lable at ScienceDirect

Journal of Cleaner Production xxx (2015) 1e7

Contents lists avai

Journal of Cleaner Production

journal homepage: www.elsevier .com/locate/ jc lepro

Engineering and environmental properties of foamed recycled glass asa lightweight engineering material

Arul Arulrajah a, *, Mahdi M. Disfani b, Farshid Maghoolpilehrood a,Suksun Horpibulsuk c, **, Artit Udonchai c, Monzur Imteaz a, Yan-Jun Du d

a Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australiab The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australiac Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailandd Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:Received 25 March 2014Received in revised form21 January 2015Accepted 26 January 2015Available online xxx

Keywords:Lightweight materialEmbankment fillFoam glassWaste materials

* Corresponding author. Faculty of Engineering (HTechnology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Austfax: þ61 3 92148264.** Corresponding author. School of Engineering, Sunology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.

E-mail addresses: aarulrajah@swin.edu.au (A.(S. Horpibulsuk).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.01.0800959-6526/© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article in press as: Arulrajahengineering material, Journal of Cleaner Pro

a b s t r a c t

Lightweight fill materials, including foamed aggregates are increasingly being used in civil engineeringand infrastructure applications. This research assessed the engineering properties of foamed recycledglass through a laboratory evaluation to ascertain this novel recycled material as a lightweight fill ma-terial in civil engineering applications. The engineering assessment included particle size distribution,particle density, water absorption, minimum and maximum dry densities with a vibrating table, Cali-fornia Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Los Angeles (LA) abrasion tests. Shear strength properties of the recycledfoamed glass were studied through large-scale direct shear tests. This recycled foamed glass is classifiedas a gap graded material. Due to high porosity, the coarse particles of this material have high waterabsorption of 60% and low particle density of 4.54 kN/m3, which is much lower than that of water. Theminimum and maximum dry densities of this material are very low of 1.67 and 2.84 kN/m3, respectively.The LA abrasion of foamed recycled glass is lower than the requirement for pavement base/subbasematerial, being of 94%. The shear resistance at small shear displacement is thus low as shown by low CBRvalue of 9e12%. However, the shear resistance at large shear displacement is high as shown by highcohesion and friction angle of 23.36 kPa and 54.7�, respectively. The environmental assessment includedpH value, organic content, total and leachate concentration of the material for a range of contaminantconstituents. All the hazardous concentrations in the leachate are far lower than 100 times of those of thedrinking water standards, indicating the foamed recycled glass as a non-hazardous material. The energysavings assessment demonstrates that the use of foamed recycled glass as engineering material has muchlower energy consumption relative to a conventional aggregate-cement material in construction projects.The lightweight properties of the foamed recycled glass coupled with its satisfactory engineering andenvironmental results, particularly its high friction angle, indicates that the material is ideal for usage asa lightweight construction material in engineering applications such as non-structural fills in embank-ments, retaining wall backfill and pipe bedding.

© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

38), Swinburne University ofralia. Tel.: þ61 3 92145741;

ranaree University of Tech-

Arulrajah), suksun@g.sut.ac

, A., et al., Engineering andduction (2015), http://dx.doi

1. Introduction

Lightweight fill materials are increasingly being used in civilengineering applications such as backfill, slope stability, embank-ment fills, pavements and pipe bedding (Horpibulsuk et al., 2014).The applications of lightweight fill materials are fairly broad but themain intent of this alternative construction material is to signifi-cantly reduce the weight of fills, thereby mitigating excessive set-tlements and bearing failures. This can subsequently result in moreeconomic designs for structures such as retaining walls. Variouslightweight fill materials have been developed in recent years for

environmental properties of foamed recycled glass as a lightweight.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.01.080

Fig. 1. Foamed recycled glass after production (courtesy of the Geotechnical laboratoryat Swinburne University of Technology, Australia).

A. Arulrajah et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production xxx (2015) 1e72

usage in various civil engineering applications and these particu-larly include expanded polystyrene (Athanasopoulos-Zekkos et al.,2012; Deng and Xiao, 2010; Ertugrul and Trandafir, 2011; Lin et al.,2010; Trandafir and Erickson, 2012; Zou et al., 2013), lightweightcellular cemented clays (Horpibulsuk et al., 2014), tires (Cecichet al., 1996; Hodgson et al., 2012; Moghaddas Tafreshi et al., 2012;Nakhaei et al., 2012) and lightweight concrete (Chindaprasirt andRattanasak, 2011; Wang et al., 2012; Wang and Tang, 2012). Withthe aim of increase in usage of recycled foamed glass for a cleanerproduction of lightweight materials as well as a greener and moresustainable environment, this study investigates suitability ofrecycled foam glass for various engineering applications.

In recent years, there has been an environmental push world-wide to continually seek new reuse applications for various wastematerials inclusive of demolition wastes (Arulrajah et al., 2013b;Rahman et al., 2014a), municipal solid wastes (Reddy et al., 2009;Zekkos et al., 2006), calcium carbide residue (Phetchuay et al.,2014) and other commercial and industrial wastes (Disfani et al.,2014; Du et al., 2014; Grubb et al., 2006; Landris, 2007; Wartmanet al., 2004). Industrial waste materials are increasingly beingimplemented in various projects for use as an aggregate in appli-cations such as pavements (Akbulut and Gurer, 2007; Hoyos et al.,2011; Puppala et al., 2011; Taha et al., 2002) and road embankments(Puppala et al., 2011; Wartman et al., 2004).

