editor dr. bapu g. gholap co-editor dr. ravindranath kewat

Printing Area : Interdisciplinary Multilingual Refereed Journals r

ISSN: 2394 5303 01Printing Area February 2020Issue-62, Vol-03

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7.387(IIJIF) Peer-Reviewed International Journal

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EditorDr. Bapu g. Gholap

(M.A.Mar.& Pol.Sci.,B.Ed.Ph.D.NET.)

Co-EditorDr. Ravindranath Kewat

(M.A. Ph.D.)

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February-2020, Issue-62, Vol-03



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More Detailshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g_fzq2Mi7yM&t=4s



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Editors Message

“The Higher Education is that which does not merely give us information but makesour life in harmony with all existence”- Rabindranath Tagore.

Education is the best thing that can happen in one’s life. It not only inculcatessocial, economic and cultural awareness but is also an important medium for enhanc-ing values among the human beings. It is true that education has a greater role incontributing to our nation’s future in terms of growth, prosperity, social equity and thetrue realisation of our large talent pool.

The higher education system plays a vital role in the social and economicdevelopment of a nation. Higher education has formed a continuum and a basis forthe progress of human society. It shapes the individual lives, the economy and thesociety.

Institutes of higher education have always been created and shaped by theinterests of the ruling classes and elites in the societies in which they exited. Thismeans they serve to reinforce the economic, political, ideological and culturalinterests of those who create them, fund them, and populate them.

Education is recognized as one of the life of the critical elements of thenational development effort and higher education in particular is of vital importancefor the nation. Indian higher education landscape is changing rapidly. Demographicbulge, expanding school education and rising aspirations has put considerablepressure for expansion of higher education due to the country´s rapid economic growth,rising incomes outward orientation and growing optimism.

The role of higher education in promoting and facilitating the flow ofknowledge and learning to society is universally recognized. Higher educationinstitution through their contact with student volunteers, external organizations actsas valuable repositories of talent, creativity and enthusiasm. It helps in building trustand mutual understanding by engaging public with its activities.

-- Dr. Bapug Gholap



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I N D E X....................................................................................................................................................................01) Certainties of Inorganic Luminescence A. M. Bhake, Nagpur, India ||14........................................................................................................................................................................02) Foreign Direct Investment Dr. Fulsing Navalsing Mahajan ||19........................................................................................................................................................................03) Constraints of Schedule Tribes in perusing Higher Education: A study of ... Dr. Bilash Chandra Montry ||23........................................................................................................................................................................04) The Prophet Dr. Md. Nurul Amin Sheikh, Dhubri, Assam ||27........................................................................................................................................................................05) Blended Learning: Role of digitalized Approach with special Reference to ICT Ms. Pronita Rajkhowa, Kamalabari ||29........................................................................................................................................................................06) Role of TRAI in Indian Telecom Sector - An Overview Dr. H. S. Bhatiya & Prof. Shaikh Tasleem Ahmad, Plai Korba (C.G.) ||32........................................................................................................................................................................07) Case study approach towards Cyber bullying Dr. Pratima Singh, Mumbai ||35........................................................................................................................................................................08) THIRD ORDER BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM P. R. Shinde, Dist. Nanded (M.S.) INDIA ||37........................................................................................................................................................................09) Marketing Strategies of Reliance Industries Limited In Making It A World- ... Shubham Parsoya, Bhilwara (Rajasthan) ||42........................................................................................................................................................................10) Socio-Political Empowerment of Marginalised and Constitutional Rights Ms. Sharmishtha Solanki, Anand, Gujarat ||45........................................................................................................................................................................11) A Correlation study between ICT competency and Job satisfaction among ... Miss Jyoti Suresh Suryawanshi & Dr. Shashank S. Sonwane, Aurangabad ||49........................................................................................................................................................................12) PRESENT MARKETING - KHADI CLOTHES TREND ANALYSIS Dr. A. SUJATHA & G. GUNASRI, MADURAI KAMARAJ UNIVERSITY ||51........................................................................................................................................................................13) A Case Study On Utilization of Video Clips in a Virtual Learning ... DR. NITIN C. POPAT, RAJKOT ||57........................................................................................................................................................................



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14) Linguistic diversity in South East Asia with especial reference to Arabic... Dr. Md. Shamsuddin Mallick, Kolkata ||60........................................................................................................................................................................15) CROP DIVERSIFICATION IS NEED IN SEVEN DISTRICT OF HARYANA: A ... SANTOSH KUMAR & NISHA, Rohtak ||64........................................................................................................................................................................16) Impact of GST on Small & Medium Enterprises Dr. K. N. Shewale, Dist- Amrvati ||66........................................................................................................................................................................17) ›üÖò. ²ÖÖ²ÖÖÃÖÖÆêü²Ö †ÖÓ²Öê›ü�ú üÖÓ“Öê üÖ•Ö�úßµÖ ×¾Ö“ÖÖ ü ›üÖò. ‹ÃÖ. •Öê. ‡Ó�Öôêû, ÖÖÓ¤êü›ü ||68........................................................................................................................................................................18) ´ÖÆüÖ üÖÂ™ÒüÖŸÖß»Ö Ã¡Öß “Öôû¾Öôûß“Öß ³Öæ×´Ö�úÖ ü ¯ÖÏÖ.›üÖò. ´ÖÆüÖ¤êü¾Ö ´ÖãÓ›êüü, ×•Ö. ²Öß›ü ||71........................................................................................................................................................................19) Ekgkjk”Vªkpk vkS|ksfxd fodkl ikVhy lqy{k.kk Hkkjr] ukansM ||75........................................................................................................................................................................20) tyO;oLFkkikukrhy mR—”V lk/ku tkxth ;sFkhy ßy{ehrhFkZ ckjoÞ MkW- eatq”kk eqdqanjko ckcts] mLekukckn ||79........................................................................................................................................................................21) ¨É®úÉ`öÒ EòÉnÆù¤ÉªÉÉÆiÉÚxÉ ´ªÉCiÉ ZÉÉ±Éä±ÉÉ ¶ÉäiÉEò®úÒ ºÉÆPÉ]õxÉÉ ´É EÞò¹ÉÒ VÉÒ´ÉxÉ ªÉÉÆSÉÉ ºÉÆ¤ÉÆvÉ b÷Éì. ®úË´Épù ¤ÉÉ¤ÉÉºÉÉ½äþ¤É føÉºÉ, ¤ÉÒb÷ ||82........................................................................................................................................................................22) Xkzkeh.k yksd thoukrhy ‘kCn] Eg.kh] okd~izpkj o R;kekxhy ekufldrk MkW- fefyan ukensojko fHkyiokj] ft- vejkorh ||85........................................................................................................................................................................23) ›üÖò. ²ÖÖ²ÖÖÃÖÖÆêü²Ö †ÖÓ²Öê›ü�ú üÖÓ“Öß ÃÖÖ´ÖÖ×•Ö�ú »ÖÖê�ú¿ÖÖÆüß“Öß ÃÖÓ�ú»¯ÖÖÖ ›üÖò. ÃÖµµÖ¤ü †Ö¸ü. •Öê., ˆÃ´ÖÖÖÖ²ÖÖ¤ ü||87........................................................................................................................................................................24) Ö×¾Ö�ú ü�ÖßµÖ ÃÖÓÃÖÖ¬ÖÖ - †�ÖµÖ ‰ú•ÖÖÔ ›üÖò. �ú ü�ú¸êü ÃÖß. ¯Öß., ÖÖÓ¤êü› ü||91........................................................................................................................................................................25) BEò xÉVÉ® "¤É½Úþ EòÒ Ê´ÉnùÉ' {É® b÷Éì. xÉÉMÉ®úÉVÉ =kÉ¨É®úÉ´É ¨ÉÖ³äý, ÊVÉ. ±ÉÉiÉÚ® ú ü||93........................................................................................................................................................................26) ledkyhu fgUnh efgyk dgkuhdkjksa dh dgkfu;ksa esaa L=h psruk ,oa laosnuk --- nqxsZ’k] >kalh ||95........................................................................................................................................................................



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27) vuqPNsn& 370 vkSj 35, dk var % ,d ewY;kadu MkW0 vfuy dqekj flag] v;ks/;k ||99........................................................................................................................................................................28) ledkyhu dfork eas vfHkO;Dr L=h foe’kZ ¼gchc bdjke ds dkO; lanHkZ esa½ MkW- iafMr xk;dokM] ftYkk&mLekukckn ||101........................................................................................................................................................................29) bZLV&baf.M;k daEiuh ‘kklu dky esa njHkaxk egkjktk dk [k.Moky oa’k ds --- M‚0 xksiky dqekj ¼ROSERA½] xksikyxat] fcgkj ||104........................................................................................................................................................................30) nsso Hkwfe mÙkjk[k.M jkT; esa ukx tkfr ds jktkvksa dk ‘kklu dk ,d v/;;u MkW- txeksgu flag & MkW- fouhrk usxh] peksyh ||109........................................................................................................................................................................31) ek[kuyky prqosZnh ds f’k{kk laca/kh fopkjksa dk v/;;u fÁ;adj ykfj;k] lkxj ¼e-Á-½ ||115........................................................................................................................................................................32) HkkSxksfyd ,oa lkeqfnzd nf”V ls nf{k.k iwohZ ,f’k;k dk L=krsftd egRp ,oa --- Mk0 osn fd’kksj jrwM+h] Jhuxj x<+oky] mRrj[k.M ||122........................................................................................................................................................................33) ikfjokfjd ,oa Nk=koklh; ifjos’k esa jgdj v/;;u djus okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh --- Jherh e/kqfydk ‘kekZ & MkW- Jherh v#.kk HknkSfj;k] Xokfy;j ¼e-iz-½ ||126........................................................................................................................................................................34) Hkkjr ds vkfFkZd fodkl dks jksdrh lkekftd pqukSfr;ka Sita Ram & Sukhdev, Jind ||129........................................................................................................................................................................35) Hkkjrh; lekt esa vk/kqfudhdj.k dk çHkko Subhash Chander, Panchkula ||133........................................................................................................................................................................36) fgUnh eas lektokn dh çsjd ifjfLFkfr;k¡ MkW- lfjrk frokjh] panziqj ||137........................................................................................................................................................................37) ek/;fed Lrj ij ljdkjh o xSj ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa dh Nk=kvksa ds --- Mk0 izfrek] esjB ||143........................................................................................................................................................................38) veryky ukxj ds miU;klksa esa of.kZr L=h&thou ^Hkw[k* rFkk ^cw¡n vkSj leqnz* --- jf’e jk;] xksj[kiqj ||147........................................................................................................................................................................39) i kSMh ft ys ds ek/ ; fed Lrj ds xzkeh.k , oa ' kgjh {ks=k ds Nk=kksa dh ' kSf{kd #fp--- Dr. Anup Baluni & Dr. Pawan Kumar, Roorkee, Uttrakhand ||149........................................................................................................................................................................



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40) Jh Ñikyq th egkjkt Dr. Sunita Sharma, Delhi ||154........................................................................................................................................................................41) eqx+y lezkV vd+cj dkyhu xksikeÅ dh t+kek efLt+n % ,d ,sfrgkfld ,oa --- MkW0 ‘;ke izdk’k] Nijk ||157........................................................................................................................................................................42) Lora= Hkkjr esa ckfydk f’k{kk dh fLFkfr % ,d foospu fodk’k dqekj f=ikBh] ftyk&lruk] e-iz- ||160........................................................................................................................................................................43) la;qDr izkUrksa esa vdky % vkfFkZd ifjizs{; esa v/;;u o:.k of’k”B] t;iqj ||166........................................................................................................................................................................44) oSf’od ifjçs{; esa xq# ukud nso th dh ok.kh dh çklafxdrk ,oa egRo MkW- iou dqekj ‘kekZ] èkkjhoky ||174........................................................................................................................................................................45) ÃÖÓŸÖ ÃÖÖê×Æü üÖê²ÖÖ®ÖÖ£ÖÖÓ“µÖÖ ÃÖÖ×ÆüŸµÖÖŸÖß»Ö ÃÖÖ´ÖÖ×•ÖÛú ÃÖÓ¤ü³ÖÔ ³ÖŒŸÖß ÝÖÖêØ¾Ö¤ü ´ÖÆüÖ•Ö®Ö, ÝÖÖê¾ÖÖ ×¾ÖªÖ¯Ößš ü||182........................................................................................................................................................................46) Ekgkjk”Vªkrhy efgyk usrRokpk fodkl MkW- furk lkseukFks ¼xHkus½] ft- HkaMkjk ||186........................................................................................................................................................................47) Literature and Culture Miss Patil Vidya Dattatraya ||189........................................................................................................................................................................48) DIRECT TAX CODE: TIME TO GIVE SALARY EARNERS A NEW DEAL Dr. Rajeev Shukla & Mr. Raju Kashyap, Lucknow ||191........................................................................................................................................................................



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Certainties of InorganicLuminescence

A. M. BhakeApplied Physics Department,

P.I.E.T. Nagpur, India

==============***********===============Abstract

Various miracles in nature involving lightoccur such as colors of plants, trees and animals,shades of sunrise and sunset, rainbow, blues ofocean and sky, etc. Out of these wonders innature, luminescence is one of the wonders inoptics. Luminescence is observed in inorganicmaterials. Recent research is characterized bystrong interaction among other branches of solidstate and between different areas ofluminescence using inorganic materials.Luminescence in inorganic materials activatorsplays an important role in imparting luminescentproperties. The activators used are commonlyrare earth ions or 3d elements. Luminescencephenomena in this materials can be classifieddepending on the excitation source used andthe time for which emission persists. Thecoupling of inorganic and organic semiconductorsallows the most encouraging properties of theinorganic component, e.g. the high electricalconductivity, with the most favorable propertiesof the organic component, e.g. the highphotoluminescence yield across the visiblespectrum. In this paper, best outcomes ofinorganic luminescence such as LEDs arediscussed.Keywords— Phosphors, Inorganic Luminescence,LEDs, activatorsIntroduction

Luminescence is an interdisciplinarysubject as it can be studied and is applicable in

various fields like physics, chemistry, biologicalscience, medical science, forensic science,geology, material science, engineeringtechnology, etc. Recent research is categorizedby strong interaction among other branches ofsolid state physics and between different areasof luminescence using inorganic and organicmaterials [1]. Luminescence is the generationof light without heat. The term ‘luminescence’was introduced by a German Physicist, EilhardWiedemann in 1888. The hands, dials, scalesand signs of navigational and aviationinstruments and markings are often coated withluminescent materials in a process known as‘luminising ’. Both experimental as well astheoretical approaches have been made for it.Luminescence means emission of light byappropriate materials when they are relativelycool. Luminescence is well-defined as theemission of radiation of the light by bodies,which is in excess of that attributable to theblack body radiation and persist for longerduration than the period of electromagneticradiation after the excitation stops. Traditionally,luminescence is classified as fluorescence andphosphorescence. The word ‘Luminescence’which includes both fluorescence andphosphorescence in material science,engineering technology, etc. If the emission fromthe material persists for a shorter duration i. e.(<10-8 sec) then it is called as fluorescencewhile phosphorescence persist for quite longerduration (upto a number of seconds). Thesituation is far more complicated in the case ofinorganic phosphors. The term phosphorescencewas first used to describe the persistentluminescence (afterglow) of phosphors. Themechanism described above for thephosphorescence of excited organic moleculesfits this picture in that it is also responsible forlight persistence up to several seconds.Fluorescence, on the other hand, is an almostinstantaneous effect, ending within about 10"8sec after excitation. The term fluorescence was

01



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invented in 1852, when it was experimentallydemonstrated that certain substances absorblight of a narrow spectral region (e.g. blue light)and instantaneously emit light in anotherspectral region not present in the incident light(e.g. yellow light) and that this emission ceasesat once when the irradiation of the materialcomes to an end. The name fluorescence wasderived from the mineral fluorspar, whichexhibits a violet, short-duration luminescenceon irradiation by ultra-violet light.Luminescence in Inorganic materials

Material science is a vital technology,to make it possible to design ecofriendlymaterials for a scientific need. Therefore, ampleluminescent materials were investigated tilldate as per the requirement. There are basicallytwo types of luminescent materials viz. inorganicand organic. Luminescence in inorganicmolecules originates from the excitation ofactivator atoms. The inorganic materials areheld together by strong covalent bonds betweenatoms and then molecules and are thereforemolecular solids. In inorganic materialsactivators plays an important role in impartingluminescent properties. The activators used aremostly rare earth ions or 3d elements. There isa great amount of experimental evidenceshowing that the ability of a material toluminescence is associated with presence of socalled-‘activators’. These activators may bespecial impurity atoms occurring in relativelysmall concentrations in the host material, or asmall stoichiometric excess of one of the self-activation. Several inorganic phosphors havebeen developed and are routinely used in dayto day life[2].Luminescence Phenomenon

Luminescence of phosphors is carriedout by two methods such as Excitation andEmission. Luminescence emission occurs aftercertain material has absorbed energy from asource such as electron beams, ultraviolet or X-ray radiation, chemical reactions, etc. The energy

lifts the atoms of the material into an excitedstate, and then, because excited states areunstable, the material undergoes anothertransition, back to its unexcited ground state,and the absorbed energy is liberated in the formof either light or heat or both (all discrete energystates, including the ground state, of an atomare defined as quantum states). The excitationinvolves only the outermost electrons orbitingaround the nuclei of the atoms. Luminescencephenomena in materials can be categorizeddepending on the excitation source used andthe time for which emission persists. In short, itincludes; absorption of excitation energy andstimulating the system into an excited state,transformation and transfer of the excitationenergy and emission of light and attenuation ofthe system into an unexcited condition.

Several types of luminescence centreconsists of transition metal ions (Mn2+, Cr3+,Fe3+), rare earth elements (RE2+/3+), moreextended defects (dislocations, clusters).Evidently it is a two-step process; the excitationof the electronic system of the substance andthe subsequent emission of the photons; thesesteps may not be detached by intermediateprocesses. However it is a broad term; severalkinds of luminescence are possible in crystals,depending upon the resources employed toexcite the electrons. The area of the applicationof materials is huge and wide-ranging [1].Classification of luminescence

The following are varieties ofluminescence[1] which are very interesting toknow.

Bioluminescence, emission by a livingorganism

Chemiluminescence, a result of achemical reaction

Electrochemiluminescence, a result ofan electrochemical reaction

Crystalloluminescence, produced duringcrystallization

Electroluminescence, a result of an



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electric current passed through a substanceCathodoluminescence, a result of being

struck by an electronMechanoluminescence, a result of a

mechanical action on a solidTriboluminescence, generated when

bonds in a material are broken when thatmaterial is scratched, crushed, or rubbed

Fractoluminescence, generated whenbonds in certain crystals are broken by fractures

Piezoluminescence, produced by theaction of pressure on certain solids

Photoluminescence, a result ofabsorption of photons

Fluorescence, photoluminescence inwhich the emitted photons are of lower energythan those absorbed

Phosphorescence, fluorescence slightlydelayed after initial absorption of radiation (ona scale of seconds to hours)

Radioluminescence, a result ofbombardment by ionizing radiation

Sonoluminescence, a result of implodingbubbles in a liquid when excited by sound

Thermoluminescence, the re-emission ofabsorbed light when a substance is heated

However, inorganic phosphors havecertain disadvantages. They are not costeffective. Large displays cannot be made easilyas it is very difficult to make large size films.The electroluminescent display requires morepower. With the miniaturization of electronicdevices it is desired to have displays which arecost effective, requires less power to operate,efficient and colorful. For such applications,phosphors based on organic materials are moresuitable.Important Advancements in InorganicLuminescence1. Charge Transfer Transitions

An electron may jump from a principallyligand orbital to a principally metal orbital,giving rise to a ligand-to-metal charge transfer(LMCT) transition. These can occur easily when

the metal is in a high oxidation state. Forexample, due to LMCT transitions the color ofchromate, dichromate and permanganate ions,mercuric iodide, HgI2, is red. This exampleshows that charge transfer transitions are notrestricted to transition metals[3]. A metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transition willmost likely occur when the metal is in a lowoxidation state and the ligand is easily reduced.2. d– d transitions

In compounds, the transition metals thed-orbitals do not all have the same energy. Thesplitting pattern of the d orbitals can bedesigned using crystal field theory. The scopeof the splitting depends on the particular metal,its oxidation state and the nature of the ligands.In this case, an electron jumps from one d-orbitalto another. The ions that are inert to luminescentemission are of yttrium, lanthanum, gadoliniumand lutetium. It is well-known that rare earthmetal ions are characterized by highly competentto intra-energy conversion from the ligandsinglet (S1) into the triplet (T1), and hence tothe excited state of the central rare earth metalion [4, 5]. The metal ions exhibit sharp spectralbands corresponding to 5Dx’!7Fx transitions.This mechanism is characterized by themolecules suspended in the dilute solution orby high photoluminescence efficiency of about20-95% [6, 7]. Unlike common fluorescent andphosphorescent compounds, rare earth atomsexhibit high luminescence efficiency with sharpspectral bands relating electrons associated withinner 4f orbitals of the central rare earth metalions.3. Decay Characteristics

An investigation of the decay propertiesof the luminescent materials indicates that theyfall into two broad categories. In first type, thedecay equation is given by:

I (t) = Io exp (-á t)where Io is the initial intensity at time t

and á is a constant.This closely resembles to the process



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governing the growth of monomolecularreaction[8]. This performance suggests that inthese cases the luminescence takes place bysimple excitation with subsequent opticalemission in the active centre, the excitationenergy remaining closely localized in the centrebetween excitation and emission. The decayconstant is small and is independent oftemperature.

Most of the luminescent materials whichare valued for their long decay characteristics,obey a decay equation of second type:

I (t) = Io /(ât+1) nWhere Io is the initial intensity, I(t) is

the intensity at time t, â and n are constants.This equation is similar to the rate

equation for their bimolecular reaction. Theconstant â is dependent on temperature. Theatoms or clusters of atoms become ionizedduring the excitation and luminescent radiationis emitted during recombination of the freeelectrons and the ionized centres. Johnson[9]has suggested that essentially all centresbecome ionized during excitation and that amajority of free electrons are recaptured into astate, which has a very long lifetime (of the orderof milliseconds) because the optical transitionto the ground state is forbidden. These electronscontribute an exponential components to thedecay curve. The remaining electrons arecaptured at the trapping centres and arereleased over a period of a time that is longcompared to the life times of the excited stateof the fluorescing centre. The second classelectrons is responsible for the bimolecularcomponent of the decay curve.4. Concentration quenching

Luminescence efficiency depends on thedegree of transformation of excitation energyinto light, and there are relatively few materialsthat have sufficient luminescence efficiency tobe of practical value. In order to enhance theluminescence efficiency of a phosphor it seemsthat the activator concentration in the host

should be as high as possible. However, it isfound that the luminescence efficiencydecreases if the activator concentration exceedsthe specific value known as criticalconcentration. This outcome is called asconcentration quenching. If the concentrationof the activator becomes so high that theprobability of energy transfer exceeds that foremission then the excitation energy repeatedlygoes from the one activator to the other andeventually lost at the surface, dislocations orimpurities. Thus, it makes no contribution to theluminescence. The efficiency then decreases inspite of the increase of the activatorconcentration. Fig. 1 gives the idea about theconcentration quenching.

Fig. 1. Concentration Quenching5. Thermal Quenching

Since the interaction with lattice will betemperature dependent, it is quite understandablethat the positions, splitting and the life times ofvarious energy levels of an activator can betemperature dependent. It is quite common tofind that at lower temperatures the host latticeoffers conditions conducive for luminescencewhile at high temperatures, the non-radiativeprocesses become dominant. This has beentermed as thermal quenching. For manyapplications it is of prime importance. It governsthe operating temperature of the device basedon the luminescent material. In some cases(e.g.Y2O3:Eu) increase in luminescenceefficiency at high temperatures has beenobserved. This occurs due to the thermalquenching of the processes, which compete with



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the desired emission.6. Stokes Shift

Absorption and emission in gaseousstate consist of sharp line while in solids theyoccur as bands. Transitions that are forbiddenin free State become allowed in crystals withsmaller probability. In solids the emission incondensed media occurs on longer wavelengththan the absorption due to the influence of hostlattice. This is termed as Stokes shift. Greaterthe interaction of impurity ion with the hostmedia, greater is the Stokes shift and the widthof the emission line. Stokes shift occurs due tothe difference in the interionic separation in theground state and excited state. Theluminescence centre expands on excitation ofcation electrons and contracts on anion electronexcitation in charge transfer transitions.Phosphors that show an emission with a largeStokes shift usually exhibit a low quenchingtemperature. It is as shown by following graphin Fig.2;

Fig. 2 Stokes Shift by Excitation and EmissionSpectra7. Scintillation

This phenomenon is identical to radio-luminescence. It is named scintillation becauseit is used as a technique to detect individuallight pulses generated by the incidence of eachX-ray or gamma ray photon or a nuclear particle.Such light pulses are called scintillations, sincelike a spark they are very short lived. Thalliumactivated sodium iodide is a well-knownscintillation detector used for gamma rayspectrometry. The intensity of the scintillation(light pulse) is directly proportional to the energyof the incident gamma ray photon (when it is

totally absorbed). The measurement of thispulse intensity, therefore, provided the meansfor knowing the gamma ray energy [10].i) Stokes Shift for Scintillators

An important, broad concept toremember for all scintillators is that:

1) Emitted photons are at longerwavelengths (smaller energies) than the energygap of the excitation called the ‘Stokes shift’

2) The processes that produce the Stokesshift are different in different scintillatingmaterials

3) This allows the scintillation light topropagate through the material and

4) Emitted photons can’t be self-absorbed by exciting the material again.ii) Self-Activated Scintillating Crystals

Chemically pure crystal has luminescencecentres (probably interstitial) due to stoichiometricexcess of one of the constituents. Example: PbWO4and CdWO4. Extra tungstate ions are theactivator centres in PbWO4 crystals.

It is noted that for spectroscopy, e.g. NaIhas high density, high Z, good photopeak,inorganic (or better still semiconductor)scintillator is suitable.iii) Doped and Exciton Luminescence inCrystalsa) For doped crystals: the decay time primarilydepends on the lifetime of the activator excitedstate. Examples of doped crystals: NaI(Tl),CsI(Tl), CaF2(Eu).b) For crystals with exciton luminescence:electron-hole pairs stay somewhat bound toeach other forming an exciton. The excitonmoves together in the crystal impurities ordefects (activator). It is a site for recombination.Example of exciton luminescence: BGO (bismuthgermanate Bi4Ge3O12).LED

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) areinorganic solid-state lighting source increasinglybeing used in display backlighting,communications, medical services, signage andgeneral illumination. LEDs are based on theeffect of electroluminescence, that certainmaterials emit light when electricity is applied.LEDs have no filament that heats up, instead,they are illuminated by the movement of



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electrons in a semiconductor material, usuallyaluminum-gallium-arsenide (AlGaAs). The lightemits from the p-n junction of the diode. LEDtelevision sets were much thinner and brighterthan their predecessors: plasmas, LCD HDTVs,and obviously the now humongous and outdatedCRT or cathode-ray displays. In this way, LED isthe best outcome of inorganic luminescence.Conclusion

Luminescence is observed in inorganicmaterials. In inorganic materials, activatorsshows an important role in impartingluminescent properties. The activators used aremostly 3d elements or rare earth ions. Importantprocesses in inorganic Luminescence with LEDsare also studied. Semiconductor diodes can alsobe reformed to generate light, as in light-emitting diodes and laser diodes. In this way,LED is the best outcome of inorganicluminescence.References

[1] Cees Ronda “Luminescence: FromTheory to Applications” WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH& Co. KGaA, Weinheim, ISBN: 978-3-527-31402-7, 2008.

[2] The paper titled ‘Basics of organicand inorganic Luminescence’ published inIJETEMR, ISSN No.2455-7773 Volume IV, Issue 1on June 2018.

[3] I. Fujii, N. J. Hirayama, K. KodamaOhtani, Anal. Sci. vol. 12, 153, 1996.

[4] R. E. Whan, G. A. Crosby, J. MolSpectrosc; vol. 8, 315, 1962.

[5] M. L. Bhaumik, M. A. El-Sayed, J ChemPhys; vol. 42, 787, 1965.

[6] H. G. Huang, K. Hiraki,; Y. Nishikawa;Nippon Kagaku Kaishi (Internal Report); vol. 1,66, 1981.

[7] G. L. Rikken, J. A. Phys Rev A; vol. 51,4906, 1995.

[8] F.Seitz, “Luminescent crystals”,Preparation and characteristics of solidLuminescent materials, Symp.Crnell Univ.,JohnWiley & Sons, INC, NY, vol. 9, 1948.

[9] (a) R.P. Johnson, J. Opt. Soc.Amer., vol.29, 387, 1939. (b) R.P.Johnson, Phys.Rev., vol.55, 881, 1939.

[10] M. Kobayashi (KEK), Introduction toscintillators, 17 November, 2003.

Foreign Direct Investment

Dr. Fulsing Navalsing Mahajan

==============***********===============Abstract:-

After the post reform period, thedevelopment of India is started with rapid speed.In 1991, India accepted globalization,privatization, and liberalization and because ofthis Indian market is open for everyone. India’scurrent prime minister, Mr. Narendra Modi, isinviting foreign investors to invest their capitalin India. Without complete utilization of ourresources, we cannot make a developed India.For this utilization we require a lot of investmentin our projects. This requirement is fulfilled byforeign capital every time.

As in the most of the developingcountries, the perceived benefits of foreigndirect – investment (FDI) have led to a heavyemphasis being placed on attracting large sumsof FDI to India in the post liberalization period.FDI refers to the net inflows of investments toacquire a lasting management interact in anenterprise operating in an economy other thanthat of the investor. Foreign Direct Investmentis defined as a long term investment by foreigninvestors in an enterprise resident in aneconomy other than that of the investor. FDIflows have increased dramatically in last fewdecades. As a result of removal of restrictionsand implementations of policies to attract FDIinflows in developing countries, particularly inAsia, trade and investment have becomeincreasingly intertwined. As such, there havebeen growing calls for a multiple framework offoreign investment rules to be negotiated underthe auspices of the World Trade Organization

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(WTO).Objectives:-

1) To define Foreign Direct Investment.2) To know the importance of foreign

capital in development of country.3) To know how does foreign investment

help to make India.Hypothesis:-

a) Foreign investment helps forindustrial growth.

b) Foreign capital helps to make India.c) After post reform period, India is

developing rapidly.Research methodology:-

Data is collected from various companymagazines different newspapers, various booksand websites. Sample is selected as perrandomly.Introduction:-

FDI plays a multidimensional role in theoverall development of host economies. It iswidely discussed in literature that besidescapital flow FDI generates considerable benefitssuch like employment generation, acquisition ofnew technologies and new knowledge andhuman capital development. There also havesome other benefits like contribution tointernational trade integration, creating morecompetitive business environment andenhanced local enterprise development, flowsof ideas and global best practice standards andincreased tax revenues from corporate profitsgenerated by FDI. FDI plays an important role inraising productivity growth in sectors in whichinvestment has been taken place. In fact, sectorswith higher percentage of foreign firms havelower dispersion of productivity among firms.This indicates that the spill-over effects helpedlocal firms to attain higher levels of productivitygrowth. Besides being an important source fordiffusion of technology and new ideas, FDI playsmore of a complementary role than substitutionfor domestic investment. FDI tends to expandthe local market alternating large domesticprivate investment.

Further, FDI has a strong relation withincreased export from host countries. It also

tends to improve the productive efficiency ofresource allocation by facilitating the transferof resources across different sectors of theeconomy. In general, a very little empiricalevidence is available on the impact of FDI onrural economy and on poverty in particular.However, in recent times there has beenincreasing interest in studying the linkagebetween growth and poverty. FDI inflows areassociated with higher economic growth, whichis critically important for poverty reduction. Ithas been found that FDI had a positive impacton poverty reduction in areas where theconcentrations of labor-intensive industrieswere relatively high. The impact of FDI has beenfound to be stronger in the countries with highereducation levels. However, FDI may indirectlybenefit poor by creating better employment andearning opportunities for the unskilled workforcein developing countries.Importance of FDI

The host country aspires to receive FDIinflows because of the potential benefits, themost established benefit being that FDIsupplements the domestic savings of a nation.Other payoffs include access to superiorinternational technologies, exposure to bettermanagement and accounting practices, andimproved corporate governance. FDI is likely toexpand and/or diversify the production capacityof the recipient country which, in turn, isexpected to enhance trade. On the other side,foreign investors are motivated by profits andaccess to natural resources. Therefore, large andgrowing domestic markets are likely to receivemore FDI. Countries with abundant naturalresources such as mines, oil reserves andmanpower appear prominently on theinvestment maps of foreign investors.

While the objectives of FDI can bedifferent from the home and the host country’sperspectives, one of the major aims of attractingFDI is overall development of the recipientcountry keeping some specific strategy in view.This can be done by achieving higher FDI inflows,maximizing technology spill-over into thedomestic economy, or imposing local content



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requirements.FDI in India

Starting from a baseline of less than $1billion in 1990, a recent UNCTAD surveyprojected India as the second most importantFDI destination (after China) for translationalcorporations during 2010-2012. As per the data,the sectors which attracted higher inflows wereservices, telecommunication, constructionactivities and computer software and hardware.Mauritius, Singapore, the US and the UK wereamong the leading sources of FDI.

In India, as a part of economic reform,many of the states are simplifying the rules andprocedures for setting up and operation of theindustrial units. Most of the states, in additionto Single Window System, provide various kindof incentive for attracting investment in the newindustrial units as well as the existing ones. Theincentives may sector-specific or region-specific.While it is common among the Indian states tooffer incentives to IT/TeS, Biotechnology,tourism and the Micro, Small and MediumEnterprises (MSME) sectors, at time specialincentives are also offered in industries suchas textile, food, fisheries, film, healthcare,electricity generation etc. Most of the sector-specific incentives in India take the form ofexemption from stamp duty, registration fees,electricity duty and various types of taxes. SEZalso enjoys various incentives mainly in the formof various duty exemptions. The direct taxbenefits include exemption from commercialtax, sales tax, value added tax(VAT), entry tax,special entry tax, luxury tax, entertainment tax,property tax, purchase tax etc., depending uponthe industry in concern. Exemption ofentertainment taxes in the tourism sector.

Empirical evidence in the context ofEuropean union revealed that multinationals,while making their location choices, focus theirattention to the overall tax burden rather thanon single corporate tax rate, that provides onlypartial information. In view of this, in this study,the states own tax revenue as per cent of NSDPhas been used to assess the impact of taxstructure on FDI flows.

The local policy environment is mainlycharacterized by policies towards FDI, tax

structure and investment incentives provided bythe local government to attract FDI. Over thepast few decades, many local governments allover the world have been actively involved inimproving the policy environment for promotingtheir countries as attractive destination forforeign investors. Those governments haveadopted a host of measures viz. liberalizationof laws and regulations for admission andestablishment of foreign investment projects,provision of guarantees for repatriation ofinvestment and profits, establishing mechanismfor the settlement of investment disputes andextending tax incentives to facilitate and attractforeign investment flows to their countries

India is the fifth largest economy in theworld (ranking above France, Italy, the UnitedKingdom and Russia) and has the third largestGDP in the entire continent of Asia. It is alsothe second largest among emerging nations.India is also one of the few markets in the worldwhich offers high prospects for growth andearning potential in practically all areas ofbusiness. Yet, despite the practically unlimitedpossibilities in India for overseas business, theworld’s most populous democracy has, untilfairly recently, failed to get the kind ofenthusiastic attention generated by otheremerging economies such as China.Trends in FDI Inflows to India

Source: DIPP, Ministry of Commerce and IndustryOf the total approved FDI flow in India,Maharashtra accounted for largest proportionwith 46% followed by Gujarat with 15% and Delhiwith 7.7%. The other states with significant andlarge investments were Andhra Pradesh

Y ea r FDI(U S$ million) FDI(SDR million)

2000 2347.0 1778.2

2001 3520.2 2762.6

2002 3358.7 2615.6

2003 2078.4 1481.7

2004 3212.6 2171.1

2005 4353.7 2963.7

2006 11117.2 7525.9

2007(up to June2007) 8128.6 5389.0

Total 38116.4 26687.8



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Karnataka and Tamilnadu. The presence ofexport processing zones was found to be arelevant pull factor in attracting export-orientedFDI. Infrastructure and regional are found to bekey factors in attracting higher FDI, both in theexport and domestic market seeking sectors.Examining industry-specific spill-over effects,Bergman (2006) has shown that pharmaceuticalMNCs in India made positive contribution to thegrowth and development of the industry. FDIbenefits the host country in a number of ways.In the Indian context, there is a perception thatthe flow of FDI either through Greenfieldinvestment or mergers and acquisitions and theirassociated benefits are concentrated only inurban/metropolitan areas.State wise distribution of Approved ForeignCapital Investment(From August 1991 to August 2004)

References:-1. Goyal S. K. et. al.(1994), Foreign

Investment Approvals: An analysis (August 1991-July 1993), New Delhi: Institute for studies inIndustrial Development.

2. Goyal S. K. et. al.(1995), ForeignInvestment Approvals and ImplementationStatus : A Review, August 1991-December 1994,New Delhi ; Institute for Studies in IndustrialDevelopment

3. Mahendra Dev S. (2004), ‘Post- reformRegional Variations’, Seminar, Issue Number 537,May.

4. Padhi Satya Prasad.(2002), ‘AttractingForeign Direct Investment: A RegionalPerspective’, Foreign Trade Review, Vol. 37, No.3-4, pp.32-47.

5. Bajpai Nirupam and Sachs JefferyD(2001) ; ‘Foreign Direct Investment in India :Issues and Problems’, HIID, DevelopmentDiscussion Paper No. 759, March

6. Chandra Nirmal (1991); ‘Growth ofForeign Capital and importance in IndianManufacturing’, Economic and Political Weekly,Vol. 26, Nos.11-12.

7. Working Papersi) Emerging Structure of Indian Economy:

Implication of growing intersectoral imbalances,T. S. Papola.

ii) Foreign Trade Policy: Content andcoverage, T. P. Bhat.

iii) National Trade Policy: What itimplies? T. P. Bhat.

iv) Foreign Portfolio Investments and theIndian Stock Market Boom of 2003-04: A note,K. S. Chalapati Rao.

v) Foreign Institutional Investments andthe Indian Stock market, K. S. Chalapati Rao, K.V. K. Rangnathan and M. R. Murthy.

vi) Foreign Direct Investmnent, K. S.Chalapati Rao and M. R. Murthy.

vii) Foreign Direct Investment in Indiasince Liberalization: An Overview, K. S. ChalapatiRao, Biswajit Dhar and M. R. Murthy.

viii) Foreign Private Capital: Penetrationthrough Collaborations, M. R. Murthy, K. V. K.Rangnathan.

ix) Place of Foreign Controlledenterprises in Indian Manufacturing: Overall andSectoral Shares, Nagesh Kumar.

x) Foreign Controlled Companies in theIndian economy: An Attempt at Identification,Biswajit Dhar

State No.of f inanc ial C ol lab oratio ns

Ap prova ls am o unt(R s in

m i ll ion )

Sha re in T o tal am o unt %

M ah a ras htra 3 655 36 6020 14.78

D elhi 2 457 30 3040 12.24

T am il Na du 2 041 22 5830 9 .12

K a rnataka 2 085 18 8180 7 .60

A ndh ra Pr ades h 1 010 11 6090 4 .69

Guja rat 658 11 1770 4 .51

M ad hya Prade sh 187 9908 0 4 .00

O rissa 91 8229 0 3 .32

W e st Be ng al 481 7790 0 3 .15

Uttar Prad esh 562 4952 0 2 .00

H a ryana 552 3875 0 1 .56

Ra jasth an 240 2911 0 1 .18

P unjab 139 2124 0 0 .86

K erala 262 1781 0 0 .72

H im ac ha l Pra d esh 42 1174 0 0 .47

Goa 210 9 980 0 .40

B ihar 54 8 860 0 .36

A ssa m 4 10

Jam m u and K ashm ir 2 80

O thers 235 1797 0 0 .73

T ota l of th e Abov e 1496 7 1 7752 80 71.68

Sta te Not Indica ted 3 515 70 1360 28.32



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Constraints of Schedule Tribes inperusing Higher Education: A study

of Padmapur block of Rayagadadistrict, Odisha

Dr. Bilash Chandra Montry

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This paper attempts to highlightsdifferent constraint of Schedule Tribes which isaffecting to pursue higher education. Majoritypopulation of the Rayagada District isconstitutes Schedule Tribes. Almost all belongto poor family and in remote area so they areunable to reach to the mainstream of the society.They are still lying below poverty level. Ascompared to other community Schedule Tribesare far behind in education as well as socialactivities and development. The tribes have beenconfined to low status and are often physicallyand socially isolated instead of being absorbedin the mainstream the society. They are productsof different historical and social conditions.They belong to different racial stocks andreligious backgrounds and speak differentdialects. Discrimination against women,occupational differentiation, and emphasis onstatus and hierarchical social ordering thatcharacterize the predominant mainstreamculture are generally absent among the tribalgroups. However, the mainstream population ofthe society considers the general tribalpopulation as primitive, technologicallybackward, and illiterate. All the constraints arethe root cause of tribals in perusing highereducation.Key words: Higher education, Schedule Tribes,

Constraints1. Introduction & Review of literature

Education plays the vital role throughaims and habits and culture sustains fromgeneration to generation. It is the processthrough which the society deliberately transmitsits collected knowledge, skill and value fromgeneration to generation. With the knowledgeand skill level of education extended andcontributes to increase in national productivity.One who is having good education he canaccumulate skill, knowledge which will bebeneûcial to their society. The problems arisesfrom some need or obstacle or accumulation offrustrations or maladjustments and sometimesall of these to gather, which threatens or hasalready attacks the adequacy of the person’sliving situations or the effectiveness of hisefforts to deal with it. All these constraintscreating more problems for schedule tribeseducated youth in perusing higher education.Prasad (1991) who found that the tribe’s mendesire an education which may enables themto fit in to the modern world. Most of thestudents are dropping their education becauseof lack of suitability of present education withthe tribal culture. The author suggested that thetribe’s men should concentrate more on skilledoccupations.Tapse (1995) Enumerating the difficulties likelyto be experienced in the field of highereducation among the tribal studentsrecommended the remedial measures by whichthese difficulties should be overcome. Hepleaded that tribal education must conserve anddevelop the aboriginal culture and religion.2. Sources of data collection

Data collection is done by directinterview method where respondents directlyresponse questionnaire; the interview scheduleis composed with open- ended questions. Aqualitative study is done for the same.3. Strategy of Investigation

This study was conducted in Padmapur

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block of Rayagada district of Odisha. Purposivesampling technique was adopted for selectingthe sample of 80 ST educated youth. The toolused for obtaining information was an interviewschedule. Case study and in-depth interview wasalso done to validate the quantitative data withqualitative. The secondary data was collectedthrough review of different documents.4. Data analysis and Result4.1. Low economic status: - Figure 1 depictedthat low economic status is the major problemsamong the tribal educated youth, due to thisreasons they are facing difficulties in pursuinghigher education. Tribals enjoy low socio-economic status. Miller (1988) has identifiedfour major classes of variables such as cognitivevariables, physical variables and motivationalvariables where disadvantaged learners showpoor performance as compared with theadvantaged groups.4.2. Linguistic problemsProblem of learning English: - Tribals need forEnglish is great, they face problems in learningthan their non-tribal counterparts. For tribalstheir typical use of regional languages interfereswith English. (Figure 1)Problems in learning to read:-Tribals have longoral tradition. Their culture is oral. Their history,myths and traditions are orally handed downfrom generation to generation. Most of thelanguage does not have scripts of their own;their oral tradition still continues to exist. (Figure1)4.3. Psychological problems: - Financialproblems of the tribals always make the tribalsin a very depressed condition. They have lots ofwants and but the means to satisfying them isvery less. It leads to many psychological issues(Figure 1)4.4. Academic and administrative problems:- Even though the number of programmes forthe upliftment of tribal education is many, thepercentage of people receiving these benefitsis very less. Administrative authorities are

always showing very neutral attitude towardsthe education of the tribals. (Figure 1)4.5. Indifferent attitude of tribal teachers:Teachers do not take much effort to improve theeducational level of the tribal students. Lack ofcommunication, high level of absenteeism in theclass, bad result in study, lack of attention inclassroom by the tribals are some of the factorsthat has increased the indifferent attitude of theteachers towards the tribal students. Tribal education has many problems to face ashindrance for development. (Figure 1)4.6. Social Problems

As Figure 1 revealed that 20% of tribaleducated youth are believed social problems asan obstacle in perusing higher education.Following are the major indicators of the socialproblems identified in the study.Tribal concepts of pleasure: Tribals are givingmore importance for their pleasure such asdance, music and other types of entertainmentsprevalent in the society.Existence of ethnic stereotypes: Stereo typingis a natural and inevitable. It helps us to organizelife. But such typing turns in to prejudice orstereotypes when based on little facts and it isused as a mechanism to establish the myth ofracial or cultural superiority.Tribal concept of learning: In most of the tribalcultures learning is an active pleasurable eventmostly carried on among peers. But the existingsystem of education does not take in to accounttheir learning style.Indifferent attitude of tribal parents: Tribalparents are mostly illiterate. They always showa very indifferent attitude towards the educationof their children. They are interested in providinghousehold responsibilities to their children avery early stage of their education.



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Figure 1 represents no. of respondents facingvarious obstacles in perusing highereducation4.7. Economic Problems

The economic problems are the mainobstacle of the ST educated youth in pursuinghigher education. From the economic point ofview their position has been very miserablebecause of lower occupation. Some time theirlandless labourer; they had to utilize the land oftheir landlord without any payment. As it isfound in this study the most respondent’s familyoccupation is agriculture and daily labourer forwhich the respondents are facing financialproblems for pursuing higher education. (Figure2)

Figure 2 represents no. of respondents facingfinancial problems in perusing highereducation4.8. Source of Income:

Family source of income of respondentswas first analyzed to find out if they have toface economic problems for pursuing highereducation. It was observed that 55% ofrespondents are doing farming and 44% of totalpercentages are daily laborer. As it is seen themonthly income of the parents are very low.When I visited the parents of a few respondentsin their villages, their poor economic status wasclearly visible from the thatched roofs and mudwalls of their houses.The parents are admittedthat it was very difficult for the villagers earninglivelihood from daily labour to afford educationfor their children. Thus, a financial problem is amajor bar for higher education of ST educatedyouth.

Figure 3 represents sources of Income of therespondents4.9. Opinion about Scholarships

It is an economic package of Governmentto reduced economic hardship of the studentsin their study. It is awarded to every ST student’sstudying in a school and colleges. Thescholarships awarded at different trades fordifferent courses as per the Government ofIndia’s scheme. Scholarships to ST students area thrust area of ST development departments,activities in the state. Hence in the present studyit is imperative to know the scholarship issufficient for them or not for their higher study.The following figure explains the opinion of therespondents regarding this scholarship.

Figure 4 Represents distribution ofrespondents on the basis of their viewsrelated to the scholarship.

Students were asked question regardingPost-Matric Scholarship. They replied that 65%of respondents said not sufficient whereas 35%of respondents say sufficient. Hence it is foundthat the scholarship is not sufficient for theirstudy but they expressed that scholarshipreduced their economic hardship.5. Conclusion and Recommendations

This study reûect the reality of the socio-



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economic and cultural factors among tribals canbe outlined as poverty and poor economicconditions, social customs, lack of awarenessand understanding of the value of formaleducation, conflict and gap between the homeand educational institution, etc. Studies oneducational deprivation of tribals have inevitablylinked it to their poor economic condition andpoverty. Education of tribals cannot be left toshort-term plan strategies. It is important thatplanners take a long-term view which isembedded in a meaningful policy framework.The most important need to improve theeducational status of STs is to improve thestrength of the students from lower level tohigher level of educational system. Followingare some important recommendation to improvethe tribal education.

· Focused should be on quality and equityrather than quantity in educational system. Theprime focus should be on provision of qualityeducation that makes tribal communitieseconomically effective and independent.

· In order to make education effective andsustainable, building ‘Rural CommunityEngagement ’ between the educationalinstitution and community is important

· Skill development, competencybuilding, and teacher’s motivation also need tobe strengthened for sustaining educationaldevelopment. The teacher should be made thecentre of educational transformation, andtherefore, must remain the primary facilitator.

· In a broader level the first step toimprove and to increase tribal’s participation inHigher education is to improve their interest instudy even from the primary level. Motivationclasses, awareness programmes, specialincentives, more number of educationalinstitution in tribal areas. That will produce moreopportunity in higher education.

References· N.K Ambasht, “ Impact of education on

tribal cultures”, ‘Indian science Congress,NewDelhi,199,pp.34-45

· Alaxander K.C, Prasad R.R andJahagirdar, M.P. Tribal Education and TribalDevelopment”, Tribal culture in India. Rawatpublications, New Delhi. (1984), pp.23-29’

· Bapat N.V, “A few thoughts on TribalEducation”, Vanyajathi Journal,(1994), pp.54-49’

· Budhadeb chaudhari.,ContemporarySociety in Tribal Studies, Tribals in Meghalaya,Concept publishing company, (1987).

· Chaudhari. (1992). “Socio-Economicand Educational development”, IndiaPublications, New Delhi, pp.22- 34.

· Christoph Von Haimendorf, Theproblems of Tribal education, Tribes of India, thestruggle for survival, Oxford University Press,Walton street, Oxford OX26DP, pp.67-74.

· Haimendorf, The problems of Tribaleducation, Tribes of India, the struggle forsurvival, Oxford University Press, Walton street,Oxford OX26DP, (1990).

· Nayar P.K.B,(1995). Evaluation of theeducational facilities of Scheduled caste andScheduled tribe students in Kerala State. Tribalempowerment conference, Trivandrum, Kerala

· Roy Burman, B.K, “problems of triballanguage in education-A supplement to thespecial problems oftribes”, vanyajathi, (1996)



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The Prophet

Dr. Md. Nurul Amin SheikhAssistant Professor,

Halakura College Halakura, Dhubri, AssamAffiliated to Gauhati University

==============***********===============‘The Prophet’ is a book of twenty six

prose poetry fables was written by Lebanese-American philosopher and writer Gibran KhalilGibran. The most popular masterpiece ‘TheProphet’ was published in Arabic for the firsttime in 1923 which has been translated intomore than twenty languages around the world.The book is consisted in twenty six poetic essayson spiritual and philosophical thoughts. ‘TheProphet’ is describing on eating and drinking,marriage, joy, sorrow, working, housing, buying,selling, law, love, nature, beauty, pleasure,crime, punishment, freedom, good deeds ,evilness, religion, death, and prayer whichinspires of human heart and soul.

I have read this book twice which hasimagined me; the book is beautiful and reallyexceptional piece of Gibran’s contribution. In thisbook Al-Mustafa seems to voice Gibran’s ownspiritual teaching which are known prophetictone against the evils. ‘The Prophet’ is animportant book and the greatest achievementof Gibran which he kept the manuscript copy withhim before it published desire to obtain furtherinstant inventiveness. Gibran in ‘The Prophet’represents the unacceptable social practices inhis writing of the greatest masterpiece. Each oftwenty six prose poetry fables in the sense herepresents on the aspects of life, universalproblems and image of a world. The Prophet isconsidered as the most popular book iscomposed in the form of prose poetry which his

views on the aspect of life, nature and problemsregarding human behavior more preciselyemphasizes on the life lessons through thecharacter of Al-Mustafa. He views on al-Mustafawho acts as a Prophet from all religious whenthe Prophet’s dramatic performance teachings.All the characters of ‘The Prophet’ except Al-Mustafa further sample of the warped society.Al-Mustafa the beloved around whom the storytreat as the most important element hasexhausted twelve years of his youth in Phaleseperform duties as the peoples talk persistently,flame, seeker of tranquility and guardian of thenight. He was asked by the people of the islandto share his wisdom on the substantial questionsof life like love, family work and death. There aretwenty six questions regarding heterogeneousaspect of life, each question separately, Al-Mustafa shows a general inclination to showthrough on expression to nature and everydayactivities, the reciprocal relation of life, whoinadequate many of the conventionalities anddiminution peculiarities like human institutionsas law and religion. Al-Mustafa inspires thepeople, middle aged, young, rich and poor, bothmale and female to respect the whole lifebeneath God and in accordance with theacceptable norms of a society accordingly.

Khalil Gibran in his book ‘The Prophet’traces his pure philosophical thoughts and viewswhich I read out carefully and courteously isimportant is suggested something would begood and suitable for particular job. Throughreading this it can be found lot of importantwords and thoughts that is noticed, who will readhe would get the meaning of the spiritual love.Gibran’s philosophy is presented in ‘TheProphet’ as a poetic on the Mount by the ProphetAl-Mustafa who returns to imaginary the birthplace of the Prophet. Gibran evidences to thepeople of work buying and selling, death, love,marriage, children etc, in everyday life. Hisspeaks on marriage can be found and strainedmoving piece. His speaks on children is heart

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touching where he emphasized that your childrenare not your children instead of they are the sonand daughters of life’s longing for itself becausethey comes through us not from us. The feelingswritten in this book on spiritual feelings, not asa religious book he comprehended the best ofChristianity, Judaism and Muslim teaching. TheProphet signifies on love, life and families onimportant life and all kinds of issues which arereflects in their life where the prophet Al-Mustafa gives the advice. Gibran indicates theuniversal love and unity are healing powers ashis views a fear of God as spiritual in everysegment of the universe.

‘The Prophet ’ is quiet acceptance,majestic rhythm of philosophy draws thebeautiful accomplishment made an incrediblegift to everyone, mind provoking and trulyamazing and its every line has deep meanings.Gibran’s exceptional masterpiece which givesa special place in everybody’s mind because italways takes everyone away from theinconsequential worries of human life. The bookgrasps the meaning of some of the episodeswhich are pretty nice and strong urge to learnfrom every episode; having poetic discourse,concise, rich and metaphoric into therelationship among the peoples. Gibran as amystic writes on the Prophet described the unityof existence describing a coming to gather ofessentially different kind of views, organizedreligion but he focused his inner spiritual selfand culture into the mystic, the clear and sharplydefined very nicely on seeing and to identifyingby means of senses, awaking and the relief onindividual opinion based on how things seem.The language of this book promotes all the ideasof unity in the diversity, love and unity. In thenegative views of Gibran on Western andEastern society he presented both thephilosophical and religious approaches. Heendeavour to up skill people in the way of lifethat should be in the world as it reality in allingredient, teaching on ethics based on

indubitable religious doctrine. Khalil Gibran’steaching to distinct people of society of the thenexisting time morality but he did not teach forany crier for political and other power in society.In the prophet he depicts four vital culturalinstitutions, the fictional approach how a thingin real life of a man in different ways oppresses.The poetic prose is beautiful and graceful thatemphasized on every soul and leaves us wishingus too overwhelming and lovely way. I amindividually very happy to read this book, so Irecommended to it to be on every readerbecause I know it will joy captivate and reality.

Book ReviewThe Prophet by Khalil Gibran, Rajpal &Sons, New Delhi, India, 2015, pp. 112,ISBN-9788170287636. Rs. 95



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Blended Learning: Role ofdigitalized Approach withspecial Reference to ICT

Ms. Pronita RajkhowaDept. Education, Assistant Professor,

Majuli College Kamalabari

==============***********===============Objectives:

1. To define blended learning.2. To focus on the digitally delivered

learning and to combine modes of besttechnologist to accomplished an educationalgoal.

3. To access and aware about the prerequisites and assumption of digital literacy.

4. To combine information andcommunication technology with learningstrategies in blended mode.INTRODUCTION:

The first generation of E- learning areweb based learning programme focused onpresenting physical classroom basedinstructional contract over the internet.Furthermore first generation e- learning(digitally delivered learning) programmes tentedto be a classroom based courses. In the secondwave of the learning increasing numbers oflearning designers are experimenting withblended learning models that combine variousdelivery modes. Anecdotal evidence indicatesthat blended learning only offers more choicesbut also is more effective.Meaning of Blended Learning: Garrision andVaughan (2008) defined blended learning as the“Organic integration of thoughtfully selected andcomplementary face to face and onlineapproaches and technologies”. John Watson of

North America council for online learning saidthat “it is likely to emerge as predominated thateither one alone”.

As such the term blended learning refersto four different concepts. They are,

i. To combine or mixed modes of webbased technologies.

ii. To combine various pedagogicalapproaches to produce an optimal learningoutcomes without instructional technology

iii. To combine any form of instructionaltechnology with face to face instructional ledtraining and

iv. To mix or combine instructionaltechnology with actual job tasks in order tocreate a harmonious effect of learning andworking.

Blended learning refers to a mixing ofdifferent learning environments. Blended is alsoknown as Hybrid or Mixed mode. It combinestraditional face to face methods with moremodern technology computer mediatedactivities. A blended approach could includemeeting face to faceless and incorporatingonline learning activities or structuring activitiesaround online resource and interaction withdistance learner.Why blend ?

Using blended learning benefits thelearner, the training staff organization’s bottomline. Blended learning allows them tosupplements or complements existingcourseware rather than replace it.

There are many reasons why aninstructor, trainer, or learner might pick blendedlearning over other learning options. Osguthopeand Graham (2003) identify six reasons why onemight choose to design or use a blendedlearning system. They are pedagogical richness,access to knowledge, social interaction personalagency, ease of revision.

In the blended learning combines “thebest of both words”. While there is some truthsto this, it is rarely knowledge that a blended

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learning environment can also mix the listeffective aliments of the both words if it is notdesigned well. Beyond this general statement,Graham et. Al. (2003) found that overwhelminglypeople choose blended learning for threereasons which include: (1) improved pedagogy,(2) increased access/ flexibility and (3) increasedcost effectiveness.How to Blend ?

(1) By ranking of course design, (2) Newapproaches to teaching, (3) Dual learningenvironment. (4) Preparing students.Benefits of blended Digital Approach inTeaching : The digital age has completelychanged the scenario of teaching learning,basically in higher education. It shows thefollowing beneficial feasures:

· Improve access to up-to-date institutionand course information.

· Faster response to initial enquiries andstreamlined application processes.

· More opportunities to interact withcourse materials and resources, leading togreater engagement and enhanced opportunitiesfor success ;

· Greater flexibility is course scheduling;· Increased technical skills in self

directed learning leading to greater learnerautonomy.

· Improve in delivering lecture in ace toface mode or other.

· Enhanced support for transition intohigher education.

· Responsive programmes that meetlearners’ and employers’ needs.

· Increased opportunities for learners todemonstrate arrange of achievements and priorattainments.

· Flexible way of delivering thecurriculum and assessment and providinglearner support.

· Learners can choice in the timing andlocation of study.

· Rapid and timely feedback that

promotes reflection.· Improve data collection and transfer

across processes.· Providing quality education in flexible

and innovative way.· Meeting the expectation and needs of

students through an enhance learningexperience.

· Maximizing the value investment inlearning technologies, content and services, etc.CHALLENGES AND ISSUES:

There are many challenges and issuesalso pertaining in digital approaches:ICT Illiteracy: It is an age of information andcommunication technology, but a large numberof teachers at all levels are ICT illiterate. Thestudents being latest generation are excellingthe teachers in ICT being, better exposed to ICT.Digital Learning system in slow pace: Most ofthe libraries countrywide are house of hard booksand journal. There is a need enrich the librariesthrough e-book, e-journals, CDs, DVDs, anddigital networking. Information explosion andconstant geographical space demands storageof the learning resources to be in the digitalform, the e-form. There is a need to modernizeschool, college, university and public libraries.The educational survey by the various agenciesand apex institution, such as, NCERT, ICSSRshould obtain digital forms for easy storage andretrieval. Teachers & scholars should orientthemselves in producing learning resources andresearch resource in digital form.3Rs to ICT literacy: The days are gone merelyreading writing and arithmetic. Modern societyneeds ICT literacy. Creation and communicationof any message far and wide should findtechnology base.Teacher and Educational Technology: Everyteacher in this information age ought to beeducational technologist. Education has notbeen in a position to keep pace with thetechnological evolution. We still have the luxuryof chalk and talk. There is technological



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evolution in teacher education. There is a shiftfrom bachelor of teaching to learning, that too,and bachelor of e-learning.Finally, challenges exist beyond the system. Anational policy on the adoption andimplementation of blended learning in highereducation would facilitate innovation acrossjurisdictions, and generate savings or otherpositive outcomes that would strengthen thesystem.Limitations: Following limitations of blendedlearning and digitalized approach

1. Before a blended learning a blendedlearning scenario can be considerd ready foruse, the lecture or teacher has to do long,detailed and extensive work. Preparation forstartup is very time consuming.

2. There can be limited contact betweenteacher and student.

3. Based on what student are use to, theyoften prefer the paper version of the material.

4. The materials develop by the teachercannot simply be the same that they haddeveloped for handouts. The additional taskrequirement of the teacher is yet to beappropriate for.

5. Students sometimes feel that they aregiven more work to do when distance modalitiesare used.Conclusion:

A large numbers of teachers feelalienated and lonely in this digital age ofnetworking and globalization. It is because wenot have technology integrated Education. Wetravel through the media crowd without beingsensitive to it. We need to modernizetemporally, spatially, logically, epistemologicallyand technologically. Technology can facilitatedour trasitionfrom dots to glob and point tomorphology. Technology can multiply the speedand life span. It can facilitate fast, full, meaninglife and living.

Higher education institutions areincreasingly taking steps to adapt courses and

curricula to support blended learning in theirstrategic plans, technology developmentpractices. They are increasingly realized thevalue of blended learning better competitiveposition.

Recently, our honorable Prime ministerSri Narendra Modi has gain introduced toconcept of e-governance and mobile governanceon the 67th anniversary of our Independence day.Central cabinet also has taken decision forDigital India and e-governance and decided tolaunch broadband facilities to each other gramin India. The concept of digital India will beingrevolutionary changes in governance, banking,business, manufacturing and retailers as wellas in the educational sector to promote thebenefits of common man. Hope in future, ourteacher education programs are updated withconcept of e-learning and e-governance whichwill be effective and economic growth.

REFERENCES:1. Glazer E., Hannafin M. J. & Songs L.

(2005), “promoting Technology Integrationthrough Collaborative Apprenticeship”Educational Technology Research andDevelopmwnt. Vol53No.4

2. Malik Sadaket (2009) : e-learning inIndia “the electronic way of learning.”

3. Mohikar Dr. P. M. (2012) E-learningmeaning: Meaning and scope in quest ofBharatiya Shiksan, Bharatiya shikshan MandalPrakasan vol. 21,no. 2, 2012.

4. NCTE(2004): Some special Issue andConcern of teacher Education.

5. University News: Aweekly Journal ofHigher Education, vol. 52 No. 34 August 2014,Vol.53 no. 9 & 10 March 2015.



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Role of TRAI in IndianTelecom Sector - An Overview

Dr. H. S. BhatiyaHOD Commerce,

Government Digvijay CollegeRajnandgaon (C.G.)

Prof. Shaikh Tasleem AhmadAsst. Professor Commerce,

Govt. Naveen college Plai Korba (C.G.)

==============***********===============

Introduction:The Telecom regulatory Authority of

India (TRAI) is founded approx 22 years ago on20th February 1997, through an Act namedtelecom Regulatory of India Act 1997 passed byparliament of India. It is a statutory body whichfunctions as a regulator of telecommunicationsector in India. Before the establishment of TRAI,telecom services and tariffs were regulated byCentral government of India. This agencyconsists of one Chairperson not more than twofull-time members and not more than two part-time members. The present Chairman of TRAIis Ram Sewak Sharma. TRAI’s aim is to createand maintain environment for development oftelecommunications in India to enable thecountry to have a vibrant role in the emergingworldwide information society. One of mainobjectives of TRAI is to provide a competitiveand transparent environment that availed a level

playing field and facilitates fair competition inthe market.Objective of the study:

Through this study we will try tounderstand the functions, administration, ofTelecom Regulatory Authority of India and itsimpact on Indian telecommunication sector.Methodology:

This research is descriptive in nature.Data are collected mainly from secondarysources especially from websites, journals, andresearch papers.Administration of TRAI:

Administration of TRAI took placethrough a Secretariat, and a secretary is thehead of it. The secretary processes all theproposals, and organizes the agenda forAuthority meetings (after consulting with theChairman), prepares the minutes and issuesregulations in accordance to the meetings. Anadvisor is there for assist him. The mattes onwhich the TRAI work are Mobile Network, Fixedand Interconnection Network, Policy Analysis andBroad Band and, Service Quality, Cable &Broadcasting Services, Economic Regulation,Financial Analysis, Legal, International Relation& Consumer Affairs and Personnel &Administration. Officers who work under TRAIsecretariat are selected from the IndianTelecommunications Service and the IndianAdministrative Service. TRAI continuously issuesdirections and orders on various matters suchas, interconnections, service quality, call anddata tariffs, Mobile Number Portability (MNP)and Direct To Home (DTH) services.Functions & Achievements of TRAI:

As stated above that TRAI is agency,made by central government and working as aregulatory body and a policy making institution.The main works of TRAI are Allotment ofSpectrum: Spectrum allotment to the telecomservice provider is another main function of thisinstitution. Spectrum is allotted through auction,and it is the source of revenue for central

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government.Operate the Licensing Procedure: Issuinglicense to the applicant company is also doneby TRAI. License is issued circle wise or all Indiabasis according to the requirements ofcompanies.Maintain quality of service: This is one of theimportant works towards consumers of telecomservices. The agency always take care to ensureefficient service quality.To Avail Affordable Tariff: Majority of theconsumers in India belonging to middle incomegroup and cellular services are like basic needsof them. TRAI always ensures affordable tariffto Indian consumers. Therefore tariffs in Indiais claimed cheapest of the world.Disposal of Conflicts: As a regulating agencyTRAI authorized to dispose the conflicts eitherrelated to service providers or subscribers ofcommunication sector.Interconnection Regulation: Regulation ofinterconnections among the service provider isalso an important work of this agency.Consumer Protection: TRAI always get alert forthe interest of consumers and other stakeholdersalso.

Beside this TRAI facilitates theconsumers and service provider companies aswell. It launches many applications such as TRAICMS, DO Not Disturb (DND 2.0), TRAI My Speed,TRAI My Call and the latest TRAIAPPS. These allapplications can be used for solving telecomsubscriber’s issues and redress of complaintsas well.TRAI has also introduced some Portals for thestakeholders such as :

B & CS Integrated Portal (BIPS) facilitatesBroadcasters and Distributors to submitinformation related to Interconnection and otheragreements. Complaint Management SystemTRAI CMS Portal is made available for solvingcomplaints related to Value Added Services, itenables users to fetch details of VAS servicesactivated on their phones. Mobile NumberRevocation List (MNRL) Portal- It facilitatestelecom service provider to furnish list of mobilenumbers permanently disconnected from theirnetwork on monthly basis. Tariff Portal throughthis portal TRAI seeks feedback from consumers

/stakeholders about various Tariffs offered byTelecom Service Providers.MIS Portal It is a webportal used to upload 2G, 3G, CDMA, GPRS, etc.data by TSPs for MIS reports. TSPs upload dataon this portal and after the verification of thatdata by concerned division of TRAI, data istransferred to the database to generate MISreports. NCCP Portal The main objective of theNational Do Not Call Registry is to controlUnsolicited Commercial Communication (UCC).It is the list of all telephone numbers of thesubscribers who do not want to receive UCC.The Telemarketer compulsory verify their callingtelephone numbers list with the NDNC registrybefore making a call.TCCMS Portal This portalhas been made to help the customer in lodgingtheir complaints. It facilitates subscribers byproviding details of the complaint center fordoing a complaint with their telecom serviceprovider, and details of the appellate authorityto escalate the issue, if their complaint has notbeen addressed properly by the telecom serviceprovider.

To maintain transparency in the industryand provide a data based information of IndianTelecom sector at regular time lag, variousreports and Publications is being published byTRAI.Challenges of TRAI:

To regulate a huge subscriber based andcompetitive telecom market is one of thechallenging tasks for this institution. Indiantelecom market is most competitive market ofthe world, after the entry Reliance Jiocompetitiveness is touching new heightscontinuously.Table 1- Company wise Market Share Table-2 Sector wise Market Share

At present 4 companies are operatingtelecom services in the market named Airtel with28.35%, BSNL & MTNL with 10.48%, Vodaphone-Idea with 29.12%, and Reliance Jio32.04%market Share (Table-1). The rest of the

Service ProviderCompanies

Bharti Airtel

BSNL&MTNL

Voda IDEA

Reliance JIO

Market Share

Private

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companies came out from the all India operativemarket, due to cut-throat competition. If we talkabout Private sector and Public sectorcomposition it is 89.51% and 10.49%respectively (Table- 2).Table-3 Area wise Subscribers Table - 4 Cellular and Fixed Line subscribers

As the press note released by TRAI on16 jan 2020, total number of telephone users(Cellular+ Fixed line) in India is 1175.88 million,in which 509.89 million are from Rural India, and647.33 millions are from Urban India (Table-3).The tele-density in India is reported 88.90%.India is the second largest telecom market ofthe world after China on the basis of subscribers.Insuring Adherence of rules and regulationsamong cellular companies with maintainingservice quality and resolving their conflicts, aswell as protecting the consumer rights, takinginitiatives for them are some challenging taskswhich are being efficiently done by TRAI.Conclusion:

TRAI has significantly contributed in thedevelopment of telecom services, resulting inincrease in number of consumers and availabilityof efficient network of the telecom services bythe service providers all over the country. As aresult of these measures improvement shownin overall benefits to the consumer in terms ofchoice of services, affordable tariff of telecomservices, and TRAI continuously monitor qualityof service provided by Service Providers againstthe benchmarks laid down for the various qualityof service parameters through Quality of ServiceRegulations issued from time to time, throughquarterly Performance Monitoring Reports(PMRs) submitted by service providers. TRAI alsoassess the Quality of Service of Cellular, Basicand Broadband Services through independentagencies. TRAI also conduct a customer

satisfaction survey by every quarter. The resultsof these audit and surveys are published forpublic/Stakeholders knowledge. TRAI has beenfollowing up with the Service Providers foraddressing deficiencies to achieve the Servicequality benchmarks.

References:Books:

The Telecom Revolution in India-Vardharajan Shridhar.

Mobile and Personal Communication inIndia-Raj Pandya.

Websites:www.trai.gov.inwww.wikipedia.comwww.slideshare.comwww.lbp.world

Newspaper:Nav baharat chronicle,DNA Bhaskar,The Hindu.

Subscribers

Rura l

Urban

Subscribers

Cellular

Fixed Line



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Case study approach towardsCyber bullying

Dr. Pratima SinghPrincipal,

Chandrabhan Sharma College of CommercePowai, Mumbai

==============***********===============Introduction

Cyber bullying is the harassment orbullying executed through digital devices likecomputers, laptops, smartphones, and tablets.The platforms where cyber bullying can occurinclude social media, chat rooms, and gamingplatforms where people can view andparticipate in the sharing of content.Thedifferent types of cyber bullying involve causinghumiliation through hateful comments on onlineplatforms/apps, or through SMS or messaging.It comprises posting, sending or sharingnegative, nasty or false information aboutanother individual for causing humiliation andcharacter assassination.Objectives:

1. To understand the pros and cons ofcyber bullying.

2. To analysis the case the method.Review of Literature:

About one third (32%) of all teenagerswho use the internet say they have been targetsof a range of annoying and potentially menacingonline activities – such as receiving threateningmessages; having their private emails or textmessages forwarded without consent; having anembarrassing picture posted withoutpermission; or having rumors about them spreadonline.Depending on the circumstances, theseharassing or “cyberbullying” behaviors may betruly threatening, merely annoying or relatively

benign. But several patterns are clear: girls aremore likely than boys to be targets; and teenswho share their identities and thoughts onlineare more likely to be targets than are those wholead less active online lives.Of all the onlineharassment asked about, the greatest numberof teens told us that they had had a privatecommunication forwarded or publicly postedwithout their permission. One in 6 teens (15%)told us someone had forwarded or postedcommunication they assumed was private. About13% of teens told us that someone had spreada rumor about them online, and another 13%said that someone had sent them a threateningor aggressive email, IM or text message. Some6% of online teens told us that someone hadposted an embarrassing picture of them withouttheir permission.Incidents of Cyber Bullying in India

In November 2017, an MBBS student inKerala jumped to her death from the highest floorof her college building. An examination of herFacebook profile showed her displeasure overthe nasty comments made one of her peers.Police suspect that cyber bullying provoked herto take this extreme step.

In February 2017, the Akhil BharatiyaVidyarthi Parishad (ABVP) attacked students ata literary event in Delhi’s Ramjas College.

At that time, little did a 20-year-oldstudent from Lady Shri Ram College, Delhi,imagine that her online campaign against theviolence would change her life forever? Thestudent, GurmeharKaur, has ever since beentrolled and abused extensively on social mediaplatforms. Worse still, she has even beenreceiving death and rape threats!

This is just another example of the uglystate of cyber bullying in India. Sadly, each dayyet another innocent life is subject to onlinetorments and cyber bullying in India.Analysis of Case Study:

1. About 37% of young people betweenthe ages of 12 and 17 have been bullied online.30% have had it happen more than once.

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2. 75% of teens in India. are online, andthe vast majority access the internet on theirmobile device, making it the most commonmedium for cyber bullying.

3. 23% of students reported that they’vesaid or done something mean or cruel toanother person online. 27% reported thatthey’ve experienced the same from someoneelse.

4. Girls are more likely than boys to beboth victims and perpetrators of cyber bullying.15% of teen girls have been the target of at leastfour different kinds of abusive online behaviors,compared with 6% of boys.

5. About half of LGBTQ+ studentsexperience online harassment — a rate higherthan average.

6. Instagram is the social media sitewhere most young people report experiencingcyberbullying, with 42% of those surveyedexperiencing harassment on the platform.

7. Young people who experiencecyberbullying are at a greater risk than thosewho don’t for both self-harm and suicidalbehaviors.

8. 83% of young people believe socialmedia companies should be doing more totackle cyberbullying on their platforms.

9. 60% of young people have witnessedonline bullying. Most do not intervene.Impact of Cyber bullying on students

· Those who are cyberbullied are alsolikely to be bullied offline later.

· Cyberbullying can result in seriousemotional problems for targets, includinganxiety, low self-esteem, depression, stress, andsuicide ideation,

· Those who are cyberbullied can feelmore uncontrollability than those facingtraditional bullying, because they have lesscontrol over who views the bullying and lessability to make the bullying stop. There can alsobe more permanence with cyberbullyingcompared to traditional bullying: nearlyeverything on the Internet is available toeveryone, everywhere. It can be challenging toerase information once it goes on the Internet

· Those who cyberbully are more likely tohave anxiety, depression, less life satisfaction, less

self-esteem, and face drug and alcohol abuse· Both cyberbullies and targets of

cyberbullying report less school satisfaction andachievement

· Motivations behind cyberbullyinginclude a lack of confidence or desire to feelbetter about themselves, a desire for control,finding it entertaining, and retaliation.

· Targets of cyberbullying have a greaterchance of becoming bullies themselves, as beingcyberbullied can lead to revenge bullying as away to cope. And, cyberbullies have a greaterrisk at being bullied in return, resulting in avicious cycle. Being a cyberbully contributes toa twenty-fold increase of also being a target ofcyberbullying.Conclusion

There are several challenges foraddressing cyberbullying. Parents suggest theylack the technical skills to keep up with theirchildren’s’ online behaviors. Schools areeducating about cyberbullying with policies,training, and assemblies, yet don’t always knowwhen and how to intervene in cyberbullyingwhen it happens off campus. Law enforcementoften can’t get involved unless there is clearevidence of a crime of threat to someone’ssafety. The most common strategies reportedby youth to cope with cyberbullying werepassive, such as blocking the sender, ignoringor avoiding messages, and protecting personalinformation. Those who are cyberbullied aremost likely to tell a friend about the incident.When asked what coping strategies those whowere previously cyberbullied would encourageto someone being cyberbullied include blockingthe sender, ignoring the messages, and tellingsomeone, such as a friend. References:

https://www.dosomething.org/us/facts/11-facts-about-cyber-bullyinghttps://www.pacer.org/bullying/resources/cyberbullying/https://ifflab.org/how-to-prevent-cyber-bullying-anti-cyber-bullying-laws-in-india/https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2007/06/27/cyberbullying/



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Marketing Strategies of RelianceIndustries Limited In Making It AWorld-Class Petroleum Company

Shubham ParsoyaResearch Scholar,

Sangam University Bhilwara (Rajasthan)

==============***********===============Abstract:

In 2018, Reliance Petroleum was theprimary Indian company to outperform Rupeeseight hundred thousand crores (US$ 122.85billion) in market capitalization and crosses threehundred million client mark. Reliance Petroleumfocus is on driving the country towardsdevelopment with its progressed items andadministrations comprising of High-SpeedDiesel, Petrol, Auto LPG, Greases, Aviation Fuel,Pressed LPG catering to diverse sectionsextending from two-wheelers to aircraft fuelling& farm gear to overwhelming building vehicles.With a deliberately extended network of 1380+retail outlets spread over the nation, ReliancePetroleum fuel retail trade gives esteem to itsclients through a 100% automated network,backed by prevalent innovation.

Reliance Petroleum, when put next withalternative corporations, spends lesser inpromotions and advertisements, however,Reliance Petroleum believes in reducing coststo draw in its customers. It sticks to majorly ofBelow-the-lineadvertising as compared toAbove-the-Lineadvertising as its prices less tothe corporate or its retail sector’s new launchproduct to form an initial buzz among thepurchasers.

Reliance petroleum follows bestprocesses and automation systems, uniformlyand systematically, whereas delivering High-

Speed Diesel, Petrol, motor vehicle LPG andLubricants from its fuel stations across thecountry. Reliance Industries has emerged themost important wealth creator over 2014-19,consistent with Motilal Oswal’s twenty-fourthAnnual Wealth Creation Study 2019. The Rs 5.6hundred thousand crore wealth created byReliance is that the highest ever far by anenormous margin.Keywords: Market capitalization, petroleum,diesel, fuel, retail outlets, promotions.Introduction

The main threat of the corporation is thatits existing competitors within the currentmarket. The economic depression that the globetwo-faced throughout the past few years hasaffected greatly within the business. Tata is oneof Reliance Industries Limited (RIL)’s primecompetitors. Tata was founded in 1868 inBombay, Maharashtra. Tata operates within theBusiness Support Services business. Tatagenerates $29.4B above revenue than RelianceIndustries Limited (RIL).

Adani may be a high challenger ofReliance Industries Limited (RIL). Adani wasfounded in 1988 and is headquartered inAhmedabad, Gujarat. Adani is within theBusiness Support Services business. Adanigenerates $68.3B less revenue vs. RelianceIndustries Limited (RIL). Their business isprincipally targeted in the Asian nations byconcerning eightieth.

Along with all these corporates, theretail promoting of crude oil product in India ismostly by the public Sector Oil marketingcompanies (OMCs) i.e. Indian Oil CorporationLimited, Hindustan Petroleum CorporationLimited, Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited,Mangalore Refinery & Petrochemicals Limited,Bharat Oman Refineries Limited. It appears likeReliance Industries Limited didn’t establish itsbusiness worldwide, because for each businessinternational market may be an excellent chanceto extend their plus.

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Literature ReviewAs in line with the current researches of

Motilal Oswal Securities, Reliance IndustriesLimited’s stock priceshave nearly tripled over thepast five years, outperforming the Nifty through122% on a cumulative basis. This has beendriven by the strengthening of the refining andpetrochemical companies of Reliance IndustriesLimited and there may be additionally somegiant build-up in its retail and telecomsegments. Moreover, we assume the corebusiness to face headwinds in 2019. Whiletelecom and retail continue to be in awidespread build-up mode.

