiday packages?
6. Name the company that conducts reviews of services delivered.
Cloze type (use of Articles, Preposition, Conjunction, Relative Pronoun/Adverb)
1. Fill in the blans suitably.
The doctor opened ............. door and went inside. He heard ............ strange sound.
But, he didn’t mind it. He used .......... share the room with the rats. Being dark, he lit the
lamp ......... sat on the chair.
(and, the, a an, to)
65
2. Fill in the blanks suitably.
No sooner had the younger brother gone ......... the forest, then he found ......... river,
swam across it ......... there on the other side was the she - bear, fast asleep. He took his
cubs and ran up the mountain without looking back. When he reached the top of the
mountain, the people came out .......... meet him.
(to, the, into, and, but)
Articles - a, an, the
Prepositions - eg: to, for, of, by, across, into etc.
Conjunctions - eg : and, but, while, either .... or, neigher ... nor,
so .... that ....
Relative Pronoun/Adverb - eg: who, which, that, when, where, why
I Fill suitable articles.
1. It is ...... long day.
2. It is ....... interesting story.
3. ................ doctor felt afraid.
II Fill suitable prepositions.
1. I like ......... read books
2. The duster is ........ the table.
3. Martha came to school ........... 10.00 am.
4. The house is made .......... bricks.
III Fill suitable Conjunction.
1. Vanka wrote a letter .......... posted it.
2. Ali was not sad .......... he cried.
3. ........... the class leader ....... the assistant should bring the chalk.
4. Harthal caused problems to people ........ was peaceful.
IV Use suitable Relative Pronouns / Adverb
1. The student ........ won the jacket is Martha.
2. Moscow is the place ............... Vanka lived.
3. The doctor saw the snake ........... had coiled round his arm.
4. The chocolates ............... are very tasty were brought from Dubai.
EQIP 2020
(Education Quality Improvement Programme for class ten)
PHYSICSStudent SupporStudent SupporStudent SupporStudent SupporStudent Support Mat Mat Mat Mat Material fterial fterial fterial fterial for Class or Class or Class or Class or Class TTTTTenenenenen
DIET KASARAGOD
68
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£aX IqSpX¬
IqSpX¬ Bbpkv
]cnÿnXn aen\oIcWw Ipdhv
kn) lo‰v kn¶v ˛ _ƒ_ns‚ t_kv bqWn‰nt\mSv tN¿∂p\n¬°p∂ Xm]w
BKncWw sNøm\p≈ kwhn[m\w.
73
]h¿ kssπ t_m¿Uv AC sshZypXnsb DC sshZypXnbm°n Bhiyamb Hu v]p v
thmƒ´X \¬Ip∂p.
t_kv bqWn‰v ˛ _ƒ_ns\ tlmƒUdpambn _‘n∏n°p∂ teml`mKw
]n‚Uv k¿Iyq´v t_m¿Uv ˛ LED Iƒ Dd∏n®ncn°p∂Xv Cu t_m¿UnemWv.
Un) LED IfpsS tiWo _‘\Øn¬ FhnsSsb¶nepw _‘w \jvSs∏Sptºmƒ
As√¶n¬
GsX¶nepw UtbmUv ]h¿Ø\clnXamIptºmƒ.
74
A[ymbw 2
sshZyp-XIm¥nI^ew
Bi-b-߃
* sshZypX]hmlap≈ NmeIØn\pNp‰pw Hcp Im¥nIafiew D≠mIp∂p.
* Im¥nIafieZni sshZypX]hmlZnisb Bibn®ncn°p∂p.
]h¿Ø\w 1
NnXw \nco£n°pI.
F) tkmfnt\mbvUns‚ P F∂ AKØv A]Z£nW ZnibnemWv sshZypXn
]hln°p∂sX¶n¬ CXv GXp [phØnembncn°pw?
(DØc[phw/Z£nW[phw)
_n) tkmfnt\mbnUneqsSbp≈ sshZypX]hmlZni hn]coXam°nb tijw Q F∂
AKØnte°v DØc[phw sIm≠ph∂m¬ BI¿jn°ptam? ImcWw
hniZam°pI?
kn) tkmfnt\mbvUns‚ i‡n h¿≤n∏n°m\mhiyamb am¿§ßƒ \n¿t±in°pI.
Bib߃
* ^vsfanßns‚ CSXpssI \nbaw, tamt´m¿XXzw.
]h¿Ø\w 2
sshZypX tamt´mdpIƒ ]h¿Øn°p∂Xv tamt´m¿ XXzØns‚ ASnÿm
\ØnemWv.
F) sshZypX tamt´mdn¬ \S°p∂ Du¿÷am‰w F¥v?
P Q
75
_n) sshZypX tamt´mdnse B¿ta®dns‚ `aWZni GXp \nbaw D]tbmKn®v
I≠p]nSn°mw?
kn) tamt´m¿XXzØns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂ as‰mcp D]IcWØns‚
t]scgpXpI.
Un) Cu D]IcWØns‚ ][m\ `mK߃ Gh?
]h¿Ø\w 3
tkmfnt\mbnUns‚ Im¥nI afiew _m¿Im¥Øns‚ Im¥nI afiew F∂nh
XmcXayw sNbvXv XmsgsImSpØ ]´nI ]q¿Ønbm°pI.
_m¿Im¥w tkmfnt\mbnUv
76
sshZyp-XIm¥nI^ew
DØckqNnI
1. F) DØc[phw
_n) hnI¿jn°pw. sshZypX]hmlZni hn]coXam°ptºmƒ Q F∂ AKw
DØc[phambncn°pw.
2. F) sshZyptXm¿÷w ˛ bm¥ntIm¿÷w
_n)^vsfanßns‚ CSXpssI\nbaw
kn) Nen°pwNpcpƒ euUvkv]o°¿
Un) ^o¬Uv Im¥w, thmbnkv tImbn¬, Ub^w
3. _m¿Im¥w
* Im¥i‡n ÿncamWv.
* Im¥nI[ph߃ ]ckv]cw am‰m≥ km[n°n√.
tkmfnt\mbnUv
* Im¥i‡n sshZypXn IS∂pt]mIptºmƒ amXw e`n°p∂XmWv.
* Im¥nI[phX sshZypX ]hmlZnisb Bibn®ncn°p∂p.
77
]h¿Ø\w 1
NnXw \nco-£n®v tNmZy-߃°v DØcw Fgp-XpI
A[ymbw 3
sshZypX Im¥nI t]cWw
Bi-b-߃
t]cnX sshZypXn
h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥
^vsfan-ßns‚ he-
XpssI \nbaw
Im¥nI afi-e-
Øns‚ Zni
Nme-I-Øns‚
Ne\ Zni
sshZyp-X
-]-hml Zni
F) Np‰p-I-fpsS FÆw
Iq´pI
_n) Ne-\-th-KX
Iq´pI
kn) Im¥nI i‡n Iq´pI
]q¿Øn-bm-°nb k¿°o-´p-ambn
_‘-s∏´ Im¥nI ^vsfIvkn\v
hyXn -bm\w kw`-hn -°p -tºmƒ
sshZypXn t]cWw sNøp-∂p. ˛
sshZypXIm¥nI t]cWw
AC P\-td-‰¿
F) ^o¬Uv Im¥w
_n) B¿ta-®¿
kn) …n]v dnwKv
Un) _jv
êê
Zni-am-dp∂ sshZypXn
ê
emf
kabw
F) NnX-Øn¬ ImWp∂ D]-I-cWw GXv?
A A£wD
NS
C
78
_n) A, B, C, D F∂o `mK-߃ Xncn-®-dnbpI?
kn) Cu D]-I-c-W-Øns‚ ]h¿Ø\ XXzw F¥v?
Un) AC P\-td-‰-dn¬ \n∂v In´p∂ sshZyp-Xn-bpsS Km^v hc-bv°p-I.
C) P\-td-‰ -dn¬ \n∂v e`n -°p∂ sshZyp -Xn -bpsS Zni ImWp-∂-Xn\v
klm-bn-°p∂ \nbaw GXv?
F^v) CtX XXz -Øn¬ ]h¿Øn-°p∂ as‰mcp D]-I -c -W-Øns‚
t]scgpXp-I,
Pn) Cu D]-I-c-W-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ Du÷-]-cn-h¿Ø\w Fgp-Xp-I.
F®v) Hcp Nen-°pw-Np -cp -Iƒ ssatIm-t^m-Wns‚ `mK-߃ Is≠Øn
Fgp-Xp-I.
Bi-b-߃
* ayq®z¬ C≥U£≥ ˛ ASp-Ø-Sp-Øp≈ 2 Iºn-®p-cp-fp-I-fn¬ H∂nse ]hm-
l-Znitbm Xoh-Xtbm amdp-tºmƒ at‰-Xn¬ emf t]cWw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p.
* Sm≥kvt^m¿a¿ ˛ ]h¿ hyXymkw hcmsX a.c thmƒ´X Db¿Øp-Itbm
XmgvØp-Itbm sNøp-∂p.
*Vs Ns
Vp Np=
Vp Ip Vs Is=
Vs - sk°‚dn thmƒ´X
Vp - ss]adn thmƒ´X
Ns - sk°‚dn Np‰p-I-fpsS FÆw
Np - ss]adn Np‰p-I-fpsS FÆw
Ip - ss]adn Id‚ v
Is - sk°‚dn Id‚ v
]h¿Ø\w 2
sk°‚dnss]adn
79
F) NnX-Øn¬ ImWp-∂Xv GXvXcw Sm≥kvt^m¿a-dmWv?
_n) CXns‚ ]h¿Ø\ XXzw F¥v?
kn) Hcp sÃ]v A]v Sm≥kvt^m¿a-dns‚ LS-\m-Nn-Xw hc-bv°p-I.
Un) CXns‚ ss]a-dn-bnse Hcp Np‰p-ambn _‘-s∏´ emf 0.1V Bbm¬
sk°‚-dn-bnse Hcp Np‰n¬ FX emf t]cWw sNø-s∏Spw?
C) CXns‚ ss]a-dn -bn¬ 200 Np‰pw sk°‚-dn -bn¬ 50 Np‰pw D≠v.
ss]a-dn-bn¬ 240V ]tbm-Kn-®m¬ sk°‚-dn thmƒ´X FX?
F^v) ss]a-dn-bn¬ 12V _m‰dn LSn-∏n-®m¬ sk°‚dn thmƒ´X FX?
Pn) Sm≥kvt^m¿a-dns‚ ss]a-dn-bnse ]h¿ 1000w Bbm¬
sk°‚ v dn]-h¿ FX-bm-bn-cn°pw?
Bi-b-߃
* sk¬^v C≥U-£≥ ˛ tkmfn-t\m-bn-Un¬ a.c IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ _m°v
emf D≠m-Ip∂ ]h¿Ø\w
* C≥U-IvS¿ ˛ a.c sk¿°o- n¬ Xm]-\jvSw C√msX sshZypX ]hmlw
Ipdbv°p∂p.
]h¿Ø\w 3
A
B
6V
F) NnX-Øn¬ A, B Ch F¥ns\ kqNn-∏n-°p∂p?
_n) sk¿°o´v ]h¿Øn®p XpS-ßn-bm¬ _ƒ_ns‚ ]Imi XohX
Ipd-bp-∂Xv F¥p-sIm≠v?
kn) A- bn¬ Hcp ]®n-cpºv tIm¿ sIm≠p-h-∂m¬ _ƒ_ns‚ ]Imi
Xoh-Xbv°v F¥p-kw- -hn°pw? F¥p-sIm≠v?
Un) C≥U-IvS¿ F∂m-se¥v? d.c k¿°o- n¬ CXn\p [¿Ωw \n¿h-ln-°m-
\m-hptam? F¥p-sIm≠v?
80
XpS¿]-h¿Ø\w
_m°-‰n¬ \n∂pw sXc-s™-SpØv "_n' tImfw ]qcn-∏n-°pI
F _n
F) P\-td-‰¿ ...........
_n) Nen-°pw-Np-cpƒ ssatIm-t^m¨ ...........
kn) C≥U-IvS¿ ...........
Un) sÃ]v A]v Sm≥kvt^m¿a¿ ...........
C) Xot^kv P\-td-‰¿ ...........
(U-b-^w, _m°v emf, ac thmƒ´X XmgvØp-∂p, t^kv hyXym-kw, a.c thmƒ´X
Db¿Øp-∂p, B¿ta-®¿, Km¬h-t\m-ao-‰¿, _m‰-dn)
Bi-b-߃
* ssltUm Ce-Iv SnI v ]h¿ tÃj≥ :˛ ÿnXn -tIm¿÷w à
KXn-tIm¿÷w à bm¥n-tIm¿÷w à sshZypXn
* sX¿tam ]h¿ tÃj≥ :˛ cmtkm¿÷w à Xmt]m¿÷w à
bm¥n-tIm¿÷w à sshZypXn
* \yq¢n -b¿ ]h¿ tÃj≥:˛ \yq¢n -b¿ Du¿÷w à Xmt]m¿÷w à
bm¥n-tIm¿÷w à sshZypXn
l ]h¿ t]jWw: - ]h¿ hnZqc ÿe-ß-fn -te°v t]jWw sNøp-tºmƒ
thmƒt´Pv XmgvNbpw ]h¿ \jvShpw D≠m-Ip-∂p. CXv Ipd-bv°m≥ Db¿∂ thmƒ´X
bn¬ ]h¿ t]jWw sNøp-∂p.
l Ãm¿ IW-£≥ ˛ hnX-cW Sm≥kvt^m¿a-dns‚ sk°‚dn tImbn-ep-Isf
_‘n-∏n-°p∂ coXn.
]h¿Ø\w 4
81
NnXw \nco-£n®v X∂n-cn-°p∂ tNmZy-߃°v DØcw Is≠-Øp-I.
F) \ΩpsS cmPyØv sshZypXn Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ thmƒ´X FX?
_n) sshZyp-X-t]-jWw sNøp∂ thmƒ´X FX?
kn) ]h¿ Sm≥kvt^m¿a¿ GXp-Xcw Sm≥kvt^m¿a-dmWv?
Un) F¥n-\mWv t]j-W-Øn\v apºv thmƒ´X Db¿Øp-∂Xv?
C) hnX-cW Sm≥kvt^m¿a¿ GXv Xcw Sm≥kvt^m¿a-dmWv?
]h¿Ø\w 5
F) N - F∂ _nµp-hnse s]m´≥jy¬ FX?
_n) NnX-Øn¬ \yqS¬ sse≥ GXv?
kn) `qanbpw \yqS¬ sse\pw XΩn¬ s]m´≥jy¬ hyXymkw FX?
Un) `qanbpw Hcp t^kv sse\pw XΩn¬ s]m´≥jy≥ hyXymw FX?
C) Km¿lnI D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°v sshZypXn \¬Ip∂ thmƒ´X FX?
F^v) Km¿lnI sshZypX hnX-c -W-Øn\v Fs¥ms° sse\p -Iƒ
Bh-iy-amWv?
Pn) c≠v t^kv sse\pIƒ XΩnep≈ s]m´≥jy¬ hyXymkw FX?
A
B
C
D
82
Krl-sshZypXo-I-c-W-Øn¬ Hcp apdn-bn-te-°m-h-iy-amb k¿°yq´v NnXo-I-cn-®n-cn-
°p-∂p. k¿Iyq´v sX‰p-Xn-cpØn hc-bv°p-I.
]h¿Ø\w 6
F) KrlsshZypXoIcWØn¬ D]IcW߃ LSn∏n°p∂sXßs\? LSn∏n°p∂Xp
sIm≠p≈ t\´sa¥v?
_n) hm´v Ah¿ ao‰¿ sk¿°o´n¬ LSn∏n°p∂sXhnsS?
]h¿Ø\w 7
\nß-fpsS ho´nse sshZypX D]-t`m-K-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v X∂n-cn-°p∂ tNmZy-߃°v
DØcw Fgp-Xp-I.
F) sshZyp-tXm¿÷w Af-°p∂ D]-I-cWw GXv?
_n) GXv bqWn-‰n-emWv CXv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv?
kn) D]-I-c-W-߃ kam-¥-c-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p≈ ta∑-Iƒ
Fs¥√mw?
Un) 500W ]h-dp≈ Hcp ssK≥U¿ 3 aWn-°q¿ ]h¿Øn-°p-tºmƒ
D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ sshZyp-tXm¿÷w IW-°p-I.
C) "sshZypXn kwc -£n -°pI' F∂ ktµiw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ t]mÿ
Xøm-dm-°p-I.
F^v) sshZypXm-Lm-X-ta¬°p∂ Bƒ°v \¬tI≠ 2 ]Ya ipiq-j-Iƒ
\n¿t±-in-°p-I.
Pn) \nß-fpsS ho´nse Xo]n≥ πKv ]cn -tim -[n®v F¿Øv ]n≥ a‰p
]n∂p -I -fn¬ \n∂v Fßs\ hyXym -k-s∏-´n -c n -°p∂p F∂v
Is≠-Øp-I.
F®v) F¿Øv sse≥ D]-I-c-W-Øns‚ GXv `mK-ØmWv _‘n-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv?
83
A[ymbw 4
]ImiØns‚ ]Xn]X\w
]h¿Ø\w 1
kaXeZ¿∏Wßfn¬ ]Imiw Ncn™v ]Xn°ptºmƒ ]X\tImWpw ]Xn]X\
tImWpw XpeyamhpIbpw, ]X\civan, ]Xn]X\civan Ch Htc XeØn¬ hcnIbpw
sNøp∂p. H∂n¬ IqSpX¬ kaXeZ¿∏W߃ D]tbmKn°ptºmƒ Bh¿Ø\
]Xn_nw_w cq]oIcn°pIbpw ]Xn_nw_ßfpsS FÆw IqSpIbpw sNøp∂p.
1) Hcp Z¿∏WØn¬ 450 Ncn™v ]Xn°p∂ civan°v ]Xn]X\w kw`hn°p∂Xv GXv
tIm¨ AfhnemWv? CXv Is≠Øm≥ D≈ hniZoIcWw F¥mWv?
2) ]Xn]X\ \nba߃ Fs¥ms°bmWv?
3) NnXØn¬ c≠v Z¿∏W߃ XΩnep≈ tIm¨ Afhv FXbmWv?
4) P F∂ _nµphn¬ h®ncn°p∂ hkvXphns‚ FX ]Xn_nw_߃
cq]oIcn°s∏Spw?
5) G‰hpw IqSpX¬ ]Xn_nw_߃ e`n°Wsa¶n¬ Z¿∏W߃ Fßs\
IaoIcn°Ww?
]h¿Ø\w 2
Hcp tIm¨shIvkv Z¿∏WØns‚ ho£W hnkvXrXn hfsc IqSpXemWv. F∂m¬
]Xn_nw_w kvIo\n¬ cq]oIcn°m≥ Ignbn√. tIm¨tIhv Z¿∏WØn\v
]ImicivanIsf AXns‚ ap∂n¬ Hcp _nµphn¬ tIµoIcn°m≥ Ignbpw. F∂m¬
kaXe Z¿∏WØn¬ amXamWv hkvXphnt‚Xn\v kam\amb ]Xn_nw_w
cq]oIcn°p∂Xv.
1) hml\ßfn¬ dnb¿hyqand¿ Bbn D]tbmKn°p∂ Z¿∏Ww GXv? F¥psIm≠v?
2) Z¥tUmIvS¿ ]√p ]cntim[n°m≥ D]tbmKn°p∂ Z¿∏Ww GXmWv? CØcw
Z¿∏W߃ D]tbmKn°p∂ c≠v kmlNcy߃ IqSn Is≠ØpI.
.P
84
3) apJw t\m°m≥ D]tbmKn°p∂Xv GXn\w Z¿∏WamWv?
CXnse ]Xn_nw_w kvIo\n¬ ]Xn∏n°m≥ Ignbptam? F¥psIm≠v?
]h¿Ø\w 3
sagpIpXncnbpsS ]Xn_nw_w kvIo\n¬ e`n°p∂ coXnbn¬ tIm¨tIhv
Z¿∏Whpw kvIo\pw IaoIcn®ncn°p∂p.
1) NnXØn¬ kvIo\ns‚ ÿm\w GXns‚ ÿm\sØbmWv Bibn°p∂Xv?
2) tIm¨tIhv Z¿∏Ww D]tbmKn®v ]Xn_nw_Øns‚ hep∏w hyXymk
s∏SpØmtam? Fßs\?
3) \ap°v Hcp tIm¨tIhv Z¿∏Ww e`n®m¬ ]co£WØneqsS AXns‚ t^m°kv
Zqcw Fßs\ Is≠Ømw? AXns‚ kahmIyw ]kvXmhn°pI. ]co£WØn¬
tcJs∏SpØnb AfhpIƒ GsXms°bmWv?
]h¿Ø\w 4
\yqIm¿´oj≥ Nnlv\coXn ]Imcw Z¿∏WØn\v ap∂nse bYm¿∞ ]Xn_nw_
cq]oIcWw s\K‰ohpw, Z¿∏WØn\p ]n∂nse anYy]Xn_nw_cq]oIcWw t]mkn‰ohpw
BWv.
121212121212
.12 cm
4 cmO
B
C
60cm
M
F
15cm
30cm
PI
85
1) Afhv \yqIm¿´oj≥ Nn”w A\pkcn®v Afhv
u = ..............cm ....................cm
v = ..............cm ....................cm
f = ..............cm ....................cm
hkvXphns‚ hep∏w ..............cm ....................cm
]Xn_nw_Øns‚
hep∏w ..............cm ....................cm
2) NnXØnse t^m°kvZqcw tcJs∏SpØnbXv icnbmtWm F∂v Z¿∏WkahmIyw
D]tbmKn®v hniIe\w sNøpI.
]h¿Ø\w 5
1)
]´nI A]KYn®v XmsgsImSpØncn°p∂ ]kvXmh\Ifn¬ icnbmbh FSpsØgpXpI.
a) Bh¿[\w 1 Bbncn°ptºmƒ hkvXphns‚ hep∏hpw ]Xn_nw_Øns‚
hep∏hpw Xpeyambncn°pw.
b) Bh¿[\w H∂nt\°mƒ IqSpX¬ Bbm¬ ]Xn_nw_w hkvXphnt\°mƒ
hepXmbncn°pw.
c) Bh¿[\w H∂nt\°mƒ sNdpXv Bbm¬ ]Xn_nw_w hkvXphnt\°mƒ
sNdpXmbncn°pw.
d) Bh¿[\w t]mkn‰ohv Bbncn°ptºmƒ ]Xn_nw_w bYm¿∞hpw,
XeIogmbXpw Bbncn°pw.
e) Bh¿[\w s\K‰ohv Bbncn°ptºmƒ ]Xn_nw_w anYybpw,
\nh¿∂Xpambncn°pw.
2. apIfn¬ sImSpØ ]´nI]Imcw Ft∏mgpw \nh¿∂Xpw sNdpXpamb ]Xn_nw_w
e`n°p∂ Z¿∏Ww Is≠ØpI.
]Xn_nw
_Øns‚
Dbcw hi
hkvXp
hns‚
Dbcw ho
Bh¿[\w
= hiho
hkvXphns\ ASnÿm\am°n
]Xn_nw_Øns‚ ]tXyIXIƒ
IaoIcWw 1 s\K‰ohv t]mkn‰ohv s\K‰ohv hkvXphnt\°mƒ sNdpXv,
bYm¿∞w, XeIogmbXv
IaoIcWw 2 s\K‰ohv t]mkn‰ohv s\K‰ohv Xpeyhep∏w, bYm¿∞w,
XeIogmbXv
IaoIcWw 3 t]mkn‰ohv t]mkn‰ohv t]mkn‰ohv hkvXphnt\°mƒ hepXv, anYy,
\nh¿∂Xv
IaoIcWw 4 t]mkn‰ohv t]mkn‰ohv t]mkn‰ohv sNdpXv, \nh¿∂Xv, anYy
IaoIcWw 5 t]mko‰ohv t]mkn‰ohv t]mkn‰ohv sNdpXv, \nh¿∂Xv, anYy
86
DØckqNnI ˛ ]ImiØns‚ ]Xn]X\w
]h¿Ø\w 1
1) 450
]X\tImWpw ]Xn]X\tImWpw Xpeyambncn°pw.
2) ]X\civan, ]Xn]X\civan, ]X\_nµphn¬ \n∂v Z¿∏WØn\v hcbv°p∂ ew_w
Ch Htc XeØnembncn°pw. ]X\tImWpw ]Xn]X\tImWpw Xpeyambncn°pw.
3) 900
4) 3 ]Xn_nw_߃
5) kam¥cambv
]h¿Ø\w 2
1) tIm¨shIvkv and¿
ho£W hnkvXrXn IqSpXemWv.
2) tIm¨tIhv Z¿∏Ww
tkmfm¿ ^¿WkpIfn¬ dn^vfIvS¿ Bbn, k¿®psse‰pIfn¬..
3) kaXeZ¿∏Ww
anYym ]Xn_nw_amWv. kvIo\n¬ ]Xn∏n°m≥ Ignbn√.
]h¿Ø\w 3
1) sagpIpXncnbpsSbpw Z¿∏WØns‚bpw ÿm\sØ
2) Ignbpw. sagpIpXncnbpsS ÿm\w hyXymks∏SpØns°m≠v
3) Z¿∏WØn¬ \n∂v sagpIpXncnbnte°p≈ Zqcw (u), Z¿∏WØn¬ \n∂v
kvIo\nte°p≈ Zqcw (v) F∂nh Af°p∂p. t^m°kv Zqcw (f) Is≠Øm≥
1 1 1
f u v= +
]h¿Ø\w 4
1) u = 60 cm = -60cm
v = 20 cm = -20cm
f = 15 cm = -15cm
hkvXphns‚ hep∏w = 12cm = +12cm
]Xn_nw_Øns‚ hep∏w = 4 cm = -4 cm
2)uv
fu v
=
+
( 60)x( 20)f
( 60 20)
− −=
− −
1200f
80=
− f 15cm= −
]h¿Ø\w 5
a) a, b, c
b) tIm¨shIvkv Z¿∏Ww
87
A[ymbw 5
]ImiØns‚ A]h¿Ø\w
]h¿Ø\w 1
tai]pdØpsh®ncn°p∂ •mkv…m_neqsS tek¿ ]Imi civan k©cn® ]mX
NnXoIcn®ncn°p∂p.
1) ]ImiØns‚ GXp]Xn`mkamWv NnXoIcn®ncn°p∂Xv?
2) Cu ]Xn`mkØn\p ImcWw F¥mWv?
3) NnXØn¬ ]Imiw k©cn°p∂ am[ya߃ GsXms°?
4) ]Imiw G‰hpw thKØn¬ k©cn°p∂Xv GXv am[yaØnemWv?
5) NnXØnse i, r F¥ns\ kqNn∏n°p∂p?
6) ]ImiØns‚ Cu ]Xn`mkw hy‡am°p∂ \nba߃ ]kvXmhn°pI.
]h¿Ø\w 2
]IminIkmµX IqSnb am[yaØn¬ \n∂pw Ipd™ am[yaØnte°v In´n°¬
tImWnt\°mƒ IqSnb ]X\tImWn¬ ]Imicivan ]thin°ptºmƒ B civan
A]h¿Ø\Øn\p hnt[bamImsX AtX am[yaØnte°v ]Xn]Xn°p∂XmWv
]q¿Æm¥c]Xn]X\w.
o
s
i
r
550
hmbp
Pew
A B
hmbpPew
48.60
1) NnXØnse In´n°¬ tIm¨ Afhv FXbmWv?
2) GXv am[yaØns‚ In´n°¬ tIm¨ BWv ASbmfs∏SpØnbncn°p∂Xv?
3) ]q¿Wm¥c]Xn]X\w hy‡am°p∂ NnXw GXmWv?
4) ]q¿Wm¥c]Xn]X\w \S°Wsa¶n¬ GsXms° \n_‘\Iƒ km[yamIWw.
88
]h¿Ø\w 3
kam¥c civanIƒ Hcp tIm¨shIvkv se≥kn¬ ]Xn®m¬ A]h¿Ø\
Øn\ptijw apJyA£Ønse Hcp _nµphn¬ tIµoIcn°p∂p. AXmWv t^m°kv.
hkvXphns‚ ÿm\Øn\\pkcn®v ]Xn_nw_ cq]oIcW ÿm\hpw amdp∂p.
1) ]´nI ]qcn∏n°pI.
2) GXn\w se≥knemWv hkvXphns‚ AtX hiØv Xs∂ Ft∏mgpw ]Xn_nw_w
cq]oIcn°p∂Xv?
3) NnXw ]q¿Ønbm°n ]Xn_nw_Øns‚ ÿm\w, ]tXyIXIƒ Is≠ØpI.
]h¿Ø\w 4
NnXw i≤n°q.
2F F P F 2F
2F
1cm
B
F
25cm
100cm
F 2F
4cm
m
I
hkvXphns‚ ÿm\w
]Xn_nw
_Øns‚
ÿm\w
]Xn_nw_Øns‚ kz`mhw/hep∏w
bYm¿∞w/
anYy
XeIogmbXv/
\nh¿∂Xv
hepXv/sNdpXv/
AtX hep∏w
hnZqcXbn¬
2F \v A∏pdw
2F ¬
2F \pw F\pw CSbn¬
F ¬
F \pw se≥kn\pw
CSbn¬
89
1) \yqIm¿´oj≥ Nn”coXn A\pkcn®v Xmsg]dbp∂h Is≠ØpI.
hkvXphnte°p≈ Zqcw, u = ...........cm
]Xn_nw_Ønte°p≈ Zqcw, v = ........... cm
hkvXphns‚ Dbcw -= .......... cm
]Xn_nw_Øns‚ Dbcw = ........... cm
2) t^m°kv Zqcw Is≠Øm\p≈ kahmIyw FgpXpI.
3) Cu kahmIyw GXp t]cn¬ Adnbs∏Sp∂p?
4) t^m°kv Zqcw Is≠ØpI.
5) u, v F∂nhbpsS hneIƒ Xncn®v D]tbmKn®m¬ t^m°kv Zqcw FX?
90
DØckqNnI
]ImiØns‚ A]h¿Ø\w
]h¿Ø\w 1
1) A]h¿Ø\w
2) ]IminI kmµXbnep≈ hyXymkw
3) hmbp, •mkv
4) iq\yXbn¬
5) i = ]X\tIm¨, r = A]h¿Ø\ tIm¨
6) ]X\tIm¨, A]h¿Ø\tIm¨, hn`P\XeØn¬ ]X\ _nµphneqsS hc®
ew_w F∂nh Htc XeØnembncn°pw. ]X\tImWns‚bpw A]h¿Ø\ tImWns‚bpw
sine hneIƒ XΩnep≈ A\p]mXhne sin i
sin r
Hcp ÿnckwJybmbncn°pw.
]h¿Ø\w 2
1) 48.60
2) Pew
3) NnXw A
4) ]Imiw, ]IminIkmµX IqSnb am[yaØn¬ \n∂v ]IminI kmµX
Ipd™ am[yaØnte°v IS°Ww. ]X\tIm¨ Ft∏mgpw In´n°¬ tImWnt\°mƒ
IqSnbncn°Ww.
]h¿Ø\w 3
1) ]q¿ØoIcn® ]´nI
2) tIm¨tIhv se≥kn¬
1.
hkvXphns‚ ÿm\w ]Xn_nw_Øns‚
ÿm\w]Xn_nw_Øns‚ kz`mhw/hep∏w
hnZqcXbn¬
2F \v A∏pdw
2F ¬
2F \pw F\pw CSbn¬
F ¬
F \pw se≥kn\pw
CSbn¬
F ¬
2F \pw F\pw CSbn¬
2F ¬
2F \v A∏pdw
hnZqcXbn¬
hkvXphn\v ]n∂n¬
bYm¿∞w, XeIogmbXv, sNdpXv
bYm¿∞w, XeIogmbXv, sNdpXv
bYm¿∞w, XeIogmbXv, Xpeyhep∏w
bYm¿∞w, XeIogmbXv, hepXv
]Xn_nw_w cq]oIcn°p∂n√
anYy, \nh¿∂Xv, hepXv
91
3)
bYm¿∞hpw, XeIogmbXpw, Xpeyhep∏hpap≈ ]Xn_nw_w adphiØv 2F ¬
e`n°p∂p.
]h¿Ø\w 4
1) u = -25cm, v = +10cm, hkpXphns‚ Dbcw = +1cm
]Xn_nw_Øns‚ Dbcw = ˛4 cm
2)1 1 1
f v u= − or
uvf
u v=
−-
3) se≥kv kahmIyw
4)25x100
f25 100
−=
− −
2500f 20cm
125
−= = +
−
5) u = -100cm v=+25cm
uvf
u v=
−
100x25f
100 25
−=
− −
2500f
125
−=
− f 20cm= +
Hcp se≥kns‚ t^m°kv Zqcw \n›nXambncn°pw.
2F F P F 2F
92
A[ymbw 6
ImgvNbpw h¿WßfpsS temIhpw
]h¿Ø\w 1
]Imicivan IÆnse se≥kneqsS IS∂v sd‰n\bn¬ tIµoIcn°ptºmgmWv \mw
hkvXphns\ ImWp∂Xv. AIsebp≈ hkvXphnt\bpw ASpØp≈hsb ImWphm≥
knenbdn t]inIƒ hen™v sFdnkns\ klmbn°p∂p. CXmWv IÆns‚
As°msamtUj≥.
1) AIsebp≈ hkvXp°sf ImWm≥ IgnbpIbpw ASpØp≈hsb ImWm≥
IgnbmXncn°pIbpw sNøp∂ IÆns‚ \yq\X F¥mWv? CXv Fßs\
]cnlcn°mw?
2) km[mcWbmbn Ip´nIfn¬ ImWs∏Sp∂ IÆns‚ \yq\X F¥mWv? F¥v
]cnlmcamWv CXn\v \¬Ip∂Xv?
3) BtcmKyap≈ IÆpIfp≈ HcmfpsS hy‡amb ImgvN°p≈ G‰hpw Ipd™Zqcw
FXbmWv?
4) kqcyKlWw \·t\X߃ sIm≠v ho£n°m≥ ]mSn√.
5) ImgvN°v _p≤nap´p≈ Hcmƒ t\XtcmKhnZKv[s\ I≠t∏mƒ IÆS hmßm\mb
Ipdn∏n¬ +1.5D, -2D F∂v tcJs∏SpØn. Ipdn∏n¬ tUmIvS¿ kqNn∏n®Xv F¥ns\
Ipdn®mWv? Ipdn∏n¬ FgpXnb se≥kpIƒ GsX√mamWv?
]h¿Ø\w 2
Hcp ]nkØneqsS kqcy]ImiØns‚ Hcp IncWw ISØnhn´v kvIo\n¬
]Xn∏n°ptºmƒ Nne h¿Æ߃ ImWs∏Sp∂p. Hcp ka\znX]Imiw
LSIh¿Wßfmbn amdp∂ ]Xn`mkamWv ]Io¿W\w. ]Io¿W\^eambn
D≠mIp∂ h¿WßfpsS Iaamb hnXcWsØ h¿WcmPn (kvs]IvSw)
F∂p]dbp∂p.
kqcy]ImiwA
B
Screen
1) kvIo\nse h¿WcmPn XcwKssZ¿Lyw IqSp∂Xn\\pkcn®v FgpXpI.
93
2) ]ImiØns‚ Cu ]Xn`mkw F¥pt]cn¬ Adnbs∏Sp∂p?
3) Cu ]Imi]Xn`mkØn\p ImcWw F¥mWv?
4) XcwKssZ¿Lyhpw h¿ÆßfpsS IaoIcWhpw XΩnep≈ _‘w F¥v?
5) NnXØn¬ ]nkØn\pw kvIo\n\pw CSbnembn as‰mcp ]nkw XeIogmbn hcp∂
coXnbn¬ IaoIcn°pI. At∏mƒ kvIo\n¬ e`n°p∂ h¿Æw GXmWv?
]h¿Ø\w 3
Hcp Zriym\p`hw \ΩpsS sd‰n\bn¬ 1 sec16 amXta Xßn\n¬°pIbp≈q. CXmWv
ho£WÿncX.
1) Hcp hrØmIrXnbnep≈ UnkvIv thKØn¬ Idßptºmƒ [hf]Imiw
e`n°Wsa¶n¬ AXnse LSIh¿Æ߃ GsXms°bmImw?
2) IØns°m≠ncn°p∂ Hcp IºnØncn h´Øn¬ Npg‰nbm¬ AXns‚ Zriyw
F¥mbncn°pw? AXn\v ImcWamb ]Xn`mkw F¥mWv?
3) Cu ]Xn`mkØn\v as‰mcp DZmlcWw FgpXpI.
]h¿Ø\w 4
`mKnIhpw IaclnXhpamb ]Imi]Xn]X\amWv hnkcWw. XcwKssZ¿Lyw
Ipd™ h¿W߃ hnkcWØn\v IqSpX¬ hnt[bamIp∂p. ]IrXnbnse a‰p
aen\oIcW߃ t]mse ]Imiw aqew aen\oIcWw D≠mIp∂p.
1) DZbmkvXabßfn¬ kqcy\v Np‰pw, BImihpw Nph∂v ImWm≥ ImcWw F¥mWv?
hniZam°pI.
2) Nµ\nse BImiw F∏mgpw Ccp≠v ImWs∏Sm≥ ImcWw F¥v?
3) h\m¥c kqcy]Imi]mX Nnet∏mƒ Xnfßp∂Xmbn ImWs∏Smdp≠v.
CXn\v ImcWw F¥mWv?
4) F¥mWv ]Imiaen\oIcWw?
5) ]Imi aen\oIcWØns‚ A\¥c^e߃ Fs¥ms°bmWv?
kqcy]Imiw
kvIo≥
94
DØckqNnI
ImgvNbpw h¿WßfpsS temIhpw
]h¿Ø\w 1
1. Zo¿LZrjvSn/ssl∏¿satSm∏nb/temwKvssks‰Uv\kv
tIm¨shIvkv se≥kns‚ IÆS D]tbmKn®v
2. lkzZrjvSn/atbm∏nb/tjm¿´vssks‰Uv\kv
tIm¨shIvkv se≥kv
3. 25 sk.ao.
4. kqcy]Imiw IpdhmbXn\m¬ knenbdn aknepIƒ ]pdInte°v henbpIbpw
]yq∏nƒ AZriy]Imiw civanIsf apgph\pw D≈nte°v ISØnhnSpIbpw
sd‰n\bn¬ tIµoIcn°pIbpw sNøp∂p. uv civan, C≥^msdUv civan F∂nh
tIµoIcn°pI hgn sd‰n\ tISv hcp∂p.
5. se≥kns‚ ]h¿, +1.5D tIm¨shIvkv, -2D tIm¨tIhv se≥kv
]h¿Ø\w 2
1. VIBGYOR
2. ]Imi]Io¿W\w
3. A]h¿Ø\w, ka\znX ]Imiw A]h¿Ø\Øn\v ImcWamIp∂p.
4. XcwKssZ¿Lyw IqSptºmƒ hyXnbm\w Ipdbp∂p.
5. shfpØ ]Imiw
]h¿Ø\w 3
1. RGB Asæn VIBGYOR
2. Xohfbw, IÆns‚ ho£W ÿncX
3. DZmlcWw
]h¿Ø\w 4
1. hnkcWw. XcwKssZ¿Lyw Ipd™ h¿Æ߃ (V, I, B, G) hnkcn®v
Xo¿∂pt]mhpIbpw XcwKssZ¿Lyw IqSnb h¿Æ߃ (R, O, Y) ka\znX cq]w
Zo¿LZqcw k©cn®v IÆn¬ FØp∂p.
2. hmbp C√
3. Sn‚¬ ]`mhw ˛ sImtfmbnU¬ IWnIIfnse kqcy]ImiØns‚ hnkcWw.
4. AanXamb Afhnepw hnthN\clnXamb coXnbnepap≈ ]ImiØns‚
D]tbmKamWv ]Imiaen\oIcWw.
5. PohPmeßfpsS km[mcW PohnXIasØ _m[n°p\\p. BImiImgvN
adbv°p∂p. hm\\nco£Ww Akm[yamIp∂p. tZim`\]£nIfpsS Zni amdp∂p.
hml\ßfpsS slUv emºns‚ AanX ]Imiw ImgvNbv°v XSamIp∂p.
95
A[ymbw 7
Du¿÷]cn]me\w
]h¿Ø\w 1
1) _‘w Is≠Øn ]qcn∏n°pI.
LPG : _yqs´bv≥
CNG : ...................
2) LPG bpsS tNm¿® Adnbm≥ AXn¬ tN¿°p∂ ]Zm¿∞w GXv?
3) ho´n¬ kq£n®ncn°p∂ LPG °v tNm¿®bps≠∂v Adn™m¬ sNtø≠ kpc£m
\S]SnIƒ Fs¥√mw?
4) CNG, LNG, LPG -F∂nhbpsS ]tXyIX ]´nIs∏SpØpI.
]h¿Ø\w 2
1) Iq´Øn¬s∏SmØXv Is≠Øn, ImcWw FgpXpI.
(]o‰v, A¥mssk‰v, t_mIvssk‰v, enKvss\‰v)
2) I¬°cnsb hmbphns‚ Akm∂n[yØn¬ tkzZ\w sNøptºmƒ e`n°p∂
]Zm¿∞߃ Fs¥√mw?
]h¿Ø\w 3
1) XmsgX∂ncn°p∂ Du¿÷tkmXpIfn¬ _u¨ F\¿Pn hn`mKØn¬s∏Sp∂h
GsX√mw?
(tkmfm¿sk¬, BWhdnbmIvS¿, ssSU¬ F\¿Pn, PesshZypXn,
Im‰mSn b¥w, Xm]sshZypX \nebw, Uok¬ F≥Pn≥)
2) sslUP≥ Db¿∂ ItemdnIaqeyap≈ C‘\amWv. F¥mWv ItemdnI aqeyw?
3) sslUP≥ Km¿lnI C‘\ambn D]tbmKn°m≥ IgnbmØXv F¥psIm≠v?
4) sslUP≥ C‘\ambn D]tbmKn°p∂ kµ¿`w FgpXpI.
]h¿Ø\w 4
At‰manI `mcw Ipd™ \yq¢nbpIsf tbmPn∏n®v amkv IqSnb \yq¢nbkm°n
am‰p∂ ]h¿Ø\amWv \yq¢nbm¿ yqj≥. \yq¢nbm¿ ]h¿ tÃj\pIfn¬ \yq¢nbm¿
Du¿÷w Xmt]m¿÷ambpw ]n∂oSv sshZyptXm¿÷ambpw amdp∂p. BWh aen\oIcWw
96
]IrXnZØhpw a\pjy\n¿ΩnXhpambn D≠mImdp≠v. F¶n¬˛
1) CØcØnep≈ c≠v kmlNcy߃ hoXw Is≠ØpI.
2) BWh Zpc¥ßƒ t\cnSm\p≈ ap≥IcpXepIƒ Fs¥√mw?
3) NphsS sImSpØncn°p∂ NnXw F¥ns\ kqNn∏n°p∂p?
97
DØckqNnI
Du¿÷]cn]me\w
]h¿Ø\w 1
1) aosYbv≥/CH4
2) CussY¬ sa¿Im]v‰≥
3) ho´nse P\epw hmXnepIfpw Xpd∂nSpI. sshZypXn kzn®v Hm¨/Hm^v sNøm≥
]mSn√. dKpte‰¿ kzn®v Hm v sNbvXv knen≠¿ Xpdmb ÿeØv sIm≠psh°pI.
4) LNG, CNG ASßnbXv aosYbv≥ BWv. LPG _yqs´b≥ LNG, CNG hml\ßfnepw
hyhkmb imeIfnepw D]tbmKn°p∂p. Chsb kuIcy]Zambn Z
qcÿeßfnte°v sIm≠pt]mImw.
]h¿Ø\w 2
1) t_mIvssk‰v. a‰p≈h I¬°cnbpsS hnhn[ cq]ßfmWv.
2) AtamWnb, tImƒKymkv, tImƒSm¿, tIm°v
]h¿Ø\w 3
1) BWhdnbmIvS¿, Xm]sshZypX \nebw, Uok¬ F≥Pn≥
2) Hcp IntemKmw C‘\w ]q¿Wambn IØptºmƒ ]pdØphnSp∂ Xmt]m¿÷Øns‚
AfhmWv ItemdnIaqeyw.
3) sslUP≥ Ffp∏w Xo]nSn°p∂Xpw kvt^mSI kz`mhap≈Xpw BWv. AXn\m¬
Hcp ÿeØp\n∂pw as‰mcp ÿetØ°v sIm≠pt]mImt\m kw`cn°mt\m
km[ya√.
4) tdm°‰n¬ sslUP≥ C‘\ambn D]tbmKn°p∂p.
]h¿Ø\w 4
1) ]IrXnZØ BWhaen\oIcWw
* _lncmImiØp\n∂p≈ tImkvanIv civanIƒ
* `qanbnse tdUntbm BIvSohv ]Zm¿∞Øn¬ \n∂p≈ hnIncW߃
a\pjy\n¿ΩnX BWhaen\oIcWw
* NnIn’mcwKsØ tdUntbm BIvSohv sFtkmtSm∏pIfpsS D]tbmKw
* \yq¢nbm¿ dnbmIvSdn¬ \n∂p≈ amen\y߃
2) * BWhZpc¥km[yXbp≈ taJeIfnse P\kmµX Ipd°pI.
* BWhaen\oIcW PmKXm Nn”߃ i≤n®v s]cpamdpI.
* A[nImcnIfpsS \n¿t±i߃ IrXyambn ]men°pI.
* AbUn≥ [mcmfw ASßnb ]Zm¿∞߃ Ign°pI.
3) BWhhnIncWßsf°pdn®v PmKXs∏SpØp∂ Nn”w.
98
99
EQIP 2020
(Education Quality Improvement Programme for class ten)
CHEMISTRYStudent SupporStudent SupporStudent SupporStudent SupporStudent Support Mat Mat Mat Mat Material fterial fterial fterial fterial for Class or Class or Class or Class or Class TTTTTenenenenen
DIET KASARAGOD
100
101
bqWn‰v 1
]ncn-tbm-UnIv tS_nfpw Ce-IvtSm¨ hn\ym-khpw
][m\ Bi-b-߃
* Ce-IvtSm¨ hn\ymkw sj√p-I-fn¬ K, L, M, N
2, 8, 18, 32
* Ce-IvtSm¨ hn\ymkw k_vsj-√p-I-fn¬ 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10....
* ]ncn-tbm-UnIv tS_n-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]Z-߃ ]nco-Up-Iƒ, Kq∏p-Iƒ, tªm°p-Iƒ
* ]ncoUv \º-dpw, sj¬ \ºdpw Xpey-am-Wv.
* k_vsj¬ Ce-IvtSm¨ hn\ym-k-Øn¬ Ah-km\ Ce-IvtSm¨ h∂p-\n¬°p∂
k_vsj¬ BWv tªm°p-Iƒ
* k_vsj¬ Ce-IvtSm¨ hn\ym-k-Øn¬ Db¿∂ sj¬ \º¿ BWv ]ncoUv \º¿.
* k_vsj¬ Ce-IvtSm¨ hn\ym-k-Øn¬ Ce-IvtSm¨ ]qcWw ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂Xv
S k_vsj-√n¬ F¶n¬ B \º¿ BWv Kq∏v \º¿.
* k_vsj¬ Ce-IvtSm¨ hn\ym-k-Øn¬ Ce-IvtSm¨ ]qcWw ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂Xv
P bn¬ F¶n¬ B \º¿ +12 Iq´n-bm¬ In´p-∂-XmWv Kq∏v\º¿.
* k_vsj¬ Ce-IvtSm¨ hn\ym-k-Øn¬ Ce-IvtSm¨ ]qcWw ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-∂Xv
d bn¬ F¶n¬ B \º¿ +2 Iq´n-bm¬ In´p-∂XmWv Kq∏v \º¿.
sj¬ \º¿ 1 2 3 4
sj√p-Iƒ K L M N
sj√nse Ce-IvtSm¨ ]qcWw 2 8 18 32
k_vsj¬ Ce-IvtSm¨ ]qcWw 1s2 2s2, 2p6 3s2, 3p6, 3d10 4s2, 4p6, 4d10, 4f14
I 1. 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p3 Cu k_vsj¬ Ce-IvtSm¨ hn\ym-k-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v
NphsS sImSpØ tNmZy-߃°v DØcw Fgp-Xp-I.
F) Cu aqe-I-Øns‚ At‰m-anI \º¿ FX?
_n)Cu aqe-I-Øns‚ Kq∏pw, ]ncoUpw Fgp-XpI?
kn) Cu aqeIw GXv tªm°n¬s∏-Sp∂p?
Un) Cu aqe-I-Øns‚ kwtbm-P-IX Fgp-XpI?
2. Hcp aqe-I-Øns‚ 'L' sj√n-¬ D≈ Ce-IvtSm-Wp-I-fpsS FÆw 3 BWv. Cu aqe-
I-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v Xmsg]-d-bp∂ tNmZy-߃°v DØcw Fgp-Xp-I.
F) Cu aqe-I-Øns‚ sj¬ Ce-IvtSm¨ hn\ymkw Fgp-XpI?
_n)Cu aqe-I-Øns‚ At‰m-anI \º¿ FX?
102
kn) Cu aqe-I-Øns‚ k_vsj¬ Ce-IvtSm¨ hn\ymkw D¬IrjvS aqe-I-Øns‚ ]Xo-
I-hp-ambn tN¿Øv FgpXpI?
Un) Cu aqe-I-Øns‚ Kq∏v, ]ncoUv, tªm°v, kwtbm-P-IX Ch Fgp-XpI?
3. 2p, 3s, 1s, 3d, 4s, 3p, 2s Cu k_vsj-√p-I-fn¬,
F) Du¿÷w IqSnb k_vsj¬ GXmWv?
_n)Du¿÷w G‰hpw Ipd™ k_vsj¬ GXmWv?
kn) Du¿÷w IqSn-h-cp∂ Ia-Øn¬ Chsb Iao-I-cn-°pI?
