Skuhrovec, J., Stejskal, R., Trnka, F. & Gosik, R. (2014): Digital-Weevil-Determination for Curculionoidea of West Palaearctic. Cleonini (Lixinae). - SNUDEBILLER: Studies on taxonomy, biology and ecology of Curculionoidea 15, No. 227, CURCULIO-Institute: Mönchengladbach.

Digital-Weevil-Determination for Curculionoidea of West Palaearctic

Cleonini (Lixinae) by

Skuhrovec, J., Stejskal, R., Trnka, F. & Gosik, R. with 429 photographs, 5 drawings and 55 distribution maps

[East-CURCULIO Team]

Manuscript received: 1 May 2014

Accepted: 10 June 2014 World Wide Web: 1 July 2014

Version: Interactive Format Internetreader (IFI 1.0) Abstract Digital-Weevil-Determination for Curculionoidea of the West Palaearctic. Cleonini (Lixinae), including 429 colour photographs, 5 drawings and 55 distribution maps. Within the framework of the 'Digital Weevil Determination' project, a digital and interactive identification key for the species of the tribe Cleonini is presented for the first time in the form of a pictorial key in the English language. The check-list includes 55 species from the tribe Cleonini occurring in the northern part of the West Palaearctic Region ('Transalpina') from the zoogeographical area north of the Pyrenees, the Alps and the Balkan Mountains. In the eastern direction, the scope of this key is approximately roughly delimited by the borders of the Ukraine. All information in the key is first given in picture format with explanatory text attached. This follows the usual style of modern entomological and taxonomical work, in which the image seen through the binoculars/compound microscope should be exactly like the photographs seen on the screen. This work includes distribution maps and additional biological information of each species described. Key Words Identification keys, pictorial key, Coleoptera, Curculionoidea, Curculionidae, Lixiniae, Cleonini, West Palaearctic, Europe. [Series DWD]

[Introduction] [Biology] [References]

Key to Cleonini species

1 [Fig. Cle1]: Rostrum stout, short; in dorsal view, distinctly conically narrowed to apex.

……….. Temnorhinus [Fig. Temn] 2 1* [Fig. Cle1]: Rostrum thinner, usually elongated; in dorsal view parallel-sided, sometimes very slightly narrowed or expanded to the top.

……….. 4

****** Temnorhinus [Fig. Temn] ****** 2 [Fig. Cle2]: Elytral scales divided into two or more lobes apically. Habitus: [Fig. Tmen1]. Biology: [NoteTmen]. Distribution: [Fig. TmenMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 14.0 – 16.0 mm.

……….. Temnorhinus mendicus 2* [Fig. Cle2]: Elytra with setae enlarged on base.

……….. 3 3 [Fig. Cle3]: Apex of elytra (mucron) rounded. Habitus: [Fig. Tbre1]. Biology: [NoteTbre]. Distribution: [Fig. TbreMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 10.0 – 16.0 mm.

……….. Temnorhinus brevirostris 3* [Fig. Cle3]: Apex of elytra (mucron) distinctly spiked. Habitus: [Fig. Tmix1]. Biology: [NoteTmix]. Distribution: [Fig. TmixMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 8.0 – 12.0 mm.

……….. Temnorhinus mixtus

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4 [Fig. Cle4A]: Scapus short, funicle not distinctly articulated; club short, stout. [Fig. Cle4B]: Rostrum relatively stout with a sharp-edged side.

……….. 5 4* [Fig. Cle4A]: Scapus long, funicle distinctly articulated; club elongated, thin. [Fig. Cle4B]: Rostrum relatively thin with an indistinct edged side.

……….. 11

5 [Fig. Cle5A]: Elytra covered with scales and setae. [Fig. Cle5B]: Body with pronounced shoulders. [Fig. Cle5C]: Abdominal ventrites (primarily abdominal ventrite 2) covered with transverse row of four large bald spots.

……….. Pachycerus [Fig. Pach] 6 5* [Fig. Cle5A]: Elytra covered only with setae. [Fig. Cle5B]: Body parallel-sided, not abruptly narrowed posteriorly. [Fig. Cle5C]: Abdominal ventrites covered with numerous small bald spots.