Municipal recycled glass is obtained mostly from curbsidecollection and comprises mainly packaging containers for food anddrinks as well as sheet glass or glass from demolition activities.While the glass recycling industry aims to process waste glass backinto bottle making industry by color sorting, this is not alwayspossible because a large amount of waste glass delivered to therecycling industry is broken into small pieces during handling andcollecting, which makes it difficult to color sort waste glass. Sortingfacilities in Australia for example can only color sort recycled glassparticles that are larger than 10 mm in particle size and smallersized glass particles, enter the waste stream (Arulrajah et al.,2014a). Recycled waste glass has been researched in recent yearsand found to be a viable construction material for embankmentsand pavement subbases (Arulrajah et al., 2014b; Grubb et al., 2006;Wartman et al., 2004), footpath bases (Arulrajah et al., 2013a) aswell as in the manufacture of fibers for problematic soil treatment(Ahmad et al., 2012; Mujah et al., 2013).

In recent years, there has been interest in the development offoamed materials with the usage of waste materials in engineeringapplications (Jana et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2012, 2013a). Foamedglass has been developed particularly for usage in various structuraland insulating applications (Bumanis et al., 2013; Guo et al., 2013;Kazantseva, 2013; Pawanawichian et al., 2013; Ponsot andBernardo, 2013; Wang et al., 2013b; Wu et al., 2013). The usage ofrecycled glass to manufacture foamed glass is however still in itsinfancy,with limitedworks todate in this area apart fromsomeworkwith the production of ceramics (Fernandes et al., 2009; Ponsot andBernardo, 2013) and with no knownwork having been undertakenon its usage as a lightweight aggregate construction material.

The usage of recycled products results in significantly less en-ergy production as well as limits the opening of new quarries forvirgin quarry products. To achieve sustainability various industriesand end-users seek a cleaner production usage for waste materialsand view recycled materials as a resource rather than a wastematerial destined for landfills. The focus of this research is to assessthe engineering properties of foamed recycled glass through alaboratory evaluation and to ascertain this novel recycled materialas a suitable lightweight fill material in civil engineering applica-tions. An extensive suite of engineering and environmental tests, aswell as energy savings assessments were undertaken on foamedrecycled glass to assess its engineering properties.

Please cite this article in press as: Arulrajah, A., et al., Engineering andengineering material, Journal of Cleaner Production (2015), http://dx.doi

2. Materials and methods

The municipal waste glass, obtained from a glass recyclingoperator site, was first ground and then fired with mineral addi-tives in a furnace at temperatures up to 950 �C. The recycled glassfoams and is then removed from the furnace at which point it coolsdown quickly forming lowweight foamed recycled glass aggregatesof up to 40 mm in size. The foamed material comprises 98% groundrecycled glass and 2% mineral additives. Foamed recycled glass forthis research was obtained from a supplier in Melbourne, Australia.Fig. 1 shows foamed recycled glass aggregates after production. It isevident from Fig. 1 that the glass aggregates comprise vesiculars,due to the presence of air that forms small voids during the pro-duction process.

Particle size analysiswas undertaken by theAustralian standards(AS, 1996). Particle density and water absorption tests of coarseaggregate (retained on a 4.75mm sieve) and fine aggregate (passingthrough a 4.75 mm sieve) were both undertaken (ASTM, 2007a).Maximum and minimum dry densities were undertaken using thevibratory table method, which was suitable for this material as itwas cohesionless and free-draining (ASTM, 2006b). The pH value ofthe foamed glass was determined following the Australian stan-dards (AS, 1997a). Organic content tests were performed by the lossof ignition method to determine the organic content of the samples(ASTM, 2007b). CBR tests under standard compaction effort werecarried out on specimens in dry and soaked conditions to simulatethe worst-case scenario (AS, 2003). LA abrasion test was conductedto determine the abrasion loss of the material and to ascertain if thematerial could be considered for higher loading applications such aspavement base/subbase applications (ASTM, 2006a).

A large-scale Direct Shear Test (DST) apparatus measuring305mm in length, 305mm inwidth and 204mm in depthwas usedto determine the shear strength of the foamed recycled glass, due tothe large sizes of the aggregates. The tests were conducted as perASTM D3080/D3080M standards (ASTM, 2011). The testing appa-ratus has two boxes: a fixed upper box and a moveable lower box.Initially, the lower and upper boxes were clamped when preparingsamples for the tests. The samples were compacted in the shear boxin three layers by using hand tamping with a plastic hammer toattain maximum dry density obtained from the vibratory tablemethod. The samples were then submerged for 12 h beforeconsolidation with three normal stress levels of 10 kPa, 20 kPa and40 kPa. When the consolidation stage for the tests was completed,the connections between the lower and upper boxes was released,which provided an approximate 2 mm gap between the upper and

environmental properties of foamed recycled glass as a lightweight.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.01.080

A. Arulrajah et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production xxx (2015) 1e7 3

lower boxes for frictionminimization. The shearing stage of the testwas next conducted under normal stress levels of 10 kPa, 20 kPaand 40 kPa. A shear displacement rate of 0.025 mm/min wasmaintained throughout the shearing stage. The horizontal dis-placements, vertical displacements and shear stresses were recor-ded. The tests were terminated once the horizontal sheardisplacement reached approximately 75 mm. The room tempera-ture was maintained at 20 ± 1 �C. The shear strength of the foamedrecycled glass from the DST tests was obtained from the shearstress and horizontal displacement output graphs.