4. Hcp aqe-I-Øns‚ At‰m-anI \º¿ 23 BWv. F¶n¬ Cu aqe-I-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v Xmsg-
]-d-bp∂ tNmZy-߃°v DØcw Fgp-Xp-I.
F) Cu aqe-I-Øns‚ k_vsj¬ Ce-IvtSm¨ hn\ymkw Fgp-XpI?
_n)Cu aqeIw GXv tªm°n¬s∏Sp∂p?
kn) Cu aqe-I-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ GsX-¶nepw 2 khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fgp-XpI?
5. Hcp aqe-I-Øns‚ km[y-amb c≠v Ce-IvtSm¨ hn\ymkw NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
CXn¬ \n∂pw icn-bmb Ce-IvtSm¨ hn\ymkw Xnc-s™-SpØv Fgp-Xp-I.
1. F) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d4
_n) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s1, 3d5
2. Cu Ce-IvtSm¨ hn\ymkw Xnc-s™-Sp-°m-\p≈ ImcWw F¥v?
3. Cu aqeIw GXv tªm°n¬s∏-Sp∂p?
4. Cu tªm°p-ambn _‘-s∏´ GsX-¶nepw c≠v khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-I.
6. h¿°vjo‰v ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.
aqeIw/Atbm¨ Ce-IvtSm k_vsj¬ Ce-IvtSm¨ HmIvko-I-c-Wm-hÿ
WpI-fpsSFÆw hn\ymkw
Fe 26 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 0
4s2, 3d6
Fe2+ 24 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2,
3p6, 3d6 +2
Mn 25 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2,
3p6, 4s2, 3d5 0
Mn4+ 21 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2,
3p6, 3d3 +4
103
Co 27 .................. (F) ..................(_n)
Co1+ 26 .................. (kn) ..................(Un)
Cr 24 ....................... (C) ................(F v)
Cr2+ ............(Pn) ....................... (F-®v) +2
7. ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.
Hints : - 'Cl' Atbm-Wns‚ HmIvko-I-c-Wm-hÿ 1
- 'O' Atbm-Wns‚ HmIvko-I-c-Wm-hÿ 2
˛ kwbp-‡-Ønse LS-I-aq-e-I-ß-fpsS HmIvko-I-c-Wm-hÿbpsS
XpI 0 BIp-∂p.
kwbp‡w Mn s‚ HmIvko-I-c-Wm-hÿ
MnCl2
+2
MnO2
............(F)
Mn2O
3...............(_n)
Mn2O
7..............(kn)
II NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ tNmZy-߃°v icn-bmbn DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.
1. 'L' sj√n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ k_vsj-√p-Iƒ GsX√mw?
2. F√m sj√p-I-fnepw ImWp∂ k_vsj¬ GXv?
3. \yq¢n-bm¿ dnbm-IvS-dp-I-fn¬ C‘-\-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ aqe-I-߃ GXv tªm°n¬
Dƒs∏-Sp∂p?
4. Fe bpsS k_vsj¬ Ce-IvtSm¨ hn\ymkw Fgp-Xp-I.
5. \nd-ap≈ kwbp-‡-ßsf Xcp∂ aqe-I-߃ GXv tªm°n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.
104
DØ-c-߃
I 1) F) 15 2) F) K, L 3) F) 3d
_n) 15, 3 2 1 _n) 1s
kn) P _n) 3 kn) 1s<2s<2p<3s<4s<3d
Un) 3 kn) [He]2s1
Un) 1, 2, s, 1
4) F) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d3
_n) d
kn) hyXykvX kwtbm-P-IX ImWn-°p∂p, \nd-ap≈ kwbp-‡-ßsf Xcp-∂p.
5) 1) b
2) d k_vsj¬ ]IpXn \nd-bp-∂-XmWv IqSp-X¬ ÿncX ImWn-°p-∂-Xv.
3) d
4) \nd-ap≈ kwbp-‡-߃ Xcp-∂p. Kq∏n-epw, ]nco-Un-epw Htc-t]mse kmZriyw
]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p.
6) F) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d7
_n) 0
kn) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s1, 3d7
Un) +1
C) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s1, 3d5
F^v) 0
Pn) 22
F®v) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d4
7) F)2x1
= 21
_n)2x2
= 41
kn)3x2
= 32
Un)7x2
= 72
II 1) S, P
2) S
3) f
4) [Ar]3d6
5) d
105
A[ymbw 2
hmXI \nbaßfpw tamƒ k¶ev]\hpw
][m\ Bi-b-߃
* F¥mWv a¿±w? ˛ bqWn‰v ]c∏fhn¬ A\p`hs∏Sp∂ _eamWv a¿±w.
* hmXIØns‚ hym]vXw ˛ Hcp hmXIØns‚ hym]vXw AXv Dƒs°m≈p∂
]mXØns‚ hym]vXw Bbncn°pw.
* Xm]\ne Hcp ]Zm¿∞Ønse X∑mXIfpsS icmicn KXntIm¿÷Øns‚ AfhmWv
Xm]\ne.
* P = a¿±w, V = hym]vXw, T = Xm]\ne
* t_mbn¬ \nbaw ˛ Xm]\ne ÿncambncn°ptºmƒ \n›nXamkv hmXIØns‚
hym]vXhpw a¿±hpw hn]coX A\p]mXØnembncn°pw.
1V
Pα .
* Nmƒkv \nbaw a¿±w ÿncambncn°ptºmƒ \n›nX amkv hmXIØns‚ hym]vXw
sI¬hn≥ Xm]\nebv°v t\¿ A\p]mXØnembncn°pw.
V Tα
* AhKmtUm \nbaw Xm]\ne, a¿±w F∂nh ÿncambncn°ptºmƒ hmXIßfpsS
hym]vXw X∑mXIfpsS FÆØn\v t\¿ A\p]mXambncn°pw.
* 1GAM, = 6.022x1023 B‰-߃ =- Ah-KmtUm kwJy
* 1 GMM = 6.022x1023 X∑m-X-Iƒ = Ah-KmtUm kwJy
* Kmw At‰m-anI amkp-I-fpsS FÆw = GAM
Kmanep≈ amkv
aqeIØns‚
* Kmw tamfn-°p-em¿ amkp-I-fpsS FÆw = GMM
Kmanep≈ amkv
]Zm¿∞Øns‚
* tamƒ B‰-ß-fpsS FÆw = GAM
Kmanep≈ amkv
* X∑m-X-I-fpsS tamƒ FÆw = GMM
Kmanep≈ amkv
* tamƒ FÆw = X∂ncn°p∂ FÆw
AhKmtUm kwJy
V nα
6.022x1023 (Ah-KmtUm kwJy)
1 tamƒ
1 GAM
1 GMM
106
1. Hcp AtIzdnbØns‚ ASnØ´n¬ \n∂v Ptem]cnXeØnte°v hcp∂ hmXI
IpanfIfpsS NnXw \¬Inbncn°p∂p.
F) apIfnte°v hcptºmƒ IpanfIfpsS hym]vXØn\v F¥pkw`hn°pw?
_n) AtIzdnbØn¬ a¿±w IqSpX¬ FhnsSbmWv?
(Ptem]cnXeØn¬/ASnØ´n¬)
kn) CXv GXv hmXI \nbahpambn _‘s∏´ncn°p∂p?
2. DuXnho¿∏n®psI´nb _eq¨ shbneØn´m¬ Aev]kabØn\ptijw s]m´p∂p.
F) ImcWsa¥v?
_n) CXv GXv hmXI\nbahpambn _‘s∏´ncn°p∂p?
kn) Cu hmXI \nbahpambn _‘s∏´ KWnXcq]w FgpXpI?
3. Htc Xm]\nebnepw a¿±Ønepw ÿnXnsNøp∂ hyXykvX hmXIßsf kw_‘n®
hnhc߃ NphsS sImSpØncn°p∂p.
hmXIw hym]vXw X∑mXIfpsS FÆw
HmIvknP≥ 5L x
sslUP≥ 10L .....(a).....
Im¿_¨ssU HmIvsskUv 20L ....(b)....
kƒ^¿ ssU HmIvsskUv .....(c).... ½x
F) ]´nI ]q¿Ønbm°pI.
_n) CXv GXv hmXI \nbahpambn _‘s∏´ncn°p∂p.
4. F) Ah-KmtUm F∂-Xp-sIm≠v FX IWn-I-I-fmWv Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv?
_n) Xmsg-]-d-bp-∂-h-bnse tamƒ B‰-ß-fpsS FÆw Is≠-ØpI?
1. 32 g kƒ^¿
2. 32 g HmIvkn-P≥
3. 32 g Im¿_¨
107
5. Xmsg-X-∂n-cn-°p∂ ]´n-I-bnse hn´p-t]mb mK-߃ ]qcn-∏n-°p-I.
GAM B‰-ß-fpsS FÆw GMM X∑m-X-I-fpsS FÆw
12g Im¿_¨ 6.022x1023 B‰-߃ 12g Im¿_¨ ...................... X∑m-X-Iƒ
14g ss\S-P≥ ....................B‰-߃ ..............g ss\S-P≥ 6.022x1023 X∑m-X-Iƒ
1g sslU-P≥ ........(-Un) B‰-߃ ........(-C)g sslU-P≥ 6.022x1023 X∑m-X-Iƒ
6. ]qcn-∏n-°pI
7. Hcp knen-≠-dn¬ 44.8L CO2 hmXIw \nd-®n-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬,
F) Cu hmX-Øns‚ amkv Is≠-Øp-I. (A-t‰m-an-I-amkv C=12, O=16)
_n) Cu knen-≠-dnse CO2 X∑m-X-I-fpsS FÆw Is≠-Øp-I.
8. ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I
9. F) 16g HmIvkn-P-\nse tamƒ B‰-ß-fpsS FÆw FX?
_n) aosXbv≥ (CH4) s‚ tamfn-°p-em¿ amkv FX?
(A-t‰m-an-I-amkv C=12, H=1)
kn) Atam-Wn-b-bpsS tamfn-°p-em¿ amkv 17 BWv. F∂m¬ 34g Atam-Wn-b-bn¬
AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ GMM -I-fpsS FÆw FX?
C) 6.022 x 1023 FÆw X∑m-X-Iƒ .............. tamƒ F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
F) ...............GAM
_n) ............. GMM
kn) ............ HmIvkn-P≥ B‰-߃
Un) ............. HmIvkn-P≥ X∑m-X-Iƒ
32g HmIvkn-P≥
hmXIw
(_n) (kn)
(F)
]Zm¿∞w GMM Kman-ep≈
amkv
tamfp-I-fpsS
FÆw
STP bnse
hym]vXw
ss\S-P≥ (N2)
(tam-fn-°p-em¿ amkv 28)28 g 56 g ........(F) 2x22.4 en.
Atam-Wnb NH3
(tamfn-°p-em¿ amkv 17)........(_n) .......(-kn) 3 .........(Un)
108
DØ-c-߃
1) F) hym]vXw IqSp∂p.
_n) ASnØ´n¬
kn) t_mbn¬ \nbaw
2) F) Xm]\ne IqSnbt∏mƒ _eqWns‚ hym]vXw IqSnbXvsIm≠v
_n) Nmƒkv \nbaw
kn) V Tα
3) F) a - 2x
b - 4x
c - 2.5L
_n) AhKmtUm \nbaw
4. F) 6.022 x 1023
_n) 1) 2332
x 1x6.022x1032
B‰-߃
2)2332
x 2x6.022x1016
B‰-߃
3)2332
x6.022x1012
B‰-߃
5) F) 6.022 x 1023
_n) 6.022 x 1023
kn) 28
Un) 6.022 x 1023
C) 2
6) F) 2
_n) 1
kn) 2 x 6.022 x 1023
Un) 1 x 6.022 x 1023
109
7) F) 88g
_n)2344.8
= 2x6.022x1022.4
X∑m-X-Iƒ
8) F) 2
_n) 17g
kn) 51g
Un) 3x22.4 en‰¿
9) F) 1x6.022x1023 B‰-߃
_n) 12+4 = 16
kn)34
= 217
Un) 6.022x1023
C) 1
110
bqWn‰v 3
Inbm-ioe tiWnbpw sshZypX ck-X-¥hpw
][m\ Bi-b-߃
* teml-ß-fpsS Inbm-ioew hyXy-kvX-am-Wv.
* Inbm-io-e-IX Ipd™p-h-cp∂ Ia-Øn¬ Ahsb Iao-I-cn-®n-cn-°p∂
tiWn-bmWv Inbm-ioe tiWn.
* Inbm-io-e-IX IqSnb temlw Inbm-io-e-IX Ipd™ temlsØ AXns‚ ehW
emb-\n-bn¬ \n∂v BtZiw sNøp-∂p.
* cmtkm¿PsØ sshZyp-tXm¿P-am°n am‰p∂ D]-I-c-W-amWv Km¬h-\nIv
sk√p-Iƒ.
* HmIvko-I-cWw \S-°p∂ Ce-IvtSm-Up-Iƒ Bt\m-Up-I-fpw, \ntcm-Ivko-I-cWw
\S-°p∂ Ce-IvtSm-Up-Iƒ ImtYm-Up-I-fp-am-Wv.
* Km¬h-\nIv sk√n¬ Inbm-ioew IqSn-bXv Bt\m-Um-bpw, Inbm-ioew Ipd-™Xv
ImtYm-Umbpw ]h¿Øn-°pw.
* sshZyp-Xnsb IS-Øn-hn-Sp-Ibpw AtXm-sSm∏w cmk-]-h¿Ø\w \S-°p-Ibpw
sNøp∂ ]h¿Ø-\-amWv sshZyp-X-hn-t«-jWw.
* CeIvtSm tπ‰nwKv : sshZypX hnt«jWw Hcp temlØnt∑¬ as‰mcp temlw
BhcWw sNbvsXSp°p∂ coXnbmWv CeIvtSm tπ‰nwKv.
I 1. kn¬h¿ ss\tS‰v emb-\n-bn¬ C´p-h® sNºv \mWbw kn¬h-dns\ BtZiw
sNbvXv sh≈n \nd-Øn¬ ImW-s∏- p. Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw icn-bmb
cmk-]-h¿Ø\w Xnc-s™-Sp-°pI.
a) Cu → Cu2++2e-
b) 2Ag → 2Ag++2e-
c) 2 Ag++2e → 2Ag
d) Cu2++2e Cu
111
2. Inbm-io-e-ti-Wn-bn¬ kn¶ns‚ ÿm\w (Zn), sa·o-jysØ (Mg) tb°mƒ Xmsg-
bm-Wv. Mg Dw Zn Dw tN¿∂v D≠m-Ip∂ Km¬h-\nIv sk√ns‚ NnXw X∂n-cn-°p-∂p.
sX‰v XncpØn hc-bv°p-I.
3. kz¿Æw Inbm-io-e-ti-Wn-bn¬ G‰hpw Xmsg ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. F¶n¬ kz¿Æw ]Ir-
Xn-bn¬ Fßs\ ImW-s∏-Sp∂p?
4. X∂n-cn-°p∂ hkvXp-°-fn¬ \n∂v Km¬h-\n-Ivsk¬ \n¿Ωn-°p-I.
5. tIm∏¿ kƒt^‰v emb-\n-bn¬ Zn Zfiv ap°n-h-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ tNmZy-߃°v DØcw Fgp-Xp-I.
Ag Mg Cu Fe
Salt
bridge
AgNO3
emb\nMgSO
4
emb\n
ZnSO4
emb\n
Zn
CuSO4
ImtYmUv
ZnSO4
emb\n
Bt\mUvZn
MgSO4
emb\n
Mg
kmƒ v
_nUvPv
112
F) tIm∏¿ kƒt -‰ns‚ \oe \nd-Øn\v F¥v kw -hn-°p∂p?
_n) cmk-]-h¿Ø\ ka-hmIyw ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI
Zn+CuSO4 Ú ................. + ZnSO
4
6. sshZypXte]\ ]Inbhgn Ccpºv kv]qWn¬ sNºv ]qip∂ NnXw X∂ncn°p∂p.
F) sshZypXhnt«jWØn\v D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂ emb\ GXv?
_n) Bt\mUv GXv? ImtYmUv GXv?
kn) Cu2++2e → Cu Cu ]h¿Ø\w GXv CeIvtSmUnemWv \S°p∂Xv?
Un) Bt\mUn¬ \S°p∂ ]h¿Ø\w F¥v?
(HmIvkoIcWw/\ntcmIvkoIcWw)
II 1. Ip]nIv t¢mssd-Uns‚ (CuCl2) sshZypX hnti-j-W-Øn¬ Im¿_¨ Zfin¬
]‰n-∏n-Sn® temlw GXv?
2. Pe-Øns‚ sshZypXhnt«-j-W-Øn¬ ImtYm-Un¬ kzX-¥-am-Ip∂ hmXIw GXv?
(H2/O
2)
3. tkmUnbw t¢mssdUv emb-\n-bpsS sshZypX hnt«-j-W-Øn¬ GXv
Ce-IvtSm-Un¬ \n∂mWv t¢mdn≥ hmXIw kzX-¥-am-Ip-∂Xv?
4. sshZyp-X-hn-t«-jWw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Hcp taJe Fgp-Xp-I.
5. cmk-sk-√p-I-fnse Du¿÷-am‰w ........... ¬ \n∂pw .............. tebv°v BIp-∂p.
123123123123123123123123123123123123123
+ -
+ -
sNºv Ccpºv kv]q¨
113
DØ-c-߃
I 1. C
2. (NnXw icn-bmbn hc-bv°p-I)
3. kzX-¥m-h-ÿ-bn¬
4.
5. F) Ipd-bp-∂p.
_n) Zn+CuSO4 Ú Cu + ZnSO
4
6. F) tIm∏¿ kƒt^‰v
_n) Bt\mUv ˛ sNºv
ImtYmUv Ccpºv kv]q¨
kn) ImtYmUn¬
Un) HmIvkoIcWw
II 1. tIm∏¿
2. H2
3. Bt\mUv (t]m-kn-‰ohv Ce-IvtSm-Uv)
4. sshZyp-X-te-]\w
5. cmtkm¿÷-Øn¬ \n∂pw sshZyp-tXm¿÷-Øn-te°v
Mg Ag
MgSO4 AgNO
3
114
A[ymbw 4
teml-\n¿ΩmWw
][m\ Bi-b-߃
Abn-cp-Iƒ : [mXp-hn¬ \n∂v Ffp-∏-Ønepw em -I-c-ambpw th¿Xn-cn-s®-Sp-°m-hp∂
teml-[m-Xp-hmWv Abn-cv.
* Ccp-ºns‚ hymh-km-bnI \n¿ΩmWw - ªmÃv ^¿Wkv
* A-eq-an-\n-b-Øns‚ \n¿ΩmWw lmƒ sltdmƒ v
* tIm∏-dns‚ ip≤o-I-cWw
1. A tImf-Øn\v tbmPn-®h B, C tImfß-fn¬ \n∂pw tN¿sØ-gp-Xp-I.
A B C
Aeq-an-\nbw Iem-an≥ Al2O
3.2H
2O
tIm∏¿ t_mIvssk‰v Cu2O
Atb¨ Ipss]‰v Fe2O
3
kn¶v tla-ss‰‰v ZnCO3
Abn-cp-I-fpsS kmµWw
1. Pe-]-hm-l-Øn¬ Igp-I¬
2. πh-\-]-Inb
3. Im¥n-I-hn-`-P\w
4. eo®nMv
teml \njvI¿jWw
teml-ip-≤o-I-cWw
1. Dcp°n th¿Xn-cn-°¬
2. tkzZ\w
3. sshZyp-X-hn-t«-jWw
kmµo-I-cn® Abn-cn¬ \n∂v
temlsØ th¿Xn-cn-s®-Sp-
°¬
1. Im¬kn-t\-j≥
2. tdmÃnMv
3. co/c D]-tbm-Kn®v
\ntcm-Ivko-I-cWw
2. Ccp-ºns‚ hymh-km-bnI \n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ tla-ss‰-‰n-t\m-sSm∏w NpÆmºp I√pw,
tIm°pw tN¿Øv NqSm-°p-∂p.
F) Cu ]h¿Ø\w \S-°p∂ ¿W-kns‚ t]sc¥v?
_n) NpÆm-ºp-I√v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-sX-¥n\v?
kn) ChnsS tIm°ns‚ [¿Ωw F¥v?
Un) ^¿W-kn¬ \n∂pw e`n-°p∂ Atb-Wns‚ t]cv F¥v?
115
3. ]´nI DNn-X-ambn ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.
Atem-bvÃo-ep-Iƒ LS-I-߃ D]-tbmKw
sÃbn≥ekv Ãoep-Iƒ Fe, Cr, Ni, C ]mX-߃
A¬\nt°m ........(F)....... ÿnc-Im-¥-߃
\ntImw .......(-_n)....... ..........(-kn).........
4. vtfmNm¿ v ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI
5. A tImf-Øn\v tbmPn-®h B, C tImf-ß-fn¬ \n∂v tN¿sØ-gp-Xp-I.
A B C
Pe-]-hm-l-Øn¬ Igp-I¬ kƒss^Uv NaOH ¬ ebn-°p∂p
Abn-cp-Iƒ
πh-\-]-Inb am·-ss‰‰v Abn-cn\v kmµX Ipdhv
Im¥nI hn -P\w Aeq-an-\nbw am·-‰nIv
eo®nßv kz¿Æw Abn-cn\v kmµX IqSp-X¬
II 1. Aeq-an-\n-b-Øns‚ Abncv ....................... (I-fn-a-Æv, t_mIvssk-‰v)
2. ka-hmIyw ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.
F) t_mIvssk‰v + (-F)................... Ú tkmUnbw Aeq-an-t\‰v
_n) Al(OH)3 + Xm]w Ú (-_n) .........................
3. tIm∏-dns‚ sshZypX hnt«-j-W-Øn¬ Bt\m-Un¬ ASn-™p-Iq-Sp∂ A]-Z-hy-
ß-fmWv ..........................
4. ip≤o-I-cn® tIm∏¿ e`n-°p∂ Ce-IvtSm-UmWv ...................................
5. Aeq-an-\n-b-Øns‚ sshZypX hnt«-jW sk√n¬ Im¿_¨ ]uU¿ CSp-∂Xv
F¥n-\p-th-≠n-bmWv?
t_mIvssk‰v
(Al2O
3. 2H
2O)
NqSp≈
NaOH emb\n
.....(-F).....
A]-Z-hy-߃
Acn®v am‰p∂p
Al2O
3 Pew tN¿Øv
Ah£n]vX-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
....(_n).....
Ah-£n]vXw \∂mbn IgpIn
i‡n-bmbn NqSm-°p-∂p.Aeq-an\ Al
2O
3
116
DØ-c-߃
I
1. Beq-an-\nbw ˛ t_mIvssk‰v ˛ Al2O
3.2H
2O
tIm∏¿ ˛ Ipss]‰v ˛ Cu2O
Atb¨ ˛ tla-ss‰‰v ˛ Fe2O
3
kn¶v ˛ Iem-an≥ ˛ ZnCO3
2. F) ªmÃv ¿Wkv
_n) aW¬ …mKv B°n th¿Xn-cn°m≥
kn) Fe sb \ntcm-Ivko-I-cn-°m≥
Un) ]nKv Atb¨
3. F) Al, Ni, CO, Fe
_n) Ni, Cr, Fe, C
kn) lo‰nßv tImbn-ep-Iƒ
4. F) tkmUnbw Aeq-an-t\‰v emb\n
_n) Al(OH)3
5. Pe-]-hm-l-Øn¬ Igp-I¬ kz¿Ww Abn-cn\v kmµX IqSp-X¬
πh-\-]-Inb kƒss^Uv Abn-cn\v kmµX Ipdhv
Abn-cp-Iƒ
Im-¥n-I-hn- -P\w am·ss‰‰v am·-‰nIv
eo®nMv Aeq-an-\nbw NaOH ¬ ebn-°p-∂p.
II 1) t_mIvssk‰v
2) F) NaOH
_n) Al2O
3
3) Bt\mUvaUv
4) ImtYmUv
5) HmIvko-I-cW \nc°v Ipd-bv°m≥ th≠n (Im¿_¨ Zfip-I-fp-sS)
117
bqWn‰v 5
Atemlkwbp‡ßƒ
][m\ Bi-b-߃
* AtamWnb ]co£W imebnse \n¿ΩmWw
˛ `uXoI KpW߃
* Hcp Zni-bn¬ amXw \S-°p∂ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ GI-Znim ]h¿Ø-\-߃.
* Ccp-Zn-i-I-fnepw \S-°p∂ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ D -b-Znim ]h¿Ø-\-߃
* D -b-Znim ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]ptcm-]-h¿Ø-\hpw ]›mXv]h¿Ø-\hpw kwXp-
e\w ]m]n-°p∂ L -amWv cmk-kw-Xp-e-\w.
* D -b-Znim ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ KmV-X, a¿±w, Xm]-\n-e, D¬t]-c-I-߃ F∂n-h-
bpsS kzm[o\w (se- -jm‰venb¿ XXzw).
1.
]co£imebn¬ AtamWnb \n¿Ωn°p∂ NnXw X∂ncn°p∂p. CXpambn _‘s∏ v
XmsgX∂ncn°p∂ tNmZy߃°v DØcsagpXpI.
F) a, b F∂nh DNnXambn ]qcn∏n°pI.
_n) D≠mIp∂ AtamWnb hmXIsØ timjI kvXw`ØneqsS ISØnhnSp∂Xv
F¥n\v?
kn) AtamWnb tiJcn°p∂ Kymkv Pm¿ XeIogmbn sh®ncn°p∂p. CXn¬
\n∂v AtamWnbbpsS kmµXsb∏‰n F¥v A\pam\n°mw?
Un) kahmIyw ]q¿Ønbm°pI.
2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)
2 → ........... + 2H
2O + ..........
118
2. AtamWnb sIm≠pt]mIp∂ Sm¶¿ temdn adn™v hmXIw tNm¿∂m¬ A]ISw
Hgnhm°m\mbn Pew kvt] sNøp∂p. CXv AtamWnbbpsS GXv KpWamWv
ImWn°p∂Xv?
3. enIznUv AtamWnbbpw, en°¿ AtamWnbbpw XΩnep≈ hyXymkw FgpXpI.
4. Km v \nco-£n®v tNmZy-߃°v DØcw Fgp-Xp-I.
kabw
cmk
-]-h
¿Ø
\
\nc
°v A
B
C
F) CXn¬ ]ptcm-]-h¿Ø\w kqNn-∏n-°p∂ _nµp GXv?
_n) ]›mXv]h¿Ø-\tam?
kn) k¥p-e-\m-hÿ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ _nµp GXv?
5. NphsS Atam-Wn-b-bpsS hymh-km-bnI \n¿Ωm-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ cmk-]-h¿Ø\
ka-hmIyw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
N2(g)
+ 3 H2(g)
2NH3(g)
+ Xm]w
F) CXv GXv Xcw cmk-]-h¿Ø-\-amWv?
_n) ]ptcm-]-h¿Ø\w GXp-Xcw cmk-]-h¿Ø-\-amWv?
(Xm-]-tam-NIw/Xm]-tim-j-Iw)
kn) Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Ønse A\p-Iq-e-amb Xm]-\ne FX?
Un) Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ a¿±-Øns‚ kzm[o\w F¥v?
ChnsS A\p-Iq-e-amb a¿±w FX-bmWv?
C) Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ GXv D¬t]-cIw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p?
6. NphsS X∂n-cn-°p∂ cmk-k-a-hm-IysØ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv tNmZy-߃°v DØcw
Fgp-Xp-I.
H2(g)
+ I2(g)
2HI(g)
119
F) A`n-Im-cI X∑m-X-I-fpsS FÆw FX?
_n) D¬∏∂ X∑m-X-I-fp-sStbm?
kn) Cu cmk-]-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ a¿±-Øns‚ kzm[o\w F¥v?
Un) D¬∏-∂-amb HI bpsS Afhv h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\p≈ Hcp am¿Kw \n¿t±-in-°p-I.
7. Hcp hm®v •mkn¬ Aev]w ]©kmcsbSpØv AXnte°v GXm\pw Xp≈n KmV
H2SO
4 tN¿°p∂p.
F) F¥mWv \nco£Ww, D≠mb ]Zm¿∞w F¥v?
_n) kƒ^yqcn°mknUns‚ GXv KpWamWv ChnsS ImWn°p∂Xv?
8. Hcp sSÃvSyq_n¬ Aev]w tkmUnbw kƒt^‰v emb\n FSpØv aqt∂m \mtem Xp≈n
t_cnbw t¢mssdUv tN¿°p∂p. shfpØ Ah£n]vXw D≠mbn. AXnte°v t\¿Ø
HCl emb\n tN¿°p∂p.
F) \nco£Ww Ipdn°pI.
_n) D≠mb shfpØ Ah£n]vXw F¥v?
kn) GXvXcw ehWßsf Xncn®dnbm\p≈ ]co£WamWv CXv?
II XmsgX∂n-cn-°p∂ tNmZy-߃°v DØcw Fgp-Xp-I.
1. kƒ^yq-cn-°m-kn-Uns‚ hymh-km-bnI \n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂
D¬t]-cI-am-Wv.........................
2. kƒ^yq-cn-°m-kn-Uns‚ hymh-km-bnI \n¿Ωm-W-Øns‚ A\p-Iq-e-amb
Xm]-\ne .....................
3. kƒ^yq-cn-°m-kn-Uns‚ hymh-km-bnI \n¿Ωm-W-Øns‚ t]sc¥v?
4. Atam-Wn-b-bpsS hymh-km-bnI \n¿Ωm-W-Øns‚ t]cv Fgp-XpI?
120
DØ-c-߃
I F) a - NH4Cl, Ca(OH)
2
b - CaO
_n) Cu¿∏clnXam°m≥
kn) AtamWnbbv°v hmbphnt\°mƒ kmµX Ipdhv
Un) 2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)
2 →CaCl
2 + 2H
2O + 2NH
3
2. AtamWnb PeØn¬ \∂mbn ebn°p∂p.
3. enIznUv AtamWnb : AtamWnb a¿±w D]tbmKn®v ZhoIcn®Xv.
en°¿ AtamWnb : AtamWnbbpsS KmV Peob emb\n.
4. F) B
_n) C
kn) A
5. F) D -b-Znim ]h¿Ø\w
_n) Xm]-tam-NIw
kn) 4500C
Un) a¿±w IqSp-tºmƒ ]ptcm-]-h¿Ø\w thK-Øn¬ \S-°p-∂p.
200-900atm
C) kvt]m©v cq]-Øn-ep≈ Atb¨
6. F) 2 _n) 2
kn) kzm[o\w C√ Un) A`n-Im-c-I-ß-fpsS KmVX h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I.
7. F) IdpØ hkvXp D≠mbn Im¿_¨
_n) \n¿÷eoIcW KpWw
8. F) shfpØ Ah£n]vXw \ne\n¬°p∂p
_n) t_cnbw kƒt^‰v
kn) kƒt^‰v ehWßsf Xncn®dnbm≥
II 1) V2O
5
2) 5000C
3) kº¿° ]Inb
4) tl_¿ ]Inb
121
bqWn‰v 6
Hm¿Km\nIv kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS \ma-I-cWhpwsFtkmsadnkhpw
][m\ Bi-b-߃
* IUPAC \maw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
* sNbn≥ ssltUm-Im¿_-Wp-I-fpsS \ma-I-cWw
* imJ-I-fp≈ ssltUm-Im¿_-Wp-I-fpsS \ma-I-cWw
* H∂n-e-[nIw imJ-I-fp≈ ssltUm-Im¿_Wp-I-fpsS \ma-I-cWw
* A]q-cnX ssltUm-Im¿_-Wp-I-fpsS \ma-I-cWw
* ^Mvj-W¬ Kq∏p-Iƒ
* sFtkm-sa-dnkw
sNbn≥ ^Mvj-W¬ Kq∏v s]mkn-j≥ sFk-sa-dnkw
sFtkm-sa-dnkw sFtkm-sa-dnkw
˛ sFtkm-sa-dnkw Ben-ssk-¢nIv kwbp-‡-ß-fn¬ ˛ Btcmam‰nIv kwbp‡w
(s_≥ko≥)
I 1. Hcp ssltUm Im¿_-Wns‚ LS\ X∂n-cn-°p-∂p. CXp-ambn _‘-s∏ v Xmsg X∂n
cn-°p∂ tNmZy-߃°v DØcw Is≠-Øp-I.
F) G‰hpw \ofw IqSnb sNbn-\nse Im¿_¨ B‰-ß-fpsS FÆw FX?
_n) Cu ssltUm-Im¿_-Wns‚ imJ GXv?
kn) Cu ssltUm-Im¿_-Wns‚ IUPAC \maw Fgp-Xp-I.
Un) Cu ssltUm-Im¿_-Wns‚ X∑m-Xm-hmIyw Fgp-Xp-I.
C) Cu ssltUm-Im¿_-Wns‚ Hcp sFtkm-a¿ LS\ Fgp-Xp-I.
2. A) 2 aossX-¬ _yqs´bv≥ F∂ ssltUm-Im¿_-Wns‚ LS\ Hcp Ip´n Fgp-Xn-b-
XmWv NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. sX‰p-s≠-¶n¬ icn-bm°n Fgp-Xp-I. Xmsg X∂n-cn-
°p∂ tNmZy-߃°v DØcw Is≠-Øp-I.
CH3 - CH
2 - CH - CH
3
CH3
CH3 - CH
2 - CH
2 - CH - CH
3
CH2
CH3
1 2 3 4
122
B) F) CXns‚ X∑m-Xm-hmIyw Fgp-Xp-I.
_n) CXns‚ c≠v imJ-Iƒ hcp∂ sFtkm-sa¿ LS\ hc-bv°p-I.
kn) Cu sFtkm-sa-dns‚ IUPAC \maw Fgp-XpI?
3. -CHO B≥UnslUv Mvj-W¬ Kq∏p-I-fm-Wv. Hcp B≥Un-ssl-Uns‚ LS\ \¬In-
bn-cn-°p-∂p. Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ tNmZy-߃°v DØcw Fgp-Xp-I.
CH3 - CH
2 - CHO
F) Cu ssltUm-Im¿_-Wns‚ sFtkm-a¿ Fgp-Xp-I.
_n) Cu sFtkm-sa-dns‚ IUPAC \maw F¥v?
kn) Cu sFtkm-sa-dnse Mvj-W¬ Kq∏p-Isf F¥v hnfn-°p∂p?
4. A tImf-Øn\v tbmPn-®h B, C tImf-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw tN¿sØ-gp-Xp-I.
A B C
1. CH3-CH
2-CH-CH-CH
3s]s‚bv≥ C
5-H
10O
2
CH3 CH
3
2. CH3-CH
2-CH
2-CH
2-COOH s]‚ v 2- -Cu≥ C
7H
16
3. CH3-CH
2-CH = CH-CH
3s]‚-t\m-bnIv BknUv C
5H
12
4. CH3-CH
2-CH
2-CH
2-CH
31,2 ssUao-ssX≥- -s]-s‚bv≥ C
5H
10
5. NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ kwbp-‡-߃ ]cn-tim-[n®v sFtkm-sa¿ tPmUn-Isf
Is≠Øn GXp hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂p F∂v Fgp-Xp-I.
1. CH3
CH3 - C - CH
3
CH3
2. CH3 - CH
2 - CH - CH
3
OH
3. CH3 - CH
2 - CH
2 - O - CH
3
4. CH3 - CH
2 - CH
2 - CH
2 - OH
5. CH3 - CH - CH
2 - CH
3
CH3
123
6. _yq´o≥, sskt¢m-_yq-s´bv≥ Ch-bpsS LS\ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. tNmZy-߃°v
DØcw Fgp-Xp-I.
i) CH3-CH
2-CH = CH
2
ii) H2C CH
2
H2C CH
2
F) i, ii Ch-bpsS X∑m-Xm-hmIyw Fgp-Xp-I.
_n) Ch sFtkm-sa¿ BtWm? F¥p-sIm≠v?
kn) CXns‚ as‰mcp sFtkm-sa-dns‚ LS\ hc-bv°mtam?
II 1. h¿°vjo‰v ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°pI
kwbp‡w IUPAC \maw X∑m-Xm-hmIyw
CH3-CH
2-CH-CH
2-CH
3.................(-F) C
6H
14
CH3
CH3-CH
2-CH
2-CH-CH
3
CH2
.................(_n) ...............(kn)
CH3
CH3-CH-CH
2-CH-CH
3
CH3 CH
2................(-Un) ................(-C)
CH3
2) h¿°vjo‰v ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI
1. CH3-CH
2-CH-CH
3(-F).......... 3 aossX¬
CH2
5 s]s‚bv≥
CH3
2. CH3
CH3-CH
2-C -CH
3(_n)............. aossX≥ (-kn)............
CH3
3. CH3-CH
2-CH-CH
3(Un)............. Aant\m (-C)............
NH2
4. Cl 2,2- -ssU
CH3-C-CH
3(F v).................. (-Pn)........... -t¢mtdm s]m˛
Cl s∏bv≥
kwbp‡w \ofw-Iq-Snb sNbn-\nseIm¿_¨ B‰-ß-fpsS
FÆw
imJ-bpsSt]cv IUPAC \maw
3) G‰hpw eLphmb Btcmam‰nIv kwbp‡w FgpXpI.
124
DØ-c-߃
I. 1. F) 6
_n) aossX¬
kn) 3 -ao-ssX¬- -sl-Ivskbv≥
Un) C7H
16
C) CH3-CH
2-CH
2-CH
2-CH
2-CH
2-CH
3
2. A) CH3-CH
2-CH-CH
3
CH3
B) C5H
12
_n) CH3
CH3-C-CH
3
CH3
kn) 2, 2, ssUao-ssX¬ s]ms∏bv≥
3. F) CH3-CO-CH
3
_n) s]m∏v- 2- -Hm¨
kn) Iot‰m Kq∏v
4. A B C
1 4 2
2 3 1
3 2 4
4 1 3
5. (1,5) - sNbn≥ sFtkm-sa-dnkw
(2,3), (3,4) Mvj-W¬ Kq∏v sFtkm-sa-dnkw
(2,4) s]mkn-j≥ sFtkm-sa-dnkw
6. F) i) C4H
8
ii) C4H
8
_n) AsX. Htc X∑m-Xm-hm-Iyw, hyXykvX LS-\m-hm-Iyw.
kn) CH3-CH=CH-CH
3
II 1. F) 3 -ao-ssX¬ s]s‚bv≥
_n) 3 -ao-ssX¬ slIvskbv≥
kn) C7H
16
Un) 2, 4 ssU aossX¬ slIvskbv≥
C) C8H
18
4 3 2 1
125
2. F) aossX¬
_n) 4
kn) 2, 2 ssUao-ssX¬ _yqs´bv≥
Un) 4
C) 3 -A-ant\m _yqs´bv≥
F^v) 3
Pn) t¢mtdm
3. s_≥ko≥
126
bqWn‰v 7
Hm¿Km-\nIv kwbp-‡-ß-fpsS cmk-]-h¿Ø-\-߃
][m\ Bi-b-߃
* BtZ-i-cm-k-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ : kwbp-‡-Øn¬ Hcp B‰w am‰n AXns‚ ÿm\Øv
as‰mcp B‰w h∂p-tN-cp-∂-Xv.
* AUo-j≥ cmk-]-h¿Ø-\-߃ : A]q-cnX kwbp-‡-߃ a‰v X∑m-X-I-fp-ambn tN¿∂v
]qcnX kwbp-‡-ß-fm-Ip-∂-Xv.
* t]mfn-sa-ssd-tk-j≥ : eLp-hmb At\Iw X∑m-X-Iƒ IqSn-tN¿∂v k¶o¿W-amb
henb X∑m-X-Iƒ BIp-∂-Xv.
* ssltUm-Im¿_-Wp-I-fpsS Pze\w : ssltUm-Im¿_-Wp-Iƒ Pzen®v Im¿_¨ ssU
HmIvssk-Upw, Pehpw D≠m-Ip-∂p.
* Xm]ob hnL-S\w : X∑mXm mcw IqSp-X-ep≈ X∑m-X-Iƒ hmbp-hns‚ Akm-∂n-≤y-
Øn¬ NqSm-°p-tºmƒ X∑mXm `mcw Ipd™ ssltUm-Im¿_-Wp-Iƒ Bbn
amdp-∂p.
* Nne Hm¿Km-\nIv kwbp-‡-߃
tkm∏v Un‰¿P‚ vFÃ-dp-Iƒ
˛ B¬°-tlm-fp-IfpwHm¿Km-\nIv Bkn-Up-Ifpw tN¿∂v e`n-°p∂kpK-‘-ap≈ D¬∏∂w
Im¿t_m-Ivkn-enIvBkn-Up-Iƒ
F) saX-t\m-bnIvBknUv
_n) FX-t\m-bnIvBknUv
B¬°-tlm-fp-Iƒ
F) ssaX-t\mƒ
_n) FX-t\mƒ
1. A tImfsØ B, C tImf-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw DNn-X-ambn tN¿sØ-gp-Xp-I.
A B C
1. CH4+Cl CH
3-CH
2-CH
3Pze\w
2. CH4+2O
2CH
3Cl+HCl Xm]ob hnL-S\w
3. CH3-CH=CH
2+H
2CH
2=CH
2+CH
4t]mfn-sa-ssd-tk-j≥
4. n CH2=CH CO
2+2H
2O AUo-j≥ ]h¿Ø\w
5. CH3-CH
2-CH
3CH2-CH BtZ-i-cm-k-]-h¿Ø\w
Cl n
Cl
127
2. h¿°vjo‰v ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.
tamtWm-sa¿ t]mfn-sa¿ D]-tbmKw
.......(a)....... PVC ss]∏p-Iƒ
CXo≥ .......(b)..... .......(c)......
sFtkm-]n≥ ]Ir-Xn-ZØ d∫¿ ........(d)......
......(e)...... sS vtfm¨ t\m¨Ãn°v ]mX Bh-cWw
3. Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ cmk-k-a-hmIyw kao-I-cn®v Fgp-Xp-I.
F) C2H
4 + O
2 CO
2 + H
2O
_n) CXv ka-hmIyw GXv ]In-b-bp-ambn _‘-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p.
kn) ssltUm-Im¿_-Wp-Iƒ Pzen-°p-tºmƒ e`n-°p∂ D¬∏-∂-߃ GsX√mw?
4. ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI.
CH ≡ CH+H2 Ú CH
2=CH
2
CH3Cl +Cl
2 Ú ....(F).... + Hcl
.....(_n)..... Ú CH2-CH
2
CH4+ ....(kn).... Ú CO
2+H
2O
......(Un).... + H2 Ú CH
3 - CH
3
5. Im¿_¨ tamtWm-IvsskUv D¬t]-c-I-ß-fpsS km∂n-≤y-Øn¬ sslU-P-\p-ambn
tN¿Øv \n¿Ωn-°p∂ Hcp D¬∏∂Øns‚ ka-hmIyw \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CXv hni-I-
e\w sNbvXv tNmZy-߃°v DØcw Fgp-Xp-I.
D¬t]-cIw
CO+2H2 CH
3-OH
573K
F) ChnsS e`n® Dev]-∂-Øns‚ t]sc¥v?
_n) CXns‚ Hcp D]-tbmKw Fgp-Xp-I.
kn) FX-t\mƒ hnj-a-b-am-°m≥ tN¿°p∂ cmk-hkvXp GXv?
n
128
6. FX-t\mƒ \n¿Ωm-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Hcp cmk-k-a-hm-Iy-amWv NphsS X∂n-cn-°p-
∂-Xv. CXv ]cn-tim-[n®v tNmZy-߃°v DØcw Fgp-Xp-I.
CH12
H22
O11
+ H2O C
6H
12O
6 + C
6H
12O
6
C6H
12O
6 C
2H
5OH + CO
2
F) Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Ah-km-\-ambn e`n-°p∂ D¬∏-∂-߃ GsX√mw?
_n) FX-t\mƒ \n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ ]pd-Øp-hn-Sp∂ hmXIw GXv?
kn) FX-t\mƒ Bbn amdm≥ klm-bn® F≥ssk-ans‚ t]sc¥v?
7. ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.
8-10% hocy-ap≈ FX-t\mƒ ......(-F).....
99.5% hocy-ap≈ FX-t\mƒ ......(-_n)....
.......(-kn)....... Uot\-t®¿Uv kv]ncn‰v
B¬°-tlmƒ + s]tSmƒ .....(-Un)....
........(-C)....... dIvSn-ss^Uv kv]ncn‰v
.....(-F-^v).... hn\m-Kncn
12 ¬ A[nIw Im¿_¨
B‰-߃ AS-ßnb Hm¿Km-\nIv ........(-Pn)......
Bkn-Up-Iƒ
8. F) ]q°-fp-sSbpw ]g-ß-fp-sSbpw aW-Øn\v Imc-W-amIp-∂Xv Hcp Hm¿Km-\nIv
kwbp-‡-am-Wv. F¥mWv B kwbp-‡-Øns‚ t]cv?
_n) Cu kwbp-‡-߃ Fßs\ \n¿Ωn°mw?
9. tkm∏ns\ At]£n®v Un‰¿P‚n\p≈ Hcp ta∑bpw ]cnanXnbpw FgpXpI?
10. Un‰¿P‚pIfpsS AanX D]tbmKw Fßs\bmWv ]mcnÿnXnI ]iv\߃
D≠m°p∂Xv?
C≥h¿tSkv
•qt°mkv ^IvtSmkv
•qt°mkv
]©-kmc
129
DØ-c-߃
I 1. A B C
1 2 5
2 4 1
3 1 4
4 5 3
5 3 2
2. F) hnss\¬ t¢mssdUv
_n) t]mfn-Øo≥
kn) Ih-dp-Iƒ
Un) db-dp-Iƒ
C) sSSm- vfq-tdm-C-Xo≥
3. F) C2H
4+3O
2 2CO
2 + 2H
2O
_n) Pze\w
kn) CO2 Dw H
2O
4. F) CH2Cl
2
_n) nCH2=CH
2
kn) O2
Un) CH2=CH
2
5. F) saX-t\mƒ
_n) s]bn‚p-I-fn¬ emb-I-ambn
kn) saX-t\mƒ
6. F) FX-t\m-fpw, Im¿_¨ ssU HmIvsskUpw
_n) CO2
kn) ssktakvv
7. F) hmjv
_n) A_vskm-eyq v B¬°-tlmƒ
kn) FX-t\mƒ + saX-t\mƒ
Un) ]h¿ B¬°-tlmƒ
130
C) 95.6% hocy-ap≈ B¬°-tlmƒ
F v)5˛8% hocy-ap≈ FX-t\m-bnIv BknUv
Pn) ^m‰n Bkn-Up-Iƒ
8. F) FÃ-dp-Iƒ
_n) B¬°-tlm-fp-I-fpw, Hm¿Km-\nIv Bkn-Up-Ifpw XΩn¬ ]h¿Øn-∏n-®v.
9. ta∑ : Un‰¿P‚pIƒ ITn\ PeØnepw ]Xbp∂p.
]cnanXn : Un‰¿P‚pIfpsS AanX D]tbmKw ]mcnÿnXnI ]iv\߃°v
ImcWamIp∂p.
10. 1. Un‰¿P‚ v IWßsf PeØnse kq£vaPohnIƒ°v Ffp∏Øn¬
hnLSn∏n°m≥ Ignbp∂p.
2. t^mkvt^‰v ASßnb Un‰¿P‚pIƒ B¬KIfpsS hf¿® XzcnXs∏SpØn
PeØnse HmIvknPs‚ Afhv ]cnanXs∏SpØp∂p.
3. PePohnIfpsS \ne\n¬∏v A]ISØnem°p∂p.
EQIP 2020
(Education Quality Improvement Programme for class ten)
MATHEMATICSStudent SupporStudent SupporStudent SupporStudent SupporStudent Support Mat Mat Mat Mat Material fterial fterial fterial fterial for Class or Class or Class or Class or Class TTTTTenenenenen
DIET KASARAGOD
132
133
A[ymbw 1
kam-¥-c-ti-Wn-Iƒ
B-i-b-߃
l kam-¥-c-tiWn Fgp-Xp-∂-Xn\v
l kam-¥-c-ti-Wn-bpsS ]Z-ßfpw ]Z-ÿm-\-ßfpw s]mXp-hn -Xym-khpw
XΩn-ep≈ _‘w cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂p.
l kam-¥-c-ti-Wn-bpsS _oP-K-Wn-X-cq]w
l 1 apX¬ n hsc-bp≈ FƬ kwJy-I-fpsS XpI
1. BZy-]Zw 5 Dw s]mXp-hy-Xymkw 3 Dw Bb kam-¥-c-tiWn Fgp-Xp-I.
2. aq∂mw-]Zw 34 Dw s]mXp-hy-Xymkw 3 Bb kam-¥-c-ti-Wn-bpsS BZysØ
4 ]Z-߃ Fgp-Xp-I.
3. Nph-sS-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn -°p∂ Hmtcm hcnbpw kam-¥-c-tiWnbmI-Ø-°-hn[w
]qcn-∏n-°p-I.
F) 70 90 ........... ............ ............... ............... ..............
_n) 70 ........... 90 ............ ............... ............... ..............
kn) ........... ......... 70 90 ............... ............... ..............
Un) ........... ......... ................ ............ 70 ............... 90
C) ........... 70 ................ ............ ............. 90 ..............
4. Hcp kam-¥-c-ti-Wn-bpsS 5˛mw ]Zw 20, 18˛mw ]Zw 59. s]mXp-hy-Xymkw FX?
kam-¥-c-tiWn Fgp-Xp-I.
d =]ZhyXymkw
ÿm\hyXymkw
s]mXp-hy-Xymkw 59 - 20 39
d = = = 318 - 5 13
tiWn : 8, 11, 14, 17, 20
5. Nne kam-¥-c-ti-Wn-I-fnse c≠p \n›nX ÿm\-Øp≈ ]Z-߃ NphsS
X∂n- p-≠v. Hmtcm tiWn-bp-sSbpw BZysØ A©p-]-Z-߃ Fgp-Xp-I.