……….. Rhabdorrhynchus [Fig. Rhab] 8

****** Pachycerus [Fig. Pach] ******

6 [Fig. Cle6]: Rostrum in dorsal view more or less parallel and without distinct keel. Habitus: [Fig. Ppla1]. Biology: [NotePpla]. Distribution: [Fig. PplaMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 8.0 – 14.0 mm.

……….. Pachycerus planirostris 6* [Fig. Cle6]: Rostrum in dorsal view narrow in the middle and with distinct keel.

……….. 7

7 [Fig. Cle7A]: Apex of rostrum anterior to middle longitidual keel without distinct impression. [Fig. Cle7B]: Elytral scales rounded and entire or slightly shallowly divided into two lobes.

[Fig. Cle7C]: Pronotum with a few large and some small tubercles. Habitus: [Fig. Pseg1]. Biology: [Fig. Psem20]. Distribution: [Fig. PsegMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 8.0 – 14.0 mm.

……….. Pachycerus segnis 7* [Fig. Cle7A]: Apex of rostrum after middle longitudinal keel with distinct impression in triangle shape. [Fig. Cle7B]: Elytral scales divided into two lobes apically.

[Fig. Cle7C]: Pronotum with several large and many small tubercles. Habitus: [Fig. Pmad1]. Biology: [Fig. Psem20]. Distribution: [Fig. PmadMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 8.0 – 14.0 mm.

……….. Pachycerus madidus

****** Rhabdorhynchus [Fig. Rhab] ******

8 [Fig. Cle8]: Pronotum in the basal half nearly parallel-sided. Habitus: [Fig. Rech1]. Biology: [Fig. Rech20]. Distribution: [Fig. RechMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 11.0 – 12.0 mm.

……….. Rhabdorrhynchus echii 8* [Fig. Cle8]: Pronotum in the basal half rounded and widest in the middle.

……….. 9

9 [Fig. Cle9]: Head between eyes with distinct spot; setae around spot in the round. Habitus: [Fig. Rmen1]. Biology: [NoteRmen]. Distribution: [Fig. RmenMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 13.0 – 16.0 mm.

……….. Rhabdorrhynchus menetriesii 9* [Fig. Cle9]: Head between eyes without distinct spot; if spot is present, setae around spot in random position.

……….. 10

10 [Fig. Cle10A]: Pronotum with distinct small depression in the middle. [Fig. Cle10B]: Metatarsal segment 2 shorter or as long as metatarsal segment 3. Habitus: [Fig. Rvil1]. Biology: [NoteRvil]. Distribution: [Fig. RviMAPl]. Length (without rostrum): 13.0 – 16.0 mm.

……….. Rhabdorrhynchus vilhelmseni 10* [Fig. Cle10A]: Pronotum without any depression in the middle. [Fig. Cle10B]: Metatarsal segment 2 distinctly longer than metatarsal segment 3. Habitus: [Fig. Rkar1]. Biology:[NoteRkar]. Distribution: [Fig. RkarMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 9.5 – 11.0 mm.

……….. Rhabdorrhynchus karelini

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11 [Fig. Cle11]: Funicle segment 1 distinctly longer than segment 2. ……….. 12

11* [Fig. Cle11]: Funicle segment 1 shorter than segment 2. ……….. 43

12 [Fig. Cle12]: Claws split up to base of onychium. Habitus: [Fig. Pqua1]. Biology: [NotePqua]. Distribution: [Fig. PquaMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 7.5 – 10.0 mm.

……….. Pleurocleonus quadrivittatus 12* [Fig. Cle12]: Claws fused at base.

……….. 13 13 [Fig. Cle13]: Club large, wide, and longer than all funicle segments together.

Habitus: [Fig. Tinq1]. Biology: [NoteTinq]. Distribution: [Fig. TinqMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 9.5 – 14.0 mm.

……….. Trachydemus inquinatus 13* [Fig. Cle13]: Club elongated, slender, and distinctly shorter than all funicle segments together.

……….. 14 14 [Fig. Cle14A]: Elytra black, covered with only a few setae. [Fig. Cle14B]: Noticeable whitish ring around the eye. Habitus: [Fig. Lalg1]. Biology: [NoteBLalg]. Distribution: [Fig. LalgMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 12.0 – 17.0 mm.