The reviews additionally stated thatbecause of the addition in the refining potentialof 2.6mbopd in 2019, much ahead of demandincrease of 1.1mbopd. While the sales havebeen developing at an impressive pace (~2x in9MFY19), the contribution from petrochemicalmaintains margins for the retail low at 4.6%.While this combined with excessive productinventories, is likely to result in subdued GRMsin FY20. And the expansions in the US/China arepossible to bring about the whole incrementalpetrochemical capacity of 7mmtpa in 2019 itself,more than the 6mmtpa delivered in 2017/18.Global refining and petrochemical are buyingand selling at ~6x FY20 EV/EBITDA. MotilalOswal Securities value Reliance IndustriesLimited’s refining and petrochemical segmentsat 7.5x – the top class here displays thecompany’s superior capability to control thecrude basket, refinery yields, hedging and acouple of feedstocks for its petrochemicalsegment.Discussion

Reliance Industries Limited as comparedwith different major six corporations in India:Reliance Industries Limited,Indian OilCorporation Limited, Hindustan PetroleumCorporation Limited, Bharat PetroleumCorporation Limited, Essar Oil Limited (NAYARAEnergy Limited) Mangalore Refinery, Chennai

Petro & Petrochemicals Limited, Bharat OmanRefineries Limited.

It is clear that in all the areas like marketcapital, sales turnover, earnings, etc., reliancefeatures an extremely high position with aninteresting distinction in their various values.Whereas we tend to analyse the competition,we can determine that Reliance industriespossess a dominance over the market, and it isvery tough for the competitors to return over theReliance industries’ position. the fact, corporateprofit is vital for Reliance industries to keep upit ’s standing with additional promotingstrategies.Limitations of the Study

Each character may deliver youindividual outcomes; however, it does not implythat the equal consequences belong to thecomplete population. As a researcher, I will notalways be able to undergo all of the resources.I can’t acquire all the statistics I wanted for myresearch in view that it will take a number oftimes. Because of it, my work won’t cover everyaspect.

Often time limits are the motive why mystudies and researches may not be complete.When I get a task, I have a limited amount oftime to do it. Sometimes we, as a researcherwant a few gadgets or additional software toconduct the researches.

This is probably trouble considering thefact that we don’t always have the sum we need.Along with it, there are unique ways to collectinformation: interviews, surveys, questionnaires,etc. The way we collect records might be a reallimitation since the solutions and the outcomesvary. When researchers find some newinformation, we use a particular researchtechnique. Different techniques supply us withvarious opportunities. Quality of the datum weget frequently relies upon on the technique wechoose.Conclusions

Reliance Industries Limited is India’s



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biggest non-public sector enterprise on all majorfinancial parameters. Reliance IndustriesLimited’s activities include hydrocarbonexploration and production, petroleum refiningand promoting, petrochemicals and retailing. Thepetrochemicals segment consists of theproduction and advertising processes ofpetrochemical products. The oil and gasolinesegment consist of exploration, development,and production of crude oil, rock oil, and naturalfuel.

Saudi Aramco, the world’s biggest oilexporter, is in talks with Reliance Industrieslimited and different Indian organizations formaking a huge investment in petrochemicalsand refinery projects occurring in the country,India. Saudi Aramco CEO Amin Al-Nasser statedthat Reliance Industries limited remains to be ahigh-standard corporation for funding in Indiaand Aramco is intended to work as a partnerwith Reliance Industries Limited.

India is a funding priority for SaudiAramco, as there is lots of growth potential.Saudi Aramco is interested in additionalinvestments in India’s Reliance IndustriesLimited. Reliance operates refineries atJamnagar with a total potential of 68.2 milliontonnes consistent with annum.RelianceIndustries Limited is planning to extend its ‘only-for-exports’ special economic zone refiningcapacity to simply over 41 million tons frompresent-day 35.2 million tonnes.

Reliance Industries Limited is presentlyfocusing on increasing its petrochemicals byknowing the fact that crude oil is thefundamental raw material and component forproducing petrochemicals. Saudi Arabia, on thealternative hand, is eager to get a footholdwithin the world’s fastest-growing fuel market,India to get a captive consumer base for thecrude oil consumption which Aramco produces.Saudi Aramco, the world’s largest oil corporates,and its companion Abu Dhabi National Oil Co(ADNOC) have taken up a 50 percent stake in a

planned 44-billion-dollars refinery inMaharashtra. Aramco and ADNOC will togethermaintain 50 percentage stake-holdings in the60 million tons per annum refinery and adjacent18 MTPA petrochemical differentiated plannedto be constructed at Ratnagiri district ofMaharashtra with the aid of 2025.

Like other major producers, SaudiAramco and Abu Dhabi National Oil Co (ADNOC)are seeking to lock in clients inside the world’sthird-largest oil purchaser via their investmentplans. That why a very bright and promisingfuture opportunity is waiting in line for RelianceIndustries limited and will have collectivelyencouraging Reliance Industries limited forbecoming a proven world-class petroleum-basedcompany.References

Press Information Bureau (2013),Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas,Government of India, Crude oil price on IndianBasket

https://www.motilaloswal.comPride, W. M. and Ferrel, O. C. (1993).

Marketing: Study Guide. Houghton- Mifflin Schoolhttp://petroleum.nic.inDr. T. Srinivasan, (2015), A Study on

Consumer Preferences of Petroleum RetailOutlets. IOSR Journal of Business andManagement (IOSR-JBM) e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668. Volume 17, Issue 2.Ver. II (Feb.2015), PP 35-40

https://www.firstpost.comMinistry of Petroleum and Natural Gas

Government of Economics and Statistics DivisionNew Delhi

Dr. K. Soundarapandiyan, Dr. M. Ganesh,(2017), An Analytical View of Crude Oil Pricesand Its Impact on Indian Economy, IOSR Journalof Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668 PP 23-28

Ferrell O., Hartline M., Lucas G., Luck D.(1998). “Marketing Strategy”. Orlando, FL:Dryden Press.



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Socio-Political Empowermentof Marginalised andConstitutional Rights

Ms. Sharmishtha SolankiAssistant Professor, Department of Social Work,

Sardar Patel University Vallabh Vidyanagar,Anand, Gujarat

==============***********===============Abstract:

In social termsMarginality is generallyused to describe and analyses socio-cultural,political and economic spheres, wheredisadvantaged people are kept aside from themainstream of development and they have tostruggle to gain access to resources, and fullparticipation in social life. Marginality is a livingcondition that affects millions of peoplethroughout the world. Yes, this is not limited toa particular country but it ’s a globalphenomenon. People who are marginalized haverelatively little control over their lives andtheresources available to them. This results inmaking them handicapped in earning their sharein the society. A vicious circle is set up wherebythey are prevented from participating in localmainstream life, which in turn leads to furtherisolation. This has a tremendous impact ondevelopment of human beings, as well as onsociety at large. As the objective of developmentis to create an enabling environment for people toenjoy a productive,healthy, and creative life.Concept of Marginalization:

The term marginalization refers toindividual or groups who live at the margin ofsociety. It is also called Social Exclusion. Theirsituations may be historical or cultural as theysuspend between social classes or cultural

groups, without being fully integrated to it. Theterm may havevarious forms like class, caste,gender, community and so on atone level andat the other level groups who are subjectedtoeconomic and social hardships. These groupsmay still bemarginalized at multiple levels in acountry like India which haswitnessedtremendous socio-political changes in both pre-independence and post-independenceperiod.Marginalization is amultidimensionalprocess that denies opportunities andoutcomesto those ‘living on the margins’, whileenhancing the opportunities and outcomes forthose who are ‘at the centre’.The EFAGlobalMonitoring Report 2010: Reaching themarginalized, definesmarginalization as “a formof acute and persistent disadvantagerooted inunderlying social inequalities”.

Who is marginalised ? Women, Children,Person with special ability, aged, minorities andSC ST OBC are the marginalised groups.1. Women:

Under different economic conditions,and under the influence of specific historical,cultural, legal and religious factors,marginalization is one of the manifestations ofgender inequality.

Although women constitute half of thepopulation, they are always marginalizedrelative to men, in every country and culture.Women belonging to lower classes, lowercastes, illiterate, and the poorest region havedifferent levels of marginalization than theirbetter-off counterpartsEg. Dalit Women andWomen from minority.2. Schedule Castes:

The caste system is a strictly hierarchicalsocial system based on underlying notions ofpurity and pollution. In which, Brahmins are onthe top of the hierarchy and Shudras constitutethe bottom of the hierarchy.It is believed thatShudras are born from the feet of the God. So,they are impure.

The marginalization of Dalits influences

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all spheres of their life, violating basic humanrights such as civil, political, social, economicand cultural rights.

A major proportion of the lower castesare still dependent on others for theirlivelihoodEg as labor to landlords or farmers.Dalits do not refer to caste but suggest a groupwho are in a state of oppression, social backwardand who are helpless and poor. Literacy ratesamong Dalits are very low. They have meagerpurchasing power and have poor housingconditions as well as have low access toresources and entitlements.

Structural discrimination against thesegroups takes place in the form of physical,psychological, emotional and cultural abusewhich receives legitimacy from the socialstructure and the social system. Physicalsegregation of their settlements is common inthe villages forcing them to live in the mostunhygienic and inhabitable conditions. All thesefactors affect their health status, access tohealthcare and quality of life. There are highrates of malnutrition reported among themarginalized groups resulting in mortality,morbidity, and anemia. Access to and utilizationof healthcare and education among themarginalized groups is influenced by their socio-economic status within society.

Caste-based marginalization is one ofthe most serious human rights issues in theworld today, adversely affecting more than 260million people mostly reside in India. Caste-based discrimination entails social andeconomic exclusion, segregation in housing,denial, and restrictions of access to public andprivate services and employment, andenforcement of certain types of jobs on Dalits,resulting in a system of modern-day slavery orbonded labor.3. Scheduled Tribes:

The Scheduled Tribes alike the ScheduledCastes face structural discrimination withinIndian society and they are a product of

marginalization based on ethnicity. In India, theScheduled Tribes population is around 84.3million and is considered to be socially andeconomically disadvantaged. Their percentagesin the population and numbers, however, varyfrom State to State. They are mainly landlesswith little control over resources such as land,forest, and water.4. People with disabilities:

21.9 million people in India are havingdisabilities. People with disabilities battleagainst centuries of biased assumptions,harmful stereotypes, and irrational fears.

There is a myth associated with disabilityis that people get disability due sins committedin the previous births.

The stigmatization of disability resultedin the social and economic marginalization ofgenerations with disabilities, and, like manyother oppressed minorities, this has left peoplewith disabilities in a severe state ofimpoverishment for centuries. The proportion ofthe disabled population in India is about 21.9million.

The disabled face various types ofbarriers while seeking access to health andeducation services. Among those who aredisabled women, children and aged are morevulnerable and need attention.5. Elderly or Aged People:

Aging is an inevitable and inexorableprocess in life. The vulnerability among theelderly is not only due to an increased incidenceof illness and disability but also due to theireconomic dependency upon their spouses,children, and other younger family members.Lack of economic dependence has an impact ontheir access to food, clothing, and healthcare.6. Children:

Children Mortality and morbidity amongchildren are caused and compounded by poverty,their sex and caste position in society.

All these have consequences on theirnutrition intake, access to healthcare,



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environment, and education. Poverty has adirect impact on the mortality and morbidityamong children. In India, a girl child facesdiscrimination and differential access tonutritious food and gender-based violence isevident from the falling sex ratio and the use oftechnologies to eliminate the girl child. Themanifestations of these violations are various,ranging from child labor, child trafficking, tocommercial sexual exploitation and many otherforms of violence and abuse.

All these problems need to be answeredholistically and with a visionary leadership.During freedom struggle we had many leaderswho contributed for the cause but Dr. Baba Sahebby gifting the constitution if India, got rights forthe marginalised to live with dignity.

Babasaheb was the mastermind forprogressive state, he has developednationalistic, secular attitude with his sacredsoul. His views about caste system, class,practice of untouchability and well known. Healways fought discrimination on the basis ofrace, religion, colour, gender, and geographicallocation. As a result of his thought India adoptedsecularism in constitution. He proposed manypolicies to the planning commission for theempowerment of marginalised sections;reservation for SC ST OBC and Women is theprime step taken for welfare of these categoriesis the synchronized thought of Ambedkar forempowerment of landless communities andwomen. His social concerns came in to act bydeveloping various social policies. Implementationof policies is the important responsibility of thegovt, along with the govt social work professionand social worker have greater responsibility inthe process of need assessment of localcommunities and encouraging the marginalisedsections to take optimum use of them. Nationalpolicy on Women, Education, Health, ScheduleCaste, Schedule Tribe and prevention ofAtrocities Act and reservation policy etc are thegreater contribution of Dr.Babasaheb for the

welfare of the marginalised sections.Dr. B R Ambedkar was the Chief Architect

of Indian Constitution has given special spaceand provisions for Socio-political empowermentof Marginalised section in Indian Constitution,some of them are:Article-14: declares that the equality before lawand the equal protection of laws shall beavailable to all.Article.15: No discrimination against any citizenon the grounds of sex, religion, race, casteplaceof birth or any of themArticle.15 (3): State can make any specialprovisions for women & childrenArticle-15(4): Compensatory discrimination forthe SC/STArticle15 (5): This clause was added in 93rdamendment in 2005 and allows the state tomake special provisions for backward classesor SCs or STs for admissions in privateeducational institutions, aided or unaided.Article-16 Equality of opportunity in publicemployment.Article-16(4): This clause allows the state toreserve vacancies in public service for anybackward classes of the state that are notadequately represented in the public services.Article-16(4A):This allows the state toimplement reservation in the matter ofpromotion for SCs and STs.Article-16(4B): This allows the state to considerunfilled vacancies reserved for backward classesas a separate class of vacancies not subject toa limit of 50% reservation. Constitutionalprotection to the Marginalized/VulnerablegroupsArticle- 17: This abolishes untouchability andits practice in any form (The protection of CivilRights Act, 1955, The SC/STs (Prevention ofatrocities Act, 1989).Article-29 & 30: guarantees cultural andeducational rights Directive Principles ofState.Policies Directive Principles of StatePolicies aims at; (Article36-51) a. Social and



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Economic Charter b. Social Security Charter c.Community Welfare CharterArticle-39(a): Right to adequate means oflivelihoodArticle-39(b): Equal pay for equal work both men& womenProtection of health & strength of workers-men, women & childrenArticle-40: Provides reservation in 1/3 seats inPanchayatsArticle-46: Enjoins the states to promote withcare the educational and economic interests ofthe weaker sections, especially SC and ST.

Dr Baba Saheb Ambedkar wanted to givepower to marginalised by adopting decentralisationfor their political empowerment- a processwhereby administrative authority, publicresources and responsibilities are devolved anddelegated from central or state governmentagencies to lower level institutions such asvillage panchayats, municipalities and non-government organizations. Such processdevelops a people-centred system ofgovernance that enables powerless individualsand groups to play significant roles in theimplementation of programmes and policies andmobilisation, allocation and distribution of publicresources so that they become basic engine ofdevelopment and not merely its beneficiaries.Its main purpose was to bring accountability ingovernance ensuring economic and socialjustice.Decentralisation can lead to empowermentat local level because:

Firstly, decentralisation overcomes theproblems of centralised planning by adopting aparadigm of development that reflects on thereal needs and preferences of the concernedcommunity particularly its vulnerable andmarginalised sections.

Secondly, it facilitates greater participationin the local politico-economic affairs that improvesthe quality and effectiveness of governmentsponsored schemes and services particularlythose ones which are aimed at empowering poorand marginalised groups.

Thirdly, it develops communicativeunderstanding and cooperation between publicofficials and citizens that help in creating an

atmosphere conducive for sustainabledevelopment including the management andproper utilisation of common property resources.

Fourthly, it formalises and enhances theauthority of citizens over public officials so thatthe latter ones do not find enough opportunitiesand power to indulge into ‘rent seeking ’activities.

Fifthly, it can lead to the formation of anew forward-looking self-identity amongdifferent sections of society that help in breakingdown the iniquitous and hierarchical social orderand its ramifications.

Sixthly, it generates conditions for therealisation of specific demands and needs ofdifferent regions and groups with minimalchances of public complain and religious, ethnicand minority upsurges.

Lastly, it facilitates democratic values forresolving fundamental and specific social andeconomic problems faced by diverse groups andcommunities in a complex, tradition bound andculturally and economically diversified societylike India.

These are some of the provisions inconstitution which are enjoyed by marginalisedsection of Indian Society.Challenges:

Below are some of the challenges facedduring implementation.

1. Social consciousness among both thecommunity. Oppressor by not leaving theprivileges they are enjoying and at anotherendoppressed who are not aware about the wayto avail their rights or not conscious about theirrights.

2. Being a person from marginalisedcommunity, I genuinely believe there is need toevaluate reservation policy and make it moreappropriate as per need of an hour. I do believe,there is poorest of the poor in the society whoare still left out.

3. There is need to create awareness onBaba Saheb Ambedkar’s Philosophy ofsecularism, equality and justice at Global levelwhich is very much appropriate in this generationwhere people are getting separated by eachother on the basis of different ideologies.



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A Correlation study between ICTcompetency and Job satisfaction

among College Librarians inKhandesh Region

Miss Jyoti Suresh Suryawanshi

Dr. Shashank S. SonwaneAssociate Professor,BAMU Aurangabad

==============***********===============Abstract: The present research deals with ACorrelation study between ICT competency andJob satisfaction among College Librarian inKhandesh Region. The samples comprise 80College Librarian in Khandesh Region by usingPurposive sampling technique. The tools usedfor present research are ICT competency inlibrarian scale and Job satisfaction Questionnaireprepared by Amar Singh and T.R. Sharma (1999).The data was analyzed using r.Findings

There is significant correlation betweenICT competency and Job satisfaction amongCollege Librarian ProfessionalsKeywords: ICT competency and Job satisfaction,1. Introduction:

With the invention of Information andCommunication Technology, libraries now usevarious types of technologies to aid the servicesthey render. Everyday new technologicaladvances affect the way information is handledin libraries and information centers. The impactsof new technologies are felt by libraries in everyaspect. Computing technology, communicationtechnology and mass storage technology aresome of the areas of continuous developmentthat reshape the way that libraries access,

retrieve, store, manipulate and disseminateinformation to users. The academic librarian hasbeen from its inception an integral part ofinstitutions of higher learning, rather than anappendix or adjunct.

Computers have revolutionized all fieldsof knowledge. It has been gradually weavingelectronic webs in various parts of the globe forquite a few years now. Now it is being usedextensively in libraries by developed countriesand in a limited scale in the third world countries.Today, information technology coupled withcomputer technology has conquered even spaceand time with regard to dissemination ofinformation. The word automated library is usedto denote in which the collections of librarymaterials are primarily on paper but in whichthe librarian‘s procedures have beencomputerized.

Job satisfaction is the result of variousattitudes possessed by an employee in a narrowsense , these attitudes are related to the joband are concerned with such specific factors assalary, supervision, condition of work, ofopportunities, for promotion recognition of ability, fair evaluation of work ,social relations on thejob, promt settlement of grievances, fairtreatment by employer and other similaritems.(Blum & Naylor, 1968)

However a more comprehensiveapproach requires that many additional factorsbe included before a complete understandingof job satisfaction can be obtained. Such factorsat the employee’s age, health, temperament,level of aspiration should be considered. Furtherhis family relationships, social status, recreationaloutlets, and activity in organizations political orpurely social-contribute ultimately to jobsatisfaction.

Hence the investigators selected thetopic A Correlation study between ICTcompetency and Job satisfaction among CollegeLibrarians in Khandesh Region2. Statement of the Problem

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“A Correlation study between ICTcompetency and Job satisfaction amongCollege Librarians in Khandesh Region”Objective

1. To identify the correlation between ICTcompetency and Job satisfaction among CollegeLibrarians in Khandesh Region

2. To identify the correlation between ICTcompetency and Job satisfaction among maleCollege Librarians in Khandesh Region

3. To identify the correlation between ICTcompetency and Job satisfaction among femaleCollege Librarians in Khandesh Region3 Hypotheses:

1. There is no significant correlationbetween ICT competency and Job satisfactionamong College Librarians in Khandesh Region

2. There is no significant correlationbetween ICT competency and Job satisfactionamong male College Librarians in KhandeshRegion

3. There is no significant correlationbetween ICT competency and Job satisfactionamong female College Librarians in KhandeshRegion4. Methodology of the study:

Descriptive survey method has beenused for the study of the ICT competency andJob satisfaction among College Librarians. Thesample comprise for the present study is 80College Librarians.. Purposive samplingtechnique was used to collect the data. Thefollowing tools were used to collect the datafrom College Librarians. ICT competency scaleprepared by investigator and Job satisfactionQuestionnaire prepared by Amar Singh and T.R.Sharma (1999). The obtained data was analyzedby using the Statistical techniques viz.correlation.5. Analysis and Interpretation: The collecteddata is subjected to statistical analysis and theresults obtained are as given below.Hypotheses:1. There is no significant correlation between

ICT competency and Job satisfaction amongCollege Librarians in Khandesh Region

The table ‘r’ value at .05 level is .250and the obtain ‘r’ value is .75 So the obtain ‘r’value is greater than table ‘r’ value. So the nullhypothesis is rejected. On the basis of obtain‘r’ value; we can say that, There is significantcorrelation between ICT competency and Jobsatisfaction among College Librarians inKhandesh RegionHypotheses:2. There is no significant correlation betweenICT competency and Job satisfaction amongmale College Librarians in Khandesh Region

The table ‘r ’ value at .05 level is0.361and the obtain ‘r’ value is 0.65. So theobtain ‘r’ value is greater than table ‘r’ value.So the null hypothesis is rejected. On the basisof obtain ‘r’ value; we can say that, There is nosignificant correlation between ICT competencyand Job satisfaction among male CollegeLibrarians in Khandesh RegionHypotheses:3. There is no significant correlation betweenICT competency and Job satisfaction amongfemale College Librarian in Khandesh Region

The table ‘r ’ value at .05 level is0.361and the obtain ‘r’ value is 0.69. So theobtain ‘r’ value is greater than table ‘r’ value.So the null hypothesis is rejected. On the basisof obtain ‘r’ value; we can say that, There is nosignificant correlation between ICT competency

College

Librarian

Variab les N df Obtaine

d ‘r’ Table ‘r’

ICT competency 80 68 .75 .250

Job satisfaction

Male College

Librarian

Work motivation N df Obtained

‘r’ Table ‘r’

ICT competency 50 48 0.65 .361

Job satisfaction

Female College

Librarian

Variables N df Obtained

‘r’ Table

‘r’

ICT competency 30

28

0.69 .361 Job satisfaction



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and Job satisfaction among female CollegeLibrarians in Khandesh Region6. Findings

1. There is no significant correlationbetween ICT competency and Job satisfactionamong College Librarians in Khandesh Region

2. There is no significant correlationbetween ICT competency and Job satisfactionamong male College Librarians in KhandeshRegion

3. There is no significant correlationbetween ICT competency and Job satisfactionamong female College Librarians in KhandeshRegion7. Conclusion - The findings of present studyshows that the significant correlation betweenICT competency in librarian and Job satisfactionamong College Librarian Is observed in casemale, female College Librarians in KhandeshRegion

ReferencesBest J.W. & Kahn J.V. (2006). Research in

Education (10th Ed.). New Delhi: Prentice Hall ofIndia Pvt. Ltd.

Blum M. L. and Naylor J. C (1968),Industrial psychology: its theoretical and socialfoundation. New York: Harper and Row.

Kerlinger F.N. (1979). Foundations ofBehavioral Research (3rd Ed). New York: Holt,Rinehart & Winston.

Kothari C.R. (1990) Research Methodology,Methods and Techniques. New Delhi: WileyEastern Limited.

Mangal S. K. (2002). Advanced Psychology(1st Ed.). New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India,Private Limited.

PRESENT MARKETING - KHADICLOTHES TREND ANALYSIS

Dr. A. SUJATHAASSISTANT PROFESSOR,

CPA COLLEGE BODI

G. GUNASRIRESEARCH SCHOLAR,

MADURAI KAMARAJ UNIVERSITY

==============***********===============ABSTRACT

Khadi is very closely associated withIndia’s freedom movement in today’s world andit’s a matter of pride for every Indians. khadirepresented a powerful symbolic challenge toBritish imperialism, but Indians never realizedit even after independence. During the freedomstruggle many had worn khadi more for itspolitical effectiveness than for love of the cloth,just as many had spun their own yarn more outof self-sacrifice and national duty than out ofbelief in the economic and moral benefits ofhand spinning. But after the post-independence,Khadi products are not well attracted for majorconsuming customers. Though its products arediversified, their penetration levels of productsamong customers are very low. The study wouldhighlight the marketing of khadi products inpresent generation and its efficiency andinefficiency of the study unit which in turn wouldhelp the study unit to improve further in itsoperations and set correct measures to increaseits sales by improving customer’s needs andwants. This study also examines the level ofsatisfaction of usage of products amongcustomers. The present study will also help usto identify the ways how to promote khadiproducts in present market. This will help us to

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specifically trace out the customer’s opinionabout the khadi products and what drives themto purchase the khadi products.KEY WORDS: Post independence of khadi,present marketing, manufacturer’s problem,customer’s satisfaction.INTRODUCTION

The Indian textile industry is in theprocess of responding to the changes in theglobal economy and has started utilising itsstrengths to build up an international status.Today, India is the second largest producer oftextiles in the world, next to China. The Indiantextile industry is one of the largest and oldestand considering the availability of inexpensiveskilled workers and technician along with theavailability of cotton in the country, it has beendoing well in the recent past in terms ofproduction and exports. In order to contributesubstantially to the growth of the Indian textileindustry, it is necessary to know the place ofkhadi in Indian textile industry. Marketing is oneof the very crucial elements when it comes toproducts like Khadi. Further it is observed thatKhadi has a limited market catering to fewconsumers who either believes in Khadi ideologyor in the good qualities of wearing cottonclothes. Khadi, which symbolized self relianceand emancipation during the freedom strugglein India but it has lost its sheen over the years.And there are several reasons for the same. Post1947, India opted for state led large scaleindustrialization.With many Indian industrialistssetting up huge textile mills, the massproduction of fine clothes led to the availabilityof clothes at lower prices. People began to buymachine- made textiles and thus Khadi beganlosing out to the mill fabric. In January 1953,the All India Khadi and Village Industries Boardwas set up to provide employment to thousandsof spinners all over India. In 1957, the Khadi andVillage Industry Commission (KVIC) wereestablished to take over the work of the board.KVIC was formed as a nodal agency to

promote Khadi all over India through itsexclusive outlets known as Khadi Bhandars. TheGovernment of India (GoI) has ever sincecontinued its support to Khadi. Khadi has beenconsidered that it is root in the freedom struggleof India.Gandhi wanted Indians to spin their owncotton thread and to weave Khadi, thereby,providing employment to many Indians andcontributing to the country’s self-sufficiency.POST INDEPENDENCE -DECLINE OF KHADITEXTILE INDUSTRY

During the post-independence era,Indian industrialists set up capital intensivetextile mills. Due to mass production, these millscould offer fine cloth at lower prices. Syntheticmaterial like polyester was available at a verylow price compared to Khadi. Thus despite allpolicy incentives to popularize Khadi, peoplebought machine made textiles.

In order to popularize khadi among themasses, in 1957, the government set up theKVIC. It had the following broad objectives:

· The social objective of providingemployment

· The economic objective of producingsaleable articles, and

· The wider objective of creating self-reliance amongst the poor and developing astrong rural community spirit.

Besides Khadi, KVIC also dealt with otherproducts such as toilet soaps, detergents, honey,pickles, spices, incense sticks, handmade paper,leather, ceramics, and many other agro-basedproducts. To keep the spirit of Khadi alive andpromote it as a national fabric, KVIC has set upmany outlets across India. As a result thousandsof spinners, who wove the fabric could sell theiroutput through the vast network of KVIC retailoutlets.However, the situation did not improvemuch. The poor quality of garments sold throughthe KVIC outlets, resulted in customers’dissatisfaction. People even complained that thequality of Khadi had deteriorated and hence itfaded easily. In the 1990s, very few people



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bought Khadi. Khadi was bought only during theannual discount sale.

However, there were a few problems.According to designers, the production of Khadiwas inconsistent and the cloth was prone toshrinkage and fabric stretch. Besides, fabriccolours in khadi were also limited. Red tapismand bureaucracy prevalent in the Indian systemfurther hampered the growth of the Khadi sector.Inspite of having a wide distribution network,there were problems, especially middlemen.Corruption was rampant. With modernizationand globalization, khadi is already suffering aloss of recognition. More and more people areturning to big, flashy fashion brands with non-Indian roots and less ans less people are usingtraditional khadi clothes today.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Khadi is the most ancient fabric productin the world. It is not just a cloth, but a wholemovement started by Gandhiji. The khadimovement aimed to boycotting the foreigngoods and promoting our Indian goods, therebyimproving our country’s economy. MahatmaGandhi began to promoting the spinning of khadifor rural self employment and self-reliance.Khadi products usage will protect the welfareof the rural workers. The cloth is usually wovenfrom cotton, and may include silk or wool.It is aversatile fabric, cool in summer and warm inwinter. Though we have many benefits arebehind in the khadi products now a days peopleprefer to buy mill made products rather thanhand made products because they could enjoyhigh degree of sophistication in product designso, now a days using of khadi products decliningday by day though the boards and commissionfor khadi, many of the people now a days don’tknow about khadi and why this movement wasstarted, who initiated it and its impact. It is notwell well promoted so, Khadi is still in theintroduction stage and, is now becoming a brand.

Moreover most of the khadi societies arein moribund condition due to the shortage of

working capital. Khadi commission is dilly-dallying to provide working capital. Contrary tothe directive of union government, Nationalizedbanks reluctant to provide working capital to thekhadi agencies, resulting in serious financialproblem for the khadi producing units and alsothe manufacturers have been facing problemdue to liquidity crunch as the government is notpaying the rebate regularly so themanufacturers couldnot promote their productsand services widely. The major reason for thelow demand of Khadi product is the lowawareness.

Sale of khadi products are faced withsubstantial degree of competition from mill madeand other products, which use superiortechnology and produce goods based uponconsumer’s taste. Besides khadi products aremainly labour intensive. It means that most ofthe production involves handwork and henceless amount of capital( i,e machines etc) is used.The production capacity of labour is mostly lessthan that of capital especially in case of bulkproduction. Hence, the capital intensiveapproach costs lesser than the labour intensiveapproach. Therefore, the cost of production ofkhadi products is more than the other productswhich are capital intensive. Since the cost ofproduction is more therefore the selling priceof khadi product also increased. Anotherimportant problem while marketing of khadi ishigh transport cost. As in the case of mill madeproduct all the process of khadi clothesproduction would be done within the compositeunit but when compare to khadi since it ishandmade, it is needed to carry from one placeto another place to finish the product completelyso as it leads to high transportation cost.Moreover, as we are in the modern world manyrural people are reluctant to work in the khadiindustry so it has become inabundant of labourfor production of khadi clothes hence themanufacturers could not produce the productsas their expected target level thus it reduced



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the sales and margin. So, the khadi industry hasbeen facing a great challenge in the recentyears. Hence this present study has beenundertaken by the researcher.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

· To study the customer’s preferencetowards the khadi products.

· To analyse the problems associatedwith present marketing of khadi clothes.

· To identify the satisfaction level ofrespondents towards khadi products.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This study was conducted in Thenidistrict in India. As of 2011 the Theni districthas a total population of 1,245,899 with a sexratio of 980 females for every 1,000 males. Thetotal area of Theni district is 3242.3sq km andfive taluks and 22 town panchayat and 130village panchayat in Theni district. This presentstudy is descriptive in nature and the structuredquestionnaire method was as a main tool forcollecting the primary data. The data pertainingto demographic profile of the consumers, levelof satisfaction, problems in marketing of khadiare collected through structured questionnaireand the secondary data have been collectedfrom various articles and further details havebeen collected from the various data sourceson the internet. The study covers both opinionof consumers and manufacturers. For thepresent study stratified random samplingtechnique was used to select a sample of 50respondents from different taluks in Thenidistrict. Simple average method and weightedaverage method are used as a tool for analysisof the data.SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The government of India has not beenconcerned on some specific area of khadimarketing and it has not taken adequate stepsto promote the khadi products. However, thoughthe boards and commission for khadi in centraland state level the khadi products could not bepromoted as well due to some factors. Hence,

the study has been undertaken with a view toanalyse the real problems existing in the presentmarketing of khadi products in the district ofTheni and also to identify the reasons behindthe low promotion of khadi products in presentperiod of marketing.DATA AND INTERPRETATIONSOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THERESPONDENTS

From the above table it is inferred thatthe majority of the respondents are fallingunder the age group of 31-40 years, 52% ofthe respondents belong to female, most(56%)of the respondents are married, majority(44%) of the respondents belong toprofessional and only 40% of the respondentsearning above 20,000 per month.

TABLE NO: 6 PREFERENCES TOWARDS KHADIPRODUCTS

TABLE NO :1 AGE OF TH E RESPONDENTS

S.NO AGE N O.OF.RESPO NDE NT S PERCE NTAGE 1 Upto 20 years 4 8

2 21- 30 ye ars 9 18 3 31-40 ye ars 23 46

4 Above 40 yea rs 14 28 Total 50 100

T ABLE N O:2 G ENDER OF THE RESPONDEN TS

S.NO AGE N O.OF.RESPO NDE NT S PERCE NTAGE

1 MALE 24 48 2 FEM ALE 36 52

Total 50 100 T ABLE NO:3 M ARITAL ST ATU S

S.NO AGE N O.OF.RESPO NDE NT S PERCE NTAGE

1 M ARRIED 28 56 2 UN MARRIED 22 44 Total 50 100

T A B L E N O : 4 Q U A L IF IC A T IO N S O F TH E R ES P O N D E N T S

S .N O A G E N O .O F .R E S P O N D EN T S P E R C E N T A G E

1 S C H O O L LE V E L 8 1 6 2 U N D ER

G R A D U A T E 1 1 2 2

3 P O S T G R A D U A T E 9 1 8

4 P R O FE S S IO N A L 2 2 4 4 To ta l 5 0 1 0 0

T A B L E N O :5 IN C O M E O F T H E R ES P O N D E N T S

S . N O IN C O M E N O .O F .R E S P O N D EN T S P E R C E N T A G E

1 50 0 0- 1 00 0 0 9 1 8 2 1 0, 0 0 0 - 1 5 ,0 00 1 4 2 8

3 1 5, 0 0 0 - 2 0 ,0 00 7 1 4 4 A b o v e 20 , 00 0 2 0 4 0 T o t a l 5 0 1 0 0



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It is revealed from the above table thatthe majority(22%) of the respondents preferthe khadi clothes for climate suitability butno respondents prefer for price factor.TABLE NO:7LEVEL OF CUSTOMER SATISFACTION IN USINGOF KHADI CLOTHES

CHART NO: 7

It is observed from the above tablethat most(44%) of respondents satisfied forusing of khadi clothes but only 4% of therespondents are highly dissatisfied in usingof khadi clothes.TABLE NO:8 REASONS FOR DECLINING OFKHADI PRODUCTIVITY

It is inferred from the above table thatmost of the respondents feel no new designinputs in khadi it is major factor for decliningof khadi productivity it scored a mean valueis 13.06 and hold rank I and very fewrespondents feel no attracting the school andcollege going younger generation of boys andgirls for wearing khadi it scored a mean valueis 1.00 and hold rank IX.SUGGESTIONS

1. It is suggested that the localgovernment, state and central should comeforward to conduct more awareness programmesto differentiate the khadi products from powerloom and other mill made products and also toincrease the level of satisfaction.

2. Quality is the major factor thatinfluences the purchase decision of khadicustomers. Hence it is suggested the weaversto maintain good quality and differentiate thehandloom products from power loom and othermill made products.

3. Many people are not really aware ofthe khadi products and the benefits associated

S.no Factors NO.OF.R ESPONDENTS % OF THE RESPONDENTS

1 Fashion 4 8

2 U niqueness 6 12

3 Brand

5 10

4 Colour 2 4

5 Comfort 8 16

6 Climate suitability

11 22

7 Durability

3 6

8 Price 0 0

9 Quality 9 18

10 Innovative design

2 4

Total 50 100%

S.NO DESCRIPTION NO.OF.RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE

1 Highly satisfied 15 30

2 satisfied 22 44

3 neutral 8 16

4 dissatisfied 3 6

5 Highly dissatisfied 2 4

Total 50 100

S.NO FACTORS Mean score RANK

1 Production of khadi not according to market demands

3.20 VI

2 No new technical inputs 4.00 V

3 No new design inputs 13.06 I

4 No attracting the school and college going younger

generation of boys and girls for wearing khadi

1.00 IX

5 Old generation who were firm on khadi wearing is decreasing

7.00 IV

6 Marketing of khadi on professional basis rather than

sentimental basis

6.40 III

7 Many khadi institutions are closing down

2.00 VIII

8 KVIC has stopped issuing certificates for new khadi

institutions

2.30 VII

9 Decrease in productivity means decrease in employability

9.18 II



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with them. Hence, proper advertising campaignsis required to promote khadi product and tocreate awareness about khadi product amongthe people

5. In order to develop new designs whichwill suit the preferences of the youngergeneration and this can help attract them.Attracting the younger generation or youthwould be beneficial to the weavers as they forma huge consumer base.

6. According to the consumer mind themarketing strategy has to be changed and makethe sales effective.

7. Conducting more number ofexhibitions and sales offers can be provided tothe people for the purpose of awareness andthis kind of exhibitions and sales offers mayinduce the people to purchase the khadi product,it can also more compete with other products.

8. Online presence needs to beenhanced by online marketing now a days themarket is based on E- sales so the governmentmust take effort to boost E- sales. This salesoutlet which reaches millions at one given time.CONCLUSION

In this present study on presentmarketing of khadi products in Theni district, aneffort is made to understand the real problemsexisting in present marketing of khadi productsalso, to identify the factors influencing thebuying of khadi customers and the overallcustomer satisfaction towards khadi products.From the study it has been found that the khadiindustry has been adequately facing hugecompetition from power loom and miller madesector. Khadi industries rely extremely onsubsidies and budgetary supports apart from thatthere was a shortfall in availing funds from banksand budgetary resources. Due to this problemkhadi could not make huge productionpotentially.

As far as young generation is concerned,most of them they are not aware of about khadiproduct. If they are aware they are not ready to

accept it as major wardrobe. This is mainly dueto limitations like less availability of colours,prints, textures etc. Apart from that inadequateinfrastructure, poor marketing support andweakening distribution network has depleted analready fragile supply chain system. It wasbecoming extremely difficult for Khadi tocompete with the high-tech, colour-fast,wrinkle-free, mill-made cotton and blendsavailable today. However, Khadi, like any othercraft of India, would need to face the challengeof quality, price and produce contemporarydesigns, which suit the tastes of the presentgeneration.REFERENCESWEBSITES

https://www.businesswire.comhttps://www.researchgate.net/publicationhttps://www.thekhadishop.com/pages/

about-ushttps://indiankanoon.orghttp://www.khadiculture.comhttps://www.1kadum.com/khadi-

awareness-bharat-bharamanhttps://www.researchgate.nethttps://issue.com/babasabpatilwww.innovativejournal.inhttp://shodhganga.inflibnet.inflibnet.ac

.in/bitsream/10603/29002/7/07_chapter%202.pdfARTICLES

Khadi- Awareness and Promotion amongyouth, Volume: 04 issue:07,July- 2017.

Buying Behaviour of Khadi among theyouth(21-29) of Jaipur and developingInnovative Khadi Products, ResearchReinforcement, Year 2, Vol. II Nov. 2014 - April2015

Rural consumers’ attitude towards khadiproducts, Mrs.Padmasani1, S. Muruganandan2and M. Yazhini31Assistant Professor & 2/3Research Scholar, Department of commerce,Bharathiar University, Coimbatore.



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A Case Study On Utilization ofVideo Clips in a Virtual

Learning Environment ofAccounting

DR. NITIN C. POPATPRINCIPAL,

SHREE H.N.SHUKLA COLLEGE RAJKOT

==============***********===============Abstract

It is all the more trying for bookkeepingunderstudies to learn and connect with theinnovation, utilized in the bookkeeping field onaccount of an expansion in understudy numbersand a decrease in educators. We give a viableinformation on how video clasps can be madeand used to show bookkeeping data frameworks.Video clasps of how to utilize Sage 50Accounting are made by Camtasia Studio andappropriated to study in bookkeepingInformation Systems.Keywords: Accounting Education; Technology inthe Classroom; Accounting Information Systems1.Introduction

It is significant for bookkeepingunderstudies to have a superb handle ofchanging bookkeeping programming not withstanding bookkeeping hypothesis behind it.Notwithstanding, it is all the more trying forbookkeeping understudies to learn and draw inwith the innovation utilized in the bookkeepingfield as a result of an expansion in understudynumbers and a decrease in instructors. Forinstance, there is little open door forbookkeeping instructors to have coordinateddirect educational cost in the utilization ofbookkeeping programming. A few understudiesmight be less certain to request that book

keeping instructors clarify the system again andit is particularly valid for universal understudies.In this paper, we give a down to earthinformation on how video clasps can be madeand used to show bookkeeping data frameworks.Video clasps of how to utilize Sage 50 Accountingare made by Camtasia Studio and disseminatedto understudies. The understudies’ learningencounters show that video cuts help a greatdeal when they study in bookkeeping dataframeworks class.2.Literature Review

Video cuts are characterized assuccession of sight and sound messages thatpresent pictures, portrayal and contentsimultaneously

[1]. The writing has reported a fewpreferences of use of video cuts in instruction.In particular, video cuts are significant visualguides for language students by giving settings,activity, feelings and signals [2]. Video cuts arehelpful in dental instruction [3]. Online videocuts help understudies to get the hang ofshowcasing [4]. Contrasted and clarifyingsomething orally, there are a few preferencesto utilize video clasps to show bookkeeping dataframeworks. For instance, we can clarify howsignificant the physical security is obstructingcoordinated supervision. Yet, it is greatlyimproved to show a video about various kindsof locks to defend resources. In spite of the factthat there are a few favorable circumstances ofusing video cuts, there still are a few burdens,for example, the nonappearance of individualcollaboration between the understudies and theinstructors. The use of video cuts in bookkeepingzones is outlined in the current writing [5]. In2010 AICPA yearly national undergrad caserivalry, understudies are required to utilize videoclasps to show their case arrangement. In 2011AICPA understudy case rivalry, understudies arerequired to make and present a video on the pointof Fraud and Forensic Accounting. Furthermore,increasingly bookkeeping teachers are starting

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to utilize understudy video activities orassignments. For instance, bookkeepingteachers in the University of Illinois doled outan understudy gathering to make threerecordings on “the significance of being free,”Professors of the Accounting Department at theUniversity of Nevada, Las Vegas, administerunderstudies to do a video venture on thedifferent work openings accessible tobookkeeping majors.

It is important to bring video cuts intobookkeeping data frameworks class in light ofthe fact that there are the operational troublesto show bookkeeping data frameworks. Theexpansion in understudy numbers and adecrease in instructors exacerbate things. Forinstance, when the understudies attempt tolearn and utilize bookkeeping data frameworks,they need to recollect a few stages effectivelyto accomplish a goal. In the event that they cannot complete one stage in the correct manner,they can’t proceed to complete differentadvances. Be that as it may, the constrainedtime in the class can’t let the instructors to fulfillthe need of the understudies to recall everything.The video clasps can take care of this issue inlight of the fact that the understudies can watchit over and over after the class. In our paper, weattempt to give a functional information on howvideo clasps can be made and used to showbookkeeping data frameworks.3.The Class Project

In our bookkeeping data frameworksclass, we need to give hands-on bookkeepingprogramming experience for understudies. Sothey can be increasingly aggressive in theactivity advertise after they graduate. Toaccomplish this objective, we expectunderstudies to complete a bookkeeping ventureutilizing the product Sage 50 Accounting, whichis once called the Peachtree programming. Theexplanation behind us to choose Sage 50Accounting is that it incorporates every singleregular component and understudies can rapidly

become familiar with another bookkeepingprogramming dependent on their insight in Sage50 Accounting. In particular, Sage 50 Accountingcan “oversee income, client installments, andassortments; gain understanding with customannouncing for planning, income the executives,and benchmarking; get an elevated levelperspective on your key measurements; trackstock, plan buys, or extend administrationcontributions; and decrease blunders and deflectmisrepresentation with screen-level securityand an unmistakable review trail”.1 Anothersignificant explanation is that we can getinstruction release of Sage 50 Accounting fornothing.

To additionally lessen understudies’cost, we utilize a free practice set gave by Perdisco. In this undertaking, “Understudies totala one-month bookkeeping cycle for an anecdotalbusiness with all posting; journalizing and moneyrelated detailing finished utilizing the real Sage50 bookkeeping software”.2 Specifically, thereare seven areas, for example, “perusing theorganization’s bookkeeping arrangements andmethodology”; “making the organizationinformation document”; “establishing uporganization precedents”; “recording exchanges”;“setting up a bank compromise”; “recordingaltering passages” and “printing reports, makinga last reinforcement and presenting your work”.After understudies finish this task, our goal isto make them acquainted with how to utilize abookkeeping programming to execute theirbookkeeping information.4.Video Clips as Teaching Aids

One test for bookkeeping understudiesto get familiar with the elements of Sage 50Accounting will be bookkeeping educators needmore time to communicate with everyunderstudy since an ever increasing number ofunderstudies took a crack at bookkeeping dataframeworks class. Also, a few understudiesmight be less certain to request thatbookkeeping educators clarify the strategy again



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in a huge gathering setting and an everincreasing number of global understudiesexacerbate things. To take care of this issue,we acquaint video cuts with our bookkeepingdata frameworks class and use it to record howto complete each segment and circulate tounderstudies. So understudies can watch it afterclass. Furthermore, when we attempt to respondto understudies question, we additionally usevideo clasps to record the appropriate response.So as to make video cuts, we utilize the productCamtasia Studio. “This product can withoutmuch of a stretch record the screen, PowerPointintroductions, web camera video, and sound;alter for proficient clean, improve foraccentuation; Share completely clear recordingsat any screen size… on Web pages, websites,CDs, or convenient gadgets like the iPod.”3 Inour bookkeeping data frameworks class, weattempt to complete each segment ourselves.Simultaneously, we record our PC screen utilizingCamtasia Studio. So the understudies canperceive how the mouse will proceed onwardthe PC screen to finish each area. For sometroublesome parts, we zoom in and put someaccentuation on it. We additionally record ourtalk into the video slips. At that point we circulatethese video clasps to every understudy by emailor our class site.5.The Students’ Learning Experience

Our underlying discovers are extremelypositive and understudies have increased agreat deal of advantages from these instructinghelpers. As per interviews with the understudiesin our bookkeeping data framework class, 70%of understudies answer “Yes” to the inquiry “Didyou incline toward the computerized videoexhibits to the balanced supervision?” 60% ofunderstudies answer “Yes” to the inquiry “Didvideo cuts help you best when you studybookkeeping data frameworks?” 40% ofunderstudies answer “Yes” to the inquiry “Didyou feel sure to utilize bookkeeping dataframeworks after this class?” which is higher

contrasted and 30% of understudies answer“Yes” to a similar inquiry when video cuts arenot received. We additionally get some valuableremarks from the understudies. Understudiesdemonstrate that they might want to utilize thevideo cuts once more. They additionally remarkthat video cuts with under brief span areprogressively suitable and video cuts with toolong term may make them confounded, which ispredictable with the discoveries by the currentwriting . They likewise noticed that video cutshelp them having the option to converse withbunch individuals and finish the venture afterthe class. Further significant remarks made byunderstudies incorporate that it is smarter tohave an assortment of configurations for themto download video clasps and afterward theyabout watch video cuts on various gadgets, forexample, a huge screen, an iPod, and an Ipad.6. Conclusion

This underlying investigation into theutilization of video clasps to improvebookkeeping understudies’ learning encountersin bookkeeping data frameworks class can beviewed as fruitful, despite the fact that thereare a few operational challenges to be settledlater on. The utilization of the video cuts hasextended the scope of ways that bookkeepingeducators disperse information to bookkeepingunderstudies. This has empowered bookkeepingunderstudies to get the hang of bookkeepingdata frameworks by a multi-layered learningapproach, which incorporates a blend ofconventional talks and video cuts. We would liketo proceed with this investigation with differentassociates of understudies later on.

REFERENCES[1] R. E. Mayer, “Multimedia Learning,”

In: B. H. Ross, Ed., The Psychology of Learningand Motivation, Vol.41, Academic Press, SanDiego, 2002,

[2]M. Mckinnon, “Teaching Technologies: Teaching English Using Video



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[3] W. Smith, R. Rafeek, S. Marchan andA. Paryag, “The Use of Video-Clips as aTeaching Aide” European Journal of DentalEducation, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2012,

[4] J. Lance and P. Kitchin, “Promotingthe Individual Learning Styles of MastersStudents Studying Marketing-related Modulesthrough the Use of YouTube VideoClips,”Investigations in University Teaching andLearning, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2007, .

[5] M. Holtzblatta and N. Tschakertb,“Expanding Your Accounting Classroom withDigital Video Technology” Journal of AccountingEducation, Vol. 29, No. 2-3, 2011,

[6] A. Chan and M. J. W. Lee, “An MP3 aDay Keeps the Worries Away: Exploring the Useof Podcasting to Address Preconceptions andAlleviate Pre-class Anxiety amongstUndergraduate Information Technology -2005

[7] Use of Video Clips in a VirtualLearning Environment of Accounting InformationSystems Class—A Case Study Baozhou Lu, LiangSong -2013

Linguistic diversity in SouthEast Asia with especial

reference to Arabic language

Dr. Md. Shamsuddin MallickAssistant Professor, Dept. of Arabic and Persian,

University of Calcutta (W.B, India) Kolkata(A Principal Investigator of the Research

Project regarding South-East Asia, focus areaII: India Looking East, sponsored by the UGC/

UPE-II,India)

==============***********===============Introduction:

Southeast Asia is an area of greatlinguistic diversity: There are over three hundredlanguages in the Indonesian area alone. Ofthese languages, Malay was known throughoutthe region as a lingua franca as early as thesixteenth century .It had also been establishedas a vernacular of Islam and as a language ofthe court for areas as far afield and diverse asMalacca, Aceh, and Makassar. It is this very earlydiffusion of the language, with its religious,economic, cultural, and chancellery roles, thatled to its adoption in the twentieth century, inslightly different forms, as the national languageof both Malaysia and Indonesia, where itbecame known asBahasa Malaysia andBahasa Indonesia, respectively. Of course, otherlanguages of the same family were to becomevehicles of Muslim learning and culture, inparticular Javanese, Sundanese ,Madurese, andsome of the languages of southern Sulawesi.Brief Discussion Language patterns in SoutheastAsia are highly complex and are rooted in fourmajor language families: the Sino-Tibetan,Tai, Austro-Asiatic, and Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian). Languages derived from the Sino-

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Tibetan group are found largely in Myanmar,while forms of the Tai group are spokeni n Tha i la nd and Laos . Au s t ro -As ia t i clanguages are spoken in Cambodia, Laos,and Vietnam. The languages of Malaysia,Indonesia, and the Philippines are rooted in anAustronesian and Polynesian stock. Despite thisbroad generalization, it must be noted thatinnumerable separate languages as wellas dialects are used in the region. Thislinguistic diversity is especially conspicuous infragmented areas such as the Philippines andIndonesia and in highland and remote areas onthe mainland, and it has been a retarding factorin national integration and development.Notable in this regard is Myanmar.

Dominant languages do exist in most ofthe nations. Burmese and Thai are spoken bylarge groups of people in Myanmar andThailand, respectively. Similarly, Khmer is theprimary language in Cambodia, as isVietnamese in Vietnam. Within the Philippines,Pilipino(Filipino) and English are the officiallanguages, but Tagalog and Visayan also areimportant . Ma lay and Indones ian a re,respectively, the official languages of Malaysiaand Indonesia; these languages are quite similarand are mutually intelligible. Indonesian is agood example of a true national language andis spoken widely across the archipelago. Thus,unlike in Myanmar, language actually has beena unifying element in the country.

Although Javanese had a far richerliterary tradition than did Malay, none had thelatter’s widespread social and geographicaldiffusion, and none could challenge its authorityas the ideal medium for the vernacularizationof Islam.

Its role as a language of Islam is alsomade evident by the well-nigh universal use ofa form of the Arabic script for its writtentransmission up to modern times, supplantinga script of Indic derivation that had been usedfor inscriptions before the coming of Islam.

Other languages that accepted the Arabic scriptincludeTaosug and Maranouw from the southernPhilippines, and it was also used alongsidescripts derived from Indian syllabaries forwriting Javanese and Sundanese.

There is only one example of the use ofan Indic script for an already Islamized Malay.This is found on a tombstone from MinyeTujuhin Aceh marking the grave of a Queen Alalah,daughter of a Sultan Malik al-Zahir, who was akhan and a son of a khan (the title suggests aforeign origin). Dated in the equivalent of 1389ce, it is written in an Indian script, and possiblyin an Indian meter; if this is so, it shows aremarkable skill, even at this early period, inusing Arabic loanwords within the requirementsof Indic meters. The Malay inscription on theTrengganu stone, it will be recalled, was writtenin the Arabic script. The fact that there is a gapof almost two centuries between this tombstoneand the earliest surviving manuscripts simplyemphasizes how arbitrary are the constellationsof chance that provide material for knowledgeof the progress and forms of Islam in the region.By the seventeenth century Malay had absorbeda rich stratum of Arabic loanwords and theacceptance of Arabic structures, along with someelements of Arabic morphology, provides strikingevidence of the permeation of the region by anIslamic ethos and its modulation to theexpression of Islamic ideas. Many of these ideasrelate to religious matters, for example, thoserelating to the ritual prayer, marriage, divorce,and inheritance. Some Arabic words haveundergone a narrowing: that is to say, they havelost a general meaning and kept only a religiousone. Others range from technical terms, relatingto religious matters and the administration ofreligious law, or terms of medicine, architecture,and the sciences, to the most common everydayexpressions. Sometimes the words are sothoroughly assimilated that they would passunrecognized unless one were able to identifythem as Arabic by following through the



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patterns of sound change that Malay imposeson the loanwords it absorbs. Most remarkableis the adoption of an Arabic word to refer to localsystems of culture, law, and traditionalusage: adat (Arab., ¾˜adah ). In fact, theconcept identified by the word is socharacteristically Malay that it would not berecognized as an Arabic word unless its originwere pointed out. The number of common Arabicwords in Malay—whether borrowed directlyfrom Arabic or indirectly from other languagessuch as Persian—is well over a thousand. Withthe growing intensity of Islamic awareness sincethe 1980s, the number continues to increase asindividuals respond to an increasing need todemonstrate their Muslim identity.

It is not only Malay that has received alarge corpus of Arabic loanwords; the same istrue of many of the Malay-related languages inSumatra, Java, and Borneo, notably Javanese,Sundanese, Madurese, Acehnese, andMinangkabau. The establishment of Muslimcommunities in the Philippines likewise broughtnumbers of loanwords to various Philippinelanguages. In Tagalog the number is relativelysmall, but in the southern Philippines, whereMuslim communities are concentrated, they aremore numerous.

A fragment of a stone pillar inscribed inMalay in Arabic script which may be datedbetween 1321 and 1380—a fragment of theinscription is missing—marks the presence of aMuslim community. By the fifteenth centurythere is sporadic but more substantial evidenceof Muslims in the East Javanese empire ofMajapahit, again from gravestones. Probablythey belonged to communities of merchants, butthis too is hardly more than surmise. Just as therewere Muslims in Java, there is evidence thatthere were Muslims in the great Buddhist empireof Srivijaya based on South Sumatra, an empirethat thrived on trade and maintained closerelations with China and India.

This absorption of Arabic words in large

measure derived from the study of Arabic workson the fundamental Islamic disciplines ofQur¾˜anic exegesis, traditions, andjurisprudence, as well as bkf+practice andspirituality i.e., tafs+r, %ad+th, fiqh, andtacawwuf. It is only from the late sixteenthcentury that manuscripts from these traditionssurvive, whether in Arabic or in Malay or otherregional languages such as Javanese. The Arabicmanuscripts, some doubtless copied on theinstructions of, or at least the permission of, ateacher in the Muslim Holy Land are of variouslevels of difficulty. Of works of tafs+r, that knownas Al-Jallayn is the most popular.

In fact it contains multum in parvo andis an excellent work for early levels of study,ideally suited for students who, though trainedin an Islamic school, are not native speakers ofArabic. After Al-Jallayn, al-Bay w+’s Anwr al-tanz+l takes pride of place, followed by al-Khzin’s Lubb al-ta¾˜w+lf+ ma¿n+ al-tanz+l.There are in addition fragments of bkf+commentaries, including al-Bayhaq+’s Kitb al-tahdh+bf+ al-tafs+rcopied in 1652.

An important figure of state, Shams al-D+n was the author of a significant corpus ofwritings in both Arabic and Malay. He is in factthe first local author known to have writtenoriginal works in Arabic, a tradition which waslong to continue. The single most important workthat he used as the basis for his teaching was asummary of the key ideas of Ibn al-¿Arab+’ssystem set out in a framework of seven gradesof being proceeding from the undifferentiatedAbsolute through six manifestations to thePerfect Man first formulated by theIndian ¿lim Mu%ammadibnFadl Allah (d. 1590)and effectively displaced that of al-J+l+, whichhad been used by $amzahFanckr+.

By the second half of the seventeenthcentury, ¿Abd al-Ra¾kf (1615–1690) hadprepared a full rendering of the Jallayn tafs+r inMalay. It was extended by one of his students,Dwkd al-Rkm+, by selections from the qir¾t



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literature and citations from the tafs+r s of al-Khzinand al-Bay w+. It is still reprinted with themisattribution on the cover title Tafs+r al-Bayw+. This rendering into Malay of the Jallaynmeans in effect that there was a fullvernacularization of the Qur¾n in Malay, albeitembedded in an authoritative commentarybefore the end of the seventeenth century.

There are a number of similar court anddynasty based histories of the states of theMalay peninsula. Despite Arabic words in theirtitles, however, many of them have more incommon with the Malay folk tradition than ofArabo-Persian historiography. In fact, up to thelate nineteenth century only in a few cases didworks of this kind develop with the concern fordate and fact that characterizes Muslimhistoriography as a whole. One is the historicalwriting of Nkr al-D+n al-Rn+r+, an itinerantscholar of Gujarati origin (an illustration of thesignificant role expatriate ¿ulam ¾ played in thereligious life of the region). …

There are sophisticated programs inIslamic studies at university level, and in 1983was founded the International Islamic Universityat Kuala Lumpur.It has established itself as ahigh quality institution with faculties across thedisciplines alongside Islamic revealedknowledge and human sciences, Arabic,fiqh and uckl al-fiqh. It has a highly trained andinternationally qualified staff, and over tenthousand students. Languages of instruction areArabic and English.Conclusion

Numerous languages also have beenintroduced into the region by immigrantpopulations. Perhaps most significant are thevariety of dialects spoken by the Chinesecommunities in many Southeast Asian countries.The most commonly used are Cantonese,Hokkien, Hakka, and Teochew, reflecting thesouthern Chinese coastal origins of many of theimmigrants. The largest concentration ofChinese speakers is in Singapore, where

they constitute the majority population.Concentrations of ethnic Chinese also live inmost of the larger urban areas of the region.Indian immigrants also are numerous and areassociated with the economic development ofseveral Southeast Asian nations. Their role aslabourers on the rubber plantations of Malaysiais well known, and Tamil and Hindi speakers formsignificant minorities in the country. Indiancommunities also are scattered throughout theregion and are especially conspicuousinconspicuousin Singapore and Myanmar.

References:1)Abu-Absi, Samir. “The Modernization

of Arabic: Problems and Prospects,”Anthropological Linguistics, Fall 1986, 337-348.

2)Hefner, Robert, W. Hindu Javanese.Tengger Tradition and Islam. Princeton,N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1985.

3) Keeler, Ward. Javanese Shadow Plays,Javanese Selfs. Princeton, N.J.: PrincetonUniversity Press, 1987

4) Cowan, J. Milton, ed. Arabic-EnglishDictionary: The Hans Wehr Dictionary of ModernWritten Arabic, 4th ed. Ithaca, New York: SpokenLanguage Services, Inc., 1994, 951-52.

5) Alan S. Kaye, “Adaptations of ArabicScript,” in Peter T. Daniels and William Bright,eds. The World’s Writing Systems. New York andOxford: Oxford University Press, 1996 743-62

6 )Ibrahim, Ahmad; Siddique, Sharon; andHussain, Yasmin, eds. Readings on Islam inSoutheast Asia. Singapore: Institute of SoutheastAsian Studies, 1985.

7)Cannon, Garland. The ArabicContributions to the English Language: AnHistorical Dictionary. Alan S. Kaye, Collaborator. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1994.



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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IS NEED INSEVEN DISTRICT OF HARYANA: A

GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS

SANTOSH KUMARAssistant Professor,Govt. College Barota

NISHAM.Phil, Deptt. Of Geography,

Maharshi Dayanand University Rohtak

==============***********===============ABSTRACT

The Present study covered Haryanastate. Haryana is a landlocked state of India liesin northern part. This study fulfils the followingobjectives. (1) To find out why Haryana farmersswitch Paddy to maize. (2) To find outagricultural schemes in Haryana. The presentstudy has been conducted on secondary data,collected from Economic survey of Haryana.Data is analyzed with the help of generalstatistical techniques and ARC GIS 9.3 software.The Haryana government has implemented anumber of schemes which have led to thedevelopment of the farmer of Haryana.KEYWORDS: Agricultural schemes, Jal Hi JeevanHai.STUDY AREA

The Present study has been conductedon Haryana state. Haryana is a landlocked stateof India lies in northern part. It is bounded onthe north-west by the state of Punjab and theUnion Territory of Chandigarh, on the north andnorth-east by the states of HimachalPradesh and Uttarakhand, on the east by thestate of Uttar Pradesh and the Union Territoryof Delhi, and on the south and south-west bythe state of Rajasthan. It is located between

27°37' to 30°53' N latitude and between 74°28'and 77°36' E longitude. The name of Haryana isderived from Hari (the Hindu god Vishnu)and ayana (home), means “The Abode of God”.The total geographical area of Haryana is 44,212square kilometre. Haryana is a small State with2.53 Lakh (Census of India 2011) Population. Foradministrative purposes, the State has beendivided into 22 Districts.Map no.1 Haryana

OBJECTIVESThe present study has been carried out

to fulfil following objectives:1) To find out why Haryana farmers

switch Paddy to maize.2) To find out agricultural schemes in

Haryana.DATA SOURCE AND METHODOLOGY

An analytical study has been carried outto obtain the above mentioned objectives. Thepresent study has been based on secondarydata, collected from Economic survey of Haryana2015-16 and Haryana Statistical abstract 2015-16. An attempt has been made to highlight thedata by using appropriate tables and maps. Datais analyzed with the help of general statisticaltechniques and ARC GIS 9.3 software.INTRODUCATION

The Haryana government hasimplemented a number of schemes which haveled to the development of the farmer of Haryana.Jal hi Jeevan Hai scheme is for replacement ofPaddy by Maize and other crops in 7 dark zone

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blocks. The farmers of seven districts of Haryanaincluding Ambala, Kurukshetra, Jind, Kaithal,Karnal, Sonipat and Yamunanagar have shownMap: Seven Dark Zone District of Haryana

A keen interest in crop diversificationscheme called ‘Jal Hi Jeevan Hai’ of the Haryanagovernment which promotes to diversify paddyarea into maize, arhar dal and soybean. Underthis pilot scheme, the government initially keptthe target of diversifying 50,000 hectares ofpaddy in particular selected blocks of sevendistricts. The farmers who are registering underthis scheme want the government to fulfil itspromise and procure the production of maize,soybean and arhar dal on the minimum supportprice (MSP). Due to continuous paddy growingin the State, about 1 meter of water table isdepleting per year. By diversifying the area ofnon-basmati paddy into maize under thisscheme, the total saving of water is expectedto be 0.71 crore cm (1 cm = 1 lakh litres ofwater). Haryana over the years has led to 60dark zones in the State, which include 21 criticalones in 10 districts.REASONS FOR DEPLETIONIncreased demand: for water for domestic,industrial and agricultural needs and limitedsurface water resources lead to the over-exploitation of groundwater resources.Limited storage facilities: owing to the hard rockterrain, along with the added disadvantage oflack of rainfall, especially in north-central Indianstates.

Green Revolution: enabled water-intensivecrops to be grown in drought-prone/ waterdeficit regions, leading to over-extraction ofgroundwater.Frequent pumping: of water from the groundwithout waiting for its replenishment leads toquick depletion.Subsidies: on electricity and high MSP for water-intensive crops are also leading reasons fordepletion.OBJECTIVES OF THE SCHEME:

· To reduce the area of water guzzlingcrops in Haryana.

· Induction of technological innovationfor establishing alternate crops for sustainableagriculture.

· To introduce Resource conservation.· To restore ground water table.· To control soil fatigue because of rice-

wheat cycle and introduce soil conservative andmicronutrients balanced crop for the soil.

· To shift the farmer from paddy wheatcycle and give more profitable crop options tothe farmers.

· Ensure purchase of produce of thisdiversified area through MSP and also givefarmer input support and cover his risk byinsuring them completely under PMFBY bypaying their insurance premium by theGovernment with an overall objective ofincreasing farmers’ income which will stepforward in achieving ‘doubling of farmers’income goal.AGRICULTURAL SCHEMES FOR FARMER INHARYANA

For the development of agriculture inHaryana, the Haryana government hasimplemented a number of schemes which haveled to the development of the farmer of Haryana.Which are as follows:-

1) Crop Diversification2) Training camps (State Level Kisan

Mela, District Level Kisan Mela and Block LevelGhosti)



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3) Pardhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojna4) Soil health card5) Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)6) National Food Security Mission

(NFSM)7) Direct Seeding of Rice (DSR)8) On-farm Water Management

programme9) Distribution of certified seeds through

outlets of Institutional Agencies such asMINIBANKS, HAFED, HLRDC and HAIC etc.

10) Land reclamation scheme (watersaving technology)

11) Sub mission of agriculturalmechanization (swam)

12) National mission on sustainableagriculture.

13) Jal hi Jeevan Hai.CONCLUSION

The Haryana government hasimplemented a number of schemes which haveled to the development of the farmer of Haryana.Haryana government has decided to discouragepaddy crop sowing as the State was staring at awater crisis due to depleting groundwater level.During the 1970s, maize and pulses were majorcrops in Haryana, but they have been replacedby water-guzzling crops such as paddy andwheat.

REFERENCES1) Economic Survey of Haryana2) Haryana Statistical abstract3) Haryana vision 20304) State of Indian agriculture5) http://agriharyana.gov.in/assets/

images/schemes/BriefWriteup2015-16.pdf6) http://esaharyana.gov.in7) TOI

Impact of GST on Small &Medium Enterprises

Dr. K. N. ShewaleHOD Dept. of Comm.,

Y D V D Arts, Comm & Science CollegeTeosa, Dist- Amrvati

==============***********===============Abstract

Tax system in India is Very old andprominent System Goods and Services Tax ismeant to bring every indirect form of tax underone roof. Ease of doing business removescascading effect reduces the tax burden on newbusinesses . Improved logistics and fasterdelivery of services are some of the positivepoint of the newly implemented of goods andservices tax. Currently the total tax levied bythe central and state government add upto 32%but with the implementation of GST the businessowners have to pay a much lower tax of around18-22 percent.

At present the total tax collection in Indiais around 14.5 lakh grove of which 34% is indirecttax. Indirect taxes include service tax ,stampduty, customs duty, VAT etc. It refers to thecollection of tax indirectly by the governmentof India. In most of the developing countries theshare of indirect tax is higher than the directtax. However in the developed countries theshare of indirect tax is much lower. Thereforethe new GST implementation will allow theGovernment to have a better grip on the taxpayers. This should be capable of evolving theentire tax system.How will GST help small to mediumenterprises ?

GST is meant to bring every indirect formof tax under one roof. For small and medium

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sized business, owners or manufacturers haveto take care of different taxes and have to runto various departments to fulfill all the taxrelated documentation. Some file differenttaxes biannually, annually, half yearly etc. Themore departments the more is the harassment.Currently the total tax levied by the central andthe state government add upto 32%, but withthe implementation of GST, the business ownershave to pay much lower tax of around 18-22percent. Morever , they do not have to paydifferent taxes to various departments it makethe job very much easier for every businessowner.Direct Impact of GST on Small and mediumenterprises:-

GST will help and ease the process ofstarting a business in India. Earlier, everybusiness in India was required to obtain VATregistration, which differ in every state and therules ans the regulation are different. Thus itwas a very confusing procedure, However underGST the business have to only register for GSTwhich will have a centralized process, similarto service tax.

Currently for any business it ismandatory to make a VAT payment if the annualturnover is more than 5 lakh in few states and10 lakh in few other states. This difference invarious states Greates confusion. Under GST abusiness does not have to register or collect GSTif the annual turnover is 10 lakh. This isapplicable to every state. This will allow manysmall business which have a turnover between5-10 lakh to avoid applying for the GST return.

GST allows small and medium businessto do business with ease in India due to the lesscomplexity. The distinction between the servicesand goods will be gone, and this will makecompliance easier.Conclusion :- Goods and service tax with endto end it enabled tax mechanism is likely to bringbuoyancy to government revenue. It is expectedthat the malicious activity of tax theft will goaway under goods and service. Tax regime inorder to benefit both government as well as theconsumer.



