energy \u0026 environment volume 25 no. 2 2014 comparing the use of diesel and wind power in pumping...

$: ENERGY \u0026 ENVIRONMENT VOLUME 25 No. 2 2014 COMPARING THE USE OF DIESEL AND WIND POWER IN PUMPING WATER IN SAUDI ARABIA COMPARING THE USE OF DIESEL AND WIND POWER IN PUMPING WATER$
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ENERGY &ENVIRONMENT

VOLUME 25 No. 2 2014

COMPARING THE USE OF DIESEL AND WIND POWERIN PUMPING WATER IN SAUDI ARABIA

by

Shafiqur Rehman, and Ahmet Z. Sahin (Saudi Arabia)

COMPARING THE USE OF DIESEL AND WIND POWERIN PUMPING WATER IN SAUDI ARABIA

Shafiqur Rehman1,* and Ahmet Z. Sahin2

1Center for Engineering Research, Research Institute, 2Mechanical Engineering DepartmentKing Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. Dhahran-31261, Saudi Arabia

E-mail: [email protected] and [email protected]*Correspondence author E-Mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACTThis study compares a diesel only power system with wind only power system forpumping water in some cities of Saudi Arabia. Cost of Energy (COE) is found tobe very sensitive with respect to annual mean wind speed. For 10% annualcapacity shortage, for example, the COE decreases by 11.5, 21.8, 22.3 and 13.5%at Dhahran, Riyadh, Jeddah, and Guriat, respectively for an increase in annualmean wind speed of only 0.4m/s. On the other hand, COE for zero capacityshortage is found to be 0.224, 0.455, 0.294, 0.334, and 1.379$/kWh at Dhahran,Riyadh, Jeddah, Guriat, and Nejran, respectively. The cost of pumping water froma well of 50 m total dynamic head (TDH) is studied for both the wind energy anddiesel only systems. Cost of water when using wind energy system is found to be5.35, 10.4, 6.94, 7.71, and 30.56US¢/m3 for Dhahran, Riyadh, Jeddah, Guriat andNejran, respectively. Cost of water when using diesel only system is found to varyfrom 7 to 16.5US¢/m3 depending on the fuel price. Furthermore, the wind basedsystem becomes more cost effective when the diesel fuel cost is more than 0.4$/Lfor all sites except for Nejran. Last but not the least, the utilization of wind powerfor water pumping in Saudi Arabia will result into avoidance of addition of around24,000 tons of CO2 equivalent greenhouse gases from entering into the localatmosphere annually.

Keywords: Wind; water pumping; wind speed; economics; diesel; Saudi Arabia

1. INTRODUCTIONRenewable energy resources have become attractive solutions for rural off-grid supplyof energy as a result of improvements in the cost effectiveness and reliability of solarand wind energy systems. In particular, wind power is becoming an increasinglyattractive method of electric power generation due to concerns with global climatechange, increasing uncertainty of future oil supplies, and energy security [1]. Cost ofdiesel fuel and various environmental concerns also contribute to the wide-spread

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applications of the renewable energy systems. In most developing countries thedecision of energy resource selection is mostly based on the cost of energy. In thisregard, fluctuation in the cost of diesel fuel has direct impact on promoting renewableenergy systems in many parts of the world. The worldwide cumulative wind powerinstalled capacity reached 282.587GW at the end of year 2012. Of this total capacity,44.799GW was added in 2012 (Web-Link1 [2]). Altogether, 98 countries and regionshave been identified worldwide to use wind power for electricity generation. Egypt,Morocco, and Tunisia with total installed capacities of 550MW, 291MW, and 104MWare major wind power contributors in Northern Africa. For distributed wind projectsof size of 1MW to 3MW installed capacities, cost of electricity generation is typicallyin the range of: $0.090/kWh to $0.107/kWh with wind speed of 7m/s (Web-Link2 [3]).The assumptions for this cost estimate are: total installed cost of $2,600 per kW;$0.010/kWh for O&M cost; 0.75% of total install cost for annual sinking fund.