F) 4˛mw ]Zw = 34 _n) 2˛mw ]Zw = 43 kn) 3˛mw ]Zw = 20
7˛mw ]Zw = 67 5˛mw ]Zw = 76 5˛mw ]Zw = 30
134
Un) 4˛mw ]Zw = 30 C) 7˛mw ]Zw = 72 F^v) 4˛mw ]Zw = 30
7˛mw ]Zw = 42 10˛mw ]Zw = 90 10˛mw ]Zw = 72
6. 7, 12, 17, .................. F∂ tiWn-bpsS _oP-K-Wn-X-cq]w Fgp-Xp-I.
f = 7
d = 5
n˛mw ]Zw = dn + f-d
= 5n+7-5
= 5n+2
7. Xmsg-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI.
kam-¥-c-tiWn BZy-]Zw s]mXp-hy-Xymkw _oP-K-Wn-X-cq]w
6, 11, 16, ............
9, 15, 21, ..........
11, 18, 25, ........
20, 24, 28, ......
72, 80, 88, .......
3, 6, 9, ..........
Hcp kam-¥-c-ti-Wn-bpsS _oP-K-Wn-X-cq]w an + b Bbn-cn-°pw.
8. Hcp kam-¥-c-ti-Wn-bpsS n˛mw ]Zw 5n+3 Bbm¬ s]mXp-hy-Xymkw FX?
BZy-]Zw FX? tiWn Fgp-Xp-I.
n˛mw ]Zw = 5n + 3
1˛mw ]Zw = 5x1+3 = 8
2˛mw ]Zw = 5x2+3 = 13
s]mXp-hy-Xymkw = 13-8=5
BZy-]Zw 8, 13, 18, ...........
135
9. Xmsg-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.
* Hcp kam-¥-c-ti-Wn-bpsS _oP-K-WnXw an + b F∂ cq]-Øn-em-Wv.
Cu tiWn-bpsS s]mXp-hy-Xymkw a bpw H∂mw ]Zw a + b bpw Bbn-cn-°pw.
10. Xmsg-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.
kam-¥-c-tiWnbpsS s]mXp-hy-Xymkw H∂mw-]Zw
_oP-K-Wn-X-cq]w
5n+2 ............... ...................
7n+3 .............. ..................
............. 6 7
............. 4 9
_oP-K-WnX cq]w
xn=an+b
ns‚ KpWnXw
a
s]mXp-hy-
Xymkwa+b BZy-]Zw tiWn
3n+2 3 5 5, 8, 11
7n+3 10
6n+5
5n+4
6n+11
6n-1
9n
11. 1 apX¬ 20 hsc-bp≈ FƬ kwJy-I-fpsS XpI FX?
1 apX¬ n hsc-bp≈ FƬkw-Jy-I-fpsS XpI = ( )n +1
2
n
∴ 1 apX¬ 20 hsc-bp≈ FƬ kwJy-I-fpsS XpI = 20 21
2
x
=- 210
XpI ImWp-I.
1. 1 + 2 + ............................50
136
2. 1 + 2+ 3 + ....................... 100
3. 1 + 2+ 3+ .........................75
4. 2 + 4 + 6 + ....................... 100
hints : [2(1+2+ .......................+ 50)]
5. 3 + 6 + 9 ......................... 90
hne-bn-cp-ج
Hcp kam-¥c tiWn-bpsS 5˛mw ]Zw 59, 15˛mw ]Zw 119 Bbm¬
a) s]mXp-hy-Xymkw FX?
b) H∂mw-]Zw FX?
c) _oP-K-WnX cq]w Fgp-Xp-I.
d) 25˛mw ]Zw FX?
137
A[ymbw 2
hrØ-߃
][m\ Bi-b-߃
* hrØØnse Hcp hymk-Øns‚ AK-_n-µp-°ƒ hr-Ø-Ønse Hcp _nµp-hp-ambn
tbmPn-∏n-®m¬ In´p∂ tIm¨ 900 Bbn-cn-°pw. hrØ-Ønse Hcp hymk-Øns‚
AK _nµp-°ƒ hrØ-Øn\p ]pd-Øp≈ _nµp-hp-ambn tbmPn-∏n-®m¬ In´p∂
tIm¨ 900 Ipd-hm-bn-cn-°pw. hrØ-Ønse Hcp hymk-Øns‚ AK-_n-µp-°ƒ hrØ-
Øn\v AI-Øp≈ _nµp-hp-ambn tbmPn-∏n-®m¬ In´p∂ tIm¨ 900 IqSp-X
-em-bn-cn-°pw.
* hrØ-Ønse Hcp Nm]w tIµ-Øn-ep-≠m-°p∂ tImWns‚ ]Ip-XnbmWv
B Nm]w adp-Nm-]-Ønse Hcp _nµp-hn-ep-≠m-°p∂ tIm¨
* hrØ-Ønse Hcp Nm]w, adp-Nm-]-Øn-ep-≠m-°p∂ tImWp-I-sf√mw Xpey-am-Wv.
* hrØ-Ønse Hcp Nm]w, AtX Nm]-Ønepw adp-Nm-]-Øn-ep-ap-≠m-°p∂ GXv tPmSn
tImWp-Ifpw A\p-]q-c-I-am-Wv.
* NIob NXp¿`p-P-Øns‚ FXn¿tIm-Wp-Iƒ A\p-]q-c-I-am-Wv.
* Hcp hrØn-Ønse AB, CD F∂o RmWp-Iƒ P F∂ _nµp-hn¬ Jfin-®m¬
PA x PB = PC x PD Bbn-cn-°pw.
NnX-Ønse AB hymk-ambn Hcp hrØw hc-®m¬
P, Q Ch-bpsS ÿm\w hrØ-Øn-\-I-tØm, ]pd-
tØm, hrØ-Øn¬Ø-s∂tbm F∂v Is≠-]n-
Sn-°p-I.
NnX-Øn¬ O hrØ-tI-µ-am-Wv.
AOB∠ bpsS Af-shX?
ADB∠ bpsS Af-shX?
850
1300
A B
Q
P
A B
C
D
O
750
1.
2.
138
3. ]cn-hrØ Bcw 3 sk.-ao. Dw tImWp-Iƒ 400, 650, 750 F∂n-hbpw Bb XntImWw
hc-bv°p-I.
4. ]cn-hrØ Bcw 3.5 sk.-ao. Dw c≠v tImWp-Iƒ 500, 700 bpamb XntIm-Ww
hc-bv°p-I.
5. Xmsg-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ tImWp-I-fpsS A\p-]qcI tIm¨ I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-I.
tIm¨ A\p-]q-c-I-tIm¨
115 ...........................
120 ...........................
50 ...........................
135 ...........................
ABCD Hcp NIob NXp¿`p-P-am-Wv. ,C∠ D∠
Ch-bpsS Afhv IW-°m-°p-I.
BA
CD
65 75
7. Xmsg-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ NnX-ß-fn¬ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂ tImWp-I-fpsS Af-
hp-Iƒ IW-°m-°p-I. O hrØ-tI-µ-am-Wv.
F) _n) kn)
8.
A B
C
150 350
O
A B
C
650
300O
A B
C
D
200
600
O
NnX-Øn¬ AB hrØ-Øns‚ hymk-am-Wv.
040A∠ = . ABC∆ bpsS a‰v tImW-f-hp-Iƒ IW-°m-
°p-I.A B
C
400
O
139
9. 12 cm \of-ap≈ Hcp hc hc-°p-I.
10. 4cm \ofhpw 3cm hoXn-bp-ap≈ Hcp NXpcw hc-°p-I.
CtX ]c-∏-f-hp≈ Hcp ka-N-Xpcw hc-°p-I.
11. 8 N.-sk.-ao. ]c-∏-f-hp≈ Hcp ka-N-Xpcw hc-°p-I.
12. 6 sk.-ao. \ofhpw 4 sk.-ao. hoXn-bp-ap≈ Hcp NXpcw hc-°p-I.
CtX ]c-∏-fhpw \ofw 7 sk.-ao. Dw Bb Hcp NXpcw hc-°pI.
13. Hcp hiw 5 Bb ka`pP XntImWw hcbv°pI.
14.
NnX-Ønse NXp¿`pPw ABCD bpsS tImWp-Iƒ
IW-°m-°p-I.
AB
C
D
500
400
300
15.
hrØ-Ønse c≠v RmWp-Iƒ AB, CD Ch hrØ-Øn-
\-IØv P F∂ _nµp-hn¬ Jfin-®m¬,
PA x PB = PC x PD Bbn-cn-°pw.
CXp]tbmKn®v ]´nI ]q¿Ønbm°pI.P
A
BC
D
PA PB AB PC PD CD
6 3 9 9 2 11
4 ..... 7 6 ..... ......
..... 4 ..... 10 ..... 12
9 ..... 13 ..... 3 ......
140
16.
hrØ-Ønse AB, CD F∂o RmWp-Iƒ \o´n-
h-c-®Xv hrØ-Øn\v ]pdØv P F∂ _nµp-
hn¬ Jfin-®m¬ PA x PB = PC x PD
Bbn-cn-°pw.
CXp]tbmKn®v ]´nI ]q¿Ønbm°pI.
PA PB AB PC PD CD
6 3 3 9 2 7
4 ..... 1 6 ..... ......
..... 4 1 ..... 2 ......
6 ..... 2 ..... 3 .....
A
B
CD
P
141
A[ymbw 3
km[y-X-I-fpsS KWnXw
Bibw
* hyXykvX kµ¿ -ß-fn¬ km[y-X-Isf kwJy-Iƒ sIm≠v kqNn-∏n°¬.
1. NX-Øn¬ IÆ-S-s®mcp IpØn- m¬,
AXv sjbvUv sNbvX mK-Øm-Im-\p≈
km[yI IW-°m-°p-I.
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2. Hcm-tfmSv GsX-¶nepw Hcp amk-Øns‚ t]cv ]d-bm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXv 30
Znh-k-ß-fp≈ amk-am-hm≥ km[yX FX?
3. Hcp s]´n-bn¬ 6 shfpØ apØp-Ifpw 9 IdpØ apØp-Ifpw 5 \oe apØp-Ifpw D≠v.
CXn¬ \n∂v t\m°msX Hcp apsØ-Sp-Øm¬ AXv,
F) shfpØ apØm-Im-\p≈ km[yX F¥mWv?
_n) IdpØ apØm-Im-\p≈ km[yX F¥mWv?
kn) shfp-ØtXm Idp-ØtXm BIm-\p≈ km[yX F¥mWv?
4. Hcm-tfmSv 10\v Xmsg-bp≈ Hcp FƬ kwJy ]d-bm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.
F) ]d-bp∂ kwJy Cc- -kw-Jy-bm-Im-\p≈ km[yX F¥mWv?
_n) ]d-bp∂ kwJy H‰-kw-Jy-bm-Im-\p≈ km[yX F¥mWv?
kn) ]q¿Æ h¿§-am-hm-\p≈ km[yX F¥mWv?
5. 4, 5, 6 F∂o A°-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v FX c≠° kwJy-Iƒ FgpXmw? Cu c≠-°-
kw-Jy-I-fn¬ c≠-°-ßfpw Xpey-am-hm-\p≈ km[yX FX?
6. Hcp s]´n-bn¬ 1, 2, 3 F∂o kwJy-I-sf-gp-Xnb 3 IS-emkp Ij-W-ßfpw as‰mcp
s]´n-bn¬ 1, 2 Fs∂-gp-Xnb 2 IS-emkp Ij-W-ß-fp-ap-≠v. Hmtcm s]´n-bn¬ \n∂pw
Hmtcm IS-em-sk-Sp-°p-∂p.
F) In´m-hp∂ F√m kwJym-tPm-Sn-Ifpw Fgp-Xp-I.
_n) In´p∂ kwJy-I-fpsS XpI H‰-bm-Im-\p≈ km[yX FX?
142
kn) In´p∂ kwJy-I-fpsS XpI Cc- n-bm-Im-\p≈ km[yX FX?
Un) c≠v kwJy-Ifpw Xpey-am-Im-\p≈ km[yX FX?
7. 10F ¢mkn¬ 15 B¨Ip-´n-Ifpw 20 s]¨Ip-´n-I-fp-ap-≠v. 10 _n ¢mn¬ 10
B¨°p-´n-Ifpw 25 s]¨Ip-´n-I-fpw. Hmtcm ¢mkn¬ \n∂pw Hcp Ip´nsb
Xnc-s™-Sp-°-Ww.
F) FX hn[-Øn¬ Ip´n-Isf Xnc-s™-Sp-°mw?
_n) c≠pw s]¨Ip- n-I-fm-Im-\p≈ km[yX F¥mWv?
kn) c≠pw B¨Ip- n-I-fm-Im-\p≈ km[yX F¥mWv?
Un) Hcp B¨Ip- nbpw Hcp s]¨Ip- nbpw BIm-\p≈ km[yX F¥mWv?
C) Hcm¨Ip- n-sb-¶nepw BIm-\p≈ km[yX F¥mWv?
143
A[ymbw 4
c≠mw-IrXn ka-hmIyw
Bi-b-߃
XpS¿®-bmb c≠v FƬkw-Jy-Iƒ : x, x+1
XpS¿®-bmb c≠v Cc´ FƬ kwJy-Iƒ : x, x+2
XpS¿®-bmb c≠v H‰ FƬ kwJy-Iƒ : x, x+2
Hcp kwJy-bpw, kwJy-bpsS aq∂p-a-Sßpw : x, 3x
Hcp kwJybpw AXn-s‚ h¿Khpw : x, x2
Hcp kwJybpw AXns‚ hyp¬I-ahpw : x, 1
x
Hcp kwJybpw AXns‚ hyp¬I-a-Øns‚ A©p-a-Sßpw : x, 5
x
XpI 6 Bb c≠v kwJy-Iƒ : x, 6-x
c≠v kwJy-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw 5 : x, x+5
NXp-c-Øns‚ Np‰-fhv 60 F¶n¬,
\ofw + hoXn = 30, \ofw, hoXn : x, 30-x
a -Xn-tIm-W-Øns‚ hi-߃ XΩn-ep≈ _‘w
(ss]-X-tKm-dkv kn≤m¥w) : ]mZw2+ew_w2 = I¿Æw2
kam-¥ctiWn-bnse XpS¿®-bmb c≠p-]-Z-߃ : x, x+d
a -Xn-tIm-W-Øns‚ ]c∏fhv : ½ bh
]h¿Ø-\-߃
1. Hcp FƬkwJy-bpsS h¿§-Øn-t\mSv 19 Iq´p-tºmƒ 100 In´p-∂p.
2. Hcp FƬkwJy-bpsS h¿K-Øn¬ \n∂v 14 Ipd-®m¬ 50 In´pw.
3. Hcp t]\-bpsS hnesb AXns‚ c≠p aS-ßp-sIm≠v KpWn-°p-tºmƒ Hcp
C≥kvSp-sa‚ v t_mIvkns‚ hne e`n-°pw. C≥kvSp-sa‚ v t_mIvkns‚ hne 50 cq]-
bm-Wv.
4. XpS¿®-bmb 2 FƬkw-Jy-I-fpsS KpW-\- ew 306 BIp-∂p.
5. XpS¿®-bmb 2 H‰-kw-Jy-I-fpsS KpW-\- ew 483 BWv.
144
6. ASp-Ø-SpØ 2 Cc- -kw-Jy-I-fpsS KpW-\- ew 168.
7. Hcp kwJy-bp-sSbpw AXn-s‚ hyp¬I-a-Øn-s‚bpw XpI 26/5 BIp-∂p.
8. Hcp kwJybp-sSbpw AXns‚ hyp¬I-a-Øn-s‚ 2 aS-ßn-s‚bpw XpI 66/8
9. Hcp kwJy-bn¬ \n∂pw AXns‚ hyp¬I-a-Øns‚ 7 aSßv Ipd-®m¬ 44/7 In´pw.
10. XpS¿®-bmb 2 FƬ kwJy-I-fpsS h¿K-ß-fpsS XpI 221.
11. XpS¿®-bmb 2 Cc´ FƬ kwJy-I-fpsS h¿§-ß-fpsS XpI 244 BIp-∂p.
12. c≠v kwJy-I-fpsS XpI 21, Ah-bpsS KpW-\- ew 80.
13. c≠v kwJy-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw 5, Ah-bpsS KpW-\- ew 374.
14. Hcp NXp-c-Øns‚ hoXn, \of-sØ-°mƒ 4 bqWn‰v Ipd-hm-Wv. NXp-c-Øns‚ ]c∏fhv
165 N.-bq-Wn-‰v.
15. Hcp NXp-c-Øns‚ Np‰-fhv 60 sk.-ao. AXns‚ ]c∏fhv 224 sN.-sk.-ao.
16. ka-N-Xp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ Hcp IS-em-kns‚ Hcp hi-Øn-eqsS 4 sk.-ao. hoXn-bn¬ Hcp
NXpcw apdn-®p-am-‰n-bm¬ e`n-°p∂ _m°n `mK-Øns‚ ]c∏fhv 320 sN.-sk.-ao.
17. ka-N-Xp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-bmb Hcp tXm -Øn\v Np‰pw AI-Ømbn 5 ao‰¿ hoXn-bn¬ \S-∏m-
X-bp-≠v. \S-∏mX HgnsI tXm -Øns‚ ]c∏fhv 225 sN.-ao. BIp-∂p.
18. Hcp a -Xn-tIm-W-Øn-s‚ ew_-Øn\v ]mZ-tØ-°mƒ 5 sk.-ao. \ofw IqSp-X-ep-≠v. a -
Xn-tIm-W-Øns‚ ]c∏fhv 250 N.-sk.-ao. BWv.
19. Hcp a -Xn-tIm-W-Øns‚ I¿W-Øn\v ]mZ-tØ-°mƒ 4 sk.-ao. \ofw IqSp-X-ep-≠v. aq∂m-
asØ hiw ]mZ-tØ-°mƒ 2 sk.-ao. IqSp-X-ep-am-Wv.
20. Hcp a -Xn-tIm-W-Øns‚ - I¿W-Øn\v ]mZ-Øns‚ 2 aS-ßn-s\-°mƒ 3 sk.-ao. IqSp-X¬
\of-ap-≠v. aq∂m-asØ hi-Øns‚ \oiw ]mZ-Øns‚ 3 aS-ßn-s\-°mƒ 2 sk.-ao. Ipd-
hm-Wv.
21. Hcp a -Xn-tIm-W-Øns‚ I¿Æw ]mZ-sØ-°mƒ 8 sk.-ao. IqSp-Xepw aq∂m-asØ hiw
I¿Æ-sØ-°mƒ 4 sk.-ao. Ipd-hp-am-Wv.
22. 90 sk.-ao. \of-ap≈ Hcp Iºn hf®v a -Xn-tIm-W-ap-≠m-°p-∂p. a -Xn-tIm-W-Øns‚
]mZw 40 sk.-ao. BWv.
23. XpS¿®-bmb BZysØ 'n' FƬkw-Jy-I-fpsS XpI 120 BIp-∂p.
24. s]mXp-hy-Xymkw 5 Bb Hcp kam-¥-c-ti-Wn-bnse ASp-Ø-SpØ 2 ]Z-ß-fpsS KpW-
\- ew 300 BIp-∂p.
25. Hcp NXp-c-Øns‚ hnI¿Ww hoXn-sb-°mƒ 9 sk.-an. IqSp-X-em-Wv. NXp-c-Øns‚ \ofw
hoXn-sb-°mƒ 7 sk.-ao. IqSp-X-ep-am-Wv.
26. Hcp kwJy-bp-sSbpw AXns‚ h¿§-Øn-s‚bpw XpI, kwJy-bpsS 5 aS-ßn-s\-°mƒ 32
IqSp-X-em-Wv.
145
A[ymbw 5
XntIm-W-anXn
* Hcp a -Xn-tIm-W-Øns‚ Hcp \yq\-tIm¨ Adn-™m¬ c≠m-a-tØXv I≠p-]n-Sn-°¬.
˛ Hcp XntIm-W-Ønse 3 tImWp-I-fpsS XpI 180.
˛ a -tIm¨ A√mØ a‰v c≠v tImWp-I-fpsS XpI 90.
1. Hcp XntIm-W-Ønse Hcp tIm¨ a´-tIm¨ Bbm¬ a‰p c≠p-tIm-Wp-I-fpsS
XpI = .................
A
B C
200
A
B
C240
............
...........
A C
A
∠ + ∠ =
∠ =
P
Q
R
350
P
Q
R
X
Y Z
300
AB
C
450
............
...........
P Q
Q
∠ + ∠ =
∠ =
P
600
RQ
.............
X Z
Z
∠ + ∠
∠ =
..............A∠ =
..............Q∠ =
..............C∠ =
..............R∠ =
=.............
250
146
450, 450, 900 Af-hp-I-fp≈ XntIm-W-ß-fpsS hi-߃ 1:1: 2 F∂ Awi-_-‘-Øn¬
A
BC
600
300
A B
C
450
450
300, 600, 900 tImW-f-hp-I-fp≈ XntIm-W-ß-fpsS hi-߃ 1: 3 : 2 F∂
Awi-_-‘-Øn¬,
1. NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Hmtcm XntIm-W-Ønepw a‰p c≠p hi-ß-fp-tSbpw \ofw
ImWp-I.
6 3
*
*
147
2. Nph-sS-bp≈ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.
3. NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Hmtcm cq]-Øn-t‚bpw Np‰-fhv IW-°m-°p-I.
A
B C
300
600
= = =
148
Sine, Cosine, tangent Ch ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬
I¿Æw = z
A∠ bpsS FXn¿hiw = x
A∠ bpsS kao-]-hiw = y
Sin A = A x
z
∠=
bpsS FXn¿hiw
I¿Æw
Cos A = A y
z
∠=
bpsS kao-]hiw
I¿Æw
tan A = A x
A y
∠=
∠
bpsS FXn¿hiw
bpsS kao-]hiw
1. NnXsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n NphsS sImSpØ ]´nI ]qcn-∏n-°p-I.
A
B C
y
x
z
C
A
B a
b
c
A
B Cx
yz
AB
C
r
p
q
A
BC
fe
d
NnXw
1
2
3
4
SinA Cos A tan A
a
b
c
b
a
c
149
* Hcp XntIm-W-Øns‚ ]c-∏-fhv = 1
2bcSinA
XntImWw AMC bn¬, h
SinAb
=
h = b sin A
XntIm-W-Øns‚ ]c-∏-fhv = 1
2 x ]mZw x D∂Xn
= 1 1 1
2 2 2bcSinA abSinC acSinB= =
4. NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Hmtcm XntIm-W-Øn-s‚bpw ]c-∏-fhv IW-°m-°p-I.
6cm
A B
C
65
10cm A B
C
5cm
8cm
50
Sin 65=0.91 Sin 50 = 0.94
Sin 70 = 0.94 Sin 40 = 0.64
A B
C
8cm
70
13cm A B
C
8cm
12cm40
BA
C
ab
c
h
M
150
* Hcp XntIm-W-Øns‚ ]cn-hrØ Bcw,
2a b c
RSinA SinB SinC
= = =
XntIm-W-Øns‚ ]cn-hrØ hymkw = Sin
hiw
FXn¿tImWns‚
5. NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Hmtcm XntIm-W-Øn-s‚bpw ]cn-hrØØns‚ Bcw
ImWp-I.
A
B Ca
bc
Sin 65 = 0.91 Sin 50 = 0.94
700
55
400
Sin 700 = 0.94, Sin 400 = 0.64
Cos 700 = 0.34, Cos 400 = 0.77
C
A
B
65
A
B
50
6cm8 cm
151
* ap≥ h¿°vjo‰p-Ifn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏´ Bi-b-ß-fpsS ]mtbm-KnI ]iv\-]-cn-Nbw
1. aXn-ent\mSv Nmcn-sh-®n-cn-°p∂ GWn Xd-bp-ambn 450 tIm¨ D≠m-°p-∂p.
GWn-bpsS NphSv aXn-en¬ \n∂pw 2 ao AI-se-bm-Wv. GWn-bpsS apIƒ AKw
Xd-bn¬ \n∂pw FX Db-c-Øn-emWv F∂v GI-tZi NnXw hc®v Is≠-Øp-I.
NnX-Øn¬ aXn¬ = BC
GWn = ..................
GWnbpw Xdbpw \n›-bn-°p∂ tIm¨ GXv? ........
NnX-Ønse XntIm-W-Øns‚ ]tXy-IX
tImWp-Iƒ ˛ 450, 450, 900
BC FX? AC FX?
2. 6 ao‰¿ \of-ap≈ Hcp hSn HcKw Hcp ac-Øns‚ apI-f-‰Øv sIm≈-Ø-°-hn[w
ac-Øn¬ Nmcn-h-®n-cn-°p-∂p. hSnbpw Xdbpw \n›-bn-°p∂ tIm¨ 600 Bbm¬
ac-Øns‚ Db-c-saX?
3. NnX-Øn¬ AB = 6cm, BC=9cm Bbm¬ AD, BD Ch ImWp-I.
ABC∆ bnse tImWp-Iƒ ............
BD = ................ AD = .....................
]c-∏-fhv = 1
2 x hiw x B hi-tØ-°p≈ D∂Xn
= 1
2x BC x AD = ½ x ............... x ............. = ..................
4. kmam-¥-cnIw ABCD bn¬ AB = 8cm, BC = 10cm, <B = 300 Bbm¬
F) AE FX?
_n) kmam-¥-cnIw ABCD bpsS ]c-∏-fhv
(km-am-¥cnI-Øns‚ ]c-∏-fhv = hiw x FXn¿h-i-tØ-°p≈ AIew)
= BC x AE = ....................
A B
C
450
2m
A
BC
6
9
600
D
A
B C
D
E
152
A[ymbw 6
kqN-I-kw-Jy-Iƒ
]T-\-t\- -߃
* _nµp-°-fpsS ÿm\-ßsf kwJym-tPm-Sn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ coXn
hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
* kwJym-tPm-Sn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v _nµp-°ƒ AS-bm-f-s∏-SpØn ]e-Xcw cq]-߃
\n¿Ωn-°p-∂p.
* X, Y A£-߃ hc®v ]e-Xcw cq]-ß-fnse _nµp-°-fpsS kqN-I-kw-Jy-Iƒ
Is≠-Øp-∂p.
* kqN-I-kw-Jy-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v c≠v _nµp-°ƒ XΩn-ep≈ AIew IW-°m-°p-∂-
Xn-\p≈ am¿§w Is≠-Øp-∂p.
* io¿j-ß-fpsS kqN-I-kw-Jy-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v Ah \n›-bn-°p∂ Pyman-Xob
cq]-ß-fpsS hnhn[ Af-hp-Iƒ Is≠Øp∂p.
]h¿Ø-\-߃
1. X, Y A£-߃ hc®v Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p∂ _nµp-°ƒ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
a) (3,0), (4,0), (-2,0), (-3,0) b) (0,3), (0,2), (0,4), (0,2)
c) (0,0), (3,4), (2,5), (-2,3), (-3,2) d) (-3,-2), (-4,-5), (3,-3), (2,-5)
2. X, Y A£-߃ hc®v Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p∂ _nµp-°ƒ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
B _nµp-°ƒ Ia-ambn tbmPn-∏n®v In´p∂ cq]-Øns‚ t]sc-gp-Xp-I.
a) (4,5), (4,1), (1,1) b) (5,4), (0,0), (3,0), (0,4)
c) (-1,2), (3,2), (-1,-1), (3,-1) d) (1,3), (3,3), (1,1), (3,1)
3. kqN\ : X A£-Ønse _nµp-°-fpsS y kqN-I-kwJy ]qPy-am-Wv.
Ahsb (x,0) Fs∂-gp-Xmw.
Y A£-Ønse _nµp-°-fpsS x kqN-I-kwJy ]qPy-am-Wv.
Ahsb (0,y) Fs∂-gp-Xmw.
F¶n¬ NphsS X∂n-cn-°p∂ _nµp-°-sf Xcw-Xn-cn-°p-I.
(1,0), (0,1), (2,0), (0,3), (-1,0), (0,-2), (5,0), (0,5), (0,-1), (-2,0)
153
X A£-Ønse _nµp-°ƒ Y A£-Ønse _nµp-°ƒ
4. kqN\ :
X A£-Øn\p kam-¥-c-amb hc-bnse _nµp-°-fnse y kqN-I-kwJy Xpey-am-Wv.
Y A£-Øn\p kam-¥-c-amb hc-bnse _nµp-°-fnse x kqN-I-kwJy Xpey-am-Wv.
(2,5), (4,5) Ch X A£-Øn-\p-k-am-¥-c-amb hc-bnse _nµp-°-fm-Wv.
(3,4), (3,6) Ch Y A£-Øn\p kam-¥-c-amb hc-bnse _nµp-°-fm-Wv.
F¶n¬ NphsS X∂n-cn-°p∂ _nµp-°sf Xcw-Xn-cn-°p-I.
(2,3), (4,5), (5,3), (4,2), (-1,3), (4,-2), (4,0), (0,3), (-2,3), (4,-3)
X A£-Øn-\p-k-am-¥-c-amb Y A£-Øn-\p-k-am-¥-c-amb
hc-bnse _nµp-°ƒ _nµp-°ƒ
5. X A£-Øn\p kam-¥-c-amb hc-bnse _nµp-°-fmWv (3,4).
NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-h-bn¬ \n∂pw Cu hc-bnse _nµp-°-fpsS
kqN-I-kw-Jy-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-I.
(2,3), (2,4), (3,0), (1,4), (4,0), (-1,4)
6. Y A£-Øn\p kam-¥-c-amb hc-bnse _nµp-°-fmWv (2,3).
NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-h-bn¬ \n∂pw Cu hc-bnse _nµp-°-fpsS kqN-I-
kw-Jy-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-I.
(3,2), (2,5), (2,0), (3,1), (2,-1), (-1,2)
7. X A£-Øn\p kam-¥-c-amb hc-bnse Hcp _nµphmWv (1,2). Cu hc-bnse a‰p aq∂p
_nµp-°-fpsS kqN-I-kw-Jy-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-I.
154
8. Y A£-Øn\p kam-¥-c-amb hc-bnse Hcp _nµp-hmWv (4,5).
Cu hc-bnse a‰p aq∂p _nµp-°-fpsS kqN-I-kw-Jy-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-I.
9. kqN\ :
NnX-Øn¬ NXp-c-Øns‚ hi-߃ A£-߃°v
kam-¥-c-am-Wv. A bpsS kqN-I-kwJy (x1, y
1)
C bpsS kqN-I-kwJy (x2, y
2), F¶n¬
B bpsS kqN-I-kwJy (x2, y
1)
D kqN-I-kwJy (x1, y
2)
Q s‚ kqN-I-kwJy (4,2)
S s‚ kqN-I-kwJy (1, 5)
NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ NXpcßfnse hi-߃ A£-߃°v kam-¥-c-am-Wv.
c≠v aqe-I-fnse kqN-I-kw-Jy-Iƒ X∂n-´p-≠v. a‰p aqe-I-fnse kqN-I-kw-Jy-Iƒ
Is≠-Øp-I.
a) b)
D
BA(x1,y
1)
C(x2,y
2)
P(1,2)
S R(4,5)
Q
D C (6,8)
A(3,5) B
S R (7,10)
P(3,4) Q
c) d)O N (3,5)
L (-1,2) M
U (-2,5) T
R S(2,3)
155
10. Nph-sS-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ NXp-c-ß-fnse hi-߃ A£-߃°v kam-¥-c-am-Wv.
Ah-bpsS F√m aqe-I-fn-sebpw kqNI-kw-Jy-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-I.
a) b)
11. kqN\:
l l
F∂o _nµp-°ƒ XΩn-ep≈ AIew = 2 2
2 1 2 1( ) ( )x x y y− + −
A (2,4), B (5,8) F∂o _nµp-°ƒ XΩn-ep≈ AIew = 2 2(5 2) (8 4)− + −
= 2 23 4+
= 5
NphsSbp≈ _nµp-°ƒ XΩn-ep≈ AIew ImWp-I.
a) P ( 3,4) Q (9,12) b) M (5,2) N (8,6)
12. NXp¿`pPw PQRS ¬ PQ, QR, RS, PS Ch-bpsS \ofw ImWp-I.
S (4,6)
R (9,8)
P (2,3)
Q (7,5)
D C
A(1,2) 5 B
3 5
S(-3,7)
P 7
R
Q
A (x1, y
1) B (x
2, y
2)
156
A[ymbw 7
sXmSp-h-c-Iƒ
]h¿Ø\w 1 ˛ \n¿ΩnXn
4 sk.-ao. Bc-ap≈ hrØ-Øn\v ]pdØv tIµ-Øn¬ \n∂pw 9 sk.-ao. AI-se-bp≈
_nµp-hmWv P. P bn¬ \n∂v sXmSp-h-c-Iƒ hcbv°pI.
* 4 sk.-ao. Bc-Øn¬ O tIµ-ambn hrØw hc-bv°p-I.
* 9 sk.-ao. AIse P AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
* OP hymk-ambn hrØw hc-bv°p-I.
* BZy hrØhpw c≠mw hrØhpw sXmSp∂ _nµp-°ƒ A, B Ch ASbmfs∏SpØpI.
* PA, PB Ch hcsIm≠v tbmPn∏n°pI.
* Cu hc-I-fpsS \ofw Af-s∂-gp-Xp-I.
Nph-sS-bp≈ ]h¿Ø\w sNbvXp-t\m-°q.
1. 4 sk.-ao. Bc-ap≈ hrØw hc®v tIµ-Øn¬ \n∂pw 6 sk.-ao. AI-se-\n∂pw
hrØ-Øn\v sXmSp-h-c-Iƒ hc®v \ofw Af-s∂-gp-Xp-I.
2. 4 sk.-ao. Bc-ap≈ hrØw hc®v tIµ-Øn¬ \n∂pw 8 sk.-ao. AIse \n∂w
hrØ-Øn\v sXmSp-h-c-Iƒ hc®v \ofw Af-s∂-gp-Xp-I.
]h¿Ø\w 2
6 sk.-ao., 7 sk.-ao., 8 sk.-ao. hi-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb XntImWw hc®v AXns‚
A¥¿hrØw hc®v Bcw Af-s∂-gp-Xp-I.
4
O
B
9P
A
157
l 8 sk.-ao. \of-Øn¬ hc hc-bv°p-∂p.
l 6, 7 Afhp-I-fn¬ Nm]w hc®v XntImWw ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂p.
l 2 tImWns‚ ka- mPn hc-bv°p-∂p. tIµw Is≠-Øp-∂p.
l ew_ Zqcw hc-bv°p-∂p.
l hrØw hc-bv°p-∂p.
l Bcw Af-s∂-gp-Xp-∂p.
XpS¿]-h¿Ø\w
l Hcp hiw 8 sk.-ao. c≠v tImWp-Iƒ 600, 500 Bb XntImWw hc®v A¥¿hrØw
hc®v Bcw Af-s∂-gp-Xp-I.
l c≠p hi-߃ 6 sk.-ao., 7 sk.-ao. DƒtImW-fhv 600 Bb XntImWw hc®v
A¥¿hrØw hc-bv°p-I.
l Hcp hiw 4 sk.-ao., Hcp tImW-fhv 700 Bb ka- pP kmam-¥-cnIw hc®v F√m
hi-ß-sfbpw sXmSp∂ hrØw hc®v Bcw Af-s∂-gp-Xp-I.
l 8 sk.-ao. \of-ap≈ Hcp hc hc-bv°p-I. AXns‚ c≠-‰Øpw 800, 700 tIm¨
hc-bv°p-I. Cu aq∂v hc-I-sfbpw sXmSp∂ hrØw hc-bv°p-I.
l 4 sk.-ao. hi-a≈ ka-`pP XntImWw hc®v, A¥¿hrØw hc®v Bcw
Af-s∂-gp-Xp-I.
]h¿Ø\w 3
Hcp XntIm-W-Øns‚ A¥¿hr-Ø Bcw 2 sk.-ao., AXns‚ c≠v tImWp-Iƒ 550, 630
hoX-am-bm¬ XntImWw hc-bv°p-I.
1. 2 sk.-ao. Bc-Øn¬ hrØw hc-bv°p-I.
Q
C
AP
630
1250550
1170
R
B
O
158
2. Hcp Bcw hc®v 180-55 = 1250, 180-63 = 1170 tImWp-Iƒ AS-bm-f-s∏-SpØn
hc-bv°p-∂p. (OP, DQ, OR)
3. OP, OQ, OR \v ew_w hc-bv°p-∂p.
4. XntImWw ABC ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂p.
XpS¿]-h¿Ø\w
l Hcp ka- pP kmam-¥-cn-I-Øns‚ Hcp tImW-fhv 600, A¥¿hrØ Bcw 3 sk.-ao.
ka- -pP kmam-¥-cnIw hc-bv°p-I.
l A¥¿hrØ Bcw 4 sk.-ao. Bb ka- pP XntImWw hc-bv°p-I.
159
sXmSp-h-c-Iƒ ˛ Af-hp-Iƒ
]h¿Ø\w 1
NnX-Øn¬ O tIµ-amb hrØ-Øns‚ P bn¬ \n∂p≈ sXmSp-h-c-bmWv PQ F¶n¬,
1. ∠ Q = ............
2. ∠ P = 500 Bbm¬ <0 = ..............
3. OQ = 4 sk.-ao., PQ = 3 sk.-ao., OP = ............
4. ∠ P = 300, OQ = 3 sk.-ao., PQ = ..............., OP = ...........
5. OP = 13 sk.-ao., OQ = 5 sk.-ao., PQ = .................
]h¿Ø\w 2
Q
OP
∠ APC =400 BWv.
1. ∠ APO = ................. 2. ∠ AOC = ..............
3. ∠ OPC = ................. 4. ∠ ABC = ..............
5. ∠ ADC = ................. 6. ∠ OAC = ...............
7. ∠ CAP = ................. 8. ∠ ACP = ..............
9. ∠ OAP = ............... 10. AD = CD Bbm¬ ∠ CDO = ..............
11. AB = CB Bbm¬ ∠ AOB = .....................
12. AOP∆ bpsS Af-hp-Iƒ IW-°m-°p-I.
13. OAC∆ bpsS Af-hp-Iƒ IW-°m-°p-I.
B OQ
P
A
D
C
160
14. PAC∆ bpsS Af-hp-Iƒ IW-°m-°pI
15. PA = 10 sk.-ao. Bbm¬ PC FX?
16. PAC∆ ka- p-P-am-bm¬ <B FX?
]h¿Ø\w 3
1) PA = 9 sk.-ao, PB = 4 sk.-ao. F¶n¬ PC bpsS \ofw ImWp-I.
2) PA = 8 sk.-ao., PB = 4 sk.-ao., CB bpsS \of-sa¥v?
3) ]´n-I-]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.
PC PB BC PA
12 3 9 6
2 30
3 9
]h¿Ø\w 4
A
BC
P
1) AB = 8 cm, BC = 6cm, AC=10cm BWv.
AP. BP, BQ, CQ, AR, RC Ch ImWp-I.
2) AP = 4cm, BQ = 5cm, CR = 6cm Bbm¬ XntIm-W-Øns‚ Np‰-fhv ImWp-I.
3) XntImWw ABC bn¬ AB = 14cm, BC = 13 cm, AC = 15cm XntIm-W-Øns‚
]c-∏-fhv ImWp-I. A¥¿hr-Ø Bcw ImWp-I.
Ps-ac
s-b
C
A B
QR
s-c
s-a
ab
s-b
s-c
161
A[ymbw 8
L\-cq]w
]h¿Ø\w 1
ka-N-Xpc kvXq]nIbpsS ]mZ-h-°v, Db-cw, Ncn-hp-bcw, ]m¿iz-h-°v, ]mZ-hn-I¿Ww
F∂nh ss]X-tKm-dkv kn≤m-¥-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v Is≠Øn ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.
1) ]mZ-h°v ]m¿iz-h°v Ncn-hp-bcw
24 16 -
48 - 30
- 35 28
1) ]mZ-h°v Dbcw Ncn-hp-bcw
8 3 -
6 - 5
- 5 13
]h¿Ø\w 2
ka-N-Xpc kvXq]n-I-bpsS Nne Af-hp-Iƒ NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. a‰v Af-hp-Iƒ
Is≠Øn ]´nI ]qcn-∏n-°p-I.
kqN\ : Hcp ]m¿iz-Xe ]c-∏-fhv = ½ x ]mZ-h°v x Ncn-hp-bcw
BsI ]m¿iz-Xe ]c-∏-fhv = ½ x ]mZ-Np-‰-fhv x Ncn-hp-bcw
= 2 x ]mZ-h°v x Ncn-hp-bcw
]mZ-]-c-∏-fhv = (]m-Z-h-°v)2
D]-cn-Xe ]c-∏-fhv = ]mZ-]-c-∏-fhv + ]m¿iz-Xe ]c-∏-fhv
hym]vXw -= 1
3 ]mZ-]-c-∏-fhv x Dbcw
162
]´nI ]q¿Øn-I-cn-°p-I.
]mZ-h°v Ncn-hp-bcw Dbcw ]m¿iz-Xe ]mZ-]-c-∏-fhv hym]vXw
]c-∏-fhv
24 13
12 10
25 24
hrØ-kvXq-]nI
]h¿Ø\w 1
hrØmwiw hf-®m-Wt√m hrØ-kvXq-]nI D≠m-°p-∂-Xv. hrØmw-i-Øns‚ Af-hp-I-
fn¬ \n∂pw hrØ-kvXq-]n-I-bpsS Af-hp-am-bp≈ _‘w D]-tbm-Kn®v ]´nI ]q¿Øo-I-cn-
°p-I.
hrØmw- hrØmwi kvXq]n-I-bpsS kvXq]n-I-bpsS kvXq]n-I-bpsS ]m¿iz-Xe
i-Øns‚ i-Øns‚ Bcw sNcn-hp-bcw ]mZ-Np-‰-fhv ]c-∏-fhv
Bcw tIµ-tIm¨
24 1800 24
18012
360=x
24 2 24180
360π x x ½x2 4 π x 24
= 24
24 900
24 720
24 2160
]h¿Ø\w 2
hrØ-kvXq-]n-I-bpsS Bcw, Ncn-hp-b-cw, Dbcw Ch a -Xn-tIm-W-Øns‚ hi-ß-
fm-W-t√m. Nph-sS-bp≈ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.
]mZ Bcw Dbcw Ncn-hp-bcw
5 10 -
12 - 13
- 15 17
27 36 -
163
]h¿Ø\w 3
hrØ-kvXq-]n-I-bpsS hym]vXw : ]mZ-]-c-∏-f-hn-s‚-bpw, Db-c-Øn-s‚bpw KpW-\- -e-
Øn-s‚ aq∂n-sem-∂m-Wv.
knen-≠-dns‚ BIr-Xn-bn-ep≈ Hcp XSn Ij-W-Øn-s‚ ]mZ Bcw 24 sk.-ao., Dbcw
7 sk.-ao. CXn¬ \n∂v sNØn-sb-Sp-°m-hp∂ G‰hpw henb hrØ-kvXq-]n-IbpsS hym]vX-
sa¥v? D]-cn-Xe ]c-∏-fhv F¥v?
hrØ-kvXq-]n-I-bpsS Bcw =- knen-≠-dns‚ Bcw
hrØ-kvXq-]n-I-bpsS ]mZ-]-c-∏-fhv = .........................
hrØ-kvXq-]n-I-bpsS Ncn-hp-bcw = .........................
hrØ-kvXq-]n-I-bpsS hym]vXw = .........................
hrØ-kvXq-]n-I-bpsS ]m¿iz-X-e-]-c-∏-fhv = .........................
hrØ-kvXq-]n-I-bpsS D]-cn-Xe ]c-∏-fhv = .........................
tKmfw, A¿≤-tKmfw
hnhn[ Bc-ap≈ tKmf-ß-fpsS D]-cn-Xe ]c-∏-fhpw hym]vXhpw ImWp-I.
* Hcp tKmfØns‚ Bcw r Fs∂SpØm¬ ]c∏fhv 24 rπ F∂v sXfnbn°mw.
* Bcw r Bb tKmfØns‚ hym]vXw 34r
3π F∂v sXfnbn°mw.
Bcw D]-cn-X-e-]-c-∏-fhv hym]vXw
5 sk.-ao.
20 sk.-ao.
Hcp A¿≤tKmfØns‚ Bcw r Fs∂SpØm¬ D]cnXe ]c∏fhv tKmfØns‚
D]cnXeØns‚ ]IpXnbpw Hcp hrØhpw tN¿∂XmWv.
∴A¿≤tKmfØns‚ D]cnXe ]c∏fhv 23 rπ=
A¿≤tKmfØns‚ hym]vXw 32
r3
π=
A¿≤tKmfßfpsS D]cnXe ]c∏fhpw hym]vXhpw ImWpI.
Bcw D]cnXe ]c∏fhv hym]vXw
6 sk.ao.
15 sk.ao.
164
A[ymbw 9
Pyman-Xnbpw _oP-K-Wn-Xhpw
]T-\-t\- -߃
* Hcp hcn-bnse GXv c≠v _nµp-°-fp-tSbpw y kqN-I-kw-Jy-I-fnse am‰w, x kqN-I-
kw-Jy-I-fnse am‰-Øn\v B\p-]m-Xn-I-am-Wv.
* c≠v _nµp-°-fn¬ IqSn hc-bv°p∂ hc-bpsS ka-hmIyw cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂p.
]h¿Ø-\-߃
kqN\ :
(x1, y
1), (x
2, y
2) F∂o _nµp-°ƒ Hcp hc-bn-em-bm¬ hc-bpsS Ncn-hp-Im-Wm≥ y kqN-I-
kw-Jy-I-fpsS hyXym-ksØ x kqN-I-kw-Jy-I-fpsS hyXym-kw-sIm≠v lcn-®m¬ aXn.
y kqN-I-kw-Jy-I-fpsS hyXymkw = y2 - y
1
x kqN-I-kw-Jy-I-fpsS hyXymkw = x2 - x
1
Ncnhv = 2 1
2 1
y y
x x
−
−
Hcp hc-bnse c≠v _nµp-°-fmWv (2,5), (3,6) F¶n¬ B hc-bpsS Ncnhv FX-bmWv?
y kqN-I-kw-Jy-I-fpsS hyXymkw = 6-5=1
x kqN-I-kw-Jy-I-fpsS hyXymkw = 3-2=1
Ncnhv = 1
1 = 1
1. Xmsg-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Hmtcm tPmSn _nµp-°fpw tbmPn-∏n-°p∂ hc-bpsS Ncnhv
IW-°m-°p-I.
a) (2,4), (5,7) b) (3,5), (5,9) c) (2,5), (4,8)
d) (1,0), (3,4) e) (-1,2), (2,5) f) (2,-5), (4,3)
kqN\ : Hcp hc-bpsS ka-hm-Iy-Øn-eqsS B hc-bnse _nµp-°-fpsS x, y kqN-I-kw-Jy-I-
fpsS _‘-amWv hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv.
(2,3), (4,6) F∂o _nµp-°ƒ Hcp hc-bn-em-sW-¶n¬ B hc-bpsS ka-hmIyw
F¥m-bn-cn°pw?
A(x1, y
1)
B(x2, y
2)
165
hc-bpsS Ncnhv = 6 3 3
4 2 2
−=
−
Cu hc-bnse Hcp _n-µp-hmWv (x, y) F¶n¬,
3 3
2 2
y
x
−=
−
2 (y-3) = 3 (x-2)
2y - 6 = 3x-6
hc-bpsS ka-hmIyw = 3x-2y = 0
2. Nph-sS-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Hmtcm tPmSn _nµp-°fpw tbmPn-∏n-°p∂ hc-bpsS ka-hmIyw
Fgp-Xp-I.
a) (3,4) (5,7) b) (2,5), (4,6)
c) (1,2), (-2,4) d) (7,8), (5,3)
3. Hcp hc-bnse _nµp-hns‚ kqN-I-kw-Jy-bmWv (3,4). hc-bpsS Ncnhv 2
3 Bbm¬
hc-bpsS ka-hmIyw Fgp-Xp-I.
4. Hcp hc-bnse _nµp-hns‚ kqN-I-kw-Jy-bmWv (2,6). hc-bpsS Ncnhv 1
2Bbm¬
hc-bpsS ka-hmIyw Fgp-Xp-I.
5. NpS-hsSbp≈ ]´nI ]qcn-∏n-°p-I.
(x1, y
1) (x
2, y
2) X se am‰w Y se am‰w hc-bpsS Ncnhv hc-bnse a‰v c≠v
_nµp-°ƒ
(2,5) (4,8) 4-2=2 8-5=3 3
2(6,11), (8, 14)
(3,4) (6,6)
4 3
3 2
1
2
3
5
(-2,-4) (3,1)
166
6. (1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6) F∂o _nµp-°ƒ Hcp hc-bn-emtWm F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.
7. (2, 7), (3, 10) F∂o _nµp-°ƒ tbmPn-∏n-°p∂ hc-bnse a‰v c≠v _nµp-°-fpsS
kqN-I-kw-Jy-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-I.
8. kqN\:
NnX-Øn¬ hrØ-Øns‚ tIµw (a, b).
Bcw r, hrØ-Ønse Hcp _nµp (x, y)
Bbm¬ Cu hrØ-Øns‚ ka-hmIyw =
(x - a)2 + (y - b)2 = r2
NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]´nI ]qcn-∏n-°p-I.
P(a,b)
r
Q(x,y)
hrØ-tIµw hrØ-Øns‚
Bcw
hrØ-Ønse Hcp
_nµphrØ-Øns‚ ka-hmIyw
(a, b) r (x, y) (x-a)2 + (y-b)2 = r2
(2, 3) 5 (x, y) (x-2)2 + (y-3)2 = 52
(1, 4) 3 (x, y)
(2, 5)
(0, 0)
4 (x, y)
2 (x, y)
167
A[ymbw 10
_lp-]-Z-߃
Bi-b-߃
* P(x) s‚ Hcp LS-I-amWv (x-a) F¶n¬ P(a) = 0 Bbn-cn-°pw.