The hazard category of foamed recycled glass was determinedbased on the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) Victoriaand Australian Standard Leaching Procedure (ASLP). If the TotalConcentration (TC) is less than the specified limit, or if it can bedemonstrated to be of natural origin, the foamed recycled glass iscategorized as suitable for fill materials (EPA, 2010). The environ-mental properties of the foamed recycled glass were tested fordifferent types of heavy metals by following the Australian stan-dards protocol (AS, 1997b) for the preparation of leachate, usingslightly acidic leaching fluid (pH ¼ 5) and alkaline leaching fluid(pH ¼ 9.2) leaching buffers.

3. Results and discussions

The engineering properties of the laboratory evaluation of thefoamed recycled glass are summarized in Table 1. Fig. 2 presents the

Table 1Engineering properties of foamed recycled glass.

Engineering parameters Foamedrecycledglass

Typicallightweightmateriala

Typicalheavyweightmaterialb

D10 (mm) 0.13 e 0.09D30 (mm) 1.2 e 1.30D50 (mm) 18.7 e 4.40D60 (mm) 20.6 e 6.70Cu 158 e 78.83Cc 0.53 e 2.97Gravel sized particles:

4.75 mme40 mm (%)66 <70 47.9

Sand sized particles:0.075 mme4.75 mm (%)

32 <40 42.2

Clay and Silt sizedparticles: <0.075 mm (%)

2 <3 9.90

Particle density e coarsefraction (kg/m3)

462.8 408e1529 2600e2700

Particle density e finefraction (kg/m3)

1508 408e1529 2400e2600

Minimum dry density(kg/m3)

170 112e204

Maximum dry density(kg/m3)

290 204e306 2080

Water absorption e coarsefraction (%)

60 50e60 6.50e6.70

Water absorption e finefraction (%)

0.3 <1.0 6.50e7.50

pH 10.48 9e12 10.20e11.40Organic content (%) 0 0 1.7e2.1CBR (%) 9e12 2e10 172LA abrasion loss (%) 94 80e100 29.9e31.7DST: Peak apparent cohesion,

c' (kPa)23.4 20e100 95

DST: Peak friction angle, f'(degrees)

55.7 35e60 65

DST: Critical state apparentcohesion, c' (kPa)

22.1 20e100 80

DST: Critical state frictionangle, f' (degrees)

54.7 35e60 39

a Harmon (2014) and Misapor (2014).b Rahman et al. (2014a, 2014b).

Please cite this article in press as: Arulrajah, A., et al., Engineering andengineering material, Journal of Cleaner Production (2015), http://dx.doi

particle size distribution curves of the foamed recycled glass. Theparticle size distribution curves indicate that the material com-prises essentially gravel and sand sized particles with no fines.Based on gradation curve (Fig. 2), coefficient of uniformity (Cu) andcoefficient of curvature (Cc), this material is classified as poorly andgap grained, with two major grain size ranges: 0.08e0.3 mm and10e35 mm. As no fines are present, Atterberg limit tests are notapplicable for this material. The minimum and maximum drydensity of the materials was low and with values typical of alightweight construction material.

The particle density of the coarse foamed recycled glass wasfound to be very low (4.54e14.79 kN/m3), lower than the density ofwater. The fine particle density of foamed glass was almost threetimes higher than the coarse particle density. The water absorptionof fine particles was almost low while the coarse particle waterabsorption was high at 60%. pH value for the foamed glass wasfound to be in the alkali range, similar to that for typical con-struction and demolition aggregates (Arulrajah et al., 2013b).Organic materials are not present, likely due to the high tempera-tures used in the foamed glass process.

Fig. 3 presents the CBR results for the foamed recycled glass. TheCBR test results for the foamed recycled glass were within the localroad authority specification requirements for a structural fill ma-terial in road embankments, which is typically specified within therange of 2%e5% (VicRoads, 2011). It is of interest to note that theload and penetration relationship of this material is not typical ofcoarse-grained geomaterials. This material exhibits peak and ulti-mate loads when subjected to penetration. The load increases withincreasing penetration until the peak value. After a small decreasein load, the load again increases with increasing penetration to theultimate value. The result implies that particle crushing occurs atpeak state and then rearrangement of crushed particles contributesthe ultimate strength. The material crushing is due to a low particlestrength as indicated by the high LA abrasion value of 94%. Amaximum LA abrasion value not exceeding 40% is typically speci-fied for pavement base/subbase applications. The LA abrasion andCBR results indicate that the material is unsuitable for heavier dutyapplications such as in pavement base/subbases. LA Abrasion re-sults also indicate the susceptibility of the material to crushingunder repeated loading, which makes it unsuitable for applicationinvolving dynamic loads.