Research and publications related to wind energy in Saudi Arabia can be found asearly as 1980s. Nasser [4] studied the utilization of wind/solar energy in Saudi Arabiafor electricity generation. Later, a similar study was done by El-Shobokshy and El-Zayat [5]. Rehman and Sahin [6] reported an overview of wind power utilization forSaudi Arabia using small wind turbines. Martin [7] analyzed wind data for elevenstations along the east coast of the Arabian Peninsula. Monthly average wind speedsranged from 2.5 to 7.0 m/s, with a peak between February and July and a low duringthe August-October period. Khogali et al. [8] studied wind and solar energy potentialin Makkah and made comparison with the data obtained from Red Sea coastal sites. Acomparative study on the availability of wind and solar power on the east coast ofSaudi Arabia was made by Al-Sulaiman and Jamjoum [9]. Bouzidi [10] studied solarand wind for water pumping systems in the Algerian Sahara regions.

Sahin [11] studied the wind power output from a horizontal axis small wind turbineof rated power of 100 kW for 20 sites in Saudi Arabia. The study showed that east andwest coast areas are potentially high wind energy areas, whereas minimal wind energyexists in the south and central parts of the country. Rehman et al. [13] calculated theshape and scale parameters of a Weibull density distribution function of wind speed for10 locations in Saudi Arabia. They used the daily mean wind speed data from 1970 tomid-1990 for this purpose. They found that the numerical values of the shape parametervaried between 1.7 and 2.7, whereas the value of the scale parameter varied between 3and 6. Statistical characteristics of wind in Saudi Arabia were studied by Rehman andHalawani [14]. Omer [15] conducted wind power resources assessment for Sudan.

Sahin and Aksakal [16] and [17] investigated the wind energy potential for thenortheastern and eastern region of Saudi Arabia based on a complete year data atcoastal locations. Suitable Weibull distributions were generated and comparisons weremade with the Rayleigh distributions of wind power densities. The study consideredthe use of several options comprising of standalone diesel, wind and solar standalonesystems as well as the use of hybrid diesel/wind/solar systems. Safari [18], AL-Yahyaiet al. [19], and Hrayshat [20] presented wind speed and power resources assessmentfor Rwanda, Oman, and Jordan, respectively.

Wind energy storage and transmission are the most costly aspects of wind energysystems. To circumvent this problem, water pumping has been proposed for centuries.

370 Energy & Environment · Vol. 25, No. 2, 2014

Clark et al. [21] evaluated the performance of independent wind electric pumpingsystems, i.e. a wind turbine with a permanent-magnet alternator used to power standardthree-phase induction motors connected to water pumps. El Dam and Nagwa [22] madea comprehensive cost analysis of wind pumping system both imported and locallymade’ versus diesel pumping systems. Hammad [23] investigated the hybrid systemsand found lower costs for both the photovoltaic and mechanical wind pumping systemsthan diesel generation, and higher costs for the electrical wind pumping system.Studies on water pumping using wind energy in various countries can be found in theworks of Fazlur-Rahman [24], Vick and Clark [25], and Badran [26].

Biswas [27] studied the application of renewable energy for pumping water fromgeologically safe deep tube wells to overcome limitations in existing watertechnologies in the arsenic-contaminated villages in Bangladesh. They did not find therenewable energy options cost competitive with the deep tube wells which run off thenational grid in electrified villages. Bekele and Tasesse [28] studied the feasibility ofsmall hybrid system consisting of hydro, wind and PV generators for application inEthiopia. They studied six sites by performing optimization using HOMER energysoftware and found out that cost of energy could be as low as 16 cents/kWh. Buenoand Carta [29] studied wind powered pumped hydro storage systems in the CanaryIslands as a means of increasing the penetration of renewable energy. In another study,Dursun and Alboyaci [30] reported contribution of wind-hydro pumped storagesystems in meeting Turkey’s electric energy demand.