1. NphsS D≈ c≠mwIrXn _lp]Zßsf H∂mwIrXn _lp]ZßfpsS
KpW\^eambn FgpXpI.
i) p(x) = x2 + 9x + 20
ii) p(x) = x2 - 9x + 20
iii) p(x) = x2 + x - 20
iv) p(x) = x2 - x - 20
2. NphsS D≈ Hmtcm tPmUn _lp]Zßfnepw BZysØ _lp]Zßfn¬ \n∂pw
GXp kwJy Ipd®memWv c≠masØ _lp]Zw LSIamb _lp]Zw In´p∂sX∂v
IW°m°pI. Ipd®p In´p∂Xns‚ c≠masØ LSIw I≠p]nSn°pI.
i) p(x) = x2 - 3x + 5, x-4
ii) p(x) = x2 - 4x - 3, x-1
168
A[ymbw 11
ÿnXn-hn-h-c-I-W°v
Bi-b-߃
* a[y-a -sa -∂Xv BsI-bp≈ Af-hp -I-fn¬ a[y-Øn¬ hcp -∂Xm-sW∂v
Is≠-Øp∂ ]h¿Ø-\w.
* BsI-bp≈ Af-hp-I-fn¬ \Sp-hn¬ hcp-∂Xv GXv hn`m-K-Øn-em-sW∂v
I≠p-]n-Sn®v B hn`m-K-Øns‚ a[yaw ImWp∂ ]h¿Ø-\w.
1) Xmsg-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°∂ Hcp-Iq´w kwJy-I-fpsS a[yaw ImWp-I.
24, 39, 40, 34, 33, 28, 30, 25
kwJy-Isf Btcm-lW Ia-Øntem Ah-tcm-lW Ia-Øntem Fgp-Xn-bm¬
24, 25, 28, 30, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40
kwJy-I-fpsS FÆw = 9
a[yaw hcp-∂Xv a[y-Øn-ep≈ kwJy-bm-Wv. 9 1
52
+ =
˛masØ kwJy
a[yaw = 33
2. kwJy-Iƒ 24, 25, 28, 30, 32, 34, 38, 39
kwJy-I-fpsS FÆw 8 (Cc- -kw-Jy)
Btcm-lW Ia-Øntem Ah-tcm-lW Ia-Øntem Fgp-Xn-bm¬
\Sp°v 2 kwJy-Iƒ hcp-∂p.
∴ a[yaw = 30 32 62
312 2
+= =
3. Hcp ^mIvS-dn-bnse 9 t]¿°v Hcp BgvN-bn¬ In´p∂ thX-\-amWv NphsS
sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. a[yaw IW-°m-°p-I.
2100, 3500, 2100, 2500, 2800
4900, 2300, 2200, 3300
169
Btcm-lWIaw
2100, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2500, 2800, 3300, 3500, 4900
a[yaw = 2500
]´n-I-cq-]-Øn-em-°n-bmtem?
4. Xmsg-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]´n-I-bn¬ \n∂pw a[yaw I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-I.
amk-h-cp-am\w IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS FÆw
4000 2
5000 6
6000 7
7000 3
8000 3
9000 2
10000 2
25
25 IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS amk-h-cp-am\w Btcm-l-W-I-a-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-bm¬,
13˛masØ IpSpw-_-Øns‚ hcp-am\w a[ya hcp-am\w BWv.
AXm-b-Xv,
amk-h-cp-am\w IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS FÆw
4000 hsc 2
5000 hsc 2 + 6 = 8
6000 hsc 8 + 7 = 15
7000 hsc 15 + 3 = 18
8000 hsc 18 + 3 = 21
9000 hsc 21 + 2 = 23
10000 hsc 23 + 2 = 25
∴ a[y-a-h-cp-am\w = 6000 cq]
170
5. Hcp ¢mknse 35 Ip´n-I-fpsS mchpw FÆhpw ]´n-I-bn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂p.
a[yaw ImWp-I.
`mcw Ip´n-I-fpsS FÆw
32 2
34 6
36 10
38 11
40 4
42 2
BsI 35
6. Hcp sdUn-sabvUv XpWn-°-S-bn¬ \n∂pw HcmgvN hn¬°-s∏´ j¿´p-I-fpsS Afhv
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hnev]-\-bpsS FÆw Xmsg-sIm-Sp-°p-∂p. a[yaw ImWp-I.
Afhv 28 30 34 36 38 40 42 44 46
FÆw 2 3 3 4 5 15 1 3 1
7. Hcp sXmgn¬ ime-bn¬ ]e-Xcw tPmen sNøp-∂-h-cpsS FÆhpw Znh-k-°q-enbpamWv
]´n-I-bn¬ ImWn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
Znh-k-°qen sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS
(cq-]) FÆw
225 4
250 7
270 9
300 5
350 3
400 2
a[ya Znh-k-°qen FX-bmWv?
171
¢mkv X∂m¬ a[yaw ImWp∂ ]h¿Ø\w
1. kvXoi‡n F∂ IpSpw-_io AwK-ß-fmb 35 t]cpsS hb-p-Iƒ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n
Xcw-Xn-cn® ]´nI NphsS tN¿°p-∂p.
hbv AwK-ß-fpsS FÆw
20-30 4
30-40 8
40-50 10
50-60 7
60-70 4
70-80 2
BsI 35
a) hbv IqSp-∂-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ AwK-ßsf Ia-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬ FXm-asØ
AwK-Øns‚ hb-mWv a[y-aw.
b) 13˛masØ ÿm\sØ AwK-Øns‚ hbv FX-bm-bn- mWv k¶¬∏n-°p-∂Xv?
c) a[yaw Bb hbv IW-°m-°p-I.
hbv AwK-ß-fpsS FÆw hbv AwK-ß-fpsS FÆw
20-˛30 4 30 ¬ Xmsg 4
30-˛40 8 40 ¬ Xmsg 12
40-˛50 10 50 ¬ Xmsg 22
50˛60 7 60 ¬ Xmsg 29
60˛70 4 70 ¬ Xmsg 33
70-˛80 2 80 ¬ Xmsg 35
BsI 35
(35 + 1)/2 = 18
a) 18˛masØ AwK-Øns‚ hb-mWv a[y-aw.
172
b) 40-50 s\ 10 `mK-ß-fm-°n-bm¬
40-41 41-42 42-43 43-44 44-45 45-46 46-47 47-48 48-49 49-50
13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd
13-masØ AwK-Øns‚ hbv 40-41 \v a[y-Øn-em-bn-cn-°pw.
= (40 + 41) / 2 = 40.5
c) a[yaw = 18˛masØ AwK-Øns‚ hbv
= 13˛masØ AwK-Øns‚ hbv + 5x1
= 40.5+5 = 45.5
2. Hcp ]tZ-isØ Ipsd hoSp-Isf sshZypXn D]-tbm-K-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v Xcw-Xn-cn® ]´nI
NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.
D]-t`mKw (bq-Wn-‰v) hoSp-I-fpsS FÆw
80-100 8
100 - 120 12
120 - 140 10
140 - 160 9
160 - 180 6
a) D]-t`m-K-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hoSp-Isf Iao-I-cn-®m¬ 21˛mw hoSns‚ D]-t`mKw
FX-bm-sW-∂mWv k¶ev]w?
b) a[ya D]-t`mKw FX-bmWv?
D]-t`mKw hoSp-I-fpsS FÆw D]-t`mKw hoSp-I-fpsS FÆw
(bq-Wn-‰v) (bq-Wn-‰v)
80-100 8 100 ¬ Xmsg 8
100-120 12 120 ¬ Xmsg 20
120-140 10 140 ¬ Xmsg 30
140-160 9 160 ¬ Xmsg 39
160-180 6 180 ¬ Xmsg 45
173
120-122 122-124 124-126 126-128 128-130 130-132 132-134 134-136 136-138 138-140
21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th
a) 21˛mw hoSv apX¬ 30˛mw hoSp-h-sc-bp≈ 10 hoSp-I-fpsS D]-t`mKw 120- 140 hn`m-K-Øn-em-
bn-cn-°pw. 120 \pw 140 \pw CS-bn-ep≈ 20 bqWn-‰ns\ 10 D]- m-K-ß-fm-°n-bm¬ sshZyp-
Xn-bpsS D]-tbmKw Hmtcm D]-hn- m-K-Ø-s‚bpw a[y-Øn-em-bn-cn-°pw. 21˛mw hoSnse D]-
t`mKw 120 s‚bpw 122 s‚bpw a[y-Øn-emb 121 Bbn-cn-°pw.
b) a[y-a-ambn hcp-∂Xv 45 1
232
+= ˛mw hoSns‚ D]-t`mKw Bbn-cn-°pw.
23˛mw hoSns‚ D]-t`mKw 120 ˛ 140 hn`m-K-Øn-em-bn-cn-°pw.
120 apX¬ 140 hsc-bp≈ Af-hns\ 10 D]-hn- m-K-ß-fmbn Xncn-®m¬ Hmtcm∂pw Cu
D]-hn- m-K-ß-fpsS a[y-Øn¬ Bbn-cn-°pw.
21˛mw hoSns‚ D]-t`mKw = 120 122
1212
+=
22˛mw hoSns‚ D]-t`mKw = 121 + 2 = 123
23˛mw hoSns‚ D]-t`mKw = 123 + 2 = 125
ie a[ya D]-t`mKw = 125 bqWn‰v
3. Hcp ¢mknse Ip´n-Isf Db-c-a-\p-k-cn®v FÆw Xncn® ]´n-I-bmWv NphsS
ImWn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
Dbcw (sk.-ao.) Ip´n-I-fpsS FÆw
135-140 5
140-145 8
145-150 10
150-155 9
155-160 6
160-165 3
a) Ip´n-Iƒ Db-c-I-a-Øn¬ Hcp hcn-bn¬ \n¬°p-∂-Xmbn k¶¬∏n-®m¬, FXm-asØ
Ip´n-bpsS Db-c-amWv a[yaw?
174
b) ]´n-I-b-\p-k-cn®v Cu Ip´n-bpsS Dbcw GsX√mw Af-hp-Iƒ°n-S-bn-emWv?
c) a[yaw IW-°m-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ k¶-e-]v߃ Fs¥m-s°-bmWv?
d) Cu k¶-ev]-ß-f-\p-k-cn®v a[ya Dbcw FX-bmWv?
Dbcw (sk.-ao.) Ip´n-I-fpsS FÆw Dbcw (sk.-ao.) FÆw/Iq´m-hrØn
135-140 5 140 t\°mƒ Ipdhv 5
140-145 8 145 t\°mƒ Ipdhv 13
145-150 10 150 t\°mƒ Ipdhv 23
150-155 9 155 t\°mƒ Ipdhv 32
155-160 6 160 t\°mƒ Ipdhv 38
160-165 3 165 t\°mƒ Ipdhv 41
a) Ip´n-Isf Db-c-I-a-Øn¬ Hcp hcn-bn¬ \n¬°p-∂-Xmbn k¶-ev∏n-®m¬
\Sp-°p-h-cp∂ 21˛masØ Ip´n-bpsS Db-c-amWv a[y-aw.
b) ]´n-I-bn¬ 13 apX¬ 23 hsc-bp≈ ÿm\-߃°n-S-bn-emWv 21˛masØ Ip´n
hcp-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v Cu Ip´n-bpsS Dbcw 145 sk.-ao. \pw 150 sk.-ao. \pw
CS-bn-em-Wv.
c) a[yaw IW-°m-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ k¶-ev]-߃ (Cu ]i-\-Øn¬)
1. 145 sk.-ao. apX¬ 150 sk.-ao. hsc-bp≈ 5 sk‚o-ao-‰-dns\ 10 ka- m-K-ß-fm-°p-∂p.
(10 F∂Xv 14˛masØ Ip´n apX¬ 23˛masØ Ip´n Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ BsI Ip´n-I-fpsS
FÆ-am-Wv)
2. Cßs\ In´p∂ Hmtcm D]-hn- m-K-Øn-tebpw Ip´n-bpsS Dbcw B D]-hn- m-K-Øns‚
IrXyw \Sp-hn-em-sW∂w k¶-ev]n-°p-∂p.
d) a[ya Dbcw = 145 + 5/ 20 + 7x5/10
1455 35
20 10
5 70145
20 20
= + +
= + +
75145
20= +
15145 3
20
3148
4
= + +
= +
=148.75=148.75=148.75=148.75
175
4. Hcp ¢mknse Ip´n-I-fpsS `mcw kqNn-∏n-°p∂ ]´n-I-bmWv NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-
°p-∂-Xv. mc-Øns‚ a[yaw I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-I.
`mcw In.Kmw Ip´n-I-fpsS FÆw
20-30 5
30-40 8
40-50 12
50-60 9
60-70 6
5. Hcp ¢mknse Ip´n-Iƒ°v KWnX ]co-£-bn¬ e`n® am¿°mWv NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-
°p-∂-Xv. am¿°p-I-fpsS a[yaw I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-I.
am¿°v Ip´n-I-fpsS FÆw
0-10 8
10-20 25
20-30 15
30-40 1
40-50 1
6. a[yaw I≠p-]n-Sn-°pI
kvtIm¿ 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
Ip´n-I-fpsS FÆw 12 14 8 10 6
7. a[yaw I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-I.
kvtIm¿ 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80
Ip´n-I-fpsS FÆw 3 5 14 9 5 4
176
EQIP 2020
(Education Quality Improvement Programme for Class Ten)
SOCIAL SCIENCE I
Student SupporStudent SupporStudent SupporStudent SupporStudent Support Mat Mat Mat Mat Material fterial fterial fterial fterial for Class or Class or Class or Class or Class TTTTTenenenenen
DIET KASARAGOD
178
179
A[ymbw 1
temIsØ kzm[o-\n® hnπ-h-߃
][m\ Bi-b-߃
1. Ata-cn-°≥ kzmX-¥y-k-acw
2. ^©p hnπhw
3. djy≥ hnπhw
4. ssN\okv hnπhw
D]m-i-b-߃
1. BZy-Ime hnπh߃°v t]c-I-amb ][m\ LS-I-amWv \thm-∞m-\w.
2. Ata-cn-°≥ _n´o-jp-Im¿ 13 tImf-\n-Iƒ ÿm]n-®p.
3. tImf\n \nhm-kn-I-fpsS ][m\ apZm-hmIyw "]mXn-\n-[y-an-√msX \nIp-Xn-bn-√.'
4. sa¿°‚-enÃv \nb-a-߃
5. tPm¨ tem°v, tXmakv s]bn≥ XpS-ßnb Nn¥-I-cpsS kzm[o\w
6. tIm¨Sn-s\‚¬ tIm¨Kpw Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\mSpw
7. Ata-cn-°≥ kzmX¥y ]Jym-]\w
8. ]n¬Ime temI-N-cn-X-Øn¬ Ata-cn-°≥ kzmX-¥y-k-a-c-Øns‚ kzm[o-\w.
1. ]Z-kq-cy≥ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
F) imkvXm-h-t_m[w
_n) At\z-jW IuXpIw
kn) hna¿i\ _p≤n
Un) ]mtZ-inI `mj-I-fpsS hf¿®
(kn)
bp‡n-Nn¥\thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
am\-hn-IX(F)
(_n)
(Un)
180
2. Ata-cn-°≥ kzmX-¥y-k-a-c-Øn\v ]tNm-Z\w \¬Inb Nn¥-I-∑mcpw Ah-cpsS Bi-
b-ßfpw hni-Z-am-°pI?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
tPm¨ tem°v ˛ a\p-jy\v Nne auenI Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v. AXns\ l\n-°m≥ Hcp
Kh¨sa‚n\pw Ah-Im-i-an-√.
tXmakv s]bn≥ ˛ GsX-¶nepw hntZ-i-i-‡n°v (Cw-•-≠v) Cu h≥Ic (A-ta-cn°)
Zo¿L-Imew Iog-S°n Ign-b-W-sa-∂Xv bp‡n \nc-°p-∂-X-√.
3. ]Z-kq-cy≥ ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ P\-ß-fpsS `c-W-]-¶m-fnØw
˛ `cW ]¶m-fnØw \¬ImsX \nIpXn ]ncn-°m≥ ]mSn√
˛ ]mXn-\n-[y-an-√mØ `cWw P\-hn-cp-≤-am-Wv.
4. sa¿°‚enkw F∂m-se¥v?
hyh-kmb߃°m-h-iy-amb Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°ƒ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw \n¿Ωn-
®h hn‰gn°p-∂-Xn\pambn bqtdm-]y-∑m¿ Ata-cn-°≥ tImf-\n-I-fn¬ \S-∏n-em-°nb
\nb-aw.
5. sa¿°‚-enÃv \nb-a-߃?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ tImf-\n-I-fnse F√m tcJ-I-fnepw Cw•-≠ns‚ Ãmºv
˛ tImf-\n-I-fn¬ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂h Ib-‰p-aXn Cw•-≠n-te°v amXw
˛ tImf-\n-I-fn¬ Cw•o-jp-Im-cpsS ssk\ysØ \ne-\n¿ØpI
˛ tImf-\n-I-fn-te°v Cd-°p-aXn sNøp-∂-hbv°v Cd-°p-aXn Np¶w \¬IWw
]mXn-\n-[y-an-√msX \nIp-Xn-bn√P\-ß-fpsS
`c-W-]-¶m-fnØwsPbnwkv Hm´nkv
6. Ata-cn-°≥ kzmX¥y ]Jym]\w \S-Øn-b-sX∂v? t\XrXzw \¬In-b-h¿
Bscm-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p?
DØ-c-kq-NnI : ˛ 1776 Pqsse 4\v
˛ tXmakv sPs -gvk¨, s_©-an≥ ^m¶vfn≥
181
7. Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-Sp-I-fpsS cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-te°v \bn® hnhn[ kw -h-߃
Dƒs∏-SpØn ^vtfmNm¿´v Xøm-dm-°pI?
1773 t_mè So]m¿´n
ê
1774 H∂mw tIm¨Sn-s\‚¬ tIm¨Kkv
ê
1775 c≠mw tIm¨Sn-s\‚¬ tIm¨Kkv
ê
1776 kzmX-¥y-]-Jym-]\w
ê
1781 bp≤w Ah-km-\n®p
ê
1783 ]mcokv DS-ºSn
8. ]n¬°me temI-N-cn -X-Øn¬ Ata-cn -°≥ kzmX-¥y-k-acw sNep-Ønb
kzm[o-\-sØ-°p-dn®v hnh-cn-°p-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ ]n¬°me hnπ-h-߃°v ]tNm-Z-\-taIn
˛ a\p-jym-h-Imi ]h¿Ø-\-߃°v ]tNm-Z-\-ambn
˛ dn∏-ªn-°≥ `c-W-k-anXn F∂ Bibw
˛ s^U-d¬ cmjvSw F∂ Bibw
˛ BZysØ FgpX-s∏´ `c-W-L-S\
9. Ata-cn-°≥ kzmX-¥y-k-acw apt∂m-´p-sh® Fs¥√mw Bi-b-ß-fmWv C¥y≥
`c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂Xv?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ a\p-jym-h-Im-i-߃
˛ dn∏-ªn-°≥ `c-W-coXn
˛ Fgp-X-s∏´ `c-W-L-S\
˛ s^U-d¬ kwhn-[m\w
10. ^©v hnπhw
Bi-b-߃
-˛ ^©p-hn-π-h-Øns‚ Imc-W-߃
˛ hnπ-h-Øn-\n-S-bm-°nb kmaq-ly-L-S\
(Cw•≠v 13 tImf\nIfpsS kzmX¥yw AwKoIcn®p)
182
˛ Nn¥-I-∑m-cpsS kzm[o\w ˛ thmƒ´-b¿ ˛ dqtkm ˛ sam¨sSkvIyq
^ntem-k- p-Iƒ
˛ tZiob Akw-ªnbpw _mkvXn-b≥ tIm -bpsS ]X-\hpw
˛ a\p-jym-h-Imi ]Jym-]\w
˛ ^©p-hn-π-h-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw temI Ncn-X-߃
˛ s\t∏m-fn-bs‚ `c-W-]-cn-jvIm-c-߃
10. NphsS X∂n- p≈ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI
I¿j-I¿ ]ptcm-ln-X¿ ]`p-°-∑m¿
? H∂m-asØ FtÉv ?
DØ-c-kp-NnI
˛ I¿j-I¿ H∂m-asØ FtÉv
˛ ]`p-°-∑m¿ ˛ c≠m-asØ FtÉv
11. ^©p-hn-π-hImesØ ^©v kaqlw
12. ^©p-hn -πhw ]n¬°me temI-N-cn - XsØ kzm[o-\n -®-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v
hni-Z-am-°p-I.
˛ ]n¬°me hnπ-h-߃°v Bthiw ]I¿∂p.
-˛ ^yqU¬ hyh-ÿ-bpsS A¥yw
˛ P\-Iob ]c-am-[n-Imcw
˛ tZio-b-X-bpsS Bhn¿`mhw
˛ a[y-h¿§-Øns‚ hf¿®
˛ tkz—m-[n-]-Xy-Øn\v `oj-Wn-bm-bn.
H∂m-asØ FtÉv
]ptcm-lnX¿
˛ Ah-Im-i-ßfpw B\p-
Iq-ey-ßfpw e`n®p
˛ \nIpXn Cfhv
˛ Db¿∂ ]Z-hn-Iƒ
˛ I¿j-I-cn¬ \n∂pw
\nIpXn ]ncn®p
c≠m-asØ FtÉv
]`p-°-∑m¿
˛ \nIpXn Cfhv
˛ BUw-_c PohnXw
˛ ssIhiw [mcmfw `q]-
tZiw
˛ I¿j-I-cn¬ \n∂pw
\nIpXn ]ncn®p
aq∂m-asØ FtÉv
I®-h-S-°m¿, Fgp-Øp-I¿, A`n-
`m-j-I¿, I¿j-I¿, a[y-h¿§w
˛ `c-W-Øn¬ Ah-Im-i-an√
˛ Xmgv∂ kmaqly ]Zhn
˛ k¿°m-cn\v \nIpXn \¬IWw
˛ ]`p-°-∑m¿°pw ]ptcm-ln-
X¿°pw \nIpXn \¬I-Ww.
183
13. h¿°vjo‰v : ^©v hnπ-hsØ kzm[o-\n® Nn¥-I-∑mcpw Bi-b-ßfpw
Nn¥-I-∑m¿ Bi-b-߃
thmƒ´b¿ ˛ ]ptcm-ln-X-∑-cpsS Nqj-WsØ ]cn-l-kn®p
dqtm ˛ ..............................................................................................
sam¨sSkvIyp ˛ ..............................................................................................
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ bp‡nNn¥, ka-Xzw, a\p-jy-kvt\lw
˛ kzX-¥-\mbn Pohn-°p∂ a\p-jy≥ Fhn-sSbpw Nß-e-bn-emWv
˛ P\-ß-fmWv ]c-am-[n-Imcn
˛ P\m-[n-]-Xy-sØbpw dn∏-ªn-°n-s\bpw t]m’m-ln-∏n-®p.
˛ Kh¨sa‚ns\ \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-Ww, Imcy-\n¿∆-l-Ww, \oXn-\ymbw F∂n-ßs\
Xncn-°-W-sa∂v hmZn-®p.
14. Ime-K-W\ ]Imcw Ia-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ _mkvXn-bs‚ ]X\w
˛ hm´¿eq bp≤w
˛ s\t∏m-fn-b≥ A[n-Imcw ]nSn-s®-SpØp
˛ ^m≥knse tZiob I¨sh≥j≥
15. s\t∏m-fn-bs‚ `c-W-]-cn-jv°m-c-߃?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ kn¶nwKv ^≠v Bcw- n-®p
˛ _m¶v Hm^v ^m≥kv ÿm]n®p
˛ \nb-a-kw-lnX \S-∏n-em°n
˛ ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cpsSta¬ \nb-¥Ww G¿s∏-Sp-Øn
˛ KXmKX ]ptcmKXn°mbn tdmUpIƒ \n¿Ωn®p
kzmX-¥yw, ka-Xzw, kmtlm-Zcyw^yqU-en-k-Øns‚
A¥yw
16. ^©phnπ-h-Øns‚ kzm[o\w ˛ ]Z-kq-cy≥
184
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ tkz—m-[n-]Xy `c-W-IqS `ojWn
˛ a[y-h¿§-Øns‚ hf¿®
˛ tZio-b-X-bpsS Bhn¿`mhw
˛ ]n¬°me hnπ-h-߃°v Bthiw \¬In
˛ P\-Iob ]c-am-[n-Imcw
˛ ^yqU¬ hyhÿbpsS A¥yw
17. em‰n-\-A-ta-cn-°≥ hntam-N-\-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬In-b-h¿?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ ^m≥knkv sIm -an-cm≥U
˛ sska¨ s_mfn-h¿
˛ sPmsk-˛-Un-˛-km≥am¿´n≥
18. bqtdm-]y-∑m¿ em‰n-\-A-ta-cn°-bnse kwkvIm-csØ am‰n-a-dn-®-sX-ßs\?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ kv]m\n-jv`m-jbpw aXhpw ]N-cn-∏n-®p.
˛ kv]m\njv ssien-bn¬ hoSp-Ifpw tZhm-e-b-ßfpw \n¿Ωn®p.
˛ kv]m\njv coXn-bn-ep≈ hnZym`ymkw ]N-cn-∏n-®p.
˛ ]m›mXy tcmK-߃ ]N-cn-®p.
19 ""hwiob hnth-N-\-amWv em‰n-\-ta-cn-°≥ P\-Xsb ka-c-Øn-te°v \bn-®Xv''
ka¿∞n-°p-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ em‰n≥ Ata-cn-°≥ J\n-I-fn¬ \n∂pw kz¿Æhpw sh≈nbpw Ih¿∂p.
˛ tXm -ß-fnepw a‰pw Xt±-io-bsc ASn-a-I-fm°n ]Wn-sb-Sp-∏n-®p.
˛ kvs]bn-\n¬ \n¿Ωn-°p∂ hkvXp-°ƒ tImf-\n-bn¬ \n¿Ωn-°m≥ ]mSn-√.
20. s_mƒsjhn°v hnπ-h-Øn\ptijw djy-bn-ep-≠mb am‰-߃ hne-bn-cpØn
s^_p-hcn hnπ-hhpw HIvtSm-_¿ hnπ-hhpw XΩn¬ Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv Ipdn∏v
Xøm-dm-°p-I.
s^_p-hcn hnπhw
˛ sa≥sj-hn-°p-Iƒ t\XrXzw \¬In
˛ H∂mwtemI bp≤-Øn¬ \n∂v ]n∑m-
dn-bn√
˛ k¿ NI-h¿Øn-bpsS cWw Ah-km-
\n-∏n-®p.
˛ ]`p-°-∑m¿ `qhp-S-a-I-fm-bn-Xp-S¿∂p.
HIvtSm-_¿ hnπhw
˛ s_mƒsjhn-°p-Iƒ t\XrXzw \¬In
˛ H∂mw-temI bp≤-Øn¬ \n∂v ]n∑mdn
˛ sa≥sj-hn-°p-I-fpsS cWw Ah-km-\n-®p.
˛ I¿j-I¿°v `qan hnX-cWw sNbvXp.
˛ ^mIvS-dn-Iƒ, _m¶p-Iƒ F∂nh s]mXp
DS-ÿ-X-bn-em°n
185
21. djy≥ hnπ-h-Øns‚ Imc-W-߃ Is≠-ØpI?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ I¿j-Icpw sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw ITn-\-ambn tZmln-°-s∏- n-cp-∂p.
˛ km¿ NIh¿ØnamcpsS GIm[n]Xyw.
˛ 1905 se djy, P¿Ω≥ bp≤-Øn¬ djy-°p-≠mb ]cm-Pbw
˛ hyhkmb cwKsØ hntZi CSs]S¬
22. djy≥ hnπ-h-Øns‚ ^e-߃
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ djybn¬ ^yqU¬ hyh-ÿnXn Ah-km-\n-®p.
˛ tkmjy-enÃv hnπ-h-߃°v DW¿t∆In
˛ djy h≥ i‡n-bmbn amdn
˛ djy-bn¬ tkmjy-enÃv hyh-ÿnXn \ne-hn¬ h∂p.
˛ USSR cq]oIcn®p.
23. ssN\okv hnπ-h-Øns‚ hnhn[ L -߃ ˛ ^vtfmNm¿®v
kqNnI : Xpd∂ hmXn¬ \bw ˛ tUm. k¨bm-Xvvsk≥ temMvam¿®v
24. "F' tImf-Øn-\-\p-tbm-Py-am-bh "_n' tImf-Øn¬ \n∂pw sXc-s™-SpØv
Fgp-Xp-I.
F _n
1900 ssN\ P\-Iob d∏-ªnIv cq]w sIm≠p.
1911 temMv am¿®v
1934 t_mIvk¿ Iem]w
1949 a©p cmP- -c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb hnπhw
Idp∏v bp≤wê
t_mIvk¿ Iem]wê
a©pcmPhwiwê
k¨bmXvsk≥ ˛ IpanXmßvê
dn∏ªnIv Kh¨sa‚ vê
NnbmMvssIjIv ssk\nI B[n]Xywê
IΩyqWnÃv ]m¿´n cq]oIcWwê
amthmtkXpßvê
temßvv am¿®vê
P\Iob dn∏ªnIv
186
DØ-c-kq-NnI
1900 ˛ t_mIvk¿ Iem]w, 1911 ˛ a©p-cm-P-hw-i-Øn-s\-Xncmb hnπhw, 1934 ˛
temMvam¿®v, 1949 ˛ ssN\okv P\-Iob dn∏-ªn-Iv.
25. NphsS X∂n- p-≈-Xn¬ "F' hn`m-K-Ønse c≠v mK-߃ XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c _‘w
a\-n-em°n AXp-t]mse "_n' hn`mKw ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.
1. F. sska¨ s_mfn-h¿ em‰n≥ Ata-cn-°≥ hnπhw
_n. amIvknw tKm¿°n ........................................................
2. F. tUm. k¨bm-Xvsk≥ ssN\okv hnπhw
_n. sPmsk Un km≥am¿´n≥ ........................................................
3. F. sb\m≥ temMvam¿®v
_n. s]tSm-KmUv ........................................................
DØ-c-kq-NnI
1. djy≥ hπhw
2. em‰n≥ Ata-cn-°≥ hnπhw
3. amthm-sk-XpwKv
4. djy
26. ssN\ Hcp P\-Iob dn∏-ªnIv B°p-∂-Xn¬ amthm skXpwKv hln® ]¶v
hni-Z-am-°p-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
IΩyq-WnÃv \b-߃ ˛ NnbmMv ssIj-°n-s\-Xn-cmb \ne-]mSv ˛ temMv am¿®v ˛
Nph∏v tk\ ˛ P\-Iob dn∏-ªn-Iv.
27.
InbmMvkv sX°≥
ssN\
temMv am¿®v
IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-Im¿
1934
]`p-°-∑-cn¬ \n∂v
Irjn- qan ]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp.amthm-sk-XpwKv
27. hm´¿ eq bp≤Øns‚ NcnX][m\yw F¥v?
1815 bqtdm]y≥ kJyssk\ytØmSv s\t∏mfnb≥ ]cmPbs∏´p.
187
A[ymbw 2
temIw Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬
1. F¥p-sIm-≠mWv B^n-°≥ cmjvS-ß-fpsS AXn-cp-Iƒ t\¿tc-J-bn-em-bXv?
˛ bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-߃ B^n-°sb ]¶n-s -Sp-Øp.
˛ bmsXm-cp-hn[ X¿°-ßfpw C√msX [mc-W-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ q]-S-Øn¬
AXn¿Øn-Iƒ hc®v hoXw shbv°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
2. tImf\n cmPy-ß-fn¬ aqe-[-\-\n-t£]Ww \S-Øm≥ apX-em-fnØ cmPy-ßsf
t]cn-∏n® LS-I-߃ Fs¥√mw?
˛ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Ipd-™-Iqen
˛ Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°-fpsS e`yX
˛ Ipd™ sNehv
3. tImf-\n-h¬°-c-W-Øn¬ \n∂v kmam-PyXzw Fß-s\-sb-√m-amWv hyXym-k
-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂Xv?
tImf-\n-h¬°-cWw
˛ bqtdm-]y≥ cm-Py-߃ Gjy≥, B^n-°≥ em‰n-\-ta-cn-°≥
cmPy-ß-fn¬ cmjvSobm[n-Im-chpw ssk\n-I-ti-jnbpw D]-tbm-Kn®v
\S-Ønb NqjWw.
˛ bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ß-fn¬ Dev]m-Zn-∏n® Dev]-∂-߃ tImf-\n-cm-Py-ß-fn¬
hn‰-gn-°pI F∂p-≈-Xm-Wv.
kmam-PyXzw
˛ tImf-\n-I-fn-te-°p≈ aqe-[\ Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bpsS L -amWv kmam-Py-Xzw-.
˛ Hcp cmPyw as‰mcp cmPy-Øn\pta¬ ÿm]n-°p∂ cmjvSo-b, kmº-Øn-I,
kmaq-lnI B[n-]-Xyw.
4. GsX√mw am¿§-ß-fn-eq-sS-b-mWv kmam-PyXz i‡n-Iƒ tImf-\n-I-fn¬ Ah-cpsS
NqjW \b-߃ \S-∏n-em-°n-bXv?
˛ \nb-a-hy-hÿ
˛ `c-W-kw-hn-[m\w
˛ ssk\nI i‡n
188
5. kmam-PyXzw tImf\n cmPy-ßsf Fß-s\-sb√m-amWv _m[n-®Xv?
˛ ]c-º-cm-KX kºZvhyhÿ XI¿∂p.
˛ Zmcn-Zyhpw sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw h¿≤n-®p.
˛ Xt±-iob Ie, hnZym- ym-kw, `mj, kwkvImcw F∂nh XI¿°-s∏- p.
6. H∂mw-temI alm-bp-≤-Øns‚ Imc-W-ßfpw ^e-ßfpw Fs¥ms°?
^e-߃
˛ Zi-e-£-I-W-°n\v P\-߃ sIm√-s∏- p.
˛ Zmcn-Zyw, sXmgn-en-√m-bva, \mW-b-s∏-cp-∏w F∂nh h¿≤n-®p.
˛ Irjn, hyh-kmbw F∂nh XI¿∂p.
˛ k¿∆-cm-Py-kJyw cq]o-I-cn-®p.
7. H∂mw-temI alm-bp-≤-Øn\v Imc-W-amb ssk\n-I-k-Jy-Øn¬ Dƒs∏´ cmPy-߃
GsXms°?
1914-˛1919BkvSn-b≥ cmP-Ip-am-
cs‚ h[w
kmam-PyXz a’-c-߃
ssk\nI kJy-ß-
fpsS cq]o-I-cWw
Xoh-tZ-iobX
_mƒ°≥
]Xn-k‘n
H∂mw-temI
alm-bp≤w
samtdm-°≥
]Xn-k‘n
8. Xoh-tZ-io-bX F∂m¬ F¥v? CXns‚ ^e-ambn bqtdm-∏n¬ cq]w-sIm≠
]ÿm-\-߃ GsXms°?
kz¥w cmPyw a‰p-≈-h-tb-°mƒ tijvT-am-sW∂v Icp-Xp-Ibpw kz¥w cmPyw
sNøp-∂-Xn-s\-sb√mw \ymbo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-XmWv Xoh-tZ-io-b-X.
Cw•≠v
XnI£n kJyw
P¿Ω\n C‰en BkvSnb,
lwKdn
XnI£n kulm¿±w
^m≥kv djy
189
]m≥…mhv ]ÿm\w ˛ …mhv hwi-P-cpsS GIo-I-cWw ˛ djy
]m≥P¿Ω≥ ]ÿm\w ˛ Syqt´m-WnIv hwi-P-cpsS GIo-I-cWw ˛
P¿Ω\n
]Xn-Imc ]ÿm\w ˛ \jvS-s∏´ ]tZ-i-߃ XncnsI e`n-°m≥
^m≥kv cq]n-I-cn-®-Xv.
9. H∂mw-tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn\v Imc-W-amb ]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ Gh?
samtdm-°≥ ]Xn-k‘n ˛ B^n-°≥ cmPy-amb samtdms°m ssIh-i-s∏-
Sp-Øp-hm≥ ^m≥kpw P¿Ω-\nbpw \S-Ønb
ia-߃.
_mƒ°≥ ]Xn-k‘n ˛ Xp¿°n ]tZ-i-߃ ]¶n-s´-Sp -°p-∂-Xn¬
bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-߃ XΩn-ep-≠mb
kwL¿jw
10. H∂mw-temI alm-bp-≤-Øns‚ s]s -∂p≈ ImcWw F¥v?
1914 PqWn¬ BkvSn-b≥ Inco-Sm-h-Im-inbmb ^m≥knkv s^¿Un-\m‚n-s\
sk¿_n-b≥ hwi-P-\mb ]n≥sk]v shSn-sh®v sIm∂-Xv.
11. thgvkmbn k‘n-bnse ][m\ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-am-bn-cp∂p?
(1919)
˛ bp≤-Ip‰w P¿Ω-\n-bp-sS-ta¬
˛ P¿Ω\n \jvS-]-cn-lmcw \¬IWw
˛ P¿Ω-\n-bpsS ssIh-i-ap≈ ]tZ-i-߃ kJy-I-£n-Iƒ ]¶n-s -Sp-Øp.
˛ P¿Ω-\nsb \ncm-bp-[o-I-cn-®p.
12. H∂mw-temI alm-bp-≤m-\-¥cw bqtdm-∏n-ep-≠mb cmjvSob kmº-ØnI am‰-߃
Fs¥-√m-amWv?
˛ kmº-ØnI ÿnXn Xmdp-am-dmbn
˛ ]c-º-cm-KX cmP-hw-i-߃°v A[n-Imcw \jvS-s∏- p.
(tlm-l≥ tkmf≥ cmP-hw-iw, lmkv_¿Kv cmP-hw-iw, tdma-t\m-hv)
˛ BtKmf hn\n-a-b-Øn\v _n´ojv ]u≠n\v ]Icw Ata-cn-°≥ tUmf-dm-bn.
˛ ]pXnb kmº-ØnI i‡n-bmbn Ata-cn° Db¿∂p-h-∂p.
190
13. 1929 se temI kmº-ØnI amµy-Øns‚ ^e-߃ Gh?
˛ bp≤w P\-ß-fpsS hm߬ tijn C√m-Xm°n
˛ D¬∏-∂-߃ hn‰-gn-°msX ^mIvS-dn-I-fn¬ sI´n-In-S-∂p.
˛ Ata-cn-°-bn¬ \ns∂-SpØ hmbv]-Iƒ Xncn-®-S-bv°p-∂-Xn¬ bqtdm-]y≥
cmPy-߃ hogvN-h-cp-Øn.
˛ _m¶p-Iƒ XI¿∂p.
˛ ]W-s∏-cp∏w h¿≤n®p.
˛ sXmgn-en-√m-bvabpw Zmcn-Zyhpw cq£-am-bn.
14. ^mkn-k-Øn-s‚bpw \mkn-k-Øn-s‚bpw hf¿®bv°v A\p-Iq-e-amb kml-N-cy-߃
Fs¥m-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p?
˛ kmº-ØnI XI¿®
˛ bp≤-Øn¬ Pbn-®-h-tcm-Sp≈ ]Xn-Imc at\m- mhw
˛ e£y-t_m-[-an-√mbva
˛ cmjvSob A\n-›n-XXzw
15. ^mkn-k-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥√mw?
˛ P\m-[n-]-Xy-tØm-Sp≈ hntcm[w
˛ tkmjy-en-k-tØm-Sp≈ FXn¿∏v
˛ hwi-a-lna Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°¬
˛ Xoh-tZ-io-bX
˛ cmjvSob FXn-cm-fn-Isf C√m-Xm-°¬
16. ^mknÃv ]m¿´n C‰-en -bn¬ A[n-Im-c -Øn¬ hcm-\n -S -bmb kml-Ncyw
hni-Z-am-°p-I.
˛ H∂mw temI-a-lm-bp-≤-Øn¬ hnP-bn-®-h-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬s∏-´n´pw C‰-en°v
Imcy-amb t\ -ß-sfm∂pw e`n-®n-√.
˛ cmPyw tkmjy-en-k-Øn-te°v t]mIptam F∂p≈ `bw.
˛ ]W-s∏-cp∏w, sXmgn-en-√m-bva.
17. C‰-en-bpsS kmam-PyXz taml-߃ temI-cm-Py-ßsf as‰mcp bp≤-Øn-te°v \bn®p
F∂p-]-d-bp-∂Xv F¥p-sIm≠v?
˛ aptm-fn-\n-bpsS tkz—m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ
˛ lnwkm-fl-I-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ
191
˛ ^mkn-ksØ FXn¿Ø-hsc h[-in-£bv°v hnt[-b-am-°n-b-Xv.
˛ ]mNo\ tdmam-km-am-Py-Øns‚ ]p\x-ÿm-]-\-Øn\v th≠n ian-®-Xv.
˛ Icn¶p-∏m-b-°m¿ F∂ ssk\nI hn`mKw cq]o-I-cn-®-Xv.
˛ AI-a-tWm-’p-I-amb hntZ-i-\bw
˛ kmam-Py-Xz-tamlw
18. ^mjn-k-Øns‚ P¿Ω≥ ]Xn-∏mWv \mknkw F∂p-]-d-bp-∂-Xv. F¥p-sIm≠v?
Or
^mjn-k-Øn-s‚bpw \mkn-k-Øn-s‚bpw khn-ti-j-X-I-fnse kam-\-X-Iƒ
Fs¥√mw?
˛ tkmjy-en-Ãp-I-sfbpw IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-I-sfbpw FXn¿Øp.
˛ hwi-a-lna
˛ `qX-Ime al-Xz-h¬°-cWw
˛ ]Xn-Im-c-a-t\m- mhw
˛ FXn¿°p-∂-hsc sIms∂m-Sp°n
˛ hocm-cm-[\
19. P¿Ω-\n-bn¬ ln‰vesd A[n-Im-c-Øn-te-dm≥ klm-bn® LS-I-߃ Fs¥√mw?
˛ thgvkmbn k‘n
˛ kmº-ØnI XI¿®bpw ]W-s∏-cp-∏hpw
˛ P¿Ω≥ `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ ]cm-Pbw
˛ cmjvSob Aÿn-cX
˛ ln‰ve-dpsS kwLm-SI anIhv
˛ "Xhn´v Ip∏m-b-°m¿' F∂ ssk\yw cq]o-I-cn-®-Xv
21. c≠mw-tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Øns‚ ][m\ Imc-W-߃ Fs¥√mw?
˛ thgvkmbn k‘n-bn-eqsS P¿Ω-\nt°‰ A]-am-\w.
˛ ^mkn-k-Øn-s‚bpw \mkn-k-Øn-s‚bpw hf¿®
˛ ssk\nI kJy-ß-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw
˛ ]oW-\-\bw
˛ k¿∆-cmPy kJy-Øns‚ ]cm-Pbw
˛ tImf-\n-Iƒ°v th≠n-bp≈ a’cw
22. ]oW\ \bw F∂m¬ F¥v?
^mjnÃv BI-a-W-߃°v _n´≥, ^m≥kv F∂o cmPy-߃ \¬Inb t]m’m-
l-\-amWv ]oW-\-\-bw.
192
23. c≠mw-temI alm-bp-≤-Øn\v Imc-W-amb ssk\nI kJy-߃ GsXm-s°-bmWv?
24. c≠mw-temI alm-bp-≤-Øn\v s]s -∂p≈ ImcWw F¥v?
1939 sk]vXw-_¿ 1 \v P¿Ω\n t]mf≠v BI-an-®-Xv.
25. c≠mw-tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Øns‚ ^e-I-߃ Fs¥√mw?
˛ lntcm-jn-a-bnepw \mK-km-°n-bnepw D≠mb B‰w t_mw_ns‚ D]-tbmKw Zi-
e-£-I-W-°n\v t]¿ sIm√-s∏- p.
˛ bqtdm-∏y≥ cmPy-ß-fpsS kmº-ØnI\ne Xmdp-am-dm-bn.
˛ Gjy≥ B^n-°≥ cmPy-ß-fn¬ kzmX-¥y-k-acw i‡n-s∏- p.
˛ sFIy-cm-jvS-kw-L-S\ cq]o-I-cn-®p.
26. 1945 HIvtSm-_¿ 24 \v cq]o-I-cn® sFIy-cmjvS kwL-S-\-bpsS e£y-߃
Fs¥√mw?
˛ `mhn-X-e-ap-dsb bp≤- o-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v c£n-°pI
˛ A¥m-cmjvS DS-º-Sn-Ifpw \nb-a-ßfpw kwc-£n-°p-I.
˛ temI-cm-jvS-ß-fpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn-°m-bp≈ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ GtIm-]n-∏n-°p-I.
27. A]-tIm-f-\o-I-cWw F∂m¬ F¥v?
kmam-PyXz i‡n-I-fpsS `c-W-Øn¬ \n∂v tImf-\n-Iƒ kzmX¥yw t\Sn-b-XmWv
A]-tIm-f-\o-I-c-Ww.
28. A]-tIm-f -\o -I-c -W-Øn\v t\XrXzw sImSpØ ][m\ t\Xm-°sfbpw -
cm-jvS-ß-sfbpw ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
Km‘nPn ˛ C¥y
s\¬k¨ at≠e ˛ Z£n-Wm-^n°
Izman F≥Ipa ˛ Lm\
tPmtam sI\n-bmØ ˛ Lm\
A®p-X≠v i‡n-Iƒ
P¿Ω\n C‰en P∏m≥
kJy-i-‡n-Iƒ
Cw•≠v ^m≥kv ssN\
193
29. ioX-k-acw F∂m¬ F¥v?
tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b\pw Ata-cn-°bpw XΩn-ep-≠mb Bi-b-]-c-amb kwL¿j-
ßfpw \b-X-¥-bp-≤-ß-fp-amWv ioX-k-acw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
30. tNcn-tNcm ]ÿm\w F∂m¬ F¥v?
apX-em-fnØ tNcn-bp-sStbm tkmhn-b‰v tNcn-bp-sStbm mK-am-ImsX \ne-sIm≠
cmPy-ß-fpsS sFIy-amWv tNcn-tNcm ]ÿm-\w.
t\XrXzw \¬In-b-h¿ cmjvSw
Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp C¥y
Kam¬ A_vZp¬ \mk¿ CuPn]vXv
am¿j¬ Snt‰m bptKm-…m-hnb
Al-ΩZv kp°m¿tWm Ct¥m-t\jy
31. ]›n-ta-jy≥ kwL¿jw
_m¬^¿ ]Jym-]\w
kntbm-WnÃv ]ÿm\w
]me-kvXo≥ hntam-N\ kwL-S\
HmkvtemI-cm¿ (bm-k¿ Acm- -Øv)
32. tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs‚ XI¿®bv°v CS-bm-°nb Imc-W-߃ Fs¥√mw?
˛ tkmjy-en-k-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ XXz-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hyXn-N-e\w
˛ ]Xn-tcm-[-Øn\v AanX ]m[m\yw \¬In-bXv
˛ tKm¿_-t®-hns‚ ]cn-jvIm-c-߃
˛ Agn-aXn
33. BtKmf cwKØv Xß-fpsS B[n-]Xyw \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Ata-cn° kzoI-cn®
X¥-߃ Fs¥√mw?
˛ A¥m-cmjvS GP≥kn-Isf D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn.
˛ ssk\nI kJy-߃ hym]n-∏n-®p.
˛ am[y-a-ßsf Xß-fpsS Xmev]-cy-߃°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-®p.
34. \h-km-am-PyXzw F∂m¬ F¥v?
_lp-cmjvS Iº-\n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS Xmev]-cy-Øn\v th≠n Ahn-I-knX cmPy-ß-fpsS
kmº-Øn-I- -km-aq-lnI˛kmw-kvIm-cnI taJ-e-I-fnep≈ CS-s]-S-emWv \h-km-am-Py-Xzw.
194
35. \h-km-am-Py-Xz-Øns‚ Bi-b-߃ Fs¥√mw?
˛ DZm-c-h¬°cWw
˛ BtKm-f-h¬°-cWw
˛ kzIm-cy-h¬°-cWw
DZm-c-h¬°-cWw : Cd-°p-aXn Ib-‰p-aXn \b-߃ D-Zm-c-am-°n.
kzIm-cy-h¬°-cWw : s]mXp-ta-Jem ÿm]-\-߃ kzIm-cy-h¬°-cn-®p.
BtKm-f-h¬°-cWw : Itºm-f-߃ XΩn¬ AXn-cp-I-fn-√m-Xmbn.
36. BtKm-f-h¬°-c-WsØ Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Ønb A¥m-cmjvS ÿm]-\-߃ GsXms°?
˛ IMF
- WTO
37. BtKm-f-h¬°-cWw hnI-kzc cmPy-ßsf F]-Im-c-amWv _m[n-®Xv?
˛ Xt±-iob kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS XI¿®
˛ s]mXp-ta-Jem ÿm]-\-߃ XI¿∂p
˛ kmaq-lnI tkh-\-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ \n∂v k¿°m¿ ]n∑mdn
˛ ]IrXn hn -h-߃ sIm≈-b-Sn®p
38. "F' tImf-Øn\v tbmPn-®h "_n' tImf-Øn¬ \n∂v Is≠-Øp-I.
F _n
ln‰ve¿ Lm\
thgvkmbn k‘n ]›n-tajy
tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs‚ XI¿® KÃt∏m
aptm-fn\n H∂mw-tem-I-bp≤w
bmk¿ Adm- Øv tKm¿_-t®hv
Izman F≥Iqa C‰en
DØ-c-kq-NnI
Izman F≥Iqa ˛ Lm\
thgvkmbnk‘n ˛ H∂mw-tem-I-bp≤w
tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs‚ XI¿® ˛ tKm¿_-t®hv
aptm-fn\n ˛ C‰en
bmk¿ Adm- Øv ˛ ]›n-tajy
ln‰ve¿ ˛ KÃt∏m
195
bqWn‰v 3
s]mXp-`-cWw
Bi-b-߃
s]mXp`cWw F¥v? F¥n\v?
s]mXp- -c-W-Øns‚ ]m[m-\yw, DtZym-Kÿhrµhpw ]tXy-I-X-I-fpw.