Fig. 4 presents the DST results for the foamed recycled glass.The material shows completely dilatant behavior in verticaldisplacement and horizontal displacement relationship at 10 kPa,20 kPa and 40 kPa normal stresses. It is of interest to note that thisdilatant behavior is associated with hardening shear stress-horizontal displacement behavior. This shear response is incontradiction with the typical shear response for typical coarse-grained geomaterial, where dilatant behavior is associated withstrain-softening behavior and the peak shear strengths areattained at the maximum dilatancy ratio (slope of the relationshipbetween vertical displacement and horizontal displacement). Theshear response of foamed recycled glass is found to be similar tothat of recycled glass cullets that has been used as aggregates inpavements and designated as having dilatancy associated strain-hardening response (Arulrajah et al., 2014). The peak shearstresses are observed at very large horizontal displacements whilethe maximum dilatancy ratios for all the normal stresses are foundat approximately the same horizontal displacement of 23 mm. Themaximum dilatancy ratio and maximum displacement decrease asnormal stress increases, which are similar to typical coarse-grained geomaterials. The increase in shear stress even after themaximum dilatancy ratio (strain hardening) is caused by therearrangement of crushed particles (fine crushed particles aredriven into the voids or pores) as also happened in CBR tests. The

environmental properties of foamed recycled glass as a lightweight.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.01.080

Fig. 2. Gradation curves for foamed recycled glass.

Fig. 3. CBR results for foamed recycled glass.

Fig. 4. DST results for foamed recycled glass.

A. Arulrajah et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production xxx (2015) 1e74

cohesion and fraction angle based on the MohreCoulumb failurecriterion are 23.36 kPa and 54.7�, respectively (refer to Fig. 5),which meet the shear strength property requirement for light-weight fill materials and consistent to that of a dense gravel ma-terial (Bowles, 1988; Sivakugan and Das, 2010). The high shearstrength parameters with strain-hardening response indicate thatthis material is strong and ductile, which can resist large defor-mation. As such, this material has an advantage over the typicalcoarse-grained materials such as sand and gravel, where the strainsoftening (shear strength reduction) occurs after the maximumdilatancy, when used as a backfill on soft clay deposits in coastalregions; i.e, no strength reduction even with a large settlement ofsoft clay foundation.

Table 1 compares the properties of foamed recycled glass withthat of similar lightweight foamed materials. It is evident fromTable 1, that the foamed recycled glass meets the requirements ofsimilar lightweight foamed materials. The tests undertaken alsoindicate that foamed recycled glass would meet the long term re-quirements for a foamed recycled material. In consideration of theusage of foamed recycled glass in lightweight engineering appli-cations (such as backfill, embankment fills, pavements and pipebedding) environmental effects have to be ascertained to ensurethat environmental contamination will not arise. Environmental

Please cite this article in press as: Arulrajah, A., et al., Engineering andengineering material, Journal of Cleaner Production (2015), http://dx.doi

testing will ascertain if the material is within established local re-quirements for usage as fill materials (EPA, 1999, 2010).

Table 2 presents total concentration (TC) results for trace ele-ments in foamed recycled glass and compares the values withallowable TC values for soil, waste materials and backfill materialsreported from EPA Victoria requirements for backfill material (EPAVictoria, 2007). The TC trace element results imply that for all cases,the contaminant constituents for the recycled foamed glass are farbelow the threshold limits specified for these applications.

environmental properties of foamed recycled glass as a lightweight.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.01.080

Fig. 5. DST total stress failure envelopes for foamed recycled glass.

Table 2Total concentration results for trace elements in foamed recycled glass compared toestablished requirements.

Contaminant Foamedrecycled glass(mg/kg)

Soil (Rahmanet al., 2014b)(mg/kg)

Waste material(EPA, 2009)(mg/kg)

Backfill material(EPA, 2007)(mg/kg)

Arsenic 7 0.1e40 500 20Barium 6 100e3000 6250 e

Chromium 10 5e1500 500 1Copper 9 2e60 5000 100Mercury <0.05 10e150 75 1Nickel 8 0.01e0.5 3000 60Lead 28 2e100 1500 e

Selenium <3 0.1e5 50 10Vanadium <5 3e500 e e

Zinc <5 25e200 35000 200

A. Arulrajah et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production xxx (2015) 1e7 5

Table 3 presents the leachate analysis data of the foamed recy-cled glass and compares it to the requirements for fill material,drinking water and hazardous waste. Based on the U.S. Environ-mental Protection Agency, a material is designated as hazardous ifany metal is present in concentrations greater than 100 times thatof the drinking water standards (Wartman et al., 2004). A com-parison of the leaching results indicates that all metal contaminantsare well within allowable limits for the usage of foamed recycledglass as a fill material. Only for lead and arsenic, the leachateconcentration gets close to threshold defined by EPA Victoria forsolid inert waste. But considering that the leachate values, reportedin Table 3 for recycled foam glass, are extracted using moreaggressive acidic and borate solutions compared to neutral pHwater, it can be expected that in case of using this material in thefield and event of rainfall or storm water, the concentration ofheavy metals will be less thanwhat reported in Table 3. This means

Table 3Leachate analysis data for foamed recycled glass.