In the present study, performance analysis has been carried out for both diesel andWind energy systems under the conditions that prevail in various parts of Saudi Arabiafor the purpose of water pumping. Water is vitally important for the sustainability oflife in most parts of Saudi Arabia covered with desert. Although the cost of diesel isrelatively low, long distances between the small communities spread all over thecountry makes it attractive to use renewable energy for underground water pumpingpurposes.

2. INPUT DATA AND CONSTRAINTSHybrid power systems can consist of any combination of wind, photovoltaics, diesel,and batteries. Such flexibility has obvious advantages for customizing a system to aparticular site’s energy resources, costs, and load requirements. In the present case,diesel only and wind only power systems are used to design and meet the loadrequirements of pumping water at five chosen locations. The schematic diagrams ofthe diesel only and wind only models used in this study are depicted in Figure 1 and2, respectively. The hybrid power system optimization tool (Web-Link3 [31])developed by NREL has been used to study the performance of diesel only and windonly power systems in the present study.

The geographical coordinates and elevation above mean sea level of all thelocations used in the present study is summarized in Table 1. The monthly and annualmean values of wind speed are given in Table 2 for Dhahran, Riyadh, Jeddah, Guriat,and Nejran. Long-term monthly mean wind speed values for Dhahran, Riyadh, Jeddah,Guriat and Nejran are summarized in Table 2. Highest wind speed values of 5.4, 3.6,4.0, 6.0, and 2.6m/s were observed in the month of June at Dhahran, in the month of

Comparing the use of diesel and wind power in pumping water in Saudi Arabia 371

March and July at Riyadh, in the month of March at Jeddah and in the month of Julyat Guriat and Nejran. It is also evident that relatively higher wind speeds wereobserved during March to August period which also correspond to higher powerdemand period for both power and water. Highest annual mean wind speed of 4.4m/swas found at Dhahran.

The wind energy system consists of 2.5kW rated power wind turbines each with2.5meter rotor diameter, 25meter hub height, 2.5m/s cut-in-speed, 11m/s rated windspeed, 25 years expected working life, capital cost of US$6150 of each turbine,replacement cost of US$2500 per turbine, operation and maintenance cost of US$500per turbine per year, and number of wind turbines considered were 1 to 8 with anincrement of 1 turbine. Batteries with 4V, 1900Ah nominal capacity, life timethroughput of 10,569kWh, working life of 15years, initial state of charge of 100%,number of batteries from 12 to 200, cost of each battery of US$65, and samereplacement cost were considered. Inverters from 3kW to 9kW rated capacity with1kW increment, capital cost of US$1/W, working life of 15 years, and efficiency of90% were considered in the present study. Last but not the least, wind speed andannual capacity shortages were used as sensitivity parameter in the optimizationprocess to meet the load requirement.

Figure 1. Diesel only power model


Figure 2. Wind only power model

Table 1: Geographical coordinates of meteorological stations consideredin this study

Location Latitude,

(ßN) Longitude,

(ßE) Elevation,

(m) Dhahran 26.3 50.2 17 Riyadh 24.7 46.7 620 Jeddah 21.7 39.2 17 Guriat 31.4 37.7 504 Nejran 17.6 44.4 1212


Table 2: Monthly mean variation of wind speed (m/s)

3. VARIATION OF LOAD DATAThe power generated from either the diesel only power system or the wind only powersystem is proposed to be used for pumping the water at five locations. The operationof the pump is restricted to certain hours of the day. On a particular day, as on July 02,the load variation is shown in Figure 3. The load varies from zero kW at 01:30 hoursto more than 2.5kW at 5:30, 13:30 and 17:30 hours and then it becomes again zero at20:30 hours. The hourly profile of water pumping load pattern in different months isshown in Figure 4.