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ImpactFactor


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Ekgkjk”Vªkpk vkS|ksfxd fodkl

ikVhy lqy{k.kk Hkkjrla’kks/kd fo|kfFkZuh]

lkekftd’kkL=s ladqy Lok-jk-rh-e-fo|kihB ukansM

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egkjk”Vª jkT;kph LFkkiuk 1 es 1960 yk>kyh i.k egkjk”Vª jkT;kP;k LFkkius vxksnjp Eg.kts19 O;k ‘krdkP;k mÙkjk/kkZr fczfV’k dky[kazMkrpegkjk”VªkP;k vkS|ksfxd fodklkyk lq#okr >kyh-fczfV’kkauh R;kaP;k lks;hlkBh lqrfxj.;k] dkiMdkj[kkus] dkp] eqnz.k] ouLirh] /kkrw] vkS”k/ks] lkSan;Zizlk/kus bR;knh m|ksx egkjk”Vªkr lq# >kys gksrs- eqacbZrs Bk.ks gh ns’kkrhy ifgyh jsYos] yksgekxZ vkf.ktyekxZ gh egkjk”Vªkrp lq# dj.;kr vkys gksrs-nksu tkxfrd m|ksxkP;k dkGkr egkjk”VªkP;kvkS|ksfxdhdj.kkpk osx vf/kd ok<yk vlsgh Eg.krk;sbZy- eksBÓkk m|ksxklkscrp gLrdyk] eRL;ks|ksx]rkaC;k&firGsph HkkaMh b- lkj[ks y?kw vkf.k dqVhjm|ksxkps dsanzhdj.k egkjk”VªkP;k dkgh Hkkxkr >kys-egkjk”VªkPks HkkSxksfydn”VÓkk lgk Hkkxkr oxhZdj.k djrk;sbZy- ejkBokMk] fonHkZ] dksd.k] e/; egkjk”Vª][kkuns’k] eqacbZ] Lokra™;iwoZ dkG vkf.k Lokra™;kuarjpkdkG egkjk”Vªkrhy iq.ks] eqacbZ] ukf’kd] ukxiwj] dksd.k;k Hkkxkrp m|ksxkps dsanzhdj.k >kys- jkT;kP;k ,dw.kyksdla[;siSdh 25 rs 30 VDds yksdla[;k ;kHkkxkr jkgrs- ns’kkP;k 30 VDds is{kk tkrh vkS|ksfxdmRiUu egkjk”Vªkr fuekZ.k >kys vkgs- egkjk”Vªkrhylw{e] y?kw] e/;e] eksBÓkk m|ksxkcn~nyph ekfgrhizLrqr ys[kkr vH;kl.;kr vkyh vkgs-Lka’kks/kukph mfÌ”Vs

1½ egkjk”VªkP;k vkS|ksfxd fodklkcn~ny Kku

izkIr dj.ks-2½ egkjk”Vªkrhy lw{e] y?kw] e/;e] eksBÓkk

m|ksxkcn~ny ekfgrh ?ks.ks-Xk `fgrd

Ekgkjk”Vª vkS|ksfxd izxrhP;k n“Vhus lokZarfodflr jk”Vª Eg.kwu vksG[kys tkr vlys rjhegkjk”Vªkpk vkS|ksfxd fodkl gk ,dkp fBdk.khdsanzhr >kyk vkgs-Lka’kks/ku i)rh

lkekftd la’kks/kukrhy f}rh;d ladyui)rhpk mi;ksx izLrqr la’kks/kuklkBh dj.;kr ;s.kkjvkgs- ;kr lanHkZ xzaFk] ys[k] ekfld] la’kks/ku izca/k]‘kkldh; vkdMsokjh o vgoky bR;knhapk vk/kkj?ks.;kr vkyk vkgs-vkS|ksfxd fodklkpk vFkZ

,[kk|k izns’kkP;k vkfFkZd fodklkl xrhns.;kph izfØ;k Eg.kwu ^vkS|ksfxd fodkl* vkf.k^vkS|ksfxdj.k* ;k nksu ‘kCnkauk leku vFkkZus fopkjkr?ksrys tkrs-

^^vkS|ksfxdhdj.kkeqGs gh vkfFkZd fodklkphv’kh i)r vkgs] T;kr laiw.kZ vFkZO;oLFksP;k o)hpknj vf/kd Bso.;kP;k n“Vhus ns’kkrhy lalk/kukpkcgqrsd Hkkx] v|;kor ra=Kku vkf.k m|ksxkrhyfofo/krk fodlhr dj.;kr ;srs vkf.k vkfFkZd&lkekftd ekxklysi.kkoj ekr dsyh tkrs-**1

jkT;kr vkfFkZd fodklkP;k n“Vhus osxosxGÓkkek/;ekrwu iz;Ru gksr vkgsr- jkT;kr —”kh] lsokvkf.k m|ksxkrwu jkT;kpk fodkl dj.;klkBh iz;Rudsyk vkgs- lu 2009&10 P;k okf”k Zdvgokykuqlkj jkT;kP;k ,dw.k mRiUukr —”kh {ks=kpkokVk 60 VDds vkgs- lsok {ks= 10-5 VDds rjm|ksxkpk okVk 29-9 VDds brdk vkgs- ekxP;kdkgh n’kdkr m|ksxkpk vkS|ksfxd fodkl o jkT;krfuekZ.k >kysyk jkstxkj iq<hyizek.ks ikgrk ;sbZy-rDrk Ø-1egkjk”VªkrY;k pkyw dkj[kkU;kaph la[;k ojkstxkj ¼lu 2004&05½

19



ImpactFactor


®

L=ksr % egkjk”Vªkph vkfFkZd ikg.kh] 2006&07ojhy rDR;kr egkjk”VªkP;k pkyw dkj[kkU;kph

vkdMsokjh vkf.k jkstxkj fu;ehr ok<r vlY;kpsfnlwu ;srs- 1961 e/;s ,dw.k dkj[kkU;kaph la[;k8233 rj 788 gtkj vkgs- rj 2005&06Ik;Zar dkj[kkU;kaph la[;k 30385 brdh vkgs-1258 gtkj Ik;Zar ok<yh vkgs- 50 o”kkZaP;k Qjdkuarjdkj[kkU;kaph la[;k o jkstxkj ;kr nqiVhis{kk tkLrok< >kY;kps fnlwu vkys-2

lu 2012&13 P;k okf”kZd ikg.khuqlkjHkkjrkr ,dw.k uksan.kh—r m|ksxke/;s egkjk”Vªkpk okVk13-03 VDds] fLFkj HkkaMoy okVk 15-82 VDds ofuOoG ewY; o)hryk okVk 20-98 VDds gksrk-rj 1991 rs 2010 ;k dkyko/khryk izLrkforxqaro.kwd o jkstxkrhy okVk 10 o 15 VDds brdkgksrk- ;k egkjk”Vªkus 84 gtkj dksVh fons’kh xqaro.kwddsyh vkgs- HkkjrkP;k vkS|ksfxdhdj.kkph lq#okr1854 e/;s LFkkiu >kysY;k ifgY;k dkiM fxj.khus?kkryk vkgs- ;kuarj eqacbZ dkiM m|ksxkps dsanzLFkkuEg.kwu vksG[kys tkÅ ykxys- ns’kkrhy ,dw.k 611dkiM fxj.;kaiSdh 104 fxj.;k egkjk”Vªkr vkgsr-R;kiSdh 54 fxj.;k ,dVÓkk eqacbZr vkgsr- jkT;krhy,dw.k jkstxkjkiSdh 50 VDds jkstxkj ,dVÓkk eqacbZrvkgs- 1971 rs 1984 ;k dkGkr fotsoj pky.kkÚ;kdkj[kkU;kaph la[;k 78 VDds gksrh- ;krwu fnyktk.kkjk jkstxkj 27 VDds gksrk- rj fotsf’kok;pky.kkÚ;k m|ksxkph la[;k 1961 e/;s 6300gksrh- 1984 e/;s 3200 brds m|ksx fuekZ.k>kys-3

jkT;kP;k vkS|ksfxd izxrhe/;s dqVhj o y?kwm|ksxkyk okVk gk frrdkp egÙokpk vkgs- dkj.kns’kkP;k o Ik;kZ;kus jkT;kP;k vkS|ksfxd fodklkr

eksBÓkk m|ksxkbrdsp y?kqm|ksxkaukgh egÙo vkgs- Eg.kwupizR;sd iapokf”kZd ;kstuk o fu;kstu dkGkr y?kwm|ksxkauk egÙokps LFkku fnys tkrs- eksBÓkk m|ksxkis{kky?kw m|ksxkrwu csjkstxkjh deh dj.;kr vf/kd ;’kfeGrs- jkT;kr 1961 yk 4860 y?kwm|ksx] 1971e/;s y?kw m|ksxkph la[;k 21838] 1985 e/;s111786 brds y?kw m|ksx gksrs-4 lu 2010&11Ik;Zar y?kw m|ksxkph 1989 P;k nqiVhP;k Qjdkusn’kZfoyh xsyh- rj 2011&12 e/;s gh la[;k28215 brdh vkgs- 2012&13 e/;s 28949]lu 2013&14 e/;s 29123 m|ksx n’kZfoys xsys-lu 2014&15 vkS|ksfxd cnykP;k /kksj.kkeqGsm|ksxkP;k la[;sr ?kV gksÅu 28601 brdh la[;kuksanoyh xsyh-5 gh vkdMsokjh y?kqm|ksxkps ok<rsegÙo vkf.k vFkZO;oLFksrhy egÙo n’kZfo.kkjh vkgs-rDrk dz-2

Sourcewww.msmedimumbai.govi.in, www.lib.unipune.ac.in

Okjhy rDrk jkT;krhy lw{e] y?kw o e/;eo eksBÓkk m|ksxkph fLFkrh n’kZfors- ,dw.k vkdMsokjhfoHkkxfugk; cnyr xsyh vkgs- jkT;kr lokZf/kd,dw.k m|ksx eqacbZ] iq.ks] dksd.k] ukf’kd foHkkxkrvkgsr rj vejkorh ftYgÓkkr ,dw.k loZp m|ksxkphderjrk fnlwu vkyh-

Ekgkjk”Vª vkS|ksfxd {ks=kr vk?kkMhps jkT;vlys rjh jkT;kr m|ksxkpk lerksy fopkj >kykukgh- ns’kkP;k ,dw.k vkfFkZd fu;kZrhP;k 30 VDdsokVk ,dVÓkk egkjk”Vªkpk vkgs- egkjk”Vªkrwu gks.kkÚ;kfu;kZrhr izkeq[;kus fgjs] lax.kd lkfgR;] diMs]nkfxus] lqrh dkiM bR;knh ?kVdkapk lekos’k gksrks-egkjk”Vªkrwu o ns’kkrwu gks.kkjh fu;kZr iq<hyrDR;ke/kwu n’kZfo.;kr vkyh vkgs-

v-Ø- Ok”ksZ dkj[kkU;kaph la[;k

jk stxkj ¼gtkjkr½

1 1961 8233 788

2 1971 10241 988

3 1981 16594 1192

4 1991 24119 1169 5 2001 28324 1201

6 2005 30385 1258

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2 dksd.k foHkkx 3851 3382 99 777 8109

3 Ikq.ks foHkkx 17956 4877 90 766 23689 4 Ukkf’kd foHkkx 5628 1776 26 256 7686

5 vkSjaxkckn 2628 854 16 269 3828

6 vejkorh foHkkx 1480 402 01 70 1953

7 Ukkxiwj 4033 849 20 276 5178 ,dw.k 37966 13981 316 2635 54879



ImpactFactor


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rDrk dz-3egkjk”Vª o Hkkjrkrwu >kysyh fu;kZr ¼dksVh#i;s½

L=ksr % egkjk”Vªkph vkfFkZd ikg.kh 2004&05 rs2016&17 i-50] 117

ojhy rDR;kr ,dw.k ns’kkrhy o egkjk”VªkP;kfu;kZrhrhy vkdMsokjh n’kZfo.;kr vkyh vkgs-,dw.k 17 o”kkZaP;k dky[kaMkr fu;kZr nj gk 30 rs40 brdk ljkljh jkfgyk vkgs- rj ckdh ns’kkrhybrj Hkkxkrwu gks.kkjh fu;kZr gh 60% vkgs-

ns’kkP;k ,dw.k vkS|ksfxd mRiknukr egkjk”VªkpkvkS|ksfxd fodkl ikgrk egkjk”Vªkrhy ,dw.k vkS|ksfxdfodkl gk iq.ks] eqacbZ] Bk.ks] ukf’kd] ukxiwj ;k ikpHkkxkiqjrkp e;kZfnr jkfgyk vkgs- fu;kZrhph lqfo/kk]dPpk eky] Je’kDrh] HkkaMoykps dsanzhdj.k ;kHkkxkr >kys vlY;keqGs m|ksx ;kp Hkkxkr dsafnzr>kys vkgsr- Hkkjr ljdkjus laiw.kZ ns’kkrhy vkS|ksfxdn“VÓkk ekxklysY;k 247 ftYgÓkkph ;knh tkghjdsyh vkgs- R;kr egkjk”VªkrY;k vkSjaxkckn] HkaMkjk]

chM] panziwj] dqykck] /kqGs] tGxko] ukansM] mLekukckn]ijHk.kh] jRukfxjh] ;orekG ;k 13 ftYgÓkkapkghlekos’k gksrks-7 jkT;kP;k [kqY;k vFkZO;oLFksP;k/kksj.kkpkgh Qkjlk izHkko iMyk ukgh- egkjk”VªkP;kvkS|ksfxd foLrkjkiSdh cgUeaqcbZ] Bk.ks] iq.ks gk ifjlj{ks=QGkP;k n“Vhus 84% vkgs- jkT;kP;k 25%yksdla[;k ;k izns’kkr jkgrs- jkT;krhy lqekjs 70%dkj[kkus ;kp Hkkxkr vkgsr- rj ,dw.k jkstxkjkiSdhlqekjs 62% jkstxkj 69% HkkaMoy mRiknukP;kLFkwy ewY;kaiSdh lqekjs 82% ewY; ;kfBdk.kh dsafnzrvkgs- jkT;krhy o”kZfugk; lq{e] y?kw] e/;emidzekrhy jkstxkj o xqaro.kwd iq<hyizek.ks n’kZfo.;krvkyh vkgs-rDrk dz-4o”kZfugk; lw{e] y?kw o e/;e miØekrhyxqaro.kwd o jkstxkj

L=ksr % egkjk”Vªkph vkfFkZd ikg.kh] lanHkZ ,e-,-dksyrs

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v-dz- Ok”ksZ Ekgkjk”Vª Hkkjr

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7 2006&07 142944 ¼27-0%½

571779

8 2007&08 172846 ¼27-00%½

640172

9 2008&09 & &

10 2009&10 228184 ¼27-00%½

845125

11 2010&11 308515 ¼27-00%½

1142649

12 2011&12 394005 ¼23-37%½

1446766

13 2012&13 361460 ¼23-74%½

1546766

14 2013&14 434591 ¼23-87%½

1831009

15 2014&15 445349 ¼4145349%½

1665589

16 2015&16 436435 ¼25-27%½

1714617

uksOgsacj 2016 295976 ¼25-27%½

1171151

Ok”k Z Lkw{e] y?kw o e/;e miØe Xkqaro.kwd jk stxkj 2007&08 10244 22881 1-39

2008&09 11682 3295 1-71 2009&10 11896 3028 1-50 2010&11 14496 5563 1-87 2011&12 15606 4443 2-07

2012&13 16136 5455 2-06 2013&14 19814 6358 2-48 2014&15 36992 7180 3-50 lIVsa- 2006 20220 4090 1-66



ImpactFactor


®

L=ksr % egkjk”Vªkph vkfFkZd ikg.kh lIVsa-2015] lanHkZ,e-,- dksyrs] 2017] egkjk”Vªkph vFkZO;oLFkk] i-164

ojhy rDR;kr Lkw{e] y?kw o e/;e miØekphla[;k o jkstxkj ;kaph VDdsokjh n’kZfo.;kr vkyhvkgs- ;kr laiw.kZ jkT;krhy m|ksx midzekr dzekad,d iq.ks foHkkx vkgs- ;kfBdk.kh Lkw{e] y?kw oe/;e miØekph ,dw.k la[;k 92233 brdhvkgs- gs izek.k jkT;kr 37-8 VDds brds vkgs rj;krwu 110-05 VDds jkstxkj Eg.kts jkT;kP;k ,dw.kizek.kkr 34-4 VDds jkstxkj fuekZ.k >kyk vkgs- rjlokZr deh m|ksxkph uksan vejkorh foHkkxkr 14510brdh vlwu gs izek.k 5-9 VDds brds vkgs- ;kfoHkkxkr m|ksxkrwu fuekZ.k >kysyk jkstxkj 1-14VDds vkgs o jkT;kP;k ,dw.k jkstxkjkP;k VDdsokjhrQDr 3-9 VDds jkstxkj m|ksxkrwu fuekZ.k >kykvkgs- ;ko#u jkT;krhy m|ksxkP;k lanHkkZrhy fo”keoxhZdj.k y{kkr ;srs-fu”d”kZ

1½ egkjk”Vª vkS|ksfxd fodklkr izxr jkT;vkgs- HkkjrkP;k vkS|ksfxd fodklkrgh egkjk”VªphokVk egÙokpk vkgs-

2½ jkT;krhy vkS|ksfxd o vkfFkZd fodklnjgk pkaxyk vlyk rjh gk fodklnj lerksy ukgh-laiw.kZ jkT;Hkj vkS|ksfxd fodkl u lk/krk rks eqacbZ]iq.ks] ukf’kd] dksd.k ;kp Hkkxkr dsanzhr >kyk vkgs-

3½ jkT; ljdkj egkjk”Vª vkS|ksfxd fodklegkeaMG] egkjk”Vª y?kq m|ksx fodkl egkeaMG],elhbZMh] ,ebZMhlh bR;knhaP;k ek/;ekrwu vkS|ksfxdfodkl lk/k.;kP;k n“Vhus iz;Ru’khy vkgs-

4½ vkS|ksfxd fodklkP;k n“Vhus jkT;krloZ= iz;Ru gks.ks o vkS|ksfxd fodklklkBh vko’;dvl.kkÚ;k ik;kHkwr lqfo/kk] dPpk eky] ik.kh] oht]

okgrwd o cktkjisBk ;ke/;s eksBÓkk izek.kkr ok<gks.ks vko’;d vkgs-

lanHkZ1½ izk-lkS-jktsJh vkIikjko ¼tkusokjh 2011½]êgkjk”Vªkph vFkZO;oLFkk*] v#.kk izdk’ku]ykrwj] i-802½ lh-,u- pkScs ¼uksOgsa- 2015½] egkjk”VªkrhyvkS|ksfxd fodkl ,d vH;kl*] bafM;ujk”Vªh; fjlpZ tuZy] i-13½ Hkkysjko fude [kkp.ks ¼twu 1993½]êgkjk”Vªkph vFkZO;oLFkk*] fo|k cqDlifCy’klZ] vkSjaxiwjk] vkSjaxkckn] i-464½ fdÙkk] i-545½ ,e-,e- dksyrs ¼fMlsa-2017½] egkjk”VªkphvFkZO;oLFkk*] fiaiGkiqjs vWUm da-ifCy’klZ]ukxiwj] i-1606½ www.shodhganga.com7½ dqyd.khZ egs’k ¼2000½] Ô;olk;iz’kklu&ladYiuk vkf.k leL;k*] fujkyhizdk’ku] iq.ks] i-238½ www.shodhganga.com

v-Ø- foHkkx Lkw{e] y?kw o e/;e miØe VDdsokjh jkstxkj VDdsokjh 1 eqacbZ o miuxjs 24786 10-2 4-05 13-9

2 dksd.k foHkkx 39269 16-1 6-32 21-7

3 Ikq.ks foHkkx 27458 11-3 3-15 10-8

4 Ukkf’kd foHkkx 92233 37-8 10-05 34-4 5 vkSjaxkckn 18175 7-7 1-93 6-6 6 vejkorh foHkkx 14510 5-9 1-14 3-9

7 Ukkxiwj 26714 11-00 2-55 8-7 ,dw.k 243721 100% 29-19 100%



ImpactFactor


®

tyO;oLFkkikukrhy mR—”V lk/kutkxth ;sFkhy ßy{ehrhFkZ ckjoÞ

MkW- eatq”kk eqdqanjko ckctsRksj.kk egkfo|ky; mLekukckn

==============***********===============izLrkouk %&

ekuokP;k ewyHkwr xjtk Eg.kts gok] ik.kh]vUu vkf.k fuokjk ;k xjtkaf’kok; ekuokps vfLrRov’kD; vkgs- ekuoh olkgr rFkk ekuoh thou gsizkeq[;kus tylkfu/;kr fodflr >kys Eg.kwuik.;kyk thou vls EgVys tkrs- ik.kh Eg.ktsthou gs izkphu dkGkiklwu vki.k ikgrks dh ekuoizkeq[;kus unhP;k toG fdaok miunhP;k dkBkojolkgr d#u jkgr gksrk- ty O;oLFkkiukpk mYys[kizkphu dkGkiklwu vk<Gwu ;srks- oSfnd ok³~e;krhyuksanh fo’ks”kr% _Xosn] vFkZosn] ;kr ik.kh O;oLFkkiuo tyizokgkP;k lanHkkZr dkgh uksanh vk<Grkr-dkSfVY;kP;k vFkZ’kkL=kr egkHkkjr] jkek;.k ;klkj[ksegkdkO;] ckS/n tkrd dFkk o ok³~e; lokZae/kwuik.kh O;oLFkkiukfo”k;h uksan feGrs- ik.;kphvko’;drk frrdhp vkgs ftrdh lkekU; eR;Zekuokyk thoukph vkgs- R;keqGs eafnj lkfu/;krty&lainsph mHkkj.kh dsyh ikfgts v’kh ijaijk lq#>kyh- R;klkBh unh rFkk ljksojkP;k dkBh eafnjfufeZrhyk izk/kkU; fnys xsys- R;ke/kwup ijes’ojkP;kHkDrhe/;s dks.kR;kp izdkjph =qVh tk.kork dkeku;s Eg.kwu ty&lkfu/; vkf.k eafnj fufeZrh ;kapsvrqV ukrs fuekZ.k >kys- loZp eafnjkph fufeZrhu|kdkBh vFkok tydsanzkHkksorh dj.ks ‘kD; uOgrsi.k eafnj rsFks tylaink ;k rRokuqlkj eafnj ifjljkrvkjaHkh ygku’kh dqaMkph fufeZrh >kyh- dqaMkpk fodklgksÅu ckjo vkdkjkl vkyh- yksdthoukr o

yksdlaL—rh e/;s ckjokauk vuU;lk/kkj.k egRo vkgs-l/;kP;k dkGkrhy Toyar iz’u Eg.kt styO;oLFkkiu ;k tyO;oLFkkiukr ckjo LFkkiR;kykegRoiw.kZ LFkku vkgs- ckjo gs tyiqjoB;kps egRoiw.kZlk/ku vls- lrr ckjkgh efgus ik.kh ns.kkÚ;k lektkphxjt Hkkxfo.kkÚ;k oLrw Eg.kwu ckjokph fufeZrhdj.;kr vkyh gksrh- nq”dkGke/;sgh ckjok e/;sik.kh fVdwu jkgr vls- R;keqGs tkxth ;sFkhyy{ehrhFkZ ckjo ;kpk tyO;oLFkkiukrhy m”—”Vlk/ku Eg.kwu vH;kl dsyk xsyk vkgs-mÌs’k %&

1½ tyO;oLFkkikukrhy ckjo LFkkiR;kpkvH;kl dj.ks-

2½ tyO;oLFkkiukrhy egRoiw.kZ lk/kuEg.kts ckjo ;kps egRo tk.kwu ?ks.ks-

3½ tkxth ;sFkhy ckjospk vH;kl dj.ks-x `fgrds %&

1- tyO;oLFkkiukr ckjokauk egRokps LFkkuvkgs-

2- nq”dkGkoj ekr dj.;klkBh mR—”VtyL=ksr Eg.kwu ckjokapk mi;ksx gksÅ ‘kdrks-

3- tkxth ;sFkhy ckjo LFkkiR;krhymR—”V uewuk vkgs-Lo#i %&

tyO;oLFkkiuke/;s fofgj gh Hkkjrh;laL—rhus txkyk fnysyh ns.kxh vkgs vls ekuystkrs- Hkkjrkr fofgjhaph la[;k [kwi vkgs- ikp gtkjo”kkZaiwohZaP;k fofgjh lkiMysY;k vkgsr- eksB;k fofgjhEg.kts ckjo- ckjekgh ge[kkl ik.kh ns.kkÚ;k lektkphik.;kph xjt Hkkxfo.kkÚ;k okLrw Eg.kwu ckjokaphfufeZrh dj.;kr vkyh- okjho#u okjo vkf.k okjokpsckjo vls #ikarj >kys vl.;kph ‘kD;rk vkgs-okjh Eg.kts ik.kh vkf.k og Eg.kts okg.ks la/kkj.kdj.ks Eg.kwu dk;e Lo#ikps ik.kh la/kkj.k dj.kkÚ;kokLrw Eg.kts ckjo gksr- ekuo olkgrhph xjtEg.kwu lq/nk iz’kLr vkdkjkP;k ckjok mHkkj.;krvkY;k v’kkosGh ckjokaps ikfo«; fVdfo.;kP;k nf”Vusckjosrp nsorkaph izfr”Bk dj.ks ;klkj[;k ckchauk

20



ImpactFactor


®

izk/kkU; fnY;kps fnlrs- ckjokaP;k fodklklkBhizk/kkU;kus eafnj ;k laLFkkps ;ksxnku EgRokps Bjys-

ßegkjk”Vªkr izkeq[;kus b-l- 8 rs 12 O;k‘krdkr vusd eafnjs fuekZ.k >kyh gksrh-Þ1 eafnjmHkkj.khP;k izfØ;syk eksB;k izek.kkr pkyuk feGkyhgksrh- eafnj LFkkiR;kP;k vusd ‘kSyh vfLrRokrvkY;k gksR;k- ßeafnj LFkkiR;kph dykijaijktksikl.;kps dke cnkehps pkyqD;] jk”VªdqV] iYyo]dY;k.khps pkyqD; o nsofxjhps ;kno ;kauh dsysvkgs-Þ2 T;k izek.kkr eafnj LFkkiR;kpk fodkl >kykgksrk] R;kizek.ks ckjo LFkkiR;kpk fodkl gksÅu]vusd ckjok vkdkjkr vkY;k gksR;k- ckjocka/k.;kl 10 O;k ‘krdkr ;knokP;k dkGkiklwulqjokr >kyh vkgs- b-l- 10 O;k ‘krdkiklwu rs14 O;k ‘krdki;Zar ;kno ?kjk.;kus egkjk”Vªkr jkT;dsys vkgs- [kkuns’k o ejkBokMk ;k izns’kkoj ;knokpsjkT; gksrs- ;knokapk dky[kaM egkjk”VªkP;k bfgklkregRokpk dky[kaM Eg.kwu vksG[kyk tkrks- izkphudkGkrhy nf{k.k HkkjrkP;k bfrgklkrhy ‘ksoVpsfganw jkt?kjk.ks Eg.kwu ;kno ?kjk.;kpk mYys[k dsyktkrks- ejkBokM;kP;k n”Vhus ;knokaph jktoVoSHko’kkyh gksrh- ejkBokM;kP;k lkaL—frdtM.k?kM.khr ;knokaps ;ksxnku mPp ntkZps vkgs-dyk {ks=krhy ;knokaps ;ksxnku egRoiw.kZ vkgs-ß;kno jktk jkenso ;kpk ea=h gseknzh gk gsekMiaFkheafnj LFkkiR; ‘kSyh pk tud ekuyk tkrks-Þ3 ;kdkGkrhy toGikl izR;sd xkokr ,[kkn rjhgsekMiaFkh eafnj igko;kl feGrs- ß;kno dkGkrgsekMiaFkh eafnjkph mHkkj.kh gksr gksrh ;kp dkGkrckjo LFkkiR;kph fufeZrhgh eksB;k izek.kkr gksrgksrh-Þ4 fulxZr% miyC/k unhP;k dkBkpk ;ksX;mi;ksx d#u ?ksryk uxj oloyh tkr- brj fBdk.khuxjs olorkuk HkwxHkkZrhy tyk’k;kpk ‘kks/k ?ksÅufofo/k izdkjP;k fofgjh] vkM] ckjo ;kaph fufeZrhdj.;kr vkyh-ckjo LFkkiR; %&

ckjo LFkkiR;kP;k fufeZrhr /keZJ/nkvk/kkjHkwr Bjyh vkgs- R;krwup nsorkaph izfr”Bkiuk

dj.;kr vkyh vkgs- eafnj LFkkiR;kP;k fodklkpk,d Hkkx Eg.kwu ckjo LFkkiR;kpk fodkl >kykvkgs- ßckjosr fofo/k nsorkaph LFkkiuk dsysyh vlrs-R;klkBh vlysyh nsodks”Bs laj{kd fHkarhr o izos’kekxkZP;k nksUgh cktwyk Bsorkr-Þ5 ckjo cka/k.ks gsiq.;deZp letys tkbZ- ckjosoj eksVsph O;oLFkkd#u jgkV olowu e;kZfnr tyflapuk}kjs ‘ksrhpkfodkl dsyk tkr vls- rkaf=d n”V;k ckjo g~;kvR;ar mR—”V gksR;k- ckosr izkeq[;kus pkSjl vkdkjvk<Grks- vk;kr o Dofpr vk”Vdksuh vkdkjigko;kl feGrkr-ckjo jpusrhy ra= %&

ckjo ,d uxjkph ok ,dk eksB;k tuleqgkphxjt iw.kZ djhr vls- rsOgk ;klkBh ;ksX; HkwHkkx‘kks/krkauk ckjosrhy cka/kdkekph maph 9 rs 11 ehVjis{kktkLr vl.kkj ukgh- ;kpkgh fopkj gksbZ- LFkkiR;’kkL=n”V;k lk/kkj.ki.ks lkr ehVj maphps cka/kdke tkLrmi;qDr Bjs- lk/kkj.ki.ks uSlfxZd mrkjkps {ks= mi;qDrekuys xsys- uxjkP;k l[ky Hkkxkph fuoM ;klkBhdj.;kr vkyh- tkxth] pkjBk.kk] vacM ;sFkhyckjokao#u gsp Li”V gksrs- cka/kdkeklkBh vko’;dR;k nxMkpk ‘ks/k ?ksÅu rks ;ksX; fBdk.kkgwu eqÌkevk.kyk tkbZ- cka/kdke nh?kZdkG fVdkos gk gsrw vls-ckjokP;k fufeZrhuarj vkt toGikl 700&800o”ksZ fVdwu vkgsr- 90% ckjok vktgh okijkr vkgsr-gs fo’ks”k ckjosP;k jpuspk fopkj djrk] frP;kcka/kdkekoj tfeuhP;k ckgsjhy cktwus iM.kkjk lekarjnkc ik.;kpk nkc vkf.k Lor%P;kp HkkjnLri.kkeqGsiM.kkjk vfrfjDr Hkkj lgu dj.;kph {kerk ;kckjosr gksrh] vlsp Eg.kkos ykxsy- eq[;Rosd#uikolkG;kr ok<ysY;k ik.;kpk vfrfjDr Hkkj R;kisyw ‘kdr- rU= n”V;k ,dw.k iM.kkjk nkc gkR;kP;k ik;kP;k #anhoj dsoG 1@3 Hkkxkoj iM.ksvko’;d vlrs- ojhy rRo fLodk#u ckjosP;kcka/kdkekr ik;Ú;koj e/;Hkkxh iq<s vkysyk ik;jhpknxM cka/kdkeklkBh okij.;kr vkyk- ;keqGs fuekZ.kgks.kkÚ;k nkckps r.kkokps lgt fodsanzhdj.k gksbZ-f’kok; ik;jhph ;k LFkkukoj ok<ysyh #anh frph



ImpactFactor


®

mi;qDrrk ok<c.kkjh Bjs-ckjo jpusr vk<G.kkjs ra= Eg.kts ifgyk

nxMh Fkj vlrks- R;kojhy nxM lekarj ikrGhoj;s.kkÚ;k tfeuhP;k nkckeqGs iq<s ljdw u;s Eg.kwulk/kj.ki.ks nksu lsaVhehVjus ekxs clor vlr- rlsp[kkyhy nxM rso<kp oj Bsor vlr- ojhy nxMklvlysys Vksd [kkyhy nxMkP;k [kkpsr cloysysvlrs- dksiÚ;koj vlysY;k nxMkr lka/k iMw u;sEg.kwu dkVdksukr ?kMoysyk vlrks- ckjosyk tehuikrGhoj ,d laj{kd fHkar vlrs- ;k fHkarhykvkrwu nsodks”V Bsoysys vlrkr- ckjo LFkkiR;klkBhmi;ksxkr vk.kysys nxM cÚ;kpnk ikp cktwauh ?kMokosykxr vlr-tkxth ;sFkhy ckjo %&

tkxth gs xko mLekukckn ftYg;ke/;s vkgs-tkxth cjkscjp mLekukckn ftYg;ke/;s miGk vkf.kvkG.kh ;k nksu fBdk.kh ckjo vkfLrRokr vkgsr-tyO;oLFkkiukr dqaM] fofgj] vkM] dYyksG] iks[kj.kh;kapk lekos’k gksr vls- rsj ;k fBdk.kh b-l-1988 e/;s mR[kuu dsys vlrkuk egkjk”VªkrhylokZr izkphu dqaM feGkyk vkgs-

tkxth gs mLekukckn ftYg;krhy NksVslsxko vkgs- mLekukckniklwu 28 fd-eh- varjkoj gsxko vkgs- ßtkxth ;sFkhy yksdla[;k 5586 ,so<hvkgs-Þ6 tkxth ;sFks egky{ehps eafnj vkgs- ;keafnjkP;k ifjljkr vlysyh ckjo ^y{ehrhFkZ* ;kukokuh vksG[kyh tkrs- ß;k ckjosph fufeZrh rxjiqjojk/kh’oj vl.kkÚ;k f’kykgkj jktk ekjflag b-l-1058 fdaok tfrx jkt ;kauh vdjkO;k ‘krdkrdsyh vlkoh-Þ7 iwoZ o if’pe v’kk nksu cktwauhizos’k vlysyh ckjo ikp lksiku Bsowu iw.kZ dsyhvkgs- ckjospk vkdkj 24 x 24 eh-pkSjl vkgs-ifgyk lksiku ¼VIik½ lq# gksrks rks 17 17 eh- pkvkdkj vkgs-8 rj lokZr ‘ksoVh vlysys dqaM gsv”Vdksuh vkdkjkps vkgs- ckjosP;k ,dq.k cka/kdkekphmaph 5-70 5-70 eh- pkSjlkdkj vkgs- ckjosP;k,dq.k cka/kdkekph maph 7-50 eh- vkgs- ;k f’kok;ckjosl laj{k.k fHkar vlwu ;k fHkarhr pksohl nsodks”Bs

vkgsr-nf{k.k Hkkxkr ikp] iwoZ o if’pe Hkkxkr

izR;sdh lgk] mRrj cktwl lkr v’kh nsodks”BsBsoyh vkgsr- ßckjosrhy eq[; nsork gh mRrjkfHkeq[kgksrh laj{kd fHkarhph maph 2-75eh- vkgs- rj R;krhynsodks”B 1 1 eh- vkdkjkps vlwu R;koj ,d ehVjmaphps f’k[kj vkgs-Þ9 ckjosP;k laj{kd fHkarhlckg~;vaxkoj f’kYi dksjysys vkgsr- R;kr iq”i] gal]feFkqu ;kaph f’kYis vkgsr- fHkar vlysyk ‘ksoVpk FkjnksUgh cktwauh mrjR;k f’kGkapk vkgs-

tkxth ;sFkhy ckjosps oSf’kV;s Eg.ktsmR—”V cka/kdkekcjkscj [kMdkiklwu ,d ckjekghtyL=ksr ;k LFkkuki;Zar vk.kyk vlwu] R;klkBh‘ksoVP;k lksikuk[kkyh v”Vdksuh dqaMke/;s ,d HkwehxrekxZ Bso.;kr vkyk vkgs-

lIrekr‘dk fdaok ukxnsork ;kaph fofgjhyxrLFkkiuk dj.ks ;sFkiklwu v”VfnDiky vlsp fo”.kwP;kpksohl #ikaph LFkkiuk dj.ks- ;klkj[;k ckchapkfodkl >kyk- tkxth ;k fBdk.kh v’kk eqrhaZphLFkkiuk >kyh-10 ;sFkhy dkgh eqrhZ MkW- ckcklkgscvkacsMdj ejkBokMk fo|kihB] vkSjaxkckn ;sFksLFkykarjhr dsYksY;k vkgsr- rj dkgh ckjosP;k ckgsjdk<wu BsoY;k vkgsr- nf{k.k cktwl nkeksnj o ek/koewrhZ vkgsr- if’pe cktwl ok;qnso _”khds’k vkgs-ckgsj dk<wu BsoysY;k ewrhZe/;s x#Mk#< uflag]dkfrZds;] efg”kklqj enkZuh] HkSjo] ukxjkt o L=heqrhZvkgsr- lkr Q.kkapk ukx vlwu ;k ukxkP;k cktwykukxL=hph izfrek vlwu frP;k gkrh irkdk vkgs-10

;k ckjosyk ^y{ehrhFkZ* ;k ukokus vksG[kys tkrs-tkxth ;sFkhy ;k ckjosr lrr ik.kh vlrs R;kpkokij xkokrhy yksd djr vkgsr- ik.;kP;kderjrsP;k dkGkr ;k ckjosrhy ik.;kpk okijeksB+;k izek.kkoj gksrks- R;keqGs gh ckjo xkokrhyyksdkalkBh ,d ojnkup vkgs-lkjka’k %&

ckjo LFkkiR; gs tyO;oLFkkiuk e/khy vR;armR—”V lk/ku vkgs- mLekukckn lkj[;k nq”dkGxzLrHkkxkr lrr ik.;kph VapkbZ vlrs- ik.;kP;k vHkkoh



ImpactFactor


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ekxklysyk Hkkx Eg.kwu mLekukcknph vksG[k vkgs-gs ekxklysi.k nwj dj.;klkBh tyO;oLFkkiukphfurkar xjt vkgs- R;klkBh tkxth ;sFkhy y{ehrhFkZckjosP;k LFkkiR;kP;k ra=kpk okij d#u fufeZrhdj.ks xjtsps vkgs- ts fpjdkyhu fVdwu jkghyvkf.k ik.;kP;k ikrGhr ok< gksÅ ‘kdsy- ik.;kP;kmiyC/ksrwup le/nh fuekZ.k gksÅ ‘kdsy- R;keqGsv’kk ckjokaps tyO;oLFkkiukr eksBs ;ksxnku B#‘kdrs- R;klkBh v’kk bfrgkldkyhu tyL=ksrkaphti.kwd gks.ks xjtsps vkgs-

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fgUnh lkfgR; esa izFker% ehjkckbZ use/;dky esa iq:”k ds f[kykQ cxkor dhA mUgksaus

iq#”koknh ekufldrk dk viuh HkfDr Hkkouk dsek/;e ls fojks/k fd;kA

fgUnh lkfgR; esa L=h psruk dk loZizFkeiz;ksx jktsUnz okyk ?kks”k us fd;k gSA mUgksaus nqykbZokyh*dgkuh ls fo’ks”k [;kfr izkIr dh Fkh tks 1907 bZ0esa izdkf’kr gqbZ FkhA vr% bUgsa izFke efgyk dgkuhysf[kdk ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA mUgksaus viuhdgkfu;ksa esa L=h dks dsUnz esa j[kk gSA blds ckn fgUnhlkfgR; esa ^vk/kqfud ;qx dh ehjk* ds uke ls tkuhtkus okyh egknsoh oekZ us fL=;ksa dh leL;kvksa dkfp=.k ^Üka[kyk dh dfM+;k¡* uke dh iqLrd esa fd;kAvkt tks ^L=h foe’kZ* py jgk gSA og eq[;r%ledkyhu efgyk dgkuhdkjksa dh nsu gSA ftldh‘kq#vkr 1980 ds n’kd ls ekuh tkrh gSA blle; vusd efgyk dgkuhdkj vius vf/kdkjksa]leL;kvksa ,oa iq#”kksa ds fojks/k esa dgkfu;ksa ds ek/;els vkokt mBk jgh gSaA ftuesa eUuw Hk.Mkjh] eS=s;hiq”ik] d“.kk lksorh] fp=k eqn~xy] ukfljk ‘kekZ]enqyk xxZ] esg:fUulk ijost] eerk dkfy;k] euh”kkdqyJs”B bR;kfn efgyk;ksa L=h eqfDr o vfLerk dhodkyr djrh utj vk jgh gSA

izphudky ls gh iq#”kksa ds }kjk fL=;ksa ijHksnHkko fd;k tkrk jgk gS rFkk mUgsa fyax vfLerk dsdkj.k nwljs ntsZ ij /kdsyk tkrk jgk gSA blh dkj.kls mUgksaus vius vfLrRo vkSj vfLerk dks cpkus dsfy;s iq#”k ds f[kykQ ,d lkekftd vkUnksyu[kM+k fd;kA ftlesa mUgksaus iq#”kksa ls lkekftdvf/kdkj jktuSrd] vkfFkZd] vf/kdkjksa ds lkFk&lkFknSfgd Lora=rk ,oa vktknh dh Lora=rk vkfn dhekax dhA ^^isafXou fMD’kujh vkWQ lks’k;ksykWth esacrk;k gS fd ukjhokn ml oSpkfjd n’kZu dk uke gStks vk/kqfud lekt esa L=h o iq#”kksa dks lekuvf/kdkj nsus dh ekax djrk gSA**3 ukjhoknh psruk;k L=h foe’kZ og gS ftlesa fL=;ksa dh leL;kvksa lslEcfU/kr fopkj foe’kZ fd;k tkrk gS rFkk mudkfujkdj.k djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA vr% L=hHkh ,d lkekftd izk.kh gS ysfdu iq#”kksa us mls dHkhHkh viuh cjkcjh dk ntkZ ugha fn;k gSA blh



ImpactFactor


®

lekurk dh izkfIr ds fy;s L=h vius lekt ls yM+jgh gSA bl izdkj dgk tk ldrk gS fd L=h lekurkdk vk’k; euq”;Ro ls vfHkizk; j[krk gSA

laosnuk ls rkRi;Z leku csnuk gSA vr%fdlh ?kVuk ,oa oLrq dks ns[kdj gekjs vUr%dj.k esatks Hkko ;k fopkj mRiUu gksrs gSa mls ge laosnukdgrs gSaA ^^laosnu gekjs eu dh psruk dh ogvoLFkk gS] ftlls gesa fo’o dh oLrq fo’ks”k dkcks/ku gksdj mlds xq.kksa dk cks/k gksrk gSA**4 vr%tc ge fL=;ksa ds izfr gksus okys mRihM+u] vR;kpkj,oa HksnHkko dks ns[krs gSa] rks muds izfr gekjs vUr%dj.kesa tks Hkko ;k fopkj mRiUu gksrk gS mls ge L=h dsizfr laosnuk dgrs gSaA vr% nwljs ‘kCnksa esa blslgkuqHkwfr Hkh dg ldrs gSA ijUrq fL=;ksa ds }kjkvius izfr gksus okys vU;k;] vR;kpkj rFkk HksnHkkodks Lo;a eglwl djuk o Hkksxuk vkSj mls lekt esaO;Dr djuk gh L=h laosnuk dgykrk gSA blesaefgyk }kk gh ml ij gksus okys vR;kpkj dks HkksxkvkSj vuqHko fd;k tkrk gSA izxfr JhokLro gekjslekt esa ukjh dh nklrk dks c;k¡ djrh gqbZ dgrhgSa ^^ysfdu ns[kk tk;s rks vkfndky ls gh iq#”kopZLo us viuk LFkku dHkh NksM+k ugha vkSj L=h dkseuksoSKKfud :i ls ncs jgsu ij foo’k fd;k tkrkjgk ;gk¡a rd dh ‘kfDr’kkyh iwT;uh; ukfj;ksa ¼nsfo;ksa½dks Hkh fdlh u fdlh dh iRuh cukdj iq#”k opZLodk;e j[kk x;kA**5 blh iq#”koknh laLdfr dsizfrjks/k esa ledkyhu efgyk dgkuhdkjksa us viuhdgkfu;ksa ds ek/;e ls efgykvksa dh laosnuk dsfofHkUu igyqvksa ij vfHkO;fDr;k¡ izLrqr dhA

^viuh vksj ykSVrs gq,* dgkuh t;Jh jk;,d ,slh L=h dfork lkU;ky ds oSokfgd thoudk o.kZu fd;k gS ftldk tUe Hkkjr esa gksrk gS vkSjiyh] c<+h rFkk f’k{kk Hkh ;gha ij gksrh gS ysfdumldh ‘kknh MkW0 dchj ls gksrh gS tks is’ks lsbathfu;j gS vkSj ;g fons’k esa jgrk gSA dforklkU;ky MkW0 dchj dh iRuh gSA dchj dh ‘kknhgksus ds ckotwn Hkh og ,d czkthfy;u yM+dh lsizse djrk Fkk ftlds dkj.k ifr &iRuh ds chp

fjLrksa esa njkj iM+ x;h Fkh vkSj ckr ;gka¡ rd ig¡qapx;h Fkh fd nksuksa esa rykd gks x;kA dgkuhdkjdfork dh ekufld fLFkfr dk fp=.k djrs g;sdgrh gSA ^;s vUnj dk lQj gksrk gS] tks balku dksFkdk nsrk gS og vius gh vanj ds iRFkjkas ls Vdjkrhjgrh gS] vkgr gksrh jgrh gSA viuksa ds chp c<+rstk jgs Qklyksa dks r; dj lds] os ika¡o og dgka¡ lsyk;sA ;s dke ftu laosnukvksa ds cwrs gksrs gSa os Hkhvc dgka¡ jgh FkhA tks iqy mUgsa ,d nwljs rdigqapkrk Fkk og rks dc dk VwV pqdk FkkA**6 t;Jhjk;] bl dgkuh esa L=h iq#”k ds VwVrs lEcU/kksa dslkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; lH;rk o laLdfr esa iyh c<+hL=h ij ik’pkR; lh;rk o laLdfr dks Fkksius dhO;oLFkk dk o.kZu djrh gSA dfork lkU;ky ijmldk ifr mlds ns’khiu ls ?k.kk djrk gS vkSj mlsges’kk rkus nsrk jgrk gSA dchj dgrk gS ^^ckj&ckjmlls dgk x;k Fkk viuk ns’khiu NksM+ks] ;gk¡ dhnqfu;k¡ vyx gS ;gk¡ ds rkSj&rjhds lh[kks ojukdHkh ,DlsiUVsM ugha ikvksxhA**7

^QSlyk* dgkuh esa eS=s;h iq”ik us lekt esaiq:”koknh ekufldrk ds dkj.k ,d efgyk ljiaptks ,d Cykd izeq[k dh iRuh gksus ds ckotwn viusxkao dh vklikl dh efgykvksa ls feyus esa foo’kgSA mldh fofo’krk ,oa iq#”kksa ds >wBs etkZn izfrBkdks fn[kkus dh dksf’k’k dh gSA ^^juohj us igys dgfn;k Fkk fd xk¡ao dh vU; vkSjrksa dh rjg vc rqeflj ij Mfy;k rlyk /kjs ugha lksgrhA vkf[kj iz/kkudh iRuh gksA**8

gekjs ns’k esa L=h dks lkekftd] jktuSfrd]vkfFkZd vf/kdkj rks izkIr gS ijUrq ,d efgyk xzkeiz/kku gksrs gq;s Hkh iw.kZ vf/kdkj ds lkFk viusdÙkZO;ksa dk fuoZgu ugha dj ikrhA eUuw Hk.Mkjh dhdgkuh ^Å¡pkbZ* ftldh ik= ‘kdqu vius ;qokdkyds fe= ftlds izfr mlds eu esa vR;ar dkseyHkkouk;sa Fkha] eqykdkr ds nkSjku mlls nSfgd :i lsHkh feyrh gSA Å¡pkbZ dgkuh dh f’kokuh ,d ,slhukjh gS tks ,d gh le; iRuh vkSj izsfedk nksuksaHkwfedk vnk djrh gSA fookgsRrj lEcU/k j[kdj



ImpactFactor


®

;fn iq#”k vifo= ugha gksrk rks L=h dSls gks ldrhgS\ ifo=rk dk lEcU/k ‘kjhj ls ugha eu ls gksrk gSA,slk dgus okyh f’kokuh vius iwoZ izseh vrqy dslkFk mlds ‘kkjhfjd lEcU/k dks u rks vuqfprekurh gS u vuSfrdA ;g ckr tc mlds ifr dksirk pyrh gS rks ruko dVqrk vkSj lEcU/k&foPNsntSlh ckrsa lkeus vkus yxrh gSaA ;g vk/kqfud ukjh,d ls vf/kd iq#”kksa ls lEcU/k j[krs gq, Hkh Lora=vfLrRo vkSj O;fDrRo dh Å¡pkbZ ij jg ldrh gSA

^Ýkal* dgkuh ds ek/;e ls euh”kk dqyJs”B*gekjs lekt esa fL=;ksa ds izfr :f<+oknh lksp iq#”kksa esafn[kkbZ iM+rh gS ftldk os viuh dgkuh esa ;FkkFkZfp=.k djrh gSA blesa vfUrek ds firk esa csVh iSnkgksus dh ?k.kk dks n’kkZ;k x;k gSA blds vykok iq#”kksaesa gh ugha fL=;ksa esa Hkh dgha u dgha ns[kk tkrk gS tksvfUrek dh nknh mlds iSnk gksus ls cgqr nq[kh gksrkgSA ^^irk gS vUrw rw tc gqbZ rks HkkbZ lkgc rerekdj ?kj ls ckgj pys x;s Fks vkSj gekjh ek¡ ;kfurqEgkjh nknh [kwc iNkM+s ekj ds jksbZ FkhA pkSFkh ckj HkhyM+dh nkbZ dks rks /kfd;k gh fn;k Fkk fcu dqN fn,fy,A oSn th us rks yM+dk gksus dh ikap lkS :i;sdh nok nh Fkh ij gks xbZ rwA rsjk uke rsjh ek¡ usvafrek j[kk vkSj rksck dj yhA**9

gekjs lekt dh bl rjg dh ekufldrk gSfd yM+ds ds iSnk gksus ls [kqf’k;k¡ eukbZ tkrh gSafeBkbZ;k¡ ckaVh tkrh gsA ogha ij ;fn yM+dh iSnkgksrh gS rks lkjs ?kj ifjokj esa ekre dk ekgkSy iSnkgks tkrk gSA blds fy, dgha u dgha gekjk lektHkh ftEesnkj gSA vktknh ds brus o”kksZa ckn Hkh gekjsns’k esa fL=;ksa ds izfr lksp esa cgqr cnyko ugha gqvkgSA vkt fL=;ksa dks lkekftd] jktuSfrd] vkfFkZdvf/kdkj ns fn;s x;s gSa ftlds QyLo:i os f’kf{kro vkfFkZd :i ls vkRefuHkZj rks gks x;h gSa ijUrqiq#”kksa dh ekufldrk esa vkSj lq/kkj dh vko’;drkgSA oLrqr% lekt esa tks cnyko fn[kkbZ ns jgs gSa oscgqr Åijh gSa ogha vkt Hkh ge fL=;ksa dks mudkvisf{kr lEeku ugha fnyk ik jgs gSa vkSj u gh mudsfy;s ifjokj vkSj lekt dh vksj ls O;oLFkk rS;kj

dj ik jgs gSaA tks mUgsa thou dh folaxfr;ksa ls]voqfo/kkvksa vkSj dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls tw>us ds jkLrseqgS;k djok ldsA

lUnHkZ&1- L=h v/;;u dh cqfu;kn&izehykds0ih0] jktdey izdk’ku] igyk laLdj.k% 2015] i“B&122- L=h v/;;u dh cqfu;kn&izehykds0ih0] jktdey izdk’ku] igyk laLdj.k% 2015] i“B&173- L=h v/;;u dh cqfu;kn&izehykds0ih0] jktdey izdk’ku] igyk laLdj.k% 2015] i“B&134- fgUnh lkfgR;dks’k& laik /khjsUnz oekZ]i“B 8635- vktdy&ys[kk& ^ukjh dh euksoSKkfudiruksUeq[krk* ,d foe’kZ % ekpZ] 2012i“B&506- rqEgsa Nw y¡wa tjk ¼vius vksj ykSVrs gq,½t;Jh jk;] lkekftd izdk’ku] ubZ fnYyhlaLdj.k % 2014] i“B& 1497- rqEgsa Nw ywa tjk ¼vius vksj ykSVrs gq,½t;Jh jk;] lkekftd izdk’ku] ubZ fnYyhlaLdj.k % 2014] i“B& 1478- L=h foe’kZ dh dgkfu;ka¡ ¼QSlyk] eS=s;h½lik0 Mk0 ykylk ;kno yksdHkkjrh izdk’ku]bZ0] laLdj.k 2013] i”B&1019- L=h foe’kZ dh dgkfu;ka¡ ¼Ýkal] euh”kkdqyJs”B½ lik0 Mk0 ykylk ;knoyksdHkkjrh izdk’ku] bZ0] laLdj.k 2013]i“B&185



ImpactFactor


®

vuqPNsn& 370 vkSj 35, dkvar % ,d ewY;kadu

MkW0 vfuy dqekj flagMkW0 jke euksgj yksfg;k vo/k fo’ofo|ky;

v;ks/;k

==============***********===============,sfrgkfld i“BHkwfe& Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds Hkkx&21]vuqPNsn 370 ds rgr tEew d’ehj jkT; dslaca/k esa dqN fo’ks”k vLFkk;h mica/k fd;k x;k FkkAbldk ,sfrgkfld dkj.k gSA Hkkjrh; Lora=rkvf/kfu;e 1947 ds rgr ns’kh fj;klrksa dks ;gvf/kdkj fn;k x;k Fkk fd og viuh LosPNk lsHkkjr ;k ikfdLrku esa ‘kkfey gks ldrs gS ;k viukLora= vfLrRo cuk;s j[k ldrs gSA tEew d’ehj dsrRdkyhu ‘kkld egkjktk gfjflag us ;FkkfLFkfrcuk;s j[kus dk fu.kZ; fy;k] fdUrq vDVwcj 1947esa ikfdLrku lefFkZr vktkn d’ehj lsuk us tEewd’ehj ij vkØe.k dj fn;kA QyLo:i jktk gfjflag us 26 vDVwcj] 1947 dks Hkkjr esa tEewd’ehj ds foy; vf/ki= ¼Instrument of Accession-IOA½ ij gLrk{kj dj mls Hkkjrh; la?k esa ‘kkfeygksus dh vkSipkfjd ?kks”k.kk dj fn;kA bl vf/ki=}kjk izfrj{kk] fons’kh ekeys vkSj lapkj ds vf/kdkjHkkjr ljdkj dks lkSi fn, x,] tcfd Hkkjr ljdkj}kjk vuqPNsn 370 ds v/khu tEew d’ehj dksfo’ks”k jkT; dh fLFkfr iznku dh xbZAvuqPNsn 370 ds izko/kku&

17 vDVwcj] 1949 dks vuqPNsn 370Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk fgLlk cuk rFkk bls ,d vLFkk;hizko/kku ds :i esa tksM+k x;k Fkk] ftlus tEew d’ehjdks NwV nh Fkh rkfd og vius lafo/kku dk elkSnkrS;kj dj lds vkSj jkT; esa Hkkjrh; laln dh

fo/kk;h ‘kfDr;ksa dks izfrcaf/kr dj ldsA uoacj]1956esa tEew d’ehj esa vyx lafo/kku cukus dk dk;Ziwjk gqvk vkSj 26 tuojh] 1957 dks jkT; esafo’ks”k lafo/kku ykxw dj fn;k x;kA vuqPNsn 35 ,tks fd vuqPNsn 370 dk foLrkj gS] jkT; ds^LFkk;h fuokfl;ksa dks ifjHkkf”kr djus ds fy, tEewd’ehj jkT; dh fo/kkf;dk dks ‘kfDr iznku djrkgS vkSj mu LFkk;h fuokfl;ksa dks fo’ks”kkf/kdkj iznkudjrk gS rFkk jkT; esa vU; jkT;ksa ds fuokfl;ksa dksdk;Z djus ;k laifRr ds LokfeRo dh vuqefr ughnsrkAvuqPNsn 370 vkSj 35 , dk var rFkk tEewd’ehj dh orZeku fLFkfr&

2019 esa iz/kkuea=h Jh ujsUnz eksnh dhv/;{krk esa dsUnzh; ea=he.My us lafo/kku ¼tEewvkSj d’ehj esa ykxw½ la’kks/ku vkns’k] 2019 dkseatwjh ns nhA ifj.kkeLo:i tEewd’ehj iquZxBuvf/kfu;e] 2019 Hkkjr dh laln dk ,dvf/kfu;e cukA ftls Hkkjr ds mPp lnu jkT; lHkkesa xgea=h vfer ‘kkg us 05 vxLr] 2019 dksizLrqr fd;k FkkA ;g vf/kfu;e mlh fnu jkT;lHkk}kjk ikfjr dj fn;k x;k rFkk vxys fnu 06vxLr] 2019 dks fuEu lnu yksdlHkk }kjk blsikfjr dj fn;k x;kA 09 vxLr] 2019 blsjk”Vªifr dh eatwjh Hkh fey x;hA bl vf/kfu;e dsizko/kku 31 vDVwcj] 2019 ls ykxw gksaxsA

vc vuqPNsn 370 dk dsoy [k.M&1ykxw jgsxk] ‘ks”k [k.M lEkkIr gks x;s gSA [k.M&1 Hkhjk”Vªifr }kjk ykxw fd;k x;k rFkk jk”Vªifr }kjk Hkhbls gVk;k tk ldrk gSA vc tEew d’ehj dksfo’ks”kkf/kdkj ugh jgsxkA ,dy ukxfjdrk] ,d jk”Vª],d /ot ykxw gksxkA vc vuqPNsn 360 ¼foRrh;vkikrdky½ Hkh ykxw gksxkA nwljs jkT; ds yksx tEewd’ehj esa tehu [kjhn ldrs gSA j.kchj n.Mlafgrk ds LFkku ij Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk izHkkoh gksxhrFkk u;s dkuwuksa esa gksus okys cnyko Lor% tEewd’ehj esa ykxw gks tk;saxsA yn~nk[k vkSj tEew d’ehjdks vyx&vyx dsUnz’kkflr izns’k dk ntkZ rFkk

27



ImpactFactor


®

tEew d’ehj fo/kkulHkk dk dk;Zdky 05 o”kZ dkgksxkA lwpuk ds vf/kdkj o ekuokf/kdkj ds fu;eHkh ykxw gksaxsA tEew d’ehj fo/kkulHkk esa 114 lhV]yksdlHkk dh 05 lhV rFkk jkT;lHkk dh 04 lhVdk izko/kku fd;k x;k gS rFkk mijkT;iky nksefgyk lnL;ksa dk tEew d’ehj fo/kkulHkk esa euksu;udj ldrs gSA eq[;ea=h lfgr eaf=;ksa dh la[;kfo/kkulHkk ds leLr lnL;ksa ds dqy la[;k dk 10izfr’kr j[kh xbZ gSA blh izdkj yn~nk[k la?k jkT;{ks= ls yksdlHkk dh 01 lhV gksxh rFkk ;gkW dkiz’kkld mijkT;iky gksxkAtEew d’ehj ds orZeku fLFkfr ls fuiVus dsfy, laHkkfor mik;& d’ehj ds mRFkku ds fy,f’k{kk rFkk jkstxkj gsrq nh?kZxkeh ifj;kstuk,a ykxw dhtkuh pkfg,A d’ehj esa oS/krk ds ladV dks gydjus ds fy, vfgalk vkSj ‘kkafr dk jkLrk viuk;ktkuk pkfg,A ljdkj lHkh d’ehfj;ksa ds fy, ,dO;kid vkmVjhp dk;ZØe ‘kq: djds vuqPNsn 370gVk;s tkus ls mRiUUk pqukSfr;ksa dks de dj ldrhgSA

lUnHkZ%&1 https://m.jagranjosh.com/current-

affairs/fact_box-article-35a-and-article-370-in-hindi-1502434258-2, aug05,2019

2 https://m.livehindustan.com/national/story-what-is-article-35a-and-370-in-jammu-kasmir-2672189.html, tue,06aug,2019

3 https://m.aajtak.in/education-career-job-news/education-news/story/indian-constitution-article370-temporaryprovision-pres id ent a l- orde r-3 5a-j amm u-k asmir-constitutional-experts-view-legal-ne-1107412-2019-08-03

4 https://www.amarujala.com/column/block/jammu-kasmir-article-370-and-35a-history-in-hindi,wed07aug,2019

5 https://m.jagran.com/news/nationalarticle-370-revoke-why-baba-sahab-ambedkar-refused-to-draft-article-370-jagranspecial-

19465039.htm6 https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/india/

jammu-and-kasmir-what-is-article-370-and-35a-2080286-august05,2019

7 https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-49231898

8 https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-49233214

9 https://m.economicstimes.com/hindi/news/know-everthing-about-section-370-and-35a/articleshow/70531946.cms,aug05, 2019

10 https://m.timesofindia.com/india/article-370-rewriting-both-the-history-and-geography-of-jk/articleshow/70546131.cms,aug22,2019



ImpactFactor


®

ledkyhu dfork eas vfHkO;DrL=h foe’kZ

¼gchc bdjke ds dkO; lanHkZ esa½

MkW- iafMr xk;dokMdyk foKku ,oa okf.kT; egkfo|ky uynqxZ]

rgfly& rqytkiwj] ftYkk&mLekukckn

==============***********===============izLrkouk& lkfgR; esa ledkyhu lkfgR; dh fo’ks”kigspku gSA ;g blfy, fd ftl vkReh;rk ls thllaosnukj ls bu dfo;ksaus vius le; dh ckfjfd;ksadks l’kDr :Ik esa O;Dr fd;k gS] ‘kk;n gh fdlhvU; dfo us dh gSA esjk eaRkO; vkfRe;rk ls gSAoSls fdlh dfo dh izfrc/krk ij lansg ugha fd;ktk ldrk gSA oSls jkts’k tks’kh] ujsanz eksgu] v:.kdey] panzdakr nsorkys] izrki lgxy] mn; izdk’k]ujs’k esgrk vkfn us cMh laosnuk dk ifjp; fn;kgSA bl dfork ds lac/k es ijekauan JhokLrofy[krs gSA

^^la?k”kZ iz/kku thou ls lgt yxko] ;FkkFkZls lh/kk lk{kkr ekuoh; ‘kks”k.k ds tfVy :iksa dhigpku vkSj thou ds izfr vkLFkk iz/kku nf”Vdks.kledkyhu dfork dh igpku gSA 1 vkSj bl igpkuls L=h foe’kZ fdl rjg ls vyx jg ldrk gSA oSlsL=h foe’kZ dksbZ u;h fopkj /kkjk ugha gS] D;ksafdizkfpu lkfgR; esa L=h foe’kZ ds izek.k miyX/k gksrsgSA ml le; ds lHkh dfo;ksaus L=h psruk dsk mtkxjdjus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA vkSj vkt ds lkfgR; es rksL=h psruk ds d;h vk;ke ns[kus dks feyrs gSA vcge L=h foe’kZ ds rkIr;Z dks le>us dk iz;kl djrsgSAL=h foe’kZ ls RkkRi;Z &lglk foe’kZ ;kus fMldkLkZvFkkZr

ckrphr djuk A vr% lkfgR; es tks L=h fo”k;dlaokn gS] ukjh ds tks fofo/k :Ik gS] muds ckjs esa‘kCnksa }kjk fopkjksa dk vknku iznku djuk ;kus L=hfoe’kZ gSA 2 vr% Li”V gS fd ftl lkfgR; esa L=hfparu dh ckr gksrh gS og fparu L=h foe’kZ gSA

i zskQsl j HkjrHkkbZ eks<iVsy ds vuqqlkj L=hfoe’kZ dk lkfgR; L=h dh ukuk izdkj dh leL;kvksadsk O;Dr djrk gSA vkt L=h iq:”k ds gkFkksa dkf[kykSuk cudj jguk ugah pkgrh A og vius vfLrRods izfr tkx‘r L=hoknh lkfgR; ds lkFk gks jgs gSvU;k; vkSj vR;kpkj dk lekt ds lkeus ykus dkiz;kl djrk gSA3

vr% Li”V gS fd L=h foe’kZ ukjh vfLrRodh yMkbZ dk fparu gSA mlds nq[k nnZ ,oa Hkfo”;dh psruk dh dgkuh gSA bl psruk dks ledkyhudfo;ksuas cMh bZekunkjh ls mtkxj fd;k gSA

ledkyhu dfo;ksaes gfcc bdjke dkmYys[kfu; dk;Z gSA mUgkus ledkyhu O;oLFkk dhvarl dks cMh bekunkjh ls vfHkO;Dr djrs gq,u;h psruk Hkjus dk dk;Z fd;k gSA muds Onkjkfyf[kr vHkh rks thuk gSAizfln/k dkO; laxzg gSAMkW ,y ds iakMs muds lac/k es fy[krs gSA vHkh rksthuk gS gfcc bdjke dh dforkvksa dk rktkladyu gS ftles mUgksuas viuh dforkvksa dks ,dxqynLrs ds :Ik esa is’k fd;k gS fugk;r [kwclwjrh dslkFkA fiNys d;h o”kkZs ls bekjs ns’k dk lkekftdokrkoj.k ftl :Ik es fodr gqvk gSA mlesa fdlhHkh laosnu’khy jpukdkj dk izHkkfor gksuk LokHkkfodgSA gchc bdjke us bl lexz fodfr ,ao mllsmRiUu laMk/k dks cgqr utnhdh ls Hkksxk gSA ;gHkksxkk gqvk ;FkkFkZ gh ledkyhu dfork dk lp gSAbl nf”V ls gchc ledkyhu dfork ds l’kDrgLrk{kj ekus tk ldrs gSA4

gchc bdjke dh dforkvksa es L=h foe’kZdh ckr [kqydj gqbZ gSA mUgksus detksj dks’kh’kdfork es izfrdkRedrk ds ek/;e ls L=h foe’kZ dskikBdksads leq[k j[kk gSA nsf[k, fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksadks-- rqQku ds vkus ij

28



ImpactFactor


®

cMh fpfM;kaWviuksa dks lesVdjvius ijksa esansus yxrh gSlaiw.kZ lqj{kk Aysfdu NksVh vkSj detksj fpfM;kWvius dks gh cpkus dhukdke dksf’k’kksa es gks tkrh gSiwjh rjg ls lekIr A 5

bu dkO; iafDr;ksa es dfous ledkyhuO;oLFkk dh pDdh es ihlrh gqbZ ukjh dh ihMk dksmtkxj fd;k gSA rFkk dohus nqcZy L=h dh psrukmtkxj djrs gq, lekt ds laosnu’khy O;fDr;ksa dslkeus iz’u fpUg mifLFkr fd;k gSA vr% dfo dksfpark gS rks dsoy nqcZy L=h dh gh] lcy L=h dhfpark ugha gS A cspkjh nqcZy L=h lekt ls izrkfMrgksdj ges’kk O;koLFkk ds lkFkk yMrs yMrs gq,ijkt; dk gh lkeuk djrh jgh gSA mlds u’khc esdsoy gkj vkSj gkj gh gSA vr% mlh dh lqj{kk dfods vuqlkj egRoiw.kZ gSA ml nqcZy L=h es ‘kfDr dklapkj djuk dfo dks vfHkizsr gSA og vius vki dkscpk ikus esa iwjh rjg ls vleFkZ gSA ;gh rks lclscMh fpark dh ckr gSA og bu fLFkfr;ks ds fo:/nyMrs yMrs tSls ej lh tkrh gSA vr% ledkyhuO;oLFkk dh f’kdkj gqbZ ;g vke vkSjr cl uke dsfy, cph gSA dfous mlh dh osnuk dsk lekt dslkeus izLrwr djus dk tSls fcMk mBk;k gSA

blh ladyu es lekfo”V egkHkkjr dforkesa orZeku L=h osnuk dks l’kDr :Ik es mtkxj fd;kgSA dfo L=h osnuk ds izfr vR;ar tkx:d gSA vr%mudh psruk dk eqy dkj.k ;gh fiMhr ukjh gSAdfo ds vuqqlkj L=h eqfDr dh yMkbZ [kRe ughagksuh pkfg,A vr% mldh eqfDr dh yMkbZ rksges’kk tkjh jguh pkfg,] tc tc lekt es L=h dkvuknj gksrk jgsxk] ml le; mldh eqfDr dhyMkbZ yMuh gksxhA vkSj fQj ukjh foe’kZ dk erycrks ;gh gS u fd mldh psruk dks lekt ds lkeusizLrwr djuk gS A nsf[k, bu iafDr;ksa dks -- egkHkkjr

lnk gksxhtcfL=;kss dk fd;k tk;sxk vuknjvkSjvkSj ljs vke fd;k tk,xkuaxk[ksys tk;ssxas tc tcgkj thr ds [ksynck,pedk, vkSjnqRdkjs tk;saxsatc Hkhxq:tu vkSj ekrk firkdkVk] jkSnkavkSj filk tk;sxktcvyx vyx txgfHkUu fHkUu ukeksa lsvkt dk iakMo A6

vr% dfo Li”V djrs gS fd tc tcfL=;ksaij vU;k;] vR;kpkj gksrk jgsxk] rc rcmlds fo:nz esa egkHkkjr gksrk jgsxkA ;g egkHkkjrmldh j{kk ds gsrw gksxk A og vkt ds vlarks”k vkSjvlqjf{kr ekgkSy esa dSls [kqyh lkal ys ldrh gSAmls lqjf{kr djuk gh gksxk A vkSj ;fn dfous mldhpsruk dks ljsvke mtkxj djds mldh j{kk dkloky mBk;k gS] rks xyr D;k fd;k gS \ vktmls blh fopkjksa dh vko’;drk gSA vkt dghadgah uk dgha v[kckjksa es igys iUus ij dsoy L=hvR;kpkjksa dh [kcjs Nkih tkrh gSA mlds vU;k;dh [kcjs Nkih tkrh gS A mldh vlqjf{krrk dh[kcjs Nkih tkrh gSA mlij gq, cYkkRdkj dh [kcjsNkih tkrh gS A vRk% blls ;gh Li”V gskrk gS fdL=h dks vkt ,d u;h psruk dh vko’;drk gS],d u;s iFkizn’kZd dh t:jr gSA mldh yMkbZlcdh yMkbZ cuuh pkfg, A

izfl/n ysf[kdk izKk ‘kqDy fy[krh gSA -ukjh iq:”k ls eqDr gksuk ugha pkgrh mldh



ImpactFactor


®

gelQj cudj thou ds lQj dks eaf>y rdigqaPkkuk pkgrh gSA7

vr% mldh yMkbZ fdlh O;oLFkk ds f[kykQugha gS] ysfdu gS rks ml O;oLFkk ds f[kykQ ftllsmls mlds vf/kdkjksa dks pksaV igqaPkrhg gSA ,d rjQukjh dks ‘kkL=kksa es ukjh fo|k] J/nk] ifo=rk] dykoks Hkh lcdqN] eqfrZeku dke/ksuw] vUuiw.kZ fl/n J”khgS A8 crk;k x;k gS vkSj nwljh rjQ mlij vU;k;vR;kpkj fd;s tk jgs gS ;g dgk dk U;k; gS AD;k mldk mToy :i dsoy fdrkcksa es gh gksrk gSA D;k mlds fy, fdrkcksa ds ckgj dh nwfu;k ughagS A vRk% mldh varl dh vkokt dks igpkukt:jh gS A mldh psruk] mldh osnuk] mldkfoe’kZ lcds ikl tkuk pfkg, A

blh rjg bl ladyu dh dfork ewyizofr es mldh psruk dks mtkxj djds lekt dhlaosnu’khyrk dks >d>ksjus dk dke fd;k gSAbruk gh ugah cfYd dfous ekuo dks vius vfgalkdh ewy izofr dh vksj vxzzslj gksus dk ladsr fn;kgSA dfo ds vuwlkj ;gh euq”; dh cnyh gwbZ izofrgh L=h ihMk dk ewy dkj.k gS A blh vekufo;izofrds dkj.k euq”; ij gkoh gks jgk gSA dfo dsvuwlkj L=h ds izfr phy vkSj xh/n dh rjgO;ogkj djus okys iq:”kksa ds dkj.k gh L=h IkhMk eso/nh gwbZ gS A mlh ds dkj.k L=h vfLRkRo dk CkMkladV mifLFk gqvk gSA bl dfork es dfous L=hpsruk dk vfHkO;Dr fd;k gSA nsf[k, bu iafDr;ksadks--phyks vkSj fx/knks dksrjl [kkuk gksxkvcesgurd’k phfV;ksavkSj Hkkstu tek djus okyhfpfM;ks ij]VwVs QwVs ?kjksa okysTkkfgy canjksa ij,d ekal Hkf{k;ksankSM nkSM dj

>iVs ekj ekj djUkspus [klksVus vkSjmtkMus dh izofr NksM nks A9

;gkW dfous mldh Hkksyh Hkkyh izofr dksmtkxj djrs gq, mldh lqj{kk dh ckr dh gSAnsf[k, og rks lHkh ds fy, Hkkstu dh O;oLFkkdjrh gS fdarw mls Hkkstu u’khc ugha gSA vr% euq”;es ewy vfgalk dh izofr tcrd fQj ls okil ugahvkrh rc rc eq>s yxrk gS ukjh ij vU;k;vR;kpkj dk f’kyf’kyk tkjh gh jxsxk A

vr% ftl rjg ls gchc bdjke us L=hpsruk dk loky mBk;k gS og dkchys rkjhQ gSA

LkanHkZ xzaFk lqfp1& ,dkar JhokLro dh dkO; psruk &lkbZukFk mekVs i“B & 202& Lkedkyhy Hkkjrh; lkfgR; tu 2004& i“B & 1943& ledkyhu Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esavk/kqfud ;wxcks/k & MkW lq’khy /kekZuhi“B & 244& vHkh rks thuk gSA& gchc bZdjkei“B & ¶YkSi ls5& vHkh rks thuk gSA& gchc bZdjkei“B & 136& vHkh rks thuk gSA& gchc bZdjkei“B & 167& ‘k’khizHkk ’kkL=h ds miU;klksa es ukjhloasnuk & MkW js.kwdk eksjs i”B & 828& Hkzq.k gR;k& eatw xwIrk i“B & 19& vHkh rks thuk gSA& gchc bZdjkei“B & 42



ImpactFactor


®

bZLV&baf.M;k daEiuh ‘kkludky esa njHkaxk egkjktk dk[k.Moky oa’k ds bfrgkl

M‚0 xksiky dqekj ¼ROSERA½vfrfFk çk/;kid] bfrgkl foHkkx]

egsUæ efgyk dkyst xksikyxat] fcgkjt; çdk’k fo’ofo|ky; Nijk ¼fcgkj½

==============***********===============[k.Moky jktoa’k Hkkjr esa dbZ czkã.k jktoa’kksa

esa ls ,d Fkk ftlus 1960 ds n’kd rd eqxylezkV vdcj ds le; ls fefFkyk] frjgqr {ks= esa‘kklu fd;k FkkA mUgsa njHkaxk jkt ds uke ls tkuktkus yxkA mudh Hkwfe dh lhektks le; ds lkFklaØked fofo/k ugha Fkh vkSj muds LokfeRo dk {ks=ml {ks= dh rqyuk esa NksVk Fkk ftls mUgsa LoPNrkO;oLFkk ds rgr çnku fd;k x;k FkkA ,d fo’ks”k:i ls egRoiw.kZ deh rc gqbZ tc fczfV’k jkt dsçHkko ds dkj.k os mu {ks=ksa ij fu;a=.k [kks cSBs tksusiky esa FksA ysfdu fQj Hkh mudh idM+ dkQh FkhA,d vuqeku ls irk pyrk gS fd tc mudk ‘kklulekIr gqvkA rks yxHkx 4500 xk¡oksa ds lkFk çns’kksaesa yxHkx 6]200 oxZ fdyksehVj ¼2]400 oxZehy½ ‘kkfey FksA

bZLV&baf.M;k daEiuh ‘kklu dky esa cgqrls tehankj Fks ftuesa dqN rks e/;dky ls oa’kkuqxr‘kklu dj jgs Fks vkSj dqN u;s tehankj dkWuZokfyl}kjk LFkkfir LFkkbZ izcU/k ds le; cuk;s x;s FksA butehankj dh vfeV Nki fcgkj ds bfrgkl dks izHkkfordjrk jgkA blesa lansg ugh fd fcgkj esa lcls cM+htehankjh njHkaxk egkjkt dh FkhA1 njHkaxk egkjktk[k.Moky oa’k ds Fks vkSj mUgsa eqxy ckn’kkg vdcj

ls ;g tehankjh feyh Fkh ftlds lEcU/k eas o.kZufd;k tk pqdk gSA e0 e0 egs’k Bkdqj dks fcgkjdh tehankjh feyh Fkh vkSj ckn’kkg vkSjaxtso ds}kjk lgefr feyh FkhA jktk ujsUnz flag dh eR;q dsckn muds nÙkd iq= izrki flag njHkaxk jkt dh xíhij cSBsA ml le; caxky vkSj fcgkj dk uthetkQj vyh [kk¡ FkkA mUgksaus viuh jkt/kkuh HkkSjk lsnj Hkaxk 1762 bZ0 esa cny fy ; k Aa2

1 njHkaxk egkjktk yky fdys 2 y{eh foykl isSyl

fcgkj ds jktk izrki flag ds fo”k; es iwoZbfrgkldkj frfFk lEcU/kh iz’u ij lger ugh gSAblesa dksbZ lansg ugh fd jktk izrki flag] jktk ujsUnzflag ds nÙkd iq= Fks D;ksafd mUgsa viuk dksbZ iq= ughaFkkA jktk izrki flag ds jkT;jksgu ds lEcU/k esa dqN,l0 ,u0 flag vkSj izks0 vkj0- ds pkS/kjh dk dkdguk gS fd 1758 bZ0 esa mUgsa xíh feyhA ijUrqnjHkaxk jkt oa’kkcyh ds vuqlkj jktk ujsUnz flag dheR;q 1760 bZ0 esa gq;h vkSj rHkh izrki flag xíhlaHkkysA vkbus&,&frjgqr esa Hkh fcgkjh yky usblh frfFk dks ekuk gSA jktk izrki flag dks tks jktkjkeukjk;.k fMIVh xoZuj] fcgkj ls tks lun izkIrgqvk Fkk vkSj mUgsa nLrqjr ekfydkuk dk Hkkj feykFkk mldk frfFk 1758 bZ0 gSA vr% ;g dgk tkldrk gS fd jktk ujsUnz flag cgqr fnuksa rd foekjiM+s Fks vkSj muds dgus ij jktk jkeukjk;.k us izrkiflag dks njHkaxk jkt dk ekfydkuk izrki flag dksjktk ujsUnz flag ds thfor dky esa gh fn;kA3

ekfydkuk tehankj dks fn;k tkrk FkkA ;g,d izdkj dk osru Fkk tks tehankj dks fn;k tkrkFkkA tehankj dk dke Fkk vius iztk ls tehu dkyxku olwyukA blds vfrfjDr mUgsa eky&xqtkjh

29



ImpactFactor


®

tehu Hkh feyrk FkkA tehankj dks uu&dj tehuHkh fn;k tkrk Fkk ftlls muds tehankj dk [kpkZvkSj ifjokj dk [kpkZ pyrk FkkA [k.Moky ifjokjdks Hkh cgqr ls uu&dj tehu ehyk FkkA4

uu dj ¼os yxku½ okyk tehu Hkh nks izdkjdk FkkA ,d ,slk tehu tks csyxku Fkk fdUrq jktkdks uxnh vk; gksrk Fkk nwljk dqN [kkl egky dktehu Fkk ftls] tqrkbZ dj ldrs Fks ;k Bsdsnkjksa }kjkml tehu ls tks Hkh vk; gksrk Fkk og jkT; [kpZesa tkrk FkkA bl uu&dj uxnh ls jktk dks 22]700:i;k vkrk FkkA ljdkj frjgqr ds 67 ijxuk esa169 xk¡o lfEefyr Fks ftlls jktk dk uxn vkenuhFkkA5 njHkaxk jkt dks uu&dj tehu dks NksM+djvkSj Hkh tehu Fks tSls uhtker] tkxhj xqtjh] vkSjtorh egkyA njHkaxk jkt dks tks nLrqjr ekfydkukfeyrk Fkk mlesa lHkh izdkj ds tehu FksA njHkaxk jktds jsdkMZ ls Kkr gksrk gS fd uoko ehj dkfle dsle; esa uu&dj xk¡o dks futker egky ds lkFkfeyk fn;k Fkk vkSj dqN dks tkxhnkjksa dks ns fn;kx;k FkkA ysfdu uoko us iqu% lkjs tehu njHkaxk jktdks ykSVk fn;k vkSj 18 vizhy 1763 bZ0 es ,dijokuk jktk ds uke ls Hkst fn;kA bl i= dk ftØdjrs gq, ucko us njHkaxk ds tkxhjnkj dks Hkh Hkstfn;k fd njHkaxk jkt ds uu&dj tehu esa fdlhizdkj dk gLr{ksi ugha djsA6 dgk tkrk gS fd uokovkSj dklhe dks jktk izrki flag ds lkFk nksLrkukfj’rk Fkk D;ksafd og iVuk ls HkkSjk ¼jkt/kkuh½ jktk lsfeyus vkrs FksA mu yksxksa dh eqykdkr fdyk?kkV¼njHkaxk½ esa gksrh FkhA7

dgk tkrk gS fd jktk izrki flag uoko lsfeyus ds fy;s fdyk?kkV vk jgs Fks rks mUgksaus ,dlk¡i vkSj [katu fpfM+;k dks [ksy [ksyrs ns[kkA mUgksausT;ksfr”kkpk;ksZ dks cqyk;k vkSj mu yksxksa ls fopkjysus ds ckn irk pyk fd ;g Hkwfe dkQh ‘kqHk gSvkSj bldk Hkfo”; mTtoy gSA ;g LFkku jkeckxds lehi gSA mUgksaus viuh jkt/kkuh HkkSM+k ls njHkaxkifjorZu djus dk fu’p; dj fy;kA8 oLrqr% jktkizrki flag ds fy;s og ‘kqHk fnu FkkA mUgsasa ehj

dklhe us vusdks izdkj ds lqfo/kk;s izkIr gq;h tSlslknksbZ] ,dkuh] lhjnsgh] nlrqjr eqDr neh] ekfydkukvkSj ls;j pkSFkkbZ vkSj nLrqjr VSfVQ [kkl vkSj vU;lqfo/kk;s vkSj iwjs ljdkj frjgqr dh tehankjhA brukgh ugh ljdkj frjgqr fd feyfd;r tks jktk ujsUnzflag ds le; esa feyk Fkk] og uoko ls izkIr gqvkA9

jktk izrki flag cgknqj rks Fks gh lkFk ghvR;Ur iz’kaluh; yksdfiz; jktk FksA eqxyvf/kdkfj;ksa ls cgqr vPNk lEcU/k FkkA eqxy ckn’kkgds }kjk tks Qjeku feyk Fkk mlesa mUgsa mPp dksfV dkjktk ekuk x;k gS vkSj ;q) esa ‘kfDr’kkyh jktk ekukx;k gSA10 1760 bZ0 esa tc jktk izrki flag xíh ijcSBs rks vxy&cxy ds NksVs&NksVs tehankj tksmuds egr+ Fks] mu yksxksa us flj mBkuk vkajHk djfn;kA loZizFke xqj[kkyh jktk iFoh ukjk;.k lkgvius dks usiky dk jktk ?kksf”kr dj fy;kA mlusjktk izrki flag ,d ‘kfDr’kkyh lsuk ysdj Hkxokuiqjdh vksj dqp dj x;sA mUgksaus f=foØe lsu tksekf.kd lsu ds iksrs dks mUgsa vius vf/kdkj esa fd;kAf=foØe lsu dk ea=h dud flag uoko ehj dkfleds ikl lgk;rk ds fy;s igq¡pkA uoko us xqjxhu [kk¡dks lsuk ds lkFk Hkstk ysfdu blesa uoko dks cckZnhgq;hA xqj[kkyh jktk tks eqxy lezkV dks okf”kZd djnsrk Fkk og Hkh cUn dj fn;kA xqj[kkyh jktk usbZLV&bafM;k daiuh ds {ks=k esa Hkh viuk vf/kuLrdk;e dj fy;kA Hkkjr vkSj usiky ds chp rM+kbZ{ks=k dks ysdj ladV mRiUu gks x;kA bZLV&baf.M;kdaEiuh us dSIVu fduykSd ds lsukifrRo esa viuhlsuk xqj[kkyh jktk dks jksdus ds fy;s Hkstk fdUrq ogvlQy gks x;kA iFoh ukjk;.k us iqu% mu LFkkuksdks vius dCts es dj fy;kA jktk izrki flagxqM+[kkyh jktk dks vius vf/kdkj esa dj fy;k vkSjog izrki flag dks okf”kZd dj 12]500 nsus dksLohdkj dk fy;k pkgs og :i;k gks ;k mrus :i;sdk gkFkh gksA ;g dj izkfUr; ljdkj ds [ktkuk esaHkstk tkrk Fkk izrki flag ds }kjk vFkkZr ek/;eizrki flag ekuk x;kA11 jktk izrki flag dks dksbZ iq=ugha Fkk vkSj vius Hkkb;ksa ls Hkh esy ugha FkkA muds



ImpactFactor


®

osek= HkkbZ ek/ko flag muds eR;q ds ckn mUgsaeq[kkXuh fn;sA njokfj;ksa us okrkoj.k dks bruk fo”kkDrdj fn;k Fkk fd nksuks HkkbZ esa thfor dky esaeqykdkr rd ugh gks ldkA ;|fi dÙkkZ mUgsa ghcuuk iM+kA Jk/k deZ lEiUu djus ds ckn os jkT;dk;Z esa layXu gks x;sA12

jk; eksgu yky us cksMZ vkWQ jsosU;q dksviuk lger Hkstk fd [k.Moky oa’k esa ek/ko flaggh jktk izrki flag ds mÙkjkf/kdkjh gSa vkSj bUgsaa ghjkT;f/kdkjh cuk;k tk;A cksMZ vkWQ jsosU;q bl ckrdks Lohdkj dj fy;k vkSj ek/ko flag jktk dk;ZHkkjlaHkkyus ds fy;s vkns’k fn;kA ek/ko flag dks ;gHkh lgefr izkIr gqvk fd og izslhMsUlh dkSafly esaHkh {kek izkIr djus ds fy;s viuk vkosnu nsaA bldk;Z dks lEiUu djus esa Hkokuh nÙk feJ us HkhdkQh lg;ksx fn;kA13 cksMZ us jktk ek/ko flag dksjktk ds in dh Lohd‘r ns nh vkSj lkFk gh mUgsavkns’k fn;k x;k fd os izrki flag dks iRuh dksisa’ku dk fgLlk ns vkSj vius os ek= HkkbZ;ksa dh HkhO;oLFkk djsaA14 pqafd ek/ko flag jktk ds in ijvklhu gksus ds ckn [k.Moky oa’k ds iz/kku ekustkrs gS vkSj mudk ;g drZO; gks tkrk gS fd mlifjokj ds fdlh Hkh lnL; dks dbZ rdyhQ ughigq¡psA blh chp uUnu frokjh dk Hkrhtk ljdkj dsikl vkosnu ns fn;k fd Lo0 jktk izrki flag tksdtZ muls fy;s Fks og ugha feykA jk; eksgu ykyus ek/ko flag dks ijokuk rks ns fn;s fdUrq dgh HkhLo0 izrki flag ds dtZ ds fo”k; esa dqN ugh dgkAvr% blds lEcU/k esa fopkj fd;k tk;A jktk izrkiflag us xoZuj tsujy dkSafly esa viuk vthj islfn;k fd mUgas buyksxkssa ls NqVdkjk fn;k ns rkfd jktdk dk;Z lqpk: :i ls pyk ldsA15

;|fi vHkh rd xoZuj tsujy bu dkSflaydks muds ifjokj dk fyLV ugh feyk Fkk fQj xoZujus lS;n eqdne vdcj dks vkns’k Hkst fn;k fdLo0 jktk ds ifjokj ds lnL; dks mfpr eqvkotkns fn;k tk; rkfd os Bhd ls le; xqtkj ldsAjktk ek/ko flag dks Hkh lwfpr fd;k x;k fd

dtZnkjh dh fpUrk ugh djs vkSj jkT; dk;Z dks lgh<ax ls laHkkysA 16 firk dh eR;q ds ckn cM+s yM+dkgksus ds ukrs N=flag 1807 bZ0 es fcgkj ds xíh ijvklhu gq;sA jkT;jksg.kk ds le; jkT; dh vk;cgqr de x;h Fkh vkSj jkT; vkfFkZd cngkyh lsxqtj jgk FkkA mUgksaus jkT; dh vkenuh c<+kus dkiz;kl fd;kA os ‘kklu dk;Z esa dkQh izoh.k Fks vkSjdk;Z ds izfr ges’kk rÙij jgrs FksA mUgksaus daiuhljdkj dks usiky ;q) esa lkFk fn;k Fkk ftlds dkj.kmudks daiuh ljdkj us egkjkt ^dk inoh nsdjlEekfur fd;k FkkA ;g inoh mUgsa dydÙkk njckjesa 13&8&1814 dks ykWMZ eksfj;k us fn;k FkkA19