C¥y-bnse DtZym-K-ÿ-hrµw C¥y≥ knhn¬ k¿∆o-kv, c-W-\-ho-I-cW \S-]-Sn-
Iƒ, C -K-th-W≥kv, Adn-bm-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw, hnh-cm-h-Imi IΩo-j≥, tkh\ Ah-
Imi \nb-aw, temI-]m¬, temIm-bp-‡, sk≥S¬ hnPn-e≥kv IΩo-j≥, Hmw_pUvkvam≥.
1. ]Z-kq-cy≥ ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ Kh¨sa‚ v \b-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p
˛ km[-\-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw e`y-am-°p∂p
˛ P\-t£aw Dd-∏m-°p-∂p.
˛
2. s]mXp- -cWw F∂m¬ F¥v?
cmPyØv \ne-hn-ep≈ \nb-a-߃ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ, hnI-k\
]≤-Xn-Iƒ F∂nh \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v `uXnI kml-N-cy-ßfpw a\p-jy-hn- -hhpw ^e-
]-Z-ambn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xns\ s]mXp- -cWw F∂p-]-d-bp-∂p.
3. s]mXp- -c-W-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw hy‡-am-°p-I.
˛ P\-t£aw Dd-∏m-°p∂p
˛ Kh¨sa‚ v \b-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p
˛ km[-\-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw e`y-am-°p∂p
s]mXp-`-c-W-Øns‚
]m[m\yw
P\-Iob ]iv\-߃°v
]cn-lmcw ImWp∂p
196
4. s]mXp- -cW kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ DtZym-Kÿ hrµ-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw hy‡-am-°pI
˛ s]mXp- -cW irwJe Ne-\m-fl-I-am-°p∂p
˛ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ F√m tkh-\-ßfpw P\-ß-fn¬ FØn-°p∂p
˛ cmPy-Øns‚ ssZ\w-Zn\ `c-W-Im-cy-߃ \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂p.
5. DtZym-K-ÿ-hr-µ-Øns‚ s]mXp-hmb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ˛ ^vtfmNm¿´v
tiWn-]-c-amb kwLm-S\w
ê
.............................
ê
............................
ê
............................
ê
sshZKv[yw
DØ-c-kq-NnI
ÿnc-X, tbmKyX ASn-ÿm-\-am°n \nb-a-\w, cmjvSob \njv]-£X
6. C¥y-bnse DtZym-Kÿhrµw
C¥y≥ knhn¬ k¿∆okv
AJn-te¥ym k¿∆okv
˛ tZiob-XeØn¬
sXcs™-Sp-°p∂p
˛ tIµ k¿∆o-kntem
kwÿm\ k¿∆o-kntem
\nb-an-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
DZm:˛ IAS, IPS
tIµ-k¿∆okv
˛ tZio-b-X-e-Øn¬ sXc-
s™-Sp-°p∂p
˛ tIµ Kh- sa‚n\v amXw
AwKo-Im-c-ap≈ c-W-h-Ip-∏p-
I-fn¬ \nb-an-°p-∂p.
DZm:˛ C¥y≥ t^mdn≥
k¿∆o -kv , C¥y≥
sdbn¬sh k¿∆okv
kwÿm\ k¿∆okv
kwÿm\ Xe-Øn¬ sXc-
s™-Sp-°p-∂p.
˛ kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚ns‚
Iogn¬ hcp∂ hIp-∏p-I-fn¬
\nb-an-°p-∂p.
DZm:˛ skbn¬ SmIvkv
Hm^ok¿
197
7. C -K-h-tW¨kv F∂m-se¥v?
Ce-IvtSm-WnIv kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS `c-Ww-KsØ D]-tbm-Kw.
8. C -K-th¨kv ˛ t\ -߃ Fs¥√mw?
˛ hnhc kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS klm-b-Øm¬ tkh\w t\Smw.
˛ k¿°m¿ tkh\w Ipd™ sNe-hnepw thK-Ønepw e`n-°p-∂p.
˛ tkh-\-Øn-\mbn k¿°m¿ Hm^o-kn¬ ImØp-\n¬t°-≠-Xn-√.
9. hnh-cm-h-Imi \nb-a-sØ-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
˛ akvZq¿ Inkm≥ i‡n kwLm-X≥ F∂ kwL-S\ \S-Ønb ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚
^e-ambn \ne-hn¬ h∂p.
˛ 2005 ¬ \nbaw ]m_-ey-Øn¬ h∂p
˛ Kh¨sa‚ v ]h¿Ø-\-߃ kpXm-cy-am-°p∂p
˛ Agn-aXn \nb-¥n-°p∂p
˛ DtZym-K-ÿ-cn¬ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzt_m[w D≠m-°p-∂p.
10. tkh-\m-h-Imi \nb-a-sØ-°p-dn®v hnh-cn-°p-I.
˛ k¿°m¿ Hm^o-kn¬ \n∂pw e`n-°p∂ tkh-\-߃ IrXy-ambpw Dd-∏mbpw
P\-߃°v e`y-am-°m≥ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°p-∂p.
˛ F√m Hm^o-knepw At]-£-I¿°v am¿§-\n¿t±iw \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw
klm-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ambn DtZym-K-ÿsc \nb-an-®n- p-≠m-hpw.
11. temI-]m¬ F∂m-se¥v?
tZio-b-X-e-Øn¬ Agn-aXn tIp-Iƒ At\z-jn®v \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂p.
12. temIm-bp‡ F∂m-se¥v?
kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ Agn-aXn tIkp-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p.
13. sk≥S¬ hnPn-e≥kv IΩo-js‚ tkh-\-ß-tfh?
˛ Agn-aXn XS-bp-∂-Xn\v tZio-b-X-e-Øn¬ 1964 ¬ cq]o-I-cn-®p.
˛ hnPn-e≥kv tIkp-I-fn¬ At\z-jWw \SØn Bh-iy-amb \S-]Sn-Iƒ
ssIs°m-≈p-I-bmWv Npa-X-e.
14. kwÿm\ hnPn-e≥kv IΩo-js‚ ]h¿Ø-\-߃;
kwÿ\ Xe-Øn¬ Agn-aXn tIkp-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p.
15. Hmw_p-Uvkvams‚ tkh-\-߃ Fs¥√mw?
˛ P\-]-Xn-\n-[n-Ifw DtZym-K-ÿcpw Npa-X-e-I-fn¬ hogvN hcp-Øn-bm¬ ]cmXn
\¬Im-\p≈ kwhn-[m-\w.
˛ P\-߃°v t\cn´v ]cmXn ka¿∏n-°mw.
198
˛ k¿∆o-kn¬ \n∂pw hnc-an® sslt°m-SXn PUvPn-sb-bmWv Hmw_p-Uvkvam-\mbn
\nb-an-°p-I.
16. ]n.-F-kv.-kn., bp.-]n.-F-kv.-kn. F∂n-hsb c-W-L\ ÿm]-\-߃ F∂p-hn-fn-°p-∂-
sX-¥p-sIm≠v?
˛ ]n.-F-kv.-kn., bp.-]n.-F-kv.-kn. F∂nh `c-W-L-S\ \nb-asØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n
\ne-hn¬ h∂ ÿm]-\-߃ Bb-Xp-sIm-≠v.
17. hnh-cm-h-Imi \nbaw \ne-hn¬ h∂-sX-t∏mƒ?
2005
18. GXv kwL-S-\-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\- -e-am-bn- mWv hnh-cm-h-Imi \nbaw \ne-hn¬ h∂Xv?
akvZq¿ Inkm≥ i‡n kwLm-X≥
19. ]n.-F-kv.-kn. bp.-]n.-F-kv.-kn.
]ªn°v k¿∆kv IΩo-j≥ bqWn-b≥ ]ªn°v k¿∆okv IΩo-j≥
˛ kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ DtZym-K-ÿsc ˛ tIµ-k¿∆o-kn-te°pw AJn-te¥y
sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p. k¿∆n-kn-te°pw DtZym-K-ÿsc
sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p.
˛ IΩo-js‚ sNb¿am-s\bpw AwK ˛ IΩo-js‚ sNb¿am-s\bpw AwKß
ßsfbpw \nb-an-°p-∂Xv sfbpw \nb-an-°p-∂Xv cmjvS-]-Xn-bm-Wv.
Kh¿W-dm-Wv.
˛ a’-c-]-co-£-bp-sStbm A`n-ap-J˛ ˛ a’-c-]-co-£-bp-sStbm A`n-ap-JØn
Øns‚tbm ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ s‚tbm ASn-ÿ-\-Øn¬ tbmKy-Xbp
tbmKyXbp≈-hsc ≈hsc sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p.
sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p.
20. tIµ-k¿∆okpw AJn-te¥y k¿∆okpw XΩn-epfv hyXym-k-sa¥v?
tIµ-k¿∆okv ˛ tIµ Kh¨sa‚n-\p-amXw A[n-Im-c-ap≈ c-W-h-Ip-∏p-I-fn¬
\nb-an-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
AJn-te¥ym k¿∆okv ˛ tIµ-k¿∆o-kntem kwÿm\ k¿∆o-kntem
\nb-an-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
21. bqWn-b≥ ]ªn°v k¿∆okv IΩo-js‚ sNb¿am-s\bpw AwK-ß-sfbpw \nb-an-
t°-≠-Xmcv?
cm„-]Xn
199
A[ymbw 4
_n´ojv Nqj-Whpw sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-Ifpw
Bi-b-߃
_n´ojv `c-W-Ønse
`q\n-IpXn hyh-ÿ-Iƒ
imizX `q\n-IpXn
db´v hmcn
al¬hmcn
_n´ojv hncp≤
Iem-]-߃
\oew Iem]w
am∏nf Iem]w
k¥mƒ Iem]w
IpdnNy Iem]w
]c-º-cm-KX hyh-km-
b-ß-fpsS XI¿®
XpWn-hy-h-kmbw
a¨]mX \n¿ΩmWw
XpI¬]-Wn, ac-∏Wn
1857- se H∂mw
kzmX-¥y-k-acw
Iem-]-Im-cWw
Iem-]-tI-µ-߃
Iem-]-Øns‚ ]tXy-IX
C¥y≥ \mj-W¬
tIm¨Kkv cq]o-I-cWw
BZy-Ime tZiob t\Xm-°ƒ
tNm¿®m kn≤m¥w
_wKmƒ hn -P\w
kztZin ]ÿm\w
tZio-b-X-bpsS i‡n-s∏-S¬
200
1. _n´ojv `c-W-Øn≥ Iogn-ep≈ hnhn[ \nIp-Xn-Isf Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv hn - mKw
]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-I.
DØc-kq-NnI
F) Z£n-tW-¥y-bn¬ \S-∏m°n
_n)skao-µm¿ \nIpXn ]ncn-®p.
kn) Irjn- q-an-bpsS DS-a-ÿ≥ I¿j-I≥
Un) AanX \nIpXn, hnf-hns‚ 60%
C) \nIpXn \n›-bn® ka-bØv ]W-ambn \¬I-Ww.
2. _n´ojv \b-߃ Irjnsb hmWnPyhXvI-cn-®-sX-ßs\?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ `£y-hn-f-Iƒ°v ]Icw \mWy-hn-f-Iƒ h≥tXm-Xn¬ Irjn-sN-bvX-t∏m-gp≈
am‰-amWv Irjn-bnse hmWn-Py-h¬°-c-Ww.
˛ _n´o-jp-°m-cpsS Aan-X-\n-IpXn
˛ \n›nX ka-bØv \nIpXn ]Wambv \¬IWw
˛ ]Xn-Iqe kml-N-cy-Øn¬ I¿j-I¿ bqtdm-]y≥ mIvS-dn-bn-te°v Bh-iy-ap≈
hnf Irjn-sN-øm≥ XpS-ßn.
DZm: \oew, ]cp-Øn, Icn-ºv, tXbne
3. C¥y-bn¬ \oew Irjn hym]n-®-sX-ßs\?
˛ 18˛mw \q‰m-≠nse hyh-km-b-hn-πhw XpWn \n¿ΩmW cwKØv am‰w D≠m-°n.
˛ \oew Irjn-bpsS Bh-iy-IX h¿≤n-®p.
imizX \nIpXn db‰vhmcn al¬hmcn
_wKmƒ, _olm¿, Hdo
F∂o ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬.......(-F).......
hS-°v- -]-Sn-™m-dv
C¥y-bn¬
......(-_n)....... DtZym-K-ÿ¿ t\cn´v
\nIpXn ]ncn®p
al-ense Kma-Ø-e-
h≥ \nIpXn ]ncn-®p.
`qan-bpsS DSa skao-µm¿
I¿j-I≥ IpSn-bm≥
Irjn- q-an-bpsS DSa
I¿j-I≥
......(-kn)......
......(-Un)..... Aan-X-\n-IpXn \nc°v Aan-X-\n-IpXn \nc°v
\nIpXn ]W-ambn \n›nX
ka-bØv \¬IWw
\nIpXn ]W-ambn
\¬IWw......(-C).....
201
˛ \nIp-Xn-bm¬ ]bm-k-s∏-Sp∂ I¿j-I¿°v henb XpI _n´o-jp-Im-cn¬ \n∂pw
In´n-b-t∏mƒ `£y-hn-f-Iƒ°v ]Icw \mWy-hn-f-Iƒ sNbvXp.
4. _n´o-jp-Im¿s°-Xnsc tKmX-hn- m-K-߃ \S-Ønb ka-c-߃?
1. k¥mƒ Iem]w
˛ _wKmƒ, _olm¿, Qm¿Jfiv F∂o kwÿm-\-ß-fnse cmPval¬ Ip∂ns‚
Xmgvhc-bn¬ Pohn-®-h¿ ˛ k¥mƒ P\X
˛ _n´o-jp-Im¿ h\-ßsf kwc-£n-X-ta-J-e-bm°n ]Jym-]n-®p. Ah¿°v
Im´n-te°v ]th-i\w \ntj-[n-®p. Im´n¬ \n∂v tiJ-cn® hn -h-߃°v AanX
\nIpXn hmßn.
˛ skao-µm¿amcpw ]en-i-°mcpw km¥m-f-cpsS `qan ssI°-em-°n.
˛ sdbn¬th, tXm´w hyh-kmbw F∂n-h-bpsS tPmen°v ASn-a-I-sf-t∏mse
]Wn-sb-Sp-∏n-®p.
˛ kn±p, Im\p F∂n-h¿ Iem-]-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬In. _n´o-jp-Im¿ Iem]w
ASn-®-a¿Øn.
2. IpdnNy Iem]w
˛ hb-\m- nse tKmX P\-X-bmWv Ipdn-Ny¿, Ipdp-º¿
˛ _n´ojvIm¿ AanX \nIpXn NpaØn
˛ \nIpXn ]W-ambv ]ncn-s®-Sp-Øp.
˛ \nIpXn AS-°m-Ø-h-cpsS `qan ]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp.
˛ IpdnNy t\Xmhv cma≥ \ºn Iem-]-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬In.
˛ cma≥ \ºn h[n-°-s∏- p. Iem]w ASn-®-a¿Øn.
5. _n´o-jp-Im¿s°-Xnsc \S∂ I¿jI ka-c-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
\oew I¿jI Iem]w 1859
˛ \oe-Øn\v Ipd™ hne \¬In _n´o-
jp-Im¿ I¿j-Isc NqjWw sNbvXp.
˛ IrXn-a-®m-b-߃ Is≠-ØnbXv \oe-
Øns‚ Bhiyw Ipd-®p.
˛ \oew I¿j-I¿ 1859 ¬ _wKm-fn¬ kwL-
Sn-®p. \oew Irjn Dt]-£n-°p∂p F∂v
]Jym-]n-®p.
ae-_m¿ Iem]w 1921
˛ ae-_m-dnse ap…ow-߃ am∏nf F∂-dn-
b-s∏-´p.
˛ P∑n-bpsS `qan ]m´-Øn-s\-SpØv Irjn-
sN-bvXp.
˛ _n´o-jp-Im¿ NqjWw sNbvXp. P∑n-am¿
IpSn-sbm-gn-∏n-°¬ \S-Øn.
˛ 1921˛ ¬ P∑n-am¿s°-Xn-scbpw _n´o-jp-
202
6. C¥y-bn¬ B[p-\nI hyh-km-b-߃ Bcw- n® tijw ^mIvSdn sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ
]t£m]w \S-Øm-\p≈ Imc-W-߃ Is≠Øn ]Z-kq-cy≥ \n¿Ωn-°p-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ \oew I¿j-I¿ mIvS-dn-Iƒ BI-an-®p.
_n´o-jp-Imsc ]n¥p-W-®-hsc _ln-jvI-
cn-®p.
˛ kvXoIƒ, sIm¬°-Ø-bn¬ \ns∂-
Ønb hnZym-k-º-∂¿ F∂n-h¿ Iem-]-
Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øp.
˛ _o´ojv \ntbm-Kn® IΩo-j≥ \oew
Irjn \n¿Øm≥ \n¿t±-in-®p.
ImcpsS \nIpXn \b-߃s°-Xn-scbpw
Iem]w \S-∂p.
˛ MSP F∂p t]meokv tk\-bpsS klm-
b-Øm¬ Iem]w ASn-®-a¿Øn.
7. ]c-º-cm-KX hyh-km-b-ß-fpsS XI¿®-bv°p≈ Imc-W-߃
]c-º-cm-KX hyh-kmbw XI¿®-bv°p≈ ImcWw
XpWn hyhkmbw ˛ Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°-fpsS Ib-‰p-aXn
˛ Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS Ipd™ hne
˛ Ipd™ Iqen
a¨]mX \n¿ΩmWw ˛ Aeq-an-\nbw ]mX-Øns‚ Cd-°p-aXn
XpI¬∏Wn ˛ XpI¬ bqtdm-∏n-te°v Ib-‰p-aXn
ac-∏Wn ˛ teml-\n¿ΩnX b¥-ß-fpsS D]-tbmKw
8. 1857 ˛ se H∂mw kzmX-¥y-k-acw
Imc-W-߃
˛ I¿j-I-cpsS ZpcnXw
˛ cmPm-°-∑m-¿ t\cn´ ]bmkw
˛ in]m-bn-am¿°n-S-bnse ]iv\-߃
kpc-£n-X-Xz-
an-√mbva
sXmgn-emfn ]t£m]w
Imc-W-߃
\o≠ tPmen kabw
A\m-tcm-Ky-I-c-amb
Xmak kuIcywIpd-™-Iqen
203
˛ aXhnImcw hWs∏´Xv
˛ Ic-Iu-ie sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS ZmcnZyw
˛ ]c-º-cm-KX hyh-kmb XI¿®
]tXy-I-X-Iƒ
˛ in]m-bn-am¿°n-S-bn¬ Iem]w Bcw- n®p ˛ awK¬]msfi
˛ cmPm-°-∑m¿, I¿j-I¿, Ic-Iu-ie ]Wn-°m¿ F∂n-h¿ ]s¶-Sp-Øp.
˛ lnµp ap…nw sFIyw
Iem] t\XrXzw
˛ U¬ln ˛ _l-Zq¿j
˛ Qm≥kn ˛ dmWn-e-£van-`mbn
˛ Im¨]q¿ ˛ \m\m-km-ln_v
9. kztZin ]ÿm-\hpw ka-chpw
˛ _n´ojv DXv]-∂-_-ln-jvI-cWw
Xt±-i-h-kvXp-hns‚ D]-tbmKw
˛ kvXoIƒ, sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ, hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ
F∂n-h¿ ka-c-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øp.
˛ kztZin hyh-kmbw Bcw- n-®p.
(Xp-Wn-an¬, Ccp-ºp-cp-°v, _m¶p-Iƒ)
10. tNm¿® kn-≤m¥w
C¥y-bnse kº-Øns‚ \s√mcp ]¶v _n´-\n-te°v Hgp-In-b-Xn-\m¬
C¥y-bn¬ ]´n-Wnbpw Zmcn-Zyhpw D≠mbn F∂ ZmZm-_mbv \h-tdm-Pn-bpsS
\nK-a-\w.
11. C¥y≥ kºØv _n -\n-te°v tNm¿∂ hgn-Iƒ
˛ Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-hns‚ Ib-‰p-aXn
˛ _n´ojv DtZym-K-ÿ-cpsS iº-fhpw s]≥j\pw
˛ _n´ojv \n¿ΩnX D¬∏-∂-߃ hn‰-gn-°pI hgn
˛ C¥y-bn¬ \n∂v ]ncn-s®-SpØ \nIp-Xn-Iƒ
12. C¥y≥ \mj-W¬ tIm¨Kkv cq]o-I-cn® h¿jw?
˛ 1885 Unkw-_¿ t_mwss_
13. ae-_m¿ Iem-]sØ°pdn®v ]Tn-°m≥ _n´o-jp-Im¿ \ntbm-Kn® IΩo-j≥ GXv?
˛ hneyw temK≥ IΩo-j≥
204
14. ZmZm-_mbv \h-tdmPn tNm¿® kn≤m¥w Ah-X-cn-∏n® KŸw?
]h¿´n B‚ v A¨ _n´ojv dqƒ C¥y
15. ""sa®-s∏´ hntZi c-W-tØ-°mƒ \√Xv Xt±-io-b-cpsS sa®-s∏´ c-W-amWv'' F∂v
]d-™-Xv?
_me-Kw-Km-[c XneIv (C¥y≥ AkzÿXbpsS ]nXmhv)
16. em¬- -]m¬- -_m¬ F∂-dn-b-s∏´ tZiob t\Xm-°ƒ?
emem- -e-Pv]Xvdmbv, _n]n≥N-µ-]m¬, _me-Kw-Km-[c XneIv
17. PmXn- -a-X- -h¿§- -]m-tZ-inI hyXy-kvX-an-√msX Hcp cmPysØ P\-߃°n-S-bn¬ \ne-
\n¬°p∂ sFIy-t_m[w?
tZio-bX
205
A[ymbw 5
kwkvIm-chpw tZio-b-Xbpw
1. C¥y-bn¬ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-°p∂Xn\mbn _n´≥ kzoI-cn® \b-߃
Fs¥m-s°-bmWv?
˛ Cw•ojv hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ XpS°w
˛ C¥y≥ P-\-X-bpsS Pohn -X-sØbpw kwkvIm-c -sØbpw Bg-Øn¬
Adn-bp-∂-Xn-\v.
˛ Cw•ojv hnZym- ym-k-Øn-eqsS Hcp hn`mKw C¥y-°m-cpsS ]n¥pW t\Sm≥.
2. hnZym- ym-k-cw-KsØ _n´o-jp-Im-cpsS CS-s]-S¬ C¥y-°m-cn¬ sFIy-t_m[w
krjvSn-®-sX-ßs\?
˛ Cw•ojv hnZym- ymkw e`n® C¥y-°m¿ _n´ojv IS-∂p-I-b-‰sØ
FXn¿t°≠XmWv F∂v a\-n-em-°n.
˛ Cw•ojv hnZym- ymkw e`n-®-h¿ tZiob hnZym-e-b-߃ ÿm]n-®p.
˛ atX-Xc hnZym- ym-ksØ t]m’m-ln-∏n-®p.
˛ C¥y≥ kaq-l-Ønse A\m-Nm-c-߃°v FXn-cmbn H‰-s°- mbn ]h¿Øn-®p.
3. tZiob ka-c-Im-esØ _n´ojv hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚bpw tZiob hnZym- ym-k-Øn-
s‚bpw \b-߃ Xmc-Xsay sNøp-I.
tZio-b-hn-Zym- ymkw Cw•ojv hnZym- ymkw
˛ C¥y≥ kaq-l-Ønse Ak-a-XzsØ ˛ Cw•ojv Pohn-X-co-Xn-tbmSv Xmev]cy
FXn¿Øp. ap≈ Hcp Xe-ap-dsb krjvSn-°m≥
ian-®p.
˛ _n´ojv `c-WsØ FXn¿Øp ˛ Hcp hn`mKw C¥y-°m-cpsS ]n¥pW
˛ C¥y-°m-cn¬ tZio-b-Im-gvN-∏mSv t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ ian-®p.
D≠m-°n.
˛ tZiob `mj-bmbn lnµn Db¿∂p-
h-∂p.
4. C¥y≥ tZio-bX cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ kmln-Xyw, Ie F∂n-h-bv°p≈ ]¶v
hni-Z-am-°p-I.?
˛ P\-ß-fpsS Zpcn-X-߃ kmln-Xy-Im-c≥am¿ hnh-cn-®p.
206
˛ a‰v ]tZ-i-ß-fnse P\-ß-fpsS Zpcn-X-߃ Xß-fp-tS-Xm-sW∂ t_m[w
P\-ß-fn-ep-≠m-°n.
˛ C¥y-°m-cpsS PohnX bmYm¿∞y-߃ kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m¿ hnh-cn-®p.
5. \µ-em¬ t_mkns‚ "kXn' F∂ NnXw tZio-b-X-bv°-\p-Iq-e-amb Fs¥√mw
at\m- m-h-ß-fmWv P\-ß-fn¬ krjvSn-®n- p-≠m-hpI?
˛ Zpcm-Nm-c-߃s°-Xn-cmb at\m- mhw P\-ß-fn¬ D≠m-°n
˛ kvXoIƒs°-Xn-cmb hnth-N-\-߃ Hgn-hm-°m-\p≈ at\m- m-hw.
6. ÿm]\w hy‡n-Iƒ
Gjym-‰nIv skmssk‰n Hm^v _wKmƒ hneyw tPm¨kv
I¬°´ aZk hmd≥ tlmÃnwKvkv
_\m-dkv kwkvIrX tImtfPv sPms\m-Y≥ U¶≥
]mtZ-inI `mjm-]X \nbaw en´≥ ]`p
7. hn[-h-I-fpsS ]p\¿hn-hm-l-Øn-\mbn _wKm-fn¬ ]h¿Øn® hy‡n-bmcv?
Cuiz-c-Nµ hnZym-km-K¿
8. ]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse C¥y-bnse kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvI¿Øm-°ƒ apt∂m- p-sh®
Bi-b-߃ C¥y-bn¬ kmaq-ln-I-am-‰Øn\v FX-amXw klm-I-c-am-bn- p-≠v?
--˛ PmXn-hy-h-ÿsb \n¿Ωm¿÷\w sNøp-I.
˛ kvXoIƒs°-Xn-cmb hnth-N\w Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-I.
˛ F√m-h¿°pw hnZym- ymkw \¬Ip-I.
˛ hn[hm ]p\¿hn-hmlw \S-∏n-em-°p-I.
˛ Zpcm-Nm-c-ßsf FXn¿Øp.
˛ ssiih hnhm-lw, ]utcm-lnXyw F∂nh Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-I.
˛ kzmX-¥yw, ka-Xzw, kzX-¥-Nn¥ F∂n-hsb t]m’m-ln-∏n-®p.
9. C¥y≥ tZio-b-X-bpsS Bhn¿`m-h-Øn\v hnZym- ymkw hln® ]¶v hni-Z-am-°p-I.
˛ _n´ojv Nqj-W-sØbpw C¥y≥ kaq-l-Ønse A\m-Nm-c-ß-sfbpw
FXn¿°p-∂-Xn\v hnZym- ymkw klm-b-I-am-bn.
-˛ tZiob hnZym-e-b-߃ tZiob t_m[w hf¿Øn
˛ atX-Xc hnZym- ymkw \¬In
˛ kztZin ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ hf¿®bv°v Imc-W-am-bn.
˛ SmtKm-dns‚ hnZym- ymk coXn-Iƒ A¥¿tZ-iob kmtlm-Z-cy-Øn\v ]m[m\yw
\¬In.
207
10. ]cn-jvI-cW ]ÿm-\-߃ hy‡n-Iƒ
kzm`n-am\ ]ÿm\w C.-hn. cma-kzman \mbvI¿
kXy-tim-[Iv kamPw tPymXn-_m-^pse
_lvak-amPw cmPmdmw taml≥dmbv
]m¿∞\m kamPw Bflmdmw ]mfip-cwKv
10. C¥y≥ tZio-b-]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ Bi-b-߃ ]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ h¿Ø-am-\-]-X-
߃ hln® ]¶v hni-Z-am-°p-I.
˛ _n´ojv Kh¨sa‚ns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-ßsf ]X-ß-fn-eqsS hna¿in-®p.
˛ tZio-b-X, kmaq-ly-]-cn-jv°-c-Ww, P\m-[n-]-Xyw XpS-ßnb
Bi-b-߃°v Du∂¬ \¬In.
˛ kmaqlnI Xn∑Iƒs°Xncmbn ]XnIcn°m≥ P\ßsf t]cn∏n®p.
11. sXmgn-e-[n-jvTnX hnZym-`ymk ]≤Xn cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ Km‘n-Pnsb t]cn-∏n®
LS-I-߃ Fs¥√mw?
˛ hnZym¿∞n-bm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Nne sXmgn-ep-Iƒ ]Tn-®m¬ AXv `mhn-bn¬
Pohn-X-Øn\v KpW-I-c-am-Ipw.
˛ sXmgn-e-[n-jvTnX hnZym- ymkw In´nb Xe-apd _n´o-jp-Imsc ]Xn-tcm-[n-°pw.
12. C¥y≥ skmssk‰n Hm^v Hmdn-b‚¬ B¿Svkv ÿm]n-®-Xmcv?
A©-\o-µ-\mYv SmtKm¿ (Nn-X-Im-c≥)
13. C¥ybpsS kmaqly]cnjv°cWØn¬ cmPmdmw taml≥dmbpsS ]s¶¥v?
˛ C¥y≥ kaqlØns‚ B[p\nIh¬°cWØn\mbn hmZn®p.
˛ PmXnhyhÿsb FXn¿Øp.
˛ "kXn' \n¿Øem°m≥ th≠n ]bXv\n®p.
˛ "_lvakamPw' ÿm]n®p.
14. CuizcNµ hnZymkmK¿ ˛ hn[hIfpsS ]p\¿hnhmlw ˛ kvXohnZym`ymkw
15. ]finX cam_mbn ˛ "imcZmkZ≥' ˛ hn[hm hnZym`ymkw
16. _n´ojpIm¿ \nbaw aqew \ntcm[n® kmaqly A\mNmc߃ Fs¥√mw?
˛ ASnaØw
˛ kXn
˛ s]¨iniplXy
˛ ssiih hnhmlw
˛ _lp`mcymXzw
˛ hn[hm]p\¿hnhmlw
17. ]mtZinI`mjm ]X\nbaw
˛ 1978 ¬ \S∏nem°n
˛ h¿Øam\ ]Xßsf \nb¥n°¬
˛ en´≥ ]`p
208
A[ymbw 6
kachpw kzmX-¥yhpw
Bi-b-߃
F) ˛ Km‘nPn t\XrXzw \¬Inb ]mtZ-inI ka-c-ß-ƒ
˛ Nºm-c≥ ka-cw, Al-Ω-Zm-_mZv XpWn-an¬ kacw
˛ tJZ-bnse kacw
_n) tZio-b-k-a-c-߃
˛ due‰v BIvSv
˛ Pmen-b≥ hmem-_mKv Iq -s°me
kn) Km‘nPn t\XrXzw \¬Inb tZiob ka-c-߃
˛ \n-l-I-cW kacw
˛ knhn¬ \nb-a-ew-L\w
˛ Izn‰v C¥y kacw
Un) thdn´ Bi-b-߃
˛ hnπh ]ÿm-\-߃
˛ sXmgn-emfn I¿jI ]ÿm-\-߃
C) kzmX-¥y-Øn-te°v
au≠v _m‰¨ ]≤Xn
1. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS BZy-Ime ka-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.
kacw ]tZiw h¿jw
Nºm-c≥ kacw ................... ....................
......................... KpP-dmØv ....................
......................... ................... 1918
DØ-c-kq-NnI
Nºm-c≥ kacw ˛ _olm¿ ˛ 1917
Al-Ω-Zm-_mZv XpWn-an¬ kacw ˛ KpP-dmØv ˛ 1918
tJZ-bnse I¿j-I-k-acw ˛ KpP-dmØv ˛ 1918
2. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS BZy-Ime ka-c-ß-fpsS ^e-߃ Fs¥√mw?
˛ tZiob ]ÿm-\-Øn-te°v km[m-c-W-°mcmb P\-߃ BI¿jn-°-s∏- p.
˛ Km‘nPn F√m-hn- mKw P\-߃°pw kzoIm-cy-\mb t\Xm-hmbn amdn.
209
˛ ] -W-ß-fn¬ amXw HXpßn \n∂n-cp∂ tZiob ]ÿm-\-Øn\v Kma-]-tZ-i-ß-
fn¬ thtcm- -ap-≠m-bn.
3. C¥y-bnse km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS hnizm-khpw AwKo-Im-chpw t\Sm≥ Km‘n-Pn°p
hfsc s]s´∂v Xs∂ Ign-™-Xns‚ Imc-W-߃ Fs¥-√m-am-bn-cp∂p?
˛ Xß-fpsS F√m ]iv\-ßfpw ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ c£-I-\mbn Km‘n-Pnsb
km[m-c-W-°m¿ hne-bn-cp-Øn.
˛ Z£n -Wm - ^n -°-bn¬ Km‘nPn \S -Ønb ka-c -߃ At±-lsØ
]i-kvX-\m-°n.
˛ km[m-c-W-°m-sc-t∏m-se-bp≈ At±-l-Øns‚ PohnXw P\-߃°v IqSp-X¬
kzoIm-cy-\m-°n.
4. `oI-c-hmZ ]h¿Ø\w XS-bm-s\∂ t]cn¬ _n´o-jp-Im¿ \S-∏n-em-°nb \nbaw
GXm-bn-cp∂p?
1919 ¬ \S∏n-em-°nb due‰v \nbaw
5. Pmen-b≥ hmem-_mKv kw -h-sØ-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
due‰v \nb-a-Øn-s\-Xnsc ]©m-_nse Pmen-b≥ hmem-_mKv F∂ ÿeØv
kam-[m-\-]-c-ambn Hcp s]mXp-tbmKw \S-∂p. bmsXmcp ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-an-√msX
P\-d¬ Ub-dns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ]´mfw \nd-sbm-gn-®p. cmPysØ \Sp-°nb
Cu kw`hw _n´ojv `c-W-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d-bn-f-°n.
6. due‰v \nbaw ]mm-°m≥ \n¿t±iw \¬Inb IΩn-‰n-bpsS A[y-£≥?
k¿ knUv\n due‰v
7. due‰v \nbaw F¥m-sW∂v hni-Z-am-°pI?
due‰v \nb-a-]-Imcw GsXm-cm-sfbpw AdÃv sNbvXv hnNm-cW IqSmsX
XS-¶-en¬ hbv°m-\p≈ A[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
8. \n-l-I-cW ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-fpambn _‘-s∏´v ]Z-kq-cy≥
]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.
\n-l-I-cW ]ÿm\w
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
hntZ-i-h-kvXp-°ƒ
_ln-jvI-cn-°pI
210
˛ \nIpXn \¬Im-Xn-cn-°pI
˛ sXc-s™-Sp-∏p-Iƒ _ln-jvI-cn-°pI
˛ h°o-e-∑m¿ tImS-Xn-Iƒ _ln-jvI-cn-°pI
9. Jnem- Øv ]ÿm-\-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬InbXv Bscm-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p?
˛ auem\m apl-Ω-Zen
˛ auem\ ju°-Øen
.
10. Jnem- Øv ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ ^ew F¥m-bn-cp∂p?
˛ _n´ojv hncp≤ at\m- mhw C¥y-bpsS ap°nepw aqe-bnepw FØn.
˛ lnµp ap…ow sFIyw i‡n-s∏- p.
11. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S∂ \n-l-I-cW ka-c-Øns‚ ^e-߃?
-˛ kvXoI-fS°ap≈ P\-߃ hntZi hkvX-߃ s]mXp-\n-c-Øp-I-fn¬
Iq´n-bn´v IØn-®p
˛ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ ]Wn-ap-S°n
˛ h°o-e-∑m¿ tImS-Xn-bn¬ t]mIm≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-®p
˛ I¿j-I¿ \nIpXn \¬Im≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-®p
12. \n-l-I-cW kacw \n¿Ønh-bv°m≥ Km‘n-Pnsb t]cn -∏n® kw`hw
F¥m-bn-cp∂p?
˛ Nucn-Nuc kw`hw
DØ¿]-tZ-inse Nucn-Nuc Kma-Ønse P\-߃ t]meokv tÃj≥
BI-an®v Xobn´ kw`hw
13. C¥y≥ kzmX-¥y-k-a -c -Øn¬ A¥n-a -e£yw ]q¿Æ-kz -cmPv BsW∂v
]Jym-]n-®Xv GXv ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬?
1929 se emtlm¿ ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ sh®v
14. sF.-F≥.-kn. bpsS emtlm¿ ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ A[y-£X hln-®-Xmcv?
Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp
211
15. ]Z-kq-cy≥ ]q¿Ønbm-°p-I.
˛ cmjvSob XS-hp-Imsc hn -b-°pI
˛ kºq¿Æ aZy-\n-tcm-[\w \S-∏n-em-°pI
˛ Irjn-Im¿°v 50% \nIp-Xn-bn-fhv \¬IpI
16. knhn¬ \nbaewL-\-Øn\v Km‘nPn D∏v Hcp ka-cm-bp-[-ambn sXc-s™-Sp-°m≥
Imc-W-sa¥v?
-˛ D∏ns‚ hne aq∂n-c´n h¿≤n-∏n-®p
˛ Xt±-io-b¿°v D∏v D≠m-°m≥ AhIm-i-an√
˛ km[m-c-W-°msc DW¿Øm≥ DX-Ip∂ Hcp ka-cm-bp-[-am-bn-c-∂p.
17. KpP-dm-Ønse [cm-k\ ka-c-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬In-b-Xmcv?
˛ ktcm-Pn\n \mbnUp
18. D∏p-kXymK-l-Øn-eqsS Km‘nPn ssIh-cn® t\ -߃ Gh?
˛ P\-ß-fpsS h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ ]n¥pW t\Snsb-Sp-°m≥ km[n®p
˛ _n´ojv k¿°m-cns‚ NqjWw G‰hpw efn-X-amb am¿§Øn-eqsS P\-ßsf
t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ km[n-®p.
˛ \nm-c-sa∂p tXm∂p∂ P\-Iob ]iv\-ßsf t]mepw i‡-amb
ka-cm-bp-[-am-°m≥ km[n°pw F∂v sXfn-bn-®p.
19. C¥y-bn¬ c-W-L-S\ ]cn-jv°mcw \S-∏n-em-°-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏ v \S-Ønb kacw
GXm-bn-cp∂p?
˛ Izn‰v C¥y kcw 1942
D∏pkXym-K-l-Øns‚
Bh-iy-߃
Xoc-tZi KXm-KXw
Bcw- n-°pI
D∏v \nIpXn
FSpØpI-f-bpI
212
20. Izn‰v C¥y ka-c-Øns‚ `mK-ambn Km‘nPn P\-߃°v \¬Inb \n¿t±-i-߃
Fs¥-√m-am-bn-cp-∂p?
˛ I¿j-I¿ \nIpXn sImSp-°-cpXv
˛ C¥y≥ ]´m-f-°m¿ C¥y-°m¿°v t\sc shSn-bp-Xn¿°-cpXv
˛ \m´p-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿ kz¥w P\-ß-fpsS ]c-am-[n-Imcw AwKo-I-cn°Ww
˛ k¿°m¿ Poh-\-°m¿ cmPn hbv°msX tZiob ]ÿm-\-tØm-Sp≈ Iqdv
]c-ky-am-°Ww
21. icn-bmbn Ia-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
C¥y-bpsS hnhn[ `mK-ß-fnep≠mb I¿jI ka-cw, \S∂ ÿe-߃ F∂nh
tN¿sØ-gp-Xp-I.
ka-c-߃ \S∂ ÿe-߃
sX`mK kacw t_mws_
sXe-¶m\ kacw B‘-]-tZiv
\mhnI Iem]w t_mws_
DØ-c-kq-NnI
sX`mK kacw _wKmƒ
sXe-¶m\ kacw B‘-]-tZiv
\mhnI Iem]w t_mws_
22. Inkm≥ am\n-s -tÃmbv°v cq]w \¬In-b-Xmcv?
t_mws_-bnse AJn-te¥y Inkm≥ kanXn
23. Inkm≥ am\n-s -tÃm-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønb ][m\ Bh-iy-߃ Gh?
˛ `q\n-Ip-Xnbpw ]m´hpw 50% Ipd-bv°pI
˛ IS-߃ ac-hn-∏n-°pI
˛ ^yqU¬ \nIp-Xn-Iƒ d±m-°pI
˛ I¿jI bqWn-b-\p-Isf AwKo-I-cn-°pI
24. djy≥ hnπ-h-Øn-\p-tijw C¥y-bn¬ cq]o-I-cn°-s∏´ sXmgn-emfn ]ÿm-\-߃
GsX√mw? Ah-bpsS ][m\ e£y-߃ Gh?
˛ Al-Ω-Zm-_mZv sSIvssì Atkm-kn-tb-j≥
˛ aZmkv te_¿ bqWn-b≥
˛ AJn-te¥y tSUv bqWn-b≥
213
* sXmgn-emfn h¿§-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ kwL-Sn-°p-Ibpw ]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI
* C¥y≥ sXmgn-emfn h¿§hpw cmPy-Øn-\p-]p-d-Øp≈ sXmgn-emfn h¿§-hp-ambn
tN¿∂p-]-h¿Øn-°p-I.
25. C¥y≥ kzmX-¥y-k-a-c-Øn¬ INA bpsSbpw kp_mjvNµ t_mkn-s‚bpw ]¶v
hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
˛ t^m¿th¿Uv tªm°v F∂ ]m¿´n cq]o-I-cn®p
˛ dmjv _nlmcn t_mkv cq]o-I-cn® INA bpsS t\XrXzw Gs‰-SpØp
˛ knwK-]q-cn¬ sh®v kzX-¥-`m-c-X-Øn\v Hcp XmevIm-enI Kh¨sa‚ v
At±-l-Øns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ cq]w-sIm-≠p.
˛ P∏ms‚ klm-b-tØmsS INA C¥y-bpsS hS-°v- -In-g-°≥ AXn¿Øn hsc
FØp-Ibpw Cw^m-en¬ tZiob ]XmI Db¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
26. ]©m_pw _wKmfpw c≠mbn hn -Pn-°Ww F∂v \n¿t±-in® ]≤Xn GXv?
au≠v _m‰¨ ]≤Xn
27. au≠v _m‰¨ ]≤-Xn-bnse ][m\ \n¿t±-i-ß-tfh?
˛ ]©m_pw _wKmfpw c≠mbn hn -Pn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv
˛ ap…o-߃°v `qcn-]-£-ap≈ ]tZ-iØv Ah¿ BK-ln-°p∂ ]£w Hcp
]tXyI cmPyw A\p-h-Zn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
˛ hS-°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ AXn¿Øn ]tZ-i-߃°v lnX-]-cn-tim-[-\-bpsS
ASn -ÿm-\ -Øn¬ ]m°n -ÿm-\n¬ tNctWm th≠tbm F∂v
Xocp-am-\n-°mw.
28. tIm¨Kv tkmjy-enÃv ]m¿´n-bpsS t\Xm-°ƒ Bsc√mw?
Ph-l¿em¬ s\lp, kp_mjvNµ t_mkv, AcpW Ak-^-en,
Pb-]-Imiv \mcm-b-W≥
29. C¥y°v kzmX¥yw \¬Im≥ _n´s\ t]cn-∏n® LS-I-ß-tfh?
˛ _n´≥ kmº-ØnI-ambn Zp¿_-e-ambn
˛ Gjy-bnepw B^n-°-bnepw kzmX-¥y-k-a-c-߃ i‡n-s∏- p.
˛ tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b\pw Ata-cn -°bpw tImf-\n -hm-g vN-bvs°-Xnsc
\S-]Sn FSpØp
214
30. hnπh ]ÿm-\-ß-sfbpw AXn\p t\XrXzw \¬In-b-h-scbpw tN¿sØ-gp-Xp-I.
A`n-\hv `mcXv skmssk‰n ˛ emem l¿Z-bm¬
A\p ioe≥k-anXn ˛ hnUn kh¿°¿
K±¿ ]m¿´n ˛ kqcy-sk≥
C¥y≥ dn∏-ªn-°≥ B¿an ˛ dmjv _nlmcn t_mkv
31. Km‘n-b≥ ka-c-co-Xn-bn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-amb ]ÿm-\-ßfpw hy‡n-Ifpw
C¥y-bpsS tZiob ka-c-Øn¬ \n¿Æm-bI ]¶v hln-®p. GsX-¶nepw aq∂v
]ÿm-\-ßfpw Ah-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw hni-Z-am-°p-I.
˛ kzcmPv ]m¿´n ˛ tamØn-em¬ s\lp, _n.-B¿. Zmkv \nb-a-\n¿ΩmW
k`-bn-te-°p≈ sXcs™Sp-∏n¬ a’-cn-°p-Ibpw \nb-a-k` t]mcm´
thZn-bm-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.
˛ lnµp-ÿm≥ tkmjy-enÃv dn∏-ªn-°≥ Atkm-kn-tb-j≥
`KXvknwKv, Nµ-ti-J¿ Bkm-Zv , cmPvKpcp, kpJvtZhv F∂n-h¿
t\XrXzw \¬In.
C¥y≥ kwÿm-\ -ß-fpsS s^U-d¬ dn∏ -ªnIv ÿm]n -°p -∂-Xn\v
kmbp-[-hn-πhw kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.
215
A[ymbw 7
kzmX-¥ym-\-¥c C¥y
Bi-b-߃
˛ A -bm¿∞n ]hmlw
˛ \m´p-cm-Py-ß-fpsS kwtbm-P\w
˛ `c-W-L-S\ cq]o-I-cWw
˛ `mjm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw
˛ kmº-ØnI taJ-e-bnse apt∂-‰-߃
˛ ikvX-km-t¶-XnI t\ -߃
˛ C¥ybpw _ln-cm-Imi Kth-j-Whpw
˛ hnZym-`ymkw
˛ kmwkvIm-cnI t\ -߃
˛ hntZ-i-\bw
1. kzX¥ C¥y-bn¬ A`-bm¿∞n ]hmlw D≠m-Im-\n-S -bp≈ kml-Ncyw
]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.
˛ C¥y hn -P\w
˛ C¥y-bn¬ \n∂pw ]mIn-ÿm-\n-te°pw Xncn-®p-ap≈ A -bm¿∞n ]hmlw
˛ h¿§ob el-f-Iƒ
2. kzX¥ C¥y-bn¬ \m´p-cm-Py-ß-fpsS kwtbm-P-\-Øn-\mbn eb-\-°-cm¿
Xøm-dm-°nb hy‡n-Iƒ Bscms°?
˛ k¿Zm¿ h√- mbn ]t´¬
˛ hn.-]n. tat\m≥
3. C¥y≥ bqWn-b-\n¬ tNcm≥ hnk-Ω-Xn® \m´p-cm-Py-߃ GsX√mw? Ch ]n∂oSv
C¥y≥ bqWn-bs‚ `mK-am-b-sX-ßs\?
˛ sslZ-cm-_mZv ˛ Imivao¿ ˛ Pp\-KUv
˛ A\p-c-RvP-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw ssk\nI \S-]-Sn-I-fn-eq-sS-bpw.
4. C¥y-bn¬ `mjm-Sn -ÿm-\-Øn¬ kwÿm-\-߃ cq]w-sIm-≈m-\n -S -bmb
kml-N-cy-߃ Fs¥-√m-am-bn-cp∂p?
˛ Htc `mj kwkm-cn-°p-∂-h¿ hyXykvX kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬
216
˛ t]m‰n iocm-a-ep-hns‚ c‡-km-£nXzw
˛ kwÿm\ ]p\x-kw-L-S\ IΩo-j≥ cq]o-I-cWw
˛ 1956 ¬ ]m¿e-sa‚ v ]mm-°nb _n¬
5. eb-\-°-cm¿ Xøm-dm-°n-b-Xmcv?
˛ hn.-]n. tat\m≥
˛ k¿Zm¿ h√- mbn ]t´¬
6. C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\ cq]o-I-c-W-sØ-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
˛ 1946 ¬ tUm. cmtP-µ-]-kmZv A[y-£-\mbn `c-W-L-S\ \n¿Ωm-W-k`
cq]o-I-cn-®p.
˛ kzmX-¥y-Øn-\p-tijw tUm. _n.-B¿. Awt_-ZvI¿ sNb¿am-\mbn
Um^v‰nwKv IΩn‰n cq]o-I-cn®p.
˛ 1956 P\p-hcn 26 \v `c-W-L-S\ \ne-hn¬ h∂p.
7. kzmX¥y ]m]vXn-°p-tijw C¥y-bn¬ A[o-\-]-tZ-i-߃ D≠m-bn-cp∂
cmPy-ß-tfh?
˛ t]m¿®p-K¬, ^m≥kv
8. -A-\p-tbm-Py-ambh tN¿sØ-gpXn ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.
cmPyw A[n-\n-thi ]tZiw C¥y-tbmSv tN¿°-s∏´ h¿jw
^m≥kv t]m≠n-t®cn .........(-F).........
.....(-_n).... tKmh, Zma≥, Znbp ........(-kn)........
DØ-c-kq-NnI
(F) 1954
(_n) t]m¿®p-K¬
(kn) 1961
9. `mjm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw ˛ ^vtfmNm¿®v
Hcp cmPyØv Xs∂ hyXykvX `mj kwkm-cn-°p-∂-h¿
ê
`mjm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kwÿm-\-߃ cq]o-I-cn-°-W-sa∂ Bhiyw
ê
217
P\-Iob ]t£m- -߃, \ncm-lm-c- ka-c-߃
ê
1953 ˛ sXep¶v kwkm-cn-°p-∂-h¿°mbn B‘m-]-tZiv cq]o-I-cn®p
ê
kwÿm\ ]p\x-kw-L-S\ IΩo-j≥ cq]o-I-cn®p
A[y-£≥ ˛ ^k¬ Aen
IΩo-j≥ AwK-߃ : F®v.-F≥. Ip¨kp, sI.-Fw. ]Wn-°¿
ê
1956 kwÿm\ ]p\x-kw-L-S\ \nbaw ]mkm°n
ê
1956 `mjm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]pXnb kwÿm-\-߃ \ne-hn¬ h∂p
10. ani-k-ºZvhyhÿ F∂m-se¥v?
