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Edited byWendy Fulks

and

Kevan L. Main

The Oceanic Institute

Diseases of Cultured Penaeid Shrimpin

Asia and the United States

Copyright ! 1992 by The Oceanic instituteAil Rights Reserved

For additional copies, please contact:

The Oceanic Institute

Makapvu PointP,O. Box 252BO

Honolulu, Hawaii 96825

ISBN %9617016-5-X

Preface ... V

Part I: Introduction

Introduction.

Part II: Contributed Papers - Country SituationsMajor Diseases of Cultured Shrimp in Asia: An OverviewM. Shariff and R.P.Subasinghe .... 37

An Overview of the Disease Situation, Diagnostic Techniques, Treatmentsand Preventives Used on Shrimp Farms in ChinaOou Chen. ,4

Diseases of Penaeas monody in Taiwan: A Review from 1977 to 1991I-Chiu Liao, Mao-Sen Su and Cheng-Fang Chang . 113

Prevalence and Geographic Distribution of MBV and Other Diseases inCultured Giant Tiger Prawns Penaeus rnonodon! in the PhilippinesJosh M. Natividad and Donald V. Lightner. 139

The Status of Culture and Diseases of Penaeid Shrimp In KoreaMyoung Ae Park. 161

Baculovirus Infection of Penaeid Shrimp in JapanTokuo Sano and Kazuo Momoyarna. 169

Part ll: Contributed Papers - Viral DiseasesInfection Route and Eradication of Penaeus rnonokm Baculovirus h48V! inLarval Giant Tiger Prawns, Penaeus maruxtonChen, S.N., P.S. Chang and G.H, Kou 1

Occurrence, Diagnosis and Treatment of Shrimp Diseases in ThailandTimothy Flegel, Daniel F. Fegan, Sumana Kongsom, Sompoach Vuthikornudomkit, Sin-porn Sriurairatana, Sitdhi Boonyaratpalin, Chaiyuth Chantanachookhin, Joan E. Vickersand Oliver D. Macdonald. ... ........,.57

canterlts

Viral Diseases of Cultured Penaeid Shrimp in JapanKazuo Momoyama ..

'art !l: Contributed Papers - Bacterial DiseasesStudies on the Epizootiology and Pathogenicity of Bacterial Infections inCultured Giant Tiger Prawns, Penaeus mortem, in TaiwanS.N. Chen, S.L Huang and G.H. Kou ............. 195

Part li: Contributed Papers - Diagnostic ProceduresCurrent Diagnostic Methods for Agents and Diseases of Farmed MarineShrimpJames A. Btock...

Neer Developments in Penaeid Virology: Application of Biotechnology inResearch and Disease Diagnosis for Shrimp Viruses of Concernin the AmericasD. V. Ughtner, B. T. Poulos, L Bruce, R. M. Redrnan, J. Marl,and J.R. Swami........... 233

Part II: Contributed Papers - SPF StocksSelective Breeding of Specific Pathogen-Free SPF! Shrimp for High Healthand Increased GrowthJames A. Wyban . 257

Developing Specific Pathogen-Free SPF! Animal Populations forAquaculture: A Case Study for II' Virus of Penaeid ShrimpJelfrey M. Lotz 269

Growth and Survival of Virus-infected and SPF Penaeus vaniiarnei on aShrimp Farm in HawaiiNick Carpenter and James A. Brock 285

Shrimp Production in Texas Using Specific Pathogen-Free StocksFritz Jaenike, Kieth Gregg and Louis Hamper. ., 295

Part lt: Contributed Papers - Research, Regulations,and Health ManagementShrimp Culture Technologies Inc.: Research to Improve Shrimp Geneticsand Health

Roiiand Laramore........,........,.............. �. �............ �....,... �............... 30

Contents

Precautions for Importing and Culturing Non-native ShrimpCatt J. Slndermann

Issues Related to Regulation of Penaeid Shrimp Diseases in Texas, U.S.A.Stetting K. Johnson 333

Shrimp Health Management ProceduresBrad LeaMaster .

Part III: Discussion Group SurnrnariesDiscussion Group Summaries�.

AppendicesAppendix 1: Workshop Participants 379

Appendix 2: Workshop Agenda

Drugs and Chernotherapeutants for Shrimp Diseases: Their Present Statusin the United States, with an Overview of Research and Approval ProcessesThomas A. Bell 311

Preface

The Asian Interchange Program was founded at The Oceanic Institute in 1989.The program's goal is to facilitate the exchange of applied aquaculture informa-tion and technology between the United States and Asia. This is accomplished,in large part, through the organization of international workshops and distribu-tion of workshop proceedings to information networks throughout the UnitedStates and Asia.

This is the third workshop proceedings issued by the Asian InterchangeProgram. Previous volumes dealt with the culture of cold-tolerant shrimp inAsia, and the culture of rotifers and microalgae in Asia and the United States.For our third year, we chose to focus on the infectious and noninfectious diseasesof cultured shrimp in Asia and the United States. Not only is this a timely topicin many Asian countries where shrimp disease problems have been mountingover the past five years, but it also ties in with recent efforts by the Gulf CoastResearch Laboratory Consortium to develop and maintain specific pathogen-freestocks for shrimp farmers in the United States.