1811 bZ0 ds ebZ eghus esa mudk HkkbZ ¼jktk ek/koflag ds r‘rh; iq=½ us iVuk izkfHkUlh;y dksVZ esacWVokjk nk;j fd;sA mudk dguk Fkk fd iqLrSuh /kuesa mudks ,d frgkbZ fgLlk feyuk pkfg;sA 22 tqudks dfr flag dk dsl lekIr dj fn;k x;kA mldsckn mUgksaus lnj vnkyr esa vihy fd;s fdUrqlquokbZ gksus ds igys dfrfalg vkSj N=flag esa feykugks x;kA dfrZ flag us jkT; dk tks izkphu uh;e Fkkml ij ,d dkyk /kCck yxk fn;kA oLrqr% njHkaxkjkt ds fu;ekoyh ds vuqlkj jktk ds cM+s iq= dsthou clj ds fy;s dqN ijxuk] xk¡o ns fn;k tkrkFkkA fQj dfrflag us ,slk djds njHkaxk jkt dsbfrgkl ds fo:) dk;Z fd;sA jkT; oa’kkoyhvf/kuh;e esa ,d vk¡p vk xbZA

egkjkt N=flag dh egkurk dk ,d mnkgj.kgS fd njHkaxk jkT; vkSj csfr;k jkT; ds chp ,dyEcs le; ls euksekY; pyk vk jgk FkkA tcfcgkj ds jktk N=flag Fks vkSj ¼csfr;k ds jktkvkuUnfd’kksj flag rks nksuksa ds chp mRdjkBk txhgq;h Fkh fd ijLij okrkZyki gksus ls eS=kh HkkomRiUu gks ldrk gSA nks volj ds rkd esa Fks ghA,d fnu nksuks iVuk igq¡psA nksuks iVu nsoh ds n’kZugsrq tk jgs FksA jkLrs esa gh nksuks dh eqykdkr gks x;hAfQj iVuk tkus ij Msjk ij okrkZyki gq;h vkSj nksuksads chp xgfj fe=rk gks x;hA bl dk;Z ds eq[;izcU/kdÙkkZ csfr;k ds ckuw Nijk fuoklh Jh d“.knÙk



ImpactFactor


®

FksA20 egkjktk N=flag vius jkT; dh vkfFkZd fLFkfrdks etcwr djus ds fy;s Lons’kh vkSj fons’kh nksuksaHkkoukvksa dks ysdj vkxs c<+sA mUgksaus fofHkUu izdkjds O;kikj esa viuk iSlk yxkuk ‘kq: dj fn;kAmUgksaus Lons’kh vkSj fons’kh nksuks O;kikj esa viuk‘ks;j yxk fn;kA oLrqr% bl dk;Z ls jkT; dh vk;c<+ x;hA mUgksaus loZizFke cSad i)fr dh tkudkjhizkIr fd;k vkSj loZizFke cSad esa iSlk tek djus dsfy;s yksxksa dks vkxzg fd;kA21 Hkkjr ds cSafdax izFkkds fodk’k eas mudk loZizFke uke fy;k tkrk gSA22

egkjkt N=flag ds ckn muds Js”B iq=egkjkt :nzflag xíh ij cSBsA muds xíh ij cSBus dsckn muds NksVs HkkbZ oklqnso flag vk/kk jkT; ds fy;sdksVZ esa eqdnek nk;j dj fn;sA dsl loZizFke iVukds lslu tt ds dksVZ esa 22 flrEcj 1840 bZ0dks Qkby fd;sA lslu tt us viuk QSlyk fn;kfd jkT; xíh izkIr djus dk vf/kdkj dsoy egkjkt:nz flag dks gS vkSj oklqnso flag dks gS vkSj oklqnsoflag dks ijxuk tjSy fn;k vk ldrkA njHkaxk jkT;ifjokj dk uh;e gS fd cM+s iq= gh jkT; dsvf/kdkjh gks ldrs gS vkSj NksVs iq= dks [kpZ gsrq dqNxk¡o ;k ijxuk fn;k tk ldrk gSA lkFk gh ;g Hkhdgk x;k fd mUgsa tks ijxuk fn;k tkrk gS] og rcrd jgsxk tc rd ml ifjokj esas iq:”k lnL; gksAiq:”k lnL; ugh jgus ij og ijxuk iqu% jkt ds‘kklu ds vUrxZr pyk vk;sxkA23 lslu tt usdsl dks lekIr dj fn;kA oklqnso flag us dsl dksizhHkh dkSafly esa ys x;sA ysfdu fizHkh dkSafly us Hkhyksvj dksVZ ds fu.kZ; dks gh ekU;rk fn;sA jkT; dktks izksiVhZ ¼/ku½ gS mls c¡Vokjk ugh fd;k tk ldrkD;ksafd ,slk djus ls jkT; dh rkdr de gks tk;sxhvkSj ,drk cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s dqykpkj i)fr ij/;ku nsuk gksxkA jkT; dk c¡Vokjk djus ls fcgkj esacgqr vf/kd tehankj gks tk;saxs vkSj Hkwfe dk dkuwudks ykxq djus esa dfBukbZ gksxhA24

egkjktk :nzflag jkT; dk;Z pykus esa dkQhprqj FksA muds njckj esa dk;kZ/;{k nsodhuUnu BkdqjFksA ml le; esa fnoku ds in ij csykjkgh ds

fuoklh dk;LFk j?kqifr nkl Fks ftUgsa HkS;k dhmikf/k ls lacksf/kfr fd;k tkrk FkkA os vius ‘kkludk;Z dks pykus ds fy, vius vf/kuLr deZpkfj;ksaij dkQh fo’okl djrs Fks vkSj mu deZpkfj;ksa dksle;≤ ij vkfFkZd lg;ksx Hkh nsrs FksA25

egkjktk :nzflag /keZfiz; O;fDr FksA mUgksaus,d ckj dk’kh esa ,d f’koky; cuokus yxs fdUrqog iw.kZ muds le; esa ugh gks ldkA egkjkty{eh’oj flag ml f’koky; dks iw.kZ Lo:i ns fn;sAmudh iRuh :nzyrk leLrhiqj LVs’ku ds lehif’koky; cuok;sA ml eafnj dks :nzyrs’oj uke lstkuk tkrk gSA26

jktk :nzflag dkQh fo}ku O;fDr Fks vkSjmudk njckj fo}kuh ls Hkjk jgrk FkkA mUgksaus laLdrds fo}kuksa dks dkQh tehu nku esa fn;s FksA egkjktdks iwf.kZ;k] Hkkxyiqj] eqaxsj esa Hkh dkQh tehuT;nkn Fkk vkSj frjgqr ljdkj rks muds vf/kd FkkghA27 muds HkkbZ oklqnso flag Hkh mPp dksfV dksfo}ku FksA oks vius jkT; dk;Z esa mTtoy rks Fks ghvkSj fo|k esa Hkh izoh.k FksA mUgsa O;kdj.k /keZ’kkL=k esafoy{k.k izfrHkk FkkA muds iRuh vR;Ur mnkj] n;kvKSj fo|k izseh FkhA mUgksaus vius {ks= laLdr ikB’kkykdk fuekZ.k fd;k vkSj Nk=ksa dks Hkkstu] oL= Hkh nsrsFksA28

egkjkt egs’oj flag firk ds nsgkar ds cknfcgkj dh xíh ij vk:<+ gq;sA buds le; esa ckcwcnjhukFk dk dk;kZ/;{k FksA muds le; esa jkT; dkvkfFkZd ykHk gqvk Fkk ysfdu vkfFkZd {kfr Hkh dkQhgqvk FkkA buds le; esa [kM~xiqj jkT; dk gosyhijxuk uhykeh esa [kjhn gqvk Fkk fQj Hkh jkT; esabruk eqdnek Fkk fd [kpZ c<+rk tk jgk FkkA egkjktkegs’ojflag ds izFke fookg ds le; bruk [kpZgqvk Fkk fd jkT; ij _.k dk Hkkj ij x;k FkkA29

egkjktk egs’ojflag vius firk dh rjgf’k{kk ds izsse FksA muds njckj esa cM+s&cM+s ifjxryksx FksA muds ifjxr eaMyh esa e0e0 dUgkbZ >k]uS;kf;d ccqtu >k] T;ksfrpk;Z cUnh >k] rFkkeqDrs’oj >k vkfn dk ifj.kr Fks egkjkt dh vkKk



ImpactFactor


®

ls T;ksfr”kkpk;Z eqDrs’oj >k iwtk iVy cuk;s FksAegkjktk egs’ojflag njHkaxk esa fczfV’k ljdkj dhvkKk ls vkSj Los{kk ls Hkh ,0 yks&cukZdqyj LdqyvkaXy mPp fo|ky; dh LFkkiuk 1855 eass gqvkA;|fi blds iwoZ dksydÙkk] enzkl vkSj eqcabZ esafo’ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk gks pqdh FkhA fcgkj dsyksx vaxzsth f’k{kk dks gs; n“V ls ns[krs Fks vkSjvaxzsth dks eysPNksa dh Hkk”kk ekurs FksA fdUrq egkjktkegs’oj flag ds le; esa tc ;g fo|ky; LFkkfirgqvk rks /khjs /khjs lHkh va/kfo’oklh yksx Hkh viusoPps dks bl Ldqy esa Hkstus yxsA30 egkjkt ds cyLFkkuh; lfefr ds lnL; gh ugh Fks oj.kk mUgksausLdwy ds fodkl ds fy;s tehu Hkh fn;s vkSj pUnkHkh rkfd fo|ky; ;Fkkf’k?kz vkxs c<+ ldsA31

1857 bZ0 esa flikgh fonzksg dh TokykizTofyr gq;h vkSj og lEiw.kZ fcgkj esa vkx dhyiV dh rjg QSy x;kA njHkaxk Hkh bl fonzksg esafiNs ugh FkkA fonzksg dks nckus esa rRdkyhu izHkko’kkyhtehankjksa us vaxzstksa dh enn dhA blesa izeq[k csfr;kds jktk] gFkqok ds jktk] lqjlaM ds tehankj] iaMksyds tehankj vkSj eqt¶Qjiqj ds egar FksA NksVs&NksVstehankj xaMd ds lehi vaxsztks dh lgk;rk dh FkhAfonzksgh xaMd ikj dj frjgqr eas izos’k djuk pkgrsFks] ijarq frjgqr ds eftLVªsV vkSj daiuh ds mPpvf/kdkjh mls jksdus dh ps”Vk dj jgs FksA os frjgqrds tehankjksa ij Hkh djh fuxkg j[ks gq;s Fks vkSjl’kfDr utj ls ns[k jgs FksA njHkaxk ds egkjktkfonzksfg;ksa dh lgk;rk ns jgs gSa ,slk vk’kadk dh x;hFkhA njHkaxk egkjkt dks viuh lsuk Hkh Fkh vkSj mUgsaljdkj mlh utj ls fn[k jgs Fks egkjkt dgh fonzksgu dj nsaA mlh le; esa egkjktk vius fo’kkyjktHkou ds pkjks vksj [kkbZ dk fuekZ.k dj jgs Fksftls ns[kdj vaxzst vf/kdkjh ‘kadkyq gks mBs FksAdaiuh ljdkj us egkjkt dks [kkbZ [kwnokus ls jksdfn;kA32 ;|fi egkjktk us vaxzsth dh ekax iwjk djfn;s Fks fdUrq ;g fuf’pr Fkk fd os bl fons’kh‘kklu dks ilan ugha djrs FksA muls bruh rkdrugh Fkh fd os izR;{k :i ls fczfV’k ljdkj dk

fojks/k djrs fdUrq fonzksfg;ksa dh lgk;rk vo’; nsjgs FksA muds ‘kj.kkLFkyh dh O;oLFkk vkSj Hkkstu dhO;oLFkk vo’; fd;s FksA33 bl rjg njHkaxk egkjktkegs’oj flag 1850 bZ0 ls 1860 bZ0 rd jktfd;sA muds eR;q ds i’pkr] njHkaxk&jkt izfrikydvf/kdj.k ¼dksVZ vkWQ okMZl~½ dh ns[k js[k es ysfy;k x;kA Js”B dqekj y{eh’oj flag okfyx gq;src os vius iSrd flagklu ij fojkteku gq,AbZLV&baf.M;k daEiuh ‘kklu dky esa njHkaxk egkjktkdks [k.Moky oa’k bu tehankj dh vfeV Nkifcgkj ds bfrgkl dks izHkkfor djrk jgkA

lanHkZ xzUFk lwph1 vks] eSyh& Mh0th0 njHkaxk&i0 1442 ,l Hkh0 lksguh&jsHksU;q fgLVªh vkWQ njHkaxk

jkt ts0 oh0 vkj0 ,l0 HkkS0 XLVIII i01143 izkslhfMax vkWQ n cksMZ vkWQ jsosU;q] iVuk

11&11&1779]4 vkj- ,u- pkS/kjh &iksfyfVdy fgLVªh

vkWQ [k.Moky i0 1055 vkj- ,u- pkS/kjh] ogh& i0 1026 njHkaxk jkt jsdkMZ&ijokuk ua0 147 eqdqUn oDlh >k&fefFkyk Hkk”kke; bfrgkl

&i0 237&388 ,l0 ,u0 flag&ogh i0 2229 ?kkslokjk gkml] Hkhl ysfu;lu 11007

jkt njHkaxk egkfQt[kkukA10 jkt egkfQt[kkuk i=k ua0 74] i0

1011 njHkaxk jkt jsdkMZ ¼egefQt[kkuk½

dklsokjk ua0 1134@3612 ijes’oj >k] fefFkyk rRo foe’kZ] i0

18013 izkslhfMax vkWQ iVuk dkSafly vkWQ jsosU;q

13&7&177514 ogh& 4&9&177515 izksflfMax vkWQ n iVuk dkSafly vkWQ

jsosU;q] 5&10&1775



ImpactFactor


®

16 ogh17 ogh18 ;wj bafM;u vihy oY;we&VI] i0

16819 ijes’oj >k&fefFkyk rRo foe’kZ] i0

18620 ,u0 lh0 flUgk&LVMht bu buMks&

fczfV’k bdksukseh n‘jkMjsM b;lZ ,xks& i0 2421 ds0 ds0 nÙkk] fjiksVZ vkWQ n jhtuy

jsdkMZ losZ dfefV fcgkj i0 2122 Mh0 th0 ekSyh] njHkaxk i0 144&

145 vkSj Hkh ns[ks ,u >k] fgLVªh vkWQ ljdkjfrjgqr vjkMj n bZLV bafM;k daiuh i0 92

23 MCyw0 MCyw0 gjkVj] ogh i0 21324 ts0 ,l0>k] fgLVªh vkWQ njHkaxk jkt]

ts- oh- vkj- ,l oY;we& LXVIII i0 7125 ogh26 ijes’oj >k & ogh i0 18927 ijes’oj >k & ogh i0 18928 ijes’oj >k &ogh&i0 190&9129 Mh0,u0 flag & fefFkyk esa Lokra=k

vkanksyu dk mnHko vkSj fodkl i0 1330 tVk’kadj >k&fgLVªh vkSj njHkaxk jkt]

ts- oh- vkj- ,l- o XLII i0 7431 ds0 ds0 nÙkk &fgLVªh vkWQ fÝMe

eqHkesUV bu fcgkj& i0 6932 Mh0 ,u0 flag&fefFkyk us Lokra=k

vkanksyu dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl& i0 4333 MWk0 xksiky dqekj (Rosera)- fcgkj esa

tehankjh O;oLFkk vkSj d“kd thou ¼1757&1857½PH.D.Thesis ( hindi), LNMU njHkaxk fcgkj &2018]i`0-97

nsso Hkwfe mÙkjk[k.M jkT; esa ukx tkfrds jktkvksa dk ‘kklu dk ,d v/;;u

MkW- txeksgu flagvfLl- izks-] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx]

jktdh; LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky; xksis’oj] peksyh

MkW- fouhrk usxhvfLl- izks-] laLdr foHkkx]

jktdh; egkfo|ky; ?kkV] peksyh

==============***********===============ukxtkfr mÙkjk[k.M nso Hkwfe dh vfr izkphu

tkfr jgh gSA egkHkkjr dky esa mÙkjk[k.M esa ukxtkfr dh mifLFkfr ds izek.k feyrs gSaAcgwuh ukxos’ekfu xM~xk;klrhj mÙkjsAr=LFkkufi laLrkSfe egr% iUuxkuge~AA�¼vkfnioZ 3@136½

egkHkkjr esa _f”k d’;i dk fuoklvyduUnk {ks= crk;k x;k gSA1 xa/keknu ioZr ijos ri djrs FksA2 budk fookg vk;Z ujs’k n{k dhrssjg dU;kvksa ¼vfnfr] fnfr] nqu] dkfydk] lqjlk]rkxzk] lqjfHk] fourk] bjk] dnzw] Øks/ko’kk] equh vkSjvuyk½ ls gqvk FkkA buls vla[; larkusa mRiUu gqbZvkSj lf”V dk izR;sd vax iw.kZ gqvkA ukx Hkh buvaxkas esa egRoiw.kZ le>s tkrs gSaA ,slh ekU;rk gS fdtc nsoksa ds opZLo esa deh vk;h rks ukxksa dh jpukczãk us dnzw vkSj d’;i iq=ksa ds :i esa dhA3 czãkth ds ds’kksa ls P;qr gksdj viliZ.k ds dkj.k bUgasliZ] czãk ls ghu ¼vyx½ gksus ds dkj.k vfg vkSj‘kjhjkUr izkfIr ds dkj.k iUux dgk tkrk gSA4

oLrqr% ukx dks liZ] ioZr ;k vfg dklekukFkhZ ekuk tkrk gSA _Xosn esa vlqjksikld vk;ksZdh ftl ioZrh; ‘kk[kk dks vfg ,oa vlqj dgk

30



ImpactFactor


®

x;k gS] mUgsa gh mÙkj oSfnd dky esa ukx tkfr lslEcksf/kr fd;k tkrk gSA5 MkW0 lEiw.kkZ uUn vk;ksZadk vkfn ns’k esa fy[krs gSa fd buds ewy esa tks vfg’kCn vk;k gS] og ukx dk |ksrd gSA osn esa ukxksa dkmYys[k ;{k] xU/koZ vkSj vIljkvksa ds lkFk gqvk gSA6

_Xosn esa ukx fuokl dks pUnzcq?u] vfg{ks=] vfgcqZ?uvkSj cq?u dgk x;k gSA ok;q iqjk.k7 vkSj czã iqjk.k8

esa lqes# ioZr ij eRL; iqjk.k9 esa gsedwV ioZr ijvkSj egkHkkjr esa xU/keknu ioZr js.kh ds fudV lkfu/;iwoZd vf/kf”Br fd;k x;k gS] ijUrq fo”.kqiqjk.k dkdFku gS fd mPp dqyh; ukx ikrky esa fuokl djrsgSaA10 iqjk.kksa esas ukxiqj ¼ukxyksd½ ;k ikrkyyksd esabudk fuokl LFkku dgk x;k gSA lkekU; izflf) Hkh;gh gS fd ukx ikrkyyksd ds fuoklh FksA11

okjkgh lafgrk esa ukxksa dkss ioZrksa dk fuoklhcrk;k x;k gSA gfjjke /kLek.kk us nl lglz vfgeU;kasssdk ukxjkt —”.k ds ussr‘Ro eas lIrcq/uksa ds ns’k esa#nz] e#r vkSj bUnz ds lkFk dbZ la?k”kksZa dk foLrkjiwoZdmYys[k fd;k gSA 11 iqjk.kksa eas bUnz dks varfj{k esavfg;kssa dk usrk dgk x;k gSA12 Li”V gS fd bUnz vkSjvfg;kssa dk fuokl LFkku varfj{k LoxZ vFkkZr~ x<+okyds ioZr izns’k esa FkkA dsnkj[k.M esa mYys[k gS fdx<+oky Hkwfe LoxZ Hkwfe gSA 13 MkW0 f’koizlkn Mcjkyus fy[kk gS fd mÙkj esa xaxk dss rhj ij vusd ukxcfLr;ka FkhA14 egkHkkjr lHkkioZ ds vuqlkj fnfXot;hvtqZu jk{kl jkt o‘= ds vkJe lsss ^ukxkuka jf{krans’ka* ukxksa ds bl nss’k gkssdj xU/keknu ioZr esa igqapssFksA

ukxksa dk mÙkjk[k.M ukxiqj ¼x<oky½ ls ysdjdqekaÅ esa pEikor ds ¼uo ukxkLrq eks{kfUr] iqjhpEikorh uik%½ Hkw&Hkkx rd gh ‘kklu ugha jgk gSS]cfYd budk foLrkj Hkkjr ds fgekpy izns’k] yn~nk[k]d’ehj] vkfn izns’kksa ls lfgr fo’o ds vusdHkw&Hkkxksa esa jgk gSA usiky esa dkBekaMw ds fudVukxºn ljksoj djdksVd uked ukxjktk dk fuoklLFkku Fkk] ftlds uke ij vkt Hkh ogka esyk yxrkgSA frCcr okys rks vius dks ukxoa’kh vkSj viuhHkk”kk dks ukx Hkk”kk dgus esa viuk xkSjo vuqHko

djrs gSaA bXyS.M esa fefFkdk ;kfu lw;Z dh ewfrZ dspkjksa vkSj fyiVk gqvk ukx fn[kykbZ iM+rk gSA LohMu];wuku] teZuh rFkk ukosZ Hkh ukx izrhdksas dk mYys[kgSA ftl dkj.k mudh vkt Hkh ogka iwtk dh tkrhgSA15

egkHkkjr esa ukxksa ds oklqfd oa’k] r{kdoa’k] ,jkor oa’k] dkSjo oa’k vkSj /krjk”Vª oa’k crk;sx;s gSaA16 fgeky; dh yksd dFkk,a uked iqLrdsa esaHkh rkjknÙk xSjksyk vkSj bZ- ,l- vksdys us ukxoa’kdh oa’kkoyh bl izdkj nh gS &vehukx] Q.khukx]flljukx] foljukx] rrdhukx vkSj oklqfdukx] vaxzstiqjkrRofon lh-,Q-vksYM+ge us ukxksa dks lw;Zoa’khvkSj ukx fpUg~ /kkj.k djus okyk crk;k gSA _Xosn esaof.kZr vlqjjkt ‘kEcjklqj dks Hkh ukxoa’kh ¼vfgekuo½crk;k x;k gSA lEHkor% x<oky ds izkphu x<+ksa dsvf/kdka’k [k.Mgj ‘kEcjklqj ds 100 _XoSfnd x<+ksads vo’ks”k gSaA ysfdu ;gka dh ,d izpfyr yksddFkkuqlkj fVgjh ds lhekUr {ks= esa jeksyh ds vkl&ikloklqfd ukx dk jkT; FkkA mldh /keZiRuh foeyknsoh ¼ft;k czkã.kh½ ,d ije /keZijk;.k ukx ekrkFkhA mlls oklqfd dh nqf/k;k dkSy ¼daqoj½ czãhdkSy] lwjt dkSy] /keZ dkSy] Qwy dkSy] ty dkSy]¼dqaoj½ lr dkSy vkfn ukS ukx iq= vkSj ukS ukxdU;k,a mRiUu gqbZ] ftudk lEiw.kZ mYys[k ;gkaizpfyr yksd xkFkkvksa ,oa yksd xhrksa esa feyrk gSAxksiLFky ¼xksis’oj vkSj ckM+kgkV mÙkjdk’kh½ ds f=’kwyvfHkys[kksa ls fofnr gksrk gS fd ;gka ikap ukx¼LdUnukx] foHkqukx] va’kqukx] x.kifr ukx] x.ks’oj½ujs’kksa us ‘kklu fd;k FkkA17 vr% Li”V gS fdfgeky; ds blh izns’k esa iq”dj] oklqfd] r{kdvkfn ukxjktkvksa dk rHkh jkT; FkkA

fgeky; esa ukxksa dk opZLo dky fo}kubZlk iwoZ 15 oha lnh iwoZ ls rhljh lnh iwoZ rdekurs gSaA18 bfrgkldkj gfj—”.k jrwM+h ukxksa dk’kkludky ¼3200& 2500½ bZ0 iwoZ ekurs gSaAmudk dguk gS fd —”.kk vkSj ok.kklqj dh laf/k dsckn ukxksa dk vk;Z /keZ esa foy; gqvkA r{kd ukxds iwjs fgeky; esa ’kklu djus dk izek.k egkHkkjr



ImpactFactor


®

esa Hkh feyrk gSA ºosulkax vkfn i;ZVdksa ds dFkkuqlkjxaxk dh miR;dk esa ikapoh ‘krkCnh esa ukx laL—frdk vfLrRo FkkA bfrgkldkj MkW in~epUnz d’;iukxksa dks flU/kqdky dk ekurs gSaA ogka [kqnkbZ esa feyhukxewfrZ ds vk/kkj ij mudk dguk gS fd flU/kqlH;rk dh uhao vk;ksZ vkSj ukxkssa us feydj MkyhAog ukxksa dks ij’kqjke dk oa’kt crkrs gSSaA ch-Mh-ik.Ms; ukxksa dks izkxSfrgkfld tkfr dk crkrs gSaAMkW0 fxz;lZu dk dguk gS fd ukx vuk;Z tkfr FkhAbl tkfr ds yksd liZ ugha ekjrs Fks] lkWi dks viukiwoZt ekurs FksA mudk dguk gS fd fgeky; dhmiR;dk esa cksyh tkus okyh cksyh dks vfgok.khvFkkZr~ ukxok.kh dgk tkrk gS ftls vkt ukxiqjhcksyh ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;equknÙk oS”.ko usukxksa dks dq”kk.k lÙkk m[kkM+us okyk crkrs gq,] budk‘kklu dky 200 ls 350 bZ0 iwoZ ekuk gSAegkiafMr jkgqy us if’peh frCcr ij la 1025 esaukxjkt ¼nso HkV~Vkjd½ dk ’kklu Lohdkj fd;kA 19

;|fi mUgksaus ukxjktk dks frCcr ujs’k fy[kk gS]ijUrq bl uke ls mlds frCcr dk vkfn fuoklhgksus dh lEHkkouk ugha gSA

vf/kdka’k bfrgkldkj mÙkjk[k.M esa ukxksa dk‘kklu dky [klksa vkSj dR;wfj;ksa ls igys crkrs gSavkSj dqN fo)ku ukxksa dks dSarwjksa ¼fdjkrksa ;k dR;wfj;kasa½ds lkFk ekurs gSaA ;|fi ukxksa dh rjg dSarwjk Hkhx<+oky ds fo’ks”k oxZ ds O;fDr;ksa ij vorfjrgksdj ukprs gSaA ysfdu ukxksa ds izfr cgqla[;dturk dk tks nso Hkko gS og dSarqjksa ds izfr ugha gSAukx vkt ;gka ikaM+oksa ,oa —”.k ds led{k vknj.kh;,oa iwtuh; gSaA dR;wjh jkT; ls ‘krkfCn;ksa iwoZx<+oky esa ukxksa ds ‘kklu dk lw;kZLrt gks pqdk FkkAegkHkkjr esa LFkku&LFkku ij tgka ukxksa dk o.kZu gSogka ,d&nks LFkku ij [klksa dk Hkh mYys[k gSA vr%ukxksa dk vfLrRo [klksa ds ledkyhu laHkor% le>ktkrk gSA20 tues; ds liZ ;K ds i’pkr~ ijkftrukxoa’k ;gka ds [kl tkfr esa foyhu gks x;kAtuest; dk liZ ;K yxHkx 3100 bZ0 iwoZ ekuktkrk gSA Li”V gS fd ukxksa dk ‘kklu dky 3100

bZ0iwoZ ;gka jgk gksxkA blh frfFk ds ckn ukxksa dhlaL—fr lEiw.kZr% fgUnw laL—fr esa lek x;h vkSj[kl tkfr ukx dh iwtk djuh yxhA21 fo”.kq iqjk.k22 ,oa Hkkxor iqjk.k23 ds vuqlkj [kl tkfrJh—”.kk dh —ik ls vk;Z /keZ esa nhf{kr gq, FksA

gkykafd ukxksa ds ‘kklu dky ds lEcU/k esabfrgkldkjksa dk tks Hkh er gks] ijUrq ;g Li”V gSfd ;gka dh izkphu tkfr ukx FkhA ioZrkfJr o=klqjdks ukx oa’k esa lcls izFke mRiUu gksus dk xkSjoizkIr gSA 24 ’ks”k ukx dnzw ds csVksa esa lcls ijkØehFkkA egkHkkjr 25 esa ‘ks”kukx dk fgeky; esa riL;kgsrq vkus dk mYys[k gSA dgk tkrk gS fd og ‘kjhjR;kx dh bPNk ls xa/keknu ioZr ij czãth dhriL;k djus yxsA rn~i’pkr czã us izlUu gksdjmls lnSo /keZ ls tqMs+ jgus dk ojnku fn;k vkSj mlsiFoh dks vius Qu ¼vla[; eLrd½ ij laHkkyusdks vkns’k fn;kA rc ls vuUr :i okyk ’ks”kukxpjkpj /kkfj.kh] iFoh dks izy; dky rd fujarj/kkj.k fd;s jgrk gSA 26

egkHkkjr esa mYys[k vk;k gS fd mÙkj esaxaxkth ds rhj ij vusd ukxcfLr;ka FkhA ºohyj HkhHkkjr dk bfrgkl x<+oky esa ukxksa ds vusd izkphuvo’ks”kksa dk vfLrRo Lohdkj djrk gS vkSj vyduUnkdh miR;dk dks ijEijkuqlkj ukxksa dk vkfn LFkkuekurk gSA mlds dFkkuqlkj ukxiqj vkSj mxZe ifVV~;kaukxksa dh izkphu ,sfrgkfld cfLr;ksa dh lwpd gSA,VfdUlu ukxksa dks fgeky; ikj dh tkfr crkrs gSaAxaxk&lglzuke esa HkxhjFk us xaxk dks ukxky; fuokfluh]ukxuka] tuuh pSo] ukxizhfr foof}Zuh] ukxs ojlgk;k]dSyk’kfuy;k dgk gSA27 blls izdV gksrk gS fdfVgjh vkSj x<+oky ds mÙkj esa xaxk unh ds mn~xeLFky ,oa ukxiqj {ks= rd ukxtkfr dk jkT; jgkgksxkA x<+oky esa ukxiqj uked ijxuk] lwfjt ukx dhHkM+okrkZ rFkk ukx mikld xaxw jeksyk ;gka ukxjktoa’k gksus dh iqf”V djrs gSaA tuin mÙkjdk’kh dsjaokbZ&tkSuiqj o nsgjknwu ds tkSulkj&ckoj {ks= esackS[kk ukx] gq.kukx] /;s’ojukx vkfn vusd ukxksa dsefUnj gSa vkSj mudh iwtk vkt Hkh dh tkrh gSA



ImpactFactor


®

ukxiqj esa #nziz;kx ls mÙkj #nzukFk vkSj mxZe rd_XoSfnd #nz ds ‘kkludky esa ukxksa dk fuokl LFkkuFkkA mudh mn~naM+rk vkSj fgald ofÙk;ksa ls =Lr gksdjjktk #nz us vusd vL=&’kL=ksa ls ;qDr viuhegrh lsuk }kjk lglzksa fgald ukxksa dk o/k fd;k FkkAvUr esa ukxjkt —”.k ds usrRo esa vfg;ksa us #nz lslaf/k djds mudk vkJ; Lohdkj fd;kA okYVu dsx<+oky xtsfV;j ¼i-la- 111] 187½ dgrs gSa fd;gka ,d ,slh tkfr Fkh tks ukxksa dks iwT; ekurh Fkh]tks dkykUrj esa ukxtkfr ls izfl) gqbZA ukx dks ;sjk”Vªh; fpUº ekurs Fks vkSj mudh iwtk djrs FksAgfj—”.k jrwM+h us x<+oky dk bfrgkl ¼i-la- 81 o86½ esa vloky vkSj jk.kk dh iwoZ tkfr ukxcryk;h gSA muds dFkkukuqlkj x<+oky ds 52 x<+ksaesa ukxiqj x<+ vkSj ckaxj x<+ ukxoa’kh jktkvksa ds x<+FksA ¼i-la- 154½A MkW- ikrh jke us Hkh i- la-98&99 usxh vkSj dBSrksa dks ukxoa’kh crk;k gSApkSgku eysVh jktiwr dBSr] Hk;k usxh] tkx usxh]eyukl usxh ukxoa’kh crk;k gSA ukxiqj x<+oky dscgqr yksx bUgha ds oa’kt gaSA ¼x<+okyh jktiwrksa dhlSfud lsok i- la0 6½A egkiafM+r jkgqy lkaLdR;k;uus ukxiqj x< vkSj ckaxjx<+ ds vfrfjDr n’kksyhx<+vkSj iSu[k.Mkx< dks Hkh ukxksa dk crk;k gSA Li”V gSfd {kf=; tkfr;ksa }kjk le;≤ ij ftl ukxnsork dks upk;k tkrk gS] og bl rF; dks vkSj Hkhvf/kd iq”V djrk gS fd bl o.kZ ds yksxksa dklEcU/k ukxksa ls fdlh u fdlh :i esa vo’; jgkgksxk] ftl dkj.k ukxksa dks ;s vius bZ”V nsork ds:i esa vkt Hkh ekurs o upkrs jgrs gSA

vYeksM+k ds mÙkjh {ks= esa oSfnd vfg;ksa dkizkphu dky esa ,d ‘kfDr’kkyh jktuhfrd izHkqRoLFkkfir FkkA ikrky Hkqous’oj dHkh ukxksa dk izeq[kLFkku jgk gksxkA /keZxzUFkksa esa dbZ LFkkuksa ij ukxksa dksikrky dk fuoklh crk;k gSA ;g ikrky ‘kCnHkqous’oj ds lkFk vc rd pyk vk jgk gSA ekul[k.Mesa ;gka f’kdkj [ksyus ds fy, v;ks/;k ds lw;Zoa’khjktk _rqi.kZ ds vkus dk Hkh mYys[k gSA bl jktk dks‘ks”kukx us f’ko efgek vkSj xqQk esa f’koth ds x.kksa

vkSj ukxdU;kvksa dh mifLFkfr ds ckjs esa cryk;kFkkA

egkHkkjr vkSj iqjk.kksa ds vuqlkj ukx vkSjvk;Z tkfr esa tuest; ds liZ ;K rd vusd la?k”kksZadk o.kZu feyrk gS ukxjkt r{kd us tc bUnzizLFkfuekZ.k dk fojks/k fd;k] rc ik.Moksa us mls ijkftrdj fn;kA [kk.Mo ou esa ftldk vfLrRo Hkhx<+oky ds vUrxZr crk;k tkrk gS ik.Moksa }kjkvusd ukxksa dk funZ;rk iwoZd o/k fd;k x;kA mlhiqjkuh ‘k=qrk ds izfr’kks/k esaa r{kd us Hkh jktk ijhf{krdks ekj MkykA jktk ijhf{kr dh eR;q ds mijkUrmuds iq= tuest; us liZ;K ukxiqj x<oky ds Hksrwuked xkao esa lEiUu fd;kA ,slh fdEonUrh gS fdbl ;K esa dsoy ukxjkt r{kd gh thfor cpfudykA

ysfdu dkykUrj esa ukxksa vkSj vk;ksZa dslEcU/k e/kqj gq, gksxsaA ftl dkj.k os vkil esa fookglEcU/k cukus yxsA egkHkkjr lHkk ioZ 27@19 dsvuqlkj vtqZu us mxkZ ¼mxZe ukxiqj½ uked ,dioZrh; uxj esa jktk jkspeku dks ijkLr fd;k FkkvkSj ukxiqj izns’k ds fuoklh dSjO; ukxjkt dhdU;k mywih ls fookg fd;k FkkA ¼egkHkkjr vkfnioZ 293@12@13½ lwjtdqoaj HkksV dh jktdqekjhtksrjekyk dks C;kg dj ykrk gSA —”.k dh Hkhvusd dFkk,a bl rjg dh feyrh gSa] ftudklEcU/k ukxoa’kh dqaojksa o HkksV dh dqekfj;ksa ds lkFkgSA dkfynkl us Hkh dqekj laHko esa fgeky; dseSukd uked iq#”k ls ukx dU;k ds fookg dkmYys[k fd;k gSA jke ds iq= dq’k dh iRuh ukxdqydh FkhA jko.k ds iq= es?kukn dh iRuh lqykspuk Hkhukxdqy esa tUeh FkhA

ikSjkf.kd lkfgR; esa f’ko o fo”.kq nksuksa dksliksZa ls lEcfU/kr fd;k x;kA f’ko ;fn ukx;KksaiohrhgSa rks fo”.kq ‘ks”k’k¸;k’k;hA ukxksa dk ‘kSo ls ?kfu”Brkdk lEcU/k jgk gSA viuh oa’k ijEijkuqlkj os oSfnd#nz ds dV~Vj mikld FksA eksgu tksnM+ks esa f’ko dhtks ewfrZ feyh gS] mlds xys esa ukx fo|eku gSa vkSjmlds lEeq[k nks ukx ewfrZ;ka Q.k QSyk;s gqbZ gSaA28



ImpactFactor


®

f’ko laL—fr ls izHkkfor ukxoa’kh ujs’kksa us Lo;axksis’oj vkSj ckM+kgkV ds f’ko efUnjksa dk fuekZ.kfd;k Fkk rFkk muds lUeq[k /kkrqqq ds f=’kwyksa dhLFkkiuk dh FkhA _f”k vxLR; }kjk 69 e#r ¼ukx½nso lekt esa lfEefyr fd;s x;sA29 ukxiqj esa‘ks”kukx ds ije vkjk/;nso f’ko ds vusd efUnjLFkkfir gSa] tgka vusd ukxdqy fuokl djrs gSaA ;ghugha ukxksa esa iq”dj ukx us #nz ls ;g Hkh ojnku izkIrdj fy;k Fkk fd ukx muds vkHkw”k.k cusa] os leLreuq”;ksa }kjk iwftr ,oa lEekfur gksa vkSj ;g {ks=ukxiqj lnSo mUgha ds uke ls fo[;kr jgsA30

gkykafd oS”.ko er ls ukxksa dk yEcs le;rd cSj cuk jgk] ijUrq tc lfU/k gqbZ rc ls budslEcU/k dkQh e/kqj jgs gSa] ftl dkj.k mÙkjk[k.M esa—”.k dh ukx :i esa iwtk dh tkrh gSA ukxksa dksoS”.ko lkfgR; esa ‘ks”kukx ds ifjokj dk lnL; dgkx;k gSA Hkkxor vkfn iqjk.kksa esa fo”.kq dks gh vuUr;k ‘ks”k dgk x;k gSA Hkkjrh; feFkd lkfgR; dsvuqlkj ‘ks”k ukx dnzw ds csVksa esa lcls ijkØeh FkkAJhen~Hkkxor esa nsodh ds iq=ksa dks okil ysus dsfy, —”.k Hkxoku vuUr yksd eas tkrs gSaA —”.kliksZ esa ls oklqfd ds vorkj Hkh dgs tkrs gSaA ‘ks”kukx us jke ds le; esa y{e.k ds :i esa rFkk —”.kds le; cyjke ds vorkj ds :i esa tUe fy;kA31

lad”kZ.k Hkh ‘ks”k ukx ds vorkj ekus tkrs gSAJh—”.k dh cfgu ,dkulk dks ukx dU;k dgk x;kgSA32 Jh—”.k ds cMs+ HkkbZ cyjke ds nsgkolku dsle; vusd ukxksa dk muds n’kZukFkZ ds fy, vkusdk mYys[k egkHkkjr esa gSA33 HkwE;ky] ukxtkZ rFkkuxsyks vkfn ukeksa ls x<+oky esa ,d ukx nsork dhiwtk gksrh gSa tks laHkor% —”.k gh gSaA iwtk gh oju~ukx la?k”kZ rFkk —”.k dk dkfy;k neu dk vk[;kux<+okyh yksdxhrksa esa of.kZr gSA ukxjktk ds dhrZu easJh—”.k dh gh yhykvksa dk dhrZu fd;k tkrk gSAukxjktk ds iwjs x<+oky esa efUnj] eB vkSj ihB gSaAfo’ks”k dj ikSMh x<+oky esa ;g nsork izfl) gS] tks;gka MkaMk ukxjkt ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;ghugha —”.k ukx us viuh jkt/kkuh iq”dj ds fudV

j[kh vkSj ogka Hkh iq”djukx djds izfl) gks x;kAikSjkf.kd le; dk iq”dj rhFkZ vkSj ukxukFk dkefUnj mlds Lekjd gSA og ukx tkfr dk Lokehekuk x;kA ;gh iq”dj rhFkZ orZeku esa ukxukFk iks[kjhfodkl [k.M esa gSA dqN fo}kuksa dh dYiuk gS fd;gh iq”dj ukx vuarukx gS vkSj f’ko ds xys dkgkj gSA34

ckS) lkfgR; esa cq) vkSj ukxksa ds fudVlEcU/kksa dk mYys[k gSA cq) ds thou dky esa Hkhukxksa dk vfLrRo ik;k tkrk gSA cq) dh ifo=ok.kh izKk ikfjfer lkr lkS o”kksZa rd ukxksa ds ikljghA ckS)fHk{kq lksus ls iwoZ ukxksa dh lLrqfr djrs FksA35 egkRek cq) dh ewfrZ ds Åij Qu QSyk;s gqbZukxewfrZ ls Li”V gS fd ckS)ksa ds O;kid foLrkj ,oaizlkj dk iw.kZr% Js; ukxtkfr dks gh gSA tSu lw=ksa esarhFkkZdj lqik’oZ vkSj ik’oZukFk dks ukx fpUg~ /kkj.kdjus okyk crk;k x;k gSA tSuksa ds ,d rhFkZdj rksukxoa’kh gh FksA tSu vkxe lkfgR; esa dqf.kUn ujs’kksadh eqnzkvksa ij ukx dk fp=.k gksrk FkkA

dsnkj fgeky; eas ukx tkfr dk xkSjoe;vrhr jgk gSA iwjs fgeky; esa ukxksa ds lkaL—frdopZLo ds izek.k vkt Hkh ;=&r= feyrs gSaA ;|fibfrgkldkjksa esa ukxksa ds ‘kkludky ds ckjs esa ,djk; ugha gS ijUrq ukx fgeky; dh ,d ikSjkf.kdtkfr Fkh vkSj mldh laLdfr vk;ksZ ls iFkd Fkh blij lHkh ,d er gSaA fgeky; esa ukxksa dh ewfrZ;kalkaiksa ds ctk; ekuo vkdkj dh vkSj iRFkjksa ds fyaxds :i esa ekStwn gSA ;gka dk yksd ekul bu ewfrZ;ksaesa nsokRek vkSj ekuokRek dk fuokl ekurk gSAftlls irk pyrk gs fd dHkh bl {ks= esa ‘kkld jsukx jktkvksa vkSj eqf[k;kvksa ls ijkLr gks tkus dsckn mudh iztk us vius bu uk;dksa dks efUnj cukdj iwtuk vkjEHk dj fn;k vkSj vkt Hkh ?kj&?kj esaukx iapeh ;k vusd ioksZ ij ukx nsork dks dqynsork] bZ”V nsork] {ks=h; nsork ds :i esa iwtk dhtkrh gSA



ImpactFactor


®

lUnHkZ xzUFk1- m|ksx ioZ& 107@3@152- vkfn ioZ & 30@103- ok;q iqjk.k& 9@30&33 ,oa cãiqjk.k&

2@8@354- ok;q iqjk.k& 9@30@33 ,oa czãiqjk.k&

2@8@35&365- Hktu falag ^flag* % vk;kZs dk vfkn

fuokl e/; fgeky;] HkkxhjFkh izdk’ku xg lqeupkSd fVgjh x<oky] 1986 i-la- 281

6- vFkZosn& 8@8@57- ok;qiqjk.k& 34@558- czãiqjk.k& 9@86@449- eRL;iqjk.k& 114@82&8310- fo”.kqiqjk.k& 2@5@411- _Xosnu& 10@106@312- Hktu flag flag*& iwoksZDr] i-la- 28113- dsnkj[k.M 38@3414- vkfn ioZ& 213@32&33f’koizlkn

Mcjky% mRrjk[k.M dk bfrgkl Hkkx&3 i- 34815- ifji.kkZuUn oekZ % izrhd ‘kkL= fgUnh

lfefr] lwpuk foHkkx mRrj izns’k y[kuÅ] 1964i-la-225&226

16- iwju fc”V % ukxtkfr ftldk dHkhfgeky;h {ks= esa opZLo Fkk] ys[k lEiknd cnhnÙkdlfu;ky }kjk lEikfnr laLdfr laxe&2 fgeky;hlaLdfr ij ‘kks/k if=dk] izdk’kd ftyk i=dkjdY;k.k lfefr] fiFkkSjkx<+ 1997 vad] 2 o”kZ 2i-la- 2

17- dsnkj[k.M& 80@2918- iwju fc”V& iwoksZDr] i-la- 119- jkgqy % esjh thou ;k=k Hkkx& 2 i-

la- 656&5720 egkHkkjr nzks.kioZ& 121@4221- f’koizlkn Mcjky % vyduank miR;dk]

i-la- 100&10222- fo”.kqiqjk.k& 5@37@3423- Hkkxor iqjk.k& 2@4@18

24- _Xosn& 1@32@1&2&3&525- vkfn ioZ& 36@3426- fo”.kqiqjk.k& 5@9@2927- dsnkj[k.M& 38@32@33] Hktu

flag flag iwoksZDr] i- l-a28428- okYVu % x<+oky xtsfV;j] i-la- 111

o 18729- jrwM+h% x<+oky dk bfrgkl] i-la-

81&8630- Mk- ikrh jke & x<+okyh jktiwrksa dh

lSfud lsok] i-la- 631- Hktu flag flg& iwoksZDr] i-l-a 28432- vkfn ioZ& 293@12@1333- Hktu flag flag& iwoksZDr] i-l-a 29134- egkHkkjr vuq’kklu ioZ& 14@5535- JhenHkkxoriqjk.k& 3@8@10



ImpactFactor


®

ek[kuyky prqosZnh ds f’k{kklaca/kh fopkjksa dk v/;;u

fÁ;adj ykfj;k’kks/kkFkhZ] bfrgkl foHkkx]

MkW- gjhflag xkSj fo’ofo|ky; lkxj ¼e-Á-½

==============***********===============’kks/k lkjka’k& Hkkjrh; lekt esa lkfgR;dkjksa usvius jpuk lalkj ds vkjfEHkd nkSj ls gh dbZ ,slsfo”k;ksa ij ys[ku dk;Z fd;k tks muds vius dkyls ysdj orZeku dky rd Áklafxd cus gq, gSaAfgUnh lkfgR; ds bfrgkl esa ek[kuyky prqosZnh,d tkuk igpkuk uke gS ftUgksaus fczfV’kdkyhuHkkjr ls ysdj Lora=ksRrj Hkkjr ds fofHkUu fo”k;ksa ijviuh ys[kuh dhA og cM+s dfo] i=dkj ds vykoklekt fprad Hkh jgsA mUgksaus ijra=rk] xjhch] fdlku]efgykvksa lfgr f’k{kk ij Hkh vius fopkj O;Drfd,A og u flQZ vkSifuosf’kd f’k{kk Á.kkyh dstkudkj Fks cfYd jkstxkjijd] yksdrkaf=d o foKku,oa ÁkS|ksfxdh dks c<+kok nsus okyh f’k{kk ds fgek;rhjgsA muds f’k{kk laca/kh fopkjksa esa ,d u, Hkkjr cuusdh Hkwfedk dh iM+rky dh tk ldrh gS vkSj muds;ksxnku dks dforkvksa o i=dkfjrk ds vykoklekt fpUrd gksus rd Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA”””daqth ’kCn % vaxzsth f’k{kk] xzkeh.k lekt] f’k{kd]efgyk f’k{kk] cqfu;knh rkyheA

fgUnh lkfgR; esa ,sls dbZ fo}ku gq, gSaftUgkasus vius ltu dk;Z ls ns’kdky dks brukÁHkkfor fd;k gS ftldh [;kfr vkt Hkh gesa ns[kusdks feyrh gS ,sls gh ,d Áfl) fo}ku ek[kuykyprqosZnh fgUnh txr~ ds fo[;kr lkfgR;dkj] Á[kji=dkj rFkk Lora=rk laxzke lsukuh jgs gSaA fgUnhlkfgR; dh fofo/k fo/kkvksa esa ;Fkk dfork] dgkuh]

ukVd rFkk fuca/kksa ds ek/;e ls mUgksaus rRdkyhuHkkjr dh ijra=rk] fdlkuksa rFkk etnwjksa dh O;Fkk]oafpr rcdksa dh ihM+k,¡ rFkk efgykvksa dh n’kk ,oafLFkfr dks c[kwch fn[kyk;k gSA ek[kuyky prqosZnhdk tUe ckcbZ] gks’kaxkckn esa 4 vÁSy] 1889 dksgqvk1 FkkA muds firk ia- uanyky prqosZnh f’k{kd FksvkSj ekrk dk uke laqnjhckbZ FkkA mudh ’kknh 1903esa X;kjlhckbZ ds lkFk gqbZA ml le; ek[kuyky dhmez 14 o”kZ rFkk mudh iRuh dh mez 9 o”kZ FkhA lu~1914 esa mudh iRuh dk fu/ku gks x;kA2 mudhvkjafHkd f’k{kk fNnxk¡o esa gqbZ ftl Ákbejh Ldwy esafirk us ÁkFkfed f’k{kk ikÃ Fkh] mlh Ldwy esa mudknkf[kyk dj fn;k x;kA ogk¡ ls mUgksaus lu~ 1901 esaÁkbejh ijh{kk mRrh.kZ dhA lu~ 1905 esa] Ákbejhijh{kk mRrh.kZ djus ds ckn] bUgksaus ^Ákbejh VhplZVªsfuax* dh ijh{kk tcyiqj dsUnz ls mRrh.kZ dhA3 lu~1907 esa Á;kx esa f’k{kk xzg.k djrs gq, vkius ia-enueksgu ekyoh; dh Loh—fr ls vH;qn; dsdk;kZy; esa lEiknu dk;Z ’kq: dj fn;k Fkk vkSji=dkfjrk dh nh{kk Hkh ys yh FkhA4 vkxs vkus okyso”kksZs esa mUgksaus dbZ i=ksa dk laiknu dk;Z fd;kA

ÁkjaHk esa dfo viuh jpukvksa esa ek[kuykyprqosZnh uke gh fn;k djrs Fks] ^lqcks/k&flU/kq* dsfgUnh laLdj.k esa dfo us lu~ 1912 esa ^’kfDriwtk* ij ys[k fy[kk FkkA ;g ys[k [kaMok ls izdkf’krgqvk ftlds dkj.k iqfyl }kjk jktnzksg dk vkjksiyxk;k x;k fdUrq Jh ekf.kdpUæ tSu dh cqf)ekuhvkSj dfo dh dk;Zdq’kyrk ,oa lko/kkuh ds dkj.k;g vkjksi xyr fl) gqvkA rc ls og Jhxksiky*]^Hkkjr&lUrku*] dqN ugha*] Hkkjrh;*] lq/kkj&fÁ;*]Îk’kqifr*] ûhfr&izseh*] ^,d fo|kFkhZ*] ^,d fu/kZufo|kFkhZ*] ,d Hkkjrh; iztk*] ,d uo;qod*] r:.kHkkjr*] ^,d izkUrh; ok.kh*] ^,d mPPk f’kf{kr*]^,d Hkkjroklh*] Jh;qr* uouhr*] Jh fo’oO;kIr*]^Jh papjhd*] ^Jh ‘kadj*] ^’k- ’k- ’k-*] ^{k- =- K-*] ôuoklh*] ôuekyh*] ^,d Hkkjrh; vkRek* tSlsfp=&fofp= ukeksa ls fy[krs jgs gSaA5 1913 esaek[kuyky prqosZnh us dkywjke xaxjkMs+ ds lg;ksx ls

31



ImpactFactor


®

îzHkk* dk laikndh; nkf;Ro Hkh l¡¡Hkky fy;kAîzHkk* ds ek/;e ls os Lokeh J)kuan] fo”.kqnRr’kqDy] lS;n ehj vyh ehj vkSj txUukFk izlknvkfn ds laidZ esa vk,A6 ekf.kdpUnz tSu vkSjdkywjke xaxjkM+s us ek[kuyky prqosZnh dks îzHkk* dsokLrfod laiknd dk nkf;Ro lkSaikA îzHkk* us ’kh?kzgh ek[kuyky prqosZnh dks ia- ek/kojko lizs] x.ks’k‘kadj fo|kFkhZ] dkerkizlkn xq:] egkohj izlkn f}osnh]egkRek eqa’khjke jk;cgknqj] ia- fo”.kqnRr ’kqDy tSlsml ;qx ds [;kfryC/k yksduk;dksa dk lgp;ZiqjLdkj esa lkSai fn;kA7 vizSy 1919 esa iafMrek/kojko lizs vkSj ia- fo”.kqnRr ’kqDy us tcyiqj ls^deZohj* ds izdk’ku dk fu.kZ; fy;k vkSj mldslaiknu dk nkf;Ro ek[kuyky dks lkSaikA 11 tuojh]1920 dks ^deZohj* dk igyk vad izdkf’kr gqvkAmYys[kuh; gS fd xka/kh th ds deZ’khy riLohthou dks vkn’kZ cukdj ek[kuyky us bl i= dkuke deZohj* j[kkA deZohj mudh fopkj vfHkO;fDrdk l’kDr ek/;e cu x;kA8 deZohj ds u, O;oLFkkeaMy ls erHksnksa ds pyrs mUgksaus uoEcj 1922 esadeZohj dk laikndh; nkf;Ro NksM+ fn;kA blds iwoZ1921 esa jktnzksg ds vijk/k esa mUgksaus ,d o”kZ tsydh ltk dkVh FkhA varr% tcyiqj ls ^deZohj* dkizdk’ku can gks x;kA 4 vizSy] 1925 ls ek[kuykyus viuh dEkZHkwfe [kaMok ls ^deZohj* dk iqu%izdk’ku vkjaHk fd;k vkSj lu~ 1959 rd bldklaikndh; nkf;Ro fuHkkrs jgsA9 vkxs ds o”kksZa esadeZohj dk Ádk’ku tcyiqj rFkk Hkksiky ls gqvkAek[kuyky prqosZnh dh lkfgfR;d jpukvksa dk Qydcgqr O;kid FkkA mR—”V lkfgfR;d vonku dsfy, mUgsa vusd lEekuksa ,oa iqjLdkjksa ls uoktkx;kA 1943 esa ^fge fdjhVuh* dfork iqLrd ijizfrf”Br ^nso iqjLdkj* izkIr gqvkA 1947 esa fganhlkfgR; lEesyu }kjk ^lkfgR; okpLifr* dhmikf/k ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA 1954 esa mudhdfork iqLrd ^fgerjafxuh* ij ^lkfgR; vdknehiqjLdkj* fn;k x;kA mYys[kuh; gS fd ;g iqjLdkjizkIr djus okys os fgUnh ds igys jpukdkj FksA lkxj

fo’ofo|ky; us 18 fnlacj 1959 dks Mh- fyV~-dh ekun mikf/k iznku dj ek[kuyky prqosZnh dsfojkV —frRo dk lEeku fd;kA 26 tuojh 1963dks Hkkjr ljdkj us mUgsa în~eHkw”k.k* vyadj.k lsfoHkwf”kr fd;kA10 ek[kuyky prqosZnh us vius O;fDrRovkSj —frRo dh lrjaxh NVk ls vius le; dslkfgR; ltu] jktuhfr] lkekftd iqutkZxj.k vkfndk lQy usrRo fd;kA ek[kuyky prqosZnh usjpuk’khyrk ds cy ij Hkkjrh; LOkk/khurk vkanksyudks xfr çnku dhA bl eksjps ij mUgksaus peRdkjdlQyrk vftZr dhA lkfgR; vkSj jktuhfr nksuksa gh{ks=ksa esa ;qx/keZ ds izfr mu tSlk ltx O;fDr feyukeqf’dy gSA 30 tuojh] 1968 dks ;g egkekuolalkj ls fonk gks x;k vkSj viuh la?k”kZe; thou&;k=k ds vfeV infpUg vkSj mR—”V ltukRed—frRo dh vdwr laink ns’kokfl;ksa ds fy, NksM+x;kA11 mUgksaus dbZ ,sls fo”k;ksa ij ys[ku dk;Z fd;ktks rRdkyhu le; ds lkFk gh vkt Hkh ÁklafxdgSaA muds }kjk i=dkfjrk] vaxsztksa dh ’kks”k.k Hkjhuhfr;k¡] Hkkjrh; lekt ds fofHkUu Á’uksa o vk;keksalfgr f’k{kk ij Hkh foLr“r ys[ku dk;Z fd;kA bl’kks/k i= esa muds ’kSf{kd fopkjksa dk fo’ys”k.k fd;kx;k gSA

ek[kuyky prqosZnh fgUnh lkfgR; ds ,dcM+s fo}ku gksus ds ckotwn Hkh mUgksaus ,sls dbZ fo”k;ksaij ys[ku dk;Z fd;k tks Hkkjrh; lekt dheq[;/kkjk ds fo”k; FksA vkSifuosf’kd Hkkjr esa dbZ,sls cnyko gq, ftuls Hkkjrh; lekt ij izHkkoiM+kA vaxzstksa dh lRrk LFkkfir gksus ds lkFk gh mUgsavius lRrk lapkyu ds fy, lgk;dksa dh vko’;drkeglwl gqbZA bl Øe esa mUgksaus vaxzsth f’k{kk iz.kkyhdks ukSdj’kkgh ,oa fyfid oxZ ls tksM+ fn;kA bllstgk¡ ,d vksj dbZ Hkkjrh;ksa ds vaxzsth jkt esaukSdfj;k¡ feyh ogha nwljh vksj fyfid oxZ dk Hkhfodkl gqvkA bl O;oLFkk ls brj dbZ vU; Hkkjrh;ksaus f’k{kk xzg.k djds bls vaxzstksa ds fo:) laxBu ola?k”kZ dk ek/;e cuk;kA izcq) Hkkjrh;ksa us vaxzsthf’k{kk dks jktuhfr dk vkfFkZd gfFk;kj cuk;k] i=dkjksa



ImpactFactor


®

us i=dkfjrk ds ek/;e ls izfrjks/k izdV fd;k rFkklkfgR;dkjksa us blls Hkkjrh; lkekftd lajpuk dkeeZ fn[kyk;kA ek[kuyky prqosZnh us vius ys[kuds ek/;e ls vaxzsth f’k{kk iz.kkyh dh vogsyukdjrs gq, flQZ bls ukSdjh rd lhfer djus ij jks”kO;Dr fd;kA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd bls Hkkjrh;lekt dh —f”k O;oLFkk] O;kikj rFkk m|ksx lstksM+dj bldk foLrkj djuk pkfg, ftlls vkeHkkjrh;ksa ds thou esa cnyko vk;sA Hkkjr ,d—f”k izèkku ns’k gS blfy, bu fo”k;ksa dks f’k{kk esa‘kkfey djds gh bls jkstxkjksUeq[kh cuk;k tk ldrkgSA og fy[krs gSa fd mu yksxksa ls] ftUgksaus iqLrdsai<+&fy[kdj vius dks i<+k&fy[kk cuk fy;k gS];g fNik ugÈ gS fd Hkkjr esa ,sls yksxksa dh la[;ktks [kÈp&rku dj dqN FkksM+k&lk i<+ ysrs gSa vkSjlkFk gh os yksx tks Hkkjr dh orZeku f’k{kk ik, gq,gSa] lc feykdj 100 esa 59 vFkkZr~ çfr lSdM+k 56gSA ge ij foyk;rh xÌh dh lÙkk fdrus gh fnuksa lsgSA xnj dk lky vHkh Hkh cgqrksa dks Hkwyk u gksxkAmlds igys ls gh vaxzst yksx Hkkjrh;ksa dks i<+kus dsç;Ru esa yxs gSa vkSj ;g tks çfr lSdM+k Bksd&ihVdj6 dk fglkc cSBrk gS lks mUgÈ yxHkx 100 o”kks± dsiwjs ç;Ru dk Qy gS vkSj gekjs *bl i<+s&fy[ks* gkstkus ds fy, gesa f’k{kknkrk] xouZes.V dks èkU;oknnsuk pkfg, ijUrq bl f’k{kk ij gesa dqN dguk gSAge iwNrs gSa fd ;g dSlh f’k{kk gS] tks gesa nfjæ gksusls ugÈ cpk ldrh\12 ek[kuyky prqosZnh us vaxzsthf’k{kk O;oLFkk dh iM+rky djrs gq, bldh [kkfe;ksadks lHkh ds le{k j[kk ftlls vke Hkkjrh;ksa dhn’kk ij dksbZ vewy ifjorZu ugha iM+kA

og vkxs dgrs gSa fd ;g dSlh f’k{kk gS tksgekjs cPpksa dh ‘kfDr js[kkxf.kr vkSj chtxf.kr dsi<+us esa [kpZ djrh gSA fdUrq mUgsa cukrh gS] ;g lci<+ pqdus ij 20 #- eghus ij fcdus okykudyuohlA ;g dSlh f’k{kk gS tks gekjs o”kks± [kjkcdj nsrh gS fdUrq gesa thou&;q) ds fdlh Hkh dkedk ugÈ jgus nsrhA ge fdlkuksa dh lUrku gSa] geO;kikfj;ksa dh lUrku gSa vkSj ge _f”k;ksa dh lUrku

gSaA fdUrq u gesa —”kd cuus dh f’k{kk nh tkrh gS]u gesa O;kikjh cuus dh f’k{kk nh Tkkrh gS vkSj u ,slsgh dksÃ _f”k gSa tks _f”k thou ds vuqdwy f’k{kk nsaAns’k ds dksus&dksus ls nfjærk dh vkokt vk jgh gSvkSj og fnu&çfrfnu c<+rh gh tk jgh gSA O;kikjvkSj —f”k dh tks nqnZ’kk gks jgh gS rFkk dyk&dkS’kydh tks nqnZ’kk gks pqdh gS] mldk o.kZu djuk ekuksvius dks mnklhurk dh vkifÙk esa Mkyuk gSA i<+s&fy[ksbus&fxus yksxksa esa Hkh iqLrdksa dk jksx csrjg c<+ x;kgSA f’k{kky;ksa ds os njokts Hkh tks gesa i<+s&fy[kscuk fn;k djrs Fks] vc cUn gks jgs gSaA ijh{kk,¡ cqjhyh tkrh gSaA f’k{kk nsus esa mfpr ç.kkyh ls dk;Z ugÈfy;k tkrkA frlij f’k{kk bruh O;;lkè; cuk nhx;h gS fd mls ikus okyk xjhc gks] ;g dHkh lEHkougÈA gtkjksa fo|kFkÊ jkst Bksdjsa [kkrs] ekjs&ekjs fQjjgs gSaA fdldks budh ijokg gSA f’k{kky;ksa ds njoktscUn gksus dk gesa mruk [ksn ugÈ ftruk gesa fgUnwtkfr dh vdeZ.;rk lsA fdlku viuh fdlkuhNksM+ jgk gS] O;kikjh viuk O;kikj vkSj tks dyk&dkS’ky ds cy ij thrs gSa] mudk rks Hkkjr lsvfLrRo gh feV x;k&lk nh[krk gSA lalkj esa jgusokyh fdlh tkfr dk bruk csgks’k gks tkuk mfprugÈ vkSj blhfy, gesa bl ckr dh fpUrk gSA gekjsns’kokfl;ksa dks f’k{kk ds mfpr iFk <w¡<us pkfg,Ai<+s&fy[ks efrghuksa ds cgdkos esa ugÈ vkuk pkfg,tks ntÊ gks mls pkfg, fd og vius cPpksa dksFkksM+k&lk i<+k&fy[kkdj çkjfEHkd vkSj dqN ekè;fedf’k{kk nsdj vPNk vkSj lLrk lhusokyk cukosA tksèkksch dk yM+dk gks] og mi;ksxh vkSj dk;ZdkjhdiM+s èkksusokyk cusA mudh efr ekjh xÃ tks iqLrdksads gh njokts viuh lewph tkfr dk cfynku djnsuk pkgrs gSaA fdlkuksa ds ckydksa dks fdlku cuukpkfg,A vukt iSnk djuk] [kkn rS;kj djuk] tehucukuk] ÇlpkÃ djuk] jksxksa ls Qly dks cpkuk] i’kqikyuk] nwèk&?kh dk çcUèk djuk vkfn lSdM+ksa ghdk;Z] ,d cqf)eku —”kd ds djus ds gSa ijUrq ;slkjs dk;Z vkt xjhc] vkifÙk;ksa ls dls gq, vkSjfuj{kj —”kd dgykus okyksa ds gkFk esa lkSai fn;s x;s



ImpactFactor


®

gSa vkSj vc i<+s&fy[ks eugwl ukSdjh ij mrj mBs gSaAD;k ;gh f’k{kk dk mís’; gS\ gesa rks ,slh laLFkkdh t:jr gS] tks gekjs ?kj dh f’k{kk nsA gesa xqykehdh ;k mins’k dh Vdlky esa <kyus dh f’k{kk dht:jr ugÈA gesa jksfV;ksa dh f’k{kk dh t:jr gS vkSjtks ns’k dh jksfV;ksa dh f’k{kk dk çcUèk djsxk] lalkjns[ksxk fd og Hkkjr esa nsorkvksa ds leku iwtktk,xkA ij orZeku ljdkjh vkSj xSj&ljdkjh laLFkkvksaesa ,slk çcUèk ugÈ nh[krkA tks yksx Hkkjr dk Hkykpkgrs gSa] mudk dke gS fd os Hkkjr esa —f”k] O;kikjvkSj m|ksx dh f’k{kk nsaA bèkj&mèkj dh f’k{kk esagekjk thou [kjkc u gksuk pkfg, vkSj gtkjksa dk[kpZ dj cM+h&cM+h bekjrsa gekjs fy, u cuuhpkfg,A13 oks ;g eku jgs Fks fd vaxzsth ljdkj —f”krFkk vkS|ksfxd fodkl dh f’k{kk iz.kkyh fodflrdjas ftlls vke Hkkjrh;ksa dks ykHk feys ysfduljdkj viuh lkezkT;oknh ea’kkvksa dks iw.kZ djrsgq, dbZ HkO; lkoZtfud bekjrksa dk gh fuekZ.k djjgh gSA blls u rks Hkkjr dh xjhch nwj gks jgh gS ugh Hkq[kejh cfYd blls —f”k ij vR;f/kd fuHkZjrkc<+us ds okctwn Hkh —f”k dk;ksZa esa deh ns[kus dksfey jgh gSA

vaxzstksa ds vkus ls igys muds ckn rFkkorZeku le; esa Hkh Hkkjr ds xk¡oksa dh lajpuk esavkt Hkh dksbZ Økafrdkjh cnyko ugha vk;k gSAvHkh Hkh xzkeh.k yksxksa ds vanj HkkX;okn] va/kfo’okl]vkMEcj rFkk iqjkruiaFkh fopkj/kkjk fo|eku gSA f’k{kkds ewy mn~ns’; mu rd vkt Hkh ugha igq¡p ik;s gSablhfy, xzkeh.k lekt HkkX; ij T;knk fo’okldjrk gSA ?kfVr ?kVukvksa ds ihNs D;k dkj.k ftEesnkjjgs gSa mudh ryk’k fd;s fcuk yksx va/kfo’oklh gkstkrs gSaA bls pkgs vKkurk dgk tk, ;k u lh[kusdh yydA ek[kuyky prqosZnh blh ifjizs{; dkscrykrs gq, Hkkjrh; xk¡o o muds f’k{kd ds fo”k;esa dgrs gSa xk¡o Hkkjr ds çk.kksa dk uke gS vkSj mldsnqHkkZX; dk HkhA vUèkfo’okl vkSj HkkX;okn ogk¡lnSo f[kyokM+ djrs gSa D;ksafd xzkeh.k vius dksfeyus okys d”Vksa dk dkj.k Kku ds vHkko esa vius

ls fHkUu dqN ?kVukvksa dks ekurs gSaA vius nq%[kksa esa>xM+us ds fy, mUgksaus HkkX; uked oLrq dks cM+kHkkjh lgkjk cuk j[kk gSA ;ksa rks] tks yksx fo’o dsKku ls vfèkd çHkkfor vkSj ifjfpr gksus ds ctk,Lo;a vius gh fo”k; esa vfèkd lkspk djrs gSa] tksviuh t:jrksa dks mez dh lk¡lksa ds osx ls c<+k;kdjrs vkSj yxkrkj ys[kk j[krs gSa] tks vius ghcM+Iiu dh ,d rLohj vius eu dh tsc esa j[kdj]mu yksxksa }kjk cM+s u ekus tkus okys fnuksa dhtUei=h cuk;s jgrs gSa] tks bl ckr dh vfèkdijokg djrs gSa fd muds fo”k; esa vkSj yksx D;kdgrs gSa] tks bl ckr dk fglkc j[krs gSa fdfdl&fdl us dc&dc gekjk lEeku ugÈ fd;k]tks èku vkSj dhfrZ dh nqdkusa pykdj Hkh ân; dhdkseyrk vkSj ijnq%[kdkrjrk dk [ktkuk vius iklugÈ j[krs] muls c<+dj nq%[kh ‘kk;n gh dksÃ gksAfdUrq gekjs xzkeh.kksa dh rks ;g gkyr gS fd os brusde lkèkuksa ij thou&;kiu djrs gSa ftrus ijlalkj ds ‘kk;n fdlh ns’k esa Òh dksÃ thou&;kiuu dj ldrk gks vkSj ftl ij Hkh yksx th jgs gksavkSj ;wjksih; ‘kklu ;g dg jgs gksa fd xk¡oksa ds yksxlq[kh gSaA ,sls xk¡oksa dh lsok ds fy, ;fn geesatkx:drk vk,] rks blls c<+dj iw¡th nwljh gks ugÈldrh D;ksafd igys rks gesa ;g fn[kkuk gS fd lalkjds fdlku fdl rjg jgrs gSa vkSj Hkkjr ds fdlrjgA fQj ;g fd ckgj dgÈ ls gekjs }kj ijlkSHkkX; ugÈ vk,xk] fdUrq gekjk gh vkt dkiq#”kkFkZ LokoyEcu dh xksn esa cSBdj dy dklkSHkkX; cu tkosxkA

xk¡oksa ds f’k{kdksa dh ftEesnkjh cM+h gS] fdUrqge ç’kalk djds gh f’k{kdksa dks larks”k u nsaA gevfèkdkfèkd xzkelsok ds lkèku mUgsa nsa vkSj muds ikl,slk Kku igq¡pk,sa tks mUgsa xzke&lsok dk fn’kk&n’kZudjk ldsA ge ,slk lkfgR; nsa tks xzkeh.kksa ds lkFkcksyrk&lk vkSj muds d”Vksa] t:jrksa] R;kSgkjksa vkSjmRloksa esa ?kqy&fey tkrk&lk utj vk;sA ge ,dckr xzkeh.kksa esa yxkrkj cksrs jgs ftl rjg xzkeh.k[ksr cksrs gSa fd bl ns’k ds os gh vkèkkj gSa vkSj muds



ImpactFactor


®

flj ls cgus okyh ilhus dh cw¡nksa dh ifo=rk xaxkls Hkh vfèkd gS vkSj muds cnu ij fyiVh gqÃ feêhHkxoku —”.k ds }kjk [kkÃ tkus okyh czt dh èkwfyls dgÈ eèkqj] dgÈ çk.knk=h gSA14 ek[kuyky prqosZnhdk ;g ekuuk Fkk fd xk¡o dh csgrj fLFkfr ds fy,ogk¡ ds f’k{kd yksxksa dks lpsr djsa rFkk fo’o dsvU; ns’kksa ds fdlkuksa dh okLrfod fLFkfr dkvk¡dyu djrs gq;s Hkkjrh;ksa dks cryk,asA ftl rjgls Hkkjrh; fdlkuksa ds vanj lEeku] LokFkZ] /kuyksyqirk]dhfrZ rFkk ekuoh; LoHkkoksa dh Nfo O;kIr gS mllsog Åij mBdj ugha lksp ikrs gSa vkSj ;’k&vi;’kds chp gh thou xqtkj nsrs gSaA vlyh f’k{kdksa dk;g mn~ns’; gksuk pkfg, fd og ,slh f’k{kk iznkudjsa ftlls xk¡o ds yksx ekuoh; LoHkkoksa ds vykok—f”k o mlls tqM+h gqbZ leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa ftKklqcuus dh vksj rRij jgsaA

Lora=ksRrj Hkkjr esa dbZ ,sls fo”k; jgs ftuesagesa mifuos’kh izHkko fn[krk gSA lkezkT;oknh LokFkksZadh iwfrZ djus ds fy, vaxzstksa us f’k{kk dks Hkh lhferfd;k FkkA ftlds vk¡dM+s gesa Lora=rk ds ckn dsdbZ o”kksZa rd ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA iq#”kksa ds eqdkcysefgyk;sa Lor=ark iwoZ ,oa ckn Hkh lk{kjrk ds ekeysesa muls de gh jghaA ek[kuyky prqosZnh us [k.Mokds jktdh; dU;k egkfo|ky; dk mnkgj.k nsrs gq;scryk;k dh fczfV’kksa ds }kjk gesa f’k{kk dh fHkUurkesa fdruh vlekurk jghA og fy[krs gSa fd bl ns’kds iq#”kksa esa ;fn mudk lpeqp ikS#”k ls dksÃ fj’rkjg lds] vktdy yxHkHk 11 çfr’kr i<+s&fy[ks gSavkSj yM+fd;ksa esa n’keyo ukS çfr’kr ls yxkdj,d çfr’kr rdA ;fn viuh MseksØsfVd fjifCyddh Hkk”kk esa cgqer dk è;ku dj cksysa rks gekjkjk”Vªh; ernku iq#”kksa esa 89 Qhlnh ds *vKkurkiw.kZcgqer ls gksrk gSA fczfV’k çHkqrk gesa mÙkjkfèkdkj esa;gh vuUr vKku ns xÃ gSA fo’o&Hkj esa cM+kKkuoku fczVsu] Kku ds {ks= esa vkSj gesa ns Hkh D;ktkrk\ fdUrq D;k vc 11 Qhlnh iq#”k vkSj ,dQhlnh fL=;k¡ gSa] brus Hkh i<+s fy[ks bl ns’k esa gS\;g Hkh cM+h dVq dgkuh gSA ftl rjg eos’kh

dkath&gkml vkSj ns’kHkDr tsy gks vk;s gSa] mlhrjg iq#”k&L=h Øe’k% X;kjg vkSj ,d QhlnhLdwy gks vk;s gSaA cl] bruk ghA ;fn fdlh xk¡o esaMkd[kkus ls dksÃ fpëh vk tk,] Hkys gh xk¡o dhvkcknh 400] 500 ;k 600 gks] rks Hkh fpëh ikusokyk] fpëh i<+us okys dks <w¡<+us ds fy, vM+ksl&iM+kslesa tk,xkA dkj.k ;g fd bl ns’k ds fczfV’k ‘kkluvkSj f’k{k.k&foHkkx us ;g dHkh ns[kk gh ugÈ fdvkf[kj ftUgsa ,d fnu Ldwy esa i<+k;k Fkk] osi<+s&fy[ks jg Hkh x, ;k ugÈA15 mudk dguk,dne lgh Fkk vaxzstksa us flQZ viuh lRrk lapykurFkk O;OkLFkk d¨ cuk;s j[kus ds fy, gh f’k{kk dkfoLrkj fn;k ysfdu okLrfod fLFkfr blls fHkUu jghtgk¡ ,d vksj efgyk o iq#”k ds chp esa ,d yach[kkbZ gS ogha nwljh vksj f’k{kk tu&tu rd u igq¡pldhA

ek[kuyky prqosZnh ,d Js”B f’k{kd dsxq.kksa dks crykrs gq, dgrs gSa fd f’k{kdksa dks viusfo|kfFkZ;ksa dks jk”Vª dh vko’;drk ds vuqlkj muesaxq.kksa dks fodflr djsa blls u flQZ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dsthou esa cnyko vk,¡xsa cfYd og jk”Vª fuekZ.k dhHkwfedk esa viuk ;ksxnku Hkh ns ldsaxsA og NksVscPpksa dks f’k{k.k dk;Z djrs le; mudh euksn’kkds vuqlkj phtsa crykrs gq, f’k{kk ds fy, izsfjrdjas ysfdu ges’kk ds fy, oSlh gh vknr ds fy,vkfn u cuk,saA ek[kuyky prqosZnh NksVs cPpksa dsf’k{kk dk;Z ds fy, dbZ ckr crykrs gSa ftuesa lsizeq[k igyh ckr ;g fd f’k{kd dks vius fo|kFkÊvius&tSls ugÈ cukus gSaA ns’k dh vko’;drkvksadh iwÆr djus okys ckydksa dk mUgsa fuekZ.k djuk gSA

nwljh ;g fd uUgsa cPpksa ds lkFk jgdjf’k{kd Lo;a bruk uUgk u gks tk, fd og txr dspkSjkgksa ij tkdj uUgsa cPpksa tSlk vKku O;Dr djusyxsA mls Lej.k j[kuk pkfg, fd og f’k{kd vkSjmlds gkFk esa vKku&ltu dk ugÈ] Kku&nku dkmÙkjnkf;Ro gSA rhljh ;g fd *ru&ru efu;k] isVeFkfu;k* f’k{kd cPpksa dks D;k fl[kkosxk\ f’k{kdds dejs esa dqlÊ blfy, ugÈ j[kh gS fd og dqlÊ