˛ apX-em-fn-Ø, tkmjy-enÃv kºZvhyh-ÿ-bpsS ka-\zbw
11. ]©-h-’c ]≤-Xn-Iƒ C¥y-bpsS kmº-ØnI hnI-k-\sØ klm-bn-®-sX-ßs\?
˛ Im¿jnI hymh-km-bnI taJe ]pjvSn-s∏- p.
˛ ZmcnZy \n¿Ωm¿÷\w
˛ Ccp-ºp-cp°v hyh-kmb ime-I-fpsS Bcw`w
˛ AW-s°- p-I-fpsS \n¿ΩmWw
12. C¥y-bnse Ccp-ºp-cp°v \n¿ΩmW ime-Ifpw klmbw \¬Ip∂ cmPyßfpw
A\p-tbm-Py-amb coXn-bn¬ tN¿sØ-gp-Xp-I.
Ccp-ºp-cp-°p-ime cmPyw
`nembv ......................
s_m°mtdm ......................
......................... P¿Ω\n
........................ _n´≥
DØ-c-kq-NnI
tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b≥ ˛ `nembv
tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b≥ ˛ s_m°mtdm
dq¿t°e ˛ P¿Ω\n
Zp¿K-]q¿ ˛ _n´≥
218
13. kzmX-¥m-\-¥c C¥y imkvX-ta-J-e-bn¬ ssIh-cn® t\ -߃ Ipdn-°pI?
˛ imkvX hymh-km-bnI Kth-jW kanXn cq]o-I-cn®p
˛ C¥y≥ Im¿jnI Kth-jW kanXn
˛ C¥y≥ saUn-°¬ Kth-jW kanXn
˛ Sm‰m C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v ^≠-sa‚¬ dnk¿®v
˛ C¥y≥ BW-thm¿÷ IΩo-j≥ cq]o-I-cn-®p.
˛ C¥y≥ C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v sSIvt\m-fPn
14. kzmX-¥ym-\-¥cw C¥y _ln-cm-Imi Kth-jW cwK-Øp-≠mb ]ptcm-K-Xn-Iƒ
kqNn-∏n-°p∂ ^vtfmNm¿´v.
1962 ¬, s\lp, hnIw kmcm- mbn F∂n-h-cpsS ia- -e-ambn C¥y≥ tZiob
_ln-cm-Imi Kth-jW kanXn cq]o-Ir-X-ambn ˛ 1962.
ê
1969 ˛ ¬ _ln-cm-Imi Kth-jW kwL-S-\-bpsS cq]o-I-cWw (ISRO)
ê
Xncp -h-\-¥-]p -c -Øp≈ Xpº-bn¬ C¥y-bnse BZysØ tdm°‰v
hnt£-]W tIµw
ê
1975 ¬ Bcy- ´ F∂ D]-Klw hnP-b-I-c-ambn hnt£-]n-®p.
ê
D]-K-l-߃°p-]p-dsa hnt£-]W hml-\-ßfpw hnI-kn-∏n-®p.
(\m-j-W¬ dntam´v sk≥knwKv GP≥kn ˛ ^nkn-°¬ dnk¿®v et_m-d-´-dn)
ê
anssk¬ kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bnse ]ptcm-KXn
ê
FUyp-km‰v 2004, Nµ≥ Nµ-bm≥ ˛ 2008
sNm∆ ˛ awKƒbm≥ ZuXy-߃
(aw-Kƒbm≥ : `qan-bn¬ \n∂pw G‰hpw AI-se-sb-Ønb C¥y≥
\n¿ΩnX t]S-Iw)
15. Xmsg-]-d-bp∂h Ime-K-W\ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ia-s∏SpØpI.
˛ Nmµ-bm≥ ZuXyw
˛ sF.-F-kv.-B¿.-H. cq]o-I-cWw
˛ Bcy- - -bpsS hnt£]Ww
˛ tZiob _ln-cm-Imi Kth-jW ka-Xn-bpsS cq]o-I-cWw
219
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ tZiob _ln-cm-Imi Kth-j-W-k-an-Xn-bpsS cq]o-I-cWw
˛ sF.-F-kv.-B¿.-H. bpsS cq]o-I-cWw
˛ Bcy- - bpsS hnt£-]Ww
˛ Nmµ-bm≥ ZuXyw
16. kzX¥ C¥y-bn¬ hnZym- ym-k-cw-KØv ssIh-cn® it≤-b-amb am‰ßƒ Fs¥√mw?
˛ hnZym- ymk IΩo-j-\p-IfpsS cq]o-I-cWw
˛ hnZymeb-ß-fpsS FÆ-Øn¬ h≥ h¿≤-\hv
˛ hnZym`ymkw auenI Ah-Im-i-am°n
˛ 1986 ¬ hnZym`ymk \b-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \thm-Zb hnZym-e-b-߃
\ne-hn¬ h∂p.
˛ DPEP, RMSA
17. 1986 se tZiob hnZym- ymk \b-Ønse \n¿t±-i-߃
]mYanI hnZym- ymkw
1986 tZiob
hnZym- ymk \bw
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ XpS¿hn-Zym`ymkw
˛ \thm-Zb hnZym-e-b-߃ Bcw- n®p
˛ s]¨Ip- n-I-fpsS hnZym- ymkw
˛ Hm∏-td-j≥ ªm°vt_m¿Uv ]≤Xn
18. kzX-¥m-\-¥c C¥y kmwkvIm-cnI taJ-e-bn¬ cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏´ ÿm]-\-ß-fp-ambn
_‘-s∏´ ]´nI Xøm-dm-°p-I.
ÿm]\w ]h¿Ø-\-߃ Bÿm\w
1. kwKo-X-\m-SI A°m-Zan ........................ \yqU¬ln
2. ................................. C¥y≥I-e-I-fpsS ]Nmcw .......................
3. kmln-Xy-A-°m-Zan ....................... .......................
220
4. ................................. \mS-I-taf \S-Øp∂p .......................
5. \mj-W¬ C≥Ãn-‰yq- v-
Hm^v C¥y ...................... \yqU¬ln
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ kwKo-X-Øn-s‚bpw \mS-I-Øn-s‚bpw t]m’m-l\w
˛ efn-X-Iem A°m-Zan ˛ \yqU¬ln
˛ C¥y≥ `mjm kmln-Xy-Øns‚ D∂-a\w
˛ \mj-W¬ kvIqƒ Hm^v Uma ˛ \yqU¬ln
˛ Ipd™ sNe-hn¬ ]pkvXI ]kn-≤o-I-cWw ˛ hmb\ hf¿Ø¬
19. C¥y-bpsS hntZ-i-\-b-Øns‚ ][m\ XXz-ß-fpsS ]´nI XmsgsImSp-°p-∂p.
]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.
˛ kmam-Py-Xz-tØmSpw sImtfm-Wn-b¬ hyh-ÿ-tbmSpap≈ FXn¿∏v
˛ h¿§ob hmZ-tØmSv FXn¿∏v
˛ .............................................................
˛ .............................................................
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ sFIycmjvS k -bn-ep≈ hnizmkw
˛ kam-[m\]c-amb kl-h¿ØnXzw
˛ ]©-ioe XXz-߃
˛ tNcn-tN-cmbva
20. kzX¥ C¥y-bpsS hntZ-i-\-b-sØ-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
˛ hntZ-i-\-b-Øns‚ apJy-inev]n Ph-l¿em¬ s\lp
˛ tNcn-tNcm \bw
˛ ]©-io-e-X-Xz-߃
21. ]©-ioe XXz-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ]Z-kq-cy≥ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.
]©-ioe XXz-߃ 1954
cmPy-Øns‚
AXn¿Ønbpw ]c-am-[n-
Im-chpw ]c-kv]cw
AwKo-I-cn-°pI
]c-kv]cw AI-an-°m-
Xn-cn-°pI
221
˛ B`y-¥c Imcy-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-Sm-Xn-cn-°pI
˛ ka-Xzhpw ]c-kv]c klm-bhpw hf¿ØpI
˛ kam-[m-\-]-c-amb kl-h¿ØnXzw
22. F¥mWv tNcn-tNcmbva?
A¥m-cm„ Xe-Øn¬ ÿnc-ambn Hcp tNcn -tbm-sSm∏w \n¬°msX
]iv\-Øns‚ icn-sX-‰p-Iƒ hne-bn-cpØn \ne-]mSv FSp°pI F∂ kao-]-\w.
23. `mjm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ B‘-kw-ÿm\w cq]o-I-cn-°m-\p≈ kml-N-cy-sa-¥m-bn-cp∂p?
˛ t]m‰n-io-cm-a-ep-hns‚ c£-km-£nXzw
24. tNcpw-]Sn tN¿°pI
tlmantbm Plmw-Kn¿ `m` ˛ anssk¬ am≥ Hm^v C¥y
tUm. cmPm-dm-aÆ ˛ C¥y≥ tZiob _ln-cm-Imi kanXn
tUm. hnIw kmcm- mbn ˛ Sm‰m C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v ^≠-sa‚¬ dnk¿®v
tUm. F.-]n.-sP. A_vZpƒ Iemw ˛ BW-h-cw-KØv ]co-£-W-߃°v t\XrXzw
DØ-c-kq-NnI
tlmantbm Plmw-Kn¿ `m` ˛ Sm‰m C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v ^≠-sa‚¬ dnk¿®v
tUm. cmPm-dm-aÆ ˛ BW-h-cw-KØv ]co-£-W-߃°v t\XrXzw
tUm. hnIw kmcm- mbn ˛ C¥y≥ tZiob _ln-cm-Imi kanXn
tUm. F.-]n.-sP. A_vZpƒ Iemw ˛ anssk¬ am≥ Hm^v C¥y
25. ]©-io-e-X-Xz-ß-fn¬ H∏n´ ][m-\-a-¥n-am¿ Bscm-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p?
ssN\okv ][m-\-a¥n ˛ Nu F≥embv
C¥y≥ ][m-\-a¥n ˛ Ph-l¿em¬ s\lp
26. C¥y-bnse BZysØ tdm°‰v hnt£-]W tIµw?
Xpº
27. kwÿm\ ]p\x-kw-L-S\ IΩo-j≥ Bcm-bn-c∂p?
^k¬ Ben
222
28. kzX¥ C¥y-bnse G‰hpw henb hnhn-t[m-t±iy \Zo-XS ]≤Xn?
`Im-\w-K¬ ]≤Xn
29. C¥y-bpsS kmº-ØnI B[p -\n -I -h -X v°-c -W-Øn\v AW-s°-´p -Iƒ
klm-b-am-b-sX-ßs\?
˛ Irjn-°m-h-iy-amb Pew e`y-ambn
˛ hyh-km-b-߃°m-h-iy-amb sshZypXn e`n®p
˛ Im¿jnI D¬]m-Z\w h¿≤n-®p.
30. kzX-¥m-\-¥c C¥y-bnse hnZym- ymk ]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-ØpI?
kqN\ :˛ hnhn[ hnZym- ymk IΩo-j-\p-Iƒ
˛ hnZym`ymk IΩo-j-\p-I-fpsS e£y-߃, Npa-X-e-Iƒ
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ IΩo-j≥, e£va-W-kzman apX-en-bm¿ IΩo-j≥,
tImØmcn IΩo-j≥ F∂n-h-bpsS ]h¿Ø-\-߃
˛ 1986 se tZiob hnZym- ymk \b-Ønse ip]m¿i-Iƒ
˛ Fkv.-F-kv.-F., B¿.-Fw.-F-kv.-F. F∂o s]mP-IvSp-Iƒ
˛ sXmgn-e-[n-jvTnX hnZym`ymkw Bcw- n-®p
˛ kvXoI-fpsS hnZym- ym-k-Øn\v ]m[m\yw \¬In
˛ bp.-Pn.-kn. cq]o-Ir-X-ambn
˛ Xn`mjm ]≤Xn \S-∏n-em°n
˛ aqeym-[n-jvTnX hnZym- ym-k-Øn\v Du∂¬ \¬In
˛ 2009 ¬ hnZym- ymk auenI Ah-Im-i-am-°n
31. kzX-¥m-\-¥cw C¥y-bnse hnZym-`ymk IΩo-j-\p-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]´nI
]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.
IΩo-j-\p-Iƒ h¿jw e£yw
1. tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ ............. k¿∆-I-em-ime hnZym- ym-k-sØ˛
IΩo-j≥ °pdn®p≈ ]T-\w
2. ...................................... 1952 sk°≥Udn hnZym- ym-k-sØ-°p-dn˛
®p≈ ]T\w
3. tUm. Un.-F-kv. tImØmcn ............ hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ tZio-b-am-Xr-I˛
IΩo-j≥ Isf°pdn-®p≈ \n¿t±iw
223
DØ-ckqNnI
IΩo-j-\p-Iƒ h¿jw e£yw
1. tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ 1948 k¿∆-I-em-ime hnZym- ym-k-sØ˛
IΩo-j≥ °pdn®p≈ ]T-\w
2. tUm. e£va-W-kzman 1952 sk°≥Udn hnZym- ym-k-sØ-°p-dn˛
apX-en-bm¿ IΩo-j≥ ®p≈ ]T\w
3. tUm. Un.-F-kv. tImØmcn 1964 hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ tZio-b-am-Xr-I˛
IΩo-j≥ Isf°pdn-®p≈ \n¿t±iw
224
A[ymbw 8
tIcfw B[p-\n-I-X-bn-te°v
1. bqtdm-∏y≥am-cpsS hc-hn\v apºv tIc-f-hp-ambn hym]m-c-_‘w ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂
hntZ-i-I-®-h-S-°m¿ Bsc√mw?
˛ Ad-_n-Iƒ, ssN\-°m¿
2. NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-hsb Ime-K-W-\m-I-a-Øn¬s∏Sp-Øp-I.
F) am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω U®p-°msc Ipf-®¬ bp≤-Øn¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn.
_n) _n´o-jp-Im¿ ^©p-Imsc I¿Æm-SnIv bp≤-Øn¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn.
kn)U®p-Im¿ t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Imsc ]cm-P-b-s∏-SpØn
DØ-c-kq-NnI
kn, F, _n
3. Irjn-bpsS hmWn-Py-h¬°-cWw tIc-f-Ønse Im¿jnI taJ-esb kzm[o-\n-®Xv
F]-Im-c-amWv?
˛ Itºm-f-h¬°-cWw
˛ \mfn-tIc Irjnsb t]m’m-ln-∏n®p
˛ s\√v Dev]m-Z\w Ipd™p
˛ tXm -hnf Irjn
˛ ac-®o\n Irjn-bpsS Bcw`w
4. _n´o-jp-Im¿s°-Xnsc tIc-f-Øn¬ \S∂ kwL-SnX Iem]w GXv?
B‰n-߬ Iem]w
5. B‰n-߬ Iem-]-Øn-te°v \bn® kml-Ncyw F¥v?
˛ A©p-sXßv tIm´ _n´o-jp-Im-cpsS ssk\nI tIµ-am-°n-b-Xn¬ ]Xn-tj-[n®v
\m´p-Im¿ 1721 ¬ B‰n-߬ dmWn°v kΩm-\-ambn t]mhp-I-bm-bn-cp∂
_n´o-jp-Imsc sIme-s∏-Sp-Ønb kw -h-amWv B‰n-߬ Iem-]w.
6. ae-_m¿ _n´ojv B[n-]-Xy-Øn\v Iogn¬ h∂Xv GXp-k‘n ]Im-c-amWv?
1792 se iocw-K-]- Ww DS-ºSn
225
7. \m´p-cm-Pm-°-∑mcpw P∑n-amcpw _n´o-jp-Im¿s°-Xnsc Xncn-bp-hm≥ CS-bm-bXv
F¥p-sIm≠v?
˛ _n´o-jp-Im¿ cmPm-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw P∑n-am-cp-sSbpw A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ CS-s]-Sp-hm≥
XpS-ßn-b-Xv.
˛ \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn Ah¿ A\p- -hn-®n-cp∂ kzmX-¥y-Ønepw Ah-Im-i-Øn-ep-ap≈
ssII-S-ج.
8. tIcfw _n´o-jm-[n-]-Xy-Øn≥Io-gn-em-bXv Fß-s\-sb∂v hni-Z-am-°pI?
˛ 1792 se iocw-K-]- Ww DS-ºSn ]Imcw ae-_m¿ _n´ojv A[o-\-X-bn-embn
˛ 1792 sIm®n cmPmhv _n´ojv ta¬t°mbva AwKo-I-cn®p
˛ 1795 ¬ ssk\nI kJy DS-ºSn ]Imcw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ _n´ojv
B[n-]Xyw AwKo-I-cn-®p.
9. _n´o-jp-Im¿s°-Xnsc Xncn-bp-hm≥ ]g-»n-cm-Psb t]cn-∏n® LSIw F¥v?
˛ tIm´bw ]tZ-isØ \nIpXn ]ncnhv Ah-Imiw \¬Im-sa∂ hmKvZm\w
]men-°m-Ø-Xn¬ ]Xn-tj-[n-®v.
10. thep-Ø-ºn-tbbpw ]men-b-Ø-—-t\bpw _n´o-jp-Im-cpsS iXp-hm-°nb kml-Ncyw
F¥v?
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-sebpw sIm®n-bn-tebpw B`y-¥-c-Im-cy-ßfn¬ _n´o-jp-Im¿
CS-s]- -Xv.
11. _n´o-jp-Im¿s°Xnsc t]mcm-Sm≥ P\-ßsf Blzm\w sNbvXp-sIm≠v thep-غn
\S-Ønb hnfw-_cw GXp-t]-cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂p?
Ip≠d hnfw-_cw ˛ 1809
12. hntZ-i-hym-]mcw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v _n´o-jp-Im¿ ssIsIm≠ \S-]SnIƒ
Fs¥√mw?
˛ hym]mc \nb-a-߃ X߃°-\p-Iq-e-ambn t`Z-KXn sNbvXp.
˛ GIo-IrX \mW-b-hy-h-ÿbpw Af-hp-Ifpw \S-∏n-em°n
˛ KXm-KX kuIcyw h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\mbn tdmUp-Iƒ, ]me-߃ \n¿Ωn-®p.
˛ Xpd-ap-J-߃ hnI-kn-∏n-®p.
226
13. _n´o-jp-Im¿ `qhp-Sa hyh-ÿ-bn¬ hcp-Øn-b-am‰w ae-_m-dnse IpSn-bm-∑m-cpsS
Pohn-XsØ F]-Im-c-amWv _m[n-®-Xv?
˛ \mSp-hm-gn-I-sfbpw `q]- p-°-∑m-scbpw `qhp-S-a-I-fm°n
˛ ap≥Iq´n \n›-bn-°-s∏´ XpI \nIp-Xn-bmbn \¬Ip-hm≥ I¿j-Isc
\n¿_-‘n-®p.
˛ h≥XpI \nIp-Xn-bmbn \n›-bn-®-Xn-\m¬ \nIpXn AS-bv°m≥ km[n-°mØ
IpSn-bm-∑msc IpSn-sbmgn∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
14. ae-_m-dnepw sIm®n-bnepw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw _n´ojpIm¿ \S-∏n-em-°nb
`q\n-b-a-߃ GsXms°?
ae-_m¿ ˛ ae-_m¿ IpSn-bm-bva\nbaw ˛ 1929
sIm®n ˛ IpSn-bm-bva\n-baw ˛ 1914
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ ˛ ]≠m-c-]m´ hnfw-_cw ˛ 1865
15. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω-bpsS ImeØv Fs¥√mw am‰-ß-fmWv `qhp-Sa
_‘-Øn-ep-≠m-bXv?
˛ `q]-`p -°-∑m-cpsS ssIhiw D≠m-bncp∂ `qan -sb√mw k¿°m¿
`qan-bm°n am‰n.
˛ 1865 se ]≠m-c -]m´ hnfw -_cw hgn IpSn -bm\v Irjn-`q -an -bpsS
Ah-Imiw e`n-®p.
16. tIc-f-Øn¬ _n´ojv `c-W-Im-eØv Bcw-`n® ]c-º-cm-KX hyh-km-b-ßfpw
Ah-bpsS ][m\ tIµ-ßfpw GsXms°?
Ib¿ hyh-kmbw ˛ Be-∏pg
Iip-h≠n hyh-kmbw ˛ sIm√w
HmSp-hy-h-kmbw ˛ Xr»q¿
ssIØdn hyh-kmbw ˛ IÆq¿
17. _n´o-jp-Im¿ tIc-f-Øn¬ \S-∏n -em-°nb \oXn-\ymb kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥√mw?
˛ PmXnsb ASn-ÿm-\-am°n in£ hn[n-°p-∂-Xn\v ]Icw Ip‰-Øns‚ Kuc-
h-a-\p-k-cn®v PmXn ]cn-K-W\ IqSmsX F√m-h-scbpw \nb-a-Øn\v ap∂n¬
Xpeymbn IW-°m-°n.
18. tIc-f-Ønse ]cn-jvI-cW ]ÿm-\-ßfpw kmaq-ln-I-am-‰-ßfpw?
˛ B[p-\nI hnZym- ym-khpw ]m›m-Xy-Nn-¥bpw A\m-Nm-c-ß-sfbpw A‘-
hn-izm-k-ß-sfbpw FXn¿°m≥ ]tNm-Zn-∏n-®p.
227
˛ Nm∂m¿ el-f, ssh°w kXym-K-lw, Kpcp-hm-bq¿ kXym-Klw
kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvI¿Øm-°ƒ ]ÿm-\-߃
sshIpWvT kzman-Iƒ kaXz kamPw
Aø-¶mfn km[p-P\ ]cn-]m-e\ kwLw
hmKv -Sm-\-µ≥ Bfl-hn-Zym-kwLw
Ipam-c-Kp-cp-tZ-h≥ ]Xy-£-c-£m-ssZ-h-k`
io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp ˛ io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp [¿Ω-]-cn-]m-e\ tbmKw
]fin‰v sI.-]n. Idp-∏≥ ˛ Acb kamPw
h°w A_vZpƒ JmZ¿ auehn ˛ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ ap…nw alm-P-\-k`
a∂Øp ]fl-\m- ≥ ˛ \mb¿ k¿∆okv skmssk‰n
19. tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI taJ-e-bn¬ _n´ojv kzm[o\w F]-Im-c-am-bn-cp∂p?
˛ A®-Sn-b-¥-Øn-s‚ Bcw`w
˛ \nL-≠phpw hymI-cW KŸhpw
˛ ae-bmf ]X-߃
˛ kvIqfp-Ifpw tImtf-Pp-Ifpw Bcw- n-®Xv
20. 1930 se knhn¬ \nb-a-ew-L\ kacw hni-Z-am-°pI?
D∏p-k-Xym-Klw
˛ sI. tIf-∏s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ]ø-∂qcpw apl-ΩZv A_vZpƒ dlvam≥
kmln-_ns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ tImgn-t°mSpw D∏v \nbaw ewLn-®p.
˛ hntZi-hkvXp _ln-jvI-c-Ww, aZy-ime ]n°-‰nw-Kv, JmZn ]N-cWw
Ch i‡n ]m]n-®p.
21. tIc-f-Øn¬ tkmjy-enÃv ]m¿´n-bpsS cq]o-I-c-W-Øn-te°v \bn® kml-Ncyw
F¥m-bn-cp∂p?
˛ Km‘nPn \nb-a-ew-L\ kacw ]n≥h-en-®-Xn¬ ]Xn-tj-[n®v Hcp-hn- mKw
tIm¨Kkv ]h¿Ø-I¿ tkmjy-enÃv ]m¿´n cq]o-I-cn-®p.
˛ 1939 ¬ tIm¨Kkv tkmjy-enÃv ]m¿´n IΩyq-WnÃv ]¿´n-bmbn amdn
˛ IΩyq-WnÃv ]m¿´n I¿j-I-scbpw sXmgn-emfnIsfbpw _n´ojv ta[m-hn-Xz-
Øn\pw P∑n hyh-ÿbv°pw FXnsc t]mcm-Sm≥ t]cn-∏n-®p.
228
22. kw`hw h¿jw t\XrXzw \¬In-b-h¿
ae-_m¿ Iem]w
ae-bmfn satΩm-dn-b¬ 1921 Pn.-]n. ]n≈
Cugh satΩm-dn-b¬ 1896 tUm. ]¬∏p
\nh¿Ø\ ]t£m`w 1932 F≥.-hn. tPmk- v
]n.-sI.-Ip™v
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ FtÉv
tIm¨Kkv IΩn‰n 1938 ]´w XmWp-∏n≈
Ce-IvSn-kn‰n kacw 1936
]p∂] hb-em¿ 1946
23. C.-Fw.-F-kv. \ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sns‚ GXv ]pkvX-I-amWv ae-bm-f- mj kwkm-cn-°p∂
]tZ-i-߃ Dƒs∏-SpØn tIcfw cq]o-I-cn-°-W-sa∂ Bibw apt∂m- p-sh-®Xv?
Ht∂-Im¬tImSn ae-bm-fn-Iƒ
24. ae-_m-dn¬ B[p-\nI hnZym- ymkw ]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v anj-\-dn-am¿ \S-Ønb
]h¿Ø-\-߃ Fs¥ms°?
˛ tUm. sl¿a≥ Kp≠¿´v
˛ Xe-t»-cn, tImgn-t°mSv XpS-ßnb ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ hnZym-e-b-߃ Bcw- n®p
˛ _mk¬ Chm-©-en-°¬ anj≥
229
A[ymbw 9
cmjvShpw cmjvS-X-¥-im-kvXhpw
][m\ Bi-b-߃
˛ cmjvSw ˛ \n¿∆-N\w
˛ cmjvS-Øns‚ LS-I-߃
˛ cmjvS-Øns‚ Npa-X-e-Iƒ
˛ cmjvS-cq-]o-I-cW kn≤m¥w
˛ cmjvShpw ]uc\pw
˛ cmjvS-X-¥-ikvX ]T\w
1. cmjvSw F∂m¬ F¥v?
Hcp \n›nX ]tZ-iØv ÿnc-ambn Xma-kn-°p-∂-hcpw ]c-am-[n-Im-c-ap≈ Hcp
Kh¨sa-t‚m-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xp-amb P\-X-bmWv cmjvSw.
2. cmjvS-Øns‚ hnhn[ LS-I-߃ Is≠Øn hn - mKw ]qcn-∏n-°pI
cmjvS-Øns‚ LS-I-߃
(F)................. `q]-tZiw Kh¨sa‚ v (_n)...............
DØ-c-kq-NnI
F) P\-߃ _n) ]c-am-[n-Imcw
P\-߃
˛ ÿnc-Xm-akw
˛ ]c-kv]c Bi-bXzw
˛ s]mXp-Xm-ev]cyw
˛ hyXykvX `mj, aXw, BNmcw
˛ FÆw \n›-bn-°-s∏- n- n√
`q]-tZiw
˛ IrXy-amb AXn¿Øn
˛ cmjvS-Øns‚ ]q¿Æ-\n-b-¥Ww
˛ hep-∏-Øn\v ]m[-\y-an√
˛ Ic- m-Kw, hmbp- m-Kw, Pe- mKw F√mw CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.
230
Kh¨sa‚ v
˛ hnhn[ cmPy-ß-fn¬ hyXykvX Kh¨sa‚ v
˛ Kh¨sa‚ v ÿnc-a√
˛ P\-kp-c-£bpw tkh-\hpw Dd-∏m-°Ww
˛ cmPy-Øn\v th≠n \nb-a-߃ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂p.
]c-am-[n-Imcw
˛ hn -Pn-°m≥ Ign-bn√
˛ tZiob A¥¿tZ-iob hnj-b-ß-fn¬ kzX-¥-ambn Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-\p≈
A[n-Im-cw.
3. ]c-am-[n-Im-c-Øns‚ c≠v Xe-߃ Gh? DZm-l-cWw Is≠Øn ^vtfmNm¿´v
Xøm-dm-°p-I.
4. Hcp cm„-Øns‚ \n¿_-‘nX Npa-X-ebpw hnth-N-\-]-c-amb Npa-X-ebpw XΩn-ep≈
hyXym-k-sa¥v?
\n¿_-‘nX Npa-Xe
˛ Hcp cmjvSw F√m ImeØpw \n¿_-‘-ambpw \n¿∆-ln-t°≠ Npa-X-e-Iƒ
hnth-N-\-]-c-amb Npa-Xe
˛ Hcp cmjvS-Øns‚ kmºØnI ÿnXn-°-\p-k-cn®v \n¿∆-ln-t°≠ Npa-Xe
˛ ]cn[n IW-°m-°m≥ Ign-bn√
5. cmjvS-Øns‚ Nne Npa-X-e-Iƒ Xmsg \¬Ip-∂p. IqSp-X¬ Npa-X-e-Iƒ Is≠-Øn,
\n¿_-‘nX Npa -X -e, hnth-N -\ -] -c -amb Npa -Xe F∂o Xe-s°-´n¬
]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
˛ B`y -¥c kam -[m -\w, KXm-KX kuI-cyw, hnZym -`ymk kuI-cyw,
\oXn \S-∏n-em-°¬
]c-am-[n-Imcw
B`y-¥-c-Xew
`q]-tZ-i-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-°p-
≈n¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-
\p≈ A[n-Imcw
DZm:˛ s]mXp-ta-Je
ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS
kzIm-cy-h-XvI-cWw
_mly-Xew
A¥¿tZ-iob hnj-b-ß-fn¬
kz¥-ambn Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-
°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw
DZm:˛ C¥y- -ssN\
AXn¿Øn Icm¿ H∏p-
sh-°p-I.
231
DØ-c-kq-NnI
\n¿_-‘nX Npa-Xe hnth-N-\-]-c-amb Npa-Xe
˛ B`y-¥c kam-[m\w ˛ hnZym- ymk kuIcyw
˛ \oXn \S-∏n-em-°¬ ˛ KXm-KX kuIcyw
˛ AXn¿Øn kwc-£Ww ˛ Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£Ww
˛ Ah-Imi kwc-£Ww ˛ t£a-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ
6.
7. F¥mWv ]ucXzw?
˛ cmjvS-Øns‚ \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-ß-fnepw \oXn-\n¿∆-l-W-Ønepw ]s¶-Sp-°m≥
A[n-Im-c-ap-≈-h-\mWv ]uc≥. Hcp cmPysØ ]q¿Æhpw Xpey-hp-amb
AwK-Xz-amWv ]uc-Xzw.
˛ cmjvSw ]uc\v AhIm-i-߃ Dd-∏p-hcpØp∂p. ]uc\v cmjvS-tØmSv
IS-a-Iƒ D≠v.
8. hn - mKw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-I.
]ucXzw
kzm`m-hnI ]ucXzw (F)..............
(_n) .................... cmPyØv \ne-hn-ep≈ \nb-am-\p-krX
\S-]-Sn-Iƒ ]men-®p-sIm≠v t\Sp-∂p.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
F) B¿÷nX ]ucXzw
_n) P∑\m e`n-°p-∂p.
cmjvS-cq-]o-I-cW kn≤m-¥-߃
ssZh-ZØ kn≤m¥w
˛ cmjvSw ssZh-
kr-jvSn-bmWv
]cn-Wm-a-kn-≤m¥w
˛ cmjvSw kmaq-lnI
]cn-Wm-aØneqsS
cq]-s∏-´p.
kmaq-lnI DS-ºSn
kn≤m¥w
˛ P\-߃ cq]w
\¬Inb Icm-dn-
eqsS cmjvSw \ne-
hn¬ h∂p.
i‡n kn≤m¥w
˛ i‡n-bp-≈-h¿
Zp¿_-e-cpsS ta¬
B[n-]Xyw
ImWn-®p.
232
9. ]uc\v amXw e`n-°p∂ Ah-Im-i-߃?
˛ sXcs™-Sp-∏n¬ a’-cn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw
˛ thm´v sNøm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw
˛ kwL-S-\-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw
˛ Kh¨sa‚ns\ hna¿in-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw
10. DØcw Is≠-Øp-I.
1. cmjvS-X-¥-im-kvX-Øns‚ ]nXmhv?
2. cmjvS-hn-j-b-߃ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ Acn-tÃm- n-ens‚ IrXn?
3. cmjvS-cq-]o-I-cW kn≤m-¥-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw kzoIm-cy-am-bXv?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
1. Acn-tÃm- n¬
2. s]mfn-‰nIvkv
3. ]cn-Wm-a-kn-≤m¥w
11.
cmj
vS-X
-¥-i
mkvX
w
]T-\
-ta-J
e cmjvSob kn≤m-¥-߃
A¥¿tZ-iob cmjvSobw
s]mXp-`-cWw
Xmc-X-ay-cm-jvSobw
233
A[ymbw 10
]uc-t_m[w
Bi-b-߃
˛ ]uc-t_m-[-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw
˛ ]uc-t_m[w cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ LS-I-߃
˛ Db¿∂ ]uc-t_m[w ˛ DØa amXr-I-Iƒ
˛ ]uc-t_m-[hpw [m¿Ωn-I-Xbpw
˛ ]uc-t_m[w t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ
˛ kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T-\hpw ]uc-t_m-[hpw
1. F¥mWv ]uc-t_m[w?
˛ kaq-l-Øns‚ DØa Xmev]-cy-ß-fmWv Hcp ]ucs‚ Xmev]-cy-sa∂pw
]ucs‚ ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw at\m- m-h-ßfpw kaq-l-Øn\v th≠n-bm-sW-∂p-
ap≈ Xncn-®-dn-hmWv ]uc-t_m-[w.
˛ ]uc-t_m-[-ap-≈-h≥ Ah-\-h-t\mSpw kaq-ltØmSpw am\-hn-I-X-tbmSpw
Iqdpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw D≈-h-\m-bn-cn-°pw.
2. kaq-l-\-∑-bv°p-th≠n A¿∏-W-t_m-[-tØmsS ]h¿Øn®v amXr-I-bm-bn-Øo¿∂
Nne hy‡n-Iƒ, Ah-cpsS taJ-e-Iƒ, ÿew F∂nh Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.
A\p-tbm-Py-am-b cq]-Øn¬ ]´nI Xøm-dm-°p-I.
hy‡n-bpsS t]cv ÿew ]h¿Ø-\-ta-Je
l÷∫ cmta-izcw Imcp-Wy-]-h¿Ø\w
Zi-c-Yvam©n awK-em-]pcw hnZym- ymk ]h¿Ø\w
A.P.J. A_vZpƒIemw _olm¿ kmaq-ly-tk-h\w
It√≥ s]m°p-S≥ sIm¬°Ø imkvXw
abn-eΩ IÆq¿ ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£Ww
aZ¿ sXtck ]me-°mSv/πm®n-aS I≠¬°m-Svkw-c-£Ww
DØ-c-kq-NnI
hy‡n-bpsS t]cv ÿew ]h¿Ø-\-ta-Je
l÷∫ awK-em-]pcw hnZym- ymk ]h¿Ø\w
Zi-c-Yvam©n _olm¿ kmaq-ly-tk-h\w
234
A.P.J. A_vZpƒIemw cmta-izcw imkvXw
It√≥ s]m°p-S≥ IÆq¿ I≠¬°m-Svkw-c-£Ww
abn-eΩ ]me-°mSv/πm®n-aS ]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£Ww
aZ¿ sXtck sIm¬°Ø Imcp-Wy-]-h¿Ø\w
3. ]uc-t_m-[-ap≈ hy‡n-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-I.
1. [m¿Ωn-IX 2. ]cn-ÿnXn kvt\lw 3. s]mXp-]-iv\-ß-fnse CS-s]-S¬
4. A¿∏-W-t_m[w 5. ................... 6. .................. 7. ................... 8. .......................
DØ-c-kq-NnI
kln-jvWp-X, aqey-t_m-[w, tkh\ k∂-≤-X, \nkzm¿∞X
4. ]uc-t_m-[-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw hy‡-am-°p∂ ^vtfmNm¿´v ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°pI
DØ-c-kq-NnI
F) `oI-c-]-h¿Ø\w XS-b¬/kam-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw \ne-\n¿Ø¬
_n) P\-߃°n-S-bn¬ ]c-kv]c kulm¿±w, kl-I-cWw
5. s]mXp-k-aq-lw t\cn-Sp∂ Nne ]iv\-ß-fmWv Xmsg \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
Ah-bv°p≈ ]cn-lmc am¿§-߃ Fgp-Xp-I.
˛ Pe-£maw
˛ ]cn-k-c-a-en-\o-I-cWw
˛ Agn-aXn
]uc-t_m-[-Øns‚
]m[m\yw
a\p-jym-h-Imi
kwc-£Wwhy‡n kzmX-¥yw,
P\m-[n-]Xyw F∂n-h-
bpsS kwc-£Ww
s]mXp-]-iv\-
߃°v ]cn-
lmcw ImW¬
kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw
cmjvS-Øn-s‚bpw
]ptcm-KXn
(F)..................
(_n)................
235
DØ-c-kq-NnI
Pe-£maw
˛ Imcy-£-a-X-tbmsS Pew D]-tbm-Kn-°pI
˛ ag-sh≈ kw -cW am¿§-߃ kzoI-cn-°pI
(DZm:˛ ag-°p-gn, XS-b-W, agsh≈-s°m-bvØv)
˛ ac-߃ sh®p-]n-Sn-∏n-°p-I.
]cn-k-c-a-en-\o-I-cWw
˛ amen-\y-kw-kvI-cW ]h¿Ø\w \S-ØpI
˛ πmÃnIv D]-tbmKw Ipd-°pI
˛ s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ amen\yw \nt£-]n-°m-Xn-cn-°pI
˛ hml-\-Øns‚ FÆw Ipd-bv°pI
˛ ssPh-h-f-ßfpw ssPh-Io-S-\m-in-\n-Ifpw D]-tbm-Kn-°pI
Agn-aXn
˛ Agn-aXn \S-Øm-Xn-cn-°pI
˛ Agn-a-Xn-s°-Xnsc t_m[-h¬°-cWw
˛ Agn-a-Xn-s°-Xnsc ]cmXn t_m[n-∏-°pI
6. ]uc-t_m[w cq]-s∏-Sp∂Xn\v/hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp hy‡nsb klm-bn-°p∂
LS-I-߃ GsX√mw?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
1. IpSpw_w 2. hnZym- ymkw 3. kwL-S-\-Iƒ
4. cmjvSo-b-hy-hÿ 5. am[y-a-߃
IpSpw_w
˛ ]c-kv]c kvt\lw, ]c-kv]c _lp-am\w, tkh\ at\m-`mhw F∂nh
D≠m-°p-∂p.
˛ I¿Øhy t_m[w D≠m-°p-∂p.
˛ ]tNm-Z-\hpw t]m’m-l-\hpw e`n-°p-∂p.
hnZym- ymkw
˛ aqey-t_m[w, kln-jvWp-X, imkvX Ah-t_m[w F∂nh krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
˛ ]cn-ÿnXnt_m[w hf-cp∂p
˛ t\Xr-Xz-KpWw ]cn-io-en-°p-∂p.
kwL-S-\-Iƒ
˛ a\p-jym-h-Imißsf-°p-dn®v t_m[-hm-\m-°p-∂p.
˛ Nn¥-Ifpw ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
˛ cmjvSob t_m[hpw tZio-b-t_m-[hpw hf¿Øp-∂p.
236
cmjvSo-b-hy-hÿ/P\m[n-]Xy hyhÿ
˛ P\m-[n-]Xyw `c-W-Iaw amX-a√ Pohn-X-ssien IqSn-bm-Wv.
˛ ]c-kv]c kl-I-c-Ww, ]uc-t_m[w krjvSn-°p-∂p.
˛ kzmX-¥yw, kaXzw F∂o Bi-b-߃
˛ \nb-a-hm-gvN-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb `cWw
am[y-a-߃
˛ icn-bm-bXpw hkvXp-\n-jvT-hp-amb hm¿Ø-Iƒ ]uc-∑m-cn¬ FØp-∂p.
˛ \njv]-£hpw kzX-¥-hp -amb hm¿Ø-Iƒ ]uc-∑m-cn¬ kzoIm-cyX
D≠m-°p-∂p.
˛ \¬Ip∂ Adn-hp-Iƒ hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ km[n-°p-∂p.
7. ]uc-t_m[w hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ [m¿Ωn-IX hln-°p∂ ]s¶¥v?
˛ \∑ Xn∑-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn™v \∑sb kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw IS-a-Iƒ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-
tØmsS \n¿∆-ln-°p-I-bp-amWv [m¿Ωn-IX
˛ a\p-jy-PohnX-Øns‚ F√m Xe-ß-fnepw [m¿Ωn-IX D≠m-I-Ww.
(DZm:-˛ A[zm-\-cw-Kw, imkvXw, hnZym-`ym-kw, Bcm-[-\, ]IrXnhn`h
D]-tbm-Kw)
˛ kaq -l-Øn¬ \S-°p∂ F√m ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw [m¿Ωn -I -Xbpw
A[m¿Ωn-I-Xbpw D≠v.
˛ [m¿Ωn-IX ]uc-t_m-[sØ hf¿Øp-∂p. A[m¿Ωn-IX ]uc-t_m-[sØ
C√m-Xm-°p-∂p.
8. Xmsg \¬Inb ]kvXm-h-\-I-fn¬ [m¿ΩnI ]h¿Øw, A[m¿ΩnI ]h¿Ø\w
F∂nh Is≠Øn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
˛ s]mXp-ap-X¬ \in-∏n-°p-∂p.
˛ tPmen-sNbvXv ]Ww kºm-Zn-°p-∂p.
˛ Pohn-Isf klm-bn-°p-∂p.
˛ a‰p-≈-hsc NqjWw sNbvXv ]W-ap-≠m-°p-∂p.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
[m¿Ωn-I ]h¿Ø\w A[m¿ΩnI ]h¿Ø\w
˛ tPmen-sNbvXv ]Ww kºm-Zn-°p-∂p. ˛ s]mXp-ap-X¬ \in-∏n-°p-∂p.
˛ kl-Po-hn-Isf klm-bn-°p∂p ˛ a‰p-≈hsc NqjWw sNbvXv
]Ww Is≠-Øp-∂p.
237
9. ]uc-t_m[w t\cn-Sp∂ ][m\ sh√p-hn-fn-I-fmWv Xmsg \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
]cn-lm-c-am¿§-߃ \n¿t±-in-°p-I.
˛ s]mXp-Xm-ev]-cy-ßsf Ah-K-Wn-°¬
˛ kzm¿∞X
˛ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ Gs‰-Sp-°m-\p≈ `bw
˛ A]-I¿jX t_m[w
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ kz¥w Xmev]-cy-tØm-sSm∏w s]mXp-Xm-ev]-cy-߃°v th≠nbpw ]h¿Øn-°pI
˛ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Ah-c-h-cpsS ]h¿Ø-\-߃ hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-ØpI
˛ DØ-a-am-Xr-I-Isf A\p-I-cn-°pI
˛ P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw kln-jvWp-Xbpw ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ]h¿Øn-°pI
10. kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T\w ]uc-t_m[ cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\v klm-bn-°p-∂-sX-ßs\?
-˛ kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T\w kam-[m-\-Øn-s‚bpw kl-h¿Øn-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw ktµiw
]uc-∑m-cn¬ FØn-°p-∂p.
˛ hnhn[ Xe-Øn-ep≈ (km-aq-ln-Iw, kmº-Øn-Iw, cmjvSo-bw, ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-Iw)
]iv\-߃°p≈ ImcWw Is≠-Øm\pw ]cn-lmcw \n¿t±-in-°m\pw hy‡nsb
]m]vX-\m-°p-∂p.
˛ ]uc-t_m-[-ap≈ amXrIm hy‡n-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p.
˛ sshhn-[ysØ _lp-am-\n-°m\pw kln-jvWp-Xm-t_m[w D≠m-°m\pw
klm-bn-°p-∂p.
11. ]uc-t_m[w hy‡-am-°p∂ ]h¿Ø-\-߃°v DZm-l-c-W-߃ Is≠-Øp-I.
˛ ][m\ ]mX-Iƒ°v kao]w XW¬acw sh®p-]n-Sn-∏n-°pI
˛ Ncn-X-kvam-c-I-߃ kwc-£n-°m≥ th≠ ]h¿Ø\w \S-ØpI
˛ hr≤-\mb ]ucs\ tdmUv apdn-®p-I-S-°m≥ klm-bn-°pI
˛ k£-cX ]h¿Ø\w \S-Øp-I.
12. ]uc-t_m-[-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn\mbn \nß-fpsS hnZym-e-b-Øn\v Gs‰-SpØv sNøm≥
]‰p∂ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ Fs¥√mw?
˛ DØa amXr-I-I-fm-b-hsc kvIqfn-te°v £Wn-°p-I, Ahsc BZ-cn-°pI
˛ saUn-°¬ Iymºv
˛ c‡-Zm\w
˛ SPC, NCC, Scout & Guides F∂n-h-bn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-I¬
˛ Krl-k-µ¿i\w
˛ kvIqƒ ]m¿e-sa‚ v sXc-s™-Sp∏v
238
A[ymbw 11
kaq-l-imkvXw : F¥v F¥n\v?
1. k¿§m-fl-I-Xbpw kmaq-ly-imkvX ]T-\hpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-sa¥v?
k¿§m-fl-IX kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T\w
˛ `mh-\m-flIw ˛ imkvXo-bX
˛ k¿§m-fl-IX ˛ Imcy-Im-cW _‘w
˛ kuµ-cym-fl-IX ˛ hkvXp-\n-jvTX
˛ Bkzm-Z\w
2. kaq-ly-imkvXw F∂m¬ F¥v?
a\p-jy\pw kmaq-ln-I-amb Np‰p-]mSpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w ka-K-ambn
]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p∂ hnjbamWv kaq-l-im-kvXw.
3. kaq-ly-im-kvX-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-hØn\v hgn-sX-fn® hnπ-h-߃ GsXms°?
˛ imkvX-hn-πhw
˛ ^©v hnπhw
˛ hymh-km-bnI hnπhw
4. kaq-l-im-kvX-Øns‚ ]nXmhv BcmWv?
AKkvXv tImwsX
5. ]cn-Wma kn≤m-¥sØ kaq-l-im-kvX-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Ønb Nn¥-I≥ Bcv?
sl¿_¿´v kvs]≥k¿
6. kaq-l-im-kvX-Øns‚ hnIm-k-Øn\v ][m\ kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬In-b-h¿ Bscms°?
˛ ImƒamIvkv
˛ Fssa¬ Zp¿Jnw
˛ amIvkv sh_¿
7. C¥y-bn¬ kaq-l-im-kvX-]-T\w BZy-ambn Bcw-`n -®Xv GXv k¿∆-I-em-
im-e-bn-emWv?
t_mws_
239
8. C¥y-bn¬ kaq-l-im-kvX-]-T-\-Øn\v ][m\ kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬In-b-h¿ Bscms°?
Pn.-F-kv. Lptcy, Fw.-B¿.-tZ-imbn, Fkv.-kn. Zpt_,
Fw.-F≥. io\n-hm-kv, Un.-]n. apJ¿Pn
10. kaq-l-im-kvX-]-T\Øns‚ ]m[m-\y-sa¥v?
˛ kaq-l-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ [mcW cq]o-I-cn-°m≥
˛ kmaq-lnI ]iv\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°m≥
˛ kmaq-lnI ]iv\-߃°v ]cn-lmcw Is≠-Øm≥
˛ hy‡nbpw kmaq-lnI ÿm]-\-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w Xncn-®n-bm≥
11. kaq-l-ikvXw hni-I-e\ hnt[-b-am-°p∂ ][m\ taJ-e-Iƒ GsX√mw?
kmaq-lnI am‰-߃, kmaq-lnI kwL-߃,
kap-Zm-b-߃, kmaq-lnI ]iv\-߃
12. kaq-l-im-kvX-Øns‚ ]T-\-co-Xn-Iƒ GsXms°?
tkmjy¬ k¿t∆, A`n-ap-Jw, \nco-£-Ww, tIkv ÃUn
k¿t∆-coXn
˛ henb hn`mKw P\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hnhcw tiJ-cn-°p-hm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
˛ Xnc-s™-SpØ \n›nX FÆw Bfp-I-fn¬ \n∂v hnhcw tiJ-cn-°p-∂p.
(km-ºnƒ k¿t∆)
˛ tNmZym-h-en-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p.
A`n-apJw
˛ hmsam-gn-bmbn hnhcw tiJ-cn-°p-∂p.
˛ Kth-j-I\pw ]Xn-I¿Ømhpw XΩn-ep≈ kw`m-j-W-amWv A`n-apJw
˛ hy‡n-I-fpsS at\m-`m-hw, ImgvN-∏m-Sv, hnizmkw, Pohn-X-N-cy F∂nh
Adn-bm≥ km[n-°p-∂p.
13. A`n-ap-J-Øn¬ i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-߃ Fs¥√mw?
˛ Bh-iy-amb hy‡n-Isf Is≠-ج
˛ DNn-X-amb tNmZy-߃ Xøm-dm-°¬
˛ ^e-h-Ømb Bi-b-hn-\n-abw
˛ ka-b-I-ao-I-cWw
240
14. A`n-ap-Jhpw tNmZym-h-enbpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-sa¥v?
A`n-apJw tNmZym-hen
˛ hnh-c-߃ hmsam-gn-bmbn ˛ hnh-c-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p
tiJ-cn-°p-∂p.
˛ Kth-j-I≥ hnh-c-߃ ˛ ]XnI¿Øm°ƒ hnh-c-߃
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
15. \nco-£-W-coXn F∂m¬ F¥v? c≠v Xc-Ønep≈ \nco-£-W-co-Xn-Iƒ
GsXms°?
ImWp-I-bpw, tIƒ°p-Ibpw, A\p- -hn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Imcy-߃ kXy-k-
‘-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ coXn-bmWv \nco-£-Ww.
˛ ]¶m-fnØ \nco-£Ww
˛ ]¶m-fnØc-lnX \n-co-£Ww
]¶m-fnØ \nco-£Ww ]¶m-fn-Øc-ln-X-\n-co-£Ww
˛ kaq-l-im-kvX-⁄≥ ]T-\-hn-t[b ˛ kwL-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°msX
am°p∂ kwL-Øn¬ Xma-kn®v hnhc ]pdØv \n∂v \nco£n-°p-∂p.
tiJ-cWw \S-Øp-∂p.