Figure 3. Hourly load variation on a particular day

Month Dhahran Riyadh Jeddah Guriat Nejran Jan 4.2 2.9 3.7 3.2 1.7 Feb 4.6 3.3 3.9 3.7 2.0 Mar 4.7 3.6 4.0 4.4 2.3 Apr 4.6 3.4 3.8 4.4 2.2 May 4.9 3.3 3.7 4.7 2.0 Jun 5.4 3.5 3.8 5.4 2.2 Jul 4.7 3.6 3.6 6.0 2.6 Aug 4.2 3.0 3.7 5.4 2.5 Sep 3.9 2.5 3.4 4.5 2.1 Oct 3.7 2.2 2.9 3.3 1.7 Nov 4.1 2.5 3.1 2.8 1.4 Dec 4.2 2.7 3.5 2.7 1.5 Annual 4.4 3.0 3.6 4.2 2.0


Figure 4. Monthly mean hourly load profile used for all sites

4. METHODOLOGY USED FOR WATER PUMPING ANALYSISThe power required for pumping water from underground Phyd(W) can be determinedby the expression

(1)

Where ρ is the density of water (kg/m3), g is the gravitational acceleration (m/s2), His the total head (m) and Q is the volumetric flow rate of water (m3/s). Assuming thatthe density and the gravitational acceleration do not vary significantly the product HQis found to be directly proportional to the pumping power requirement. HQ may beconsidered as the pumping capacity rate. Thus the equation can be re-written as;

(2)

To determine the pumping capacity rate HQ in m4/s for any given available powerPhyd(W). Once the total head H (m) is available the volumetric flow rate of water thatcan be pumped from underground Q (m3/s) can be calculated. This expressionindicates that a hydraulic power of Phyd = 1 W is equivalent to a pumping capacity rateof 8.8 m4/day. For the determination of the total pumping capacity for a given periodof time, this equation can be written as

(3)ρ ( )=

×HQt

P t

gmhyd 4

ρ ( )=HQP

gm s/hyd 4

ρ=P gHQ(w)hyd


where time t is time (s). Accordingly, a hydraulic energy (Phyd × t) of 1 kWh (i.e. 3600kJ) is equivalent to a pumping capacity (HQt) of 367 m4. On the other hand, therequired pump size P(W) can be determined from

(4)

where η is the pump efficiency.

5. RESULTS AND DI.SCUSSI

.ON

The results obtained for diesel and wind power only systems are discussed separatelyin the following sub-sections:

5.1. Performance of diesel only power system The input data for the diesel only system was provided in the previous section and thesimulation model used in HOMER tool is given in Figure 1. The proposed diesel onlysystem was simulated for different diesel prices varying from 0.05$/L to 1.0$/L. Thesimulation results in terms of operation and maintenance cost, total net present cost(NPC) and cost of energy (COE) are summarized in Table 3. The proposed diesel onlysystem was found to consume a total of 8,900L of fuel during the year and totalrunning time was 6,934 hours. The COE was found to be directly influenced by thecost of fuel and also the other costs as can be seen from Table 3. The proposed dieselonly system will add around 24,069 tons of greenhouse gases (GHG) annually into thelocal atmosphere. The breakup of different constituents of GHG per annum is given inTable 4. Over entire project life time of 25 years, a total of 601,720 tons of GHG willbe added into the local atmosphere.

Table 3: Economic parameters for a diesel only power system with 7kWgenerator with capital cost of 10,647US$ (Fuel consumed = 8,900L, Generator

running hours=6,934)

Fuel price ($/L)

O & M Cost ($/year)

Total NPC ($/year)

Cost of energy ($/kWh)

0.05 5,575 107,725 0.317 0.10 6,020 115,474 0.340 0.20 6,910 130,972 0.385 0.40 8,690 161,968 0.476 0.60 10,470 192,964 0.567 0.80 12,250 223,960 0.659 1.00 14,030 254,960 0.750

ηρ

η= =P

P gHQhyd


Table 4: Emission of pollutants from diesel only power system

5.2. Performance of wind only power systemFor performance comparison of the wind only system with diesel only system, aHOMER model with primary load, wind turbines, converter, batteries and AC and DCbuses, as shown in Figure 2 is used in the present work. The wind resources,constraints, and other required inputs were given through appropriate links providedin Figure 2. The wind only power system and the input data, described above, wereused in HOMER software to study the performance of the system at chosen sites. AtDhahran, for annual mean wind speed of 4.43m/s and capacity shortages of 0 to 10%,the designed wind turbine capacity, required number of batteries and convertercapacities, operation and maintenance cost, net present cost (NPC), cost of energy(COE), excess energy (EE), percent unmet load (UL), and annual energy output aresummarized in Table 5.