ImpactFactor


®

dk ihNk u NksM+s] mlh ij ynk jgsA dqlÊ f’k{kd dsJe esa vogsyuk dh oLrq gksrh gS vkSj f’k{kd dsfoJke esa xkSjo dh oLrqA ;fn f’k{kd dk eksg dqlÊij vfèkd jgk rks eq>s Hk; gS fd ns’k esa cPps dqlÊysdj u iSnk gksus yxsaA pkSFkh ckr ;g fd bl ns’kesa tks fcuk i<+s i<+kus okyksa dh dkSe gS] mls f’k{kddgus yxs gSaA vki ,slk u djsaA vki i<+kosa fdUrqvius thounkrk xzUFkksa dks vo’; i<+saA ;fn] [kkldjf’k{kd ds ?kj dh ryk’kh yh tk, rks vkx ywxM+lc fey tk;sxk fdUrq i<+us ;ksX; iqLrd ugÈfeysxhA ik¡poÈ ;g fd f’k{kd ckydksa ds fy,ijk;k u gksA mldk vfèkdkj] mldk in] mldki<+k&fy[kkiu vkSj mlds osrueku ds >xM+s vktrks cPpksa ds flj dk cks> gSaA ek¡ ;fn vius Lru dknwèk nsrh gS rks f’k{kd ljLorh ds Lru dk nwèk cPpksadks fiykrk gSA vr% f’k{kd ckyd ds ân; dscgqr fudV gks rkfd cqfu;knh f’k{kk&ç.kkyh dsvuqdwy oLrq ls Kku dh vksj vkSj Kku ls oLrq rdle> ds vkus&tkus esa ckydksa dks #dkoV u gksA16

mudk ekuuk Fkk fd f’k{kd cPpksa ds vanj f’k{kk dslkFk gh uSfrd ewY;ksa dk Hkh fodkl djs ftlls cPpsvkxs pydj Lora= :i ls ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkjfu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk dk fodkl dj ldasA okLrfodf’k{kk dk mn~ns’; ;g gS fd mls ekuo O;ogkj dsvuqdwy cuk;k tk, ftlls f’k{kk ds vknku&iznkuesa vklkuh gksA

ek[kuyky prqosZnh us cqfu;knh rkyhe dsek/;e ls Hkkjrh; lekt dh cqfu;knh le> dhuhao dks fodflr djus dh ckr dgh gSA njvlyoks cqfu;knh f’k{k.k ds euksfoKku dh ckr dks ysdjf’k{kd vkSj ckydksa ds e/; cuus okys laca/k dkscrykrs gSaA og f’k{kk dks euksoSKkfud nf”Vdks.k lsle>krs gS vkSj ckydksa esa f’k{kk ds fodkl dksfo|ky; ls ysdj leLr lalkj rd tksM+us dkiz;kl djrs gSaA cPpksa dh ns[k&js[k djus okys dk]pkgs og ikyd gks fd f’k{kd ,d fofp= uke iM+x;k gSA ml le; tc ckyd dh le> esa dksÃckr u vk jgh gks vkSj ikyd vkSj f’k{kd le> u

ikus ds ckyd ds ç;kl ij fp<+ mBs gksa] rc ckydksads mu j{kdksa dk uke gS Hk; tcjnLrh] cqf) lscsokLrkiu vkSj fopkj&’kwU;rkA vly esa le> uikuk ckyd dh ftruh cM+h v;ksX;rk dgh tkrhgS] euksoSKkfud ds lkeus mlls cM+h ew[kZrk mldhgS] tks ckyd dks le>k ugÈ ikrkA yxrk gSrstLoh cqf) dk f’k{kd vkSj ikyd Hkh viuh cqf)vkSj Kku dh ifjHkk”kk dk bruk nkl gks x;k gS ekuksHkkouk uke dh dksÃ pht mlds ikl jg gh ugÈx;h gSA lw>] dYiuk vkSj ;kstuk ;s rhuksa gh ckydds çfr mÙknkf;Ro gSa] ;fn ;s Hkkouk dks vkxs djdsugÈ pyrsA gesa ;g lkspuk pkfg, fd ‘kkyk dhpgkjnhokjh gh lalkj ugÈ gS vkSj O;fDrRo dsoyf’k{kd dk gh ugÈ gS] ckyd dk Hkh gS vkSj lpiwfN;s rks f’k{kd dh vko’;drk ckyd ds fodklds fy, gSA17 ek[kuyky prqosZnh f’k{kd dhvko’;drk dks izdV djus ds fy, ckydksa ij tksjnsrs gaS vkSj f’k{kd dk mRrjnkf;Ro ckydksa dslokZaxh.k fodkl dks crykrs gSaA og tksj nsdj ;gckr dgrs gSa fd f’k{k.k dk;Z ls ckydksa dk ghfodkl ugha gksrk gS cfYd f’k{kd ds O;fDrRo esaHkh ifjorZu vkrk gSA

ek[kuyky prqosZnh Hkkjrh; lekt esa f’k{kddh Hkwfedk dks Li”V djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd dHkh&dHkhf’k{k.k dk;Z djrs le; ,d f’k{kd dks Hkh ckydcuuk iM+rk gS c’krsZ dh lekt mls vU; txgksa ijmls ckyd gh u ekusA ;ksa f’k{kd lekt dk cgqrcM+k ?kVd gSA mlds lkFk ,d xgjk vU;k; gqvk gSAikBîk&iqLrdksa vkSj cPpksa esa jgrs&jgrs og cM+h mezesa Hkh cPpk cu x;k gS] cPpk cuus ds fy, ckè;gks x;k gSA vc ;fn vki pkSjkgksa ij mls ns[ksa rksmldh cPpksa&tSlh ckrksa ls lekt fp<+s ugÈA ;gf’k{kd dk cgqr cM+k R;kx gS fd mlus f’k{kdRoLohdkj fd;k gSA vc rks lekt] f’k{kd vkSj‘kklu&rhuksa dks feydj lkspuk ;g gS fd gesacqfu;knh rkyhe dh vksj tkuk gSA18 cqfu;knh rkyhedks ysdj og Hkkjrh; lekt] ‘kklu ,oa f’k{kd dhHkwfedk dks Li”V djrs gq, crykrs gSa fd rhuksa esa



ImpactFactor


®

lkeatL; cSBk dj gh ns’k dks vkxs ys tk;k tkldrk gSA gekjk ;g drZO; gS fd cqfu;knh f’k{kkdks etcwr djrs gq, ,d Js”B ns’k ds Js”B ukxfjdcuk;sA

ek[kuyky prqosZnh bl ckr dks Lohdkjdjrs gSa fd le; ds lkFk gksrs ifjorZuksa ds lkFk ghcqfu;knh f’k{kk esa Hkh cnyko yk, tk,saA pkgs ckrfoKku ,oa rduhdh dh gks ;k mUur vfHk;kaf=dhdhA t:jr ds vuqlkj f’k{kk esa fuR; u;s gksrsvkfo”dkjksa o rkSj rjhdksa dks ‘kkfey djuk pkfg,Ablds mnkgj.k Lo:i og crykrs gS fd bèkj] gekjsns’k esa u;s&u;s ck¡èk c¡èk jgs gSaA u;h ikB’kkyk,¡]u;s vLirky] uÃ lM+dsa] [ksrh dh uÃ fofèk;k¡][kkn ds u;s rjhds] lH;rk ds bu vfuok;Z ladVksaesa vkt dk gekjk ns’koklh fiNM+ u tk;s] iqjkuk uiM+ tk;s] bl ckr ds fy, cqfu;knh rkyhe dht:jr gSA mlds eu dh bl voLFkk dks rks gVkukgh gksxk fd uhps og cSyxkM+h pykos vkSj ÅijmM+us&okys gokÃ tgkt dh vksj og HkkSpDdk&lkns[ksA mlds ikl rks bl ckr dk Kku igq¡pkuk ghgksxk fd cSyxkM+h ls yxkdj gokÃ tgkt rd ;k=kds lkjs lkèku ,d gh fcjknjh ds gSaA ;fn tgk¡ gokÃtgkt tk ldrk gS] ogk¡ cSyxkM+h ugÈ tk ldrh]rks tgk¡ cSyxkM+h vFkok ?kksM+s dh lokjh tk ldrhgS] vFkok iSny ;k=k dh tk ldrh gS ogk¡ gokÃtgkt Hkh ugÈ py ldrkA vr% nksuksa ds eè; dse;kZnk&fcUnq dh tkudkjh lekt ds ikl igq¡puhpkfg, D;ksafd çtk&lÙkk ds ;qx esa ftldks er nsusdk vfèkdkj gS] mldks ns’k dk ekfyd dgykus dkvfèkdkj Hkh gSA fo’o ds lkjs lEcUèkksa] lqèkkjksa vkSjgypyksa ls vkt dk ernkrk cstkudkj ugÈ j[kktk ldrkA tu&ra= ds O;fDr dk fo’o dh ‘kfDrls vifjfpr jguk fdlh Hkh ns’k dh çtklÙkk dsfy, Hk;adj ladV gS ftlds dkj.k tu&thou dksu ekywe gksrs gq, Hkh ns’k dh iwjh LorU=rk gkFk lstk ldrh gSA19 Hkkjr lfgr fo’o esa ftl izdkj dsifjorZu rFkk yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk esa t:jh cnykogks jgs gSa muls Hkkjrh; Hkh ifjpr gksaA ;fn le; ds

lkFk jgrs&jgrs ge ifjorZu dk fgLlk ugha cusaxs rksfiNM+ tk;saxs ;k vlQy gks ldrs gSaA ;g O;oLFkku flQZ yksdra= ds fy, gkfudkjd gS cfYd ekuoh;Lora=rk ds fy, ck/kd Hkh gSAfu”d”kZ& ek[kuyky prqosZnh us vkSifuosf’kd oLora=ksRrj Hkkjr dh f’k{kk iz.kkyh ij vius fopkjO;Dr djrs gq, mPp f’k{kk] Hkkjrh; xk¡o ,oa mudsf’k{kd] ukjh f’k{kk dh lhek;sa o muds nkf;Ro]f’k{kd ds nkf;Ro] cqfu;knh rkyhe vkSj cqfu;knhf’k{k.k tSls egRoiw.kZ vk;keksa dk ftØ djrs gSaAmuds }kjk f’k{kk esa O;kIr leL;k;sa rFkk mudslek/kku vkt Hkh mrus egRoiw.kZ gaS ftrus rRdkyhule; esa FksA og f’k{kk dks Hkkjrh; lkekftd lajpukesa O;kIr] va/kfo’okl] HkkX;okn rFkk lkeUrh lkspdks rksM+us okys ,d lk/ku ds :i esa ns[krs gSaA bldsvykok yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk dks etcwrh nsus rFkkLora=rk dks cuk;s j[kus okyk ,d lk/ku ds :i esans[krs gSaA Hkkjrh; lekt esa cqfu;knh f’k{kk fduek;uksa esa ckydksa dh uhao j[krh gS bldk oksokLrfod fo’ys”k.k djrs gSaA Hkkjr dh —f”k O;oLFkkesa O;ogkfjd ifjorZu ykus rFkk vkS|ksxhdj.k esaf’k{kk fdl izdkj egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrh gSbldk ftØ Hkh djrs gSaA blds lkFk gh cPpksa dslokZaxh.k fodkl] jkstxkjksUeq[kh rFkk uSfrdrk dksc<+kus esa f’k{kd dk izHkko crykrs gSaA ek[kuykyprqosZnh fgUnh ds Js”B lkfgR;dkj gksus ds lkFk&lkFkjk”Vªoknh dfo o iz[kj i=dkj ds vykok f’k{kk dstkudkj Hkh jgs gSaA t:jr gS fd muds jpuk lalkjds fofHkUu vk;keksa esa ls f’k{kk ds egRoiw.kZ izlaxksa lsHkkjrh; f’k{kk iz.kkyh dks l’kDr djus dh tks uflQZ O;ogkfjd] jkstxkjksUeq[kh] oSKkfud rFkkyksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk dks etcwr djs ftlls ns’k dksubZ fn’kk fey ldsA

lanHkZ&1- voLFkh f’kodqekj] i=dkfjrk ds ;qx

fuekZrk ek[kuyky prqoZsnh] izHkkr izdk’ku] ubZ fnYyh]2010] i- 14-



ImpactFactor


®

2- tks’kh JhdkUr] ek[kuyky prqosZnh %;k=k iq:”k] us’kuy ifCyf’kax gkml] fnYyh] 1969]i- 13-

3- ogh] i- 13-4- tks’kh JhdkUr] ek[kuyky prqosZnh

jpukoyh] Hkkx&1] ok.kh izdk’ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1995i- 163-

5- tks’kh JhdkUr] ek[kuyky prqosZnh %;k=k iq:”k] iwoksZDr] i- 10-

6- voLFkh f’kodqekj] iwoksZDr] i- 15-7- tks’kh JhdkUr] ek[kuyky prqosZnh

jpukoyh] Hkkx&1] iwoksZDr] i- 174-8- voLFkh f’kodqekj] iwoksZDr] i- 17-9- ogh] i- 18-10- ogh] i- 20-11- ogh] i- 28-12- ekËkojko lÁs Lefr lekpkji= laxzgky;]

Hkksiky] çHkk] [k.Mok] fnlEcj 1915] i- 617-13- ogh] i- 618-14- tks’kh JhdkUr] ek[kuyky prqosZnh

jpukoyh] Hkkx&3] ok.kh izdk’ku] ubZ fnYyh]2011] i- 106-

15- tks’kh JhdkUr] ek[kuyky prqosZnhjpukoyh] Hkkx&5] ok.kh izdk’ku] ubZ fnYyh] 2011]i- 175-

16- ogh] i- 192&193-17- tks’kh JhdkUr] ek[kuyky prqosZnh

jpukoyh] Hkkx&3] iwoksZDr] i- 106-18- ogh] i- 107-19- ogh] i- 108-

HkkSxksfyd ,oa lkeqfnzd nf”V ls nf{k.kiwohZ ,f’k;k dk L=krsftd egRp ,oafons’kh ‘kfDr;ksa dk gLr{ksi rFkk

Hkkjrh; lqj{kk

Mk0 osn fd’kksj jrwM+hgs-ua-c- dsUnzh; fo’ofo|ky;Jhuxj x<+oky] mRrj[k.M

==============***********===============vUrjkZ”Vªh; jktuhfr dh nf”V ls nf{k.k iwohZ

,f’k;k lokZf/kd foLQksVd ,oa egRoiw.kZ LFkyksa esa ls,d gSA bl {ks= ds varxZr vUrjkZ”Vªh; egRo ds nljk”Vª lfEefyr gSaA ftlesa 1&E;kaekj] 2&FkkbZyS.M]3&eysf’k;k] 4&b.Mksusf’k;k] 5&flaxkiqj]6&ykvksl] 7&dEcksfM;k] 8&fo;ruke]9&fQyhihUl] 10&czqusbZ gSaA dqy feykdj bl {ks=dk {ks=Qy iwjs ;wjksi ds cjkcj gSA ;gkWa dk lEiw.kZ{ks= m”.k dfVcU/kh; tyok;q ds varxZr vkrk gSA;gkWa ds dqN {ks= vR;f/kd tula[;k okys gSa rFkkl?ku tula[;k okys Hkkx dks izl; nsus okyk eq[;r%df”k iz/kku gSA lfn;ksa rd ;g {ks= Hkkjrh; ,oa phuhlH;rk ls izHkkfor jgkA if’peh vkSifuos’kd nklrkls ca/kus ls iwoZ bl {ks= esa NksVs&NksVs jkT; Fks ftuesavkil esa la?k”kZ gksrk jgrk FkkA ,drk ,oa jk”Vªh;rkds vHkko ds dkj.k mUgsa ckj&ckj nklrk ds cU/kuls ca/kuk iM+kA vkilh QwV ds dkj.k Ýkalhlh] Mpksa,oa vaxsztksa us bu ij viuk vkf/kiR; LFkkfir fd;kA20oha lnh ds izkjEHk ls jk”Vªoknh ,oa lkezkT;oknhfopkj/kkjkvksa ds tksj idM+us ds dkj.k f}rh; fo’o;q) ds ckn ls lHkh jk”Vª LorU= gq;s vkSj fo’ojaxeap ij izHkqRolEiUu jkT;ksa ds :i esa mHkjs vkSjrc ls nf{k.k iwohZ ,f’k;k ds jkT; fujUrj fodkldh vksj mUeq[k gSa vkSj izkdfrd] lkefjd ,oa

32



ImpactFactor


®

lqj{kkRed igyw ds :i esa fo’o ds lEeq[k vktviuk vyx LFkku cuk, gq, gSaA nf{k.k iwohZ ,f’k;kds lkefjd egRo dks c<+kus okys fuEu dkjd jgs gSaA

1& nf{k.k iwohZ ,f’k;k dh fLFkfr ,oa lhekfoLrkjA

2& HkkSxksfyd nf”V ls nf{k.k iwohZ ,f’k;kdk lkefjd egRoA

3& nks egklkxjksa dh laf/k LFky ij cls gksusds dkj.k mHkjrk lkefjd egRoA

4& O;kikfjd nf”V ls nf{k.k iwohZ ,f’k;kdk lkefjd egRoA

5& [kfut lEink ls nf{k.k iwohZ ,f’k;kdk lkefjd egRoA

6& vkS|ksfxd mRiknu ls nf{k.k iwohZ ,f’k;kdk lkefjd egRoA1- nf{k.k iwohZ ,f’k;k dh fLFkfr ,oa lhekfoLrkj & nf{k.k iwohZ ,f’k;k dk foLrkj 110

nf{k.k ls 280 mRrjh v{kkal ,oa 920 iwohZ ls1410 iwohZ ns’kkUrj ds e/; gSA blds varxZr 10jk”Vª vkrs gSaA1 }hiksa ,oa izk;}hiksa dh Ja[kykvksa dhfo’ks”k vofLFkfr nf{k.k iwohZ ,f’k;k lqnwj nf{k.k dhvksj foLrr izns’k gSA Hkkjrh; ifjis{; esa fgUnphu]FkkbZyS.M] eysf’k;k dk laHkkx tgkWa izk;}hi gS] tgkWv.Meku fudksckj ¼Hkkjr½ ls ysdj lwnwj iwoZ U;wxuh,oa mRrj esa fQyhihUl rd vla[; }hiksa dhJa[kyk,sa pyh x;h gSaA fgUnsf’k;k tks fd }hiksa dkns’k gS] fo”kqor js[kh; izns’kksa Lk?ku clko dk {ks= gS]bu }hih; ns’kksa esa gtkjksa }hi gSaA lEiw.kZ nf{k.k iwohZ,f’k;k nks lH;rkvksa] nks ekuo iztkfr;ksa ,oa nksgjsfodkl dk feyu LFky jgk gSA2 fo’o dh izkphurelH;rk,a phuh ,oa Hkkjrh;ksa ds chp ds fgUnphu]fgUnsf’k;k okLro esa phuh ,oa Hkkjrh;ksa dh lH;rkvksadk feyu jgk gSA2- HkkSxksfyd nf”V ls nf{k.k iwohZ ,f’k;k dklkefjd egRo & nf{k.k iwohZ ,f’k;k dk HkkSxksfydnf”V ls egRoiw.kZ LFkku jgk gSA ;s NksVs&NksVs jkT;,d vksj phu dh lhek esa vkrs gS rks nwljh vksj,f’k;k egk}hi ds ns’k tkiku ds lehiorhZ Hkh gSa]

rhljh vksj ,f’k;k miegk}hi dk ns’k ckaXyns’k]Hkkjr ,oa fgUnegklkxj ds e/; gksus ds dkj.k fo’odh egk’kfDr;ksa ds fy;s jkspd cus gq;s gSaA fgUnegklkxj ls nf{k.k ,f’k;k iwohZ ,f’k;k lfgr leLrfo’o ds ns’kksa dk O;kikj gksrk jgk gSA bl egRoiw.kZHkkSxksfyd fLFkfr ds dkj.k fo’o dh izR;sd egk’kfDrnf{k.k iwohZ ,f’k;k ds HkkSxksfyd] lkefjd egRo esaviuh Hkkxhnkjh gkfly dj bl {ks= ij viukvkf/kiR; LFkkfir djuk pkgrs gSaA3

3- nks egklkxjksa dh laf/k LFky ij cls gksus dsdkj.k mHkjrk lkefjd egRo & lqj{kk dh nf”Vls egklkxjksa dh Hkwfedk lcls izeq[k gksrh gSA Hkwvkdfr,oa {ks=Qy blds eq[; igyw gksrs gSaA vkdkj lhekfoLrkj dk Hkh blesa lcls vf/kd egRo gksrk gSA;gkWa ij egklkxjh; rV gksus ds dkj.k ;q) lapkyurFkk izf’k{k.k ftlesa ty] Fky] ok;q lSU; vH;klds fy;s Hkh mRd“V gksus ds dkj.k fo’o ds vusdjk”Vª bl {ks= ij viuk dCtk djus ds fy;s lnSoykykf;r jgrs gSa rFkk bu rVh; jk”Vªksa ftuesa nf{k.kiwohZ ,f’k;k lfgr fgUn egklkxj dh lhek dks Nwusokys jk”Vªksa dh lkefjd Hkkxhnkjh esa viuk opZLodk;e djuk pkgrs gSaA bl izdkj tujy cscy dkdFku lR; gS] fd ^^lHkh izdkj dh HkkSxksfydifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj tyok;q eas ,d rjg dh ekSfyddk;Zokgh viuk dj yM+kbZ ugha yM+h tk ldrhAvr% HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fdlh LFkku dhyM+kbZ ds Lo:i dks lqfuf’pr djus esa cM+k ghegRoiw.kZ LFkku gksrk gSA** fdlh Hkh yM+kbZ dkHkwxksy mldh yM+kbZ dk Lo:i fuf’pr djrk gSA4

lkFk gh ,d vU; fo}ku us dgk gS fd ^lSU; Hkwxksyds v/;;u dk mn~ns’; lSfud dk;ksaZ ds LoHkko esaHkkSxksfyd vuq’kklu dks fØ;kfUor djrk gSA**5

4- O;kikfjd nf”V ls nf{k.k iwohZ ,f’k;k dklkefjd egRo rFkk fgUn egklkxj dh Hkwfedk& nf{k.k iwohZ ,f’k;k fgUn egklkxj ls yxs gksus dsdkj.k nf{k.k iwohZ ,f’k;k dk lkefjd ,oa O;kikfjdegRo vkSj c<+ tkrk gSA fgUn egklkxj dk ;krk;krvkSj O;kikfjd egRo gSA fgUn egklkxj fo’o dk



ImpactFactor


®

rhljk lcls cM+k egklkxj gSA tks 10400 fd0eh0yEcs ,oa 1600 fd0eh0 pkSMs+ {ks=Qy esa QSyk gSA300 v{kka’k ls ysdj 400 nf{k.kh v{kka’k rd rFkk200 iwohZ ns’kkUrj ls ysdj 1150 iwohZ ns’kkUrj rdQSyk gSA blds varxZr 40 NksVs cMs+ ns’k vkrs gSa tksvkLVªsfy;k ls ysdj nf{k.kh vÝhdk rd ds ns’kksa dsrVkas dks Li’kZ djrk gSA6 Lostugj] Qkjl dh [kkM+h]dsi vkWQ xqM gksi] eyDdk ty Me: e/; bldsizeq[k ifjogu ,oa O;kikfjd ekxZ gSaA ;s ekxZ fo’ods vU; Hkkxksa dks tksM+rs gSaA ,d rjg ls ;wjksi]vÝhdk] ,f’k;k] vkLVsªfy;k dks tksM+us okys Hkkx,oa ok;q ekxhZ ;gka ls gksdj xqtjrs gSaA gj ckjgfeuV esa ,d tgkt ;gkWa ls gksdj xqtjrk gSA lalkjesa VSadjksa dks <+ks;s tkus okys [kfut rsy dk 57izfr’kr vk;Zqt ty Me: e/; ls gksdj xqtjrk gSAD;ksafd ;gh buds fy;s eq[; ekxZ gSA fo’o ds ,dfrgkbZ gokbZ vM~~Ms bl {ks= esa vofLFkr gSaA fo’o dk80 izfr’kr O;kikj bl egklkxj ls gksdj xqtjrkgSA fgUn egklkxj ds rVorhZ jk”Vª izkdfrd la’kk/kuksals lEiUu gSA dPpseky Hk.Mkj egk’kfDr;ksa dhizfr}fUnrk dk dkj.k gSA fo’o dk 90 izfr’krjcM+ 80 izfr’kr fVu] 76 izfr’kr lksuk 16izfr’kr yksgk 28 izfr’kr eSxuht] 50 izfr’krghjk] 60 izfr’kr ;wjsfu;e rFkk fo’o dk dqy rsyfjtoZ dk 50 izfr’kr Hk.Mkj bl {ks= esa gSA7 bldsO;kikfjd ekxZ if’pe ,oa iwjc ds fy;s thoujs[kk,a gSaA blfy;s fo’o dh egk’kfDr;ka bl {ks= esaviuk opZLo dk;e djus ds fy;s mRlqd gSaA ;|finf{k.k iwohZ ,f’k;k ds jk”Vª xqykeh dh tathjksa lseqDr rks gks pqds gSa ij ogka dh vikj izkdfrdlEink dks gfFk;kus ds fy;s fo’o ds vusd jk”Vªvkt Hkh vxzlj gSaA ;gka vkfFkZd lEink ds lkFk&lkFkvius fo’kkyrd lSfud fBdkuksa dks cuk, j[kus dsfy;s fo’o ds jk”Vª bl {ks= dks mRre le>rs gSaaA

fgUn egklkxj eas fM;kxksxf’kZ;k }hi lclsegRoiw.kZ gSA ?kksM+s ds uky ds vkdkj dk ;g }hi13 ehy yEck rFkk 4 eh0 pkSM+k gS vkSj lqj{kk dhnf”V ls Hkkjr ds fy;s egRoiw.kZ gSA Hkkjr ds dU;kdqekjh

ds uhps nf{k.k esa 1130 ehy dh nwjh ij fLFkr gSAflaxkiqj ls bldh nwjh 2650 ehy] vnu ls 2670ehy] iFkZ ¼vkLVªsfy;k½ ls 3400 ehy] fddqdZ¼bjkd½ ls 3800 ehy rFkk dqoSr ls 500 ehydh nwjh ij fgUn egklkxj ds chpksa&chp fLFkr gSA;fn bl }hi esa vesfjdk dh ckr dh tk; rksvesfjdk ds vdsys 35 lSfud vM~Ms gSa bles1]40]000 lSfud rSukr gSaA ;gka ij vesfjdk dhnwljh uEcj dh [krjukd jSfiMfMIY;kesUV QkslZ fLFkrgSA ftlesa ;gka 5 lSfud fMohtu 2 ukSlSfud fMohtuoh52 uked ceo”kZd ds nks Hkkx ftlesa ,Q-ch-,e- Hkh lfEefyr gSaA blds vykok 23 ok;q;ku]16 Øwtj vkSj fo/oald iksr rFkk lSdM+ksa yM+kdwfoeku vKkr ijek.kq ce 3 foeku okgu iksr rFkki;kZIr la[;k eas lqj{kk vkSj lIykbZ ds ukSlSfudtgkt Hkh gSaA lkFk gh jSfiMfMIY;kesUV QkslZ dhlcls cM+h fo’ks”krk ;g gS fd e/; iwoZ ds viusleFkZd ns’kksa ls cjkcj lEidZ cuk;s j[krk gS rFkkbl lSU; ;kstuk esa viuk lkrokaW csM+k ^^Vke gkdØwtj** iz{ksikL=ksa ls ySl dj j[kk gSA phu o :ltkiku Hkh bl izfrLi/kkZ esa ihNs ugha gSaA5- [kfut lEink ls nf{k.k iwohZ ,f’k;k dklkefjd egRo & ;fn nf{k.k iwohZ ,f’k;k ds[kfut lEink dk voyksdu fd;k tk; rks dqNo”kkZsa iwoZ FkkbZyS.M ls 9250 djksM+ MkWyj dh oLrqvksadk O;kikj fd;k x;k FkkA eysf’k;k esa fo’o dk dk37 izfr’kr jcj iSnk gksrk gSA ftlds 121 djksM+MkWyj ewY; dh jcj nwljs ns’kksa dks Hksth tkrh gSAfVu v;Ld esa fo’o dk 34 izfr’kr dk mRiknuflQZ eysf’k;k djrk gSA ;fn czqusbZ dh ckr dh tk;srks ;gka ls 55762 gtkj cSjy [kfut rsy] 746gTkkj Vu isVªksy] 90337 yk[k ?kuehVj izkd‘frdxSl dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk jgk gSA8 E;kaekj ls15342 cSjy rsy rFkk izkd‘frd xSl 109-6fefy;u rd dk fu;kZr fd;k tkrk gSA blds lkFkgh 25]000 Vu eSxuht okf”kZd FkkbZyS.M ls fu;kZrfd;k tkrk gSA eysf’k;k esa vuqekfur rsy ds 37djksM+ Vu Hk.Mkj gSA rkWack] okdlkbZ] dPpkeky



ImpactFactor


®

lksuk] pkanh ds Hkjiwj Hk.Mkj nf{k.k iwohZ ,f’k;k esaekStwn gSaA lksuk mRiknu esa ns’k eq[;r% fQyhihUl]eysf’k;k ,oa fgUnsf’k;k gS] ftuesa fo’o dk 20izfr’kr lksuk dk mRiknu gksrk gSA lkFk gh dqNlksuk nf{k.k iwohZ ,f’k;k ds mRrjh ywtksu fHk.Mukvks,oa ekjy okVs }hi ls fudkyk tkrk gSA ;gka ls lksusdk okf”kZd mRiknu 1800 fd0xzk0 rd gksrk gSAE;kaekj ls 18000 fd0xzk0 pkanh dk mRiknufd;k tkrk gSA izkdfrd lEiUurk ds lkFk&lkFknf{k.k iwohZ ,f’k;k lkefjd] O;kikfjd rFkk lSfudnf”V ls ifjiw.kZ gSA fo;ruke ls 40 djksM+ Vu,UFkszlkbV o fcVqfeul dks;ys ds Hk.Mkj ekStwn gSaAeysf’k;k dk 80 izfr’kr yksgk v;Ld izkIr gksrkgSA E;kaekj ls rkack v;Ld lu~ 1987 esa 45720gtkj Vu dk mRiknu fd;k x;k FkkA blh dkj.klfn;ksa rd bu jk”Vªksa dks izra=rk dk Hkh f’kdkj gksukiM+kA vkt lkefjd o vkfFkZd :i ls ;s jk”Vª viukpkSeq[kh fodkl dj pqds gSa vkSj fo’o ds ekufp= ijviuk LFkku dk;e fd;s gq;s gSaA vkt nf{k.k iwohZ,f’klk ds ns’kksa ds laxBu ^vkf’k;ku** us cgqr dele; esa ;g lkfcr dj fn[kk;k gS fd og HkhoSf’od ;qx esa fo’o dh egk’kfDr;ksa ds lkFk pyusesa og Hkh ihNs ugha gSA vkS|ksfxd ra= dks etcwrdjrs gq;s viuh lkefjd lEink dk lnqi;ksx djrsgq;s og vkt fo’o ds jk”Vªksa ds lkFk O;kikfjdlaca/k dk;e djus esa lQy gks jgk gSA fgUnsf’k;k lstkok lqjkok;k xzsfld rFkk ukejax ls lhesUV dkokf”kZd mRiknu 50 yk[k Vu rFkk E;ka;kj ls 490gtkj Vu] FkkbZyS.M ls 985 ehfVªd Vu rFkkb.Mksusf’k;k ls 11247 gtkj Vu dk mRiknu gksrkgSAfu”d”kZ %& ;|fi dqN nf{k.k iwohZ jk”Vª vius futhLokFkksaZ ds pyrs fo’o dh egk’kfDr;ksa ls xBtksM+cuk;s gq;s gS] ij lhfer nk;js ds varxZr] os Hkhtkurs gSa fd nf{k.k iwohZ ,f’k;k dh vkfFkZd lEinkdk nksgu djus esa os iqu% viuk opZLo dk;e u djysa vkSj nf{k.k iwohZ ,f’k;k dh {ks=h; lqj{kk iqu%ckf/kr u gks tk;sA fgUn egklkxj esa fons’kh ‘kfDr;ksadh mifLFkfr Hkkjr dks Hkh izHkkfor dj ldrh gSaAD;ksafd fM;kxksxf’kZ;k Hkkjr ds nf{k.k rV ls ek=1600 fd0eh0 dh nwjh ij fLFkr gSA eq[; ckr rks

;g gS fd Hkkjr dh yxHkx 5700 fd0eh0 yEchleqnzh lhek gS] tks dgha u dgha Hkkjrh; lqj{kk dksizHkkfor djsxhA nf{k.k iwohZ ,f’k;k esa c<+rh ckgjh‘kfDr;ksa }kjk fn;k tkus okyk leFkZu ogka dh,drk o v[k.Mrk dks [krjk iSnk dj ldrk gSAiwoZ esa phu o vesfjdk nf{k.k iwohZ ,f’k;k esav’kkfUr iSnk djus esa eq[; Hkwfedk iSnk dj pqds gSaaAfo’o ds jk”Vªksa dks vkt xEHkhjrk ls lkspuk pkfg,fd ftl fodkl dh rtZ ij ;s ns’k vius izxk<+fodkl dh vksj mUeq[k gSa mUgsa vkfFkZd lgk;diznku djsaA rkfd lkeqfnzd rV ij cls gksus ds dkj.k;s ns’k fo’o ds le{k viuh O;kikfjd Hkwfedk dksfuHkk ldsaA ftlds dkj.k bu jk”Vªksa ds e/; vkilhfe=rk dk la;kstu Hkh cus jgus esa dkQh lgk;rkfeysxhA Hkkjr ds c<+rs lEcU/k bu jk”Vªksa ls dgha udgha O;kikfjd lEcU/k fl) djsaxsA Hkkjr dks pkfg,fd nf{k.k iwohZ ,f’k;k ds lkFk lEcU/kksa ds izfrvfxze Hkwfedk cuk;s j[ks] rkfd O;kikfjd o vkfFkZdlEcU/kksa dks dk;e djus esa bu jk”Vªksa ds e/;lEcU/kksa ds lkeUtL; dk;e djus esa lkFkZdrk gkflygks ldsAlanHkZ lwph &

1& tSu ,l-,e- fo’o Hkwxksy izknsf’kdizk:i i0&172&732& tSu ,l-,e- fo’o Hkwxksy izknsf’kdizk:i i0&173&74 laLdj.k & 19933& igkfM+;k ,l-,e- vk/kqfud ,f’k;k dkbfrgkl i0&2474& ,y-ts-flag ;q) dh izofRr vkSj mRrjhvÝhdk dk laxzke i0&214 laLdj.k &19935& fiy;j ,.M fi;jslh feysVªh T;ksxzkQhi0&1076& Mk0 jke d“.k flag Mk0 jkds’k flag &jk”Vªh; lqj{kk7& izfr;ksfxrk fodkl fgUnh i0la0 73]twu 19948& fuxe- ,e-,u- ,oa Hkaojyky& ekulwu,f’k;k i0&275] laLdj.k &1990



ImpactFactor


®

ikfjokfjd ,oa Nk=koklh; ifjos’k esa jgdjv/;;u djus okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lkekU;ekufld ;ksX;rk dk rqyukRed v/;;u¼ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|ky;ksa ds lanHkZ esa½

Jherh e/kqfydk ‘kekZ‘kks/kkFkhZ] f’k{kk’kkL=]

thokth fo’ofo|ky; Xokfy;j ¼e-iz-½

MkW- Jherh v#.kk HknkSfj;kizksQslj]

,e-ih-,l- f’k{kk egkfo|ky; Xokfy;j ¼e-iz-½

==============***********===============ikfjokfjd ifjos’k ls vk’k; O;fDr;ksa ds

ml lewg ls gS] tks fookg] jDr ;k xksn ysus dsca/kuksa ls tqM+s ,d xgLFkh dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaAifr&iRuh] ekrk&firk] iq=&iq=h] HkkbZ&cfgu]vius&vius lkekftd dk;ksZa ls ,d nwljs ij izHkkoMkyrs gSaA O;ogkj ,oa laca/k j[krs gSa rFkk ,dlkekU; laLdfr dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa vkSj mls cuk;sj[krs gSaA

?kj ;k ifjokj lekt dh ,d bdkbZ gSA ;glcls vf/kd vk/kkjHkwr lkekftd lewg gS blesalk/kkj.k% ifr ifRu vkSj muds cPps gksrs gS dHkh&dHkhifr ;k iRuh ds ekrk firk Hkh muds lkFk jgrs gSdqN izkphu lektksa esa ukSdjksa dks Hkh ifjokj dklnL; ekuk tkrk FkkA

oLrqr% ifjokj dk vFkZ gS& ifjos’k ?kj dhnhokjs vkSj Nr ughaA ifjokj dk ifjos’k vusdiz;klksa ls ifjiw.kZ gksrk gS bl ifjos’k esa Lusg vkSjvf/kdkj nksuksa ,d lkFk jgrs gSa oLrqr% ifjokj ;k ?kjdk vfLrRo cgqr dqN ekufld ;k HkkoukRedgksrk gSA ifjokj esa fu%LokFkZ] Lusg] lqj{kk] lksgknzZ]

lEeku rFkk ijLij leiZ.k ds Hkko iyrs gS ;ghHkko ?kj ;k ifjokj gSA

ifjokj ds vFkZ dks Li”V djus ds fy,fo}kuksa }kjk nh xbZ dqN ifjHkk”kk,¡ fuEu gaS&Ekssssdkbcj o ist ds vuqlkj && ^^ifjokj ml lewgdk uke gS ftlesa L=h&iq:”k dk ;kSu lEca/k i;kZIrfuf’pr gks vkSj budk lkFk bruh nsj rd jgs ftllslarku mRiUUk gks tk;s vkSj ikyu&iks”k.k Hkh fd;ktk;sA**ywlhes;j ds vuqlkj& ^^ifjokj ,d xgLFk lewg gSftlesa ekrk&firk vkSj lUrku lkFk&lkFk jgrs gSaAblds :i esa nEifÙk o mudh lUrku jgrh gSA**Nk=koklh; ifjos’k

çkphudky esa gekjs ns’k esa xq# ds lkfUu/;esa jgdj gh fo|kFkhZ fo|kiktZu fd;k djrs FksA f’k{kkizkIr djus gsrq xg R;kxus dh ijaijk jgh gS] f’k{kkxzg.k djus gsrq xq:dqy vkJe] eafnj vkfn esafo|kFkhZ tkdj jgrs gSa ,oa vkpk;ksZa ,oa xq#vksa dsek/;e ls f’k{kk xzg.k djrs gSaA xq#tu vius xg ijgh fo|kFkhZ ds vkokl ,oa fuokl dh O;oLFkk djrsFksA Hkkstu dk dk;Z fHk{kk ofÙk }kjk pyrk Fkk ;kxq#tu xg esa Hkh O;oLFkk gks tkrh FkhaA ml le; lsgh xq#dqy vFkkZr~ Nk=koklh; ijaijk dh ‘kq:vkrgqbZA jktk&egkjktkvksa ds ckyd f’k”; cudj xq#dqyesa jgrs Fks vkSj xq#dqy ds vkJe eas os lHkh dk;Zdjrs Fks tks xq# dh vkKk gksrh FkhA ;gka fdlh esadksbZ HksnHkko ugha jgrk FkkA xq# ds fy, lHkh lekuFksA vr% xq# lHkh dks ,d tSlh gh f’k{kk nsrs FksA

egkfo|ky; vFkok fo|ky; ds {ks= lsvyx nwj&njkt ds {ks=ksa ls f’k{kk xzg.k djus vk;sNk= Nk=kvksa dk fuokl] LFkku] tks fd fo|ky;]egkfo|ky; ,oa fo’ofo|ky; vFkok laLFkkvksa oleqnk;ksa }kjk lapkfyr gksrs gSaA blesa Nk=ksa ds ‘kkjhfjdekufld o uSfrd xq.kksa ds fodkl ds lkFk lkFkHkkstu ,oa euksjatu ds lk/ku Hkh miyC/k gksrs gSa]Nk=kokl dgykrs gSaA

vkt ds cnyrs lkekftd ifjos’k esa ,dvksj tgka HkkSfrdoknh fopkj/kkjk c<+rh tk jgh gS

33



ImpactFactor


®

ogha nwljh vksj la;qDr ifjokj o laLdfrA ,sls esaek/;fed Lrj ds fo|kFkhZ tgka ,d vksj viuhikfjokfjd ifjos’k ls nwj jgdj mPp o xq.kkRedf’k{kk dh uhao j[krk gS ogha nwljh vksj ifjokj dslg;ksx ds fcuk og vius thou dk ,d u;kvkjaHk djrk gS tgka mls cgqr lh leL;kvksa ls Lo;agh tw>uk iMrk gSA ,d vksj tgka Nk=kokl mls u;sokrkoj.k esa vuqdwyu ijLij leUo; vkfn xq.kfl[kkrs gSa ogha nwljh vksj fujadq’krk dk nq#i;ksxHkhA ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,d ek/;fed Lrj dsfo|kFkhZ vusd izdkj dh euksn’kkvksa] fopkjksa olaosxksa ls xqtjrs gSa ,oa mlds vareZu esa vusd fLFkfro O;ogkj ij cgqr gh xgjk izHkko iM+rk gSANk=kokl esa jgrs gq, dbZ ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ka fufeZrgksrh gSa tks fo|kFkhZ dh ekufld fLFkfr o lksp ijvR;ar izHkko’kkyh gksrh gS vkSj vkxs vkus okysthou esa mlds lkekftd O;ogkj esa izR;{k o ijks{k:i ls izrhr gksrh gSAlkekU; ekufld ;ksX;rk ;k cqf) %Lisalj ds dFkkuqlkj] ^^ekufld ;ksX;rk euq”; dhog ;ksX;rk gSA ftlls og foijhr dfBu okrkoj.kds lkFk lkektL; LFkkfir djrk gSA**fcus vkSj lkbZeu ds vuqlkj& ^ fu.kZ;] ln~Hkkouk]midj.k le>us dh ;ksX;rk] ;qfDr] ;qDrrdZ vkSjokrkj.k esa vius dks O;ofLFkr djus dh ‘kfDr ghekufld ;ksX;rk gSA**FkkuZMkbZd ds vuqlkj & ^^okLrfod ifjfLFkfr dsvuqlkj visf{kr izfrfØ;k dh ;ksX;rk gh ekufld;ksX;rk gSA**

fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lkekU; ekufld ;ksX;rk vFkokcqf) ij oa’kkuqØe vkSj okrkoj.k dk izHkko iM+rkgSA lkekU; ekufld ;ksX;rk dks cqf)yfC/k Hkh dgrsgSaA tUe ds le; lHkh izkf.k;ksa dh rjg euq”; Hkh,d izk.kh gksrk gSA euq”; dh nsg ikus okyk ;gizk.kh laLdkjksa ds dkj.k euu’khy euq”; curk gSAftl O;fDr dh fparu ,oa euu djus dh ‘kfDrftruh rhoz gksrh gS mruh gh vPNh mldhcqf)yfC/k gksrh gS ftls lkekU; ekufld ;ksX;rk

dgk tkrk gSAek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr fo|kfFkZ;ksa

fd’kksjkoLFkk okys gksrs gSaA nqfu;knkjh dks le>us dkiz;Ru djus okys ,sls fo|kFkhZ v/;;u djrs&djrstks xzg.k djrs gSa ,oa mldk fpUru&euu djrs gSaog mudh lkekU; ekufld ;ksX;rk gksrh gSA‘kks/k ds mn~ns’;

izLrqr ‘kks/k dk;Z }kjk fuEufyf[kr mn~ns’;ksadh iwfrZ dh tk;sxh&

1- ikfjokfjd ifjos’k esa jgdj v/;;udjus okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lkekU; ekufld ;ksX;rkdk v/;;u djukA

2- Nk=koklh; ifjos’k esa jgdj v/;;udjus okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lkekU; ekufld ;ksX;rkdk v/;;u djukA

3- ikfjokfjd ,oa Nk=koklh; ifjos’k esajgdj v/;;u djus okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lkekU;ekufld ;ksX;rk dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA‘kks/k dh ifjdYiuk

‘kks/k leL;k ds v/;;u ds fy, fuEufyf[krifjdYiuk fu/kkZfjr dh xbZ gSA

1- ikfjokfjd ifjos’k ,oa Nk=koklh; ifjos’kesa jgdj v/;;u djus okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lkekU;ekufld ;ksX;rk esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gksrkAifjlheu

1- ‘kks/k dk;Z dk {ks= dsoy Xokfy;j ftysrd lhfer fd;k x;k gSA

2- ‘kks/k dk;Z Xokfy;j ftys ds vUrxZrek/;fed Lrj ds fo|ky;kas rd lhfer gSA

3- ‘kks/k dk;Z dsoy d{kk 9oha ,oa 10ohads fo|kfFkZ;ksa rd gh lhfer gSA

4- ‘kks/kdk;Z Xokfy;j ftys esa lapkfyrNk=koklksa esa fuokljr 300 fo|kfFkZ;ksa ,oa lkekU;ikfjokfjd ifjos’k esa fuokljr 300 fo|kfFkZ;ksa rdlhfer gSA

5- ‘kks/k v/;;u dqy 600 fo|kkfFkZ;ksa rdgh lhfer gSAv/;;u ds pj



ImpactFactor


®

‘kks/kkFkhZ ds v/;;u gsrq fuEufyf[kr pj gSa%1- Lora= pj % ifjokj] fo|kFkhZ ,oa Nk=kokl2- vkfJr pj % lkekU; ekufld ;ksX;rk‘kks/k fof/k %izLrqr ‘kks/k dk;Z ds fy, losZ{k.k fof/k iz;ksxesa ykbZ xbZ gSA tks fd bl ‘kks/kdk;Z esa mi;qDrgSAU;kn’kZ %

‘kks/kkFkhZ }kjk 15 Nk=kokl ftlesas ckyd ,oackfydk lfEefyr gSa ,oa 15 fo|ky;ksa dk p;ufd;k x;k ‘kks/kdk;Z Xokfy;j ftys esa lapkfyrNk=koklksa esa fuokljr 300 fo|kfFkZ;ksa ,oa lkekU;ikfjokfjd ifjos’k esa fuokljr 300 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dklexz U;kn’kZ dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA izR;sd Nk=koklls 20 ,oa fo|ky; ¼ikfjokfjd ifjos’k okys fo|kFkhZtks fo|ky; ls p;fur fd;s x;s gSa½iz;qDr midj.k

izLrqr ‘kks/k gsrq MkW- jksek iky ,oa MkW-¼Jherh½ jek frokjh }kjk fufeZr lkekU; ekufld;ksX;rk ijh{k.k ¼th-,e-,-Vh-½ izek.khdr midj.kdk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSAiz;qDr lkaf[;dh

‘kks/k esa iz;qDr lkaf[;dh ds fy, fuEufyf[krlkaf[;dh fof/k iz;qDr dh xbZ gS &

e/;ekuizkekf.kd fopyuVh&VsLV

fu”d”kZifjdYiuk 1% ikfjokfjd ifjos’k ,oa Nk=koklh;ifjos’k esa jgdj v/;;u djus okys fo|kfFkZ;ksadh lkekU; ekufld ;ksX;rk esa dksbZ lkFkZdvUrj ugha gksrkA

598 df Lora=k’k ij ^Vh* dk izkekf.kdeku 0-01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 2-60 gksrk gS rFkk 0-05 lkFkZdrk Lrj 1-97 gksrk gSA x.kuk ls izkIr^Vh* dk eku 0-03 bu nksuksa ls de gS vr% lkFkZdugha gSA vFkkZr~ ikfjokfjd ifjos’k ,oa Nk=koklh;ifjos’k esa jgdj v/;;u djus okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa

dh lkekU; ekufld ;ksX;rk esa dksbZ lkFkZdvUrj ugha gksrkA ifjdYiuk lR; fl) gksrh gSAO;k[;k % ‘kks/k rF;ksa ls Li”V gqvk gS fd ikfjokfjdifjos’k ,oa Nk=koklh; ifjos’k esa jgdj v/;;udjus okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lkekU; ekufld ;ksX;rkds e/;eku yxHkx ,d tSls gh gSa blfy, nksuksaifjos’k ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds chp dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ughans[kk x;k gSA

fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ekufld ;ksX;rk mudhv/;;u vknrsa] ikfjokfjd ifjos’k vkfn ls tqM+hgksrh gSA dqN fo|kFkhZ ifjokj esa jgdj gh vPNhekufld ;ksX;rk okys gksrs gSa dqN fo|kFkhZ Nk=koklesa jgdjA ekufld ;ksX;rk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds vkRecy,oa lh[kus dh {kerk }kjk fodflr gks tkrh gSAfo|kFkhZ dk ifjos’k pkgs dksbZ Hkh gks ijUrq mudhekufld ;ksX;rk lHkh ifjos’k esas ,d lh gh jgrhgSA D;ksafd os tks ikB~; lEcU/kh v/;;u djrs gSapkgs og ikfjokfjd ifjos’k esa djsa ;k Nk=koklh;ifjos’k esa mlls mudh ekufld ;ksX;rk esa dksbZvUrj ns[kus dks ugha feyrk gSAlq>ko %

1- ifjokj esa jgus okys fo|kfFkZ;kas dks vuq’kkluesa j[kuk pkfg, rkfd os viuk lexz fodkl djekufld ;ksX;rk dks c<+k ldsaA

2- cPpksa dks ifjokj esa ,slk okrkoj.k feylds tgka mudk ekufld fodkl gks lds rFkkikSf”Vdrk ls Hkjiwj Hkkstu nsuk pkfg, rkfd eu fLFkj,oa ‘kkar jg ldsA

3- ifjokj esa vfHkHkkodksa }kjk cPpkas dks[ksydwy] O;k;ke ,oa ;ksxk ds fy, izksRlkfgr djukpkfg, rkfd mudh ekufld fLFkjrk ,oa LokLF;vPNk jg ldsA

4- ifjokj esa vfHkHkkod cPpksa dks le;ugha nsrs ftlls cPps Bhd izdkj ls lek;ksftr ughagks ikrs gSaA cPpksa dks Bhd izdkj ls lek;ksftr gksusds fy, ifjokj ds lg;ksx dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA



ImpactFactor


®

lanHkZ %vLFkkuk eksgu Lo:i f’k{kk ,oa fo|kFkhZ]laxe izdk’ku] xkft;kckn] 1998cjus rFkk ysguj ^^vlkekU; euksfoKku**eksrhyky cukjlhnkl] fnYyh 1953MkW- T;ksfr izlkn] ekuo fodkl dk ifjp;]v#.k izdk’ku] Xokfy;jHkVukxj lqjs’k] f’k{kk euksfoKku**] vVykfUVdifCy’klZ] fnYyh] 1991]Nanda A.K : Mental helath of high schoolstudent a comparative study-Indianpsychological review, 2001, MarchHkkxZo egs’k vk/kqfud euksoSKkfud&ijh{k.k,oa ekiu] ,p-ih- HkkxZo cqd gkml 19okalaLdj.k] 2010HkVukxj lqjs’k] f’k{kk euksfoKku**] vVykfUVdifCy’klZ] fnYyh] 1991

Hkkjr ds vkfFkZd fodkl dksjksdrh lkekftd pqukSfr;ka

Sita RamAsst. Prof., Dept. of Economics,

Govt. College Bhattu Kalan, Fatehabad

SukhdevAsst. Prof., Dept. of Sociology

P.I.G. Govt. College For Women Jind

==============***********===============Hkkjr nqfu;k ds rst vkfFkZd fodkl okys

ns'kksa esa gS] ij bl fodkl dk ykHk xjhcksa dks ughafey jgkA bldk vlj mlds fodkl ij Hkh iM+k]tks fiNys eghuksa esa yxkrkj /khek gqvk gSA lkekftdpqukSfr;ka cuh gqbZ gSa vkSj xjhch c<+ jgh gSA

Hkkjr us 90 ds n'kd esa vkfFkZd lq/kkj 'kq:fd;kA ç/kkuea=h eueksgu flag ml le; ns'k dsfoÙk ea=h FksA lq/kkjksa ls mEehn Fkh fd yksxksa ds vkfFkZdgkykr lq/kjsaxs] ysfdu f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; lsokvksa ij/;ku u nsus dh otg ls xjhch] dqiks"k.k] Hkz"VkpkjvkSj ySafxd fo"kerk tSlh lkekftd leL;k,a c<+hgSaA vc ;g ns'k ds fodkl dks çHkkfor dj jgk gSAnks n'kd ds vkfFkZd lq/kkjksa dh otg ls ns'k usrjDdh rks dh gS] ysfdu ,d frgkbZ vkcknh vHkhHkh xjhch js[kk ds uhps thou clj dj jgh gSA Hkkjrbl vof/k esa ,slk ns'k cu x;k gS tgka nqfu;k Hkjds ,d frgkbZ xjhc jgrs gSaA

phu vius ;gka xjhcksa dh rknkn esa Hkkjhdeh djus esa dke;kc jgk gS] ysfdu Hkkjr fodklds Qk;ns vke yksxksa esa leku <ax ls ckaV ugha ik;kgSA vkfFkZd lq/kkjksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i phu dk ldy?kjsyw mRikn c<+dj 12]000 vjc M‚yj gks x;kgS] tcfd leku vkcknh ds ckotwn Hkkjr dk

34



ImpactFactor


®

thMhih bldk ,d frgkbZ gh gSA çfr O;fä vk;ds ekeys esa nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp xgjh [kkbZ gSA 2001ls 2012 ds chp Hkkjr esa vkSlr vk; 460M‚yj ls c<+dj 1700 M‚yj gqbZ gS tcfd phu esablh vof/k esa ;g 890 ls c<+dj 6800 M‚yj gksx;k gSA

fiNys lkyksa esa Hkkjr dh fodkl nj djhc9 Qhlnh jgh gS] ysfdu nsgkrh {ks=ksa vkSj vFkZO;oLFkkds T;knkrj bykdksa esa vk; cgqr /kheh xfr ls c<+hgSA {ks=h; fodkl fo'ks"kK çksQslj jfo'kadj JhokLrodgrs gSa] gekjk fodkl xjhcksa dk leFkZu djus okykfodkl ugha FkkA fo"kerk,a c<+h gSaA ysfdu eq[; ckr;g gS fd xjhch ij fodkl dh çfØ;k dk çHkkocgqr ls nwljs ns'kksa ds eqdkcys cgqr de jgk gSAurhtru dqiks"k.k vkSj xjhch esa bl dnj c<+ xbZ gSfd ljdkj dks vkcknh ds cM+s fgLls dks [kk| inkFkksaZdh xkjaVh nsus ds fy, [kk| lqj{kk v‚fMZusal ykukiM+kA bl ij 1-3 vjc #i;s dk [kpZ vk,xkAfodkl dh j.kuhfr & ;w,u f'k{kk lwpdkad dsvuqlkj Hkkjr 181 ns'kksa esa 147osa LFkku ij gSAgkykafd fiNys lkyksa esa <sj lkjs xSj ljdkjh Ldwy]d‚yst vkSj ;wfuoflZVh [kqys gSa] ysfdu jktuhfrdbPNk ds vHkko vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj dh otg ls Lrjh;f'k{kk dks c<+kok ugha feyk gSA vkbZvkbZVh vkSjvkbZvkbZ,e dks fo'o Hkj esa tkuk tkrk gS ysfdu osHkkjr ds orZeku fodkl ds fy, t:jh bathfu;jvkSj eSustj çf'kf{kr djus dh gkyr esa ugha gSaA ns'kesa vkS|ksfxd mRiknu c<+kus vkSj u, jkstxkj iSnkdjus ds fy, dkexkjksa vkSj eSustjksa ds Lrjh; çf'k{k.kdh ;kstuk t:jh gSA

'kks/k vkSj fodkl ds {ks= esa Hkh Hkkjr i;kZIr[kpZ ugha dj jgk gSA og vius çfr}af};ksa phu vkSjnf{k.k dksfj;k ls cgqr ihNs gSA Hkkjr fjlpZ vkSjMsoyiesaV ij gksus okys oSf'od [kpZ dk flQZ 2-1çfr'kr [kpZ djrk gS tcfd ;wjksi dk fgLlk 24-5 çfr'kr gSA JhokLro dk dguk gS fd fodkl dhçofr ,slh gksuh pkfg, fd og fupys rcds dsyksxksa dh vk; c<+kdj xjhch dk çHkko'kkyh rjhds

ls eqdkcyk dj ldsA ;fn fodkl dk Qksdl ns'kds xjhc bykdksa vkSj csgrj vk; vkSj Lrjh;jkstxkj ds tfj, yksxksa dks xjhch ls ckgj fudkyusokyh j.kuhfr;ksa ij gks rks og T;knk çHkkoh gksxkA#drk ugha Hkz"Vkpkj & Hkz"Vkpkj ns'k dh ,dcM+h leL;k cuh gqbZ gSA VªkaliSjsalh baVjus'kuy dsvuqlkj 176 ns'kksa dh lwph esa Hkkjr 94osa uacj ijgSA Hkz"Vkpkj fojks/kh varjjk"Vªh; laLFkk dh rktk fjiksVZds vuqlkj nqfu;k Hkj esa fj'r[kksjh dk Lrj dkQhÅapk gSA Hkkjr esa 70 Qhlnh yksxksa dk ekuuk gS fdfiNys nks lky esa Hkz"Vkpkj dh fLFkfr vkSj fcxM+h gSAfiNys lky lkekftd dk;ZdrkZ vUuk gtkjs dsusrRo esa fo'kky Hkz"Vkpkj fojks/kh vkanksyu gqvk]ysfdu tu yksdiky cukus dh ekax dks jktuhfrdnyksa dk O;kid leFkZu ugha feykA ikfVZ;ka vius dksvkjVhvkbZ dkuwu ls Hkh vyx j[kuk pkgrh gSaA

Hkkjr dh çeq[k dkjksckjh laLFkk QsMjs'kuv‚Q bafM;u pkSaclZ v‚Q d‚elZ ,aM baMLVªh ¼fQDdh½dk dguk gS fd Hkkjr dk 2011ls 2012 ds chpHkz"Vkpkj ds dkj.k lkr vjc M‚yj dk uqdlkugqvkA 2th Vsyhd‚e] d‚euosYFk xsEl vkSj dks;yk?kksVkyksa ls gq, uqdlku dks blesa 'kkfey ugha fd;kx;k gS tks gtkjksa djksM+ ds gSa- Hkz"Vkpkj dk vFkZO;oLFkkds fodkl ij cgqr gh cqjk vlj gks jgk gS vkSjteZuh tSls ns'kksa dh fons'kh daifu;ksa us rks bl ijvc [kqysvke viuh fpark,a trkuh 'kq: dj nh gSaAxjhch vkSj csjkstxkjh & u, jkstxkj cukus vkSjxjhch dks jksdus esa ljdkj dh foQyrk dh otg lsnsgkrksa ls yksxksa dk 'kgjksa dh vksj cM+s iSekus ijiyk;u gks jgk gSA bldh otg ls 'kgjksa ds <kapkxrlajpuk ij ncko iSnk gks jgk gSA vk/kqfudrk dsdkj.k ijaijkxr la;qä ifjokj VwVs gSa vkSj ukSdjh dsfy, ;qok yksxksa us 'kgjksa dk #[k fd;k gS] ftudkfurkar vHkko gSA urhts esa iSnk gqbZ lkekftd rukovkSj dqaBk dh otg ls fgald çofr c<+ jgh gS][kkldj efgykvksa ds f[kykQ fgalk esa rsth vkbZ gSAfnlacj 2012 esa ubZ fnYyh esa ,d Nk=k ds xSaxjsius vkfFkZd egk'kfä ds :i esa mHkjrs Hkkjr esa



ImpactFactor


®

efgykvksa dh leL;kvksa dks mtkxj fd;k gSAHkkjr dh leL;k,a vLFkk;h & Hkkjr esa tkjhvkfFkZd mFky iqFky ds chp iwoZ foÙk ea=h ;'koarflUgk us dgk gS fd ns'k dh leL;k,a vLFkkbZ gSa]mudk lek/kku <wa<k tk ldrk gS] ysfdu mlds fy,etcwr bPNk'kfä dh t:jr gSA gkykafd cykRdkjvkSj NsM+ NkM+ ls lacaf/kr dkuwuksa esa l[rh ykbZ xbZgS vkSj ljdkj us efgyk iqfyldfeZ;ksa dh cgkyhdh fn'kk esa dne mBk, gSa] iwjs Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dsf[kykQ fgalk esa deh ugha vkbZ gSA ubZ fnYyh esalsaVj Q‚j ohesal MsoyiesaV LVMht dh funs'kdçksQslj banq vfXugks=h bldh otg lekt esa efgykvksadh gSfl;r dks ekurh gSa] tks cgqr uhph gS] ;glHkh dkjdksa esa fn[krh gS] [kkl dj vkfFkZd fgLlsnkjhesaA mUgsa lekftd cks> le>k tkrk gS] mUgsa cktkjvFkZO;oLFkk esa miHkksx dh oLrq le>k tkrk gS] tkslekt esa mRiknd ;ksxnku ugha nsrkA bldh otg lsfgalk c<+ jgh gSAlekt dh cs#[kh & Hkkjrh; lekt efgykvksa dseqíksa dks fdl rjg utjvankt dj jgk gS] ;g blckr ls irk pyrk gS fd lkyksa ls py jgh cgl dsckotwn efgykvksa ds fy, laln esa lhVksa ds fy,vkj{k.k ds eqís ij jktuhfrd nyksa ds chp lgefrugha cu ikbZ gSA dqN jktuhfrd ny bldk [kqydjfojks/k dj jgs gSa] tcfd nwljs voljoknh dkj.kksa lsbl ij tksj ugha ns jgs gSaA bruk gh ugha dksbZ Hkhjktuhfrd ikVhZ laxBu dh lajpuk esa efgykvksa dkçfrfuf/kRo c<+kus dh dksbZ xaHkhj dksf'k'k ugha djjgh gSAySafxd fo"kerk & Hkkjr jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZdusrRo esa Hkh ySafxd fo"kerk dk lkeuk dj jgk gSAvk/kqfud dkjksckj esa iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjhdk egRo c<+ x;k gS vkSj cgqjk"Vªh; Hkkjrh; daifu;kaefgyk eSustjksa dks vkdf"kZr djus ds ç;kl Hkh djjgh gSa] ysfdu vHkh Hkh 'ks;j cktkj esa jftLVMZHkkjrh; daifu;ksa ds cksMZ:e esa efgyk eSustjksa dhla[;k flQZ rhu Qhlnh gSA vfXugks=h yksxksa dhlksp esa cnyko dh ekax djrh gSa] ;fn efgykvksa

dh vkfFkZd n'kk lq/kjrh gS rks mudh eqf'dysa Hkhde gksaxhA ,slk ugha gS fd dekus okyh efgykvksadks rqjar mlds vf/kdkj fey tkrs gSa] ysfdu tksefgyk,a dekrh gSa] muds ikl fodYi gksrs gSa] viusvf/kdkjksa ij cy nsus] viuh vkdka{kkvksa vkSj bPNkvksadks vkokt nsus vkSj mu ij vey djus dk ekSdkgksrk gSA

fiNys eghuksa esa Hkkjr ds vkfFkZd fodkl esarsth ls vkbZ deh dk dkj.k oSf'od vkfFkZd ladVcrk;k tk jgk gS] ysfdu fodkl nj dks cuk, j[kusesa foQyrk dh otg çfrHkkvksa dk bLrseky udjuk vkSj dq'ky dkjhxjksa dh deh Hkh gSA Hkkjreq[; :i ls xkaoksa esa jgus okyh viuh vkcknh dh{kerkvksa dk bLrseky djus vkSj mUgsa f'k{kk vkSjLokLF; lsok,a nsus esa ukdke jgk gSA mls le>ukgksxk fd mldk vkfFkZd LokLF; O;kid :i lsmiyC/k çfrHkkvksa ds csgrj bLrseky ij gh fuHkZj gSAvuSfrd lkekftd fo?kVu & Lora=rk ds i'pkr~oS';kofÙk dh leL;k Hkh xaHkhj :i /kkj.k djusyxhA igys tgk¡ lkoZtkfud LFkkuksa ij oS';kvksa dklapkyu gksrk Fkk] 1956 esa fL=;ksa rFkk dU;kvksa dkvuSfrd O;kikj fujks/kd vf/kfu;e ikl gks tkus dsckn Hkh bl leL;k esa dksbZ mYys[kuh; lq/kkj ughagks ldkA cgqr&lh yM+fd;ksa rFkk fL=;ksa] dkYxyZ]dSQs Mkalj rFkk lkslkbVh xyZ ds :i esa vuSfrd —R; ds lkFk vijk/kh O;ogkjksa esa :fp ysus yxhaAbudk dk;Z çfr"Bk dh vkM+ esa vf/kdkfj;ksa lseuekuh lqfo/kk,¡ miyC/k djkuk] rLdjh djuk rFkklHkh ;qodksa dks nqjkpj dh vksj çor djuk gksrk FkkAoS';kofÙk lkekftd fo?kVu dk ,d cM+k dkj.kcuhA buds eksg esa Qls O;fä dk ifjokj laxfBrugha jg ikrk FkkA lekt esa ;kSu jksxksa ds çlkj esa ;s,d egRoiw.kZ dkj.k gSA vusd ljdkjh ç;klksa dsckotwn Hkh blij fu;a=.k ugha ik;k tk ldkA

Lora=rk ds i'pkr~ tSls&tSls le; chrrkx;k vusd leL;kvksa ds lkFk e|iku dh leL;kHkh lekt esa viuk vlj fn[kkus yxhA ;g leL;keq[; :i ls vk/kqfudrk ds Hkzeiw.kZ /kkj.kk rFkk fuEu



ImpactFactor


®

oxZ ds vkfFkZd ruko ls vkf/kd tqM+h FkhA mPp oxZds O;fä e|iku dks QS'ku vkSj çfr"Bk dk lwpdekurs Fks] tcfd Jfed oxZ ds O;fä vusd fparkvksarFkk fujk'kkvksa ls eqä gksus ds fy, bls ,d lgkjs ds:i esa ns[krs FksA fLFkfr ;g gqbZ fd lekt dkvf/kdka'k ;qok oxZ bl yr dh pisV esa vkdjvusd vijk/kksa esa lafyIr gks x;kA uxjh;thou esacsdkjh dh leL;k ,d ,slh leL;k Fkh tks vusdxaHkhj leL;ksa dks tUe nsrh xbZA ;s leL;k,¡ dsoyvkfFkZd thou dks çHkkfor ugha djrha cfYd lkekftdthou Hkh blls vR;kf/kd çHkkfor gqvkA csdkjh dhleL;k ds fuokj.k ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj us vusdmik; fd, tSls:& iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa dk vkjaHk]ca/kqvk etnwjh çFkk] Qly chek ;kstuk vkfn vusdç;klksa ds ckn Hkh bl ij fu;a=.k ugha ik;k tkldkA Hkkjrh; lekt fofHkUu lEçnk;ksa dk cgqryEcs le; rd leUo; LFky cuk jgk ysfduHkkjr ds foHkktu ds i'pkr~ eqfLye yhx] eqfLyeetfyl] fgUnw egklHkk rFkk blh çdkj dh vusdlaxBuksa dk mn; gqvk] ftuds dkj.k lkEçnkf;drkvkSj rsth ls QSyhA

lUnHkZ lwph1- lqjtu loZfe= ¼2012½] 21 oha lnh]

nfyr efgyk,¡ vkSj muds vf/kdkj] ekuokf/kdkj% ubZ fn'kk,¡ okf"kZd] vda & 9] i 0 27A

2- ikj[k tojheYy ¼2014½] L=h ,oanfyr vkanksyu ds y{; ,d gSa] ;q)jr vkevkneh] vda & 70] tuojh & ekpZ] i 02&4A

3- oyksldj in~ek ¼2008½] tkfr] oxZvkSj firlÙkk ds f=dks.k esa nfyr efgyk neu] gelcyk] flrEcj & vDVcwj] i 0 4&6A

4- lkjLor LofIuy ,oa fu'kkarflag ¼2007½]lekt jktuhfr vkSj efgyk,a & n'kk vkSj fn'kk¼Jfed efgykvksa dk la?k"kZ½] jk/kk ifCyds'ku] ubZfnYyh] i 0 67A

5- ikfVy fLerk ¼2008½] nfyr efgykvksa

ds lkekftd ntsZ dk fp=.k] ge lcyk] flrEcj &vDVwcj] i 0 30A

6- cusfMDl vkj0 ¼2016½] VªsfM'ku ,.MekMfuZVh fjdalhMMZ] dEijsfVo LVMht bu lklskbZVh,.M fgLVªh] ok & 9] i 0 326A

7- vkbZtuLVSM ,l0 ,u0 ¼2017½]e‚MukZbZts'ku % çkVsLV ,.M psUt] çsfUVl gky v‚Qbf.M;k] ubZ fnYyh] i 0 1- 3A

8- ibZ MCY;w0 ,y0 ¼,Mh0½ ¼2016½]dE;qfuds'kla ,.M i‚fyVsfDudy MsoyiesVa] fçaLVu;qfuoflZVh çsl] U;wtlhZ] i0 3&4A

9- dqekj 'kjn ¼2014½] Hkkjrh; lekt]Hkkjr ifCyds'kUl] y[kuÅ] i 0 7&8A

10- vej mtkyk] :ik;u] 24 flrEcj]2010 i0 2A

11- flag ;ksxsUæ ¼2014½] ekMukZbts'kuv‚Q bf.M;u VªsfM'ku] jkor ifCyds'ku] t;iqjA

12- 1 :Fk eukjsek ¼2008½] fglka] lektvkSj fodkl ds ifjçs{; esa nfyr efgyk;sa] gelcyk] flrEcj & vDVcwj] i 0 1&3A



ImpactFactor


®

Hkkjrh; lekt esa vk/kqfudhdj.kdk çHkko

Subhash ChanderAsst. Prof., Dept. of Sociology,Govt. Raipur Rani, Panchkula

==============***********===============vk/kqfudhdj.k 'kCn ,d çfØ;k dk cks/k

djkrk gSA lkFk gh vk/kqfudhdj.k ,d foLrr çfØ;kgSA ;wjksih; lekt esa iqutkZxj.k ,oa vkS|ksxhdj.kds dkj.k if'peh lektksa esa rhoz ifjorZu Li"Vgksus yxs blls lekt esa fHkUurk fn[kk;h nsus yxh,d rjQ ijaijkxr lekt rFkk nwljh rjQ os lektftuesa ifjorZu gks jgs Fks vkSj vk/kqfud lekt ds:i esa u;h igpku çkIr dj jgs Fks bl fLFkfr usvk/kqfudhdj.k dks tUe fn;kA vkS|ksxhdj.k]uxjhdj.k vkfn dh rjg gh vk/kqfudhdj.k Hkh,d tfVy çfØ;k gSA

vk/kqfudhdj.k ls esjk rkRi;Z 1760&1830 esa baXyS.M dh vkS|ksfxd Økafr rFkk1784&1794 esa Ýkal dh Økafr ds nkSjku mRiUugq,A vk/kqfudhdj.k ml çdkj dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd],oa jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa dh vksj ifjorZu dhçfØ;k gS tks fd 17 oha ls 19 oha 'krkCnh rdif'peh ;wjksi rFkk mÙkjh vesfjdk esa vkSj 20 oha'krkCnh rd nf{k.kh vesfjdk ,f'k;kbZ o vÝhdhns'kksa esa fodflr gqbZA xkjs ¼1971½ us vk/kqfudhdj.kdks ,d tfVy vo/kkj.kk ekuk gSA bl lEcU/k esamudk rdZ gS fd ftu lektksa dks ge vk/kqfuddgrs gSa muesa Hkh i;kZIr vUrj ns[kus dks feyrkgSA ^^vk/kqfudhdj.k :ikUrj.k ls lacaf/kr gSA bldsvarxZr mu lHkh igyqvksa tSls jktuhfrd] lkekftd]vkfFkZd] vk/;kfRed] /kkfeZd rFkk euksoSKkfud vkfn

dk :ikUrj.k fd;k tkrk gS ftls O;fä viuslekt ds fuekZ.k esa ç;ksx djrk gSA ,ykVkl¼1972½ ds vuqlkj ^^vk/kqfudhdj.k ,d ,slhçfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk lEc) lekt esa vf/kdvPNs o larks"ktud thou ds vafre y{; dksçkIr djus ds mís'; ls vk/kqfud Kku dks igq¡pk;ktkrk gSA ibZ ¼1963½ us vk/kqfudhdj.k dks ^^O;fäo lekt vuqla/kkukRed o vkfo"dkj'khy O;fäRodk fodkl ekuk gS tks rduhdh rFkk e'khuksa dsç;ksx esa fufgr gksrk gS rFkk u, çdkj ds lkekftdlaca/kksa dks çsfjr djrk gSA

jsMQhYM us Hkkjr esa lkaL—frd ifjorZuksadh çfØ;k dks le>kus ds fy, ^ijEijk* dhvo/kkj.kk dk ç;ksx fd;k gSA jsMQhYM dk ekuukgS fd çR;sd laL—fr dk fuekZ.k ijEijkvksa ls gksrkgS] ftUgsa nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vdj le>k tk ldrk gSAbu nksuksa ijEijkvksa esa igyh Js.kh dh ijEijk dksge ogn~ ijEijk vkSj nwljh Js.kh dh ijEijk dksy?kq ijEijk dgrs gSaA okLro esa gekjs O;ogkjksa dsrjhdksa dks ijEijk dgk tkrk gSA lekt esa çpfyrfopkj] :f<+;k¡] ewY;] fo'okl] /keZ] jhfr & fjokt]vknrksa vkfn ds la;qä :i dks gh eksVs rkSj ijijEijk dgk tk ldrk gSA tsEl Mªsoj ¼1976½ usijEijk dks dkuwu] çFkk] dgkuh rFkk fdonfUr;ksads ml laxzg dks ijEijk dgk gS tks ekSfyd :i ls,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h dks gLrkarfjr fd;k tkrkgSA blh rjg ftUlcxZ ¼2011½ us Hkh mu lHkhfopkjksa] vknrksa vkSj çHkkoksa ds ;ksx dks ijEijkdgk gS] tks O;fä;ksa ds ,d leqnk; ls lEcfU/krgksrk gS vkSj ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h dks gLrkUrfjrgksrk jgrk gSA ;ksxsUæ flag ¼2014½ us fdlhlekt dh ml lafpr fojklr dks ijEijk dgk gS]tks lkekftd laxBu ds leLr Lrjksa ij NkbZ jgrhgS] tSls & ewY; & O;oLFkk] lkekftd lajpukrFkk oS;fäd lajpukA çkphu dky ls gh Hkkjr esala;qä ifjokj dh ijEijk fo|eku Fkh] ijUrq orZekule; esa ifjokj ds lHkh lnL;ksa dk lkFk jguklEHko ugha gSA ukSdjh] O;kikj rFkk vU; dkj.kksa ls

35



ImpactFactor


®

ikfjokfjd lnL; vyx & vyx jgrs gSa] ysfduHkkjrh; ifjokjksa esa ^,dy ifjokj* gksus ds ckn HkhijEijkxr çofÙk;ksa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA ;Fkk] ,dycPps dks mlds nknk & nknh] pkph & pkpkcqvk &QQwk] ekek & ekeh o muds cPpksa ls yxkrkjlEidZ esa j[kuk] muds tUefnol] R;kSgkjksa ij lHkhdk ,df=r gksdj Nqfê;ksa dks çlUurk ls eukukAHkkjrh; ijEijk esa iq= dk ifjokj esa gksuk vfrvko';d ekuk tkrk FkkA iq= ds vHkko esa ;K ]ri] nku dks Hkh O;FkZ ekuk tkrk FkkA lkFk gh firkdk vafre laLdkj djus] o Jk)deZ djus dkvf/kdkj Hkh iq=ksa dks gh çkIr FkkA ijUrq vk/kqfudrkds çHkko us bl ijEijkxr lksp dks pqukSrh ns nhgSA vc iq= vkSj iq=h esa dksbZ Hksn ugha fd;k tkrk];|fi gj xk¡o ;k lekt esa leku vk/kqfud–f"Vdks.k fn[kkbZ ugha nsrkA vc NksVs ifjokjksa esa 1;k 2 cPps gksrs gSaA pkgs og iq= gks ;k iqf=;k¡A vcrks yM+fd;k¡ iqjkru :f<+;ksa dks rksMdj firk dkvafre laLdkj o Jk)deZ Hkh dj jgh ekrnosh dhiwtk flU/kqdky ls gh Hkkjrh; lekt esa çpfyrFkh] ftls oSfnd dky esa ekrk] iFoh] vfnfr vkfnukeksa ls tkuk x;kA iqjk.kdky esa bls ikoZrh] nqxkZ]dkyh] efg"kefnZuh Hkokuh vkfn ukeksa ls foHkwf"krfd;k x;kA orZeku esa dbZ u;s ukeksa ls ¼larks"kekrk] oSHko ekrk vkfn½ bl ekrnosh dh iwtk dhtk jgh gSA blh rjg ozr] R;ksgkj vkfn eukus dhi)fr es a cnyrs le; ds vuq:i vusdlqfo/kktud ifjorZu gks x, gSa] ysfdu budk çpyucnLrwj tkjh gSA ;gh ugha 'kknh & fookg vU;dbZ voljksa ij fQtwy[kphZ vkSj 'kkuks'kkSdr dkçn'kZu djus okys Hkkjrh; vko';drk iM+us ijjk"Vª ds fy,] futh vkSj ljdkjh laLFkkvksa ds fy,;k O;fäxr :i ls Hkh vlgk; yksxksa dh lgk;rkds fy, rRij jgrs gSaA blls ;g fl) gksrk gS fdge vk/kqfudrk ds bl nkSj esa Hkh ikjEifjd fopkjksads gh iks"kd gSaA orZeku gdhdr ;gh gS fd gelHkh vk/kqfud le;] fopkjksa] ik'pkR; lH;rk vkSjlaL—fr ls çHkkfor gSaA fQj Hkh geus viuh ijEijkvksa

dks muds ifjofrZr Lo:i esa thfor j[kk gSAHkkjrh; lekt esa fØ;k'khy ifjorZu ,oa

fujarjrk dh çofÙk;ksa ds lanHkZ esa ;fn vk/kqfudhdj.kdh çfØ;k ij –f"V Mkyh tk, rks fuf'pr gh ;gLi"V gksxk fd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh çfØ;k ls tgk¡vkt Hkkjrh; lekt ifjorZu ,oa çxfr ds ekxZij vxzlj gS ,oa blds rgr blus fof'k"VmiyfC/k;k¡ Hkh çkIr dh gS fdUrq ;g Hkh –"VO; gSfd vk/kqfudhdj.k dh bl çfØ;k us Hkys gh iw.kZ:i ls u lgh fdUrq dqN ek=k esa ijEijk o lkekftdewY;ksa dh ifjofrZr vo'; fd;k gSA

efgykvksa ds lkekftd ntsZ ,oe fLFkfrdks tkfr O;oLFkk fof'k"V rkSj ij çHkkfor djrhgSA og pkgs mPp tkfr dh efgyk,¡ gksa ;k fuEutkfr dh efgyk,¡] tkfr O;oLFkk us mudh fLFkfrdks xaHkhj :i ls çHkkfor fd;k gSA mPp tkfr dhefgykvksa dks dbZ çdkj dh fuf"kf);ksa ,oa otZukvksads chp jguk iM+rk gS] tcfd nfyr efgyk,a bllanHkZ esa T;knk Lora= gSaA pw¡fd tkfr O;oLFkk esanfyr efgyk,¡ lEekuuh; ugha le>h x;ha] blfy,mUgsa ySafxd otZukvksa ,oa fuf"kf);ksa ls eqä j[kkx;kA bu çfrca/kksa ,oa otZukvksa ds dkj.k mPptkfr dh efgyk,a iq#"kksa dh v/khurk esa thus yxhavkSj muds O;fäRo dk fodkl #d x;kA mUgsafuth oLrq vFkok ?kj dh oLrq le> fy;k x;kAnwljh rjQ] nfyr efgyk,a vius ifjokj ds fy,/ku dekus gsrq ?kj ls ckgj fudydj dk;Z djrh gSavkSj mPp tkfr dh efgykvksa ls vf/kd Lora=rkdk vuqHko djrh gSaA oLrqr% nks dkj.kksa ls tkfrO;oLFkk efgykvksa dh lkekftd fLFkfr dks çHkkfordjrh gSA çFke] iqjkus lkekftd ewY;ksa dks cuk,j[kus ds fy,] efgykvksa dks lqj{kk ,oa laj{k.kçnku djus ds fy, ,oa tkfrxr oploZrk dksdk;e j[kus ds fy,A efgykvksa ij tc lkekftd&lkaL—frd çfrca/k ,oa lhek,a yxk;h tkrh gSarks muls efgykvksa dh v/khurk okyh fLFkfr dkscuk, j[kus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA nwljs] ;g lpgS fd nfyr efgykvksa dks vkthfodk ryk'kus