˛ Ah-cpsS `mj, kwkvImcw ˛ ]I-S-a-√mØ s]cp-am‰ coXn-Iƒ
F∂nh ]Tn-°p-∂p. a\-n-em-°m≥ km[n-°n√
˛ Ah-cpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Øn¬ ˛ kwLw Adn-b-W-sa-∂n√
]¶m-fn-bm-hp-∂p.
16. tIkv ÃUn F∂m¬ F¥v?
˛ A]q¿∆hpw thdn- -Xp-amb kmaq-lnI ]Xn- m-k-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw
]iv\-ß-sf-°p-d®pw Bg-Øn¬ ]Tn-°m≥
˛ kq£vahpw ka-Khpw
˛ ]T-\hnt[-b-am-Ip∂ hnjbw "tIkv' F∂p-]-d-bp-∂p.
˛ tIkn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\-am-Wv tIkv ÃUn
17. B[p-\n-I-Im-eØv GsX√mw taJ-e-I-fn-emWv kaq-l-im-kvX-Øn\v ]tbm-K-
km-[y-X-Iƒ D≈Xv?
hmWn-Pyw, \K-cm-kq-XWw, kmaq-ln-I-t£-aw, ]c-kyw,
hm¿Øm-hn-\n-a-bw, hnZym- ymk ]h¿Ø-\-߃
lll
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(Education Quality Improvement Programme for Class ten)
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DIET KASARAGOD
242
243
A[ymbw 1
EXp-t`-Z-ßfpw ka-bhpw
][m\ Bi-b-߃
1. EXp-t -Z-߃ D≠m-hm-\p≈ Hcp ][m\ Imc-W-amWv `qan-bpsS ]cn-I-Ww.
a‰v Imc-W-ß-tfh?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ kqcys‚ Ab\w
˛ A®p-X-≠ns‚ Ncnhv
˛ A®p-X-≠ns‚ kam-¥-cX
2. ]cn-I-aWw F∂m-se¥v?
Zo¿L-hr-Øm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ k©m-c-]-Y-Øn-eqsS `qan kqcys\ hew-h-bv°p-∂-
Xn-s\-bmWv ]cn-I-aWw F∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xv.
3. kqcys‚ Ab\w
`qan AXns‚ A®p-X-≠ns‚ sNcnhv ]cn-I-aW thf-bn-ep-S-\ofw \ne-\n¿Øp-
∂-Xn-\m¬ DØ-cm-b\ tcJ°pw Z£n-Wm-b\ tcJbv°pw CS-bn¬ Bt]-£n-I-amb ÿm\-
am‰w kqcy\v D≠m-hp-∂p. CXmWv Ab-\w.
]cn-I-aWw
A®p-X-≠ns‚ kam-¥-cX
kqcys‚ Ab\w
EX
p-t`-Z-ß
ƒ
ka-c-cm-X-Zn-\-߃
Kojva Ab-\m¥w
ssiXy Ab-\m¥w
th
\¬
°m-e
hpw
ssi
Xy-I
m-eh
pw
`a-Whpw ]cn-I-a-Whpw
Ko\n®v ka-bhpw ka-b-ta-J-ebpw
Ãm≥tU¿Uv kabw
A¥m-cmjvS Zn\m-¶-tcJhk
-¥h
pwtl
a-¥
hpw
244
4. A®p-X-≠ns‚ kam-¥-cX
`qan-bpsS A®p-X-≠n\v ]cn-I-aW Xe-Øn¬ \n∂v ..1/2 0 bpw ew_-Øn¬
231/20 bpw sNcn-hp-≠v. ]cn-IWØnep-S-\ofw Cu sNcnhv am‰-an-√msX \ne-
\n¬°p-∂p. CXmWv A®p-X-≠s‚ kam-¥-c-X.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
F) `qa-[y-tcJ _n) Kojva Ab-\m-¥-Zn\w kn) Xpeyw
Un) ka-cm-X-Zn\w C) Z£n-Wm-b\ tcJ F^v) Ipdhv
Zn\w kqcys‚ ÿm\w Zn\-Øns‚ t]cv]I-ens‚ ssZ¿Lyw
DØ-cm¿[-tKmfw Z£n-Wm¿[-tKmfw
am¿®v 21 .........(-F)........ ka-cm-X-Zn\w
Pq¨ 21 DØ-cm-b\ tcJ .......(-_n)........ Xpeyw .......(-kn)......
sk]vX.23 `qa-[y-tcJ ........(-Un)........ IqSp-X¬ Ipdhv
Unk.22 .........(-C)........ ssiXy Ab-\m¥Zn\w ......(-F- v)..... IqSp-X¬
hk¥w tl-a¥w
- ssiXy-Im-e-Øn¬ \n∂v DjvW-Im-e-Øn-
te-°p≈ am‰-Øns‚ Imew
˛ sNSn-Iƒ Xfn¿°p-∂p, ]pjv]n-°p-∂p.
˛ am¿®v- -G-]n¬ amkw
˛ DØ-cm¿[-tKmfw
- th\-en¬ \n∂v ssiXy-Øn-te-°p≈ am‰-
Øns‚ Imew
˛ kky-߃ Ce s]mgn-°p-∂p.
˛ HIvtSm-_¿- -\-hw-_¿ amkw
˛ DØ-cm¿[-tKmfw
6. hk-¥-Im-ew, tla-¥-Imew F∂n-h-bpsS ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.
5. Xmsg \¬In-bn- p≈ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI
245
DØ-c-kq-NnI
F) am¿®v 21 ˛ Pq¨ 21 _n) Pq¨ 21 ˛ sk]vXw-_¿ 23
kn) sk]vXw-_¿ 23 ˛ Unkw-_¿ 22
7. `aWw
cmXnbpw ]Iepw D≠m-hp-∂p. kz¥w A®p-X-≠n¬ Id-ßp∂p
24 aWn-°q¿ kabw ]Sn-™mdv \n∂v Ing-t°m´v
8. F) EXp hyXymkw G‰hpw ]I-S-am-bn A\p- -h-s∏-Sp∂ taJe?
_n)kqcys‚ ÿm\w DØ-cm¿[ tKmf -Øn¬ Bhp -tºmƒ B¿´nIv
hrØ-Øn-\p-≈nse ]tZ-i-Øns‚ ]I-ens‚ ssZ¿Lyw?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
F) antXm-jvW-ta-Je _n) 6 amkw
9. ]mtZ-iI kabw IW-°m-°p-∂Xv Fßs\?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
Hmtcm ÿeØpw kqcy≥ Xebv°v apI-fn-embn FØp∂ kabw (D-®-\n-e-sb) B[m-
c-am°n \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂ ka-b-amWv ]mtZ-inI ka-bw.
10. C¥y-bn¬ BZy-ambn kqtcym-Zbw ImWp∂ ÿew Acp-Wm-N¬ ]tZ-inem-Wv.
Imc-W-sa¥v?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ C¥y-bpsS Ingt° A‰-sØ kwÿm\w
˛ `q -aWw Ing°v \n∂v ]Sn-™m-tdm´v Bb-Xn-\m¬ kqtcym-Zbw BZyw Ing°v
A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂p.
11. am\-I-tc-Jmwiw F∂m-se¥v?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
Hmtcm cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw a[y- m-K-Øp-IqSn IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ tcJmwi tcJ. ]kvXpX
tcJ-bnse ]mtZ-inI ka-b-amWv B cmPysØ Ãm≥tU¿Uv ka-bw.
12. C¥y-bpsS am\-I-tc-Jmwiw GXv? Ko\n®v ka-b-Øn¬ \n∂v CXv FX kabw
hyXym-k-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p.
DØ-c-kq-NnI : 5 1
2 aWn-°q¿
01
28 ]q¿∆tcJmwiw
246
A[ymbw 2
Im‰ns‚ Dd-hnSw tXSn
][m\ Bi-b-߃
˛ A¥-co£ a¿±w
˛ A¥-co£ a¿±-Ønse hyXn-bm\w
˛ BtKmf a¿±-ta-J-e-Iƒ
˛ A¥-co£ a¿±hpw Im‰p-Ifpw
˛ Im‰ns‚ thK-Xbpw Znibpw
˛ BtKmf hmX-߃
˛ ImenI hmX-߃
˛ ]mtZ-inI hmX-߃
1. F¥mWv A¥-co£ a¿±w? A¥-co£ a¿±w Af-°p∂ D]-I-cWw GXv? bqWn‰v
GXv?
˛ A¥-co£ hmbp sNep-Øp∂ `mc-amWv A¥-co£ a¿±w
˛ ck-_m-tcm-ao-‰¿
˛ an√n-_m¿/slIvtSm-]m-kvI¬
2. A¥-co-£-Ønse a¿±-hy-Xn-bm-\-߃°v Imc-W-am-Ip∂ LS-I-߃ Gh? Ah a¿±-
hp-ambn Fßs\ _‘-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
1. Dbcw 2. Xm]w 3. B¿ZX
Cu LS-I-߃ A¥-co£ a¿±-hp-ambn hn]-co-Xm-\p-]m-X-Øn-em-Wv.
3. ka-a¿±-tcJ
* Htc A¥-co£ a¿±-ap≈ ÿe-ßsf XΩn¬ tbmPn-∏n®v hc-°p∂ km¶ev]nI
tcJ
D®-a¿± taJe
Np‰p]m-Sp-Isf At]-£n®v Hcp ]tZ-iØv A¥-co£ a¿±w IqSp-X-em-sW-¶n¬ B
`mKw D®-a¿± taJ-e.
\yq\-a¿± taJe
Np‰p-]m-Sp-Isf At]-£n®v Hcp ]tZ-iØv A¥-co£ a¿±w Ipd-hm-sW-¶n¬ B
`mKw \yq\-a¿± taJ-e.
247
4. NnXw hni-I-e\w sNbvXv BtKmf a¿±-ta-J-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-
bm-°p-I.
BtKmf a¿±-ta-J-e-Iƒ A£mw-iob hym]vXn cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂-Xn-\p≈
ImcWw
a[y-tcJ \yq\-a¿±-ta-Je sX°v 50 apX¬ hS°v 50 hsc ............ (F)
Dt]mjvW D®-a¿±-ta-Je 300 sX°v, 300 hS°v ........... (_n)
D]-[p-hob \yq\-a¿±-ta-Je 600 sX°v, 600 hS°v ............ (-kn)
[phob D®-a¿±-ta-Je 900 sX°v, 900 hS°v ............ (Un)
DØc-kq-NnI
F) kqcy-civan ew_-ambn ]Xn-°p-∂p. hmbp NqSv ]nSn®v Db-cp-∂p.
_n) `q -a-W-Øns‚ ^e-ambn XWpØ hmbp Xmgv∂n-d-ßp-∂p.
kn) `a-Whpw tImdn-tbm-enkv _ehpw ImcWw hmbp Npg-‰n-am-‰-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Un) kqcy-]-Im-i-Øns‚ Afhv Ipd-hm-Wv. hmbp XWpØv ASn-™p-Iq-Sp-∂p.
5. F¥mWv Im‰p-Iƒ? Im‰p-Iƒ°v t]cv \¬Ip-∂-sX-ßs\?
-˛ D®-a¿±-ta -J-e-bn¬ \n∂v \yq\-a¿± taJ-e-bn -te-°p≈ hmbp-hns‚
Xnc-›o\ Ne-\-amWv Im‰p-Iƒ.
˛ Im‰p-Iƒ GXv Znibn¬ \n∂v hoip∂p F∂-Xns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n t]cv
\¬Ip-∂p.
[phob D®-a¿± taJe
D]-[p-hob \yq\-a¿± taJe
Dt]mjvW D®-a¿± tcJ
a[y-tcJ \yq\-a¿± taJe
Dt]mjvW D®-a¿±-ta-Je
D]-[p-hob \yq\-a¿± taJe
[phob D®-a¿± taJe
900N
600N
300N
0
300S
600S
900S
248
6.L¿jWw
tImdn-tbm-enkv _ew s^d¬ \nbaw
8. Im‰p-Iƒ
`utam-]-cn-X-e-ج kzX-¥-ambn
Nen-°p∂ hkvXp-°-fpsS Zni°v
am‰w D≠m-°p∂ _ew. ˛ Im‰v
DØc A¿[-tKm-f-Øn¬
he-tØm´v
Z£nW A¿[-tKm-f-
Øn¬ CS-tØm´v
9, BtKm-f-hm-X-߃
˛ BtKmf a¿±-ta-J-e-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂-h.
Im‰p-Iƒ
BtKm-f-hm-X-߃ Imen-I-hm-X-߃ ]mtZinI hmX-߃
hmWn-Py-hmXw ]›n-a-
hmXw
[phobhmXw
a¨kq¨Im‰v Ic-
°m‰v
IS-¬°m‰v
amwtKm-j-h¿ s^m≥
eq l¿am-‰¨
Nn\q°v
a¿±N-cn-hp-am-\-
_ew
Im‰ns‚ thK-X-tbbpw
Zni-tbbpw kzm[o-\n-°p∂
LS-I-߃
tImdn-tbm-enkv
]`mhw
249
10. NnXsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n BtKm-f-hm-X-߃, hoip∂ taJe F∂nh
]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
BtKm-f-hmXw hoip∂ taJe
sX°vIn-g-°≥ hmWn-Py-hmXw 300S è 00 (D-t]mjvW D®-a¿±-Øn¬ \n∂v
a[y-tc-J-\yq-\-a¿±-ta-J-e-bn-te°v)
hS-°vIn-g-°≥ hmWn-Py-hmXw 300N è00 ('')
]›n-a-hmXw 300 è600 (c≠v A¿[-tKm-f-Ønepw Dt]mjvW
D®-a¿±-ta-Jebn¬ \n∂v D]-[p-hob \yq\-a¿±
Ønte-°v)
[phob ]q¿∆-hmXw 900è 600 (c≠v A¿[-tKm-f-Ønepw [ph-]-tZ-iØv
\n∂v D]-[p-hob \yq\-a¿± taJ-e-bn-te-°v)
11. Imen-I-hm-X-߃
Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.
1. Ic-°m‰v/IS¬°m‰v
2. ]¿∆-X-°m‰v/Xmgvhc-°m‰v
3. sX°v ]Sn-™m-d≥ a¨kq¨/hS°v Ing-°≥ a¨kq¨
250
DØ-c-kq-NnI
Ic-°m‰v IS¬°m‰v
˛ Ic-bn¬ \n∂v IS-en-te°v ˛ IS-en¬ \n∂v Ic-bn-te°v
--˛ cmXn ka-bØv ˛ ]I¬ ka-bØv
˛ Ic-bn¬ D®-a¿±w ˛ IS-en¬ D®-a¿±w
˛ IS-en¬ \yq\-a¿±w ˛ Ic-bn¬ \yq\-a¿±w
]¿∆-X-°m‰v Xmgvhc-°m‰v
˛ ]¿∆-X-`m-KØv ˛ Xmgvhc `mKØv \n∂v
\n∂v Xmgvhc-bn-te°v ]¿∆-X-Øn-te°v
˛ cmXn-Im-e-ß-fn¬ ˛ ]I¬ kabw
˛ ]¿∆-X- mKw D®-a¿±w ˛ Xmgvhc- mKw D®-a¿±w
sX°v ]Sn-™m-d≥ a¨kq¨ hS°v Ing-°≥ a¨kq¨
--- DØ-cm¿[-tKm-f-Øn¬ kqcy ˛ DØc A¿[-tKm-f-Øn¬ ssiXy˛
civan-Iƒ ew_-ambn ]Xn-°p∂p ImeØv h≥I-c- m-KØv D®-a¿±w
A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p.
˛ h≥I-c- m-K-߃ NqSv IqSp-∂p. ˛ C¥y≥ alm-k-ap-Z-Øn¬
\yq\-a¿±w
˛ sX°v Ing-°≥ hmWn-Py-hmX ˛ h≥Ic `mKØv \n∂v kap-Z- m-K˛
߃ Zni-amdn sX°v ]Sn-™m-d≥ tØ°v Im‰v hoip-∂p.
a¨kq¨ BIp-∂p.
˛ kap-Z- m-KØv \n∂v h≥I-c- m-K˛
tØ°v Im‰v hoip-∂p.
12. ]mtZ-in-I-hm-X-߃
t]cv Is≠-Øp-I.
1. klmd acp- q-an-bn¬ \n∂v ]Sn-™m-d≥ B^n-°-bn-te°v hoip∂ Im‰v?
2. tdm°n ]¿∆-X-Øns‚ sNcn-hn¬ hoip-∂p.
a™v Xn∂p-∂-h≥ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
3. DjvW-Im-eØv Z£n-tW-¥y-bn¬ hoip∂ ]mtZ-inI hmXw.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
1. l¿am-‰¨ 2. Nn\q°v 3. amtKm-j-thgvkv
251
13. ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI
Im‰ns‚ t]cv kz`mhw hoip∂ ]tZiw
eq ......................... .............................................
....................... DjvW-°m‰v tdm°okv ]¿∆-X- sN-cn-hn¬
s^m≥ ....................... B¬]vkv ]¿∆X sNcn-hn¬
l¿am-‰¨ ....................... ...........................................
DØ-c-kq-NnI
eq ˛ DjvW-°m‰v ˛ DØ-tc-¥y≥ ka-Xew
Nn\q°v ˛ DjvW-°m‰v ˛ tdm°okv ]¿∆-X-Øns‚ Ing-°≥ sNcnhv
s^m≥ ˛ DjvW-°m‰v ˛ B¬]vkv ]¿∆-X-sN-cnhv
l¿am-‰¨ ˛ ioX-°m‰v ˛ klmd acp- q-an-bn¬ \n∂v B^n-°-bn-te°v
14. a¨kq-Wns‚ cq]wsIm≈-en\v Imc-W-am-Ip∂ LS-I-߃
˛ kqcys‚ Ab\w
˛ tImdn-tbm-enkv ]`mhw
˛ Xm]-Ønse hyXymkw
252
A[ymbw 3
am\-h-tijn hnI-k\w ˛ C¥y-bn¬
][m\ Bi-b-߃
am\-h-tijn hnIk\w ˛ Xe-߃ ˛ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ˛ KW-]cw ˛ KpW-]cw
1. am\-hhn- -h-tijn hnI-k\w F∂m¬ F¥v?
DØ-c-kq-NnI : ˛ hnZym- ymkw, Btcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e-\w, ]cn-io-e\w F∂n-h-bn-eqsS a\p-
jys‚ Imbn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb Ign-hp-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xns\ am\-h-tijn
hnI-k\w F∂p-]-d-bp-∂p.
2. am\-h-hn- h tijn hnI-k-\-Øns‚ hnhn[ Xe-߃ GsX√mw?
3. am\-h-ti-jn-hn- -h-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥√mw?
KW-]cw KpW-]cw
P\-kwJym hep∏w hnZym-`ymkw
P\-kwJym hf¿®
P\-kwJym LS\ BtcmKyw
am\
-h-h
n--h
-ti
jn ˛
Xe
-߃
ÿm]-\-߃
GP≥kn-Iƒ
(]-T-\w,
]cn-io-e-\w)
cmjvSw
(ku-I-cy-߃
Hcp-°p-∂p)
hy‡n
(kz-]-cn-i-aw)
IpSpw_w
(km-l-N-cy-߃
Hcp-°p-∂p)
4. P\-kw-Jym-imkvXw F∂m¬ F¥v?
DØ-c-kq-NnI : P\-kwJy AXns‚ FÆ-Øn¬ hcp∂ am‰w, LS-\m-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-
X-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh hni-I-e\w sNøp∂ kmaq-ly-imkvX im-JbmWv P\-kw-Jym-im-kvXw.
5. C¥y-bn¬ P\-kwJym IW-s°-Sp∏v \S-Øp∂ ]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v t\XrXzw
sImSp-°p-∂Xv Bcv?
DØ-c-kq-NnI: t]m∏p-te-j≥ cPn-kvSm¿ B‚ v sk≥kkv IΩo-j-W¿
(10 h¿j-Øn¬ Hcn-°¬)
253
6. F¥n-\mWv P\-kwJym]T\w \S-Øp-∂Xv?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ cmPyØv FX P\-߃ D≠v F∂-dn-bm≥
˛ P\-߃°m-h-iy-amb ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-߃ FX-sb-∂-dn-bm≥?
˛ Bh-iy-amb km[-\-ß-fp-sSbpw tkh-\-ß-fp-sSbpw Afhv Xn -s∏-Sp-Øm≥
˛ hnI-k\ \b-߃ cq]o-I-cn-°m≥
7. Hcp cmPysØ P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ am‰w hcp-Øp∂ LS-߃ Fs¥√mw?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ P\-\-\n-c°v ˛ ac-W-\n-c°v ˛ IpSn-tb‰w
8. temI-P-\-kw-Jym-Zn\w F∂mWv?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ Pqsse 11
9. P\-km-µX F∂m≥ F¥v?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
Hcp NXp-ci Intem-ao-‰¿ ]tZ-iØv Xma-kn-°p∂ P\-ß-fpsS FÆ-amWv
P\-km-µ-X.
10. P\-kw-Jym-L-S\ F∂m¬ F¥v? GXv Xc-Øn-ep≈ P\-kwJym LS-\-bmWv
cmPy-Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xnsb klm-bn-°p-∂Xv?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
0 - 14 - Bi-b-Xz-hn- mKw
15 - 59 - ]¶m-fnØ hn`mKw
60 hb-n\v apI-fn¬ ˛ Bi-b-Xz-hn- mKw
]¶m-fnØ hn`mKw ˛ Ch¿ sXmgn-ep≈h-cmWv. Ch¿ cmPy ]ptcm-K-Xnsb
klm-bn-°p-∂p.
11. kvXo -]p-cpj A\p-]mXw F∂m¬ F¥v? Hcp cmPyØv 1000 ]pcp-j-∑m¿°v FX
kvXoIƒ F∂-XmWv kvXo -]pcpj A\p-]mXw?
DØ-c-kq-NnI ˛ 2011 se sk≥kkv A\p-k-cn®v C¥y-bn¬ 940/1000 BWv.
12. A[zm-\-tijn sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ KpW-]-c-amb LS-I-߃ Fs¥√mw?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ hnZym-`ym-kw
˛ BtcmKy]cn-]m-e\w
˛ ]cn-io-e-\-߃
˛ kmaq-lnI aqe-[\w
254
13. am\h hn -h-tijn sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv sIm≠p≈ ]tbm-P-\-߃ Fs¥√mw?
14. hnZym- ymkw F]-Im-c-amWv Hcp cmPy-Øns‚ hnI-k-\sØ klm-bn-°p-∂Xv?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
hnZym- ymkw
hy‡n-I-fpsS Ignhv sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p
kmt¶-XnIhnZy-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ km[n-°p∂p
sa®-s∏´ sXmgnepw hcp-am-\hpw h¿≤n-°p∂p
Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw Db-cp∂p
sa®-s∏´
am\-h-hn- hw
Dev]m-Z\ £aX
h¿≤n-∏n°mw
kmº-ØnI A¥cw
Ipd-bv°p∂p
sa®-s∏´ kmt¶-
XnI hnZy-I-fpsS
D]-tbmKw
]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-ß-
fpsS ^e-]-Z-
amb D]-tbmKw
15. hnZym- ym-khpw ss\]p-Wnbpw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn Fs¥√mw ]≤-Xn-I-fmWv
C¥y-bn¬ \S-∏n-em-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
]≤-Xn-Iƒ e£y-߃
ICDS 5 hb-p-h-sc-bp≈ inip-°-fp-tSbpw K¿`n-Wn-Ifp
kwtbm-PnX inip-hn-I-k\w tSbpw AΩ-am-cp-tSbpw ]cn-]m-e\w
SSA k¿hcpw ]Tn-°pI k¿hcpw hf-cpI
k¿∆-in£m A`n-bm≥ ]mY-anI hnZym- ymkw F√m-h¿°pw
hnZym- ymk kuI-cy-߃ sa®-s∏-Sp-ØpI
RMSA
cmjvSob am[y-anIv sslkvIqƒ hnZym- ymk e`yX Dd-∏m-°¬
in£m A`n-bm≥ hnZym- ymk kuI-cy-߃ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I.
è
è
è
è
255
RUSA
cmjvSob D®-X¬ D∂-X-hn-Zym`ymk e`yX,
in£m A`n-bm≥ +2 KpW-\n-e-hmcw h¿≤n-∏n-°pI
NSDC
\mj-W¬ kvIn¬ bph-P-\-߃°v sXmgn¬
Uh-e-∏vsa‚ v B‚ v ]cn-io-e\w \¬IpI
tamWn-‰dn dnhm¿Uv hnZ-Kv[-cmb sXmgn-em-fn-Isf krjvSn-°pI
16. C¥y-bn¬ hnZym- ymk Ah-Imi \nbaw \S-∏n-em-°nb h¿jw GXv? e£yw F¥v?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
h¿jw : 2012 ¬
e£yw : F√m-h¿°pw ]mY-anI hnZym- ymkw `c-W-L-S\ hgn Dd-∏p-\¬Ip-∂p.
17. hnZym- ymk cwKØv t\cn-Sp∂ ]iv\-߃ Fs¥√mw?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ sImgn-™p-t]m°v ˛ ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-Ip-dhv ˛ KpW-\n-e-hmcIpdhv
18. BtcmKyw F∂m-se¥v/
DØ-c-kq-NnI
imco-cn-I-ambpw am\-kn-I-ambpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb kpÿn-Xn-bmWv BtcmKyw (WHO).
19. Btcm-Ky-ap≈ P\X Fß-s\-bmWv cmPy-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-Ip-∂Xv?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
sXmgn¬ Zn\-ß-fpsS FÆw IqSp∂p
Dev]m-Z\w IqSpw
]Ir-Xn-hn- -h-ß-fpsS icn-bmb hn\n-tbmKw
NnIn’m Nnehv Ipd-bp∂p
k¿°m-cns‚ Nnehv Ipd-bp∂p
kmº-ØnI hnI-k\w km[y-am-Ip-∂p.
20. BtcmKy-]-cn-]m-e-\-Øn\v Hcp-t°≠ kuI-cy-߃ Fs¥√mw?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ t]mj-Im-lmc e`yX
˛ ip≤-Pew
à
à
à
à
à
256
˛ NnIn’m kuI-cy-߃
˛ tcmK-]-Xn-tcm[ kwhn-[m-\-߃
˛ ipNnXz ]cn-]m-e\w
21. NnIn’m cwKØv k¿°m¿ Xe-Øn¬ ]h¿Øn-°p∂ ÿm]-\-߃ GsXms°?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
--˛ saUn-°¬ tImtf-Pp-Iƒ
˛ Pn√m Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ
˛ kmaqly BtcmKy tIµ-߃ (CHC)
-˛ ]mY-anI BtcmKy tIµ-߃ (PHC)
--˛ BtcmKy D]-tI-µ-߃
22. KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ BtcmKy tkh-\-߃ F√m-h¿°pw e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn\v th≠n
]h¿Øn-°p∂ GP≥kn-Iƒ GsX√mw?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
tZiob KmaoW BtcmKy anj≥ (NHRD) -- KmaoW taJebn¬ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.
tZiob \Kc Btcm-Ky-an -j≥ (NUHM) ---˛ 50000 ¬]cw P\-kw-Jy-bp≈
\K-c -ß-fn¬ tNcn \nhm -kn -Iƒ°pw ]m¿iz¬°-cn -°-s∏-´ -h¿°p -ambn
]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.
23. C¥y-bnse icm-icn Bbp¿ssZ¿Lyw FX-bmWv? (2011 se sk≥k-kv)
DØ-c-kq-NnI
kvXoIƒ ˛ 67 hbv
]pcp-j-∑¿ ˛ 64 hbv
BsI ˛ 66 hbv
24. P\-\-\n-c-°v, IpSn-tb-‰w, ac-W-\n-c°v F∂nh P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ hcp-Øp∂ am‰-߃
F]-Im-c-amWv?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ P\-\-\n-c°v h¿≤n-°p∂p P\-kwJy IqSp-∂p.
˛ P\-\-\nc°v Ipd-bp∂p P\-kwJy Ipd-bp-∂p.
˛ ac-W-\n-c°v h¿≤n-°p∂p P\-kwJy Ipd-bp∂p
˛ ac-W-\n-c°v Ipd-bp∂p P\-kwJy IqSp∂p
˛ IpSn-tb‰w Hcp-]-tZ-iØv IqSp∂p as‰mcp ]tZ-iØv Ipd-bp-∂p.
257
A[ymbw 4
`qXe hni-I-e\w `q]-S-ß-fn-eqsS
][m\ Bi-b-߃
˛ [cm-X-eob `q]-S-߃
˛ [cm-X-eob `q]-S-ßfpw D]-tbm-K-ßfpw
˛ [cm-X-eob `q]-S-ß-fnse teHu´pw \º-dnwKpw
˛ AwKo-IrX AS-bm-f-ßfpw Nn”-ßfpw
˛ KnUv d -d≥kv
˛ tIm≠q¿ tcJ-Iƒ
˛ [cm-X-eob `q]-S-hn-i-I-e\w
1. ]Ir-Xn-Z-Øhpw a\p-jy-\n¿Ωn-X-hp-amb F√m `utam-]-cn-Xe khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw
NnXo-I-cn-°p∂ `q]Sw?
[cm-X-eob `q]Sw
2. C¥y-bn¬ [cm-X-eob `q]Sw \n¿Ωn-°p∂ GP≥kn?
k¿t∆ Hm^v C¥y
3. ssk\nI ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ssk\nI q]-S-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\pw [cm-X-eob q]-S-߃
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. a‰v D]-tbm-K-߃ Is≠-Øp-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ `q]-tZ-i-Øns‚ uXn-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-I-e\w
sNøp-∂-Xn\v
˛ kmº-ØnI Bkq- X -W-Øns‚ `mK-ambn hn` -h -߃ Is≠Øn
]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\v.
˛ \K-cm-kq-X-W-Øn\v
4. [cm-X-eob `q]-S-Øn¬ Dbcw NnXo-I-cn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Nn”-߃?
˛ tIm≠q¿ tcJ ˛ t^w sse≥
˛ kvt]m¿´v ssl‰v ˛ Sbm-¶p-te-‰Uv ssl‰v
˛ s_©v am¿°v
5. [cm-X-eob `q]-S-Ønse AwKoX \nd-ßfpw `qcq-]-ßfpw ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
\nd-߃ `qk-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
Idp∏v ˛ A£mwiw tcJmwiw
˛ sdbn¬]m-X, sSen-Km^v sse≥
258
˛ hc-fp∂ Pem-ibw
˛ AXn¿Øn-Iƒ
sh≈ ˛ Xcn-ip- qan
a™ ˛ Irjn-ÿew
\oe ˛ kap-Zw, \Zn-Iƒ, Ipf-߃
]® ˛ h\-߃, ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ
Nph∏v ˛ KnUv sse\p-Iƒ
Xhn´v ˛ tIm≠q¿ tcJ-Iƒ, a¨Iq\-Iƒ
6. Hcp [cm-X-eob `q]-S-Øn¬ \º¿ 4510
D F∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-s≠-¶n¬
AsX-¥ns\ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
4510
D- tSmt∏m-jo‰v \º¿
45 - an√y≥ jn‰v
D - UnKn-jo‰v
10 - C©v jo‰v \º¿
7. temIsØ BsI FX tSmt∏m-jo-‰p-I-fn-em-Wv NnXo-I-cn-®n- p-≈Xv?
2222
8. [cm-X-eob `q]-S-Øn¬ `qk-hn-ti-j-X-I-fpsS ÿm\-\n¿Æbw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v
hc-°p∂ tcJ-I-fmWv CuÃnw -Kvkv, t\m¿ØnwKvkv F∂n-h. Ch-bpsS
]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
CuÃnwKvkv t\m¿ØnwKvkv
˛ hS-°v- -sX°v Zni-bn¬ hc-°p-∂p. --- ˛ Ing-°v- -]-Sn-™mdv Zni-bn¬ hc-bv°p∂p.
˛ Ing-t°m´v t]mIp-t¥mdpw ˛ hS-t°m- v t]mIp-t¥mdpw aqeyw IqSp-∂p.
aqeyw IqSp-∂p.
˛ `q]-S-Ønse khn-ti-j-X-I-fpsS ˛ `q]-S-Ønse khn-ti-j-X-I-fpsS sXm´v
sXm´v CS-Xp-h-i-Øp≈ CuÃnw˛ t\m¿Ønw-Kvkns‚ aqeyw ÿm\-\¿W˛
Kns‚ aqey-amWv ÿm\-\n¿Æb bØn\v IW-°m-°p-∂p.
Øn\v IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv.
9. F¥mWv d -d≥kv KnUv?
DØ-c-kqNnI : CuÃnwKvkv, t\m¿ØnwKvkv F∂nh tN¿∂p-≠m-Ip∂ Pmen-I-I-fmWv
d -d≥kv KnUv.
259
10. Xmsg \¬In-bn-cn -°p∂ Nn”-߃ [cm-X-eob `q]-S-Øn¬ GXv `qk-hn-
ti-j-X-Iƒ BWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv? ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.
Nn”-߃ `qhn-h-c-߃
1. .............................
2. .............................
3. .............................
4. .............................
5. .............................
6. .............................
7. .............................
8. .............................
9. .............................
10. .............................
11. .............................
12. .............................
13. .............................
14. .............................
PS
PO
DØ-c-kq-NnI
1. Sm¿ sNbvX tdmUv
2. A¥m-cmjvS AXn¿Øn
3. tIm´
4. ih-∏-dºv
5. tIµo-IrX hmk-ÿew
6. dnk¿∆v h\w
7. InW¿
8. Ipg¬In-W¿
9. Pn√ AXn¿Øn
10. Acphn
11. \ocp-dh
12. seh¬tImkv
13. t]meokv tÃj≥
14. t]mtÃm- okv
11. KnUv d -d≥kv
1. \me° KnUv d -d≥kv
˛ ÿm\-\n¿Æbw \S-tØ≠ `qk-hn-ti-j-X-bpsS sXm´v CSXv`mK-Øp≈
CuÃnw-Kvkns‚ aqeyw BZyw Fgp-Xp-I.
˛ `qk-hn-ti-j-X-bpsS sXm´p-Xmsg (sX-°v) D≈ t\m¿Ønw-Kvkns‚ aqeyw
CuÃnw-Kvkns‚ aqey-tØmSv tN¿sØ-gp-Xp-I
2. Bd° KnUv d -d≥kv
˛ BZyw `qk-hn-ti-j-X-bpsS CS-Xp-h-i-Øp≈ CuÃnw-Kvkns‚ aqeyw Fgp-Xp-I.
260
˛ tijw ASpØ CuÃnwKvkv hsc-bp≈ `mKsØ ]Øv Xpey- m-K-am-°n, `qk-
hn-ti-j-X-bpsS t\sc hcp∂ `mK-Øns‚ aqeyw Fgp-Xp-I.
˛ `qk-hn-ti-j-X-bpsS sXm´p-Xm-sg-bp≈ t\m¿Ønw-Kvkns‚ aqeyw Fgp-Xp-I.
˛ tijw ASp-Øp≈ t\m¿ØnwKvkv hsc-bp≈ `mKsØ ]Øv Xpey-
`m -K -am -°n, `qk-hn -ti-j-X-bpsS t\sc hcp∂ `mK-Øns‚ aqeyw
tN¿sØ-gp-Xp-I.
12. KnUn¬ ImWp∂ Nn”-߃ GsX∂v Is≠-Øp-I. Ah-bpsS \me° KnUv, BsI
KnUv F∂nh IW-°m-°p-I.
13. tIm≠q¿ tcJ-Iƒ
˛ kapZ\nc-∏n¬ \n∂v Htc Db-c-Øn-ep≈ ÿe-ßsf XΩn¬ tbmPn-∏n®v
hc-°p∂ km¶-ev]nI tcJ-Iƒ.
˛ Hmtcm tIm≠q¿ tcJ-tbm-sSm∏w Ah-bpsS aqeyw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
˛ ASp-Ø-Sp-Øp≈ c≠v tIm≠q¿ tcJ-I-fpsS aqey-߃ XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-amWv
tIm≠q¿ CS-th-f.
˛ tIm≠q¿ tcJ-Iƒ hfsc ASp-Ømbn hcp∂ ÿe-Øv `q]-tZiw IpØs\
sNcn-hp-≈-Xm-bn-cn-°pw.
˛ tIm≠q¿ tcJ-Iƒ XΩn¬ AI∂v ImW-s∏-Sp-∂psh¶n¬ q]-tZ-i-Øn\v sNdnb
sNcnhv amX-am-bn-cn-°pw.
PS
79
78
77
76
75
79
78
77
76
75
21 22 23 24 25
21 22 23 24 25
261
14. [cm-X-eob `q]-S-Øn¬ NnXo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ tIm≠q¿tcJIfn¬ \n∂v B
]tZ-i-sØ-°p-dn®v \ap°v a\-nem°m≥ ]‰p∂ Imcy-߃ Gh?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
1. `q]-tZ-i-Øns‚ Dbcw
2. Ncn-hns‚ Afhv
3. `qcq-]-Øns‚ BIrXn
15. ]mT- m-K-Ønse NnXw 4.22 (t]Pv \w. 67) hni-I-e\w sNøp-I. `qk-hn-ti-j-X-bpsS
BIrXn hc®v GsXms° ÿe-߃ XΩn¬ t\¿°mgvN D≠v F∂v
Is≠-Øp-I.
16. [cm-Xeob `q]S hni-I-e\w
]mY-anI hnh-c-߃
(CXv `q]-S-Øns‚ ]pdØv tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p)
`q]-S-Øns‚ t]cv, ]tZ-i-Øns‚
t]cv, A£mw-iw- -tc-Jmw-iw, CuÃnw-
Kvkv, t\m¿Ønw-Kvkv, tXmXv, tIm≠q¿
CS-th-f... XpS-ßn-bh
`uXnI hnh-c-߃
Pem-i-b-߃ (Ip-fw, \Zn, Acp-hn,
hnhn[ `qcq-]-߃)
kmwkvIm-cnI hnh-c-߃ a\p-jy-\n¿ΩnX khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
(]m¿∏n-Sw, tdmUp-Iƒ, AXn¿Øn,
Bcm-[-\m-e-bw, t]mÃv Hm^o-kv)
17. t\¿°mgvN F∂mse¥v? CXv ]tbmP\s∏SpØp∂ kmlNcyßtfh?
c≠p ÿe߃ XΩn¬ ]ckv]cw ZriyamsW¶n¬ Ah t\¿°mgvNbnemsW∂v
]dbmw.
* sshZypXn t]mÃpIƒ ÿm]n°p∂Xn\v.
* samss_¬ ShdpIƒ ÿm]n°p∂Xn\v.
*
262
A[ymbw 5
s]mXp-sN-ehpw s]mXp-h-cp-am-\hpw
][m\ Bi-b-߃
˛ s]mXp-sN-ehv
˛ s]mXp-h-cp-am\w
˛ \nIpXn hcp-am\w
˛ s]mXp-I-Sw, s]mXp-[-\-Imcyw
1. s]mXphcp-am\w s]mXp-sN-ehv
k¿°m-cns‚ hcp-am\w P\-t£a ]h¿Ø-\-߃°mbn k¿°m¿
]Ww sNe-h-gn-°¬
\nIpXn hcp-am\w
\nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hcp-am\w hnI-k\ sNehv
hnI-k-t\-Xc sNehv
s]mXp-ISw s]mXp-[-\-Imcyw
k¿°m¿ hmßp∂ s]mXp-h-cp-am\w
hmbv]-Iƒ
B`y-¥-c-I-Sw, hntZ-i-ISw s]mXp-sN-ehv
s]mXp-ISw
2. Xmsg\¬Inb ]h¿Ø-\-ßsf hnI-k\ sNe-hv, hnI-k-t\-Xc sNehv F∂n-ßs\
Xcw-Xn-cn-°p-I.
˛ tdmUv \n¿ΩmWw
˛ hnam-\-Øm-hf \n¿ΩmWw
˛ hnZym-eb \n¿ΩmWw
˛ bp≤w, ]en-i, s]≥j≥
DØ-c-kq-NnI
hnI-k\ sNehv hnI-k-t\-Xc sNehv
tdmUv \n¿ΩmWw bp≤w
hnam-\-Øm-hf \n¿ΩmWw ]eni
hnZym-eb \n¿ΩmWw s]≥j≥
263
3. s]mXp-sN-ehv h¿≤n-°m-\p≈ Imc-W-߃ Gh?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ P\-kw-Jym-h¿≤-\hv
˛ ]Xn-tcm-[-]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-\p≈ h¿≤-\hv
˛ P\-t£a ]h¿Ø-\-߃
˛ \Kc ]h¿Ø\w
˛ imkvX ]co-£-W-߃
4. \nIpXn hcp-am-\-Øns‚ Dd-hn-S-߃
1) ]Xy-£-\n-IpXn ]tcm£ \nIpXn
˛ \nIpXn Npa-Ø-s∏´ Bƒ Xs∂ ˛ Npa-Ø-s∏´ Bƒ \nIpXn \¬Ip-∂p.
\¬Ip-∂p.
˛ \nIpXn `mcw Adn-bp-∂n√ ˛ \nIp-Xn- mcw Adn-bp-∂n√
˛ \nIpXn ]ncnhv sNehv IqSp-X¬ ˛ \nIpXn ]ncn-hn\v sNehv Ipdhv
DZm:˛ hy‡n-KX BZmb \nIpXn DZm: aqey-h¿≤nX \nIpXn FIvsskkv
Uyq´n, IÃwkv Uyq´n
2) k¿Nm¿Pv
\nIp-Xn°v ta¬ Npa-Øp∂ A[nI \nIp-Xn, Hcp \n›nX Ime-tØ°v amXw.
3)skv
k¿°m¿ Nne ]tXyI Bh-iy-߃°v th≠n \nIpXn Npa-Øp∂ A[nI
\nIp-Xn. Bh-iy-ap≈ ]Ww In´n-bm¬ \n¿Ø-em-°pw.
5. \nIp-Xn-tb-Xc hcp-am-\-Øns‚ Dd-hn-S-߃ F tImf-Øn\v tbmPn-®Xv tN¿°p-I.
F _n
^okv˛ Hcp k¿°m¿ as‰mcp k¿°m-cn\v \¬Ip-∂-Xv.
Km‚ v
]eni ˛ \nb-a-ew-L-\-Øn-\p≈ in£
ss^\p-Iƒ ˛ k¿°mcv tkh-\-߃°p≈ ]Xn- -e\w
s]\m¬‰n ˛ hnhn[ kwcw- -߃°mbn k¿°m¿ \¬Inb ]eni
em`w ˛ k¿°m¿ kwcw- -Øn¬ \n∂pfve hcp-am-\w.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
^okv ˛ k¿°m¿ tkh-\-߃°p≈ ]Xn- -ew.
264
Km‚ v ˛ Hcp k¿°m¿ as‰mcp k¿°m-cn\v \¬Ip-∂Xv
]eni ˛ k¿°m¿ hnhn[ kwcw- -߃°v \¬Inb hmbv]-bpsS ]eni
ss^\p-Iƒ, s]\m¬‰n-Iƒ ˛ \nb-a-ew-L-\-Øn-\p≈ in£
em`w ˛ k¿°m¿ kwcw- -Øn¬ \n∂p≈ aqe-[\w
6. Xt±-i-kz-bw- -cW ÿm]-\-߃ Npa-Øp∂ ][m\ \nIp-Xn-Iƒ Gh?
DØ-c-kq-NnI : hkvXp-\n-Ip-Xn, sXmgn¬ \nIp-Xn, hnt\mZ \nIpXn
7. `q\n-IpXn, aqey-h¿≤nX \nIpXn F∂nh Npa-Øp-∂Xv Bcv?
DØ-c-kq-NnI : kwÿm\ k¿°m¿
8. tIµ-k¿°m-cns‚ ][m\ \nIp-Xn-Iƒ Gh?
DØ-c-kq-NnI : tIm¿∏-td‰v \nIp-Xn, BZmb \nIp-Xn, FIvsskkv Uy´n
9. F¥mWv aqey-h¿≤nX \nIpXn?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ Hcp Dev]∂w D]-t`m-‡m-hn-te°v FØp-∂Xv hnhn[ L -ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv
˛ Hmtcm L -Ønepw aqeyw tN¿°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
˛ tN¿°-s∏-Sp∂ aqey-Øn-t∑¬ Npa-Øp∂ \nIp-Xn.
10. km[-\-ß-fpsS Dev]m-Z\ L -Øn¬ Npa-Øp∂ \nIpXn GXmWv?
FIvsskkv Uyq´n
11. km[-\-ß-fpsS Cd-°p-a-Xn-bnepw Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bnepw Npa-Ø-s∏-Sp∂ \nIpXn GXv?
IÃwkv \nIpXn
12. B`y-¥c IShpw hntZi IShpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-sa¥v?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
B`y-¥c ISw ˛ cmPy-Øn-\-IØv \n∂p≈ hy‡n-I-fn¬ \nt∂m ÿm]-\-Øn¬
\nt∂m hmßp-∂-Xv.
hntZ-i-ISw hntZi Kh¨sa‚n¬ \nt∂m, A¥¿tZ-iob ÿm]-\-ß-f¬ \nt∂m
hmßp-∂-Xv.
13. _P‰v F∂m-se¥v?
DØ-c-kq-NnI : Hcp kmº-ØnI h¿j-Øn¬ k¿°m¿ ]Xo-£n-°p∂ hchpw sNehpw
hni-Z-am-°p∂ [\-Imcy \bw.
14. C¥y-bn¬ kmº-Øn-I-h¿jw IW-°m-°p-∂Xv GXv Ime-b-f-hnteXmWv?
DØ-c-kq-NnI : G]n¬ 1 apX¬ am¿®v 31 hsc
265
15. hn - mKw ]qcn-∏n-°pI
an® _P‰v ˛ ................(1)
(2)........... ˛ hchv sNehnt\-°mƒ Ipdhv
k¥penX _P‰v ˛ ................(3)
DØ-c-kq-NnI
1) hchv sNe-hn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬
2)IΩn _P‰v
3)hchpw sNehpw Xpeyw
16. [\-\-b-Øns‚ Dt±-iy-߃ Gh?
[\-\bw ]W-s∏-cp-∏hpw ]W-®p-cp-°hpw \nb-¥n-°p-∂-sX-ßs\?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ kmº-ØnI ÿncX ssIh-cn-°pI
˛ ]pXnb sXmgn-e-h-k-c-߃ krjvSn-°pI
˛ A\m-hiy sNe-hp-Iƒ Ipd-bv°pI
˛ ]W-s∏-cp-∏hpw ]W-®p-cp-°hpw Ipd-bv°pI
˛ ]W-s∏-cp∏ ka-bØv \nIpXn \nb-¥n-°p-∂p. hm߬ Ipd-bp-∂p.
˛ ]W-®p-cp° ka-b-Øv \nIpXn Ipd-°p-∂p. hm߬tijn IqSp-∂p.
Dev]m-Z\w \S-°p-∂p.
266
A[ymbw 6
BIm-i-IÆpw Adn-hns‚ hni-I-e-\hpw
1. hnZqckwth-Z\w F∂m¬ F¥v?
Hcp hkvXp-hn-s\tbm ]tZ-i-sØtbm ]Xn- m-k-sØtbm kw_-‘n-°p∂
hnh-c-߃ kv]¿i-\-_-‘w IqSmsX D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS tiJ-cn-
°p∂ coXn-bmWv hnZq-c-kw-th-Zw.
2. kwth-Z-I-߃ F∂m¬ F¥v?
hnZq-c-kw-thZ\Øn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ D]-I-c-W-ß-fmWv kwth-Z-I-߃.
DZm:˛ Iyma-d, kvIm\¿
3. Du¿÷ Dd-hn-SsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\sØ FX-bmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-
cn-°p-∂p. Ah GsXms°?
c≠mbn Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
]Xy-£-hn-Zqc kwth-Z\w ]tcm-£-hn-Zqc kwth-Z\w
IrXna Du¿÷-tkm-X-ns‚ kqcy-]-Im-i-Øns‚ klm-b-tØmsS
klm-b-tØmsS hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\w hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\w km[y-am-Ip-∂p.
\S-Øp∂p
4. πm‰vt^mw F∂m¬ F¥v?
kwth-Z -I -߃ ÿm]n -®n -cn -°p∂ ]X-e -sØ-bmWv πm‰ vt^mw
F∂p-]-d-bp-∂-Xv.
5. πm‰vt^m-ans\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\sØ FX-bmbn Xcw-Xn-cn
-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Ah GsXms°?
˛ `qX-e-Om-bm-K-lWw
˛ BIm-iob hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\w
˛ D]-Kl hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\w
`qX-e-Om-bm-K-lWw ˛ `qan (πm-‰vt^mw)
BIm-iob hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\w ˛ hnam-\-߃
D]-K-l-hn-Zq-c-kw-th-Z\w ˛ IrXna D]-K-l-߃
6. BIm-iob hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\-Øns‚ ta∑-Ifpw t]mcm-bva-Ifpw GsXms°?
_eq-Wp-I-fntem hnam-\-ß-fntem Dd-∏n-®p≈ Iyma-d-I-fpsS klm-b-Øm¬ BIm-
iØv \n∂v `q]-X-e-Øns‚ NnX-߃ FSp-°p∂ ]In-b-bmWv BIm-io-b-hn-Zqc
kwth-Z-\w.
267
ta∑-Iƒ t]mcm-bva-Iƒ
˛ hnkvXr-Xn-Ip-d™ ]tZ-i-ß-fpsS ˛ hnkvXr-X-amb ]tZ-i-Øns‚
hnh-c-ti-J-cWw km[y-am-Ip-∂p. NnXo-I-cWw km[y-a√
˛ XpS¿®-bm-bp≈ NnX-߃ ˛ hnam-\-Øn-\p≠m-Ip∂ Ipep°w
e`n-°p-∂p. NnX-Øns‚ KpW-ta-∑sb _m[n-°p-∂p.