For zero capacity shortage, the wind only power system required 10kW of windpower installed capacity (4 * 2.5kW turbines), 80 batteries with total storage capacityof 152,000Ah, and 6kW of converter to produce 31,534kWh of electricity annually ata COE of 0.224$/kWh. This system will meet the entire load and will have an excessenergy of 27%, as can be observed from Table 5. The same wind only system atRiyadh (annual mean wind speed of 3.04m/s) will require 20kW of wind powerinstalled capacity, 250 batteries, and 6kW converter to produce 33,027kWh ofelectricity annually at a COE of 0.455$/kWh at about 100% more than that the COEat Dhahran. As the capacity shortage increases, i.e. more compromise on quality ofpower, COE also decreases as can be observed from Table 5 in case of Dhahran. Atzero capacity shortage, maximum COE of 1.379$/kWh was found at Nejran and aminimum of 0.224$/kWh at Dhahran while in between at other locations. At Jeddah,the second best location from wind power cost point of view. The wind only powersystem can produce 28,164kWh of energy annually utilizing only 12.5kW (5 * 2.5kW)of wind power installed capacity, 160 batteries, and 6kW of converter capacity. AtGuriat for zero capacity shortage, the wind only power system required 12.5kW windpower installed capacity to produce 36,238kWh of electricity annually with a batterybackup of 532,000Ah, i.e. 280 batteries and a converter of 6kW rating. Overall, theCOE for zero capacity shortage was 0.224, 0.455, 0.294, 0.334, and 1.379$/kWh atDhahran, Riyadh, Jeddah, Guriat, and Nejran, respectively.

Pollutants Emissions

(kg/yr) Carbon dioxide 23,437 Carbon monoxide 57.9 Unburned hydrocarbons 6.41 Particulate matter 4.36 Sulfur dioxide 47.1 Nitrogen oxides 516


Table 5: Energy output and economic performance parameters of wind onlypower system for Dhahran with annual mean wind speed of 4.43m/s

5.3. Designed capacities of wind only power systemIn this section, an attempt is made to provide COE, number of batteries required or thecapacity of battery backup, compromise on unmet load, and availability of excess

Capacity Shortage

(%) WP

(kW) Energy

(kWh/yr) No. Batt

Conv (kW)

Capital Cost ($)

O & M ($)

NPC ($)

COE ($/kWh)

EE (%)

Unmet Load (%)

0 10 31,534 80 6 35,800 2,309 76,003 0.224 27 0.0 1 10 31,534 40 6 33,200 2,196 71,439 0.212 27 0.9 2 10 31,534 40 5 32,200 2,182 70,197 0.208 27 0.9 3 10 31,534 40 5 32,200 2,182 70,197 0.208 27 0.9 4 7.5 23,650 140 5 32,550 1,964 66,752 0.203 7 3.4 5 7.5 23,650 110 5 30,600 1,880 63,328 0.194 7.2 4.1 6 7.5 23,650 80 6 29,650 1,809 61,146 0.190 7.9 5.2 7 7.5 23,650 60 5 27,350 1,735 57,623 0.180 8.3 6.0 8 7.5 23,650 40 5 26,650 1,682 55,341 0.175 8.7 6.7 9 7.5 23,650 40 5 26,050 1,682 55,341 0.175 8.7 6.7