ImpactFactor


®

dh ,oa dk;Z djus dh NwV gS rFkkfi bls efgykl'kähdj.k dk rRo ugha le>k tk ldrk] D;ksafdnfyr efgyk,a bl rjg ds dk;Z foo'krk ,oaetcwjh o'k vius ifjokj ,oa cPpksa ds ikyu &iks"k.k ds fy, djrh gSaA mudh tkfrxr fLFkfr dsdkj.k muds O;fäRo ds fodkl ds volj degksrs gSa vkSj lkekftd] jktuhfrd ,oa lkaL—frdl'kfädj.k dh –f"V ls tkfr O;oLFkk mUgsa fdlhçdkj dk volj ugha miyC/k djkrhA bl çdkjns[ksa rks tkfr & O;oLFkk us u flQZ Å¡ph tkfr;ksds opZLo dks cuk, j[kk gS cfYd efgykvksa dhv/khurk ,oa fuHkZjrk dh fLFkfr dks Hkh cuk, j[kusesa vge~ Hkwfedk vnk dh gSA nfyr efgyk,a lekuvf/kdkjksa ,oa Lora=rk dk miHkksx djrh gSa D;ksafdlkekU;r% nfyr ifjokjksa esa iq#"k ,oa efgykvksa esadk;Z foHkktu ugha gksrk] fdUrq tkfr & lajpuk dsmPp lksiku ij çfr"Bkfir lektksa esa efgyk ,oeiq#"k ds dk;ksaZ dk Li"V foHkktu gksrk gS] vkSj ;gfoHkktu tkfrxr lajpuk ds Lrjhdj.k esa Åijvksj dh c<+rk tkrk gS] ;/kfi ,d lhek rdifjokj dh vkfFkZd çfLFkfr bls çHkkfor vo';djrh gSA

lekt esa fdlh Hkh oxZ dh efgykvksa dhokLrfod fLFkfr] muds vf/kdkj vkSj mudhleL;kvksa dk v/;;u mudh ikfjokfjd lajpukesa gh laHko gSA ifjokj esa efgykvksa dh ek¡] iRuh]cgw] cgu ds :i esa iFkd & iFkd Hkwfedk gksrhgSA bl fLFkfr esa lkekU; ukjh vf/kdkj] ifjokj dsO;oLFkkijd <k¡ps ij fuHkZj djrs gSaA ;g rks fufoZoknrF; gS fd ySafxd vlekurk ds O;ogkfjd dkj.kksals efgykvksa dks vius ?kj ifjokj o lekt esafof'k"V Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djuk iM+rk gSA 46fdlh Hkh lekt vkSj jk"Vª dk fodkl rHkh laHkogS tc ml lekt esa efgykvksa vkSj iq#"kksa dksleku vf/kdkj o volj çkIr gksaA bu vf/kdkjksa ovoljksa dh dkuwuh o lS)kfUrd ekU;rk ds lkFk &lkFk lekt esa O;kogkfjd Lohdk;Zrk Hkh vfuok;ZgSA Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dk

vkdyu djrs gq, ge ns[krs gSa fd dkuwuh olS)kfUrd lanHkksaZ esa efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa o volesaesa dksbZ deh ugha gS] ijUrq O;kogkfjd Lohdk;Zrkds lanHkZ esa vHkh vHkh"V y{; rd ge ugha ig¡plds gSaA tc ge efgyk lekurk ,oa l'kfädj.kdh ckr djrs gSa rks efgyk dh fLFkfr dk vkdyuySafxd fodkl ls lEcfU/kr dqN egRoiw.kZ lwpdksads vk/kkj ij fd;k tk ldrk gSA tSls dk;kZRedlgHkkfxrk] f'k{kk] LokLF;] thou vof/k] lqj{kk]lkoZtfud@futh thou esa fu.kZ; & çfØ;k esalgHkkfxrk vkfnA

nfyr efgykvksa ds ikl lkekftd vkSjlkaL—frd lÙkk ugha gksrh blfy, lekt dk lcylÙkk/kkjh oxZ mUgsa derj vkSj vieku ds ;ksX; ghle>rk gSA nfyr efgykvksa dh lkekftd fLFkfrvkSj muds ntsZ dk ekud mudh tkfr vkSj oxZrFkk mudk tsMaj ;kuh mudk vkSjr gksuk gh fu/kkZfjrdjrk gSA Å¡ph tkfr;ksa }kjk vius lkekftd <k¡psdh pkSdlh nfyr efgykvksa ij çrhdkRed o'kkjhfjd fgalk djds dh tkrh gSA jkT; dk neudkjhvkSj oSpkfjd <k¡pk Hkh bl tkfr & oxZ& o.kZinkuqØe dks cjdjkj j[kus esa Å¡ph tkfr dks iwjklg;ksx çnku djrk gSA vf/kdrj ekeyksa ns[kk x;kgS fd fgalk djus okyksa ds lkFk jktuSfrd lÙkk/kkfj;ksadh rkdr gksrh gSA 49 ifjokj esa HksnHkko ds dqNç'u fcydqy Li"V gSA vk/kkjHkwr vko';drkvksatSls Hkkstu vkSj LokLF; ns[k js[k esa iq#"kksa dhvis{kk efgykvksa dks feyus okyk de Hkkx] lalk/kulaxzg esa lgHkkfxrk gksus ij Hkh muds iqufoZrj.k esavlekurk] cPpksa ds fy;s ikSf"Vd vkgkj dk nkf;RovkSj eq[;r% xjhc vkSj nfyr ifjokjksa dh vkfFkZdn'kkvksa esa firk dh vis{kk ekrk dh vk; ijcPpksa dh fuHkZjrk vkfn ;s dqN ,sls ç'u gSa] ftudkifjokj ds vanj gh ewY;kdau fd;k tk ldrk gSA50 vkt Hkh nfyr ifjokjksa esa yM+fd;ksa dks LdwyHkstus ij fojks/k fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd muds euvkSj efLr"d esa ;g lksp cSBh gqbZ gS fd yM+dhvlqjf{kr gSA ifjokj dh ftEesnkjh efgykvksa ij



ImpactFactor


®

le; ls igys Fkksi nh tkrh gSaA ekrk&firkyM+fd;ksadks cks> ekurs gq, tYn ls tYn mudkfookg djus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSa ftlds QyLo:iog lkekftd rkus&ckus esa ca/kus dks etcwj gkstkrh gSa vkSj oks f'kf{kr ugha gks ikrh gSA bldsvykok nfyr yM+fd;ksa dks ekrk&firk viusvkfFkZd raxh dks ns[krs gq, dke djus ds fy,etcwj djrs gSa] ftlls mu yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kkvo:) gks tkrh gSA

L=h dh Lora=rk dk ç'u lHkh mRihfM+rksadh Lora=rk ls tqM+k gqvk gSA L=h tgk¡ Hkh ftloxZ dk fgLlk gS] ogk¡ og iq#"kksa }kjk HksnHkko vkSjmRihM+u dh f'kdkj gksrh gSA ;gh ugha] ;fn ogekStwnk jktlÙkk dk fgLlk cu Hkh tkrh gS rks Hkhog ml iq#"k opZLooknh ekufldrk dks pqukSrhnsus dh fLFkfr esa ugha gksrhA blds foijhr laHkkoukbl ckr dh T;knk gksrh gS fd og Lo;a blekufldrk dh f'kdkj gks tk,A blfy, lo.kZ fL=;k¡gksa ;k nfyr fL=;k¡] lÙkk ;k lQyrk ds f'k[kjrd muds igq¡pus dks mu oxksaZ dh fL=;ksa dhmiyfC/k le>uk lekt dh iwjh lPpkbZ dkstkucw>dj udkjuk gSA ns[kuk ;g gksxk fd os viusoxkaZ ds iq#"kksa dh rqyuk esa dgk¡ [kM+h gSa \ ;ghog fcanq gS tgk¡ nfyr vkSj L=h vkanksyu ds fgr,d & nwljs ls tqM+rs gSaA 53 vf/kdka'k nfyrefgyk,a dke dh ryk'k esa fudyrh gSa vkSj lCthcspuk] >kMw & iksNa yxkuk] bL=h djuk] nkbZ vkfndk dk;Z djrh gSaA blfy, lcls T;knk vlqjf{krHkh ogh gSa] ysfdu ;gh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ mUgsa vU;efgykvksa ds eqdkcys fuMj vkSj tq>k: cukrh gSavkSj foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa jguk fl[kkrh gSaA 54L=h iq:"k esa lekurk ds ewyHkwr vf/kdkj dh nqgkbZnsus ds ckn Hkh dkedkth efgykvksa ds çfr] dkeij j[kus ls yxkdj] osru] vodk'k dke ds ?kaVsvkSj vU; lqfo/kkvksa ds ekeyksa esa orZeku le; esaHkh HksnHkko fo|eku gSA vU; çdkj ls muds ;kSu'kks"k.k vkfn dh ckr vyx gh gSA vlaxfBr {ks=dh Jfed efgykvksa ds lkFk bl çdkj dk vU;k;

vkSj vf/kd gh ik;k tkrk gSA

lUnHkZ lwph1- cusfMDl vkj0 ¼2016½] VªsfM'ku ,.M

ekMfuZVh fjdalhMMZ] dEijsfVo LVMht bu lklskbZVh,.M fgLVªh] ok &9] i0 326

2- vkbZtuLVSM ,l0 ,u0 ¼2017½]e‚MukZbZts'ku % çkVsLV ,.M psUt] çsfUVl gky v‚Qbf.M;k] ubZ fnYyh] i0 1-3

3- ibZ MCY;w0 ,y0 ¼,Mh0½ ¼2016½]dE;qfuds'kla ,.M i‚fyVsfDudy MsoyiesVa] fçaLVu;qfuoflZVh çsl] U;wtlhZ] i0 3&4-

4- dqekj 'kjn ¼2014½] Hkkjrh; lekt]Hkkjr ifCyds'kUl] y[kuÅ] i0 7&8-

5- vej mtkyk] :ik;u] 24 flrEcj]2010 i0 2-

6- flag ;ksxsUæ ¼2014½] ekMukZbts'ku v‚Qbf.M;u VªsfM'ku] jkor ifCyds'ku] t;iqj-

7- :Fk eukjsek ¼2008½] fglka] lektvkSj fodkl ds ifjçs{; esa nfyr efgyk;sa] gelcyk] flrEcj & vDVcwj] i0 1&3-

8- lqjtu loZfe= ¼2012½] 21 oha lnh]nfyr efgyk,¡ vkSj muds vf/kdkj] ekuokf/kdkj %ubZ fn'kk,¡ okf"kZd] vda & 9] i0 27-

9- ikj[k tojheYy ¼2014½] L=h ,oanfyr vkanksyu ds y{; ,d gSa] ;q)jr vkevkneh] vda & 70] tuojh & ekpZ] i0 2&4-

10- oyksldj in~ek ¼2008½] tkfr] oxZvkSj firlÙkk ds f=dks.k esa nfyr efgyk neu] gelcyk] flrEcj & vDVcwj] i0 4&6-

11- lkjLor LofIuy ,oa fu'kkarflag¼2007½] lekt jktuhfr vkSj efgyk,a & n'kkvkSj fn'kk ¼Jfed efgykvksa dk la?k"kZ½] jk/kkifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i0 67-

12- ikfVy fLerk ¼2008½] nfyrefgykvksa ds lkekftd ntsZ dk fp=.k] ge lcyk]flrEcj & vDVwcj] i0 30-



ImpactFactor


®

fgUnh eas lektokn dh çsjdifjfLFkfr;k¡

MkW- lfjrk frokjhfgUnh foHkkx izeq[k]

turk egkfo|ky; panziqj

==============***********===============lkjka’k

lkfgR; ds varxZr dksbZ Hkh çofÙk;k¡ vR;arlw{e :i esa nh?kZdky rd pyrh jgrh gS vkSj /khjs/khjs fodflr gksdj Li”V ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA mudhi“BHkwfe esa rRdkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk ;ksxnku lekfo”Vgksrk gSA

gekjs ns’k ds lkekftd ,oa jk”Vªh; thou esalektokn ls lEcfU/kr fopkj.kk ,oa fprau dks xfrfeyrh jgh gSA bl Nfc ls rRdkyhu jktuhfrd]lkaLÑfrd] lkfgfR;d lkekftd&lkaLÑfrdifjfLFkfr;ksa ij nf”Vikr djuk vko’;d gS rkfdgekjs le{k ;g Li”V gks lds fd jk”Vªh; thou esabl fopkj ds fy, dkSulh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ dk;Z dj jghFkhAlkekftd ifjfLFkfr %

çFke fo’o;q)ksijkar ds i’pkr~ gekjs jk”Vªh;thou esa ,d fo’ks”k çdkj dk vlarks”k ,oa fo{kksHkn‘f”Vxr gksrh gSA dEiuh ‘kklu dh lekfIr lsçFke egk;q/n ds dky rd Hkkjrh; lekt ftufopkj nf”V;ksa ls vkUnksfyr jgk] os çk;% fiNyhlnh ds lkaLÑfrd vkUnksyuksa ¼czãlekt] vk;Zlekt]fFk;klkfQdy lkslk;Vh] jkeÑ”.k fe’ku vkfn½ lsmRiUu gqbZ FkhA budh ewy çsj.kk lekt lq/kkj dhFkhA iw.kZ Lok/khurk ds ladYi dk mn~?kks”k oLrqr%1929 esa ykgkSj dkaxzsl esa gh fd;k x;k FkkA bldsiwoZ lekt lq/kkj dh Hkkouk gh ç/kku FkhA

o/kkZ esa xka/khth }kjk gfjtuksa)kj dk egRoiw.kZdk;Z fiNyh ‘krkCnh ls pyh vk jgh lekt lq/kkjdh Hkkouk dk çfr:i gSA NqvkNwr] L=h f’k{kk]ckyfookg] fons’k;k=k] thou ds la?k”kZiw.kZ i{kksa dhvfHkO;fDr bl ;qx ds lkfgR; esa Hkh ns[kus dksfeyrh iM+rh gSA çsepan tSls jpukdkjksa dh lsoklnu*ln’k Ñfr;ka bu çHkkoksa dk gh ifj.kke gSA e/;;qxds :f<+tky ls ncs gq, lekt esa bl le; ,dçdkj dh gypy iSnk gks xbZ FkhA

lekt esa bl le; ls iqujZpuk dk Øetkjh FkkA vkS|ksfxd lH;rk ds dkj.k ls u;s ‘kgjclrs gSa] uohu oxksZ vkSj leqnk;ksa dk mn; gksrk gSAo.kkZJe O;oLFkk ij vk/kkfjr lkearh lekt VwVusyxrk gSA mldk LFkku uohu oxZ xzg.k djrk gSftudk vk/kkj vkfFkZd gSAjktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr %

;g ;qx ubZ fopkj /kkjkvksa ds vksr&çksr FkkAyxHkx lHkh fopkj /kkjk,a jk”Vªh; Hkkouk ls ;qDrFkhA esjB dkaxzsl dh ?kVuk Økafrdkjh bfrgkl esalcls gS ftldk usrÙo ,e~- ,u~- jk; us fd;k FkkAlu~ 1928 esa usg:th :l x;s vkSj ogka ls lektoknhfopkj /kkjk ls çHkkfor gksdj ykSVsA lu~ 1934 esadkaxzl lks’kfyLV ikVhZ dh LFkkiuk gqbZA

lu~ 1936 easa ia- usg: us y[kuÅ esa dkaxzslds v/;{kh; in ls mldh uhfr vkSj ;kstuk esa ubZço‘fÙk dks Li”V fd;kA dkaxzsl us vc fdlkuksa dki{k xzg.k fd;k vkSj mldh uhfr Li”V :i lslektokn dh vksj mUeq[k gqbZA lu~ 1939 esa vaxzstljdkj us fcuk eaf=eaMy dh lykg ds Hkkjr dks;q) esa ‘kkfey dj fy;kA bl fy;s lc eaf=;ksa usR;kx i= ns fn;sA lu~ 1942 esa ßHkkjr NksM+ksÞvkanksyu dk lw= ikr gqvkA f}rh; egk;q) lekIrgksus ij lu~ 1946 esa fyx dk feyk tqyk eaf=eaMycuk;k x;k rFkk lu~ 1947 easa foHkDr Hkkjr Lora=gqvkA lu~ 1950 esa gekjk lafo/kku cuk vkSj lu~1956 esa Hkk”kkokj çkarksa dh jpuk gqbZA blds ckndk’ehj] xksok] Hkkjr&phu lhek fookn] ikfdLrkuhvkØe.k vkradokn tSlh leL;k,a tfVy :i

36



ImpactFactor


®

/kkj.k djrh gSAjk”Vªh; vkanksyu dh nf”V ls og e/;kUg

dky ekuk tk ldrk gSA Lora=rk dh çkfIr ghbldk Qy gSA çFke dkaxzsl dk mís’; dsoyjktuhfrd Lora=rk rd lhfer Fkk fdarq lu~ 1931esa vkfFkZd Lok/khurk dh vksj mldk /;ku x;kAMkW- iV~VkfHklhrkjkeS ;k us djkaph dkaxzsl ds çLrkodk mYys[k bl çdkj fd;k gS&

lk/kkj.k turk dh rckgh dk var djus dsmís’; ls ;g vko’;d gS fd jktuSfrd Lora=rk esayk[kksa Hkw[ks ejus okyksa dh okLrfod vkfFkZd Lora=rkHkh fufgr gks A1

bldk çeq[k dkj.k lu~ 1917 esa gqbZ :lhØkafr gSA :l us viuh lektoknh O;oLFkk dsvk/kkj ij de le; esa tks méfr dh mlls lkjslalkj dk /;ku mldh vksj x;kA uo;qodksa us bllektoknh fopkj/kkjk ls çsj.kk xzg.k dhA lu~ 1931esa dkaxzsl ds djkaph eas gq, vf/kos’ku ls bldh lwpukfeyrh gSA vc dkaxzsl dh uhfr esa ifjorZu gks x;kgSA og dqN&dqN lektokn dh vksj vxzslj gqbZA

xka/khth us 10 Qjojh 1943 ls 21 fnudk vu’ku fd;kA tc vDVwcj 1943 dks ykMZokosy] ykMZ fyufyFkxks dh txg fu;qDr gksrs gSaA6 ebZ lu~ 1944 dks xka/khth dks fcuk fdlh ‘krZds NksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA blh Hkkafr f’keyk dhdkUÝsUl dk Hkh dksbZ urhtk ugha fudyrkA

Jh lqHkk”kpaæ cksl ds usrRo esa vktkn fganQkSt us tu tkx‘fr esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksx fn;k gSA tcvktkn fgan QkSt ds rhu usrkvksa dks fxj¶rkj fd;kx;k Fkk rks mlls ns’k esa cM+h gypy ephA ^t;fgUn* dh /ofu lkjs Hkkjr es xqat mBrh gSaA turkds foæksg ds Qy Lo:i rhuksa usrkvksa dks NksM+ fn;ktkrk gSA

blh chp 27 ebZ 1964 dks gekjs ns’k dsç/kku ea=h iafMr usg: dh vdLekr~ eR;w gks tkrhgSA mudh eR;q ls iqu% ns’k ‘kksd esa Mwc tkrk gS&Hkkjr gh ugha lkjk fo’o nq%[k çdV djrk gSA mudheR;q fu’p; gh ,d egku jk”Vªh; {kfr gSaS blls

Lora= Hkkjr ds bfrgkl dk çFke pj.k lekIr gkstkrk gSA tuuk;d ‘kkL=hth ds ç/kku ea=h curs ghikfdLrku dk u’kal vkØe.k gksrk gSA Hkkjr esa iqu%jk”Vªh; psruk dh ygj meM+rh gSA og vkØe.k dkçfrdkj djrk gS vkSj lQy gksrk gSA bleas tujypkS/kjh dks fo’ks”k Js; feyrk gSA vusd Hkkjrh;toku viuk ‘kkS;Z fn[kk dj ohj xfr dks çkIr gksrsgSaA i=&if=dkvksa esa muds ohjksfpr dk;Z dk ;’kksxkugksrk gSA blh chp rk’kdan okrkZ ds le; ‘kkL=hthdh eR;q ls Hkkjrh; tu ekul dks nwljk /kDdkyxrk gSA blls Lora= Hkkjr ds bfrgkl dk nwljkpj.k lekIr gks tkrkgSA rnuarj Jherh bafnjk xka/khç/kku ea=h curh gSA ns’k dh cká vkSj vkarfjdleL;kvksa dks lqy>kus eas ljdkj vc lfØ; gksmBrh gSA Qyr% ikd dk nwljk vkØe.k ukdke;kcgksrk gSA caxyk ns’k ds mn; vkSj fodkl esa gkekjkns’k lfØ; lg;ksx çnku djrk gSA vkarfjd lqO;oLFkkgsrq 26 twu 1975 dks vkikr fLFkfr dh ?kks”k.kkdh tkrh] ftls fouksckth vuq’kklu ioZ dh laKknsrs gSaA lektokn ds y{; fcanq rd igq¡pus gsrqlafo/kku esa vusd la’kks/ku fd;s tkrs gSaA

la’kks/kuksa dk turk }kjk lg”kZ Lokxr fd;ktkrk gSA lektoknh yksdra= dh fn’kk esa ;g ,dBksl dne gSA fuEu oxksZ dk fgr gh blds ewy esafufgr gSA ns’k esa 20 lw=h vkfFkZd dk;ZØe ls‘kkfUr vkSj lqO;oLFkk fufeZr gksrh gSA blh chpfofHké nyksa ds canh usrkvksa dh fjgkbZ ds lkFk lkFkekpZ] 1977 esa yksd lHkk ds pquko dh ?kks”k.kk dhtkrh gSA bl çdkj jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;k¡ lektokndh çsjd fn’kk fl) gksrh gSAvkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr %

Hkkjrsanq ;qx ls gh Hkkjr esa e’khuksa dk vkukçkjaHk gks x;k FkkA oLrqr% ;a= lH;rk dk gh ;qx gSAf}osnh ;qx rd ;a= lH;rk dk fodkl gksuk çkjaHkgks x;k FkkA tgk¡ ;a= x;s] ogk¡ ogk¡ dkj[kkus ‘kq:gq,A bu dkj[kkuksa esa vklikl ds yksx tkdj dkedjus yxs] tks fHké fHké tkfr vkSj o.kZ ds FksA ftuLFkkuksa ij dkj[kkus [kqys] ogk¡ ‘kgj cu x;s& tSls



ImpactFactor


®

cEcbZ] dydÙkk] vgenkckn] dkuiqj] y[kuÅ] eækl]ukxiqj vkfnA blds iwoZ dk Hkkjr xzkE; ns’k FkkAbl vkS|ksfxd lH;rk ds lkFk if’pe ds vuqdj.kls ubZ lH;rk vkbZA blds ifj.kke Lo:i dbZ ubZphtsa vkbZ&tSls Mkdrkj] vnkyrsa] tsy] iqfyl dsaævkfnA budh LFkkiuk çk;% uxjksa esa gqbZA bl dkj.k‘kgj esa ,d u;s oxZ dh LFkkiuk gqbZ&;g oxZ Fkke/; oxZ] tks vaxszth f’k{kk&nh{kk ls ifjiw.kZ FkkA bloxZ ds yksx NksVh cM+h ljdkjh ukSdjh esa FksA

fQj ,d oxZ vkSj cuk ftldk dkj[kkuksa ijvf/kdkj vFkok fu;a=.k FkkA ;g iwathifr oxZ dgyk;kA,d rhljk oxZ vkSj cukA tks yksx dy&dkj[kkuksaesa etnwjh djrs Fks] mUgsa fuEuoxZ ;k etnwj oxZ dgktkus yxkA blds vykok xzkeksa es tehankj vkSjfdlku cgqr igys ls gh pys vk jgs FksA gekjhlH;rk ds dsUæ xzke gh jgs gSaA xzkE; thou esa ;ghnks oxZ Fks vkSj ukxfjd thou esa mDr rhu oxZ FksAbu lcls feykdj gekjk lekt cukA blh ds lkFkfQj ,d lkearh ;k iwathifr vFkZO;oLFkk cuhA

f}osnh ;qx ds var rd gekjs ;gk¡ oL= dsgh dkj[kkus fodflr gq, FksA ml le; vgenkcknvkSj cEcbZ esa cgqr diM+k curk FkkA m|ksxifrpkgrs Fks fd mUgsa T;knk diM+k cquus dh Lok/khurkfeys ijarq vaxzst ljdkj vusd jksM+s mifLFkr djrhFkhaA vaxzst ;g ugha pkgrs Fks fd Hkkjr esa vf/kddiM+k cquk tk; D;ksafd blls muds m|ksx dks /kDdkigq¡pus dh laHkkouk FkhA blfy, ljdkj us Hkkjr dsiwathifr ;k m|ksxifr;ksa dks ncko eaas j[kk fd os ubZfeysa u [kksysaA fygktk la?k”kZ ‘kq: gqvkA Lons’khvkanksyu dh ^fons’kh diM+s tykvks&[kknh iguksa*dh tks ygj vkbZ mlesa Hkh ;gh psruk FkhA bldsQyLo:i fons’kh diM+ksa dh gksfy;k¡ tkykbZ tkusyxhA

viuh ekaxs iwjh gksus ls iwathokn fodflrgksrk x;kA mls vaxzst ljdkj vkSj bXySaM dhlkeT;okfnrk ls la?k”kZ djuk iM+kA bl çdkj iwathoknbl nqgjs la?k”kZ esa vkxs c<+rk tkrk gSA ogha jk”Vªh;vkanksyu dks çsfjr djrk gSa vkSj xka/khth dks o/kkZ esa

fcByk nsrk gSAlu~ 1943 esa caxky ds vdky ls 40&50

yk[k euq”;ksa dh eR;q gqbZA bl ?kVuk us rekecaxkyh dfo;ksa ,oa ys[kdksa ds nf”Vdks.k esa ifjorZudj fn;kA

lu~ 1947 rd mDr la?k”kZ pyrk jgk ijblds ckn og rhozrj gksrk x;kA vkt ds jk”Vªh;thou esa Hkh ;g la?k”kZ py jgk gS vkSj og gS&ßçkbosV lsDVjÞ ,oa ifCyd lsDVj ds laca/k esaA bunks fopkj/kkjkvksas ds nks çeq[k usrk lkeus vk;s& ia-usg: ifCyd lsDVj ds i{k/kj Fks vkSj izbosV lsDVjds fojks/kh nqljh vksj jktxksikykpk;Z ifCyd lsDVjds fojks/kh vkSj izkbosV ds i{ikrh FksA ,d lektoknhekxZ gS vkSj nwljk iawthoknhA

1966 esa voewY;u ds dkj.k e¡gxkbZ viukfodlky :i /kkj.k dj ysrh gSA Qyr% fuEu vkSje/;oxZ dks vusd dfBukbZvksa dk lkeuk djukiM+rk gSA blds fojks/k esa tula?k viuk çpaM ekspkZ[kM+k djrk gSA rRi’pkr~ ljdkj dkyk/ku vkSjrLdjksa ds f[kyki fHklk ds }kjk dM+k dne mBkrhgSA blh chp 1 tqykbZ 1976 ls rRdkyhuç/kkuea=h 20 lw=h vkfFkZd dk;ZØe ykxw djrh gS]tks ns’k dh çxfr esa ,d Øfrdkjh dne FkkA bldslkFk gh turk Jh- lat; xka/kh ds iap lw=h dk;ZØedk Hkh Lokxr djrh gSA vc ns’k lektokn dhvksj vkxs c<us dk iz;kl djrk gS ij fQj mldhxfr /kheh iM+ tkrh gSAlkaLÑfrd ifjfLFkfr %

;g ;qx lkaLÑfrd psruk dh nf”V ls HkhegÙoiw.kZ gSA lu~ 1925 ls ysdj vkt rd lkaLÑfrdnf”V ls tks çxfr gqbZ] og gS f’k{kk lEca/khA ;g nksuksagh çdkj ls gqbZ& ‘kklu ds }kjk vusd fo|ky;]egkfo|ky;] fo’ofo|ky; [kksys x;sA nwljs] turkus Hkh vius m|ksx ls dbZ f’k{k.k laLFkkvksa dks tUefn;kA vkt fo’ofo|ky;ksa dh la[;k c<+ jgh gSAbues açkphu Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ds laca/k esa Hkh ‘kks/kdk;Z gqvk gSA

bl {ks= esa fp=dyk] laxhr dyk vkSj oLrq



ImpactFactor


®

dyk dh Hkh mYys[kuh; çxfr gqbZA fp=dyk esa rksdkO; çofÙk;ksa ds vuq:i gh mÙkjksÙkj mRFkku fn[kkbZnsrk gSA

çLrqr dky [kaM eas vusd lkaLÑfrd laLFkk,¡vfLrRo esa vkbZ ftuesa dqN laLFkk,¡ lkaLÑfrd vkSjlkfgfR;d nksuksa nf”V;ksa ls egRo j[krh gSA çxfr’khyys[kd la?k bl nf”V ls mYys[kuh; gSA blds varxZrvusd desfV;k¡ cukbZ xbZ] ftuesa tu ukVîk’kkyk]lkaLÑfrd lfEeyu desVh] lkfgR; jpuk desVh]tu xk;u desVh vkSj fnol lekjksg desVh vkfnçeq[k gSA blls yksd laLÑfr dk iqu:)kj gqvkAblh ds lkFk ljdkj dh vksj ls Hkh bl fn’kk esavusd ç;Ru gq,& fo’ks”kdj Lok/khurk ds cknvusd laLFkk,¡ [kksy xbZ ftuesa lkfgR; vWdkneh]yfyr dyk vWdkneh] laxhr ,oa ukVd vWdknehvkfn mYys[; gSA fons’kksa ls dbZ lkaLÑfrdçfrfuf/k eaMy ;gk¡ vk;s vkSj ;gk¡ ls fons’k x;sA2

rrh; egk;q) dh vk’kadk ls loZ= ‘kkfUrLFkkiuk ds mís’; ls vkanksyu gksrs gSaA blds ifj.kkeLo:i gekjs ;gk¡ Hkh vkWy bafM;k ihj dkSfUly* dktUe gksrk gSA lkaLÑfrd nf”V ls vk;Z lekt us HkhegRoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;k gSA fganh jaxeap ds {ks= esa Hkh;Fks”V çxfr gqbZA

bl ;qx esa çeq[k :i ls nks fopkj /kkjk,alkeus vkbZ& xka/khoknh rFkk ekDlZoknh ;k lektoknhAbuds O;kid çHkko ds QyLo:i vkxs lektokndk mn; gqvkA MkW- f’kodqekj feJ us Bhd gh gS&ßlkaLÑfrd nf”V ls ;g ;qx nks egRoiw.kZ fopkj/kjkvksa ds la?k”kZ dk ;qx gSA ftlus ns’k ds vkfFkZd]jktuhfrd] lkekftd] lkfgR; lHkh {ks=ksa ij tcnZLrçHkko Mkyk gSaSA ,d vkSj vius jkT; ds vkn’kZ]loksZn; lekt dh LFkkiuk o ân; ifjorZu dsfl)kUr dks fy, gq, xka/khokn ns’kds vkfFkZd]jktuhfrd] lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd eapij vklhu Fkk]nwljh vksj ,sfrgkfld HkkSfrdoknh nf”V ls çsfjr] oxZla?k”kZ ekDlZoknh vkn’kksZ] lektoknh lkE;oknh lektdh LFkkiuk rFkk thou ds fofo/k {ks=ksa esa O;kidØkafr dh ekax fy;s lektokn dk mn; gqvkAÞ

b/kj dqN yksx xka/khoknh vkSj lektokn dsleUo; ij cy nsus yxs ijUrq ljdkj lektokndh LFkkiuk dks viuk y{; cuk ysrh gSA jktuhfrdny Hkh lektoknh ewY;ksa ls çsj.kk xzg.k djrs gSaAns’k lektokn dh vksj rsth t:j vkxs c<rk gS ijckn esa ;g vkUnksyu ean iM+ tkrk gSAnk’kZfud ifjfLFkfr %

fo’ofo|ky;ksa esa f’k{kk çlkj ls dqN gnrd fgUnh lkfgR; esa lektoknh fopkjksa dk lekos’kgqvkA fo’ofo|ky;ksa esa f’kf{kr uo;qod ubZfopkj/kkjkvksa dk ifjp; çkIr dj mudh vksj vkÑ”Vgq,A ekDlZÝk;M] ,Myj vkSj ;qax dh fopkjk/kkjkvkasls çHkkfor gksdj mls lkfgR; esa ykxw fd;k x;kA

uohu lkfgR;dkjksa dh jpuvksa esa ekDlZokn]LoIu fl)kUr] çrhdokn] vfLrRookn vkfn dkçHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA lkFkgh Vh- ,l~- bfy;V dkçHkko Hkh iM+kA bl çdkj if’pe ds u;s&u;s n’kZubl ;qx dks çHkkfor djrs gSA dqN ,sls fopkjdksa dkçHkko iMk gS tks nk’kZfud rks ugha ij ftudhmiyf/k egRoiw.kZ gSA tSls MkfoZu] Ýk;M vkSj mldsvuq;k;hA if’pe ds fopkjksadksa ls tks fopkj vk;smUgksaus cqf)thoh oxZ dks vf/kd çHkkfor fd;kAbuesa çeq[k gS& ekDlZ] gjcVZ] Lisalj] fey] uhR’ks]jlsy] ykLdh vkSj lk= dk n’kZuA

ekDlZ dk n’kZu lektoknh gSA mlus lektdks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk gS& ‘kks”kd vkSj ‘kksf”krA Lisalj]jkT; dk dk;Z çkbZosV lsDVj ds }kjk djus dh lyk,nsrk gSA uhR’ks us vfrekuo ds fl)kUr dks LFkkfirfd;k gSA jlsy vkSj ykLdh nksuksa gh cgqlÙkkoknh gSAmuds vuqlkj lkjs dke u rks jkT; dks djuk pkfg,u O;fDr dks cfYd lekt laxBu dks djuk pkfg;sAbudks Qsfc;Ul Hkh dgk tkrk gSA lk= dk n’kZuvfLrRooknh n’kZu dgykrk gSa fdarq ;g vfu’ojoknh n’kZu gSA tks euq”; dks oLrq :i esa xzg.k djrkgSA Hkkjrh; fopkjdksa esa xka/kh] vjfoan vkSj ,e~- ,u~-jk; çeq[k gS ftudk bl ;qx ij xgjk çHkko iM+kAlkfgfR;d ifjfLFkfr %

;g ;qx lkfgR; dh nf”V ls mÙkj Nk;koknh



ImpactFactor


®

;qx] çxfroknh ;qx] ç;ksxokn ;k ubZ dfork] vdforkdk ;qx gSA blds lkFk nwljh /kkjk Hkh Fkh ftlesackyÑ”.k ‘kekZ uohu] lqHkækdqekjh pkSgku] eku[kykyprqosZnh dk ÑfrRo lkeus vkrk gSA ^fnudkjth* usHkh ml le; fy[kuk vkjaHk fd;k FkkA lksguykyf}osnh] fl;kjke’kj.k xqIr Hkh blh ;qx esa dfork,¡fy[k jgs FksA

vr,o lu~ 1920 ds ckn fgUnh dfork esanks /kkjk,¡ fn[kkbZ nsrh gS&¼1½ vUreqZ[kh % tks dYiuk dk eukse; HkkotkymifLFkr dj jgh FkhA bls Nk;kokn dgrs gSA¼2½ cfgeqZ[kh % ftls jk”Vªh; dfork dh /kkjk dgktkrk gSA ek[kuyky prqosZnh] lqHkækdqekjh pkSgkuvkSj ckyÑ”.k ‘kekZ] uohu* bl /kkjk dk mlh çdkjusrRo dj jgs Fks] ftl çdkj Nk;kokn dk çlkn]iar vkSj fujkykA

lu~ 1931&32 rd Nk;koknh dfork dh/kkjk detksj iM+ tkrh gS D;ksafd mldk ‘kh”kZQy1932 rd vk pqdk FkkA

blds i’pkr~ bu nks /kkjkvksa& Nk;koknhvkSj jk”Vªh; dfork dh /kkjk esa la?kkr ‘kq: gksrk gS]ftlls fuEu fyf[kr rhu /kkjk,¡ fodflr gksrh gS&

igyh /kkjk Nk;koknh dfork dh gh gS tksckn esa egknsoh vkSj MkW- jke dqekj ds jgL;okn esaifj.kr gksrh gSA vkxs lu 1942&43 rd vkrsvkrs og fu”çk.k gks tkrh gSA

nwljh jksekaloknh ;k Hkksxoknh /kkjk gS ftlesaikfFkZo ;k ykSfdd thou dks ç/kkurk nh xbZA bldkusrRo ^cPpu*] ^vapy* vkSj Hkxorhpj.k oekZ usfd;kA bl /kkjk esa dkf;d vkSj ,sfUæ; lq[k dhçeq[krk fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA blds thoudk y{; HkksxoknhgSA ujsUæ ‘kekZ Hkh blesa dqN le; rd jgsA

rhljh /kkjk lu~ 1936 ds vklikl vkbZftls çxfroknh /kkjk dgrs gSA bldk usrRo çkjaHk esaiar] fujkyk] uohuth ,oa fnudj us fd;kA bl/kkjk dk nwljk mRFkku 1942 ls gqvk ftlesa vapy]ujsUæ ‘kekZ] lqeu] fxfjtkdqekj] Hkkjr Hkw”k.k] jkaxs;jk?ko] le’ksj cgknqj] f=ykspu] ukxktwZu] dsnkjukFk

vxzoky vkfn çeq[k dfo gSA x| ds {ks= esaa çsepUn];’kiky] jkgqyth] jkaxs; jk?ko vkfn bldkçfrfuf/kRo dj jgs FksA3

caxky ds vdky dk lkfgR; ij Hkh çHkkoiM+kA bl d:.k ?kVuk ij dbZ dfork,¡] dgkfu;k¡]miU;kl] ukVd vkfn fy[ks x;sA vdky ij tksdfork,¡ çdk’k esa vkbZ muesa çeq[k :i ls fujkyk]egknsoh] cPpu] jkaxs; jk?ko] MkW- f’koeaxyflg lqeu*vkSj MkW- jkefoykl ‘kekZ vkfn dh jpuk,¡ çeq[k gSA;gk¡ rd fd i= if=dkvksa ds vdky lEcU/khfo’ks”kkad Hkh fudkys x;sA buesa ^gal* dk ^caxky dkvdky fo’ks”kkad* egRoiw.kZ gSA egknsoh us Hkh blvksj /;ku fn;kA mUgksaus ^caxn’kZu* uke dk ^dforklaxzg* çdkf’kr djk;k& ftldk lEiknu Lo;a mUgksausus gh fd;kA

vktkn fgan QkSt ds rhu usrkvks dh fxj¶rkjhls tks vlarks”k Nk;k Fkk vkSj mudks fjgk djus ij tksçlérk NkbZ mldk çHkko Hkh dfo;ksa ij iM+kAmUgksaus viuh dforkvksa esa Jh lqHkk”kpUæ cksl rFkkvktkn fgan QkSt ds vU; rhu usrkvksa dh eqDrdaBls çla’kk dhA 18 Qjojh 1946 dks ukSlSfudkas dsfoæksg ls tks ubZ psruk vkbZ] mldk lqanj o.kZu MkW-f’koeaxyflag ^lqeu* us viuh dfork ^vkt ns’kdh feV~Vh cksy mBh gS* esa fd;k gSA

15 vxLr 1947 dks Lora=rk çkfIr lsturk esa tks çfrfØ;k gqbZ mldk o.kZu Hkh dfo;ksa usfd;k gA dqN ys[kdksa vkSj dfo;ksa us Lora=rk dkLokxr fd;k vkSj dqNsd us mls lPph Lok/khurk uekudj migkl fd;kA ‘kj.kkfFkZ;ksa dh leL;k ls Hkhfganh vkSj mnwZ ds ds vusd dfo çHkkfor gq,A mudsvkokxeu ,oa ekjdkV ls çsj.kk xzg.kdj viuhjpuk,¡ çLrqr dhA 15 vxLr 1947 ds iwoZ iatkcesa Hkh naxs gq, FksA mldk Hkh çHkko lkfgR; ij iM+kAJh ;’kiky dk ^>wBk lp* blh Hkwfedk ij vk/kkfjrgSA 30 tuojh 1948 dks xka/khth dh gR;k dhcM+h nq[kn çfrfØ;k gqbZA dfo;ksa us bldk ekfeZdfp=.k fd;k gSA xka/khth ds çfr J)katfy vfiZrdjrs gq, mUgksaus muds egRo ij çdk’k MkykA



ImpactFactor


®

çFke iapo”khZ; ;kstuk dh vlQyrk lsturk ij tks çHkko iM+k mls ukxktqZu rFkk vU;ys[kdksa us O;ax }kjk viuh jpukvksa esa O;Dr fd;kA

vkfFkZd nf”V ls e/; rFkk fuEu oxZ dslkeus cM+h leL;k jghA fdlkuksa vkSj etnwjksa dh blfLFkfr dk fp=.k çxfroknh jpukvksa esa ns[kus dksfeyrk gSaA Lok/khurk ds ckn etnwj vkSj fdlku oxZdh fLFkfr dks lq/kkj.ks ds vusd ç;Ru fd;s x,fdarq fo’ks”k lq/kkj ugha gqvkA os viuh ekax djrs jgsAbldk lqanj o.kZu çxfroknh dfo;ksa vkSj ys[kdksa usfd;k gSA bl çdkj çxfroknh lkfgR; esa etnwjksa dhleL;kvksa dk foLrr o.kZu feyrk gSA fdlkuksa dslkFk lkFk etnwjksa dks Hkh mUgksaus çeq[k LFkku fn;k gSA

f}rh; egk;q) ds ckn eagxkbZ vkSj csdkjhds dkj.k e/;oxZ dh ekufld fLFkfr esa ifjorZu dslkFk lkFk fujk’kk fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA mudh çofÙk vUreqZ[khgks tkrh gS tks vusd çdkj dh ekufld dqaBkvksa dsf’kdkj gks tkrs gSaA bldh vfHkO;fDr ml le; dhdfork vkSj miU;klksa esa ns[kus dks feyrh gSaA lkekftdoxZ fo”kerk dh vksj Hkh dfo;ksa dk /;ku tkrk gSAos oxZghu lekt dh LFkkiuk ds fy, vkokt mBkrsgSaA fujkyk] ukxktqZu vkSj dsnkj vkfn dfo;ksa us oxZfo”kerk ij viuh jpukvksa esa O;ax fd;sA iwathoknhO;oLFkk dk /oal djus ds fy;s fnudj] Hkxorhpj.k oekZ] vapy] uohuth] ujsUæ ‘kekZ] dasnkj vxzoky]ukxktqZu] mn;’kadj] HkV~V vkSj jkaxs; jk?ko us vusddfork,¡ fy[khA lkEçnkf;d Hkkouk ds fojks/k esa Hkhml le; vusd dfork,¡ fy[kh xbZA fnudj] cPpu]iar] ujsUæ ‘kekZ] lqeu] Hkxorhpj.k oekZ vkSj jkaxs;jk?ko vkfn dfo;ksa us fgUnw eqfLye ,drk ij cyfn;kA lkFkgh lkezkT;okfn;ksa ds dkys dkjukeksa dhHkh fuank dh xbZA tkfr O;oLFkk ds ifjofrZr :i dhlqaanj O;atuk fujkyk] jkaxs; jk?ko] dsnkj vxzoky vkSjukxktqZu dh dforkvksa esa gqbZA vLi’;rk dh Hkkoukdk fojks/k xka/khokn ls çHkkfor dfo;ksaus fd;kA4

ik’pkR; f’k{kk] lH;rk ,oa laLÑfr dkva/kkuqdj.k djus okys iq:”k ,oa efgykvksa ij HkhO;ax fd;k x;kA bl ;qx esa ukjh dks fo’ks”k egRo

fn;k x;kA lkfgR; esa ukjh leL;k dk] vusd eq[khfp=.k gqvkA mudh ghukoLFkk] muds vf/kdkjksa dhekax vknh dh vksj Hkh ladsr fd;k x;kA og viusewy :i esa lkfgR; esa çfrf”Br gqbZA fdarq dqNdfo;ksa us mlds oklukRed i{k dks gh lkeus j[kkALok/khurk ds ckn lkaLÑfrd {ks= esa lkaLÑfrd eaMyksads vknku&çnku ls tks ubZ tkx‘fr gqbZ] mldkçHkko rRdkyhu dkO; ij Hkh iM+rk gSA

rrh; egk;q) dh vk’kadk ls tc fo’o esa‘kkfUr vkanksyu dks xfr feyh rks Hkkjr esa Hkh vkWybfM;k ihl dkSfUly dh LFkkiuk gqbZA ml le; dslkfgR; ij bl ‘kkfUr vkanksyu dk O;kid çHkkoiM+rk gSA vusd dfork,¡ ;q) ds fojks/k esa fy[khxbZA

Lok/khurk ds ckn lektokn ,oa xka/khokn esaoSpkfjd la?k”kZ pyrk gSA mldk xgjk çHkko fgUnhlkfgR; ij iM+rk gSA lektoknh fopkjksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i gh fgUnh lkfgR; esa Nk;kokn ds çxfrokn;qx dk vkjaaHk gksrk gSA çxfroknh ys[kd u;k f’kYivkSj u;k fo”k; ysdj vk;sA mUgksaus lkfgR; dk tuthouls ?kfu”B lEca/k LFkkfir fd;kA lektoknhfopkj/kkjk dk Loj ç/kku gks x;kA nwljh vksj iarthus ekDlZokn vkSj xka/khokn ds leUo; ij tks fn;kAmUgksaus xka/khokn dks ân; dk çfrd ekuk vkSj ekDlZokndks cqf) rFkk HkkSfrdrk dkA

Lora=rk ds i’pkr~ lkfgR; dh fofHkéfo/kkvksa dk vusd eq[kh fodkl gqvkA phuh vkSjikfdLrkuh vkØe.k ds le; ns’k esa jk”Vªh; Hkkoukçcy gqbZA vusd i=&if=dkvksa esa bl laca/k esadfork,¡ çdk’k esa vk;hA bu lkjh ifjfLFkfr;ksa lsfgUnh dFkk lkfgR; Hkh çHkkfor gqvk vkSj mldklkfgfR;d çfrQyu fofHké Ñfr;ksa esa ns[kus dksfeyrk gSA ikfdLrku ls dkjxhy ;q) gqvkA ftlesaHkkjr dks lQyrk feyh ij vkradokn vHkh HkhlekIr ugha gqvkAfu”d”kZ

;g gS fd ¼lu~ 1925 ls 2007 rd dhmi;qZDr ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls Li”V gksrk gS fd½ gekjs ;gk¡



ImpactFactor


®

/khjs /khjs lektoknh lekt O;oLFkk dh vksj dnemBk;s tk jgs gSaA vc lektokn u dsoy lkekftdvFkok jktuhfrd thou esa cfYd lkfgR; esa Hkh ubZpsruk ysdj vkrk gSA ;g ckr fo’ks”kdj miU;kllkfgR; esa Li”V nf”Vxkspj gksrh gSA

Footnotes:1 dkaxzsl dk bfrgkl ¼Hkkx 1½ i- 468&692 ;’kiky ds miU;kl lkfgR; dkvuq’khyu] MkW- e-ek- dMw] Ik 203 ;’kiky ds miU;kl lkfgR; dkvuq’khyu] MkW- e-ek- dMw] Ik 224 ;’kiky ds miU;kl lkfgR; dkvuq’khyu] MkW- e- ek- dMw] Ik 25

ek/;fed Lrj ij ljdkjh o xSjljdkjh fo|ky;ksa dh Nk=kvksa ds

vkRelEizR;; rFkk ‘kSf{kd miyfC/kdk rqyukRed v/;;u

Mk0 izfrekvfl0 izks0]

ia0 nhun;ky mik/;k; eSustesUV dkWyst esjB

==============***********===============izLrkouk%&

f’k{kk ekuo fodkl dk ewy lk/ku gSA bldsek/;e ls euq”; dks vkUrfjd rFkk ckg~; ‘kfDr;ksads fodkl] Kku o dyk dkS’ky rFkk O;ogkj esaifjorZu gksrk gSA f’k{kk ds ek/;e ls fdlh Hkhckyd dks lH; lqlaLdr rFkk ;ksX; ukxfjd cuk;ktk ldrk gSA

vkt dh f’k{kk cky dsfUnzr f’k{kk gSA vFkkZr~ckydksa dks O;fDrxr ;ksX;rk vko’;drk vkSj{kerk :fp ds vuqdwy f’k{kk dh O;oLFkk gksuhpkfg,A ftlls mudk lokZaxh.k o LokHkkfod fodklgks ldsA ckydksa esa viuh&viuh lkeF;Z ds vuqlkjdke djus le>us dh lhek;sa gksrh gSA ftllslek;ksftr djus esa f’k{kk dk fo’ks”k egRo gksrk gSA

izkphu le; esa Hkkjr esa f’k{kk dk fo’ks”kegRo FkkA lekt dk ,d cMk oxZ f’k{kk dks bllqfo/kk esa ykHkkfUor gks jgk FkkA ml le; esa f’k{kkO;olk; ds :i esa izpfyr ugha FkkA lekt esaf’k{kd dks lEekutud lkekftd in izkIr FkkA mlle; f’k{kd Nk=ksa }kjk firk ds lekt vknj.kh; FksrFkk f’k{kd Hkh f’k{kkfFkZ;ksa ls iq= ds leku Lusg djrsFksA f’k{kd ds lkekU; fl)kar Fks& mPp fopkj] lknkthou] O;fDrxr Hksnksa dk lEeku] ckSf)d LorU=rk]

37



ImpactFactor


®

lkekftd ifjorZuksa ds vuq:i Hkkjr esa ckS)dky]eqfLye dky rFkk fczfV’k dky esa f’k{kk dks Hkhvusad ifjorZuksa dk leuk djuk iMkA

LorU=rk i’pkr~ Hkkjr esa f’k{kk ds fxjrsLrj dh vksj fo’ks”k /;ku fn;kA dksBkjh vk;ksxlesr vusad vk;ksxksa rFkk u;h f’k{kk uhfr 1986vkSj mlds fofHkUu laLdkjksa us ewY; f’k{kk dhvko’;drk ij tksj fn;kA ewY; Lo;a esa /keZ lsÅij vkSj fdlh ns’k dh fopkj/kkjk ds vk/kkj gksrs gSaApaqfd vkt fdlh dh Hkh dksbZ fopkj/kkjk ugha gS]blfy, gks ldrk gS] fd ns’k vius mÌs’;ksa dks izkIrdjus esa vlQy jgsA gekjk lekt fofHkUu izdkj ds/keksZ rFkk laLd‘fr;ksa ij vk/kkfjr ,d fofHkUurkiwoZd lekt gS] blfy, gesa ,slh f’k{kk dh O;oLFkkdjuh pkfg, tks lcdksa Lohdk;Z gksA ;s f’k{kk ,drkesa en~nxkj gksuh pkfg,A gekjh f’k{kk ,slh gksuhpkfg,] tks gekjh jk”Vª /kjksgj o loZHkkSfed y{;ksa dksizkIr djus ea lgk;d gksA

vktknh ds ckn Hkkjrh; f’k{kk vkSj fo|ky;Lrj dh nq%[kn fLFkfr ds dkj.k f’k{kk esa lq/kkj ykukrFkk bl ij vf/kd /;ku nsuk dsUnz rFkk jkT;ljdkjksa dk izeq[k mÌs’; jgkA vusad vk;ksxksa rFklfefr;ksa us f’k{kk dh leL;kvksa dh leh{kk dh vkSjf’k{kk dks uo thou nsus ds fy, jk”Vªh; uhfr;kWrS;kj dhA

fo’ofo|ky; vk;ksx 1948&1949 vkSjek/;fed f’k{kk vk;ksx 1952&1953 dh flQkfj’kksadks ykxw djus ds fy, vusad dne mBk;s x;s rhljsiapo”khZ; ;kstuk esa f’k{kd iqu%jpuk dks vkSj Hkhtksj fn;k x;k rFkk f’k{kk vk;ksx 1964&66 dkxBu fd;k x;kA dksBkjh vk;ksx us 1951&1956ds nkSjku f’k{kk esa gqbZ izfr dh leh{kk dh vkSj blesalq/kkj dh vko’;drk Li”V djrs gq, vius lq>koizLrqr fd;s bu flQkfj’kksa vkSj iz;klks ds vk/kkj ij1968 esa ,d jk”Vªh; f’k{kk uhfr Lohdkj dh x;hAbl uhfr dks Lohdkj fd;s tkus ds lkFk ns’k esa rFkklHkh Lrjksa ij ‘kSf{kd lqfo/kkvksa dk izlkj gqvkAQyLo:i f’k{kk ds Lrj esa lq/kkj gqvkA

jk”Vªh; f’k{kk uhfr esa dgk x;k gS fd lektesa vfuok;Z ewY;ksa esa fujUrj deh rFkk c<rs gq,ludhiu ds dkj.k ikB;Øe esa rFkk f’k{kk O;oLFkkesa le;kuqlkj ifjorZu vko’;d gks x;k gS] rkfdf’k{kk }kjk lkekftd rFkk uSfrd ewY;ksa dks fodflrfd;k tk ldsA

;|fi vkt f’k{kk dh leku jpuk ds fy,jk”Vªh; iz;kl tkjh gS 10$2$3 dh ‘kSf{kd jpuk dksyxHkx iwjs ns’k us Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS bldsvfrfjDr lkekU; ikB~;ppkZ rFkk ‘kSf{kd voljksadh lekurk iznku djus dk iz;kl tkjh gSA ysfdubu lcdh lekurkvksa ds ckn Hkh ‘kSf{kd fofHkUurkekStwn gS fo’ks”kdj xzkeh.k rFkk ‘kgjh okrkoj.k esaHkhA

ckyd dks tks Hkh okrkoj.k ls izkIr gksrk gSmldk izHkko ckyd ds vkRelEizR;; o ‘kSf{kdmiyfC/k;ksa ij Hkh iMrk gSA‘kks/k v/;;u dk egRo%&

ckyd dk O;fDrRo mlds oa’kkuqØe rFkkmlds okrkoj.k ls izHkkfor gS rFkk ckyd mUghaO;ogkjksa dks xzg.k djus dh dksf’k’k djrk gS] ftldkog vius okrkoj.k esa fujh{k.k djrk gSA ckyd dstks ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k miyC/k gksrk gS] mudkizHkko mlds vkReizR;; rFkk ‘kSf{kd miyfC/k ijHkh iMrk gSA

ckyd ds lEiw.kZ O;fDrRo ds fodkl esamlds ekrk&firk rFkk vU; dkjdksa dk Hkh fo’ks”kegRo gksrk gSA ;fn vfHkHkkod ckyd ds lokZaxh.kfodkl ij /;ku ugha nsrs gSa] rks ckyd vU;ckydksa dh rqyuk esa f’k{kk ds lkFk&lkFk vU; {ks=ksaesa Hkh fiNMus yxrk gSA vkt dk ckyd jk”Vª dsHkfo”; dk fuekZrk gksxkA vr% ckyd dks ,slkokrkoj.k miyC/k djk;k tk;s ftlls ckyd dslEiw.kZ vfHk{kerkvksa dk iw.kZ fodkl gks ldsA

bl ‘kks/k ds ek/;e ls ;g tkudkjh izkIrdh tk ldrh gS] fd dSls okrkoj.k esa ckyd dkiw.kZ fodkl gks ldrk gSA ‘kks/k ds v/;;u ls ge ;stku ldrs gSa fd ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa ds okrkoj.k ds



ImpactFactor


®

os dkSu&dkSu ls i{k gS] tks bu nksuksa esa vUrj iSnkdjrs gSaA bl ‘kks/k ds ifj.kke ls ekrk&firk viuscPpksa dh ghu Hkkouk udkjkRed vfHkofRr] de‘kSf{kd miyfC/k vkfn leL;kvksa dk LoLFk ikfjokfjdokrkoj.k miyC/k djkdj nwj dj ldrs gSaA

ek/;fed Lrj ds f’k{kdksa ds fy, Hkh ;gv/;;u vfr mikns; fl) gksxk] D;ksafd orZekule; esa lHkh egkfo|ky;ksa] mRrj izns’k ek/;fedf’k{kk ifj”kn~ rFkk lekt] v/;kid ls dsoy ;ghvk’kk djrs gSa fd og ckyd dks dsoy lwpukRedKku u nsa cfYd Nk=kvksa dh O;fDrxr fofHkUurkvksadks igpku dj mldh ekufld rFkk lkekftd;ksX;rkvksa dk fodkl djsaA

orZeku le; izfr;ksfxrk dk le; gS] ,slhfLFkfr esa ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds vfHkHkkoddh Hkh xSj ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dsvfHkHkkod dh rjg vius cPpksa ds Hkfo”; ds izfrfpafrr gSaAv/;;u ds mÌs’;%&

1- ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ ljdkjh oxSj ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa dh Nk=kvksa ds vkRelEizR;;dh orZkeku fLFkfr dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA

2- ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ ljdkjh oxSj ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa dh Nk=kvksa dh ‘kSf{kdmiyfC/k dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukAv/;;u dh ifjdYiuk;sa%&

1- ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ ljdkjh oxSj ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa dh Nk=kvksa ds vkRelEizR;;esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

2- ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ ljdkjh oxSj ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa dh Nk=kvksa esa ‘kSf{kdmiyfC/k esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSAv/;;u dh lhek,a%&

1- izLrqr v/;;u dsoy if’peh mRrjizns’k ds fctukSj ftys dh Nk=kvksa dk v/;;ufd;k x;k gSA

2- izLrqr v/;;u esa dsoy fctukSj ftysds fo|ky;ksa dks fy;k x;k gSA

3- izLrqr v/;;u esa dsoy ek/;fed Lrjdh izFke o”kZ dh Nk=kvksa dks fy;k x;k gSA

4- izLrqr v/;;u dsoy vkRelEizR;;rFkk ‘kSf{kd miyfC/k dks gh v/;;u gsrq fy;k gSAv/;;u dh fof/k%&

v/;;u esa mÌs’;ksa vkSj lk/kuksa dh izdfrdks nf”Vxr j[krs gq;s vuqla/kku ds o.kkZukRed losZ{k.kfof/k dks iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSAek/;fed fo|ky; fctukSj%&

1- jktdh; dU;k bUVj dkWfyt fctukSjA2- dqoajkuh izsekohjk dU;k bUVj dkWfyt

fctukSjAv/;;u e s a i z; qDr fo fH k Uu lk a[;dh;fof/k;ka%&

vk/kqfud ;qx lka[;dh; fof/k dk iz;ksxvusad izdkj ds euksoSKkfud ‘kks/k ls lEcfU/krleL;kvksa ds v/;;uksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA lka[dh;fof/k ;a= dh og ‘kk[kk gS ftlesa iwoZ fu’fprmÌs’;ksa ds vuqlkj losZ{k.kksa ,oa iz;ksxksa vkfn dsvk/kkj ij izkIr vkadMksa dk ladyu] oxhZdj.k]forj.k] fo’ys”k.k ,oa foospu dh tkrh gSaAv/;;u ds mÌs’;ksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, fuEufyf[krlka[;dh; izkfof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS%&ek/;eku%&

e/;eku dk vkSlr eku ls gekjk rkRi;Z,sls eku gSa tks fdlh izkIr ek=k ds lHkh ewY;ksa ds;ksx dks mldh la[;k ls Hkkx nsus ij izkIr gksrk gSAe/;eku leadks dk xq:Ro dsUnz gksrk gSAekud fopyu%&

ekud fopyu fopj.k’khyrk ds fy,lokZf/kd iz;ksx esa vkus okyk xq.kkad gSA ;g lHkhizkIrkadks ds eku ds Åij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA lHkhizkIrkadks ds muds e/;eku ds fy, x;s fopyuksa dsoxksZ ds vkSlr ds oxZewy dks ekud fopyu dgrsgSaA nwljs ‘kCnksa esa ;fn lHkh izkIrkadks dk mudse/;eku ls fopyu ;k vUrj ysdj bu vUrjksa dkoxZ djds tksM ysa rFkk bl ;ksxQy dks izkIrkadks dhla[;k ls Hkkx djds izkIr HkkxQy dk oxZewy Kkr



ImpactFactor


®

dj ys rks ekud fopyu ¼S.D.½ izkIr gksxkAVh&ijh{k.k%&

fofHkUu pjksa ds e/; vUrj lkFkZd gS ;k ughabls tkuus ds fy, Vh&ijh{k.k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrkgSA Vh&ijh{k.k ,d izkpyh; ijh{kk gS] ;fn Lora=pj ij dsoy lewgksa dh jpuk dh xbZ gS vFkkZrLora= pj dk izgLru dsoy nks Jsf.k;ksa es fd;k x;kgS rFkk bu nks lewgksa dh gh rqyuk vkfJr pj ij dhtkuh gS rks ml fLFkfr esa Vh&ijh{k.k iz;ksx fd;ktkrk gSA Vh&ijh{k.k ,d izkpyh; ijh{k.k gS rFkkblesa ,d gh Lora= pj gksrk gS ftldk nks ;k nks lsvf/kd Jsf.k;ksa ls izgLru fd;k tkrk gSAek/;fed Lrj ij ljdkjh o xSjljdkjh Nk=kvksadh ‘kSf{kd vfHkofRr dh rqyukRed rkfydk%&

fo’ys”k.k%&mijksDr rkfydk ls Li”V gksrk gS fd Nk=kvksa

esa ‘kSf{kd vfHkofRr esa fHkUurk gS vFkok ughaA ljdkjhfo|ky; dh Nk=kvksa ds vadks dk e/;eku 157-32 gS tcfd xSj ljdkjh fo|ky; dh Nk=kvksa dsvadksa dk e/;eku 158-02 gSA ftldh Vh oSY;w 0-47 vkbZ gSA tks 1-96 ls de gS ftlls ifjdYiuklR; fl) gksrh gS vkSj dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj izkIr ughagksrkAek/;fed Lrj ij ljdkjh o xSj ljdkjhNk=kvks a ds vkRelEizR;; dh rqyukRedrkfydk%&

fo’ys”k.k%&mijksDr rkfydk ds vUrxZr ljdkjh o xSj

ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa dh Nk=kvksa dh vkRelEizR;;dk v/;;u Li”V gksrk gSA ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa dhNk=kvksa ds vkRelEizR;; dk e/;eku 155-13 gStcfd xSj ljdkjh fo|ky; dh Nk=kvksa dsvkRelEizR;; dk e/;eku 159-51 gS ftlls lkFkZdvUrj Li”V gS ijUrq ;g cgqr gh FkksMk vUrj Li”V

gksrk gSA D;ksafd Vh oSY;w 2-08 izkIr gqvk gS] tks 1-96 ls FkksMk gh T;knk gS vFkkZr xSj ljdkjh fo|ky;dh Nk=kvksa dk vkRelEizR;; vf/kd gSA ftldkdkj.k FkksMk lk vkfFkZd Lrj esa vUrj gksuk gks ldrkgSAv/;;u dk fu”d”kZ%&

v/;;u ds fu”d”kZ Lo:i mÌs’;ksa dh izkfIrgqbZ gSA ifjdYiukvksa dh O;k[;k ls fu”d”kZ Lo:iirk pyrk gS fd ljdkjh o xSj ljdkjh Nk=kvksa dsvkRelEizR;; esa FkksMk lk vUrj ik;k x;k gSftldk dkj.k okrkoj.k vkfFkZd Lrj vkfn gks ldrkgSA tcfd nwljh ifjdYiuk lR; fl) ugha gqbZ gSAljdkjh o xSj ljdkjh Nk=kvksa ds ‘kSf{kd miyfC/k esadksbZ Hkh lkFkZd vUrj izkIr ugha gqvk gSA vFkkZrv/;;u esa mÌs’;ksa dh izkfIr gqbZ vkSj ,d ifjdYiukHkh lR; fl) gqbZAlUnHkZ xzUFk lwpha

1- jeu fogkjh yky % Hkkjrh; f’k{kk vkSjmldh leL;k,sa] vkj0yky0 cqd fMiks izdk’ku]esjB] 2010&11

2- lqjs’k HkVukxj % Hkkjr esa f’k{kk dkfodkl] fouksn iqLrd efUnj vkxjk 2008&09

3- ,0ch0 HkVukxj ,oa ehuk{kh HkVukxj %euksfoKku vkSj f’k{kk esa ekiu ,oa ewY;kadu lw;kZifCyds’ku] esjB] 2008

4- ikjl ukFk jk;W % vuqla/kku ifjp;]y{ehukjk;.k vxzoky ifCyds’ku] vkxjk] 2012&13

5 ijfcUnj dkSj ,ao ,l0ds0 ckck %bUVsfytsUl ,.M , dksfjysV vkWQ ,dsMfed,phoesUV] 1995

6- ,e0vkj0 ikf.kxzgh % ,dsMfed ,phoesUVbu fjys’ku Vw bUVsyhtsUl ,.M lks’;ks bdkWuksfedLVsVl vkWQ fgUnh vkWQ LVwMsUV ,stwds’ku 2005

7- us’kuy dfjdqye vkWQ izkbejh ,.Mlsds.Mªh ,stwds’ku&, ÝseodZ] ,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0ubZ fnYyh

8- ,l0ds0 mik/;k; ,oa foØkar % ,LVMh vkWQ beks’kuy LVsfCyVh ,.M ,sdsMfed,phoesUV vkWQ C;kt ,.M xYlZ ,V lsds.Mªh ysoy2004

fo|ky; dk izdkj Mean n t-value

ljdkjh fo| ky; 157-32 25 0-47

xSj ljdkjh fo|ky; 158-02 25

fo|ky; dk izdkj M ean n t-va lue

ljdkjh fo|ky; 155-13 25 2-08

xSj ljdkjh fo|ky; 159-51 25



ImpactFactor


®

veryky ukxj ds miU;klksa esaof.kZr L=h&thou ^Hkw[k* rFkk^cw¡n vkSj leqnz* ds lanHkZ esa

jf’e jk;‘kks/k Nk=k] ¼fgUnh foHkkx½]

nh0n0m0 xksj[kiqj fo’ofo|ky; xksj[kiqj

==============***********===============lkjka’k % izLrqr ‘kks/k i= dk eq[; mís’; verykyukxj ds miU;klksa esa of.kZr L=h&thou ^Hkw[k* rFkk^cw¡n vkSj leqnz* ds lanHkZ esa*] dk fo’kn~ fo’ys”k.kizLrqr djuk gSA veryky ukxj ds miU;klksa esalekt dh [kks[kyh e;kZnkvksa ds csfM+;ksa esa tdM+sL=h lekt dh cspSuh vkSj la?k”kZ mudh leL;kvksa]folaxfr;ksa rFkk ttZj O;oLFkk dks rksM+us okyh ,duohure L=h lekt dk :i gekjs lkeus vkrk gSAveryky ukxj ds lHkh miU;klksa esa L=h leL;kvksaij cy fn;k x;k gSA ;s leL;k,¡ gj miU;kl esa:i cnyrh gSa] ij ihM+k lcdh ,d gS] pkgs ogHkw[k dh êaxyk* ;k ^rqylh* gks ;k cw¡n vkSj leqnz*dh ^rkbZ*] ôudU;k*] ^dY;k.kh* ;k ^’khyk* gksAizsepUnksÙkj ;qx ds fgUnh dFkk&lkfgR; eas verykyukxj th dh [;kfr ,d izxfr’khy] lk/kkj.k euq”;ds thou dh dfBukbZ;ksa dks viuh jpukvksa esaizHkko’kkyh <ax ls izLrqr djus okys l’kDr jpukdkjds :i esa gSaA veryky ukxj th us viuh jpukvksads ek/;e ls fgUnh dFkk&lkfgR; dks lrr~ le)vkSj xkSjokfUor fd;k gSA veryky ukxj dkdFkk&lkfgR; ekuoh; ewY;ksa ds izfr xgu vkLFkkizxV djrk gS rFkk muds lkfgR; esa O;Dr lkekftd;FkkFkZ tu&psruk tkxj.k dh ,d u;h izsj.kk nsrkgSA

Hkw[k ¼1947½ veryky ukxj dk igyk miU;klgS ftlesa caxky ds vdky dk ltho ,oa ekfeZdfp= izLrqr djrs gq, lekt esa vius fL=;ksa dksviuh tUetkr tkxhj ekuus dh lkeUrh O;oLFkkrFkk orZeku le; esa ukjh dh n’kk dks O;Dr fd;kx;k gSA ml miU;kl esa îk¡pw*] ^’khcw* êaxyk*]^cM+h cgw*] ^rqylh vkSj ikoZrh dh ek¡* ds pfj=ksa dsek/;e ls ukjh thou ds leL;kvksa dh vksj /;kuvkd”V djk;k gSA Hkw[k esa yxHkx lHkh iq#”k ik=LokFkhZ gSA eqëh Hkj pkoy gsrq ifr vius iRuh dkscspus dks rS;kj gks tkrk gSA miU;kl dk uk;d ik¡pwxksiky dk HkkbZ ‘khcw vius iRuh eaxyk dks uq:n~nhuds gkFkksa csprk gS vkSj dgrk gS &^^;g esjh oLrq gSeSa bls csp¡wxk**1 orZeku le; esa fL=;ksa dh n’kkn;uh; gS ukjh dks iq#”k viuh lEifÙk ekurk gSA

^Hkw[k* esa ‘khcw dgrk gS &^îRuh&ifr dhfefYd;r gS vkSj blfy, dqnjru mls lokZf/kd gSAcPpk pkgs tSls vius f[kykSus ls [ksys Hkh vkSj rksM+sHkhA blesa f[kykSusa dh f’kdk;r D;ksa\**2 ‘khcw dhiRuh bl vR;kpkj dks u lg ds ml ds eq¡g ijrekpk ekjrh gS tks e/;oxhZ; ukjh psruk dk izrhdgSA eaxyk dk ;g rekpk u dsoy iq#”kksa ds u’kalvR;kpkjksa ls mRiUu ?k.kk dk izrhd gS vfirq L=hlekt dh Lora=rk vkSj mlds Lokoyach nf”V dkifjpk;d gSA

^Hkw[k* dk uk;d ik¡pw ds ek/;e ls ukxj thus ukjh Lora=rk dk Loj eq[kj fd;k gS &^ûkjh iq#”kdh nklh ugha gS tc rd L=h nklh jgsxh mlds isVls nkl gh mRiUu gksaxsA**3 ;g ukjh eqfDr dkØkafrdkjh Loj gS ftls veryky ukxj th us egkdkymiU;kl ds ek/;e ls izdV fd;k gSA^cw¡n vkSj leqnz ¼1956½ veryky ukxj th dknwljk egRoiw.kZ miU;kl gS ftlesa miU;kldkj usmÙkj Hkkjr ds tu&thou dk ;FkkFkZ fp=.k djrs gq,O;fDr ,oa lekt ds lEcU/kksa dks izdV fd;k gSAoLrqr% bl miU;kl esa ys[kd us leqnz:ih lekt esacw¡n :ih O;fDr ds vfLrRo dk vkadyu djrs gq,;g crk;k gS fd gj O;fDr dk lekt esa viuk

38



ImpactFactor


®

vyx egRo gSA ^cw¡n vkSj leqnz* esa ukxj th use/;oxhZ; Hkkjrh; L=h dh vkdka{kkvksa] vk’kkvksa]?kqqVu }U}] ruko ds fofo/k i{kksa dk fu:i.k fd;kgSA ^cw¡n vkSj leqnz* dh lcls l’kDr ukjh ik=^rkbZ* jktcgknqj lj }kjdknkl vxzoky dh ifjR;DrkiRuh gS ukxj th us rkbZ ds pfj= ds fojks/kkHkklhO;fDrRo vkSj :f<+;ksa dk lthou fp=.k fd;k gSAMkW0 lqns’k c=k ds er ls & ^^lfn;ksa dk ikjEifjdHk;kog :i gh mudh izdfr cu x;k gSA**4 Åijls dBksj fn[kus okyh rkbZ Hkhrj ls ukfj;y dh fxfjdh rjg dksey gSA ,d vksj tgk¡ og iq#”kksa dsopZLo ij rh[ks izgkj djrh gS ogha nwljh vksjHkkjrh; ukjh dk ân; j[krs gq, u rks vius ifr dkuke ysrh gS u mldk vfgr lksprh gSA

^cw¡n vkSj leqnz* esa rkbZ ds lkFk cjkcjhdjrh gqbZ izeq[k ik= ôudU;k* gS] ftlds ek/;e lsukxj th us L=h&lekt esa lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfrrFkk Lora=rk dk iz’u mBk;k gSA oudU;k viusfirk dks vijk/kksa dh ltk fnykrh gS vkSj lekt dsvk{ksiksa dh mis{kk djrs gq, dgrh gS &^^vc gesa>wBs /keZ dk Hk; vkSj >wBh vkc: dk ek;ktkyrksM+dj dguk Hkh gksxk vkSj yM+uk Hkh gksxkA**5

ukxj th Lo;a Lohdkjrs gSa &^ûkjh gksukvkt dh lkekftd fLFkfr esa vfHk’kki gSA-- gekjslekt esa L=h Hkh loZgkjk gS og gn ls T;knk lrkbZtk pqdh gSA-- lkS esa nl ik¡p ?kj NksM+ ds ckdhfgUnqLrku dk gj ?kj vkSjrksa gsrq dlkbZ[kkuk gSA**6

^cw¡n vkSj leqnz& dh ,d vkSj L=h ik=dY;k.kh vkn’kZ Hkkjrh; ukjh dh izrhd gSA ogifr ls erHksn j[krs gq, Hkh mlds izfr fu”Bkoku gSAog vius izse vkSj R;kx ds cy ij vius ifrefgiky dks i’pkrki djus ij foo’k dj nsrh gSAifr ls izse j[krs gq, Hkh mlds voS/k lEcU/k dkdM+k fojks/k djrs gq, dgrh gS & ^ge lc dqN lgldrh gS--- ge vius ?kj fdlh dh [kksV ukghojnkl dj ldsaxh] pkgs budh gks; pkgs yM+dsfcfV;ksa dks gks;A**7

^cw¡n vkSj leqnz* esa ‘khyk fLoax is’ks ls

MkDVj gSA efgiky dh iRuh ds bykt ds izlax lsefgiky ls xgjh fudVrk LFkkfir gksrh gSA /khjs&/khjsnksuksa esa nwjh c<+rh gS vkSj efgiky mlds izfrmnklhu gks tkrk gSA bl ij ‘khyk vius eu dsHkko dks lTtu ls O;Dr djrh gS &^îq#”k vkSjrds fny dks iRFkj ekurk gSA fQj mlesa I;kj dh ckrksals vtark vkSj ,yksjk tSlh [kwclwjrh rjk’krk gS---vkSjr iRFkj gh lgh ij ml iRFkj esa cuk;h gq;hviuh gh [kwclwjrh dks vkneh D;ksadj Hkqyk nsrkgSA**8

^cw¡n vkSj leqnz* esa ‘khyk dh miq;ZDr iafDr;k¡L=h&lekt dh foMEcukvksa dks O;Dr djrh gSa vkSjmu uSfrd ewY;ksa vkSj lkekftd /kkj.kkvksa dk fojks/kdjrh gS] tks ukjh ds Lora= O;fDrRo ds fodkl esack/kd gSA

vUrr Li”V gS fd veryky ukxj th usvius miU;kl ^Hkw[k* rFkk ^cw¡n vkSj leqnz* esaL=h&thou dh leL;kvksa dk vR;Ur ekfeZd vkSjltho fp=.k fd;k gSA blesa L=h&lekt ds thou;FkkFkZ dks izdV djrs gq, muds vrhr] orZeku vkSjHkfo”; ds ckjs esa ,d O;ofLFkr fparu vkdkj xzg.kdjrk gqvk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA

lUnHkZ lwph1- ^Hkw[k* i0 2122- ^Hkw[k*] i0 1923- ^Hkw[k*] i0 150&1514- veryky ukxj O;fDrRo dfrRo ,oafl)kUr] MkW0 lqns’k c=k] i0 755- ^cw¡n vkSj leqnz*] i0 1436- ^cw¡n vkSj leqnz*] i0 937- ^cw¡n vkSj leqnz*] i0 1808- ^cw¡n vkSj leqnz*] i0 498



ImpactFactor


®

i kSMh ft ys ds ek/ ; fed Lr j ds xzkeh. k , oa' kgjh {ks=k ds Nk=kksa dh ' kSf{kd #fp dk

rqyukRed v / ; ; uA Comparative Study Educational Interst of

Secondry lavle Studants of Rural Urbanlocality District.Pauri Garhwal

Dr. Anup BaluniAssociate Professor,

Motherhood University Roorkee, Uttrakhand

Dr. Pawan KumarPrincipal,

Arihant Educational Society Roorkee,Uttrakhand

==============***********===============' kks/ l kj%& f' k{kk O; ogkj esa l a' kks/ u djrh gS ; gckyd ds O; ogkj esa i fjorZu ykrh gS t ks ml ds fy,mfpr gksrh gSA Hkwrdky esa ckyd ds eu esa Kku dhl kexzh dks ek=k Bwal nsuk gh f' k{kk dgykrh Fkh ckyddks bl s ; kn djus ds fy, dg fn; k t krk FkkA og dqNfl ¼karksa , os fu; eksa dks Lej.k dj ysrk FkkA f' k{kkorZeku l s l EcfU/ r u gksdj Hkfo"; i j dsfUnzr FkhA#fp; kWa] nf"Vdks.k vkSj pfj=k t Uet kr ugha gksrs cfYdO; fDr mUgsa v i uh fodkl i zfØ; k ds nkSjku vft Zrdjrk gSA bl i zfØ; k esa i fji Dork vkSj vf/ xe l fØ;gksrs gSaA #fp; kWa vk; q ds l kFk&2 cnyrh jgrh gSa NksVscPpksa esa ; s #fp; kWa cM+h rhozrk l s cnyrh jgrh gSaAysfdu ckn esa ; s #fp; kWa fLFkj gks t krh gSA f' k{kk dsckn f' k{kk esa #fp dk fl ¼kUr vkrk gS A #fp l s rkRi ; ZgS O; fDr dh i l an l s gksrk gSA dksbZ O; fDr ft l oLrqdks i l an djrk gSA vkSj ml dh vksj vkdf"kZr gksrk gS]rks dgk t krk gS fd ml dh ml esa : fp gSA ; grqyukRed vè; ; u xzjeh.k , oa ' kgjh {ks=kksa esa ukSohanl oha esa i <us okys Nk=ksa dh ' kSf{kd : fp; ksa dk

vè; ; u djrk gSA bl fu"d"kZ rd i gqapk x; k fdfo| kFkhZ t c v i us #fp ds fo"k; ksa dks i <+rs gSa rksvf/ d vkuan i zkIr djrs gSa cPpksa dh ' kSf{kd #fp i j?kjsyw vkSj l kekft d okrkoj.k dk Hkh i zHkko i M+rk gSekrk&fi rk dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dk Hkh i zHkko i M+rk gSAvl Urq"V Ldwy l ek; kst u vkfn l s Hkh cPpksa dh' kSf{kd #fp i j i zfrdwy i zHkko i M+rk gSA okLro esaxzkeh.k o ' kgjh {ks=k dh Nk=kksa dh ' kSf{kd #fp esa dksbZ[ kkl varj ugha gSA bl dh ' kSf{kd mi ; ksfxrk ; g gS fdf' k{kk Øe cukrs l e; f' k{kk ' kkfL=k; ksa dks rFkk f' k{kki zcU/ dksa dks l kspus i j et cwj dj l drk gS fd cPpksads fy, , sl s fo"k; ksa dk i zcU/ djuk pkfg, ft uds i zfrmudh #fp gksrh gSAf' k{kk %& euq"; dh varfuZfgr i w.kZrk dks vfHkO; Drdjuk gh f' k{kk gSA f' k{kk ' kCn l aLdr ds f' k{k~* / kkrql s fudyk gS ft l dk vFkZ gS l h[ kuk] Kku i zkIr djukAf' k{kk dks vaxzst h esa Educat i on dgrs gSaA ft l dhmRi fRr ySfVu Hkk"kk ds rhu ' kCnksa l s gqbZ gSA Educatum,Educere, Educare, ft l dk vFkZ gS usrRo nsuk] ckgjykuk] f' kf{kr djuk] i kyu&i ks"k.k djukA f' k{kk O; ogkjesa l a' kks/ u djrh gS ; g ckyd ds O; ogkj esa i fjorZuykrh gS t ks ml ds fy, mfpr gksrh gSA Hkwrdky esackyd ds eu esa Kku dh l kexzh dks ek=k Bwal nsuk ghf' k{kk dgykrh Fkh ckyd dks bl s ; kn djus ds fy,dg fn; k t krk FkkA og dqN fl ¼karksa , os fu; eksa dksLej.k dj ysrk FkkA f' k{kk orZeku l s l EcfU/ r u gksdjHkfo"; i j dsfUnzr FkhA f' k{k.k ds nkSjku ckyd dh#fp; ksa dh vksj / ; ku ugha fn; k t krk Fkk] ysfduorZeku esa f' k{kk dh bl i qjkuh , oa l adh.kZ / kj.kk dksLohdkj ugha fd; k t krkA vk/ qfud / kj.kk ModernConcept ds : i esa f' k{kk dk vFkZ ek=k l wpuk, Wa i znkudjuk ugha gSA vkt f' k{kk dks orZeku i j dsfUnzr fd; kt krk gSA f' k{kk dk eq[ ; mís' ; t hou dh i zR; sdvoLFkk eas ckyd dk fodkl , oa of¼ djuk ekuk x; kgSA orZeku dky esa cPps dks f' k{kk&i zfØ; k dk l fØ;i zfrHkkxh ekuk x; k gSA i kjLi fjd f' k{kk i z.kkyh esackyd , d fuf"Ø; l nL; gksrk FkkA ckyd us cgqr l hpht sa Lo; a l h[ kuh i M+rh FkhA vk/ qfud f' k{kk ckyd ds