Contaminant ASLP: acet. (mg/L) ASLP: Borate (mg/L) Threshold forwaste (EPA, 2

Arsenic 0.22 0.1 0.35Barium 0.09 <0.1 35.0Cadmium 0.05 <0.02 0.1Chromium 0.09 <0.1 2.5Lead 0.42 <0.1 0.5Mercury <0.001 <0.01 0.05Selenium <0.01 <0.1 0.5Silver <0.01 <0.1 5.0

Please cite this article in press as: Arulrajah, A., et al., Engineering andengineering material, Journal of Cleaner Production (2015), http://dx.doi

that the material will not pose any risk to the ground water tablesor water streams beyond what is commonly accepted for fill ma-terial and solid inert waste.

From an engineering material perspective, the lightweightproperties of the foamed recycled glass coupled with its satisfac-tory engineering and environmental results indicate the material isideal for usage as a lightweight fill material. The foamed recycledglass is suitable for lightweight engineering applications such asnon-structural fills in embankments, retaining wall backfill andpipe bedding.

Fig. 6 presents a schematic and awater flow balance diagram forthe usage of foamed recycled glass as a lightweight non-structuralfill material in a typical application in a road embankment. Pre-cipitation due to rainfall will hit the pavement surface layer, withsome of it subsequently evaporating and the balance becomingrun-off that will discharge down the slopes and into the drainsprovided at the bottom of the road embankment. Some infiltrationwill occur into the foamed recycled glass non-structural fill mate-rial and moisture movement will occur into the sides of thestructural fill layer. Leachate will seep into the ground water tablebelow, hence the necessity for the environmental testing analysisundertaken in this research. The TC trace element results indicatedthat for all cases the contaminant constituents for the foamedrecycled glass were below the threshold limits specified for theseapplications. Based on the TC element and the engineering analysis,the recycled foamed glass is found to be suitable as a non-structuralfill material for road embankments.

The lightweight nature of foamed recycled glass may howeverrender the material unsuitable for heavier applications such aspavement base/subbases for which much higher CBR values will bedesired. As a structural fill in road embankments, the particle sizedistribution of the aggregates needs to be verified with local roadauthority specifications, as often the presence of fines and cohesionis highly desired for compaction, properties which the foamedrecycled glass lacks.

The energy savings for the use of foamed recycled glass as anengineering material is assessed from two aspects: (1) previousstudies have shown the use of recycled glass as engineering ma-terial is able to save energy at 1 to 2 orders of magnitude, ascompared to aggregate-cement (EPA, 2012; Nassar and Soroushian,2013; Tsai, 2005); (2) embodied energy concept. Embodied energyis the total energy in joules that is attributed to bringing an item toits existing state (Soga et al., 2011). Embodied energy is closelyrelated to the resource depletion and greenhouse gas emission.Hence, this parameter reflects the energy-efficiency and environ-mental effect of a material. Foamed recycled glass is a recycledwaste material from industrial by-products and is not intentionallyproduced for construction. Hence, the embodied energy of foamedrecycled glass is regarded as zero. In contrast, the embodied energyof conventional Portland cement additive is as high as 4.6 MJ/kg(Hammond and Jones, 2008). The total energy consumption relatedto the use of foamed recycled glass as construction material in

solid inert009) (mg/L)

Drinking water standards(EPA, 1999) (mg/L)

Hazardous waste designation(Wartman et al., 2004) (mg/L)

0.05 5.02.0 100.00.005 1.00.1 5.00.015 5.00.002 0.20.05 1.00.05 5.0

environmental properties of foamed recycled glass as a lightweight.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.01.080

Fig. 6. Water flow balance chart for foamed glass as a non-structural fill in road embankments.

A. Arulrajah et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production xxx (2015) 1e76

practice (e.g., non-structural fill in embankment, retaining wallbackfill or pipe bedding) is therefore zero, whereas that of a con-ventional aggregate-cement material depends on the cementdosage and weight employed in any construction project.

4. Conclusions

The particle size distribution curves indicate that the materialcomprises essentially gravel and sand sized particles and with nofines. The majority of the foamed recycled glass comprises0.08e0.3 mm and 10e35 mm sized particles with no clay and siltfines present. The minimum and maximum dry density of thematerials was low and with values typical of a lightweight con-struction material.