˛ `utam-]-cn-X-e-Øns‚ Db¿® ˛ hnam-\-Øn\v ]d-∂p-b-cm\pw Cd-ßm\pw
Xmgv®-Iƒ Adn-bm≥ Xpd-mb ÿew Bh-iy-am-Wv.
km[n-°p∂p
˛ Hmh¿em∏v NnX-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ˛ C‘\w \nd-bv°p∂Xn\v hnam\w CSbv
Xnam\ Zriyw km[y-am-Ip-∂p. °nsS \ne-Øn-d-°p-∂Xv sNehv
h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂p.
7. BIm-iob NnX-ß-fpsS Hmh¿em∏v F∂m¬ F¥v?
Hmtcm NnX-Ønepw sXm -Sp-Øp≈ NnX-ß-fnse 60% mKw IqSn ]I¿Øn-sb-Sp-
°p-∂-XmWv Hmh¿em-]v. XpS¿® \ne-\n¿Øm\pw Xnam\ ho£Ww e`n-°p-∂-Xn\pw
th≠n-bmWv Cßs\ sNøp-∂-Xv.
8. Hmh¿em]v NnX-ß-fn¬ Xnam\Zriyw km[y-am-Ip∂ D]-I-cWw GXv?
Ãocn-tbm-kvtIm∏v
9. Ãocntbm s]b¿ F∂m¬ F¥v?
Hmh¿em-t∏m-Sp-Iq-Snb Hcp tPmUn BIm-iob NnX-ß-sf-bmWv Ãocn-tbm-s]-
b¿ F∂p-]-d-bp-∂-Xv.
10. D]-K-l-hn-Zq-c-kw-th-Z\w F∂m¬ F¥v?
IrXna D]-K-l-ß-fn¬ LSn-∏n-®n- p≈ sk≥k-dp-Iƒ hgn hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-
Øp∂ ]In-b-bmWv D]-K-l-hn-Zqc kwth-Z-\w.
11. `qÿnc D]-K-l-ßfpw kuc-ÿnc D]-K-l-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw ]´n-I-s∏-
Sp-Øp-I.
`qÿnc D]-K-l-߃ kuc-ÿnc D]-K-l-߃
˛ 36000In.-ao. Db-c-Øn¬ ˛ 1000-In.-ao. Db-c-Øn¬
268
˛1
3 `mKw \nco-£W ]cn-[n-bn¬ ˛ Ipd™ \nco-£W ]cn[n
hcp-∂p.
˛ `qan-bpsS `a-W-th-K-Xbv°v ˛ Bh¿Øn-®p≈ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw
Xpey-ambn k©-cn-°p∂p. km[y-am-Ip-∂p.
˛ Htc ]tZ-isØ A`n-ap-Jo-I- ˛ ]Ir-Xn-hn- -h-߃ `qhn-\n-tbm-Kw,
cn-°p-∂p. F√m-bvt∏m-gpw. `qK¿ -Pew apX-em-b-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈
hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
˛ ]tZ-i-Øns‚ ÿnc-amb ˛ IRS
hnh-c-ti-J-cWw
-˛ hm¿Øm-hn-\n-a-b-Øn\pw
Zn\m-¥-co-£-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip∂
hyXymkw Xncn-®-dn-bp-hm\pw
D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p
12. kvs]IvS¬ knt·-®¿
Hmtcm hkvXphpw ]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p∂ Du¿÷-Øns‚ Af-hn-s\-bmWv
kvs]IvS¬ knt·-®¿ F∂p-]-d-bp-∂-Xv.
kvt]jy¬ sdk-eyq-j≥
Hcp sk≥k-dn\v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ km[n-°p∂ qX-e-Ønse G‰hpw sNdnb hkvXp-
hns‚ hen-∏-amWv kvt]jy¬ sdk-eyq-j≥
kvt]jy¬ Ipd-bp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-NNv D]-Kl NnX-߃°v hy‡X IqSp-∂p.
13. hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\ kmt¶-Xn-hn-Zy-bpsS GsX-¶new 4 D]-tbm-K-߃ Fgp-Xp-I.
˛ Imem-hÿm \n¿Æ-b-Øn\v
˛ `qhn-\n-tbmKw a\-n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v
˛ hcƒ®, sh≈-s∏m°w F∂nh _m[n® ]tZ-i-߃ Is≠-Øm≥
˛ Im´pXo Is≠-Øm≥
˛ FÆ ]cy-th-j-W-Øn\v
14. `qhn-h-c hyhÿ F∂m¬ F¥v?
hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\ kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bn-eqsS e`n-°p∂ hnh-c-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v
tkm^v‰vshb-dns‚ klm-b-tØmsS `q]-S-߃ Xøm-dm-°p∂ ]In-b-bmWv `qhn-h-
c-hy-h-ÿ.
269
15. `qhn-hc hyh-ÿ-bn¬ hnh-c-hn-i-I-e\w km[y-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ Fs¥√mw hnh-c-߃
Bh-iy-ap≠v?
˛ ÿm\o-b-hn-h-c-߃ ˛ hkvXp-hns‚ A£mw-i- -tc-Jmwi ÿm\w
˛ hnti-j-W-߃ ˛ ÿm\o-b-hn-h-c-߃°v hnti-j-W-߃ \¬Ip-∂p.
16. ]mfn-Iƒ F∂m¬ F¥v?
`utam-]-cn-X-e- khn-ti-j-X-Isf \ap-°m-h-iy-amb hnh-c-߃ amXw Dƒs∏-
SpØn ]´n-Itfm `q]-S-ßtfm B°n am‰m≥ klm-bn-°p∂hbmWv ]mfn-Iƒ.
17. `qhn-hchyh-ÿ-bpsS hni-I-e\ km[y-X-Iƒ GsXms°?
˛ irwJem hni-Iew ˛ tcJob khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, tdmUv, \Zn
˛ BhrØn hni-I-e\w ˛ hrØm-Ir-Xn-bn-tem, tcJo-b-amtbm
˛ Hmh¿se hni-I-e\w ˛ `utam-]-cn-Xe khn-ti-j-X-I-fpsS ]c-kv]c
_‘sØ°pdn®pw Imem -\p -kr -X -am -‰ -
ß-sf-°p-dn®pw
18. irwJem hni-I-e-\-Øns‚ ]tbmK km[y-X-Iƒ GsX√mw?
˛ G‰hpw Zqcw Ipd™ bmXm-am¿§w Is≠-Øm≥
˛ tSmƒ C√mØ ]mX Is≠-Øm≥
˛ hgn-bn-ep≈ tlm´¬, s]tSmƒ ]ºv, Bip-]Xn apX-em-bh Is≠-Øm≥
19. tdmUn\v hoXn Iq´p-tºmƒ GXv hni-I-e\ km[y-X-bmWv ]tbm-P-\-Icw?
Bhr-Øn hni-I-e\w
20. s\¬Ir-jn-bpsS hym]\w a\-n-em-°m≥ km[n-°p∂ hni-I-e\ km[yX GXv?
Hmh¿te hni-I-e\w
21. `qhn-h-c-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS ]tbm-P-\߃ Fs¥√mw?
˛ hnj-bm-[n-jvTn-X-]-T\w \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v
˛ `q]-S-߃, ]´n-I-Iƒ, Km^p-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn\v
˛ `mhn ]Xn- m-k-ß-fpsS Zriy-am-Xr-I-Iƒ D≠m-°p-∂-Xn\v
˛ ]e Dd-hn-S-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hnh-c-߃ Iq´n-tN¿°p-∂-Xn-\v.
22. `utam-]-cn-Xe hkvXp-X-I-fpsS ÿm\hpw KXnbpw Is≠-Øm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂
KXn-\n¿Æb kwhn-[m\w GXv?
˛ t•m_¬ s]mkn-jn-\nwKv knÃw (GPS)
-˛ Ata-cn° hnI-kn-∏n-®Xv
˛ `q]-S-\n¿Ωm-Ww, KXm-KXw F∂o taJ-e-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
˛ 24 D]-K-l-ß-fpsS tiWn-bmWv
˛ hkvXp-°-fpsS A£mwiw, Db-cw, kabw XpS-ßnb hnh-c-߃
]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂p.
˛ Ip‰m-t\z-jW cwKØv D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p
270
A[ymbw 7
C¥y `uXnI `qan-imkvXw sshhn-[y-ßfpsS C¥y
1. ^vtfmNm¿´v ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI.
lnam-e-b≥ \nc-Iƒ
lnamZn ......(F)...... knhm-enIv
(1) lnam-e-b-Øns‚ \s´√v
(2) ........(-_n).......
(3) ........(-kn).......
(1) aS°v ]¿∆-X-\nc
(2) .......(-Un).......
(3) aptkm-dn, ss\\n-‰mƒ.
Um¿P-enwKv
(1) G‰hpw sX°v `mKsØ
Dbcw Ipd™ ]¿∆-X-
\nc
(2) ......(-C)......
(3) ......(-F- v)......
(F) lnam-N¬ (_n) Im©≥Kw-K, \wK-]¿∆Xw (kn) a™p-aq-S-s∏- n-cn-°p∂p
(Un) Imivao¿, Ipfp, Im≥K (C) X´p-X- m-bp≈ Irjn (F- v) IqWp-Iƒ...
2. lnam-e-b≥ \Zn-I-tfbpw D]-Zzo-]n-b≥ \Zn-I-tfbpw Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.
lnam-e-b≥ \Zn-Iƒ D]-Zzo-]n-b≥ \Zn-Iƒ
˛ AXn-hvkvXr-X-amb hrjvSn-]-tZiw ˛ Xmc-X-tay\ hoXnIp-d™ hrjv-Sn]-tZiw
˛ ag-bn¬ \n∂pw a™n¬ \n∂pw ˛ A]c-Z\ XohX Xmc-X-tay\ Ipdhv
Pew, h¿jw apgp-h≥ Pe-e- yX ˛ ag-°m-eØv amXw Pe-e- yX
˛ A]-c-Z\ XohX IqSp-X¬ ˛ Dƒ\m-S≥ Pe-K-Xm-K-X-Øn\v km[yX
Ipdhv
˛ Dƒ\m-S≥ Pe-K-Xm-K-Øn\v km[yX ˛ alm-\-Zn, tKmZm-h-cn, IrjvW, Imthcn
IqSp-X¬ (In-g-t°m- v), \¿Ω-Z, Xm]vXn ][m\
\Zn-Iƒ (-]-Sn-™m-tdm- v)
˛ kn‘p, KwK, _“-]pX ][m\
\Zn-Iƒ
3. DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-X-e-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-I.
DØc-kq-NnI
˛ ^e-]p-jvS-amb `q]-tZ-iw, C¥y-bn¬ `£y-[m-\y-ßfpw Icnºpw G‰-hp-a-[nIw
Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ ]tZ-iw.
˛ \K-c -߃, hyh-kmb tIµ-߃, temI-Ønse P\-km-µ-X-tb-dnb
taJ-e-I-fn-sem-∂v.
DØc-kq-NnI
271
˛ Dev]-∂-߃ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn-te°v Ffp-∏-sa-Øn-°m≥ tdmUv-˛-sd-bn¬
KXm-KX irwJ-e.
4. e£-Zzo-]nse P\-Po-hn-X-sØ-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ a’y-_-‘\w ˛ P\-ß-fpsS ][m\ hcp-am\ am¿§w. SyqW a’yw [mcm-f-ambn
Ib-‰p-aXn sNøp-∂p.
˛ sXßv, hmg, tNºv, apcn-ß, IS-πmhv F∂nh ][m\ hnf-I-fm-Wv.
˛ I∂p-Imen hf¿Ø¬ ˛ tImgn-h-f¿Ø¬
˛ Ipfn¿a-tb-Ip∂ Im‰v, ]®-∏v \nd™ q]-Ir-Xn, at\m-l-c-amb ]hn-g-∏p-‰v F∂nh
hnt\m-Z-k-©mc taJ-e-bm°n am‰p-∂p.
˛ Cu ]hng Zzo]ns\ DjvW-ta-Je ]dp-Zok F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p.
5. C¥y-bpsS aÆn-\-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´v NphsS \¬Inb ]´nI ]qcn-∏n-°p-I.
aÆn-\-߃ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ `q]-IrXn
F°¬aÆv ........(-F)....... DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-Xew
Xoc-]-tZiw
. .......(-_n)...... Ccp-ºns‚ Awiw ........(-kn)......
IqSp-X¬
Idp-Ø-aÆv ......(-Un)..... D]-Zzo-]nb ]oT- qan
sN¶¬aÆv .......(-C)..... Xoc-]-tZiw
.......(-F- v)..... eh-Wm¶w IqSp-X¬ .......(-Pn)......
]¿∆X aÆv .........(-F-®v)........ DØ-c-]¿∆X taJe
DØ-c-kq-NnI
(F) Db¿∂ ^e-]pjvSn (_n) Nph∂ aÆv (kn) D]-Zzo-]nb ]oT- qan
(Un) ]cpØn Irjn°v A\p-tbmPyw
6. DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-X-e-Øns‚ ]Sn-™mdv `mKsØ `qan-imkvX khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hnh-
cn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ ag hfsc Ipdhv
˛ Cu¿∏w Xosc-bn-√mØ eh-Wmw-i-ap≈ acp- qan aÆm-Wp-≈Xv
˛ apƒs®-Sn-Ifpw Ip‰n-°m-Sp-Ifpw
7. C¥y-bpsS Imem-h-ÿsb kzm[o-\n-°p∂ LS-I-߃ Gh?
DØ-c-kq-NnI : A£mw-iob ÿm\w ˛ `q]-IrXn ˛ kap-Z-km-ao]yw ˛ kap-Z-\n-c-∏n¬
\n∂p≈ Dbcw
272
8. ]›na Akz-ÿX F∂ Imem-hÿ ]Xn-`mkw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv GXp-Im-e-
ØmWv? CXns‚ cq]o-I-cWw hnh-cn-°p-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ ssiXy-Imew
˛ saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ IS-en¬ \n∂pw cq]-s∏´ P‰v ]hm-l-ß-fpsS kzm[o-\-Øm¬
Ing-t°m v \oßp∂ \yq\-a¿±w C¥y-bn¬ FØn-t®-cp-∂p. DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-X-e-Øn¬
]tXy-In®v ]©m-_n¬ I\Ø ag s]øp-∂p.
9. hS-°p-In-g-°≥ a¨kq¨ Ime-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Gh?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ a¨kq-Wns‚ ]n≥hm-߬ Imew
˛ Db¿∂ Dujvamhpw B¿Z-Xbpw ]I¬ ka-bsØ Zp-l-am-°p-∂p.
(H-IvtSm-_¿ NqSv)
˛ Xangv\mSns‚ XocØv i‡-amb ag e`n-°p-∂p.
˛ tIc-f, I¿Æm-SI F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnepw ag D≠m-Ip-∂p.
10. ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.
\Zn D¤-h-ÿm\w t]mj-I-\Zn
1. alm-\Zn .....(-F)..... C_v
2. .....-(_n)..... \mknIv Pn√ .....(-kn).....
3. IrjvW ......(-Un)..... ......(-C).....
4. ...(-F- v).... _lvaKncn Ip∂v I_\n
5. \¿ΩZ ......(-Pn)...... ......(-F-®v).....
6...(sF).... ap≥Xmbv ]oT- qan Kn¿\
DØ-c-kq-NnI
(F) ssa°em \nc-Iƒ (_n) tKmZm-hcn (kn) Cµm-hXn (Un) alm-_-te-iz¿
(C) XpwK- Z (F- v) Imthcn (Pn) ssa°emae \nc-Iƒ (F-®v) lnc¨
(sF) Xm]vXn
11. D]-Zzo-]n-b ]oT- q-an-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ hf-sc-b-[nIw ]g-°-ap≈ `qhn- mKw
˛ [mXp-°-fpsS \nt£-]-߃ [mcm-f-ambn ImWp-∂p.
˛ hne-tb-dnb h\-hn- -h-߃ e`y-am-Ip-∂p.
273
˛ ]›na \ncI-fnse B\-apSn Cu taJ-e-bnse Db-c-ta-dnb sImSp-apSn
˛ temI-Ønse G‰hpw henb ]oT-`q-an -I-fn-sem-∂mb U°m≥ ]oT-`qan
Cu taJ-e-bn-em-Wv
12.
Um¿PenwKv jnwe
kpJ-hm-k-tI-µ-߃
A¬tamd s\\n-‰mƒ aptmdn
13. lnam-eb ]¿∆-X-\n-c-Iƒ C¥y-bpsS kwkvIm-c-sØbpw P\-Po-hn-X-sØbpw kzm[o-
\n-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v hy‡-am-°pI?
DØ-c-kq-NnI :
˛ hntZi BI-a-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw kwc-£n-°p-∂p.
˛ hS°v \n∂p≈ ioX-°m-‰ns\ XS-™p-\n¿Øn DØ-tc-¥y≥ kwÿm-\-ßsf
AXn-ssi-Xy-Øn¬ \n∂pw kwc-£n-°p-∂p.
˛ a¨kq¨ Im‰p-Isf XS-™p-\n¿Øn ag e`y-am-°p-∂p.
˛ \Zn-I-fpsS Dd-hn-S-߃
14. C¥y-bnse ag-bpsS hnX-c-W-Øn-ep≈ Ak-¥p-en-Xm-h-ÿ-bpsS Imc-W-ß-tfh?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
-˛ kapZ kmao]yw
˛ kap-Z-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ AIew
˛ ]¿∆X \nc-I-fpsS ÿm\w, Im‰ns‚ Zni
15. sX°v]Sn-™m-d≥ a¨kq-Wns‚ c≠v imJ-Iƒ Gh?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
Atd-_y≥ imJ, _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S¬ imJ
16. DjvW-°mew
˛ DjvW-Im-eØv DØ-c-k-a-Xe taJ-e-bnepw cmP-ÿm-\nepw ISpØ NqSv
A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂p.
˛ kap-Z-km-ao]yw D≈-Xn-\m¬ Z£n-tW-¥y-bn¬ s]mXpsh ISpØ NqSv
A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂n-√.
˛ Ad-_n-°-Sepw kam-¥-c-ambn ]›n-a-L-´-hp-ap≈Xn\m¬ ]Sn-™m-d≥
Xoc-]-tZ-iØv C¥y≥ ]tZ-i-ß-tf-°mƒ Dujvamhv Ipd-hm-bn-cn-°pw.
274
17. F _n kn
ssiXy-Imew ]›na Akz-ÿX ]©m-_n¬ ssiXy-Ime ag
DjvW-Imew amwtKm-j-h¿ Im¬ss_-imJn
hS-°p-In-g-°≥ a¨kq-Wns‚ HIvtSm-_¿ NqSv
a¨kq¨ Imew ]n≥hm-߬
18. C¥y≥ sdbn¬, tdmUv, I\m¬ F∂n-h-bpsS irwJe G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ DØ-c-a-lm-
k-a-Xew F∂ `q]-IrXn hn`m-K-Øn-em-Wv. F¥p-sIm≠v?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ AXn-hn-im-ehpw \nc-t∏-dnb `qk-hn-ti-jX
˛ Db¿∂ kmµ-X, Irjn, hyh-km-b-߃ XpS-ßnb ]h¿Ø-\-߃°v KXm-KX
am¿§-߃.
19. D]-Zzo]nb ]oT- q-an-bsS `mK-amb ][m\ ]¿∆-X-\n-c-Iƒ GsX√mw?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
hn‘y, kXv]p-c, ]›n-a-L- w, ]q¿∆-L´w, Bc-h√n
20. Ing°≥ Xoc-]-tZ-iØv cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂-Xp-t]mse ]Sn-™m-d≥ XocØv U¬‰-Iƒ
cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂pt≠m? F¥p-sIm≠v?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ cq]w sIm≈p-∂n-√.
˛ ]Sn-™m-tdm´v Hgp-Ip∂ \Zn-Iƒ sNdp-Xm-Wv.
˛ Ipd™ Af-hn¬ Ah-kmZ \nt£]w
21. Ing-°≥ ae-\n-c-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥√mw?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ kap-Z-\n-c-∏n¬ \n∂v GI-tZiw 500 apX¬ 3000 ao‰¿ hsc Dbcw
˛ temI-Ønse G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ ag e`n-°p∂ ]tZ-i-amb Nndm-]p©n
Chn-sS-bm-Wv.
˛ \n_n-U-amb DjvW-ta-Je ag°mSp-Iƒ.
22. ]Sn-™m-tdm´v Hgp-Ip∂ \Zn-Iƒ Ing-t°m´v Dgp-Ip∂ \Zn-Iƒ
\¿Ω-Z, Xm]vXn alm-\-Zn, tKmZm-h-cn, IrjvW, Imthcn
275
A[ymbw 8
C¥y- -km-º-ØnI `qan-imkvXw
Bi-b-߃
˛ C¥y-bnse ][m\ Im¿jnI Ime-߃
˛ `£y-hn-f-Iƒ
˛ \mWy-hn-f-Iƒ
˛ Irjn-b-[n-jvTnX hyh-kmbw
˛ [mXp A[n-jvTnX hnZym- ymkw
˛ [mXp C‘-\-߃
˛ ]mc-º-tcy-Xc Du¿÷-tkm-Xv
˛ C¥y-bnse ][m\ KXm-KX am¿§-߃
1. Im¿jnI Ime-߃ ˛ hn - mKw ]qcn-∏n-°p-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
F) dm_n
_n) am¿®n¬ hnf-sh-Sp∏v
kn) am¿®n¬ Irjn Bcw`w
Un) s\√v, tNmfw, ]cpØn
2. C¥y-bnse ][m\ `£y-hn-f-Iƒ, Ah-bv°m-h-iy-amb `qan-imkvX LS-I-߃
F∂nh Is≠Øn ]´nI Xøm-dm-°p-I.
Im¿jnI Ime-߃
Jmcn^v (F)............ sskZv
˛ PqWn¬ Irjn Bcw`w
˛ \hw-_-dn¬ hnf-sh-Sp∏v
DZm: (Un).........
˛ \hw-_-¿ a[y-Øn¬
Irjn Bcw`w
˛ (_n) ...................
DZm: tKmX-ºv, ]pI-bne
˛ (kn)......................
hnf-sh-Sp∏v PqWn¬
DZm: ]g-h¿§w, ]®-°dn
hnf Dujvamhv aÆv ag ]tZiw
s\√v 240C \v apI-fn¬ F°¬ 150. CM \Zo-XSw
Xoc-k-a-Xew
276
3. C¥y-bnse ][m\ \mWy-hn-f-Iƒ
tKmXºv 100C apX¬
260C hsc
\o¿hm-gv®bp≈
F°¬75.CM antXm-jvW-ta-Je
tNmfw 200C-250C (th\¬)
80C-150C (ssiXyw)
\o¿hm-gv®-
bp≈ aÆv75.CM
I¿Wm-SI
cmP-ÿm≥
DØ¿]-tZiv
4. C¥y-bnse ][m\ \mWy-hn-f-Ifpw Ah-bpsS `qan-imkvX LS-I-ßfpw ]´n-I-s∏-
Sp-Øp-I.
\mWy-hnf h¿j-]mXw aÆn\w Dujvamhv
]cpØn 65cm-85cm IdpØ aÆv 200C-300C
F°¬aÆv
NWw 150cm \o¿hm¿®-bp≈ 240C-300C
F°¬aÆv
tXbne 200cm-300cm ssPhmw-i-aÆv 250C-300C
Icnºv 100cm-150cm IdpØ aÆv 200C - 300C
F°¬aÆv
d∫¿ 150cm em‰-ssd‰v 250C
Im∏n 150cm h\-aÆv 150C-25
5. tIm´tWmt]mfnkv F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ \Kcw? ImcWw?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ apwss_
˛ ][m\ ]cpØn Dev]m-Z\ tIµw
˛ Xpd-apJ kmao]yw
˛ ip≤-P-e-e-`yX
˛ a\p-jy-hn- h e`yX
\m-Wy-hn-f-Iƒ
\mcp-hnf
DZm: ]cpØn
NWw
]m\o-b-hnf
DZm: tXbn-e, Im∏n
kpK-‘-hy-RvP\w
DZm: Gew, Ipcp-ap-fIv
a‰p-hn-f-Iƒ
DZm: Icn-ºv, d∫¿
277
6. C¥y-bnse ][m\ Irjn A[n-jvTnX hyh-km-b-߃ Gh?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
1. ]cpØn XpWn hyh-kmbw
˛ C¥y-bnse G‰hpw henb Irjn A[n-jvTnX hyh-kmbw
˛ BZy ]cpØn XpWn-an¬ 1818 ˛¬ sIm¬°-Ø-bv°SpØv t^m¿´v•Ã¿
˛ Dev]m-Z\ cwKØv H∂mw-ÿm-\Øv apwss_ ˛ c≠mw ÿm\Øv
Al-Ω-Zm-_mZv
2. NW hyh-kmbw
˛ hne-Ip-d™ \mcp-hnf
˛ Dev∏m-Z-\-Øn¬ C¥ybv°v c≠mw ÿm\w
˛ ][m\ NW-hy-h-kmb tIµw sIm¬°Ø
3. ]©-kmc hyh-kmbw
˛ Icn-ºn¬ \n∂v ]©-km-cbpw i¿°-cbpw D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p.
˛ hnf-sh-SpØ tijw s]s´∂v Xs∂ \osc-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\v th≠n Icnºv Irjn
D≈ ÿe-Øn-\-SpØv Xs∂ ^mIvS-dn-Iƒ ÿm]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
˛ ]©-kmc Dev∏m-Z-\-Øn¬ H∂mw ÿm\w DØ¿]-tZ-iw.
7. C¥y-bnse ][m\ [mXp-k-ºØv
8. C¥y-bnse Ccp-º-bncv \nt£-]-sØ-°p-dn®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ am·-ss‰-‰v, sla-ss‰-‰v, tamW-ssk‰v, knU-ssd‰v F∂nh ][m\ Ccpºv
\nt£-]-߃.
˛ temI-Ønse Ccp-º-bncv \nt£-]-Øns‚ 20% C¥y-bn¬
˛ Ccp-º-bncv Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bn¬ C¥y 4- mw ÿm\Øv
teml-[mXp
Ccp-ºns‚ Awiw D≈Xv
DZm:˛ Ccp-º-bn-cv, amwK-\okv
Ccp-ºns‚ Awiw C√m-ØXv
DZm: kz¿Ww, sh≈n
Atem-l-[mXp
[mXp-C-‘\w
DZm:˛ I¬°-cn, s]tSm-fn-bw,
a‰p [mXp-°ƒ-DZm: A`w
278
9. Ccp-º-bncv hyh-km-b-Ønse ][m\ Akw-kvIrXn hkvXp-°ƒ Gh?
˛ Ccp-º-bncv
˛ I¬°cn
˛ amwK-\okv
˛ NpÆm-ºp-I√v
10. sshZyp-tXm-]-I-cW hyh-km-b-ß-fn¬ Nme-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ temlw GXv?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ sNºv
11. sshZyp-tXm-]-I-cW hyh-km-b-ß-fn¬ C≥kp-te-‰-dmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ [mXp GXv?
DØ-c-kq-NnI
A`w
12. Aep-an-\n-b-Øns‚ ][m\ Abn-cmWv t_mIvssk-‰v. CXns‚ ][m\ D]-tbmK taJ-
e-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ hnam-\w, sshZypX D]-I-c-W-߃, Km¿lnI D]-I-c-W-߃
13. Ccp-ºp-cp°v hyh-km-b-Øn¬ amwK-\o-kns‚ ]m[m-\y-sa¥v? C¥y-bnse amwK-\okv
\nt£-]sØ°pdn®v Ipdn∏v Fgp-Xp-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ Ccp-ºp-cp°v hyh-km-b-Ønse ][m\ Akw-kvIrX hkvXp.
˛ Ccpºv \nt£-]-߃°v kao]w ImWp-∂p.
˛ Ccp-ºp-ambn Iq´n-tN¿Øv k¶c temlw D≠m-°p-∂p.
˛ HUnj kwÿm\w Dev∏m-Z-\-Øn¬ ap∂n¬ \n¬°p-∂p.
14. t]sc-gp-Xp-I.
1. C¥y-bnse ][m\ I¬°-cn-∏mSw
2. enss·‰v ImW-s∏-Sp∂ kwÿm\w
3. C¥y-bn¬ BZy-ambn s]tSm-fnbw J\\w sNbvX ÿew
4. C¥y-bnse G‰hpw henb s]tSm-fnbw J\n
5. ]IrXn hmXI \nt£]w ImW-s∏-Sp∂ kwÿm-\-߃
6. ][m\ BWh [mXp-°ƒ
7. tIcfw ˛ Xan-gv\mSv Xoc-]-tZ-isØ aW-en¬ ImWp∂ C¬a-ss\‰v
tamtWm-ssk‰v F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p∂ BWh C‘-\w.
279
DØ-c-kq-NnI
1. Qmdnb 2. Xan-gv\mSv 3. UnKvt_mbv (Bmw) 4. apwss_ ssl
5. Xan-gv\m-Sv, B‘m-]-tZiv 6. bptd-\n-bw, tXmdnbw 7. tXmdnbw
15. C¥y-bnse ][m\ KXm-KX am¿§-߃
16.
KXm-KX am¿§-߃
tdmUv sdbn¬ Pe-K-Xm-KXw thyma-K-Xm-KXw
˛ tZio-b-]mX
˛ kwÿm-\-]mX
˛ Pn√m tdmUv
˛ KmaoW tdmUv
˛ t_mUvtKPv
˛ ao‰¿tKPv
˛ \mtcm-tKPv
˛ Dƒ\m-S≥ Pe-K-Xm-KXw
˛ kapZ Pe-K-Xm-KXw
˛ A¥¿tZ-iobw
˛ B`y-¥cw
17. ]mT-]p-kvXIw t]Pv \º¿ 153 NnXw 8.6 hni-I-e\w sNbvXv C¥y-bnse ][m\
Xpd-ap-J-߃ ÿm\-\n¿Æbw \S-Øp-I.
18. Pe-K-Xm-KX ta∑-Iƒ
1. h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ Nc-°p-K-Xm-KXw
2. sNehv Ipdhv
3. ]cn-ÿnXn aen-\o-I-cWw Ipdhv
4. A¥m-cmjvS hym]m-c-Øn\v tbmPn-®Xv
19. tIc-f-Ønse A¥m-cmjvS hnam-\-Øm-h-f-߃ Gh?
DØ-c-kq-N\
Icn-∏q¿, Xncph-\-¥-]p-cw, s\Sp-ºm-t»-cn, IÆq¿
hyh-km-b-ß-fpsS ÿm\-
\n¿Æb LS-I-߃
Pe-e-`yX
KXm-KX kuI-cy-߃
Ib-‰p-aXn kuI-cy-߃
a\p-jy-hn- h e`yX
hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab kuIcyw
Du¿÷-hn- h e`yX
Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-hns‚ e`yX
280
20. C¥y-bnse thyma-K-Xm-K-X-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp eLp-Ip-dn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ thK-X-tb-dn-bXpw sNe-hn-td-b-Xp-amb KXm-KX am¿§w
˛ Fb¿-C-¥y, C¥y≥ Fb¿sse≥kv
˛ A¥m-cmjvS hnam-\-Øm-h-f-߃
˛ kzImcy Fb¿sse≥ Iº-\n-Iƒ
21. X∂n- p≈ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI
Xpd-apJw ]q¿∆-Xocw/]›n-a-Xocw kwÿm\w
]mc-Zzo]v .......................... ..........................
....................... ]Sn-™m-d≥ Xocw KpP-dmØv
......................... ....................... tIcfw
hnim-J-]- Ww ........................ ......................
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ Ing-°≥Xocw, Hdo
˛ I≠ve
˛ sIm®n-, ]Sn-™m-d≥ Xocw
˛ Ing-°≥ Xoc-k-a-X-ew, B‘-]-tZiv
22. ImI]md BWh\nebw GXp kwÿm\Øv ÿnXnsNøp∂p?
KpPdmØv
23. enKvss\‰v IqSpXembn ImWs∏Sp∂ Xangv\m´nse ]tZiw?
s\øvthen
24. tIcfØnep≈ tZiob PeKXmKX ]mX?
NW3 - ]›naXocI\m¬
sIm√w apX¬ tIm´∏pdw
281
A[ymbw 9
[\-Imcy ÿm]-\-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw
][m\ Bi-b-߃
˛ _m¶p-Iƒ
˛ _m¶n-Xc [\-Imcy ÿm]-\-ß-ƒ
˛ dnk¿∆v _m¶v ˛ [¿Ω-߃
˛ hmWnPy _m¶v ˛ [¿Ω-߃
˛ C˛-_m-¶nßv
˛ tIm¿_m-¶nßv
˛ hnI-k\ _m¶p-Iƒ
˛ khn-tij _m¶p-Iƒ
˛ ssatIm- n-\m≥kv
1. _m¶p-I-fpsS s]mXp-hmb [¿Ω-߃ Gh?
˛ s]mXp-P-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v \nt£]w kzoI-cn-°p-∂p.
˛ \nt£-]n® XpI ]eni klnXw Xncn®v \¬Ip-∂p.
˛ Bh-iy-°m¿°v hmbv] \¬Ip-∂p.
˛ hmbv] XpI ]eni klnXw Xncn-®p-hm-ßp-∂p.
2. dnk¿∆v _m¶v Hm^v C¥y (RBI)
-˛ 1935 ¬ ÿm]n-X-ambn
˛ C¥y-bpsS tIµ-_m¶v
˛ Bÿm\w ˛ apwss_
3. ]qcn-∏n-°pI
DØ-c-kq-NnI
˛ hmbv] \nb-¥-I≥
˛ _m¶p-I-fpsS _m¶v
........................(1) t\m´v A®-Sn-°¬
dnk¿∆v _m¶ns‚
[¿Ω-߃
k¿°m-cns‚ _m¶v.......................(2)
282
˛ t\m´v A®-Sn-°¬
* Hcp cq] t\ms´m-gnsI F√m t\m´p-Ifpw A®-Sn-°p-∂p.
* Hcp cq]bpsS t\m´pw a‰v \mW-b-ßfpw tIµ [\-Imcy hIp-∏ns‚
\nb-¥-W-Øn¬ Xøm-dm-°p-∂p.
˛ hmbv]-bpsS \nb-¥-I≥
* ]eni \nc-°n¬ am‰w hcp-Øn-s°m-≠mWv dnk¿∆v _m¶v hmbv]sb
\nb-¥n-°p-∂-Xv.
˛ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ _m¶v
* tIµ- -kw-ÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ°v hmbv] \¬Ip-∂p.
˛ _m¶p-I-fpsS _m¶v
* _m¶p-I-fpsS ]h¿Ø-\sØ klm-bn-°p-∂p. D]-tZiw \¬Ip-∂p.
4. Xmsg \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ [\-Imcy ÿm]-\-ßsf A\p-tbm-Py-amb Xe-s°-´n¬
]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. IqSp-X¬ DZm-l-cWw Is≠-Øp-I,
˛ hnI-k\ _m¶p-Iƒ
˛ C≥jp-d≥kv Iº\n
˛ khn-tij _m¶p-Iƒ
DØ-c-kq-NnI
_m¶p-Iƒ _m¶n-Xc ÿm]-\-߃
kl-I-cW _m¶v C≥jp-d≥kv Iº-\n-Iƒ
hnI-k\ _m¶v [\-Imcy Iº-\n-Iƒ
khn-tij _m¶v ayq®¬ ^≠v
hmWnPy _m¶v
5. hmWn-Py-_m¶v ˛ ^vtfmNm¿´v Xøm-dm-°p-I.
hmWnPy _m¶p-Iƒ
s]mXp-ta-Je
DZm:˛ SBI
kzImcy taJe
kzIm-cy-C-¥y≥ _m¶v
DZm: s^U-d¬ _m¶vkzImcy hntZi _m¶v
283
6. hmWnPy _m¶ns‚ [¿Ω-߃
7. _m¶nwKv cwKsØ \qX\ ]h-W-X-Iƒ Gh?
C -_m-¶nwKv
˛ s\‰v _m¶nw-Kv, sSen-_m-¶nw-Kv, samss_¬ _m¶nwKv F∂n-h-bn-eqsS CS-]mSv
\S-Øp-∂p.
˛ temI-sØ-hnsS \n∂pw ]W-a-b-°mw, _n√-S-bv°mw.
˛ ka-b-em`w
˛ Ipd™ k¿∆okv Nm¿÷v
tIm¿ _m¶nwKv
˛ F√m _m¶p -I -fp -tSbpw imJ-Iƒ Hcp tIµ k¿h-dns‚ Iogn¬
_‘n-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
˛ GXv imJ-bn¬ \n∂pw _m¶nwKv ]h¿Ø\w \S-Øm≥ km[n-°pw.
\nt£
]w
kzoI
-cn-°
¬ kºmZy \nt£]w
]NenX \nt£]w
ÿnc \nt£]w
Bh¿ØnX \nt£]w
km[m-cW P\-߃°v Ipd™ ]eni
hyh-km-bn-Iƒ°v, hym]m-cn-Iƒ°v ]eni C√
kzImcy hy‡n-Iƒ°v, ÿm]-\-߃°v
\nt£] Imem-h-[n-°-\p-k-cn®v Db¿∂ ]eni
kºm-Zy-\n-t£-]-tØ-°mƒ IqSnb ]eni
hmb
v]-\
¬I
¬ ]W-hmbv]
Hmh¿Um^v‰v
`uXnI BkvXn, ÿnc-\n-t£-]-]-Xw, iº-f-]Xw
F∂o CuSp-Iƒ kzoI-cn®v \¬Ip∂ hmbv]
]NenX \nt£]w D≈-h¿°v _m¶v A°u-≠n¬
D≈-Xn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ ]Ww ]n≥h-en-°m≥ Ign-
bp-∂p.
a‰v t
kh
-\-ß
ƒ
tem°¿ kuIcyw
Unam‚ v Um^v‰v
aWn-Sm≥kv^¿
sSen _m¶nwKv
C˛-_m-¶nwKv
F.-Sn.-Fw.
284
8. kl-I-cW _m¶p-I-fpsS e£yw?
˛ kl-I-cWw, kzbw klm-bw, ]c-kv]c klmbw
˛ Ipd™ ]eni \nc-°n¬ hmbv]
˛ kºm-Zy-ioew hf¿ØpI
˛ kzIm-cy-]-W-an-S-]m-Sp-Im-cn¬ \n∂v c£n-°pI
9. hnI-k\ _m¶p-I-fpsS khn-ti-jX?
˛ Irjn, hyh-km-bw, hmWnPyw F∂nh hnI-kn-∏n-°m≥ klmbw
˛ hoSp-\n¿ΩmWw, sNdp-InS hyh-kmbw F∂n-hbv°v hmbv]
10. Xmsg \¬Inb khn-tij _m¶p-I-fpsS ]tXy-IX Is≠Øn ]´nI Xøm-dm-°p-I.
˛ FIvknw _m¶v Hm^v C¥y (EXIM)
-- sNdp-InS hyh-kmb hnI-k\ _m¶v (SIDBI)
--˛ NABARD (\_m¿Uv)
_m¶v khn-ti-jX
EXIM D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS Ib-‰p-a-Xn, Cd-°p-aXn F∂n-hbv°v hmbv]
SIDBI ]pXnb sNdp-InS hyh-kmbw XpS-ßm≥ hmbv]
NABARD KmaoW hnI-k-\-Øn\pw Irjn°pw hmbv]
11. alnfm _m¶v
˛ 2013 ¬ Bcw- n®p
˛ kvXo im‡o-I-cWw e£yw
˛ \nt£]w F√m Bfp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw kzoI-cn°pw
˛ hmbv] IqSp-Xepw \¬Ip-∂Xv kvXoIƒ°v
12. s]bvsa‚ v _m¶v
˛ Ipd™ hcp-am-\-°m¿°pw sNdp-InS hyh-km-bn-Iƒ°pw hmbv] klmbw
˛ \nt£]w Hcp e£-Øn\v apI-fn¬ kzoI-cn-°n√
˛ hmbv] C√
˛ CS-]m-Sp-Im¿°v ^okv thWw
˛ sU_n‰v Im¿Uv \¬Ipw, IUn‰v Im¿Uv \¬In√
13. apZm _m¶v
˛ sNdp-InS kwcw- -I¿°v Ipd™ hmbv]
˛ ssatIm ^n\m≥knIv kmº-ØnI klmbw
285
14. ssatIm- n-\m≥kv
DZm:˛ IpSpw-_io
]pcpj kzbw-k-lmb kwLw
˛ Xmgv∂ hcp-am-\-°m-cn¬ kºm-Zy-ioew hf¿Øp-∂p.
˛ hy‡n-Ifn¬ \n∂v ]Ww kam-l-cn®v sNdp-InS kwcw`w XpS-ßp-∂p.
˛ km[m-c-W-°m-c\v eLp-hmbv] \¬Ip-∂p.
˛ ]mh-s∏- -h-cpsS PohnX \ne-hmcw Db-cp-∂p.
15.
_m¶
v CX
c [
\-I
mcy
ÿm]
-\-ß
ƒ
[\
-Imc
y I
º-\
n-Iƒ
DZm:˛
KS
FE
C≥
jp-d
≥k
v Iº
-\n-I
ƒ
DZm:˛
LIC
ayq®
yp¬
^≠
v
DZm: U
TI,
LIC
MF,
SB
IMF
HmlcnItºm-fw, IS-∏Xw F∂n-h-bn¬ \nt£]w
\S-Øm≥ km[m-c-W-°m-cs\ klm-bn-°p-∂p.
˛ hy‡n-I-fpsS Poh\pw kzØn\pw kwc-£Ww
˛ s]mXp-ta-J-e-bnepw kzImcy taJ-e-bnepw
]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.
˛ Nn´n \S-Øp-∂p.
˛ lb¿ ]¿t®-kn\v hmbv]
˛ hoSp-\n¿ΩmW hmbv]
˛ kz¿W ]Wb hmbv]
286
A[ymbw 10
D]-t`m-‡mhv kwXr-]vXnbpw Nqj-Whpw
][m\ Bi-b-߃
˛ D]-t`mKw ˛ D]-t`m-‡mhv ˛ D]-t`m-‡m-hns‚ kwXr]vXn ˛ D]-t`m‡r kwc-
£W \nbaw 1986 ˛ D]-t`m‡r tImS-Xn-Iƒ ˛ LS\ ˛ ]cmXn \¬Im-hp∂ kµ¿ -
߃ ]cn-lmc \S-]-Sn-Iƒ c-W-X-e-Ønse kwhn-[m-\-߃ kaq-l-Øns‚ CS-
s]-S¬ ˛ D]-t`m‡r hnZym- ymkw
1. D]-t`m-‡mhv NqjWw sNø-s∏-Sp∂ kµ¿ -߃ GsX√mw?
˛ KpW-ta∑ C√mØ km[-\-߃ hn¬°p-∂-Xv.
˛ ambw tN¿°p-∂Xv
˛ Aan-X-hne CuSm-°¬
˛ Af-hnepw Xq°-Ønepw IrXnaw ImWn-°p-∂Xv
˛ tkh-\-߃°p≈ Ime-Xm-akw
2. D]-t`m-‡m-hns‚ Ah-Im-i-߃ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn C¥y-bn¬ \oXn-\ymb kwhn-
[m-\-߃ ÿm]n-X-am-bXv GXv \nb-a-Øns‚ ^e-am-bmWv?
1986 se D]-t`m‡r kwc-£W \nbaw
3. 1986 se D]-t`m‡r kwc-£W \nb-a-Øn¬ A\p-im-kn-°p∂ Ah-Im-i-߃
GsX√mw?
˛ Poh\pw kzØn\pw lm\n-I-c-am-Ip∂ km[-\-߃ hn]-W\w sNøp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v
kwc-£-Ww.
˛ \ymb-hn-ebv°v km[-\hpw tkh-\hpw e`n-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw
˛ A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS ap≥]n¬ X¿°-߃°v ]cn-lmcw tXSm-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw.
˛ D]-t`m‡r hnZym- ymkw e`n-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw.
4. C¥y-bnse D]-t`m‡r tImS-Xn-I-fpsS LS\ F]-Im-c-amWv?
D]-t`m-‡r-tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ LS\ A[n-Imcw
Pn√m D]-t`m‡r X¿°-]-
cn-lmc t^mdw
˛ Pn√m-X-e-Øn¬ ]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. 20 e£w cq]-hscbp≈
X¿°-ß-fn¬
287
˛ ]kn-U‚ v
˛ 2 AwK-߃
˛ 1 h\nX
kwÿm\ D]-t`m‡r
X¿°-]-cn-lmc t^mdw
˛ kwÿm\ Xe-Øn¬ ]h¿
Øn-°p-∂p.
˛ ]kn-U‚ v
˛ 2 AwK-߃
˛ 1 h\nX
20 e£w cq]bv°v apI-
fn¬ 1 tImSn hsc
tZiob D]-t`m‡r X¿°-
]-cn-lmc t^mdw
˛ tZio-b-X-e-Øn¬
˛ ]kn-U‚ v
4 ¬ Ipd-bmØ AwK-߃
1 tImSn°v apI-fn¬
5. D]-t`m‡r tImS-Xn-I-fpsS \S-]-Sn-I-a-ß-fpsS ][m\ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥√mw?
˛ efn-X-amb \S-]Sn Ia-߃
˛ AXn-thKw Xo¿∏v I¬∏n-°¬
˛ Nnehv Ipdhv
6. D]-t`m‡r X¿°-Øn¬ ]cmXn \¬Im-hp∂ kµ¿ -߃ GsX√mw?
˛ hmßnb km[-\-Øn\v tISp-]m-Sp-Iƒ kw -hn-°pI
˛ IqSp-X¬ hne CuSm-°¬
˛ ambw tN¿°¬
˛ sX‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°p∂ ]c-ky-߃ \¬I¬
7. D]-t`m‡r X¿°ß-fn¬ D]-t`m‡r tImS-Xn-Iƒ hgn e`n-°p∂ ]cn-lm-c-߃
Fs¥√mw?
˛ ]Icw km[-\-߃ \¬I¬
˛ A[n-I-ambn CuSm-°nb ]Ww Xncn®v \¬I¬
˛ ]cmXn Nnehv e`y-am-°¬
˛ lm\n-I-c-amb `£y-h-kvXp-°-fpsS hnev]\ XS-b¬
8. XnXe D]-tZi kan-Xn-Iƒ GsX√mw? Ah-bpsS [¿Ω-߃ Fs¥√mw?
Pn√m D]-t`m‡r kwc-£W Iu¨kn¬
kwÿm\ D]-t`m‡r kwc-£W Iu¨kn¬
tZiob D]-t`m‡r kwc-£W Iu¨kn¬
e£yw : D]-t`m -‡m-hns‚ Ah-Im -i -߃ _‘-s∏´ Imcy -ß-fn¬ AXXv
k¿°m-cp-Isf D]-tZ-in-°p-I.
9. D]-t`m‡r kwc-£W \nb-a-߃
km[\ hnev]\ \nbaw ˛ 1930
Im¿jn-tIm-ev]∂ \nbaw ˛ 1937
Bh-iy-km-[\ \nbaw ˛ 1955
288
11. D]-t`m-‡m-°-fpsS kwXr]vXn Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm≥ km[n-°p∂ kmaqly CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ
Fs¥ms°?
˛ D]-t`m‡r kwL-S-\-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°pI
˛ D]-t`m‡r t_m[-h¬°cWw
˛ s]mXp-Xm-ev]cy l¿Pn-Iƒ \¬I¬
˛ Nqj-W-Øn-s\-Xnsc ]Xn-I-cn-°¬
12. D]-t`m‡r hnZym- ym-k-Øn\v GsX√mw am¿§-߃ D]-tbm-Kn°mw?
˛ t_m[-h¬°-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ
˛ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-ج
˛ Zn\m-N-cWw (Un-kw-_¿ 24)
13. D]-t`m‡r hnZym- ymkw GsX√mw hn[-Øn-emWv D]-t`m-‡m-hns\ im‡o-I-cn-°p-
∂Xv?
˛ Bh-iy-߃ IrXy-ambn \nP-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p.
˛ Dev]-∂-ß-sfbpw tkh-\-ß-sfbpw kw_-‘n®v Adnhv t\Sm≥.
˛ icn-bmb Xnc-s™-Sp-°-en\v
˛ Ah-Im-i-t_m-[-ap≈ D]-t`m-‡m-hmbn amdp-∂p.
15. D]-t`m‡r hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ ^e-ambn cq]-s∏-Sp∂ D]-t`m‡r ioe-߃
Fs¥√mw?
˛ _n√v tNmZn®v hmßpI
˛ Afhpw Xq°hpw icn-bm-sW∂v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
˛ ]m°v sNbvX tkh-\-߃ hmßp-tºmƒ, Dev]-∂-Øns‚ t]cv, Xoø-Xn,
Imem-h[n, Xq°w F∂nh Dd-∏p-h-cp-ØpI
˛ Nn”-߃ i≤n-°p-I.
Af-hp- -Xq° \ne-hmc \nbaw ˛ 1976
D]-t`m‡r kwc-£W \nbaw ˛ 1986
10. D]-t`m‡m-°-fpsS Xmev]-cy-߃ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\v ]h¿Øn°p∂ ][m\ hIp-
∏p-I-ƒ GsX√mw?
hIp∏v ]h¿Ø\w
˛ eoK¬ satSm-fPn ˛ Af-hvXq° \ne-hmcw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p.
˛ `£y-kp-c£ hIp∏v ˛ `£y-h-kvXp-°-fpsS KpW-ta∑ Dd-∏m-°¬
˛ tIµ- Hu-j[ hne ˛ acp-∂p-I-fpsS hne \nb¥n°¬
\nb-¥W IΩn‰n
˛ UKvkv I¨tSmƒ ˛acp-∂p-I-fpsS KpW-ta∑ D-d-∏m-°¬
hIp∏v
˛ ^pUv tk^v‰n B≥Uv ˛Dev]m-Z\ hnX-cW L -ßfn¬ `£y-h-kvXp˛
Ãm≥tU¿Uv AtXm-dn‰n °fpsS KpW-ta∑ ]cn-tim-[n-°¬.
Hm^v C¥y