39



ImpactFactor


®

l okZaxh.k fodkl i j cy nsrh gSaA bl ds fy, v / ; ki dLdwyksa esa mfpr okrkoj.k rS; kj djrk gSAdkWyl fud ds vuql kj %& ^f' k{kk ekuo O; ogkj dh' kfDr; ksa rFkk fufgr ; ksX; rkvksa dk fodkl gSA**#fp %& gj O; fDr dh dksbZ u dksbZ #fp vo' ; gksrhgS bUgha #fp; ksa ds dkj.k og fdl h oLrq fØ; k vkfndks i l an djrk gSA ; k ml s vf/ keku nsrk gSA #fp; kWa]nf"Vdks.k vkSj pfj=k t Uet kr ugha gksrs cfYd O; fDrmUgsa v i uh fodkl i zfØ; k ds nkSjku vft Zr djrk gSAbl i zfØ; k esa i fj i Dork vkSj vf/ xe l fØ; gksrs gSaA#fp; kWa vk; q ds l kFk&2 cnyrh jgrh gSa NksVs cPpksa esa; s #fp; kWa cM+h rhozrk l s cnyrh jgrh gSaA ysfdu cknesa ; s #fp; kWa fLFkj gks t krh gSaAf' k{kk ds ckn f' k{kk esa#fp dk fl ¼kUr vkrk gS A #fp l s rkRi ; Z gS O; fDrdh i l an l s gksrk gSA dksbZ O; fDr ft l oLrq dks i l andjrk gSA vkSj ml dh vksj vkdf"kZr gksrk gS] rks dgkt krk gS fd ml dh ml esa : fp gSA #fp ' kCn dks vaxzst hHkk"kk esa Int erest dgrs gSaA bl ' kCn dh mRi fRrysfVu Hkk"kk ds ' kCn l s gqbZ gSA #fp] nf"Vdks.k fuekZ.kdk vk/ kj gSA ; g fdl h oLrq l s l EcU/ t ksM+us okyhekufl d ; ksX; rk gSA ft l ds }kjk O; fDr fdl h oLrq l sv i uk l aca/ l e>krk gSA bl i zdkj #fp , d ekufl dfØ; k u gksdj , d ekufl d O; oLFkk gSAeSDMwxy ( McDugall) ds vuql kj & ^#fp , dfLFkj xq.k gSA**l kgjh vkSj VSyi QksMZ ds vuql kj & ^#fp i nkFkZ dsi zfr vuqdwy O; ogkj gSA**cjMh ds vuql kj & ^#fp os dkjd ga t ks fdl hi nkFkZ] O; fDr ; k fØ; kvksa dh vksj vkdf"kZr djrs gSa ; kvukdf"kZr djrs gSaA**Mxyl Ýs; j & ^#fp; kWa oks oLrq, Wa vkSj fØ; k,Wa gSa t ksO; fDr esa vkuUne; vuqHkoksa dks mRrsft r djrh gSALVªksax ds vuql kj] ^#fp esa ge fdl h oLrq ds i zfrt kxr gksrs gSa] ml ds i zfr i zfrfØ; k djus dks rS; kj jgrsgSaA ml dks i l an djrs gSa] ml l s nwj Hkkxrs gSa rFkk ml suki l an djrs gSaA' kks/ dh vko' ; dr k vFkok l kFkZdrk %&

' kks/ drkZ xzkeh.k vkSj uxjh; Nk=kksa dh vfHk#fp

ds varj dks t kuus ds fy, v i uh mRdaBk ft Kkl kj[ krk gS] dsoy xzkeh.k ckyd ; k ckfydk, a gh D; ksavucksy xqM~Mk&xqfM+; k [ ksyrs jgs] t cfd uxjh; ckyd&ckfydk, a fnu&nqxquh vkSj jkr pkSxquh mUufr djrs jgsAbl ck/ kk dks nwj djus ds vkd"kZ.k us gh ' kks/ drkZ dksbl ' kks/ dk; Z ds fy, i zsfjr fd; k gSA ' kks/ drkZ mudkj.kksa dk i rk yxkuk pkgrk gS ft l l s fd xzkeh.k vkSjuxjh; Nk=k&Nk=kksa ds chp vfHk#fp dh t ks [ kkbZ mRi Uugks xbZ gS] ml ds D; k dkj.k gSA vkt bl [ kkbZ dksl ekIr djus ds i z; kl l jdkj }kjk Hkh fd; s t k jgs gSaAHkkjr dks vkt kn gq, yxHkx 70 o"kZ chr pqds gSaA ft ll e; Hkkjr Lora=krk i zkfIr ds i ' pkr l jdkj f' k{kk dkLrj cukus ds fy, fo' ks"kdj xzkeh.k {ks=k dh f' k{kk dsfy, fo' ks"k dne mBk, t k jgs gSaA oSl s rks f' k{kk dsl aca/ ksa esa dki Qh ' kks/ dk; Z gks pqdk gS] ysfdu t gka rdxzkeh.k Nk=k&Nk=kksa l s vfHki zk; gS] ml vksj de è; kufn; k x; k gSA t cfd Hkkjr dh t ul a[ ; k dk 60 l s 70i zfr ' kr xkaoksa esa gh fuokl djrh gS vkSj i ' kqi kyu , oadf"k mudk eq[ ; O; ol k; gSA Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k cPpksai j cgqr de ' kks/ k gks i k, gSaA vc rd bl fo"k; esafxuk&pquk gh ' kks/ k gks i k; k gSA xzkeh.k Nk= vkSj Nk=kksads i zfr ' kks/ drkZ dh LokHkkfod #fp gS] D; ksafd ogLo; a xkao l s l aca/ k j [ krk gSA ckyd ds ' kjhj ds vaxxkao gh gSA vr% xkao dh mUufr ds fcuk ns' k dhmUufr dfBu gh ugha vfi rq v l aHko Hkh gSA vkt Hkkjresa ckyd&ckfydkvksa dh f' k{kk l eL; k uxjh; dhvi s{kk xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa vf/ kd fodV : i / kj .k fd,gq, gSA f' k{kk gh , d ek=k , sl k l k/ u gS ft l ds }kjk' kh?kz gh vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj rduhdh mUufr l aHkogSA bl ds }kjk , d , sl s jk"Vª dh O; oLFkk dh uhao j[ kht k l drh gSA ft l dk vk/ kkj Lora=rk rFkk vol j dhl ekurk gSA vkt kn gqvkA ml l e; Hkkjr dh t ul a[ ; k40 djksM+ ds yxHkx Fkh] i jUrq l e; ds l kFk ; gc<+dj , d v jc dk vkadM+k i kj dj xbZA' kks/ dk fo"k; % v / ; ; u gsrq ' kks/ kdrkZ us fuEul eL; k dk p; u fd; k gSA i kSMh ft ys ds ek/ ; fedLrj ds xzkeh.k , oa ' kgjh {ks=k ds Nk=kksa dh ' kSf{kd #fpdk rqyukRed v/ ; ; uA



ImpactFactor


®

egRoi w. kZ ' kCnksa dk i fj Hkk"khdj . kxzkeh. k Nk=k %& xzkeh.k Nk=kksa l s vfHki zk; gS fd t ksNk=k xkao esa jgrk gSa mUgsa xzkeh.k Nk=k dgrs gSaA' kgjh Nk=k %& ' kgjh Nk=kksa l s vfHki zk; gS fd t ks Nk=kuxj ds {ks=k esa jgrk gSa uxjh; Nk=k dgykrs gSaAek/ ; fed Lr j %& ek/ ; fed f' k{kk l s rkRi ; Z d{kk 9l s 12 rd f' k{kk xzg.k djus okys Nk=kksa l s gSAj k"Vªh; f' k{kk uhfr 1986 ds vuql kj d{kk 9 , oad{kk 10 mPp ek/ ; fed rFkk d{kk 11 o 12 mPprjek/ ; fed Lrj dgk t krk gSA vr% d{kk 9 l s d{kk 12rd dh f' k{kk nsus okys fo| ky; ksa dks mPprj ek/; fed fo| ky; dgk t krk gSAek/ ; fed f' k{kk vk; ksx ( 1952&53) ds vuql kj&ßog f' k{kk t ks fd çkFkfed f' k{kk i wjh gksus ds ckn oegkfo| ky; ' kq: gksus l s i gys l ekIr gksrh gS ml sek/ ; fed f' k{kk dgrs gSAÞ bl çdkj dh f' k{kk 11&17o"kZ ds cPpksa dks çnku dh t krh gSA#fp %&fdl h Hkh fo"k; dks i <+us esa fo| kFkhZ vf/ kdi zl Uurk dk vuqHko djrk gS] ml s #fp dgk t krk gSA#fp dk f' k{kk ds vykok [ ksy] dyk] eSfMdy]rduhdh l s Hkh xgjk l aca/ k gSAl qi j ds ' kCnksa esa] ^#fpdksbZ i Fkd euksoSKkfud bZdkbZ ugha gS] cfYd ; gl Ei w.kZ ekuo O; ogkj dk , d i gyw gSA**, i Q okVl u ds vuql kj] ^#fp og l EcU/ k gS t kseuq"; ksa ds fnekx vkSj mís' ; ksa ds chp l EcU/ LFkkfi rdjrh gSA bPNk, a o mís' ; ] fØ; k, a vkSj i z; Ru #fp dsl kFk t qMs+ gq, gSaA' kSf{kd #fp%&' kSf{kd #fp l s rkRi ; Z gS fd cPpkf' k{kk esa vkus okys fo"k; ksa esa l s fdu&2 fo"k; ksa esavf/ d #fp j [ krk gS vkSj fdu&2 fo"k; ksa esa de #fpj[ krk gS t Sl s , d cPpk foKku ; k fgUnh fo"k; dsvanj vU; fo"k; ksa dh v i s{kk vf/ kd #fp j [ krk gS rks; s l aHko gS fd og cPpk vkxs pydj , d egkuoSKkfud ; k fQj , d egku l kfgR; dkj cusA' kks/ ds mís' ; % fdl h Hkh deZ esa l i z; kst u gh i zofÙkgksrh gSA i z; kst u ds vHkko esa dk; Z vuqi ; ksxh gh gksrkgSA osnkUrl kj esa dk; Z esa i zofÙk dk eq[ ; dkj .kvuqcU/ k prq"V; ds l kFk of.kZr gS&

r=kkuqcU/ ks ukekf/ dkjh fo"k; l EcU/ ki z; kst ukfu*Aehekal k esa Hkh dgk x; k gS&KkrkFkZKkr l EcU/ ak Jksrqa Jksrk i zoÙkZrsAxzUFkknkS rsu oDrO; % l EcU/ k% l i z; kst ue~AA

bl dkj.k l s fdl h Hkh dk; Z ds vkfn esamn~ns' ; ksa dk fu: i .k vfr vko' ; d gksrk gSA eUn cqf¼Hkh i z; kst u ds fcuk deZ esa i zoÙk ugha gksrk gS&i z; kst ueuqfn~n' ; eUnks¿fi u i zorZrs*A

bl i zdkj l kekU; deZ esa gh vuqn~ns' ; i zofÙkugha gksrh gS D; ksadh ' kks/ ds l eku fof' k"V dk; Zvuqn~ns' ; dSl s gks l drk gSA bl dkj.k l s ' kks/ drkZ ds}kjk i zdr ' kks/ ds fy, dqN ' kksèkksn~ns' ; fufeZr fd,gSaA

1- xzkeh.k o ' kgjh {ks=k dh Nk=kksa dh df"k {ks=kesa ' kSf{kd #fp dh rqyuk djukA

2- xzkeh.k o ' kgjh {ks=k dh Nk=kksa dh okf.kT;{ks= esa ' kSf{kd #fp dh rqyuk djukA

3- xzkeh.k o ' kgjh {ks=k dh Nk=kksa dh gLrdyk{ks= esa ' kSf{kd #fp dh rqyuk djukA

4- xzkeh.k o ' kgjh {ks=k dh Nk=kksa dh xgfoKku {ks=k esa ' kSf{kd #fp dh rqyuk djukA

5- i kSMh ft ys esa xzkeh.k o ' kgjh {ks=k dh Nk=kksadh gkseksfufVt {ks=k esa ' kSf{kd #fp dh rqyuk djukA

6- xzkeh.k o ' kgjh {ks=k dh Nk=kksa dh foKku{ks= esa ' kSf{kd #fp dh rqyuk djukA

7- xzkeh.k o ' kgjh {ks=k dh Nk=kksa dh rduhdh{ks= f' k{kk esa ' kSf{kd #fp dh rqyuk djukA' kks/ v / ; ; u dh i fj dYi uk%

vr% ' kks/ drkZ ds }kjk mn~ns' ; ksa dks è; ku esaj[ kdj fuEufyf[ kr i fjdYi uk dk fuekZ.k fd; kA

1- xzkeh.k o ' kgjh Nk=kksa dh ' kSf{kd #fp esal kFkZd vUrj gksrk gSAfo' ys"k. k , oa O; k[ ; k i zLrqr ' kks/ ' kh"kZd & i kSMhft ys esa xzkeh.k o ' kgjh {ks=k dh Nk=kksa dh ' kSf{kd #fpdk rqyukRed v/ ; ; u ft l ds vUrxZr ukSoha o nl ohad{kkvksa esa i <+us okyh Nk=ksa l s mudh ' kSf{kd #fp dkv/ ; ; u fd; k x; k gSA #fp dks eki us ds fy, , l -i h- dqyJs"B }kjk fufeZr ^' kSf{kd #fp i zi =k (E.I.R.)



ImpactFactor


®

dk i z; ksx fd; k x; k gSA i zkIr i znÙkksa ds l g; ksx l s eq[ ;l kj.kh fufeZr dh x; hA rRi ' pkr~ fuEufyf[ kr mís' ; ksadh i fjdYi uk ds vk/ kj i j i znÙk fo' ys"k.k fd; kx; kAxzkeh. k o ' kgj h {ks=k ds Nk=kksa dh d f"k esa ' kSf{kd#fp

mi ; qZDr rkfydk l s Kkr gksrk gS fd df"kfo"k; esa xzkeh.k Nk=kksa dk eè; eku i zkIrkad 8-9 rFkk“kgjh Nk=kksa dk eè; eku i zkIrkad 8-6 i k; k x; kA Øekuql kjft udk ekud fopyu 1-85 rFkk 2-50 gSA x.kuk ewY;(t-value) 0-68 i k; k x; k gSA ; g x.kuk ewY; nksuksaLrjksa 0-01 rFkk 0-05 i j l kFkZd ugha gSA vr% i fjdYi uk^df"k {ks=k esa xzkeh.k o “kgjh {ks=k ds Nk=kksa dh ' kSf{kd#fp esa l kFkZd vUrj gSA** i zR; sd Lrj i j vLohdkjdh t krh gSAxzkeh. k o ' kgj h {ks=k ds Nk=ksa dh okf. kT; esa ' kSf{kd#fp

mi ; qZDr rkfydk l s Kkr gksrk gS fd okf.kT;fo"k; esa xzkeh.k Nk=kksa dk eè; eku i zkIrkad 9-24 rFkk' kgjh Nk=ksa dk eè; eku i zkIrkad 8-18 i k; k x; kAØekuql kj ft udk ekud fopyu 1-81 rFkk 2-18 gSAx.kuk ewY; (t-value) 2-63 i k; k x; kA t ks rkfydkewY; 0-05 Lrj i j 1-98 vkSj 0-01 Lrj i j 2-63 l sT; knk gSA ; g x.kuk ewY; fdl h Hkh Lrj i j l kFkZd gSAvr% i fjdYi uk ^okf.kT; {ks=k esa xzkeh.k o “kgjh {ks=kds Nk=ksa dh ' kSf{kd #fp esa l kFkZd vUrj gSA** vr% 0-05 Lrj i j vLohdkj dh t krh gSA vkSj 0-01 Lrj i jLohdkj dh t krh gSxzkeh. k o ' kgj h {ks=k ds Nk=kksa dh gLr dyk esa' kSf{kd #fp

mi ; qZDr rkfydk l s Kkr gksrk gS fd gLrdykfo"k; esa xzkeh.k Nk=ksa dk eè; eku i zkIrkad 9-16 rFkk' kgjh Nk=ksa dk eè; eku i zkIrkad 7-94 i k; k x; kAØekuql kj ft udk ekud fopyu 2-23 rFkk 2-03 gSAx.kuk ewY; (t-value) 2-86 i k; k x; kA t ks rkfydkewY; 0-05 Lrj i j 1-98 vkSj 0-01 Lrj i j 2-63 l sT; knk gSA ; g x.kuk ewY; nksuksa Lrj i j l kFkZd gSA vr%i fjdYi uk ^gLr dyk {ks=k esa xzkeh.k o ' kgjh {ks=k dsNk=kksa dh ' kSf{kd #fp esa l kFkZd vUrj gSA** i zR; sd Lrji j Lohdkj dh t krh gSAxzkeh. k o ' kgj h {ks=k ds Nk=kksa dh xg foKku esa' kSf{kd #fp

mi ; qZDr rkfydk l s Kkr gksrk gS fd xg foKkufo"k; esa xzkeh.k Nk=ksa dk eè; eku i zkIrkad 9-32 rFkk' kgjh Nk=ksa dk eè; eku i zkIrkad 7-82 i k; k x; kAØekuql kj ft udk ekud fopyu 2-12 rFkk 2-17 gSAx.kuk ewY; (t-value) 3-49 i k; k x; kA t ks rkfydkewY; 0-05 Lrj i j 1-98 vkSj 0-01 Lrj i j 2-63 l sT; knk gSA ; g x.kuk ewY; nksuksa Lrj i j l kFkZd gSA vr%i fjdYi uk ^xg foKku {ks=k esa xzkeh.k o “kgjh {ks=k dsNk=kksa dh ' kSf{kd #fp esa l kFkZd vUrj gSA** i zR; sd Lrji j Lohdkj dh t krh gSAxzkeh. k o ' kgjh {ks=k ds Nk=kksa dh gkseksfufVt esa' kSf{kd #fp

mi ; qZDr rkfydk l s Kkr gksrk gS fd gkseksfufVtfo"k; esa xzkeh.k Nk=ksa dk eè; eku i zkIrkad 8-66 rFkk

Øekad Lewg fo| kfFkZ;ksa dh l a[ ;k

eè; eku ekud fopyu

x.kuk ewY;

xzkeh.k 50 8.9 1.85 0.68 “kgjh 50 8.6 2.50

Øekad l ewg fo| kfFkZ; ksa dh l a[ ; k eè; eku ekud fopyu

x. kuk ewY;

xzkeh.k 50 9.24 1.81 2.63 “kgjh 50 8.18 2.18

Øekad Lewg fo| kfFkZ; ksa dh l a[ ; k

eè; eku ekud fopyu

x.kuk ewY;

xzkeh.k 50 9.16 2.23 2.86 “kgjh 50 7.94 203

Øekad Lkewg fo| kfFkZ;ksa dh l a[ ; k

eè; eku ekud fopyu

x.kuk ewY;

xzkeh.k 50 9.32 2.12 3.49 “kgjh 50 7.82 2.17

Øekad Lewg fo| kfFkZ; ksa d h l a[ ; k

eè; eku ekud fopy u

x. kuk ewY;

xzkeh.k 50 8.66 2 .12 1.83 “kgj h 50 7.86 2 .24



ImpactFactor


®

' kgjh Nk=ksa dk eè; eku i zkIrkad 7-86 i k; k x; kAØekuql kj ft udk ekud fopyu 2-12 rFkk 2-24 gSAx.kuk ewY; (t-value) 1-83 i k; k x; kA t ks rkfydkewY; 0-05 Lrj i j 1-98 vkSj 0-01 Lrj i j 2-63 l sde gSA ; g x.kuk ewY; fdl h Hkh Lrj i j l kFkZd ughagSA vr% i fjdYi uk ^gkseksfufVt {ks=k esa xzkeh.k o “kgjh{ks=k ds Nk=kksa ds ' kSf{kd #fp esa l kFkZd vUrj gSA**i zR; sd Lrj i j vLohdkj dh t krh gSAxzkeh. k o ' kgj h {ks=k ds Nk=kksa dh foKku esa ' kSf{kd#fp

mi ; qZDr rkfydk l s Kkr gksrk gS fd foKkufo"k; esa xzkeh.k Nk=kksa dk eè; eku i zkIrkad 8-78 rFkk' kgjh Nk=kksa dk eè; eku i zkIrkad 8-14 i k; k x; kAØekuql kj ft udk ekud fopyu 1-88 rFkk 2-13 gSAx.kuk ewY; (t-value) 1-59 i k; k x; kA t ks rkfydkewY; 0-05 Lrj i j 1-98 vkSj 0-01 Lrj i j 2-63 l sde gSA ; g x.kuk ewY; fdl h Hkh Lrj i j l kFkZd ughagSA vr% i fjdYi uk ^foKku {ks=k esa xzkeh.k o “kgjh {ks=kds Nk=kksa dh ' kSf{kd #fp esa l kFkZd vUrj gSA** i zR; sdLrj i j vLohdkj dh t krh gSAxzkeh. k o ' kgj h {ks=k ds Nk=kksa dh rduhdh esa' kSf{kd #fp

mi ; qZDr rkfydk ua0 4-7 l s Kkr gksrk gS fdrduhdh fo"k; esa xzkeh.k Nk=kksa dk eè; eku i zkIrkad 9-8 rFkk ' kgjh Nk=kksa dk eè; eku i zkIrkad 7-8 i k; k x; kAØekuql kj ft udk ekud fopyu 2-06 rFkk 2-18 gSAx.kuk ewY; (t-value) 0-4166 i k; k x; kA t ks rkfydkewY; 0-05 Lrj i j 1-98 vkSj 0-01 Lrj i j 2-63 l scgqr de gSA ; g x.kuk ewY; fdl h Hkh Lrj i j l kFkZdugha gSA vr% i fjdYi uk ^rduhdh {ks=k esa xzkeh.k o

uxjh; {ks=k ds Nk=kksa dh ' kSf{kd #fp esa l kFkZd vUrjgSA** i zR; sd Lrj i j vLohdkj dh t krh gSAfu"d"kZ% i kSMh ft ys ds xzkeh.k Nk=kksa , oa ' kgjh Nk=kksa dhfofHkUu fo"k; ksa esa ' kSf{kd #fp dk v/ ; ; u fd; k x; kgSA i zkIr fu"d"kksZa dks fof/ kor i zkIr djus dk i z; Rufd; k x; k gSA t cfd , sl k l EHko gS fd vYi l e;rFkk l hfer U; kn' kZ i j fd, x, vè; ; u i j t ksfu"d"kZ i zkIr gksrs gSa og dHkh&dHkh vf/ kd fo' ol uh;l EHko ugha gks l drs fi Qj Hkh ' kks/ drkZ us bl i ji z; kl fd; k gS rFkk bl s dk; Z{ks=k dk i zkjfEHkd i z; kldgk t k l drk gSA ; g Hkh i rk yxk; k x; k gS fdfo| kFkhZ t c v i us #fp ds fo"k; ksa dks i <+rs gSa rksvf/ d vkuan i zkIr djrs gSa cPpksa dh ' kSf{kd #fp i j?kjsyw vkSj l kekft d okrkoj.k dk Hkh i zHkko i M+rk gSekrk&fi rk dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dk Hkh i zHkko i M+rk gSAvl Urq"V Ldwy l ek; kst u vkfn l s Hkh cPpksa dh' kSf{kd #fp i j i zfrdwy i zHkko i M+rk gSA gkbZ Ldwy dsfo| kfFkZ; ksa dh #fp dk o.kZu fofHkUu l kr fo"k; ksa esafd; k x; k gSA t c fo| kFkhZ vi uh #fp ds fo"k; dksi <+rs gSa rks os ml esa vf/ kd vkuUn i zkIr djrs gSa vkSji w.kZ : i l s ml ds ckjs esa v i us vki dks voxr djysrs gSaA ; | fi ' kSf{kd oLrq,a fo| kfFkZ; ksa ds fy, vkUrfjd#fp ds eqrkfcd gksuh pkfg, A ' kSf{kd #fp fo"k; dsvuql kj cnyrh jgrh gsA fo| kFkhZ dks i <+us dh vknrsavkSj i <+us dh #fp gksus l s og dHkh Hkh i qLrdksa l s ughaMjrkA fo| kFkhZ i qLrdksa dh l axr ds dkj.k gh vi usvki dks det ksj l e>rk gSA bl h ot g l s dgk gS fdcPps ds fy, mUgha fo"k; ksa dk p; u djuk pkfg,ft l esa og i <+rs l e; vf/ kd #fp j [ krk gSA bufu"d"kksZa dks ns[ kus l s i zrhr gksrk gS fd okLro esa xzkeh.ko “kgjh {ks= dh Nk=ksa dh ' kSf{kd #fp esa dksbZ [ kklvarj ugha gSA bl dh ' kSf{kd mi ; ksfxrk ; g gS fd f' k{kkØe cukrs l e; f' k{kk ' kkfL=; ksa dks rFkk f' k{kk i zcU/ dksadks l kspus i j et cwj dj l drk gS fd cPpksa ds fy,, sl s fo"k; ksa dk i zcU/ k djuk pkfg, ft uds i zfr mudh#fp gksrh gSA , sl k vDl j ns[ kk t krk gS fd dqNekrk&fi rk v i us cPpksa dks i <+kus dh dksf' k' k djrs gSai jUrq ?kj dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr Bhd u gksus ds dkj.k os

Øekad l ewg fo| kfFkZ; ksa d h l a[ ; k

eè; eku ekud fopy u

x. kuk ewY;

xzkeh.k 50 8.78 1.88 1 .59 “kgj h 50 8.14 2.13

Øekad Lewg fo| kfFkZ; ksa d h l a[ ; k

eè; eku ekud fop yu

x.kuk ewY;

xzkeh. k 50 9.8 2 .06 0 .4 166 “kgj h 50 7.8 2 .18



ImpactFactor


®

cPps dks ml dh #fp vuqdwy f' k{kk xzg.k djokus esadke; kc ugha gks i krsA ' kSf{kd #fp i zi =k ds Vh i jh{k.kl s i rk pyrk gS fd xzkeh.k Nk=ksa dh #fp df"kO; ol k; esa T; knk gS D; ksafd mudk df"k ds i zfr yxkocpi u l s gh gSA vkSj bl esa fdl h rjg dh vkfFkZd raxhHkh ugha >syuh i M+rh ogha nwl jh vksj ' kgjh {ks=k dscPpksa dh #fp foKku o rduhdh f' k{kk xzg.k djus dsi ; kZIr l k/ ku fo| eku gSa mudh vkfFkZd fLFkfr Hkhet cwr gksrh gSA

Jh Ñikyq th egkjkt

Dr. Sunita SharmaDept. of Sanskrit,

Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar College (DU) Delhi

==============***********===============Jh Ñikyq th egkjkt us Kku ,oa Kku;ksx

dk tks foLrr o.kZu fd;k gS og vR;Ur ghfoy{k.k gSA mUgkasaus osn’kkL=ksa ds izdj.kksa ds lfgrKku dh O;k[;k dh gSA

;g ‘kCnkRed ,oa vuqHkokRed Kku nksfo”k; dk gksrk gS & ,d ekf;d fo”k; dk] nwljkek;krhr fo”k; dkA ekf;d fo”k; dk ‘kCnkRedKku] mls dgrs gSa & tSls] dksbZ Nk=k ikd&’kkL=dh iqfLrdk ;kn dj ys ,oa rf}”k;d ysDpj Hkhfn;k djs fdUrq jlksbZ dHkh u cuk;h gksA vuqHkokRedKku mls dgrs gSa] tks jlksbZ cukus dh izfØ;k tkudjrnuqdwy fØ;k Hkh dj pqdh gks ;kuh jlksbZ cukrhgksA

blh izdkj bZ’ojh; fo”k; dk Kku Hkh nksizdkj dk gksrk gSA tSls] bZ’ojh; fo”k; dk ‘kkfCndKku rks izpqj ek=k easa gks] osn&’kkL= daBLFk gksa]izopu Hkh ns ldrk gks] cM+h&cM+h ckrsa crk ldrkgks fdUrq Lo;a us dqN Hkh lk/kuk u dh gksA ;g‘kkfCnd bZ’ojh; Kku gSA vuqHkokRed bZ’ojh; Kkuog gS ftlesa osn&’kkL= lEer vkIrkuqeksfnr iFkij pydj bZ’oj dks bZ’ojh; Ñik }kjk tkuk gksAosn ds vuqlkj & 2

vFkkZr~ KkulEiUu O;fDr dk ?kksj iru gksrkgSA jkek;.k esa rks Kku ‘kCn dk ,slk iz;ksx gS fdegku~ cqf)eku~ Hkh HkzkUr gks tk;A ;Fkk] izFke rks ;gdgk fd vFkkZr~ Kkuh Hkxoku~ dks fo’ks”k fiz; gSA iqu%dgk &

40



ImpactFactor


®

vFkkZr~ Kkuh vkSj HkDr esa dksbZ Hksn ugha gSAiqu% dgk &

vFkkZr~ Kkuh fiz; ugha gSA iqu% dgk &vFkkZr~ tSls dksbZ ew[kZ O;fDr ?kj esa O;kIr

dke/ksuq xk; dk nw/k u fi;s vkSj taxyksa esa enkj dkfo”kkRed nw/k <w¡<+s] ,sls gh Kkuh yksx Hkh ew[kZ gSa tksKku ds fy, iz;Ru djrs gSaA

vFkkZr~ Kkuh yksx ‘kB gSa D;ksafd tSls dksbZ‘kB vikj leqnz dks rSj dj 3

ikj djus dk nq%lkgl djrk gS] oSls gh KkuhHkh KkuekxZ }kjk bZ’oj dks tku ysuk pkgrk gSA

vkIr xzaFk dgrs gSa fd &vFkkZr~ Kku ds fcuk eqfDr vlEHko gSAvFkkZr~ Kku ls gh eks{k fey ldrk gSA xhrk

esa gh dgk &¼xhrk 4&38½

vFkkZr~ Kku ds ln’k dksbZ oLrq ugha gSA ;gk¡rd fd jkek;.k esa Hkh ;g dgk fd xhrk esa Hkh blhvk’k; esa dgk fd vc ,d lk/kkj.k O;fDr Kku dsfo”k; esa D;k fu’p; djs\

oLrqr% Kku dh tgk¡ Hkh fuUnk ik;h tkrhgS] og dsoy ‘kkfCnd Kku dh gh gks ldrh gSD;ksafd ‘kkfCnd Kku egku~ gkfudkjd gSA 4

vki fdlh vk/;kfRed {ks= esa tkdj ns[ksa]eafnj gh esa ns[ksa] ogk¡ ‘kkfCnd Kkuh dh ‘kCnkoyh esafdruh deZBrk gksrh gSA ftl le; ,d ‘kkfCndKkuh ,d ‘yksd i<+rk gS] ,slk yxrk gS tSls dksbZmldh ok.kh ,saB jgk gks] fdUrq ,d ew[kZ O;fDr tceafnj esa tkrk gS rks Hkys gh og ;g ,d gh ‘yksddgs fdUrq mlds mPpkj.k esa ân; dk Hkko fufgrgksrk gSA dkj.k Li”V gS fd og ew[kZ ;g dSls lkspldrk gS fd eSa lc dqN le>rk gw¡ vkSj og‘kkfCnd Kkuh ;g dSls Hkqyk ns fd og ‘kkL=ksa&osnksadk Kkrk gSA

osn dgrk gS &¼’kkV~;k;uh mi- 4½

vFkkZr~ osn ds ‘kkfCnd&Kku ds fcuk bZ’ojdk vuqHko&Kku ugha gks ldrkA oLrqr% dksbZ Hkh

bZ’ojh; ‘kkfCnd&Kku rHkh vuqHko&Kku cu ldrkgS] tc bZ’oj dh HkfDr dh tk,A fcuk bZ’oj dhHkfDr ds Kkuh ¼;kuh ‘kkfCnd&Kkuh½ Kku;ksxh vFkkZr~vuqHko&Kkuh ugha cu ldrk] ;g vdkV~; fl)kUrgSA deZ ds lkFk HkfDr vk /kedh Fkh] ,sls gh Kkuds lkFk Hkh vk x;h D;ksafd] HkfDr jfgr KkuokLrfod bZ’ojh; Kku djkus esa 5

loZFkk vleFkZ gSA HkfDr ghu Hkko ds fo”k;esa gh rqylhnkl th us dgk gS fd &

vFkkZr~ og Kku vKku* gS] ftlls bZ’oj&izseu gksA

rks bZ’oj&lEcU/kh&oSfnd&’kkfCnd Kku ijge fo’okl dj ysa rks rR{k.k bZ’oj ls I;kj gkstk,xk vkSj T;ksa&T;ksa I;kj c<+rk tk,xk] R;ksa&T;ksaKkukuqHko Hkh c<+rk tk,xkA bldk fo’ks”k foLrkjvkxs vk;sxkA vr,o ;fn dksbZ Kkuh okLro esaKkuh cuus dk nkok djrk gS fdUrq HkfDr ls ‘kwU; gSrks og Kkuh vKkuh egkuqHkkoksa dk usrk gh ekuktk,xk D;ksasfd og Kkuh ugha gS] vfirq feF;k&KkukfHkekuh ek= gh gS vkSj ,sls feF;k&KkukfHkekuhdks egÙke czãkfn Hkh ugha le>k ldrs D;ksafdfeF;kfHkeku ds dkj.k ftKklk lekIr gks tkrh gSvkSj og fdlh ckr ij fo’okl djus esa ladkspdjrk gSA

osnO;kl us la{ksi esa cM+h lqUnj ifjHkk”kk dhgSA mUgksaus dgk fd &

¼Hkkx- 4&29&49½ 6vFkkZr~ Kku ogh gS] ftlls bZ’oj&HkfDr

gksA iqu% osnO;kl us dgk fd &¼Hkkx- 10&14&4½

vFkkZr~ HkfDr ds fcuk gh tks dsoy Kku ds}kjk gh bZ’ojh; Kku izkIr djuk pkgrs gSa] os mlhew[kZ L=h ds leku gSa tks pkoy fudkys gq, /kku dsrq”k ¼Hkwlh½ dks iqu% dwVrh gqbZ ,oa iNksjrh gqbZ ;gvk’kk djrh gS fd blls iqu% pkoy fudysxkAHkkokFkZ ;g fd dsoy ifjJe gh gkFk yxsxk] rÙodh izkfIr dk rks liuk Hkh u iwjk gksxkAxhrk dgrh gS fd &



ImpactFactor


®

¼xhrk 12&1½tc Hkxoku~ ls vtqZu us iwNk fd egkjkt!

dqN HkDr rks fujkdkj&czã dh vHksn&HkfDr djrsgSa] dqN lkdkj Hkxoku~ dh Hksn&HkfDr djrs gSa rksbu nksuksa esa dkSu Js”B gS\ rks Hkxoku~ us mÙkj fn;k]nksuksa gh ÑrkFkZ gSa D;ksafd os fujkdkj czã dh HkfDrgh rks djrs gSaA gk¡] bruk vo’; gS fd ekxZ dsdkfBU; ds nf”Vdks.k ls 7

vHksn&HkfDr&:ih Kku;ksx vR;Ur dfBugSA lkjh xhrk esa dsoy ,d ‘yksd ek;k&fuofÙk dsgsrq fopkj.kh; gS &

¼xhrk 7&14½vFkkZr~ ;g esjh nSoh f=xq.kkfRedrk ek;k

rHkh NksM+ ldrh gS tc rqe esjh ‘kj.k esa vk tkvks]vFkkZr~ HkfDr ds fcuk Kkukfn ls eqfDr u gksxhAlEiw.kZ xhrk esa Hkxoku~ us ,d LFky ij ;g dgk gSfd eSa vR;Ur lqxe gw¡ &

¼xhrk 8&14½vFkkZr~ vuU; eu esa tks fujUrj esjh HkfDr

djrk gS mlds fy;s eSa lqyHk gw¡AlEiw.kZ xhrk esa Hkxoku~ lEiw.kZ Bsdsnkjh dk

fu:i.k ,d LFky ij djrs gSa] ;Fkk &¼xhrk 9&22½8

vFkkZr~ tks vuU;&Hkko ls ,d ek= esjhHkfDr djrs gSa] ,sls fuR;;qDr HkDrksa ds ;ksx{kse dkseSa Lo;a ogu djrk gw¡ vFkkZr~ vizkIr dks nsuk ,oaizkIr dh j{kk djuk] ;g eSa Lo;a djrk gw¡Axhrk esa ,d LFky ij dgk gS &

¼xhrk 10&10½vFkkZr~ tks fujUrj esjh HkfDr djrs gSa] mUgsa eSa

viuh Ñik ls og fnO; Kku nsrk gw¡ ftlls os lgtesa gh lc dqN tku ysrs gSaA

Hkxoku us vtqZu ls dgk & vtqZu! rw esjkfiz; gS vr,o eSa rq>s xqIr ls xqIr ckr lqukrk gw¡]bruh xqIr ckr lcls ugha dgh tkrhA og xqIr ckrD;k Fkh\

¼xhrk 18&65½vFkkZr~ vtqZu! rw fujUrj rsjs gh esa eu yxk;s

jg] esjh gh HkfDr dj] rks esjs gh Hkhrj fuokl djsxkvkSj lnk vkuUne; jgsxkA 9

lk/ku&prq”V; ls lEiUu iw.kZ&fojDr ghKku dk vf/kdkjh gSA vr,o tc rd lxq.k lkdkjHkxoku~ dh Hksn HkfDr }kjk vUr%dj.k ‘kq) ugha gkstkrk] Kku&ekxZ esa izos’k gh vlaHko gSA

nwljs ;g fd ;fn izos’k Hkh gks tk;s rksosnO;kl th ds dFkukuqlkj &

¼Hkkx- 10&2&32½¼Hkkx- 10&2&33½

vFkkZr~ tks HkfDr&jfgr Kku ds lksiku lsHkxoku~ ds ikl tkuk pkgrs gSa] os ekxZ ls gh fxjtkrs gSa fdUrq HkfDr&lksiku ls tkus okyk ughafxjrk] vkSj dkj.k ;g crk;k fd HkfDr&lksiku lstkus okys ;k=h dh Hkxoku~ Lo;a j{kk djrs gSaAvr,o ,d rks mu HkDrksa dks viuh dksbZ fpUrk ghugha j[kuh iM+rh] nwljs mudk ekxZ ls iru Hkh ughagksrkA

rhljs ;fn dksbZ Kkuh] Kku&ekxZ ls ikj Hkhgks x;k vkSj lekf/k esa tkdj fufoZdYi gks x;k rksHkh mldk iru gks ldrk gSA oklukHkk”; ds 10

vuqlkj &thoUeqDr dks Hkh iqu% ca/ku gks tkrk gS]

D;ksafd os bZ’oj&HkfDr ugha djrsAvUr esa ;gh fl) gksrk gS fd bZ’oj&HkfDr

ds fcuk dksbZ&deZ ;k Kku bZ’oj&izkfIr ugha djkldrkA



ImpactFactor


®

eqx+y lezkV vd+cj dkyhuxksikeÅ dh t+kek efLt+n % ,d,sfrgkfld ,oa iqjkrkfÙod losZ{k.k

MkW0 ‘;ke izdk’k¼xksYMesMfyLV½ lgk;d izk/;kid ¼vfrfFk½]

LukrdksÙkj bfrgkl foHkkx]t; izdk’k fo’ofo|ky; Nijk

==============***********===============

eqx+y lezkV vd+cj dkyhu t+kek efLt+n]xksikeÅ ¼fp= la0&1½

gjnksbZ tuin ds xksikeÅ fodkl&[k.M dsiqjkrkfÙod losZ{k.k ls eqx+y lezkV vd+cj ds le;dh ,d t+kek vFkok t+keh efLt+n izdk’k esa vk;hgSA bl efLt+n dk eqx+y LFkkiR; dh n‘f”V lsvR;Ur egRo gSA bldk fuekZ.k vCnqy eqdrnh dsiq= xQ+wj vkye ¼uokc lnj&,&tgk¡½ tks vd+cjds iq= tgk¡xhj dk xq: Fkk1] ds }kjk yxHkx 1573bZ0 vFkok 978 fgt+jh esa bZnxkg vkSj dq,a ds lkFkdjok;k x;k FkkA2 efLt+n fuekZ.k dk izeq[k mn~ns’;tqEes ¼’kqdzokj½ dh uekt+ vnk djuk FkkA ;gefLtn 270 32^0-8^^ mŸkjh v{kka’k vkSj 800

17^7-5^^ iwohZ ns’kkUrj ds e/; gjnksbZ tuin dsxksikeÅ dLcs esa fLFkr gSA3 ;gk¡ igq¡pus ds fy,xksikeÅ cl LVs’ku ls m0 fn’kk esa yxHkx 500

eh0 pydj efLtn rd igq¡pk tk ldrk gSA4

gesa Kkr gS fd Hkkjr ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa eqx+ylezkVksa }kjk t+kek vFkok t+keh efLt+n ds lkFk&lkFkvU; vusd izdkj dh efLt+nksa dk fuekZ.k djk;kx;k gSA buesa lcls egRoiw.kZ ‘kkgtgk¡ ¼[kqjZe½ }kjkfnYyh esa lQs+n laxejej izLrj ij fufeZr t+kekefLt+n5 gS tks rRdkyhu ‘kkgtgkukckn rFkk orZekuyky fdys ¼fdyk&,&eqckjd+½6 ds lehi pkanuhpkSd esa fLFkr gSA ‘kkgtgkukckn dks fnYyh dklkroka ‘kgj7 ekuk tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa blizdkj dh efLt+n dk fuekZ.k dk;Z eqx+y ckn’kkgt+gh#n~nhu eqgEen ckcj ds le; ls izkjEHk gqvkAlaHky dh tkeh efLt+n bldk iq”V izek.k gS ftldkfuekZ.k 1528 bZ0 esa ckcj ds lsukifr ehjcsx }kjkdjok;k x;kA8

fnYyh ds eqx+y flagklu ij ckcj ds iq=ukfl#n~nhu gqek;w¡ ¼1530&40] 1555½9 ds i’pkr~mldk iq= tykyqn~nhu vd+cj10 flagkluk:<+ gqvktks ,d izrkih] ‘kwjohj ,oa egRokdka{kh lezkV FkkAvd+cj }kjk iz’kklu esa vusd cnyko fd;s x;sAeqx+y ckn’kkgksa esa loZizFke vd+cj us gh viuslEiw.kZ jkT; dks 15 lwcksa esa foHkkftr fd;k FkkA11

bu lwcksa dh iz’kklfud O;oLFkk dks lqpk# :i lslapkfyr djus ds fy, mlus lwcsnkjksa dh fu;qfDrdh FkhA buds }kjk jktLo] vk;&O;; bR;kfn dkfooj.k j[kk tkrk FkkA12

vd+cj ds le; gjnksbZ tuin ds fofHkUu{ks=ksa dh ns[k&js[k dk dk;Z uokc lnj&,&tgk¡}kjk fd;k tk jgk FkkA lnj&,&tgk¡ dk okLrfoduke x+Qwj vkye Fkk tks vcnqy eqdrnh dk iq= FkkAx+Qwj vkye dks eqx+y lezkV vd+cj }kjk lnj&,&tgk¡ dh mikf/k iznku dh xbZ FkhA13

gjnksbZ tuin ds vf/kdka’k egRoiw.kZ {ks=ksaij lYyrur dky ds lqYrkuksa ls ysdj eqx+y dkyds ckn’kkgksa rd us izR;{k ;k ijks{k :i ls ‘kklufd;k blds izek.k yxHkx lEiw.kZ tuin esa buds}kjk fu;qDr vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk djok;s x;s fuekZ.kdk;ksZa ls izkIr gks tkrs gSa ftuesa ls dqN lqjf{kr rFkk

41



ImpactFactor


®

vf/kdka’kr% u”V izk; gSaAxksikeÅ dh t+kek vFkok t+keh efLt+n dk

fuekZ.k tu dksykgy ls nwj ,dkUr esa fd;k x;k FkkfdUrq tula[;k of) ds pyrs efLt+n ds vkl&iklvusd vkokl fufeZr gksrs x;sA efLt+n ds eq[kvFkok QlkM Hkkx ds lkeus ,d cM+k lk eSnku gStks gjs&Hkjs ?kklksa ls vkPNkfnr gSA efLt+n ds izos’k}kj ds lkeus yky jax ds iRFkjksa ls fufeZr ,d Q+’kZdk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA bl Q+’kZ ij cSBdj uekt+hviuh tqEes dh uekt+ vnk djrs gSaA ckfj’k] rst+/kwi vFkok ekSle [k+jkc gksus dh fLFkfr esa efLt+n dsvUnj uekt+ vnk dh tkrh gSA efLt+n ds vUnj,d cM+k lk gkWy gS ftldh Q+’kZ ij jaxhu dkyhusfCkNkdj uekft+;ksa }kjk vYykg dh bckn+r dhtkrh gSA vYykg dks izlUu j[kus ds fy, ‘kfj;resa ik¡p oDr dh uekt+ vnk djus dk izkfo/kku gSAfofdihfM;k ds vuqlkj uekt+ ,d laLÑr ‘kCn gS]tks mnwZ esa vjch ‘kCn lyke dk iz;k; gSA d+qjku‘kjhQ+ esa lyker ‘kCn ckj&ckj vk;k gS ftlesaizR;sd eqfLye L=h vkSj iq#”kksa dks uekt+ i<+us dkvkns’k rd+hnr ls fn;k x;k gSA14

‘kfj;r ds vuqlkj ik¡p uekt+sa &1- uekt+&,&Q+tz+ ¼izkr% dkyhu uekt+½ %&;g + igyh uekt gS tks lw;ksZn; ls igys v+nk dhtkrh gSA2- uekt+&,&t+qgj ¼voufr dky dh uekt+½%& ;g nwljh uekt+ gS tks e/;kUg lw;Z ds <yus dsnkSjku v+nk dh tkrh gSA3- uekt+&,&vlz ¼fnolkolku uekt+½ %&;g rhljh uekt+ gS tks lw;kZLr ls dqN igys v+nkdh tkrh gSA4- uekt+&,&ex+fjc ¼lk;adky dh uekt+½%&;g pkSFkh uekt+ gS tks lw;kZLr ds rqjUr ckn v+nkdh tkrh gSA5- uekt+&,&bZ’kk ¼jkf= dh uekt+½%& ;gvfUre ik¡poh uekt+ gS tks lw;kZLr ds 1-30 ?k.Vsckn v+nk dh tkrh gSA

uekt+ vnk djus ls igys izR;sd eqLyeku

vius nksuksa gkFkksa dh gFksfy;ksa dks /kqyrk gS] dqYyhdjrk gS] ukd lkQ+ djrk gS] vius psgjs dks /kqyrkgS] ikuh ls viuh dqgfu;ksa rd gkFk [kM+k djds/kqyrk gS] lj ds ckyksa ij Hkhxk gkFk Qsjrk gS rFkkikuh ls vius nksuksa iSjksa dks vPNh rjg ls /kqyrk gSbls ot+w dgk tkrk gSA blds i’pkr~ vt+ku nhtkrh gS ftlls lHkh eqLyeku efLt+n esa uekt+¼vYykg dh bcknr½ v+nk djus ds fy, efLt+n¼[+kqnk dk ?kj½ esa ,df=r gks ldsaA bl izdkj ls ;gdgk tk ldrk gS fd xksikeÅ dh t+kek efLt+n dkfuekZ.k Hkh uekt+ v+nk djus ds mn~ns’; ls fd;kx;k FkkA15

tq+Ees dh uekt+ vnk djrs uekt+h ¼fp= la0&2½efLt+n ds Hkhrj dh if’peh nhokj ij

vjch&Qkjlh fyfi esa ,d ys[k vafdr gS tks blefLt+n dh izkphurk ,oa ,sfrgkfldrk dks n’kkZrkgSA bl ys[k ds v/;;u ls efLt+n fuek.kZ djus ,oa‘kfj;r dk ikyu djus ls lEcfU/kr vusd rF;izdk’k esa vk ldrs gSaA

nhokj ij vjch&Qkjlh fyfi esa fy[kk ys[k¼fp= la0&3½



ImpactFactor


®

efLtn esa vUnj tkus ds fy, rhu izos’k}kj cus gSa ftuesa e/; okyk izos’k }kj lcls cM+krFkk blds nksuksa cx+y ds izos’k }kj blls NksVs gSaAorZeku esa bu }kjksa ij yksgs ds njokts yxk;s x;s gSaAefLt+n ds ckgj ds izos’k }kjksa dk LFkkiR; Q+rsgiqjlhdjh ds cqyUn njokt+s ds LFkkiR; ls lkE; j[krkgSA lEiw.kZ efLt+n dks lQs+n jax ls ysfir fd;k x;kgS ftlds dkj.k ns[kus esa ;g vR;Ur vkd”kZd ,oaeueksgd yxrh gSA izos’k }kjksa dks Nr rd fufeZrfd;k x;k gSA Nr ds Åij mYVs dey dh vkÑfrls ;qDr rhu xksy xqEcn cuk;s x;s gSaA rhuksa xqEcnksads ‘kh”kZ Hkkx ij rhu /kkrq fufeZr v)ZpUnz yxk;sx;s gaSaA

losZ{k.k ds nkSjku LFkkuh; fuokfl;ksa }kjkcrk;k x;k fd HkwdEi ds rhoz >Vdksa ds dkj.k ;gefLt+n {kfrxzLr gks pqdh FkhA dkykUrj esa bldkth.ksZ)kj xksikeÅ fuoklh] vjdksV ds lwcsnkj uokcegewn vyh [k+ku }kjk 1756 bZ0 esa djk;k x;kArcls ;g blh voLFkk esa fo|eku gSA efLt+n dklEiw.kZ LFkkiR; eqx+y LFkkiR; ds vR;Ur fudV gSAys[kd dk O;fDrxr fopkj gS fd bl ,sfrgkfldefLt+n dks ifjlj lfgr Hkkjrh; iqjkrÙo losZ{k.kfoHkkx y[kuÅ ize.My vFkok mÙkj izns’k jkT;iqjkrÙo funs’kky;] y[kuÅ }kjk vius laj{k.k esa ysysuk pkfg,A vU;Fkk dh fLFkfr esa bl /kjksgj dslekIr gksus ij bldks ewy Lo:i esa yk ikukvR;Ur nq”dj gks tk;sxkA

bl efLtn ds vfrfjDr ;gk¡ dbZ vU;efLtn Hkh gSa ftuesa [kS:Yykg’kkg tks 332 o”kZizkphu gS] ,d gSA ;gha lss ,d bZnxkg tks 270

32^25-5^^ mŸkjh v{kka’k vkSj 800 16^49-9^^iwohZ ns’kkUrj ds e/; fLFkr gS] izkIr gqvk gS] ftldkfuekZ.k 978 fg0 ;k 1573 bZ0 esa fd;k x;k Fkk]blds vfrfjDr ,d dq,a dk Hkh fuekZ.k djk;kx;kA tkek efLtn] bZnxkg vkSj dqvk¡ rhuksa ghlezkV vdcj dkyhu gSaA16 xksikeÅ ls gh ,d100 o”kZ izkphu f’ko efUnj Hkh izkIr gqvk gSA17

LFkkuh; ekU;rk,a ,oa fdaonfUr;k¡

efLt+n ds iqjkrkfÙod losZ{k.k ds nkSjku LFkkuh;cqtqxksZa ,oa ofj”B O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk okrkZyki ls blefLt+n ds fo”k; esa fuEufyf[kr rF; lkeus vkrsgSa&

1- efLt+n ds fuekZ.k esa yxHkx 5]000 lsvf/kd Jfedksa us fnu&jkr esgur dhA

2- efLt+n esa dqN dkfQ+jksa ds xyr uh;rls izos’k djus ds dkj.k HkwdEi vk;k vkSj efLt+n{kfrxzLr gks xbZA

3- blds th.kksZ)kj esa vR;f/kd /ku O;;gqvkA

4- efLt+n dk th.kksZ)kj djkus ds fy, dbZyksxksa us pUnk bDV~Bk fd;k Fkk] bR;kfnA‘kks/k izfof/k

xksikeÅ dh bl ,sfrgkfld tkek efLt+ndks izdk’k esa ykus ds fy, losZ{k.kkRed izfof/k(Surveying Method) dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSAizeq[k mn~ns’;

xksikeÅ dh bl tkek efLt+n dks izdk’k esaykuk ,oa bldk vfHkys[ku gh bl losZ{k.kkReddk;Z dk izeq[k mn~ns’; gSA‘kks/k midj.kuewuk laxzg fof/k

uewuk laxzg ds fy, efLt+n dh nhokjksa]esgjkcksa ,oa forkuksa vkfn dk iqjkrkfÙod losZ{k.kdk;Z dj rF;ksa ,oa vkdM+ksa dk laxzg.k fd;k x;kgSAeqfnzr ,oa veqfnzr lkfgR;

bl tkek efLt+n dks izdk’k esa ykus ds fy,xksikeÅ {ks= ls lEcfU/kr vusd lkfgfR;d ,oa,sfrgkfld xzUFkksa ,oa iqLrdksa dk v/;;u fd;kx;kA fo”k; ls lEcfU/kr izkFkfed ,oa f}rh;d lzksrksa¼xzUFkksa½ dk v/;;u fd;k x;kA blds vfrfjDrfofHkUu ‘kks/k&i= ,oa LFkkuh; if=dkvksa ds lkFk&lkFklks’ky ehfM;k] ljdkjh rFkk xSj&ljdkjh nLrkostksadk lg;ksx fy;k x;k gSAlk{kkRdkj

xksikeÅ {ks= ds fuokfl;ksa ls O;fDrxr



ImpactFactor


®

lk{kkRdkj ds }kjk bl efLt+n ds fo”k; esa lwpuk,a,df=r dh x;haA blds vfrfjDr lEcfU/kr yksdlkfgR; ,oa fdaonfUr;ksa dks Kkr djus dk iz;klfd;k x;kA mijksDr ds vfrfjDr Vksiks’khV] fMftVydSejk] thih,l] tuin dk ekufp=] vUos”k.k lslEcfU/kr fofHkUu midj.kksa dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k x;kAlanHkZ

1- frokjh] Mh-ih- ,oa ‘;ke izdk’k] ys[k&gjnksbZ % iqjkrÙo ds vkbZus ls] gjnksbZ% lkaLÑfrdxt+sfV;j] ¼xt+sfV;j&2½] lEiknd&MkW0 vatfypkSgku] ok.kh izdk’ku] ubZ fnYyh] izFke laLdj.k]2016 i- 64- rFkk izdk’k] ‘;ke] ys[k%&vdcjdkyhu ckoyh ¼figkuh] gjnksbZ½ % ,d ,sfrgkfld,oa iqjkrkfÙod losZ{k.k] fizafVax ,fj;k] oksY;we&1]b’;w&61] g”kZ o)Zu izk0 fy0] egkjk”Vª] 2020]i- 114

2- gjnksbZ % lkaLÑfrd xt+sfV;j ¼xt+sfV;j&2½]iwoksZ)r] i- 65

3- izdk’k] ‘;ke] gjnksbZ tuin dk iqjkrÙo]vizdkf’kr ‘kks/k&izcU/k] y[kuÅ fo’ofo|ky;]2016] i- 186

4- ogh] i- 1865- https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/tkek

efLt+n6- https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/yky

fdyk7- http://www.delhitourism.gov.in/

delhitourism/hindi/aboutus/shahjehanabad.jsprFkk https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/yky fdyk

8- https://www.sambhalnews.in/2019/08/sambhal-jama-masjid-history.html

9- https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/gqek;w¡10- https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/vdcj1- fizafVax ,fj;k] iwoksZ)r] i- 11212- ogh] i- 11213- gjnksbZ % lkaLÑfrd xt+sfV;j ¼xt+sfV;j

&2½] iwoksZ)r] i- 64] rFkk fizzafVax ,fj;k] iwoksZ)r]i- 114

14- https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/uekt+15- ogh] fof/k ‘kh”kZd16- izdk’k] ‘;ke] gjnksbZ tuin dk iqjkrÙo]

iwoksZ)r] i- 18617- ogh] i- 187

Lora= Hkkjr esa ckfydk f’k{kkdh fLFkfr % ,d foospu

fodk’k dqekj f=ikBh’kks/kkFkhZ] f’k{kk’kkL= ¼,l0vkj0,Q0½]

egkRek xk¡/kh fp=dwV xzkeksn; fo’ofo|ky;fp=dwV] ftyk&lruk] e-iz-

==============***********===============Hkwfedk

f’k{kk dk {ks= vR;ar O;kid gS] ftldsvUrxZr ekuo dk laiw.kZ thou vkrk gSA nwljs ‘kCnksaesa ge dg ldrs gSa fd f’k{kk dky ekuo dk laiw.kZthou gSA f’k{kk gh og ek/;e gS tks ckyd dkslaLdkfjr dj mls ,d uohu thou iznku djrh gS]ftlls mldk laiw.kZ thou lQy gks ldsA f’k{kkckyd ds thou esa lkSan;Zrk ,oa dykRedrk HkjrhgSA f’k{kk dk lEcU/k gekjh laLdfr ls Hkh gSA f’k{kkgh og ek/;e gS ftlds }kjk gekjh laLdfr dkiks”k.k lao)Zu ,oa laj{k.k laHko gks ikrk gSA ;gekuo esa mRd”V ewY;ksa dks izfrf”Br dj mls xfjeke;hcukrh gSA f’k{kk ckyd dks ,d ubZ nf”V iznkudjrh gS ftlls mlesa iM+h lqIr ‘kfDr;k¡ tkxr gkstkrh gSa vkSj mls ,d ubZ psruk iznku djrh gSAf’k{kk gh ,d ek= og lk/ku gS ftlds }kjk ckyddk LkokZaxh.k fodkl laHko gks ikrk gSA O;fDrtUeksaijkUr ls ysdj eR;qi;Zar rd dqN u dqNlh[krk gh jgrk gSA vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fdO;fDr dk laiw.kZ thoudky gh f’k{kk gSA

Hkkjrh; rFkk ik’PkkR; f’k{kk’kkfL=;ksa ds fopkjksadks ,d lkFk j[kdj ;fn ge bldk fo’ys”k.k djsarks mlls fudydj lkeus vkrk gS fd okLro esaf’k{kk ekuo ds O;ogkj esa ifjorZu ykus dh izfØ;kgSA iFoh esa mifLFkr laiw.kZ O;fDr thou esa u,&u,

42



ImpactFactor


®

vuqHko izkIr djrk gS vkSj mUgha vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkjij vius O;ogkj esa ifjorZu ykrk gSA Hkkjr ljdkj}kjk Lora=rk Ik”pkr~ ckfydkvksa esa f’k{kk ds izfrtkx:drk ykus gsrq dbZ dk;ZØe vkSj vusdksa ;kstuk,alapkfyr dh x;hA ns[kus ij ik;k x;k fd mPpizkFkfed Lrj rd igq¡prs&igq¡prs ckfydkvksa dhla[;k esa deh vkus yxrh gSAckfydk f’k{kk dh vko’;drk ,oa egÙo

‘kSf{kd voljksa dh lekurk ds vUrxZrckydksa ds leku gh ckfydkvksa dh f’k{kk Hkhijeko’;d gSA ckfydk f’k{kk ds egÙo ds ckjs esaLokeh foosdkuan th dk ;g fopkj loZfofnr gS fd^^;fn ge ,d ckyd dks f’kf{kr djrs gSa rks,d O;fDr f’kf{kr gksrk gS vkSj ;fn ,dCkkfydk dks f’kf{kr djrs gSa rks iwjk ifjokjf’kf{kr gksrk gSA**

Ikzkphu Hkkjr esa L=h f’k{kk dk bfrgkl xkSjoiw.kZjgk gSA mUgsa f’k{kk izkIr djus dh iw.kZ Lora=rk Fkh] osoSfnd rFkk ckS) lkfgR; dk v/;;u djrh FkhAblds lkFk gh lkFk os iq#”kksa ds lkFk ‘kkL=kFkZ esaizfrHkkx Hkh djrh FkhA izkphu dky esa oSfnd f’k{kkizkIr dh gqbZ fL=;ksa dks czãokfnuh dgk tkrk FkkAckS) dky esa Hkh fL=;k¡ f’k{kk xzg.k djus vkSj nsusdk dk;Z djrh FkhA ijUrq ckS) dky ds vfUrepj.k esa L=h f’k{kk dh mis{kk izkjEHk gks xbZ FkhAeqfLye dky esa inkZ izFkk ds izpyu ds dkj.k L=hf’k{kk dh Ik;kZIr O;oLFk u gks ldhA cky&fookgdh izFkk Hkh dkQh gn rd L=h f’k{kk dh ck/kdjghA bZLV bf.M;k daiuh ds ‘kklu dky esa Hkh L=hf’k{kk dks vuns[kk fd;k x;kA

oqM ?kks”k.kk i= lu~ 1854 ds ckn L=h f’k{kkdk fodkl rks gqvk ijUrq bldh xfr cM+h /kheh FkhAlu~ 1882 esa g.Vj vk;ksx us L=h f’k{kk ds izlkj dsfy, ljdkj ls flQkfj’k dh vkSj ckfydk f’k{kk ijvf/kd /ku O;; djus dk lq>ko fn;kA bl rjg1857 ls 1886 rd Hkkjr esa ckfydkvksa dsizkFkfed fo|ky; dh la[;k 5628 ek/;fedfo|ky; 467 o 12 dkyst FksA

~Lora= Hkkjr esa ckfydk f’k{kk gsrq iz;klLora=rk Ik’pkr~ ckfydk f’k{kk ds ekxZ esa

vkus okyh ck/kkvksa dks tkuus ,oa mldk lek/kkudjus gsrq vusd vk;ksxksa ,oa lfefr;ksa dk xBufd;k x;kA lu~ 1958 esa xfBr nqxkZckbZ ns’keq[klfefr rFkk lu~ 1962 esa xfBr galk esgrk lfefrds }kjk Hkh ckfydkvksa dh f’k{kk ds izpkj&izlkj lslacaf/kr vusd egÙoiw.kZ lq>ko fn, x, FksA bldsckn lu~ 1964&66 esa dksBkjh vk;ksx us Hkh L=hf’k{kk ds izpkj&izlkj gsrq vusd lq>ko vius izfrosnuesa fn,A lu~ 1986 esa u;h jk”Vªh; f’k{kk uhfr esa Hkhckfydkvksa dh f’k{kk dks izksRlkfgr djus ckor~vusd Økafrdkjh ifjorZu ykus dk ladYi nksgjk;kx;k gSAnqxkZckbZ ns’keq[k lfefr

lu~ 1958 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us nqxkZckbZ ns’keq[kdh v/;{krk esa jk”Vªh; efgyk f’k{kk lfefr dkxBu fd;k x;k ysfdu bls nqxkZckbZ ns’keq[k ds ukeij nqxkZckbZ ns’keq[k lfefr Hkh dgdj iqdkjk x;kAbl lfefr }kjk ckfydk f’k{kk ls lacaf/kr fuEUkfyf[krlq>ko fn, x,&

orZeku Hkkjr ljdkj dks dqN o”kksZ ds fy,ckfydk f’k{kk dks ,d fof’k”V leL;k ds :Ik esaLohdkj djuk pkfg,A

ljdkj dks lHkh jkT;ksa esa ckfydk f’k{kk lslacaf/kr foLrkj uhfr dk fu/kkZj.k djuk pkfg, rFkkblds fØ;kUo;u ,oa izpkj&izlkj gsrq Ik;kZIr ctVeqgS;k djk;k tkuk pkfg,A

[kklrkSj ij xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa L=h f’k{kk dsizpkj&izlkj gsrq fo’ks”k dk;ZØeksa dk vk;kstu djukpkfg,A

Ckkyd&ckfydk ds e/; f’k{kk ls lacaf/krO;kIr varj dks ‘kh?kz vfr’kh?kz lekIr djuk pkfg,A

Ekfgyk f’k{kk dh leL;kvksa ij fopkj djusgsrq jk”Vªh; efgyk f’k{kk ifj”kn uked iFkd bdkbZdk xBu djuk pkfg, rFkk blds lkFk gh lkFk jkT;ksaesa ckfydkvksa ,oa efgykvksa dh f’k{kk gsrq jkT;ifj”knsa xfBr dh tkuh pkfg,A



ImpactFactor


®

jk”Vªh; efgyk f’k{kk lfefr ds fy, fn,x, lq>koksa ds Ik”pkr~ dsUnzh; f’k{kk ea=ky; us1965 esa jk”Vªh; efgyk f’k{kk ifj”kn dk xBufd;k x;kA bl ifj”kn dk izeq[k dk;Z ckfydkvksa oefgykvksa dh ‘kSf{kd leL;kvksa ds fujkdj.k gsrquhfr;ksa] dk;ZØeksa o izkFkfedrkvksa ls lacaf/kr lq>konsuk FkkAgalk esgrk lfefr

jk”Vªh; efgyk f’k{kk ifj”kn ¼1962½ usfo|ky;h Lrj ij ckyd rFkk ckfydkvksa ds ikB~;Øeesa varj gksus ;k u gksus ij fopkj djus gsrq galkesgrk dh v/;{krk esa lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;kAftls galk esgrk lfefr ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSAbl lfefr us lq>ko fn;k fd fo|ky;h Lrj ijckyd&ckfydkvksa ds ikB~;Øe esa varj ugha gksukpkfg, rFkk lkFk gh lkFk ;g Hkh dgk fd gesa ,slkdksbZ dne ugha mBkuk pkfg,] ftlls ckyd vkSjckfydk ds chp orZeku varj dks c<+kok fey ldsAdksBkjh vk;ksx

MkW- Mh-lh- dksBkjh dh v/;{krk esa lu~1964&66 esa f’k{kk vk;ksx dk xBu fd;k x;kApw¡fd bl vk;ksx ds v/;{k MkW- nkSyr flag dksBkjhth Fks blfy, bls buds uke ij gh dksBkjh vk;ksxHkh dgk tkrk gSA bl vk;ksx us ckfydk f’k{kk dsyxHkx lHkh i{kksa ij vius fopkj izLrqr fd, tksdqN fuEufyf[kr gS&

Lakfo/kku esa ladfyr y{; dh izkfIr gsrqckfydkvksa ds fy, vfuok;Z f’k{kk gsrq vf/kdkf/kdiz;kl djus dh t:jr gSA

mPp izkFkfed f’k{kk gsrq yM+fd;ksa ds fy,vyx ls ikB’kkyk [kksysa tk,aA

ckfydkvksa gsrq fu%’kqYd Nk=kokl o Nk=ofÙkdh O;oLFkk ljdkj }kjk dh tk,A

ckfydkvksa ds fy, vYidkyhu rFkkO;kolkf;d f’k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh tk,A

ckfydkvksa ds fy, mPp izkFkfed f’k{kk dslkFk&lkFk mPp f’k{kk ds fy, izksRlkfgr fd;ktk,A

ckfydkvksa ds fy, vyx ls dkyst [kksysatk,aA

ukjh f’k{kk gsrq ‘kks/k bdkb;ksa dh LFkkiuk dhtk,A

vfookfgr fL=;ksa ds fy, iw.kZdkfyd f’k{kkdh O;oLFkk dh tk, rFkk fookfgr fL=;ksa ds fy,va’kdkfyd f’k{kk dh O;oLFkk ljdkj dks djuhpkfg,Ajk”Vªh; f’k{kk uhfr&1986

?kksf”kr u;h jk”Vªh; f’k{kk uhfr 1986 esackfydkvksa dh f’k{kk esa ifjorZu dh O;oLFkk dhx;h gSA lkFk gh lkFk crk;k x;k gS fd ‘kgjh {ks=ksads lkFk&2 xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dh ckfydkvksa dh f’k{kkO;oLFkk Hkh leku :Ik ls djuh gksxhA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esackfydkvkssa ds ukekadu de gksus ds fuEufyf[krdkj.k ik, x,&

vkfFkZd fLFkfr detksj gksus ds dkj.kckfydkvksa dks dke ij yxk;k tkukA

ijEijkxr #f<+oknh fopkj&/kkjk ,oa jhfr&fjokt ekuus okys yksxksa dk ;kSoukoLFkk esa ckfydkdks dgha ij Hkh u tkus nsuk ,oa mls ,d dSnh dhHkk¡fr dSn dj nsukA

ikB’kkYkk esa v/;kfidkvksa ,oa bekjrksa ds:Ik esa HkkSfrd lq[k&lqfo/kkvksa dk vHkkoA

NksVs HkkbZ&cguksa dh ns[kHkky gsrq yM+fd;ksadks ?kj ij gh jksd fy;k tkrk gS ,oa mudhf’k{kk&nh{kk dks t:jh ugha le>k tkrkA

Ckfydkvksa dh cgqr gh de mez esa fookgdj nsukA

Ckkfydk f’k{kk ds fodkl ij jk”Vªh; f’k{kkuhfr 1986 esa Hkh Ik;kZIr izdk’k Mkyk x;k gS rFkklkFk gh lkFk izksxzke vkWQ ,D’ku ds rgr~v/;k;&2 esa bldh ppkZ dh x;h gSA ckfydkvksadh izkjfEHkd f’k{kk gsrq jk”Vªh; dk;ZØe esa orZeku esae/;&izns’k esa ckfydk f’k{kk dks izksRlkfgr djus gsrqHkkjr us NPEGEL tks Hkkjr ljdkj ds jk”Vªh; dk;ZØegSa] ftldh ‘kq:vkr dh x;h gSA bl dk;ZØe dkizeq[k mn~ns’; v/kksfyf[kr gS&



ImpactFactor


®

lHkh Nk=k,a ikB’kkyk esa ukfer gksAukfer ckfydk,a f’k{kk iw.kZ djus ls iwoZ

ikB’kkyk dks u NksM+sA,slh Nk=k,a ftudk uke ikB’kkyk esa ntZ

ugha gSa muds fy, i<+kbZ dh fo’ks”k O;oLFkk dhTkk,A

f’k{kk ds {ks= esa L=h vkSj ckfydkvksa dhHkkxhnkjh lqfuf’pr gksA

5 ls 14 o”kZ dh vk;q okyh lHkh ckfydk,ale; ls viuh izkjfEHkd Lrj dh f’k{kk iw.kZ djsaA

bl dk;ZØe ds vURkxZr os ckfydk,a vkrhgSa tks vukekafdr ikB’kkyk R;kxh o dkedkthckfydk,a gSa] os bl dk;ZØe ds ek/;e ls viuhvkxs dh f’k{kk iw.kZ dj ldrh gSaA bl dk;ZØe dkeq[; mn~ns’;&

5 o”kZ ls 7 o”kZ rd dh vk;q okyh lHkhckfydkvksa dk uke ikB’kkyk esa ntZ djokukA

vf/kd mez dh o ,slh ckfydk,a ftUgksauschp esa fdUgha dkj.kksa ls fo|ky; NksM+ fn;k] ,slhckfydkvksa dks fczt dkslZ ds ek/;e ls vkxs dhi<+kbZ djus gsrq izksRlkfgr djukA

blds vUrxZr d{kk 5 dh ijh{kk ikl djusokyh lHkh ckfydkvksa dk uke d{kk 6 esa ntZdjokukA

,slh ckfydk,a tks d{kk 5 oha dh ijh{kkikl djus ds Ckkn d{kk 6 oha esa viuk ukekadu ughadjok ikbZ mUgsa vksiu Ldwy ds ek/;e ls ;k fcztdkslZ ds ek/;e ls f’k{kk iw.kZ djokukALora= Hkkjr esa ckfydk f’k{kk dh fLFkfr

Ckkfydk f’k{kk dk lk{kjrk Lrj Lora=rk iwoZcgqr gh fuEu FkkA Lok/khurk Ik’pkr~ 1951 esackfydk lk{kjrk nj 7-9% Fkh vkSj 30 o”kksZ ds ckn1981 esa ;g 24-8% FkhA 1991 esa ;g nj 39-3% Fkh tks 2001 esa c<+dj 54-16 izfr’kr gks xbZfQj 2011 esa ;g izfr’kr of) c<+dj 65-46%gks x;hA tks fd ckyd lk{kjrk 82-14% ls degSA bl mYys[kuh; izxfr ds ckotwn vkt HkhyxHkx 100 esa ls 46 efgyk,a vf’kf{kr gSaA

xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa ckfydk lk{kjrk 58-8% gS rks ;gh‘kgjh {ks=ksa esa 79-9% gSA v/kksfyf[kr rkfydk }kjkLora= Hkkjr esa ckfydk f’k{kk dh fLFkfr dks le>ktk ldrk gSARkfydk la-&01Lora= Hkkjr esa ckfydk lk{kjrk nj ¼2011dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj½izkFkfed Lrj ij ckfydkvksa dk ukekadu ¼2001&02ls 2011&12 rd½ fefy;u esa

Sourse : Statistics of School Education, MHRD fordata for period 2000-01 to 2004-05; and DISE fordata for the period 2006-07 to 2010-11.