From an engineering material perspective, the lightweightproperties of the foamed recycled glass coupled with its satisfac-tory engineering and environmental results indicate the material isideal for its usage as a lightweight fill material. The foamed recycledglass, given its desired high friction angle, is ideal for lightweightengineering applications such as non-structural fills in embank-ments, retaining wall backfill and pipe bedding. Thematerial showsstrain-hardening shear response, indicating ductile behavior. Theenvironmental testing results imply that for all cases the contam-inant constituents for the recycled foamed glass are below thethreshold limits specified for these applications. However, as acidbased leaching tests show Arsenic and Lead concentrations close tothe EPA defined threshold (EPA, 2009) concentrations, it is rec-ommended that prior to any practical applications of such recycledfoamed glass, the samples should be tested for potential leaching ofArsenic and Lead. The energy saving assessment demonstrates thatthe use of foamed recycled glass as an engineering material inconstruction projects results in very low energy consumption ascompared to the conventional aggregate-cement material.

The lightweight nature of the material implies it is unsuitablefor heavier loading applications such as pavement bases/subbasesfor which much higher CBR values and much lower LA abrasionvalues are desired. Foamed recycled glass may however be blendedwith higher quality aggregates to enable its usage as a supple-mentary additive in pavement subbases. As a structural fill in roadembankments, the particle size distribution of the aggregates

Please cite this article in press as: Arulrajah, A., et al., Engineering andengineering material, Journal of Cleaner Production (2015), http://dx.doi

needs to be verified with local road authority specifications, asoften the presence of clay and silt fines is desired for compaction.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported under Australian Research Coun-cil's Linkage Projects funding scheme (project numberLP120100107). This research was also supported by AustralianResearch Council's Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment and Facilitiesfunding scheme (project number LE110100052). The fourth andfifth authors are grateful to the financial support from the ThailandResearch Fund under the TRF Senior Research Scholar programGrant No. RTA5680002. The final author is grateful to the financialsupport from National Natural Science Foundation of China (GrantNos. 51278100 and 41472258). The authors would like to thankHamed Haghighi, PhD student at Swinburne University of Tech-nology, for his assistance on this publication.

References

Ahmad, F., Mujah, D., Hazarika, H., Safari, A., 2012. Assessing the potential reuse ofrecycled glass fibre in problematic soil applications. J. Clean. Prod. 35, 102e107.

Akbulut, H., Gurer, C., 2007. Use of aggregates produced from marble quarry wastein asphalt pavements. J. Build. Environ. 42, 1921e1930.

Arulrajah, A., Ali, M.M.Y., Disfani, M.M., Horpibulsuk, S., 2014a. Recycled-glassblends in pavement base/subbase applications: laboratory and field evaluation.J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 26.

Arulrajah, A., Ali, M.M.Y., Disfani, M.M., Piratheepan, J., Bo, M.W., 2013a. Geotech-nical performance of recycled glass-waste rock blends in footpath bases.J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 25, 653e661.

Arulrajah, A., Disfani, M.M., Horpibulsuk, S., Suksiripattanapong, C., Prongmanee, N.,2014b. Physical properties and shear strength responses of recycled construc-tion and demolition materials in unbound pavement base/subbase applications.Constr. Build. Mater. 58, 245e257.

Arulrajah, A., Piratheepan, J., Disfani, M.M., Bo, M.W., 2013b. Geotechnical andgeoenvironmental properties of recycled construction and demolition materialsin pavement subbase applications. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 25, 1077e1088.

AS, 1996. Methods for Sampling and Testing Aggregates Method 11: Particle SizeDistribution by Sieving, Australian Standards AS-1141.11. Standards Australia,NSW, Australia.

AS, 1997a. Soil Chemical TestsdDetermination of the pH Value of a SoildElectro-metric Method. Australian Standard 1289.4.3.1. Australian Standard, Sydney,Australia.

AS, 1997b. Wastes, Sediments and Contaminated Soils, Part 3: Preparation ofLeachates-bottle Leaching Procedure, Australian Standards 4439.3. StandardsAustralia, Homebush, NSW, Australia.

environmental properties of foamed recycled glass as a lightweight.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.01.080

A. Arulrajah et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production xxx (2015) 1e7 7

AS, 2003. Soil Compaction and Density Tests e Determination of the Dry Density/moisture Content Relation of a Soil Using Modified Compactive Effort. Austra-lian Standard 1289.5.2.1. Australian Standard, Sydney, Australia.

ASTM, 2006a. Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-sizeCoarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine. ASTMStandard C131. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM, 2006b. Standard Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit Weightof Soils Using a Vibratory Table, D4253. ASTM International, West Con-shohocken, USA.

ASTM, 2007a. Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity),and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate, ASTM C127. ASTM, West Conshohocken,PA, U.S.A.

ASTM, 2007b. Standard Test Methods for Moisture, Ash, and Organic Matter of Peatand Other Organic Soils. ASTM Standard D2974. ASTM International, WestConshohocken, PA.

ASTM, 2011. Standard Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils under ConsolidatedDrained Conditions. ASTM D3080/D3080M. ASTM International, West Con-shohocken, PA, USA.

Athanasopoulos-Zekkos, A., Lamote, K., Athanasopoulos, G.A., 2012. Use of EPSgeofoam compressible inclusions for reducing the earthquake effects onyielding earth retaining structures. Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng. 41, 59e71.

Bowles, E.J., 1988. Foundation Analysis and Design, fourth ed. McGraw-Hill,Singapore.