The Workshop

This year, participants traveled from Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, thePeople's Republic of China, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand and the UnitedStates mainland Arizona, Horida, Mississippi and Texas! to attend the workshopin Honolulu, Hawaii from April 27 - 30, 1992 see photo!. Everyone presented apaper during the four morning sessions. Afternoons, by contrast, were spent indiscussion groups, where participants had the opportunity to share informationand ideas with their colleagues on a variety of disease-related issues.

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Preface

The Proceedings

The volume is divided into three parts: the introduction, contributed papers anddiscussion group summaries. The introduction and discussion group summarieswere written by Wendy Fulks and edited by Kevan Main.

The papers are grouped into six sections: Country Situations, Viral Diseases,Bacterial Diseases, Diagnostic Procedures, Specific Pathogen-Free Stocks, andResearch, Regulations and Health Management. The 21 papers represent a widerange of perspectives � shrimp farmers in every country face unique problems.For example, growing conditions e.g., temperature, water quality and soilconditions! vary between regions; also, different species may be grown anddifferent pathogens may be encountered. Importantly, regulations governingculture practices, such as the use of drugs, and their enforcement are alsodifferent in every country. The range of viewpoints presented in this volume arethose of researchers, farmers and/or extension agents from eight differentcountries.

Even with all of these differences, several common themes recurred in both thepapers and the discussion group sessions. One of those issues was the spreadof pathogens especially viruses! via the uncontrolled movement of shrimpstocks. The transfer of stocks whose disease status is unknown may pose a threatto wild shrimp populations and could also harm shrimp culture ventures.Resolution of this problem will not be easy, and will most likely involve morewidespread adoption of quarantine regulations and increased usage of specificpathogen-free SPF! stocks. Everyone agreed that international cooperation isnecessary to define and implement feasible, effective quarantine regulations.Furthermore, each country must determine which pathogens to target forexclusion, and there will probably be a different exclusion list for every speciesgrown.

A quarantine system, however, is useless in the absence of standardizeddiagnostic techniques. Experts need to agree about which techniques are bestfor a given pathogen, and health inspectors and, eventually, hatcheries, willneed to be certified. Furthermore, better more reliable, more sensitive, easier,quicker and less expensive! diagnostic methods need to be developed andtransferred to field diagnosticians.

Another common theme was the need for improved husbandry techniques. Sincemany serious diseases of cultured penaeids are caused by opportunistic organ-isms, disease losses can be prevented by providing optimal conditions for growthand by carefully monitoring the health of animals throughout the rearing cycle.

Preface

TMs is especially true in semi-intensive and intensive culture conditions. In thearea of drug use, most participants agreed that a number of compounds,including antibiotics and so-called "probiotics," are being used irresponsibly inmany shrimp farming areas. The prophylactic use of antibiotics in hatcheries canfoster the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains and may also weakenlarvae in the long run. Also, extreme care must be taken when using drugsduring growout to ensure that no residues remain in shrimp that are sold forconsumption.

Environmental awareness was another important issue that was raLaek severaltimes during the workshop. Almost nothing is kern about how shrimp farmsaffect their surroundings. In areas where there is a high concentration of farms,an answer is needed to the question, "How many shrimp farrrN can theecosystem support over the long term!" In turn, we also need to know howfluctuations in the natural environment may affect the health of cultured shrimp.The dynamics involved are quite complex, and answers will not be immediatelyforthcoming.

Internationa0y, shrimp culture is recognized as a valuable industry; if it is toprosper, the problems of disease diagnosis, prevention and treatment must bedealt with immediately. Progress has been made toward resolving some of thevital issues mentioned above, and some of that progress is detailed in this book.For example, advances in disease diagnosis are described herein, as are recom-mended husbandry practices to prevent and treat diseases of cultured shrimp.SPF stocks of Penaeus vannurnei are now being used throughout the United States,and awareness of the need for quarantine measures is increasing. In an effort tosafeguard the future of shrimp farming, researchers in Asia and the United Statesare increasing our knowledge of known shrimp diseases, and identifying andcharacterizing new diseases and disease agents. It is hoped that this volume willfurther the efforts of both researchers and producers by making available thelatest information and technology related to the diseases of cultured penaeidshrimp.

Preface

Acknowledgments

The Asian Interchange Program is funded by the National Oceanic and Atmos-pheric Administration, United States Department of Cominerce Grant 4NA90AA-D-SG483!. The editors thank the University of Hawaii Sea GrantCollege Program for its administrative support throughout the project.

A number of individuals contributed to this work. Most importantly, we wouldlike to thank all the authors who participated in the workshop and prepared thepapers included in this volume. Donald Lightner assisted in the identificationof workshop participants and provided valuable guidance in the developmentof the discussion group agenda and throughout the workshop. In addition,Cheng-Sheng Lee, I-Chiu Liao, Ruiyu Liu and Byung-Ha Park assisted in theidentification of Asian workshop participants. We acknowledge our capableinterpreters, Stella Guillory, Hongja Harrison, Lynette Shi, Taeko Wellingtonand Masako Yamatani, for assisting in the implementation of the workshop.

Donald Lightner, James Brock and S.K. Johnson reviewed the introduction, andDonald Lightner and James Brock reviewed the discussion group summaries.We thank Stephanie Frank, Rose Marie Norton, and Debbie Fritz for proofread-ing portions of the text.

The final production of the proceedings was done by Patti Killelea-Almonte, withassistance from Alcian Omoso and Elizabeth Reynolds. The cover was designedby Elizabeth Reynolds.

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