Lora=rk izkfIr ds Ik’pkr~ gekjs ns’k dhizkFkfed f’k{kk esa lq/kkj gsrq izpkj&izlkj ds fy,laoS/kkfud O;oLFkk djds iw.kZ iz;kl fd;k tkusyxkA lafo/kku dh /kkjk 45 izkFkfed f’k{kk dksfu%’kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z :i ls lHkh dks miyC/kdjkus ds fy, ljdkj izfrc) gSA blds Ik’pkr~ ns’kdh igyh jk”Vªh; f’k{kk uhfr 1968 esa Hkh ljdkj}kjk iwoZ esa fu/kkZfjr blh uhfr dks nksgjkus dk lq>kofn;k x;kA nwljh jk”Vªh; f’k{kk uhfr 1986]la’kksf/kr jk”Vªh; f’k{kk uhfr 1991 rFkk jk”Vªh;f’k{kk uhfr dh dk;Z;kstuk 1992 esa Hkh ns’k dslHkh 14 o”kZ rd ds ckyd&ckfydkvksa dks 21 ohalnh esa izos’k djus ls iwoZ f’kf{kr djus dh ckr dghx;h gSA ckn esa 1993 esa Hkkjr ds loksZPp U;k;y;us Lohdkj fd;k dh f’k{kk dk vf/kdkj izR;sdHkkjrh; dk ewyk/kkj gSA rnSo bls ewyksa esa lfEefyrfd;s tkus gsrq ljdkj dks funsZ’k Hkh fn, x,A bllaca/k esa lu~ 1997 esa 83 oka lafo/kku la’kks/ku fcy

Ok”kZ

izkFkfed Lrj d{kk (01-05)

mPp izkFkfed Lrj d{kk (06-08)

izkjfEHkd Lrj d{kk (01-08)

ckyd Ckkfydk,a varj ckyd Ckkfydk,a varj ckyd Ckkfydk,a varj

2000-01 64.0 49.8 14.2 25.3 17.5 7.8 89.3 67.3 22.0

2001-02 63.6 50.3 13.3 26.1 18.7 7.4 89.7 69.0 20.7 2002-03 65.1 57.3 7.8 26.3 20.6 5.7 91.4 77.9 13.5

2003-04 68.4 59.9 8.5 27.3 21.5 5.8 95.7 81.4 14.3 2004-05 69.7 61.6 8.6 28.4 22.7 5.8 98.2 83.8 14.4

2006-07 68.4 63.4 5.0 25.4 22.1 3.3 93.8 85.5 8.3 2007-08 69.5 64.6 4.9 27.0 23.9 3.1 96.4 88.6 7.8

2008-09 69.3 65.0 4.3 28.0 25.4 2.6 97.3 90.4 6.9 2009-10 68.8 64.7 4.1 28.3 26.2 2.1 97.1 90.9 6.2 2010-11 69.8 65.4 4.4 29.8 28.0 1.8 99.6 93.4 6.2



ImpactFactor


®

Hkh jkT; lHkk esa is’k fd;k x;k] rRi’pkr~ izkFkfedf’k{kk dks cPpksa dk ekSfyd vf/kdkj vkSj bldhleqfpr O;oLFkk djus gsrq ljdkj dk ekSfydvf/kdkj fu;qDr fd;k x;kA ckn esa o”kZ 2002 esa86 oka lafo/kku la’kks/ku djds f’k{kk dks ekSfydvf/kdkj esa lfEefyr dj fy;k x;k vkSj bls ykxwdjus gsrq dkuwu dk fuekZ.k Hkh fd;k x;kA blla’kks/ku ds lkFk gh lkFk lafo/kku esa vuqPNsn 45 esaHkh ,d vuqPNsn tksM+k x;k] tks bl izdkj vfHkO;DrgS& jkT; dks lHkh cPpksa dks rc rd ds fy,‘kq#vkrh ns[kHkky vkSj f’k{kk dh O;oLFkk djus dsfy, iz;kl djuk pkfg, tc rd og N% o”kZ dhvk;q dk ugha gks tkrk gSA blds vfrfjDr vuqPNsn51&, esa la’kks/ku djds ,d u;k vuqPNsn ds tksM+kx;kA blds vUrZxr 6 ls 14 o”kZ rd dh vk;q dscPpksa ds ekrk&firk ;k vfHkHkkod vFkok laj{kddks vius ckyd&ckfydkvksa dks f’k{kk dh O;oLFkkdjus dk volj miyC/k djkus dk izko/kku fd;kx;k gSA

f’k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e vkus ds cknfo|ky;ksa esa ckfydkvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh c<+h gSA 1950ds n’kd esa yM+fd;ksa dk vuqikr f’k{kk ds {ks= esalcls de FkkA 1950 esa izkFkfed Lrj ij dqyukekafdr Nk=ksa dh la[;k flQZ 28% FkhA mPpizkFkfed esa 20 Qhlnh FkhA bl nkSjku Ldwy esaukekadu djkus okyh yM+fd;ksa dh la[;k esa 20xquk ls T;knk btkQk gqvkArkfydk la-&02f’k{kk Lrj ds vuqlkj ckfydkvksa dh ‘kSf{kdfLFkfr

nSfud Hkk”dj lruk ds vuqlkj xzkeh.k {ks=ksads v’kkldh; fo|kky;ksa esa 6 ls 14 o”kZ rd dhvk;q okys Nk=ksa ds ukekadu esa nks o”kksZ ds nkSjku uds cjkcj ifjorZu ns[kus dks feykA vr% ;g dguk

xyr u gksxk fd xazkeh.k {ks=ksa ds ljdkjh fo|ky;izkbosV ls T;knk yksdfiz; gSaA tgk¡ 2014 esa izkbosVfo|ky;ksa esa 30-8 izfr’kr ukekadu Fkk ogha 2016esa 30-5% gks x;kA gkykafd bl nkSjku izkbosVfo|ky;ksa esa tsaMj xSi esa deh ns[kus feyhA 2014esa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds izkbosV fo|ky;ksa esa izos’k ysusokyh yM+fd;ksa dk ukekadu tgk¡ 7-6% Fkk] ogha2016 esa ?kVdj 6-9% jg x;kA

f’k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e ¼2009½ dsvUrxZr 6&14 o”kZ rd ds cPpksa dh f’k{kk vfuok;ZgSA bl vk;q dh 95% yM+fd;k¡ fo|ky; tkrh gSaAysfdu blds Ik’pkr~ 15&17 o”kZ dh vk;q esa budsizfr’kr~ esa 11% dh deh vkrh gSA blh rjg f’k{kkds izR;sd Lrj esa budk vuqikr fxjrk gSA ;w-th-lh-dh 2014 dh ,uqvy fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj gk;j,tqds’ku esa ,ujksyesaV djkus okyh ckfydkvksa dhla[;k 44-44% gSA fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj Hkkjr ds xksokjkT; esa mPp f’k{kk esa izos’k ysus okyh ckfydkvksadh la[;k 60-23% tks vU; jkT;ksa ls vf/kd gSAnwljs LFkku ij dsjy gS] tgk¡ 59-99% ckfydk,agk;j ,tqds’ku esa izos’k ysrh gSaA blds foijhfrv:.kkpy izns’k ds gk;j ,tqds’ku esa izos’k ysusokyh ckfydkvksa dk vuqikr 36-82 izfr’kr gStks vU; lHkh jkT;ksa dh rqyuk esa lcls de gSAblesa Hkkjr ds dsUnz’kkflr izns’kksa dks ‘kkfey ughafd;k x;k gSA

ns’k esa 6 ls 11 lky dh mez ds djhc 12djksM+ 50 yk[k cPps gSaA buesa 6-3 izfr’kr djksM+ckyd vkSj 5-9 izfr’kr djksM+ ckfydk,a gSaA fo|ky;u tkus okys yM+dksa dk vuqikr 14 Qhlnh gS] oghackfydkvksa dk 18 Qhlnh gSA blds vfrfjDryxHkx 29 yk[k cPps ,sls gSa tks ‘kkjhfjd v{kerkvksads f’kdkj gSa] ftuesa ls djhc 10 yk[k ¼34Qhlnh½ cPpksa dks Ldwy esa izos’k ugha fey ldkA;g gekjk nqHkkZX; gh gS fd ‘kkjhfjd :Ik ls detksjcPpksa dk ,d fgLlk fo|ky;h f’k{kk ls nwj gSAorZeku esa ckfydk f’k{kk dk fodkl vkSjpqukSfr;k¡

Ok”kZ izkFkfed mPp izkFkfed

lsdaMjh+++vij lsdaMjh

1951 28.13% 16.13% 13.33%

1981 38.62% 32.85% 30.91% 2015 48.19% 48.63% 47.31%



ImpactFactor


®

tSlk dh fofnr gS fd ckfydk f’k{kk dsfodkl gsrq jktdh; ,oa O;fDrxr cgqr ls iz;klfd, x, gSa ysfdu ;g gekjk nqHkkZX; gS fd vU;ns’kksa dh rqyuk esa larks”ktud izxfr ugha gks ikbZ gSAL=h f’k{kk ds ekxZ esa fuEufyf[kr leL;k,a gSa&lkekftd #f<+okfnrk

gekjs ns’k esa QSyh lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ,oavU/kfo’oklksa ds ifj.kkeLo:Ik Ik;kZIr lQyrk ughafey ik jgh gSA vkt ds vk/kqfud ;qx esa Hkh yksx#f<oknh fopkj/kkkjk ds gSaA ,sls yksxksa dk er gS fdckfydkvksa dks f’k{kk nsuk O;FkZ gS D;kasfd ckfydkvksadks ifjokj esa gh jguk gSA vr,o budh f’k{kk dhtxg buds fookg ij vf/kd /;ku fn;k tk,A ,slhekufldrk ds gh yksx L=h f’k{kk dh izxfr esa ck/kdfl) gksrs gSaAvf’k{kk

orZeku esa gekjs ns’k dh vf/kdka’k turkvf’k{kk ,oa vKkurk ds va/kdkj esa Mwch gqbZ gSAHkkjr ns’k dh turk f’k{kk ds egÙo dks le>us esavlEkFkZ jgh gSA ,slh voLFkk esa ,sls yksx ckyd&ckfydkvksa dks f’k{kk nsuk le; vkSj /ku dk viO;;le>rs gSaA ,sls yksxksa dks ekuuk gS fd ckfydkvksa dksfookg Ik’pkr~ viuk ikfjokfjd thou O;rhr djukgS blfy, bUgsa f’k{kk nsuk O;FkZ gSAf’kf{kdkvksa dk vHkko

dU;k ikB’kkyk esa izf’kf{kr f’kf{kdkvksa dkvHkko gSA vusdksa ,slh f’kf{kr fL=;k¡ gSa tks viusifjokj okyksa dh bPNk ds fcuk ukSdjh djuk ilanugha djrs gSaA ,sls esa ;ksX; o izf’kf{kr f’kf{kdkvksa dsvHkko esa L=h f’k{kk dh mUufr laHko ugh gks ldrhgSAvkfFkZd dfBukb;k ¡

vkt ds le; esa Hkkjr dh vf/kdka’k turkvkfFkZd ladVks ls f?kjh lh izrhr gksrh gSA xzkeh.k {ks=ksaesa jkstejkZ dh vko’;drk,a gh iwjh ugha gks ikrh gSAftl dkj.k fu/kZu ekrk&firk ckydksa dks f’kf{krdjus dk lk/ku ugha tqVk ikrs gSa rks ,slh fLFkfr esackfydkvks dks f’k{kk nsus dk iz’u gh ugha mBrk gSA

‘kSf{kd iz’kklu rFkk ljdkj dh mnklhurkL=h f’k{kk ds izpkj&izlkj gsrq gekjh ljdkjsa

iw.kZ:Ik ls /;ku ugha ns jgh gSaA L=h f’k{kk gsrq ckydksadh rqyuk esa de /kujkf’k lftr dh tkrh gSA L=hf’k{kk dk iz’kklu dk iz’kklu iq#”k vf/kdkfj;ksa dsikl gS] budks fL=;ksa dh leL;kvksa ds izfr iw.kZtkudkjh u gksus ds dkj.k ;s blh dkj.k muesa Ik;kZIr#fp Hkh ugha ysrs gSaA bl rjg L=h f’k{kk ds leqfprfodkl esa ck/kk igq¡prh gSACkkfydk f’k{kk dk vuqi;qDr ikB~;Øe

ns’k esa f’k{kk ds lHkh Lrjksa ij ckyd&ckfydkvksa ds fy, ,d gh leku ikB~;Øe vkSjijh{kk,a fu/kkZfjr dh x;h gSaA ;g muds fy, ‘kkjhfjd]ekufld ,oa lkekftd] :I ls mi;qDr ugha gSAorZeku f’k{kk dk okLrfod thou ls dksbZ lEcU/kugh gSA bl dkj.k Hkh vf/kdka’k ekrk&firk orZekuf’k{kk dks vuqi;qDr le>rs gSaA

Lora=rk izkfIr ds i’pkr~ Hkkjr esa efgykvksadh lkekftd rFkk ‘kSf{kd fLFkfr esa vusd ØkafrdkjhifjorZu fn[kkbZ fn,A vkt Hkkjrh; fL=;k¡ vKkurk]#f<+okfnrk rFkk vlgk;rk :ih ca/kuksa ls eqDr gksdj,d lEekuiwoZd thou;kiu dj jgh gSaA vk/kqfudlekt esa fL=;ksa ds izfr iq#”kksa ds nf”Vdks.k esa HkhifjorZu vkt Li”V fn[kkbZ ns jgk gSA orZeku Hkkjresa fL=;ksa ls lacaf/kr iwoZ dh izpfyr ekU;rk,a ,oadqjhfr;k¡ LkHkh cnyrh gqbZ nf”Vxkspj gks jgh gSaAHkkjr ljdkj us fL=;ksa rFkk iq#”kksa dks leku ntkZ nsrsgq,] fL=;ksa gsrq f’k{kk ds izpkj&izlkj ij fo’ks”k cyfn;kAfu”d”kZ

fL=;ksa dh izxfr ij gh O;fDr dk lokZaxh.kfodkl fuHkZj djrk gSA f’kf{kr fL=;k¡ ifjokj dslkFk&lkFk lekt dks Hkh lqlaLdr ,oa mUufr’khycukus esa vxz.kh Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSa blfy, lektvkSj ns’k dh izxfr ds fy, mUgsa leqfpr f’k{kk nsukvfrvko’;d gSA vr% Hkkjr esa iwoZ ls izpfyrladqfpr ekufldrk dks nwj djus dk iz;kl fd;kx;k gSA Lora= Hkkjr esa ckfydkvksa dks ckydksa ds



ImpactFactor


®

leku vf/kdkj izkIr gSA orZeku esa gekjh ljdkjsapkgs og dsUnzh; gksa ;k jkT; dh lHkh ds }kjkckfydkvksa dks f’kf{kr djus gsrq vusd ;kstuk,a‘kq: dh x;h gSaA vkt lkekftd] /kkfeZd] jktuhfrd]lkaLdfrd] ‘kSf{kd vkfn lHkh {ks=ksa esa ckfydk,aleku :Ik ls ckydksa ds gh leku Hkkx ys jgh gSaAorZeku ;qx esa ckfydk,a lHkh {ks=ksa esa c<+ p<+djHkkx ys jgh gSa fQj pkgs og foKku dk {ks= gks ;k;q) dk LkHkh {ks=ksa esa os viuk vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnku nsjgh gSaA vkt yM+fd;ksa dh f’k{kk dks c<+kok nsus dsfy, tuleqnk; Hkh lg;ksx dj jgk gS ysfdu bldslkFk gh lkFk rduhdh f’k{kk] mPp f’k{kk ,oaO;kolkf;d f’k{kk esa Hkkxhnkjh c<+kus ds fy, gekjhdsUnz o jkT; dh ljdkjksa dks lekt esa tkx:drkykus dh t:jr gSAlanHkZ lwph

xks;y ftrsUnz flag ,oa pkS/kjh] lquhrk¼2014½- orZeku ifjn‘; esa efgykf’k{kk&n’kk ,oa fn’kk- Hkkjrh; vk/kqfudf’k{kk] o”kZ&34] vad&03- tuojh 2014-ubZ fnYyhAJhokLro jf’e ¼2013½- i<+s csfV;k¡] c<+scsfV;k¡] ;kstuk dk egÙo rFkk lQyrk gsrqvko’;d lko/kkfu;k¡- Hkkjrh; vk/kqfudf’k{kk] o”kZ&34] vad&01- tqykbZ 2013-ubZ fnYyhAdq’kokgk eatw ¼2014½ ckfydk f’k{kk dhn’kk&fn’kk] ,- ds- ifCyds’kUl] ubZ&fnYyhAnSfud Hkk”dj] lekpkj i=- 24@01@2015-nSfud Hkk”dj] lekpkj i=- 10@07@2016-nSfud Hkk”dj] lekpkj i=- 21@01@2017-nSfud Hkk”dj] lekpkj i=- 28@01@2017-

la;qDr izkUrksa esa vdky %vkfFkZd ifjizs{; esa v/;;u

o:.k of’k”B‘kks/kkFkhZ] bfrgkl ,oa Hkkjrh; laLÑfr foHkkx]

jktLFkku fo’ofo|ky; t;iqj

==============***********===============izkphu dky esa Hkkjr ds ÅitkÅ {ks= dks

ftls osn o iqjk.kks esa /kU;&/kkU; ls lEiUu Hkwfe lIrlSU/ko dk izkjfEHkd mYys[k feyrk gS dkSfVY; usvius vFkZ’kkL= esa ÅitkÅ Hkwfe dks mldh moZjrkds vk/kkj ij vusd izdkjks esa ck¡Vk gS rFkk vyx&vyxHkwfe ds fy;s fHkUu izdkj ds gy] [kkn] eaU=ks bR;kfndk Hkh mYys[k fd;k gSA lezkVks ds }kjk vk;ksftrjktlw;] v’oes|] cktlus;] vfXu”Vkse bR;kfn;Kks dk ewy pdzorhZ lezkV cuus ds lkFk&lap;lkFk fo’kky Hkw[k.M+ ij vf/kdkj tekuk Hkh Fkkftlls vf/kd ls vf/kd ÅitkÅ Hkwfe ij mldkvf/kdkj gks tks fd mlds lezkT; dks vkfFkZd etcwrhiznku dj ldsA 1

Hkkjr ds fo”k; esa mYys[k djrs gq;s gsujhvkULVs us fy[kk Fkk] ,d vkdfLed vkxUrqd HkhHkkjr dh egku HkkSfrd lEHkkoukvksa ,oa vf/kdka’k;k turk dh rqPN vkfFkZd flf);ks ds fojks/k dkseglwl djus esa foQy ugha jg ldrkA2

Hkkjr ,d ,sls ns’k dk mnkgj.k izLrqrdjrk gS ftldh lH;rk vfr’k; izkphu gS] ftldslalk/ku izpqj vkSj fofo/k gS] tks vkfFkZd nf”Vdks.k lsif’;pe~ ds vR;f/kd fodflr ns’kks ds ?kfu”BlEidZ esa gS vkSj rc Hkh nf”Vdks.k ,oa laxBu ds:i esa e/;;qxhu vkSj fiNM+k gqvk ns’k gS Hkkjr dsfojks/kkHkkl dks bafxr djrs gq;s ,e0,y0MkfyZax usfy[kk gS fd Hkkjr ds lEcU/k es a lcls

43



ImpactFactor


®

/;kukd”kZd rF; ;g gS fd bldh feV~Vh /kuh gS vkSjbldh turk xjhc gS3 pkYlZ ,p csgjh us dgk fdvius dks;ys] yksgs] viuh ekuo ‘kfDr ds lkFkHkkjr lEHkor% ,f’k;k ds vkS|ksfxd fodkl esavrqyuh; ;ksxnku dj ldrk gS Hkkjr esa lk/ku udsoy izpqj gS oju~ lkFk gh mlesa fofo/krk gS Hkkjrh;lalk/kuks dh fofo/krk ij MkW0osjk vkULVs us fy[kk gSfd Hkkjr ds ikl tkuojks] ouLifr vkSj [kfutinkFkksZ dh egku fdLesa miyC/k gS tks vf/kd ckyksokyh d’ehjh igkM+h HksM+ks ls ysdj fla/k ds ÅWaV vkSjcaxky ds gkFkh vkSj ck?k rd] mRrj ds xsgwW] QyvkSj nsonkj o{kks ls ysdj xeZ fupys Hkkxks vkSjrVh; {ks=ksa ds pkoy vkSj ukfj;y rd vkSj caxky]fcgkj vkSj mM+hlk ds dks;ys vkSj yksgs ds {ks=ks lsysdj eSlwj ds lksus vkSj iatkc ds ued ds igkM+rd gSA 4

bu dFkuks ls ;g rF; rks Li”V gks tkrk gSfd Hkkjr esa fodkl dh lEHkkouk;sa vlhfer FkhijUrq fodkl ij leqfpr /;ku uk fn;s tkus dsdkj.k Hkkjr dh vf/kdka’k turk xjhch o vHkko esagh thou O;rhr djrh jgh vkSj le;≤ ijiM+us okys vdkykas us bl d”V dks vkSj c<+k fn;kAizkphu dky ls gh Hkkjrh; vkfFkZd laxBu dhegRoiw.kZ fo’ks”krk ;g jgh gS fd ;g ,d xkWao dkns’k jgk gS euq”; ds vkfFkZd thou dh lEiUurk]lEeqUufr vkSj lq[k&lqfo/kk dk ewy vk/kkj df”k]i’kqikyu] m|ksx vkSj O;kikj ;Fkkor jgk gS Hkkjrh;lekt dk vkfFkZd fodkl] iq#”kkFkZ ds thou n’kZuds ek/;e ls gqvk gS ftlesa ^vFkZ* dks ,d iz/kkurRo ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA ogLifr vkSjdkSfVY; us Hkh vFkZ dh egRrk dks crk;k gSA izkphudky esa izR;sd xkWo Loa; ,d iw.kZ bZdkbZ gqvk djrkFkk ns’k lgL=ksa iFkd xkWo esa foHkDr Fkk tks vkRefuHkZj gqvk djrs Fks vk; dk eq[; lk/ku df”k gqvkdjrh Fkh vkSj izR;sd xkWo esa czkEg.k] {kf=;] oS’;]‘kwnz gqvk djrs Fks ftlls lHkh izdkj dh vko’;drk;saiw.kZ gks ikrh Fkh D;ksfd vko’;drk;sa lhfer FkhAvr% cktkj dk Lo:i LFkkuh; FkkA 5

df”k ;|fi eq[; vkthfodk Fkh ijUrq mldky esa m|ksx Hkh brus i;kZIr fodflr Fks fd df”kvkSj m|ksx esa iw.kZ larqyu Fkk tks yksx m|ksx esa yxsgq;s Fks os lgk;d O;olk; ds :i esa df”k esa dk;Zdjrs FksA dqN uxjksa muesa LFkkfir m|ksxks dh otg lsHkh tkuk tkrk Fkk ftuesa vf/kdka’k% yfyrdykvFkok foykflrk dh oLrqvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrkFkkA

df”k {ks= esa Hkwfe vFkZO;oLFkk ls ekSle dhvfuf’prrkvksa ds ckotwn ;g vis{kk dh tkrh Fkhfd og turk dks vkRefuHkZj cuk;sxhA ty dhi;kZIr vkiwfrZ ds fy;s ck¡/kks rFkk flapkbZ lk/kuks dkfuekZ.k fd;k tkrk FkkA twukx<+ esa :nznkeu dsf’kykys[k ¼130 bZ0&’k 150 bZ0½ esa lqn’kZutyk’k; dk izk;% vkB lkS o”kksZ ds yEcs bfrgkldk o.kZu gS ijUrq blds ckotwn ns’k esa lw[kk vkSjvdky tSlh fLFkfr;kWa Hkh vkrh jgrh FkhA pUnzxqIrekS;Z ds dky esa 12 o”kksZ rd ;g fLFkfr cuh jghFkhA rRdky lkfgR; esa vdkyksa rFkk [kk|kUuksa dsU;k;ksfpr forj.k ds fy;s jk’kfuax O;oLFkk dkmYys[k feyrk gSA xqIr dky o g”kZo/kZu ds ledkyhulkfgR;ks o vfHkys[kksa esa vdkyksa ds fo”k; esa tkudkjhizkIr gksrh gSA

bu vdkyksa dk lkekftd izHkko rks ?kkrdFkk gh ysfdu bldk jkT; dh vFkZO;oLFkk ij xgjkizHkko iM+rk Fkk D;ksfd jkT; dks bu vdkyksa lsfuiVus ds fy;s vius vkfFkZd lalk/kuks dks iwjh rjgyxkuk gksrk Fkk lkFk gh vdky ls ihfM+r O;kikfj;ksa]fdlkuksa bR;kfn dh /ku }kjk lgk;rk djuh gksrhFkhA 6

lYrur dky esa bfrgkldkjks }kjk mYysf[krlcls xEHkhj vdky eqgEen fcu&rqxyd ds dkyesa iM+k Fkk tks bruk Hka;dj Fkk fd lqYrku dks fnYyhNksM+dj dUukSt ds fudV LoxZnkjh esa jguk iM+kAbruk lw[kk iM+k fd lEiw.kZ jkT; esa [ksrh gksus dsckotwn yk[kks yksx Hkw[k ls ej x;sA e/;dky esaiM+us okys vdkyksa ls fuiVus ds fy;s lqYrkuks ds}kjk iz’kklfud O;oLFkk dh tkrh FkhA 7 vykmn~nhu



ImpactFactor


®

f[kyth ds }kjk eq[; :i ls cktkj fu;a=.k O;oLFkkdk eq[; mns~’; lSfudks dh vko’;drkvks dks iwjkdjus dk Fkk ftlesa mUgs de dher ij gh lkekufey tk;saA oLrqvks dh dher dks fu;af=r j[kus dsfy;s vykmn~nhu f[kyth ds }kjk O;kikfj;ks dksvfxze /kujkf’k nh x;h rFkk lkFk gh ;g psrkouh Hkhnh tkrh Fkh og oLrqvksa dh dher ij fu;a=.kj[ksxsaA vykmn~nhu ds }kjk vius vf/kdkfj;ksa dks ;gfunsZ’k fn;s x;s fd og vdky ds le; ds fy;svius Hk.M+kjxg dks Hkjk j[ksA X;klqn~nhu rqxyd usvdky lfgark dks cuk;k] ftlesa mlus vdky lsigys vdky ls cpus ds mik; ds rkSj&rjhds dkfoLrkj ls o.kZu fd;k gS rFkk vdky ds i’pkr~lkekftd] vkfFkZd izHkkoks ls fuiVus ds fy;slq>ko fn;s gSA 8

Hkkjr esa vrhr dky ls gh vdky dksHkxoku ds Øks/k ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k] ftlesamUgsa eR;q] vHkko] iyk;u] vkfFkZd cckZnh dklkeuk djuk iM+rk Fkk ysfdu lkSHkkX; ls Hkkjr esaiM+us okys vf/kdka’k vdkyksa dh izdfr LFkkuh; o{ks=h; gh jghA e/;;qxhu dky ds bfrgkl dksNksM+dj igys dh vof/k esa vdkyksa dk fjdkMZ dqNfc[kjs lUnHkksZ esa gh miyC/k gSA eqxy dky fo’ks”kdjvdcj ds dky esa iM+s xEHkhj vdky o”kZ 1555&56]1573&74] 1583&84 vkSj 1595&98 us Hkkjrds cM+s {ks= vkfFkZd :i ls cM+s {ks= dks izHkkforfd;kA 9 tgkWaxhj] ‘kgtgkWa o vkSjaxtsc lHkh ‘kkldksds dky esa gj pkj&ikWap o”kksZ esa Hkkjr esa vdkyiM+rs Fks ftlds izHkko Lo:i mu {ks= esa mRiknu esadeh] csjkstxkjh esa c<+ksRrjh] dz; ‘kfDr {kerk esadeh] [kk| inkFkksZ esa Hkkjh deh gks tk;k djrh FkhA10 ifjogu o lapkj dh deh ds dkj.k bldhxEHkhjrk vkSj c<+ tk;k djrh Fkh ysfdu vdkyksadh fujrajrk ds dkj.k yksx fo’ks”kdj fdlku Hkfo”;ds [krjks ds izfr lapsr jgrs Fks blfy;s og fo’ks”kQlyks dk jksi.k ty ds la’kk/kuks dk leqfprmi;ksx] Hka.M+kj.k vkSj Hkkstu ds laj{k.k HkaM+kj]i’kq/ku dh lqj{kk bR;kfn fof/k;kWa viukdj blds

fy;s vius vki vkus okyh foifRr ds fy;s rS;kjdjrs FksA

lkfj.kh&1 eqxy dky esa iM+s vdky lsizHkkfor {ks= 11o”kZ {ks= fVIi.kh1555&56 mRrjh Hkkjr fo’ks”kdj fnYyh dsvkl&ikl dk {ks= 1573&74] 1630&32 xqtjkrdze’k% 06 ekg o 04 o”kZ rd yksx ,d txg lsnwljh txg foLFkkfir gksrs jgsA

1577 dPN jkT; }kjk izHkkfor yksxks dksvukt forj.k fd;k x;kA

1583&84 orZeku dk yxHkx lEiw.kZ mRrjHkkjr] la;qDr izkUr] vo/k] vkxjk jkgr dk;ksZ ds}kjk jkstxkj fn;k x;k] lsuk esa HkrhZZ vkSj vdcj ds}kjk eq¶r vukt dk forj.k fd;k x;k rFkk fgUnw]eqlyekuks o tksfx;ks ds fy;s vyx&vyx fdpuj[ks x;s [kkuk cukus ds fy;sA

1595&98 mRrjh Hkkjr fo’ks”kdj d’ehjvkSj ykgkSj vdcj ds }kjk eq¶r [kkus ds forj.k dsfy;s 12 jlksbZ [kksyh x;h ftlesa 80 gtkj yksxksdk [kkuk izfrfnu curk FkkA

jkstxkj nsus ds fy;s fdys dk fuekZ.k djk;kx;kA

1614&15 iatkc ¼LFkkuh; izdfr dk½ fnYyhvkSj nf{k.k Hkkjr vdky ds dkj.k bu {ks=ks esa xg;q) dh fLFkfr iSnk gks x;hA&

ysfdu ;wjksih; yksxksa ds efLr”d esa Hkkjrh;lef) dk fpUg cu x;k FkkA os mls tkuuk pkgrsFksA Hkkjr dh ckSf)drk us Hkh ;wjksi ds efLrd dksvkdf”kZr fd;kA teZuh ds egku nk’kZfud th-MCY;w-,Q- ghxsy us fy[kkA izkphu le; ls lHkh jk”Vªks dsyksx bl Hkwfe ds vk’p;Zpfdr vkSj dherh [ktkusds ckjs esa tkuus ds bPNqd jgs gS] tks iFoh dsvk’p;ksZ esa ls ,d gS] tSls izdfr dk [ktkuk&eksrh]ghjs] b=] gkFkh] ‘ksj vkfn vkSj cqf) dk [ktkukA ogjkLrk tks bl [ktkus ls gksrk gqvk if’pe dks tkrkFkkA Hkkjr ges’kk fo’o esa ,sfrgkfld egRo j[krkvk;k gS] tks fd jk”Vª ds HkkX; ls ca/kk gqvk gSA 12



ImpactFactor


®

iqrZxkfy;ks dks ml le; /kDdk yxk tc muds ‘k=qLisu us muds ogkW jgrs gq;s vesfjdk dh [kkst dkiqjLdkj thrkA blds ckn ikap lky rd og viekulgu djrs jgs vkSj 1497 esa mUgksusa okLdksfMxkekdks ,d vyx jkLrs ls pkj tgktksa ds csMs ds lkFkvQzhdk dh vksj ls vlyh Hkkjr dh [kkst djus dsfy;s HkstkA nks lky dh leqnzh ;k=k ds ckn Hkh mUgsO;kolkf;d lQyrk ugha feyh vkSj os vius 170tgkft;ksa esa ls 116 dks [kks cSBsA Hkkjrh;ksa dks ;wjksidh lLrh oLrqvksa vkSj diM+ks esa dksbZ fnypLih ughaFkhA og muls dbZ xquk vPNk diM+k vkSj oLrq,cuk ldrs FksA 13 fdUrq okLdksfMxkek vius lkFkdqN vkSj t:jh phts ys x;k FkkA mlus iqrZxky dsfdax eSuqvy dks crk;k&cM+s ‘kgj] cMh fcfYMaxsa]ufn;kWa vkSj fo’kky tula[;kA mlus elkyksa] tokgjkrks]dherh iRFkjks vkSj lksus dh [kkuksa ds ckjs esa Hkhcrk;kA mldk lkspuk Fkk fd mlus Hkkjr dh ikSjkf.kdlEink dks [kkst fy;k gSA 14

vaxzst bl lEink dks lkS lky ckn rc iklds tc Lisu vkSj iqrZxky jkT; ds chp oSokfgdlEcU/k LFkkfir gq;sA vaxzst bl Hk;kud lkezkT; ls;q) dj jgs Fks vkSj mUgksusa 1588 esa peRdkjiw.kZrjhds ls Lisu ds vijkftr l’kL= lSU; tyiksrlewg dks ekj Hkxk;kA 15 vaxzst&baMht esa igysO;kikj dh txg ywV&ikV djus vk;sA os if’pe esaiqrZxkfy;ks dks utjvankt djrs gq;s iwoZ esa dksjkseaM+yrV igqWps] tgk¡ og enzkl esa LFkkfir gq,A enzkl dks[kkstus ds ckn mUgs yxk fd ywV dh txg O;kikjdjuk mfpr gS vkSj os ekykckj rV pys x;sA

iqrZxkfy;ks ls lko/kkuhiwoZd cprs gq;s eqxylkezkT; ds le) lwjr canjxkg ij viuk O;kikj{ks= LFkkfir fd;kA blds ckn os Mjrs&Mjrs vkxsc<+s vkSj mUgksusa ,d [kkyh Îhi dks dCtk;k] tksvkxs pydj eqEcbZ tSlk O;kolkf;d ‘kgj dhLFkkiuk dhA vaxzstks us ik;k fd Hkkjr fo’o esa lwrh/kkxk vkSj oL= mRiknu ds {ks= esa vxz.kh FkkA Hkkjrdk diM+k m|ksx viuh csgrjhu fdLe vkSj xq.k dsfy;s vf}rh; gSA ;g m|ksx u flQZ cM+h ek=k esa

?kjsyw ekax dh gh iwfrZ djrk Fkk] cfYd yxHkxbldk vk/kk Hkkx fgan egklkxj ds jkLrs nf{k.k,f’k;k vkSj phu igqWprk FkkA l=goha ‘krkCnh dh‘kq:vkr esa mUgksus ik;k fd ;g fo’kky cktkj ;wjksidh cM+h ekax dks iwjh dj ldrk gSA bl izdkjl=goha ‘krkCnh ds var rd fo’o diM+k m|ksx ijbZLV bafM;k dEiuh dk ,d pkSFkkbZ vf/kdkj gks x;kFkkA 16 Hkkjr dk lwr ;wjksi ds diM+ks esa rCnhy gksx;k Fkk tks Åu dh vis{kk lLrk vkSj gYdk Fkk]vf/kd ltkoVh ¼jaxkbZ vkSj NikbZ ds fy;s½ /kksus vkSjcnyus esa vklku lwrh diM+k ,d u, fo’o dsfy;s cuus yxk FkkA

;gka ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd c<+rs O;kikj dsckotwn Hkh Hkkjrh; O;kikjh vius mRikn esa lq/kkj dsrjhdks dks u cnydj cktkj <kaps esa ifjorZu ughadj ldsA 17

vf/k’ks”k vkSj O;kikj ds gksus ij Hkh fdlkucgqr xjhc FksA Qzkal ds ,d fpfdRld QzSdksblcfuZ;j us Hkkjr esa ckjg lky fcrk, vkSj mlus vkeyksxks dh xjhch ds ckjs esa fy[kkA mlus muds ttZjedkuks viekfur ftanxh vkSj dqN FkksM+s ls vehjksavkSj daxkyks ds chp ukVdh; varj dk mYys[kfd;k Fkk D;ksfd eqxyks dh izofRr mnklhu FkhA osHkwfe dh n’kk lq/kkjus ds fy;s cgqr de lgk;rkdjrs FksA vPNk O;kikj gksus ds ckotwn Hkh O;kikjhdjks ds Mj ls viuh lEifRr dks Nqik;s j[krs FksA18 bldk dksbZ vklku mRrj ugha gS fd ns’k le)gksrs gq, Hkh mlds yksx xjhc FksA blds fy;s ge ;glQkbZ ns ldrs gS fd vf/kd tula[;k gksus dsdkj.k lLrs etnwj fey tkrs FksA tc etnwjks dhiwfrZ yphyh gks rc ;g lLrk iM+rk gS fd e’khuesa [kpZ djus dh ctk, yksxks ls dke fy;k tk;sA;g vBkjgoha ‘krkCnh esa Hkh lp Fkk vkSj vkt Hkhlp gSA ,d vaxzsth leh{kd us 1807 esa fy[kk]Hkkjr esa ;g iz;kl dHkh&dHkkj gh gksrk Fkk fd tksdke vkneh dj ldrs Fks] mUgsa e’khuksa ls djok;ktk;sA 19

Hkkjr ij vaxzstks ds vf/kdkj ds lkFk gh



ImpactFactor


®

Hkkjr esa ‘kks”k.k dh ,d ubZ izfdz;k dh ‘kq:vkrgq;hA bl vkSifuosf’kd O;oLFkk us vdkyksa ds {ks=h;Lo:i dks vf[ky Hkkjrh; izdfr dk cuk fn;kAHkkjr ds vkfFkZd ‘kks”k.k dh ‘kq:vkr 1757 esafczfV’k ‘kklu ds LFkkiuk ds lkFk gksrh gSA bZLVbafM;k daiuh Hkkjr ij O;kikj ,dkf/kdkj LFkkfirdjus ds fy;s jktuSfrd ‘kfDr dk iz;ksx fd;kAblus cqudjks dks vius mRiknks dks lLrs nkeks ijcspus ds fy;s etcwj fd;kA rFkk lLrs nkeks ijdPps eky dh vkiwfrZ dj baXyS.M+ ds e’khuks ls cuslkeku dks mPp ewY; ij fodz; dj Hkkjh ykHkdek;kA 1813 esa Hkkjrh; O;kikj dks eqDr djfn;k x;k tgkWa bXyS.M+ dks Hkkjr esa vk;kr djus dsfy;s ukeek= dh vuqefr o ‘kqYd nsuk gksrk Fkk oghaHkkjrh; Lons’kh m|ksx ls cuk;s x;s lkeku ij Hkkjhvk;kr dj yxkdj mls rckg fd;k x;kA 20

Hkkjr esa lkezkT;okn dh LFkkiuk dh cgqrcM+h dher pqdkus ds ckn fczfV’k ljdkj jktLocpr dks vius lkFk vius ?kj ys xbZA Hkkjr mUuhloha‘krkCnh ds nwljs Hkkx vkSj chloha ‘krkCnh dh‘kq:vkr esa dkQh cM+s Lrj ij vk;kr dh vis{kkfu;kZr T;knk djrk FkkA fczVsu Hkkjr ds O;kikfjdvf/k’ks”k dk bLrseky vU; fe= ds lkFk viusfoRrh; ?kkVs dks iwjk djus ds fy;s djrk FkkA 21bUnzthr jk; ds vuqlkj ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dkvkB izfr’kr~ Hkkx fczVsu dks tkrk Fkk tks gekjh/kulaifRr dk egkdk; [kpZ iznf’kZr djrk gSA blizdkj fczVsu bls daxky djrk jgk vkSj /ku mldhvkS|ksfxd Økafr esa yxrk jgkA mifuos’kokn ds nkSjkuHkkjr dh xjhch dk Js”B ekeyk izLrqr fd;k FkkA22

19oha ‘krkCnh esa mRrjk)Z esa Hkkjr esa vdkydh yxkrkj ?kVuk;sa mifuos’kokn vkSj vdky dschp vUr)ZUn lEcU/k crkrh gS fd dSls lapkj dslk/kuks tSls&jsyos] lM+dksa ds fodkl ds ckn Hkh dSlslapkj ds lk/kuks tSls&jsyos] lM+dksa ds fodkl dsckn Hkh Hkkjr dPps eky] [kkn~;kUu mRiknd] ekyfu;kZrd vkSj fuos’k djus dh txg dsoy ,d ,slkfu;kZrd cu x;k tgkWa ls dPpk eky Hkstk tkrk Fkk

vkSj e’khujh ls eky cukus vkSj cspus ds fy;s ,dvPNk cktkj cu x;kA 23 bl izdkj Hkkjrh;vFkZO;oLFkk dks fczfV’k vFkZO;oLFkk dh vkSifuosf’kd‘kks”k.k dh cnyrh t:jrks ds vuqlkj cnyk x;kAHkkjr esa vius mifuos’k dks cpk;s j[kus ds fy;s;q) yM+s x;s rFkk mu [kpksZ dks iwjk djus ds fy;sHkwfe jktLo O;oLFkk dh ‘kq:vkr dh x;hA Hkwfeftls fd Hkkjrh; ijEijk esa mls ekWa ds leku ekukx;k mls ,d fcdzh ;ksX; oLrq cuk fn;k x;kA uxnjktLo dh ekWax us uxnh Qlyks ds mRiknu ds fy;sfdlkuks dks ck/; fd;k x;kA

df”k ds cykr O;olk;hdj.k dk ifj.kke;s jgk fd Hkkjr ds fdlkuks dks tcjnLrh vUrZjk”Vªh;cktkj ls tksM+ fn;k x;k vkSj fdlkuks cktkj dsHkjksls gh NksM+ fn;k x;k tc fdlkuks dh QlyfoQy gksus yxh rks fdlkuks dks Hkw jktLo ds Hkqxrkuds fy;s lkgwdkjks ls _.k ysuk iM+kA 24 bl izdkjfdlku ,d nq”dpdz esa QWl x;kA ,d rjQ lkgwdkjksus mudh tehu gM+i yh ftlesa fczfV’k U;kf;diz.kkyh us mudh lgk;rk dhA fdlku vius gh[ksrks ij [ksrhgj etnwj gks x;k vkSj tc ekulwu dhfoQyrk ds dkj.k vdky iM+rs Fks fdlkuks ds d”Vnqxus gks tkrs Fks eqDr O;kikj dh uhfr us fczfV’kfgrks ds vuq:i gh dke fd;kA bl uhfr us vdkyds ladV ds nkSjku [kk|kUu dh deh ds otg lsfdlkuks dh fLFkfr;kWa cgqr nq”dj cuk fn;k 25Hkkjr esa vkSifuosf’kd ‘kklu bl jktuhfrd fopkjij n< fo’okl djrk Fkk fd Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkkdks iw.kZ eqDr O;kikj ds gokys dj fn;k tk;sA1860 rd Hkkjr dsoy dPps eky ds fu;kZrd dsrkSj ij fczfV’k O;kikfjd fgrks ds fy;s vkn’kZ cktkjds :i esa LFkkfir Hkh gks x;k FkkA bl fu;kZr dkizeq[k ?kVd [kk|kUu Fkk ftldk fu;kZr rc Hkh ugha:dk tc yxkrkj Hkkjr ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa vdkyiM+rs FksA 19oh ‘krkCnh ds mRrjk)Z esa vdkyks dhyxkrkj gq;h ?kVukvksa ds ihNs izkdfrd dkj.k defczfV’k vkSifuosf’kd ‘kks”k.koknh uhfr dk ifj.kkevf/kd FkhA 1895 esa cqUnsy[k.M+] mRrj& if’pe



ImpactFactor


®

izkaUrks vkSj vo/k esa iMs vdky lnh dk lcls cM+kvdky Fkk ftldk vlj cgqr cM+s o O;kid {ks= esaFkkA bl vdky ls izHkkfor {ks=ks esa caxky] ckEcs]enzkl] e/; izkUr] iatkc] cjkj vkSj cekZ izkUr FksAbl vdky us dqy 5]04]940 LoD;kj ehy vkSj96-93 fefy;u iM+kslh jkT;ks ds yksxks dks izHkkforfd;kA 26 bl vdky dk eq[; dkj.k ekulwu dhfoQyrk FkhA ekulwu dh foQyrk ds dkj.kcqUnsy[k.M+] la;qDr izkUr] vo/k dh 45 vkSj 80izfr’kr~ rd Qlys cckZn gks x;hA lEiw.kZ rkSj ijns[ks rks 33 izfr’kr~ Qlys izfro”kZ vkSlr u”V gq;hAcktkjksa esa vukt dh Hkkjh deh gks x;hA ;g viusns’k ds bfrgkl esa vdky dh otg vukt dhdeh dk ,d vf}rh; mnkgj.k FkkA Hkw[k ls csgkyturk us fnYyh] vkxjk] eqt¶Qjuxj] vYeksM+k]gfj}kj] eÅ] xksj[kiqj] fiFkkSjkx<+] nsofj;k]>kWalh] cfy;k] dkuiqj] y[kuÅ bR;kfn esa naxsHkM+d x;sA vukt dh nqdkuks dks ywVk x;k muesavkx yxk nh x;hA yksxks dh gR;k;sa dh x;h ijUrqbruh v’kkfUr ds ckotwn Hkh tc izkUr [kk|kUu dhdeh ls tw> jgs FksA 27

fczfV’k jk”Vªokfn;ksa us fczVsu dks Hkkjr dsvkfFkZd egRo dks c<+k&p<+kdj crk;kA mudk lkspukFkk fd Hkkjrh; lkezkT; cgqr ykHknk;d gSA

mUgsa flfly jksM~l ls fopkj tks fd mUuhloha‘krkCnh dk ,d lkezkT;oknh FkkA

og dgrk Fkk fd lkezkT; ,d Mcy jksVh gSvkSj eD[ku ,d izJ----- ¼gesa½ ns’k dh cph gqbZtula[;k dks clkus ds fy, ubZ txgsa [kkstuhpkfg, tks QSDVfj;ksa vkSj [kkuksa esa mRiUu lkeku dksu, cktkj iznku djsaA 28

1914 rd Hkkjr fo’o esa twV mRiknu dklcls cM+k m|ksx Fkk] pkSFkk lcls cM+k dikl m|ksxAlcl cM+k ugjks dk tky] rhljk jsyos dk lclscM+k tky vkSj fo’o O;kikj esa <+kbZ izfr’kr~ dkfgLlkA ipkl ¼50½ lky igys dkyZ ekDlZ usHkfo”;ok.kh dh Fkh fd Hkkjr esa jsyos vkSj vk/kqfudQSDVfj;ksa dk izos’k miegk}hi dks cny nsxkA Hkkjr

vktknh ds le; m|ksxfoghu vkSj cgqr xjhc cudjBgj x;k FkkA 29

okf.kfT;dj.k dk Hkkjr ds ikjaifjdvFkZO;oLFkk ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+kA

Hkkjr ds vkS|ksfxd laLFkk;sa vHkh Hkh blvk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfdz;k ls vNwrh FkhA blvk/kqfudhdj.k dk izHkko uk gh lekt ij iM+kD;ksfd tc vk/kqfudhdj.k fdlh lekt dk gksrk gSrks ml lekt esa /khjs&/khjs ml lekt ds fofHkUulkekftd oxksZ ds e/; ikajifjd lEcU/kks esa cnykovkus yxkA Hkkjr esa ‘krkfCn;ks ls xzkeh.k lektftlds vius vf/kdkj o fu;e FksA vaxzstks dh uhfrus mldks rksM+ MkykA vc cktkj ds ncko esa mRikndo miHkksDrk] _.knkrk vkSj m/kkjdrkZ] Hkw&LokehvkSj fdjk;snkj] lEifRr ds ekfyd o Hkwfeghu etnwjksds lEcU/kks esa cnyko vk x;kA blus iwoZ&fczfV’kHkkjrh; lekt vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk dh iz.kkyh esafufeZr lkekftd lqj{kk ds rkus&ckus dh uhao dksfgyk fn;kA 30

bl rFkk dfFkr okf.kfT;d ØkfUr dk xzkeh.ktula[;k ds xjhc oxksZ ij Hka;dj izHkko iM+k ftlesaiwjh le; ,d ckn ,d ladVks dh Ja[kyk vkrhpyh x;hA 1860 ls 1909 rd 50 o”kksZ dhlaf{kIr vof/k esa ns’k 20 izeq[k vkSj NksVs vdkykso dfe;ks ls xqtjk] tks vHkwriwoZ FkkA bu vdkyks esalcls T;knk d”V mBkus okyk oxZ Fkk xzkeh.k lektdk loZgkjk oxZ tks uk dsoy vkfFkZd :i lslk/kughu] Hkwfeghu Fkk rFkk lekt esa Hkh ,d oafpro misf{kr oxZ FkkA bu vdkyks ls ihfM+r oxksZ esaizeq[k Hkwfeghu d”kd etnwj vkSj xzkeh.k dkjhxj FksAtc bu csjkstxkj Ñ”kdksa] etnwjksa o cqudjksa esa vdkytSlh izkdfrd o fczfV’k vkfFkZd uhfr ls tw>uk iM+krks vlhfer d”Vks dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA

dEifu;kWa dsoy viuh fupyh js[kk dks ghns[krh Fkh vkSj viuh mnxe dEifu;kW dk >a.M+kugha Qgjkrh FkhA rc Hkkjr esa fczfV’k ‘kklu ij D;kvfHkfu.kZ; gS fczfV’k us Hkkjr dks fu/kZu fd;k blesadksbZ lansg ugha dh vBkjgoha ‘krkCnh esa fczfV’kksa us



ImpactFactor


®

Hkkjr esa ywVekj epkbZ vkSj bldh /ku lEink dksywV fy;k tSlk fd bfrgkl esa fdlh fotsrkvksa us,slk ugha fd;k FkkA

vR;f/kd egRoiw.kZ i{k gS fd vaxzstksa usfu;fer :i ls vius mifuos’k dk ‘kks”k.k fd;kyxkrkj pyrh laLFkkvksa ds }kjk tks Hkkjr ds vfgrds fy;s Fkh vkSj ;gh mifuos’kokn dh izdfr vkSjfl)kUr ds vUrxZr FkkA vaxzstks us Hkkjr dks fopkjiwoZdm|ksxjfgr fd;k vkSj ;gh baXySM dh Hkkjr esavkS|ksfxd Økafr Fkh ftlus fd yk[kks cqudjksa dksdke ls fudky fn;k Fkk vkSj tc bu csjkstxkjcqudjks dks vdky tSlh izkdfrd vkink o fczfV’kvkfFkZd uhfr ls tw>uk iM+k rks mUgsa vlhfer d”Vksadk lkeuk djuk iM+kA tc ubZ rduhd Hkkjr igqWph;g rks fdlh Hkh izdkj gksuk gh FkkA fczfV’k ljdkjhuhfr O;kikj O;o/kku dks [kM+k djds bl izfr?kkrdks yphyk cuk ldrh FkhA gFkdj?kksa dh j{kk djukT;knk ls T;knk LFkkbZ lek/kku gksrk ysfdu vaxzstks usHkkjr dk i;kZIr ‘kks”k.k fd;k ;fn blus Hkkjr esafuos’k fd;k gksrk tSlk fd blus vesfjdk esa fd;kFkk rks Hkkjr cgqr [kq’kgky vkSj cgqr cM+k cktkj gksx;k gksrkA fczfV’k oLrqvksa ds fy;s xjhc Hkkjrfuf’pr~ :i ls fczVsu ds vkfFkZd fgr esa Fkk fd Hkkjrdks fodflr djus esa fczfV’k ljdkj dks dksbZ :fpugha FkhA

;gka mYys[k fd;k tk ldrk gS fd cprdks Hkkjr esa nksckjk ls fuos’k djus dh cktkj mUgksusagekjs fu;kZr dh dekbZ o gekjh /ku lEifRr dksfczVsu LFkkukUrfjr fd;kA ;g Hkh lp Fkk fd Hkkjrizxfr’khyrk ds dPps eky dk fu;kZrd mRikn dkvk;krd curk tk jgk FkkA Hkkjrh; usrk bldk ;geryc ysrs Fks fd fons’kh O;kikj vkSj fons’kh eqnzkgekjh xjhch vkSj gekjh vFkZO;oLFkk dks cUn djusvkSj vkRefuHkZj cukus dh uhfr dks viukus ds fy;sftEesnkj gSA os ;g Hkwy x, Fks fd vaxzstks ds vkusls lfn;ksa igys Hkkjr dh O;kikj djus dh viuhiqjkuh ijaijk;h vkSj ftlus fd ,d ckj vk;kr vkSjfu;kZr dh lef) dk miHkksx fo’kky :i ls fd;k

FkkA bu vkSj vU; dkj.kks ls gekjh fo’o vFkZO;oLFkkesa Hkkx ysus ds fy;s viuh ;ksX;rk ds izfr fujk’kkoknhFksA bldk nq”ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd Hkkjrh; xzkeh.kvFkZO;oLFkk esa yxs fdlku] etnwj] ,oa ‘kgjh O;kikjh]etnwj bR;kfn iwath ds vHkko esa ,d fodflrvFkZO;oLFkk [kM+k ugha dj ldsa] ftldk nq”ifj.kkerc vk;k tc Hkkjr esa vdky iM+rs Fks D;ksfdmuds ikl vk; dk dksbZ oSdfYid L=ksr ugha Fkk bldkj.k Hkkjrh; turk vlhfer d”Vks dk lkeukdjuk iM+rk FkkA

lUnHkZ1 izks0 Jh/kj ik.Ms &vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk

vkfFkZd bfrgkl] ist ua0&02] ik;fu;j izdk’ku]ubZ fnYyh] 2007

2 ilhZ yqbZl vkULVs& n bdkukfedMsoyiesaV vkWQ bf.M+;k] ist ua0&17] ckEcs izsl]1946

3 ,e0,y0MkfyZax & n iatkc ihtsaV buizkslisfjVh ,.M+ MsCV] ist ua0&73] vkDlQksMZ;wuhoflZVh izsl] dydRrk] 1928

4 izks0 Jh/kj ik.Ms & vk|qfud Hkkjr dkvkfFkZd bfrgkl] ist ua0&03] ik;fu;j izdk’ku]ubZ fnYyh] 2007

5 jes’k pUnz nRr & bdkukfed fgLVªhvkWQ bafM+;k] ist ua0&41] fgeky; ifCyf’kax gkml]dydRrk] 1983A

6 ds0,0 futkeh & le vkLisDV~l vkWQfjyhtu ,.M ikfyfVDl bu bf.M;k M~;wfjax n 13lsUpqjh] ist ua0&47] vkDlQksMZ izsl] U;w ,fM’ku]ubZ fnYyh] 2007

7 ogh8 fj;ktqy bLyke & fnYyh lYrur] ist

ua0&19] jktdey izdk’ku] vkxjk]2010A9 MsuolZ & fgLVksfjdy ,.M fjlsaV QsfeUl

bu bf.M;k okY;we&4] ist ua0&107] lkslk;VhvkQ vkVZ] 1997A

10 oghA



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11 ,l-vkj- yoM+ s & fgLVªh ,.MbdksukfeDl vkWQ bf.M+;u Qsfeu] ist ua0&25]th- csd ,.M lal fyfeVsM] yanu] 1914A

12 fofy;e fMXoh & izkslisjsl fczfV’k bafM;k]ist ua0&123] ;wfuoflZVh vkWQ fef’kxu izsl] yanu]1901

13 ogh14 tktZ dsEicsy&ts0eqjs&ekMuZ bafM;k]

ist ua0&17] vkDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh izsl] yaanu]1852

15 ts-ih- Fkkel&ejdsaVfyTe ,.M bZLVbafM;k VªsM] ist ua0&83] djsaV cqd gkml] ubZfnYyh] 1926A

16 ch-,e- HkkfV;k&QsfeUl bu bf.M;k]ist ua0&8] dksukdZ izdk’ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1991

17 lh0,0 bfy;V&n bf.M;u izkWCye,.M bf.M;u QsfeUl okY;we&4] ist ua0&161]bZLV bf.M;k ,slksfl,s’ku] 1907A

18 ch0,e0 HkkfV;k&QsfeUl bu bf.M;k1860&1990] ist ua0&16]dksukdZ ifCyds’ku]ubZ fnYyh] 1991

19 ihVj jksc& , fgLVªh vkWQ bf.M;k] istua0&77] eSdfeyu ifCyds’ku] ubZ fnYyh] 2011

20 lqxk/kk cksl&ØsfMV ekdsZV ,.M n ,xzsfj;ubdkWukeh vkWQ dkyksfu;u bf.M;k] ist ua0&47]vks0;w0ih0 izsl] ubZ fnYyh] 1994A

21 vkj0vkj0 HkaMkjh&bafM;u jsyos % ,Xyksfj;l 150 bZ;lZ] fefuLVªh vkQ bUQkjes’ku,.M czkMdkfLVax] xoZuesUV vkWQ bf.M;k] istua0&179] ubZ fnYyh] 2011

22 izks- Jh/kj ik.Ms&vk/kqfud Hkkjr dkvkfFkZd bfrgkl] ist ua0&17] ik;fu;j izdk’ku]ubZ fnYyh] 2003

23 velZ lsu&xjhch vkSj vdky] ist0113] jktiky ,.M lUl] bykgkckn] 2013

24 ds0Mh0 xaxkMsZ vkSj fl)jkt MÏk&pSysat,.M jsliksal&, dsl LVMh vkWQ Qsfeu bu bf.M;k]ist0 17] jpuk ifCyds’ku] caxyksj] 1973

25 ds0,u0 pkS/kjh&n bafXy’k bZLV bafM;kdEiuh] ist0 173] jktdey izdk’ku] vkxjk]1965

26 ch0,e0 HkkfV;k&QsfeUl bu bf.M;k1860&1900] ist0 53] dksukdZ ifCyds’ku]ubZ fnYyh] 1991

27 jkek nso&le vkLisDV~l vkQ nbdkukfed Mªsu Ýke bafM;k M~;wfjax n fczfV’k :y]ist0 241] lks’ky lkablst tujy] 1987

28 jkepUnz xqgk&, :y vkQ izksiVhZ Qkjcaxky % ,u ,sLls vku n vkbZfM;k vkQ n ijekusUVlSVyesUV] ist0 353] M~;wd ;wfuoflZVh izsl] Mjge]1995A

29 ikFkZ lkjFkh] izlUuu&OgkbZ ;wjksi xz;wfjp ,.M ,f’k;k fMM ukWV % Xykscy bdkukfedMk;otZu ¼1600&1850½] ist0 38] dSfEczt;wfuoflZVh izsl] dydRrk] 2011

30 ch0,e0 HkkfV;k&QsfeUl bu bf.M;k]ist0 10] dksukdZ ifCyds’ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1967



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ÃÖÓ¤ü³ÖÔ ÝÖÏÓ£Ö-ÜÖ üÖŸÖ ¿ÖÓÛú ü¸üÖ¾Ö, ÃÖÓŸÖÖÓ“Öß ÃÖÖ´ÖÖ×•ÖÛú ¥üÂ™üß, ÛúÖÑ®™üß®Öë™ü»Ö¯ÖÏÛúÖ¿Ö®Ö, ¯ÖãÞÖê, 2005.ÝÖÖêÃÖÖ¾Öß ¸Óü. ¸üÖ., ¯ÖÖ“Ö ³Ö×ŒŸÖÃÖÓ ÖÏ¤üÖµÖ, ¯ÖÏ×ŸÖ´ÖÖ ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¿Ö®Ö, ¯ÖãÞÖê,2008.•ÖÖê¿Öß ´Ö¬ÖãÛú¸ü ¸üÖ´Ö¤üÖÃÖ, ®ÖÖ£ÖÃÖÓ ÖÏ¤üÖµÖ, ¾Æüß®ÖÃÖ ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¿Ö®Ö,¯ÖãÞÖê, 1980,œêü êü üÖ. Ø“Ö., ÃÖÓŸÖ, »ÖÖêÛú †Ö×ÞÖ †×³Ö•Ö®Ö, Ö©ÝÖÓ¬ÖÖ ÖÏÛúÖ¿Ö®Ö,¯ÖãÞÖê, 2005.®Ö×ÃÖ¸üÖ²ÖÖ¤üÛú¸ü »Ö. üÖ., ÖÏÖ“Öß®Ö Ö¸üÖšüß ¾ÖÖ’Ëû´ÖµÖÖ“ÖÖ ‡×ŸÖÆüÖÃÖ,±ú›üÛêú ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¿Ö®Ö, ÛúÖê»ÆüÖ¯Öæ ü,2005.ÃÖ ü¤üÖ¸ü ÝÖÓ. ²ÖÖ., ÃÖÓŸÖ ¾ÖÖ’Ëû´ÖµÖÖ“Öß ÃÖÖ´ÖÖ×•ÖÛú ±ú»ÖÁÖãŸÖß,»ÖÖêÛú¾ÖÖ’Ëû´ÖµÖ ÝÖéÆü, ´ÖãÓ²Ö‡Ô, 1982.



ImpactFactor


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Ekgkjk”Vªkrhy efgyk usrRokpkfodkl

MkW- furk lkseukFks ¼xHkus½jkT;’kkL= foHkkxizeq[k]

Jherh-xksihdkckbZ Hkqjs Ekfgyk egkfo|ky; rqelj]ft- HkaMkjk

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vktP;k Li/kkZRed dkGkr] izR;sd oxkZrex rs ljdkjh vlks fdaok O;Drhxr vlks yhMj’khi*vk.kh ^fVeodZ* ps egRo fnolsafnol ok<r tkrvlY;kps vkiY;kyk fnlqu ;srs R;keqGs d.k[kjusrRo vl.ks vko’;d vkgs- vkt vki.k ;kekfgrh ra=KkukP;k txkr ,desdkauk tksMys xsysysvkgksr- vkf.k osG gh lrr cnyr vkgs- R;keqGsefgykae/;s dq’ky usrRo vl.kkÚ;k O;fDreRokphxjt vkgs- rRijrk vk.kh d.k[kji.kk gkrh ?ksrysy;kdk;kZojhy fu”Bk vkf.k R;klkBh ykx.kkjh d”VoRrhR;kxoRrh vk.kh leiZ.k’khyrk] lokZauk tksM.kkjhlekos’kdrk ;klanHkkZr fL=;kaps LFkku vfOnrh; vkgsgksrs vkf.k vl.kkj] ;kps lexz Hkku egkjk”Vª ‘kklukykvkgs- jkT;] jk”Vª] vkf.k vkarjjk”Vªh; Lrjkoj fL=;kapsdrZRo cgjr vlrkauk] R;kauk vR;qPp lUeku izkIrgksr vlrkauk R;kpk ykHk fdrh fL=;kauk gksr vkgsvkf.k R;kaP;k usrRokpk fodkl dlk gksrks vkgs gsc?k.ks mn~cks/kd Bjsy-1 egkjk”Vªkrhy efgyk loZp{ks=kar vk?kkMhoj vkgsr- vFkkZr jktdkj.kkps {ks=R;kyk viokn ukgh- jkT;kP;k fo/kkueaMGkr vusdefgyk lnL; vkiys drZRo xktor vkgsr- i{kHksnfol:u jkT;kP;k izxrhr vkiys ;ksxnku nsr vkgsr-dkj.k lkfo=hckbZ QqysaP;k] iaMhrk jekckbZaP;k egkjk”Vªkrefgykackcrps Økarhdkjh fu.kZ; [kÚ;k vFkkZus izR;{kkr

;s.ks rls visf{krp- laiw.kZ Hkkjrkyk L=h LOkkra«;kpheqgwrZes< ?kkywu ns.kkjs efgyk /kksj.k loZizFke ekaMysxsys rs egkjk”Vªkrp-,sfrgkfld ik’oZHkweh %

Ekgkjk”Vª fof/keaMGkrhy efgykaph dkexhjhvH;klrkauk R;kaP;k iqoZijaijkaps v/;;u dj.ksvko’;d Bjrs- egkjk”Vªkrhy efgykaps usrRo d’kkizdkjs fodflr >kys- gs y{kkr ?ks.;klkBh egkjk”Vªkrhyijaijspk ,sfrgkfld ekxksok ?ks.ks vko’;d vkgs-yksd’kkfgr jktfd; lgHkkx vfr’k; egRoiw.kZvlrks- dkj.k yksd’kkgh :to.ks o fVdo.ks ;klkBhrh vko’;d izfØ;k vlrs- vkf.k gk lgHkkxftrdk izHkko’kkyh frrdh yksd’kkgh dk;Z{ke vlrs-;kghis{kk egRokps gs Bjrs dh] gk lgHkkx loZlekos’kdvlkok- R;kr laiw.kZ turk lgHkkxh vlkoh odks.kR;kgh O;oLFksr L=h gh ,dw.k lektO;oLFkkyksdla[;spk o turspk vko’;d ?kVd vlrks- gklgHkkx rks Ik;Zar izHkko’kkyh gksr ukgh tksi;ZarfL=;k l{kei.ks O;oLFksr lgHkkxh gksr ukgh- ijarqbfrgkldkGkiklwu rks vk/kqfud dkGki;Zar fL=;kapkbfrgkl v/;;u dsY;kl rks mis{kk o vU;k;kpkpfnlwu ;srks- fojks/kkHkklkus L=hps o.kZu lkekftd O;oLFksrvk<Grs- ,dhdMs fryk iz—fr] ‘kDrh] dkyh vlsEg.kk;ps- d/kh fonq”kh j.kjkxh.kh Eg.kwu lacks/kk;psrj O;ogkjkr ek= fryk nq ;e ntkZ ?kk;pk- tlkbfrgkl frP;k fonkjd fLFkrhps o.kZu djrks- lektlq/kkjdkaP;k dk;kZiklwu rks ‘kklukP;k fofo/k /kksj.kki;ZarfL=;kauk l{ke cufo.;klkBh Hkkjrh; bfrgklkrosGksosGh iz;Ru >kysys fnlrkr- d/kh dk;ns d:u]d/kh ;kstuk rj d/kh vfHkdj.kkph fufeZrh d:u gsiz;Ru >kysys fnlrkr-

Iks’kokbZP;k varkuarj 1818 lkyhegkjk”Vªkyk ik’pkR; mnkjeroknh f’k{k.kkph vksG[k>kyh R;krwu yksd’kkgh fopkjkaph ewY;s :tfo.;klizkjaHk >kyk-

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46



ImpactFactor


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tkxrh ?kMwu vkyh R;krwu uouohu la?kVukRedpGoGh o miØekaph Hkj iMr xsyh-

Lokr a«;k sRrj dkGke/; s gDd odk;kZdR;kZaph tk.kho gksÅu lafo/kkukrhy rjrqnhuqlkj efgykauk iq:”kkizek.ks leku ekuokf/kdkj izkIr>kyk o jktfd; tkxrh ok<r xsyh-

v’kkizdkjs 19 O;k ‘krdkP;k e/;arjkuarjvkf.k 20 O;k ‘krdkP;k v/kZ’krdke/;sefgykae/khy tkxrh ok<hl ykxY;kph fnlwu vkys-usrRokpk ifjp; %

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ûsrRo* gk laokn mPpkjyk dh rkcMrkscosxosxG;k O;Drh MksG;kleksj mH;k jkgrkr tlsdh] >k’kahaph jk.kh y{ehckbZ] bafnjk xka/kh] ekxZjsVFkWpj] eWMe dkek] lkoh=hckbZ Qqys] iafMrk jekckbZ]es/kk ikVdj] ljksaftuh uk;Mw] fdj.k csnh ;kiSdhizR;sdkph usrRo dj.;kph i)r osxGh gksrh- dkght.k usrRokyk ,d oy; fdaok fde;k letrkr-rj dkgh t.k R;k O;DRkhyk vf/kdkjkeqGs feG.kkjsegRo ekurkr- FkksMD;kr usrRo Eg.kts BjkohdosGsr ,[kkns dke brjkadMwu dkS’kY;kus d:.k ?ks.ks-usrRoxq.k rqeP;kdMs ulrhy rj ;’kkph maph xkB.ksv’kD; vlrs-

Warren Bennis’ definition of leadershipsays –

“Leadership is a function of knowingyourself, having a vision that is well communicated.building trust among colleagues, and takingeffective action to realize your own leadershippotential”.okWju csful P;k erkuqlkj yhMj’khiph O;k[;k%

^ûsrRo Eg.kts Lor%yk vksG[k.;kps ,d

dk;Z vkgs- ,d LOkIu ts rqEgkyk lR; djk;psvkgs] lgdkÚ;ke/;s fo’okl fuekZ.k dj.ks izHkkohdk;Z dj.;klkBh Lor%P;k usr`Rokph tk.khogks.ks-**tkWu eWDlosy ^^yhMj’khi Eg.kts ,d izHkko vkgs-ukgh tkLr ukgh deh**fiVj Mªdj us vkiY;k iqLrd ^n yhMj vkWQ¶;qpj e/;s yhMjph O;k[;k v’kh fnyh vkgs“The only definition of a leader is someone whohas follows.” 2

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ImpactFactor


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jktdkj.kkrhy lgHkkxhRo uO;k {kerkaps lao/kZu dj.kkjsBjys-jktfd; i{k o efgyk tkxrh- %

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Literature and Culture

Miss Patil Vidya Dattatraya

==============***********===============While thinking about Literature and

culture we need to search what theinterconnection is between literary trends orculture or what is the impact depected throughthe literature. What is the nature of thatliterature or how they connect to each other thatis the important Part of this research paper triesto search what is the exact concept of literatureand culture or how they developed that is theKey point of this paper.

First we will see what the literature is.Literature is a term used to describe written andsometimes spoken material. Derived from theLatin word literature most commonly refers towork of the creative imagination, includingpoetry, drama, fiction, nonfiction and in someinstances, journalism and song. in history ofEnglish literature a lot of author wrote aboutliterature and culture. Literature enhanceselement such as authentic material, languagein use and aesthetic representation of thespoken language as well as language andcultural enrichment. It is with this last elementthat literature opens the door that leads to awider and closer look on the culture being oninter disciplinary core, offers severalperspectives that also approach such as artisticdiscourses social conventions and reflexiveimpacts. It is important to mention that Iintegrate literature and culture within instancesincluding pop music mainly. Thus literature isnot dealt with but a way more integrated to aninter cultural experience.

We will see the what is the general

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characteristics of Indian culture. Indians havecalled their culture by the name of humanculture. It has tried to be so comprehensive asto suit the needs of every humans being,irrespective of age, sex, color or race. As such ithas a universal appeal without any attempt atconversion, people are converted to it. Withoutany state support for the last several hundredyears and in spite of incessant attempts ofbarbarous foreign invaders to root it out fromthe soil of India. It has Flourished or endured.Although born and development in India, itspread over almost all parts of the earth. Historyhas not been able to trace its beginning, henceit is taken in India as beginning less. It hasalways existed in time and it shows no sign ofdecay or death; hence it is spoken of as eternal.It is called vaidic because the earliest literaturein which it found expression is the Veda, theoldest books known to the world. It is calledHindu culture or Indian culture, because itflourished in its earliest stages on this (eastern)side of the river Indus, which is the same asSindhus or Hindus in various languages.

As people interpret the world throughlanguage there is a strong relationship betweenculture and language and they cannot beconsidered as separate entities. Culture has asignificant part in teaching and learning ForeignLanguages due to the fact that cultural aspectsattached to language are embedded in the studyof a language. Since language learning is notsimply acquiring the forms, cultural contest is aprerequisite for not only cultural but alsolinguistic compelence.

The significance of integrating cultureinto language learning is noted by stern (1993)who assert that learners should be speakers ofa language in the process of language learning.He argues that linguistic competence is notculture hence culture in language teachingcannot be added to the language teachingprogram such as skill as speaking, listening,reading and writing. As kramsh (1993) states

‘’it is always in the background, right from dayone, ready to unsettle the good languagelearners when they expect it least, makingevident the limitations of their hard woncommunicative compelence, challenging theirability to make sense of the world around them.We will see the some authors wrote aboutliterature and culture first we will see theMarxism and culture.

Marx’s was the contemporary of Ruskinand George Eliot, but the Marxist interpretationof culture did not become widely effective inEngland until the thirties of our own century.William Morris had linked the cause of art withthe cause of socialism and his socialism was ofthe revolutionary Marxist kind. But the kind ofMorris position were older an inheritance fromthe general tradition which came down to himRuskin.

Marx himself outlined, but never fullydeveloped, a cultural theory. it is casualcomments on literature, for example are thoseof a learned, intelligent man of his period ratherthan what we now know as Marxist literarycriticism.

Many theoretical approaches to literarystudies assume that the relationship betweenliterature and culture is an important one, in thesense that literature both reflects and is ameans of reflecting on the culture in which it isproduced, that is to say, culture is a broadconcept that embraces all the aspects of thehuman life. It includes everything humans do orlearn to do as members of society and it shapesour thoughts and actions and often does so witha “heavy hand” Furthermore literature can belied through different oral and so on. It is anexpression of culture because it conveys humanknowledge beliefs and behaviors.

Moreover literature is seen as areflection of culture and society portrayingpeople ideas and dreams set in certain time andspace frameworks in the most creative andimaginary way. It both depicts and inspires



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social changes and is often treated as a crediblesource of culture representation.

Literature and culture are deeplyinterrelated and both have a strong connectionwith each other, because during years and fromthe oldest of time, literature embodied culture;the first literary work in English language thatconveys cultural context about life is written inold English which appeared in the early middleage and here we near “Beowulf” from Anglo-saxon literature, which is heroic epic poem.Usually many writers would like to write aboutheroine epic poem or stories in the old English.

In conclusion literature stands as a voicethat expresses values and beliefs and showsnow people live as individual or as group withthis perspective and how their cultural life wasand how their culture and how their culture andtradition used to be.

Reference:1) Atreya Bhikonlal – “Indian culture”, Auniversal publication, Delhi.2) Williams Raymond – ‘Culture andSociety’ (1780-1950) penguin bookspublication, Australia.

DIRECT TAX CODE: TIME TO GIVESALARY EARNERS A NEW DEAL

Dr. Rajeev ShuklaHOD, Dept. of Commerce,

Vidyant Hindu P. G. College Lucknow

Mr. Raju KashyapResearch Scholar, Dept. of Commerce,

University of Lucknow Lucknow

==============***********===============ABSTRACT

The Government is intending toimplement Direct Tax Code any time in thecoming months. There are many issues whichneed to be tackled before the code sees the lightof the day. The first thing is that the salaryearners have been facing lot of grievances thepresent Income Tax Act is full of ambiguities. Inthe first place is touching the line of absurdity.Salary earners are one whether they are in thegovernment sector or in the private sector butthis act offers so many concession andexemptions to government employees whichgoes against the spirit of equality as enshrinedin our constitution. Then the employees arefurther divided into specific and non- specificemployees which is totally irrelevant ridiculous.Implementation of seventh pay commissions’recommendations has caused a massive northward trend in salary and allowances.

Similarly, multiple definitions for salaryfor different purposes are also ridiculous.Therefore, Direct Tax Code should takeeffective steps to address four issues:-

Raising the exemption limit.Doing away with the division of

employees in different categories.Uniform definition of salary.

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All the perquisites and allowancesshould be exempted on a rational basis.

This paper aims to address above issues.Direct taxes are a major source of

government revenues of the major contributorsto direct tax revenues salary earners form aformidable segment. Not only they contributein handsome number the chances of tax evasionare minimal as tax is deducted at source.

However a study of income taxmanagement reveals startling fact salary earnersare not only handed a rough deal they are themost harried harangued and harassed lot.Nobody doubts his honestly as a tax payer buthe has to pass through a labyrinth of confusingprovisions in the Income Tax Act, 1961. Althoughthis act has been amended many times in thelast six decades, but there is no improvementin the position of salary earners. One of theearners corner stones of tax administration issimplicity. But if we have a else perusal of thisact, we will conclude that this tenet is missing.

The salary earners are confronted withthree contentious issues-division or distinctionof employees, definition of salary for variouspurposes and treatment of allowances. A closestudy of this Act would confirm that confusionand complications have compounded for thesalary earners.The basic issues for which the salary earnersare anguished are out lined below:Exemption limit:

The union budget for 2019-20 exemptedincomes upto Rs. 5 lac from income tax, thisresulted in a saving of just Rs. 12,500 becausetax rates on income exceeding Rs. 5,00,000 werenot altered at all. It was an exercise to enticethe unwary tax payers in election year. It was amaster stroke in the eyes of Government. Wehave to make two points in this connection.

1. The implementation of seventh paycommission has raised the basic sic salary andallowances of those who are in the lowest wrungof echelons thus bulk of employees fall in the

tax net payment of taxes by this new section ofemployees result in a depletion of purchasingpower which renders the basic intent of paycommission recommendations totally worth less

2. The government defines economicallywreaker section of society as personscomprising who have an income upto Rs.8,00,000. Now, if the tax exemption limit is Rs.5,00,000 mean that members of EWS aresubjected to rigors of taxation which will indeedbe a mockery of welfare state as enunciated bylate Frederick Benham.Division of Employees:

The income tax act has always been pro-government employees. A cursory look at theprovisions would come to the conclusion thatwhether it is allowances or perquisites orretirement benefits the government employeesenjoy an upper hand vis-à-vis-their counterpartin private sector. The calculations are simplifiedand exemption limits are very high. Now the mootquestion is why this sort of discrimination? Thisdiscrimination violates the very basic spirit ofequality as enshrined in our constitution. Severalstudies reveal that private sector employees aremore hardworking, talented and almost freefrom corruption as compared to governmentservant then why a private sector employee isforced to shell out more tax. The discriminatorytreatment in given below in Table A:-Table – A

Then there is another classification ofemployees into specific and non-specific

Government Employee Non –Government Employee

Valuation of Accommodation facility

Value is determined as per Govt. rules which are generally lower.

15%, 10% and 7.5% of salary depending upon population of city which is generally higher

Gratuity at the time of retirement

Fully exempt from tax Exempt to certain extent only

Encashment of earned lave at the time of retirement

Fully exempt from tax Exempt to certain extent only

Computation of pension on retirement

Exempt to certain extent only

Exempt to certain extent only

Deduction for Entrainment allowances

Application on Govt. employees

Not application on Non Govt. employees



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category certain amenities are taxable in thehands of specified employees only according tosec.17(2)(3) of the Income Tax Act an specifiedemployees is one who fulfills one of followingconditions:-

An employee who is also a director inthe employees company.

An employee having substantial interestin the employees company. Such employees hold20% or more voting power in the employees’company.

An employee is specified one if hisincome from salary exceeds Rs. 50,000 perannum.

In the present day scenario, suchclassification is of no consequence. It onlyevokes ridicule. It is irrelevant, outdated andobsolete.

The government must ponder over thisaspect in all seriousness. The impending direct-tax code (here to after referred to as DTC) canaddress this issue.Definition of Salary:

This is the most problematic area in theentire income tax exercise. Salary is simplyreceipt of emoluments in only any form by anemployee from his current and formeremployees, the shine of this simplicity ofdefinition is monetary, once we delve deeperinto the matter we find different definitions. Thisis shown in Table B given below:Table – B

The plethora of definition is more thanenough to add to confusion.Treatment of allowances:

The Income Tax Act 1961 classifies theallowances into two category fully taxableallowances and partially taxable allowances thepartially exempted allowances are again dividedin to two parts. In the first category we have suchallowances in whose case only savings in spendingof allowances is taxable where as some allowancesare taxable to a certain extent.

Then, there is case of entertainmentallowance the strict conditions for exemption fromentertainment allowances taxable, redness in toa sheer throated exercise. In the ensuingparagraphs we have out time treatment of certainallowances specially entrainment allowances.Treatment of certain allowances:

According to section 10(14)(1) specialallowances which is granted to meet expenseswholly, necessarily and exclusively incurred in theperformance of the duties of an office will beexempt from tax, to the extent to which suchexpenses are actually incurred for that purpose.

S. No.

Purpose Definition of Salary

1. Exemption regarding House rent allowances

Basic salary + dearness allowances (if payable under terms of employment) + commissions based on turnover.

2. Valuation of accommodation facility

Basic salary + dearness allowances (if payable under terms of employees) + bonus + commission + fees +all taxable allowances + taxable part of any allowances.

3. Provident fund Basic salary + dearness allowances (if payable under terms of employees) + commission based on turnover.

4. Deduction regarding entertainment allowances

Basic salary only

5. Exemption regarding gratuity for an employee covered under the payment of gratuity act,1972

Basic salary +dearness allowances

6. Exemption regarding gratuity for an employee not covered under the payment of gratuity act, 1972


7. Exemption regarding encashment of earned leave


8. Exemption regarding compensation on retrenchment

All remuneration capable of being expressed in terms of money and include : ? l lowances including dearness allowances ? he value of any house accommodation or supply of light , water, medical facilities or other amenty or service or any concessional supply of food grains or articles. ? Any bonus travel concession Excluding bonus, contribution to words Provident fund any gratuity payable to him

9. Exemption regarding compensation on voluntary retirement




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In other words, as per legislative intent if anysaving is there in hands of employees, it is subjectto tax. In this category the Government of Indiahas notified the following allowances.

a) Travelling allowanceb) Daily allowancec) Conveyance allowanced) Helper allowancee) Academic allowancef) Uniform allowanceAs per legislative intent these allowance

are partially taxable, because if any saving existswith reference to these allowances, it is subjectto tax. But practically these allowances are fullyexempt from tax because neither we do have sucha system where savings can take place nor we havesuch a high degree of morality.For example: if an employee goes out of stationfor discharging his official obligations, he is paidtravelling allowance and daily allowances. Aftercompletion of journey, employee submits his T.Abill to the employer. If any saving is revealed byT.A bill, employee is supposed to refund thatamount to the employer. T.A and D.A is not thepart and parcel of salary. These are given to theemployees to meet the cost of travel, employeehave no right on savings. Practically speakingsavings can take place, due to our systemprevalent. Ground realty is this that taking placeby adopting illegal measures, but such things arenot being reported on paper. Same phenomenonis existing with reference to conveyance, helper,academic and uniform allowances.

No real benefit is accruing to Govt.exchequer by keeping these allowances partiallytaxable. In more than 99% Income Tax returns thereis no taxable amount on account of theseallowances.

These allowances should be declared fullyexempt from tax. This step will also be helpful inbringing simplicity in the tax structure. If theseallowances are continued to be treated as partiallytaxable. It will make tax structure unnecessarilycomplicated without any significant gain.

An attempt should also be made to bringthe tax rules nearer to ground realties. Educationallowance is exempt upto Rs.100 per month perchild to the maximum of two children. Similarlyhostel allowance is exempt up to Rs. 300 per month

per child to the maximum two children. Tribal areaallowance is exempt up to Rs. 200 per month. Theseexemptions are available in Act, on these rates forlast 40 years.

A radical transformation has taken placein Indian economy during last 40 years. Theseexemptions have become totally irrelevant in year2019. Therefore it is suggested either to grant atleast significant exemption on account of theseallowances or to make then fully taxable.Treatment of Entertainment Allowances:

As per existing provisions of Income TaxLaw, Entertainment allowances is treated aspartially taxable allowances because firstly it isincluded in the gross salary of the employee afterthat a deduction is allowed to the Governmentemployee only under section 16(ii).Least of the following amounts are allowed asdeduction:

1. 1/5 of basic salary2. Actual amount of E.A received3. Rs 5,000More than 99% Government employee all

over the country are not getting the entrainmentallowance.

A natural question arises for whosebenefits this provision is existing in the tax law. IfGovernment is of the opinion that this provisionshould continue in the tax law than what is senseof 1/5 of the basic salary when pay scales ofGovernment employee have already been revisedin pursuance of the recommendations & the 7th

pay commission, provided the maximum limit ofexemption is Rs 5,000. This deduction should bescrapped from tax law.CNCLUSION

It is high time the salary earners must begiven a new deal. This new deal is possible onlywhen issues mentioned above are addressedcautiously in the upcoming direct tax code. Thissegment of tax payers needs a compassionatetreatment.REFERENCES:

Students guide to Income Tax -By V.K. Singhania.Income Tax Laws & Accounts -By Mehrotra & Goyal.Direct Tax Ready Reckoner-By V.K. Singhania.

editor dr. bapu g. gholap co-editor dr. ravindranath kewat

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