Bumanis, G., Bajare, D., Locs, J., Korjakins, A., 2013. Alkali-silica reactivity of foamglass granules in structure of lightweight concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 47,274e281.

Cecich, V., Gonzales, L., Hoisaeter, A., Williams, J., Reddy, K., 1996. Use of shreddedtires as lightweight backfill material for retaining structures. Waste Manag. Res.14, 433e451.

Chindaprasirt, P., Rattanasak, U., 2011. Shrinkage behavior of structural foamlightweight concrete containing glycol compounds and fly ash. Mater. Des. 32,723e727.

Deng, A., Xiao, Y., 2010. Measuring and modeling proportion-dependent stress-strain behavior of EPS-sand mixture. Int. J. Geomech. 10, 214e222.

Disfani, M.M., Arulrajah, A., Haghighi, H., Mohammadinia, A., Horpibulsuk, S., 2014.Flexural beam fatigue strength evaluation of crushed brick as a supplementarymaterial in cement stabilized recycled concrete aggregates. Constr. Build. Mater.68, 667e676.

Du, Y.J., Jiang, N.J., Liu, S.Y., Jin, F., Singh, D.N., Puppala, A.J., 2014. Engineeringproperties and microstructural characteristics of cement-stabilized zinc-contaminated kaolin. Can. Geotech. J. 51, 289e302.

EPA, 1999. National Primary Drinking Water Standards. EPA-F-94-001. EnvironmentProtection Agency, Washington, USA.

EPA, 2007. Information Update for EPA 996. Environmental Protection Agency ofVictoria, Australia, Victoria, Australia.

EPA, 2009. Solid Solid Industrial Waste Hazard Categorization and Management,Industrial Waste Resource Guidelines. Publication No. IWRG 631. Environ-mental Protection Agency of Victoria, Australia, Victoria, Australia.

EPA, 2010. Waste Categorisation Industrial Waste Resource Guidelines. Environ-mental Protection Agency of Victoria, Australia, Victoria, Australia.

EPA, U., 2012. Methodology for Estimating MSW Recycling Benefits. Washington DC.Ertugrul, O.L., Trandafir, A.C., 2011. Reduction of lateral earth forces acting on rigid

nonyielding retaining Walls by EPS geofoam inclusions. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 23,1711e1718.

Fernandes, H.R., Tulyaganov, D.U., Ferreira, J.M.F., 2009. Production and character-isation of glass ceramic foams from recycled raw materials. Adv. Appl. Ceram.108, 9e13.

Grubb, D.G., Gallagher, P.M., Wartman, J., Liu III, Y., Carnivale, M., 2006. Laboratoryevaluation of crushed glassedredged material blends. J. Geotech. Geoenviron.Eng. ASCE 132, 562e576.

Guo, H.W., Mo, Z.X., Liu, P., Gao, D.N., 2013. Improved Mechanical Property of FoamGlass Composites Toughened by Mullite Fiber, pp. 1370e1373.

Hammond, G.P., Jones, C.I., 2008. Inventory of (Embodied) Carbon and Energy.Department of Mechanical Engineering, 1.6a ed. University of Bath, Bath, UnitedKingdom.

Harmon, K., 2014. Engineering Properties of Structural Lightweight Concrete. http://www.stalite.com/uploads/EngineeringProperties.pdf (accessed 23.10.14.).

Hodgson, I.F., Beales, S.P., Curd, M.J., 2012. Use of Tyre Bales as Lightweight Fill forthe A421 Improvements Scheme Near Bedford, UK, pp. 101e108.

Horpibulsuk, S., Wijitchot, A., Nerimitknornburee, A., Shen, S.L.,Suksiripattanapong, C., 2014. Factors influencing unit weight and strength oflightweight cemented clay. Q. J. Eng. Geol. Hydrogeol. 47, 101e109.

Hoyos, L.R., Puppala, A.J., Ordonez, C.A., 2011. Characterization of cement fiber-treated reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates: preliminary investigation.J. Mater. Civ. Eng. ASCE 23, 977e989.

Please cite this article in press as: Arulrajah, A., et al., Engineering andengineering material, Journal of Cleaner Production (2015), http://dx.doi

Jana, P., Fierro, V., Celzard, A., 2013. Ultralow cost reticulated carbon foams fromhousehold cleaning pad wastes. Carbon 62, 517e520.

Kazantseva, L.K., 2013. Particulars of foam glass manufacture from zeolite-alkaliBatch. Glass Ceram. 1e5 (English translation of Steklo i Keramika).

Landris, T.L., 2007. Recycled Glass and Dredged Materials. US Army Corps of Engi-neers: Engineer Research and Development Center Report ERDC TN-DOER-T8,Vicksburg, MS.

Lin, L.K., Chen, L.H., Chen, R.H.L., 2010. Evaluation of geofoam as a geotechnicalconstruction material. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 22, 160e170.

Misapor, 2014. Technical Data International. http://www.archiproducts.com/en/products/13344/foam-glass-gravel-misapor-misapor.html (accessed on23.10.14.).