10 7.5 23,650 40 4 25,050 1,668 54,099 0.171 8.7 6.7


Figure 5. Effect of capacity shortage and wind speed magnitude on cost of energy

energy for known values of annual average global solar radiation and compromise onthe quality of power. It is evident from Figure 5(a) that for 5% of maximum annualcapacity shortage and 4.4m/s of annual mean wind speed, the COE will be around0.205$/kWh, the designed storage capacity will be 100 batteries (190,000Ah) Figure6(a), the unmet load will be between 4 to 5% Figure 7(a), and an excess energy of 10to 14%, Figure 8(a). At Riyadh for 3.04m/s annual average wind speed and amaximum of annual capacity shortage of 5% the COE, storage capacity, unmet load,and excess energy values were found to be 0.37-0.40$/kWh, 285,00 to 342,000Ah, 4-5%, and 22.5-25.0%, as can be seen from Figures 5(b), 6(b), 7(b), and 8(b),respectively. Such type of presentation is expected to be handy and very useful forinitial design of wind only power systems. Similar type of wind only design charts areconstructed for Jeddah, Guriat and Nejran and are shown in Figures 5(c) – 8(c), 5(d)– 8(d), and 5(e) – 8(e), respectively. At Nejran, none of the system is feasible below2m/s of annual mean wind speed and up to 9% of annual capacity shortage, as can be


Figure 6. Effect of capacity shortage and wind speed magnitude on number ofbatteries and cost of energy

observed from Figures 5(e) – 8(e).The proposed system is found to be sensitive with respect to annual mean wind

speed and the compromise on the quality of power i.e. maximum allowable annualcapacity shortage whereas COE is concern. For 10% annual capacity shortage theCOE decreases by 23.7, 21.1, 21.4, 28.1, and 39.4% corresponding to annual meanwind speeds of 4.43, 3.04, 3.59, 4.21, and 2.02m/s at Dhahran, Riyadh, Jeddah, Guriat,and Nejran, respectively. The COE was decreased by 11.5, 21.8, 22.3 and 13.5% atDhahran, Riyadh, Jeddah, and Guriat, respectively for an increase in annual meanwind speed of only 0.4m/s.


Figure 7. Effect of capacity shortage and wind speed magnitude on unmet load andcost of energy

5.4. Sensitivity analysis of COE, ACS and EEThe present analysis provided an insight into the effect of quality of available poweri.e. the effect of maximum annual capacity shortage (ACS) on the cost of energy(COE) and availability of excess energy (EE). It is evident from Figure 9 that COEdecreases as ACS increases. The role of excess energy is not straight forward butdepends on other system component like capacity of wind power installed capacity,energy storage and converter in addition to the available annual mean wind speed. AtDhahran, Figure 9(a), the EE increases up to ACS = 3% and then decreases rapidly atACS=4%. This may be accounted to the reduction in wind power installed capacityfrom 10kW to 7.5kW while battery storage capacity increased to 266,000Ah andconverter capacity remained the same i.e. 5kW. Beyond 4% ACS the EE continued toincrease, though slightly, while the wind power installed capacity remained the sameand battery storage fell down to 76,000Ah. This slight increase in EE is accounted foran increase in ACS. As can be seen from Figure 9, maximum COE values were


Figure 8. Effect of capacity shortage and wind speed magnitude on excess energyand cost of energy

observed at Nejran and minimum at Dhahran while in between at other locations underconsideration. Similarly, highest EE values of up to 50% were observed at Nejran,Figure 9(e) and minimum of about 9% at Dhahran, Figure 9(a). At Dhahran, Riyadh,Jeddah, Guriat and Nejran the maximum EE values were 30, 32, 21, 42 and 50% andminimum were 9, 15, 3, 27, and 10% as can be seen from Figures 9(a), 9(b), 9(c), 9(d)and 9(e), respectively.

5.5. Water pumping capacitySeven models of water pumps at different sizes from Goulds Pump Company wereselected in the present work. They are high capacity flat bowl 6 inch submersiblepumps. Detail specifications of these pumps are given in Table 6. The nominal flowrate of these pumps at best efficiency is 45 GPM and their motor size ranges from 3 to25 HP. Depth of water for which the pumps operate ranges from 180 to 1350 feet.Nominal flow capacity rate of each pump (in m4/hr) is also given in the last column inTable 6. Figure 10 shows the nominal flow capacity rate variation of the pumps at bestefficiency point as function of the power consumption. As can be seen from thisfigure, the nominal flow capacity rate is almost linear with the power (or size) of the


Figure 9. Cost of energy variation with excess energy and maximumannual capacity shortage

pump in each series of pumps. The least squares fit line for the data is shown on thefigure for each series. The slopes of the lines are slightly different from each other asa result of different efficiencies of pumps. 70J series pumps are slightly more efficient(62% max) than the 45J series pumps (60% max). Accordingly, the relationship ofnominal flow capacity rate and the power for each series of pumps can be expressedas follows:

Flow capacity rate (m4/hr) = 227.87 x Power (kW) The flow rate in m3/hr is obtained by dividing the flow capacity rate with the total

dynamic head (TDH).

Table 6: Specifications of water pumps considered

Figure 10. Flow capacity rate as function of pump size

The annual total volumetric flow of water for the optimal wind energy generatorcorresponding to the zero annual capacity shortage is shown in Figure 11 for the fivesites considered. The annual total volumetric flow is the maximum at Nejran site(206 x 103 m3). This is due to the maximum amount of wind energy generated in thesite. The annual volumetric flow of water for the other four sites varies from 128 – 165

Model Price

(USD) Flow rate (GPM)

Power (hp)

TDH (feet)

Flow rate (m3/hr)

Power (kW)

TDH (m)

Flow Capacity Rate, (m4/hr)

45J03 630 45 3 180 10.22175 2.237 54.86 560.806 45J05 745 45 5 300 10.22175 3.728 91.44 934.677 45J07 987 45 7.5 400 10.22175 5.592 121.92 1246.236 45J10 1280 45 10 550 10.22175 7.456 167.64 1713.574 45J15 1580 45 15 850 10.22175 11.184 259.08 2648.251 45J20 2065 45 20 1075 10.22175 14.912 327.66 3349.259 45J25 2226 45 25 1350 10.22175 18.640 411.48 4206.046

Data at best efficiency (60%)


x 103 m3. Figure 12 shows the cost (price) of water pumps considered in this study.The price of water pumps is found to increase with the size of the pumps. The variationshows a nearly linear trend for both series of pumps considered. This trend can beexpressed in first order approximation for both the pump series as

Price ($) = 102.55 x Power (kW) + 425.09

Figure 11. The annual total volumetric flow of water from a well with total dynamichead of 50 m using wind power operated Goulds model 45J series pump in Saudi Arabia

Figure 12. Cost of pumps as function of the pump size (power) for two series of pumps

5.6. Water pumping performance using wind only power systemConsidering the pump model 45J03, a cost of USD630 is added to the capital cost ofwind energy system. Therefore the cost of water produced from a well of 50 m TDHbecomes 5.35, 10.4, 6.94, 7.71, and 30.56US¢/m3 for Dhahran, Riyadh, Jeddah, Guriat


and Nejran, respectively, as shown in Table 7. The average pumping cost of water percubic meter is found to be 12.2US¢. It is interesting to note that for the Nejran site theunit cost of water is highest although the annual total volumetric flow is highest as canbe seen in Figure 9. This is because the cost of energy in this site is also the highest asshown in Table 7.

Table 7: Cost ofWind energy pumping from a well with 50 m TDH

5.7. Water pumping performance using diesel only power systemCost of water pumping for the case of diesel energy system depends on the cost of fuel.Table 8 shows the cost of water pumping as function of the fuel price. Price of dieselvaried from 0.05 to 1.0$/L. Accordingly, the cost water is found to vary from 7 to16.5US¢/m3. When compared with the cost of water for Wind power system, it can beseen that the Wind based system becomes more cost effective when the fuel cost ismore than 0.4$/L for all sites except for Nejran.