Moghaddas Tafreshi, S.N., Tavakoli Mehrjardi, G., Dawson, A.R., 2012. Buried pipes inrubber-soil backfilled trenches under cyclic loading. J. Geotech. Geoenviron.Eng. 138, 1346e1356.

Mujah, D., Ahmad, F., Hazarika, H., Safari, A., 2013. Evaluation of the mechanicalproperties of recycled glass fibers-derived three dimensional geomaterial forground improvement. J. Clean. Prod. 52, 495e503.

Nakhaei, A., Marandi, S.M., Sani Kermani, S., Bagheripour, M.H., 2012. Dynamicproperties of granular soils mixed with granulated rubber. Soil Dyn. Earthq.Eng. 43, 124e132.

Nassar, R.U.D., Soroushian, P., 2013. Use of milled waste glass in recycled aggregateconcrete. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Constr. Mater. 166, 304e315.

Pawanawichian, K., Thiemsorn, W., Wannagon, A., Laoarun, P., 2013. Fabricationof Glass Foams from Industrial Wastes Used as Insulating Board,pp. 205e208.

Phetchuay, C., Horpibulsuk, S., Suksiripattanapong, C., Chinkulkijniwat, A.,Arulrajah, A., Disfani, M.M., 2014. Calcium carbide residue: alkaline activator forclay-fly ash geopolymer. Constr. Build. Mater. 69, 285e294.

Ponsot, I., Bernardo, E., 2013. Self glazed glass ceramic foams frommetallurgical slagand recycled glass. J. Clean. Prod. 59, 245e250.

Puppala, A.J., Hoyos, L.R., Potturi, A.K., 2011. Resilient moduli response of moder-ately cement-treated reclaimed asphalt pavement aggregates. J. Mater. Civ. Eng.ASCE 23, 990e998.

Rahman, M.A., Arulrajah, A., Piratheepan, J., Bo, M.W., Imteaz, M.A., 2014a. Resilientmodulus and permanent deformation responses of geogrid-reinforced con-struction and demolition materials. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 26, 512e519.

Rahman, M.A., Imteaz, M., Arulrajah, A., Disfani, M.M., 2014b. Suitability of recycledconstruction and demolition aggregates as alternative pipe backfilling mate-rials. J. Clean. Prod. 66, 75e84.

Reddy, K.R., Hettiarachchi, H., Parakalla, N.S., Gangathulasi, J., Bogner, J.E., 2009.Geotechnical properties of fresh municipal solid waste at Orchard Hills Landfill,USA. Waste Manag. 29, 952e959.

Sivakugan, N., Das, B.M., 2010. Geotechnical Engineering e a Practical ProblemSolving Approach. J. Ross Publishing, Fort Lauderdale, FL, U.S.A.

Soga, K., Chau, C., Nicholson, D., Pantelidou, H., 2011. Embodied energy: soilretaining geosystems. KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 15, 739e749.

Taha, R., Al-Harthy, A., Al-Shamsi, K., Al-Zubeidi, M., 2002. Cement stabilization ofreclaimed asphalt pavement aggregate for road bases and subbases. J. Mater.Civ. Eng. 14, 239e245.

Trandafir, A.C., Erickson, B.A., 2012. Stiffness degradation and yielding of EPS geo-foam under cyclic loading. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 24, 119e124.

Tsai, C., Krogmann, U., Strom, P., 2005. Expanding Markets for and PreventingStormwater Pollution from Mixed Glass Cullet in New Jersey. Rutgers Univer-sity, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.

VicRoads, 2011. Crushed Rock for Light Duty Base and Subbase Pavement. Section813. VicRoads, Melbourne.

Wang, G., Liu, Y., Cui, Y., 2012. Performance Studies of Lightweight Concrete Mix-tures Made with Rigid Polyurethane Foam Wastes, pp. 4007e4010.

Wang, G., Sha, L., Jin, F., 2013a. Study on the Strength Properties and Failure Mode ofRecycled Sludge Lightweight Soil, pp. 1281e1284.

Wang, Q., Wang, N., Ding, Z.Y., Wu, T.J., 2013b. Influences of Firing Process Systemon Foam Glass Properties, pp. 258e261.

Wang, Y., Tang, B., 2012. Experimental Study of the Foam Agent in LightweightAggregate Concrete, pp. 1776e1779.

Wartman, J., Grubb, D.G., Nasim, A.S.M., 2004. Select engineering characteristics ofcrushed glass. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 16, 526e539.

Wu, L., Zhao, Y.H., Chen, R.F., Yang, H., Li, Q.Q., Li, Z.L., Lu, H.F., 2013. Effect ofFoaming Temperature and Holding Time on Foam Glass, pp. 897e900.

Zekkos, D., Bray, J.D., Kavazanjian Jr., E., Matasovic, N., Rathje, E.M., Riemer, M.F.,Stokoe, K.H., 2006. Unit weight of municipal solid waste. J. Geotech. Geo-environ. Eng. 132, 1250e1261.

Zou, Y., Leo, C.J., Wong, H., 2013. Time Dependent Viscoelastic Behaviour of EpsGeofoam, pp. 1095e1099.

environmental properties of foamed recycled glass as a lightweight.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.01.080