Table 8: Cost of diesel water pumping from a well with 50 m TDH

6. CONCLUSIONS The study designed, compared and presented optimized solution for power generationusing diesel and wind only power systems and then its utilization for pumping thewater from the ground uses available pumps for different water depths. The study also

Fuel Price $/L

COE ($/kWh)

$/year Energy

kWh/year

Pump cost ($)

Total Cost ($)

Annual Capacity

(m3)

Cost of Water

(US¢/m3) 0.05 0.317 107,725 339826.4984 630 108,355 1548725.284 7.00 0.1 0.34 115,474 339629.4118 630 116,104 1547827.081 7.50 0.2 0.385 130,972 340187.013 630 131,602 1550368.293 8.49 0.4 0.476 161,968 340268.9076 630 162,598 1550741.519 10.49 0.6 0.567 192,964 340324.515 630 193,594 1550994.945 12.48 0.8 0.659 223,960 339848.2549 630 224,590 1548824.437 14.50 1.0 0.75 254,960 339946.6667 630 255,590 1549272.939 16.50

Location

COE ($/kWh)

Energy (kWh/yr)

Energy cost $/year

Pump cost ($)

Total Cost ($)

Annual Capacity

(m3)

Cost of Water

(US¢/m3) Dhahran 0.224 31534 7063.616 630 7693.616 143713.05 5.35 Riyadh 0.455 33027 15027.29 630 15657.29 150517.25 10.40 Jeddah 0.294 28164 8280.216 630 8910.216 128354.61 6.94 Guriat 0.334 36238 12103.49 630 12733.49 165151.06 7.71 Nejran 1.379 45193 62321.15 630 62951.15 205962.58 30.56


included the economical comparison of the two independent power generationsystems for five cities in Saudi Arabia. In case of diesel only power system, the COEwas found to be directly influenced by the cost of fuel. The proposed diesel onlysystem will add around 24,069 tons of greenhouse gases (GHG) annually into the localatmosphere. In case of wind only power system, the COE was found to be mainlydirectly related to the intensity of annual mean wind speed also maximum allowablecapacity shortage (ACS). It was observed that as annual mean wind speed or ACSincreases the COE decreases. The EE was found to be a function of multipleparameters such wind power installed capacity, ACS, energy storage capacity andannual mean wind speed. The present study developed charts to obtain sizes orcapacities of wind power installed capacities and batteries and to know the quantitiesof excess energy and unmet load for a known value of annual mean wind speed andpre-defined compromise on quality of power or ACS. These charts will be very usefulfor obtaining initial wind only power systems at these locations and locations withsimilar type of environmental conditions. Finally, the proposed wind only system, ifused for pumping at five locations in Saudi Arabia, will result in to avoidance of24,000tons of green-house gases annually from each site into the local atmosphere andabout 600,000tons of GHG during the project life time. Moreover, a total of 8,900L ofdiesel could be saved from burning and sold in international market at much higherprice. The cost of water pumping from a well of 50 m TDH using wind energy is foundto be 5.35, 10.4, 6.94, 7.71, and 30.56US¢/m3 for Dhahran, Riyadh, Jeddah, Guriatand Nejran, respectively. These results yield an average pumping cost of water percubic meter 12.2US¢. On the other hand, the cost water when using diesel only energysystem is found to vary from 7 to 16.5US¢/m3 depending on the fuel price which isvaried from 0.05 to 1.0US$. When compared with the cost of water for Wind powersystem, the Wind based system becomes more cost effective when the fuel cost isgreater than 0.4$/L for all sites except for Nejran.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe authors would like to acknowledge the support provided by King Abdulaziz Cityfor Science and Technology (KACST) through the Science and Technology Unit atKing Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) for funding this workthrough project No. 09-ENE778-04 as part of the National Science, Technology andInnovation Plan.

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