……….. Lixomorphus algirus 14* [Fig. Cle14A]: Elytra coloured and covered with many setae and scales. [Fig. Cle14B]: Noticeable ring around the eye mostly absent but present in some cases.

……….. 15 15 [Fig. Cle15]: Metatarsal segment 2 as wide as long, not extended and as long as metatarsal segment 3.

……….. 16 15* [Fig. Cle15]: Metatarsal segments 1 and 2 distinctly elongated; metatarsal segment 2 distinctly longer than metatarsal segment 3.

……….. 32 16 [Fig. Cle16]: Rostrum without a middle longitudinal keel. Habitus: [Fig. Lspa1]. Biology: [NoteBLspa]. Distribution: [Fig. LspaMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 9.0 – 16.0 mm.

……….. Lixoglyptus spartii 16* [Fig. Cle16]: Rostrum with at least a middle longitudinal keel and sometimes with lateral keels.

……….. 17 17 [Fig. Cle17A]: Scutellum well developed, clearly visible, and elongated caudally. [Fig. Cle17B]: Rostrum in dorsal view expanded to the apex.

……….. Mecaspis [Fig. Meca] 18 17* [Fig. Cle17A]: Scutellum very small, poorly visible or almost indistinct. [Fig. Cle17B]: Rostrum in dorsal view not extended to the apex and more parallel-sided.

……….. 22

****** Mecaspis [Fig. Meca] ******

18 [Fig. Cle18]: Striae in elytral interstrial 1 connected, creating a deep furrow extending at least halfway along the elytra; elytra long, slimmer. Habitus: [Fig. Mema1]. Biology: [Fig. Mema20]. Distribution: [Fig. MemaMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 7.0 – 10.0 mm.

……….. Mecaspis emarginata 18* [Fig. Cle18]: Striae in elytral interstrial separate, not connected, and not creating a deep furrow; elytra shorter, stockier.

……….. 19

19 [Fig. Cle19]: Abdomen and femora with distinct bold dots.

……….. 20 19* [Fig. Cle19]: Abdomen and femora without distinct bold dots or with dots heavily hidden in surrounding setae.

……….. 21 20 [Fig. Cle20]: Dorsum of pronotum with only a few distinct deep hollows and with distinct punctation. Habitus: [Fig. Malt1]. Biology: [Fig. Malt20]. Distribution: [Fig. MaltMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 7.0 – 14.0 mm.

……….. Mecaspis alternans 20* [Fig. Cle20]: Dorsum of pronotum with many distinct deep hollows and almost without punctation. Habitus: [Fig. Minc1]. Biology: [NoteMinc]. Distribution: [Fig. MincMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 10.5 – 11.0 mm.

……….. Mecaspis incisurata 21 [Fig. Cle21A]: Dorsal stripes on pronotum broad and slightly impressed. [Fig. Cle21B]: Elytra densely gray and hairy; 4 to 6 elytral interstrials with variously arranged bright and dark spots. Habitus: [Fig. Mstr1]. Biology: [NoteMstr]. Distribution: [Fig. MstrMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 8.0 – 11.0 mm.

……….. Mecaspis striatella 21* [Fig. Cle21A]: Dorsal stripes on pronotum narrow and not impressed. [Fig. Cle21B]: Elytra sparsely hairy; 4 to 5 elytral interstrials with dark spots. Habitus: [Fig. Mnan1]. Biology: [NoteMnan]. Distribution: [Fig. MnanMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 6.5 – 10.0 mm.

……….. Mecaspis nana

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22 [Fig. Cle22]: Elytra without distinct shoulders; elytral base not wider than pronotum.

……….. Pseudocleonus [Fig. Pseu] 23 22* [Fig. Cle22]: Elytra with distinct shoulders; elytral base wider than pronotum.

……….. 25

****** Pseudocleonus [Fig. Pseu] ****** 23 [Fig. Cle23]: Elytra covered only sparsely with setae and generally coloured black with subtle lighter spots; striking white hairy spots from the second to third and ninth interstrials. Habitus: [Fig. Pgra1]. Biology: [Fig. Pgra20]. Distribution: [Fig. PgraMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 7.0 – 13.0 mm.

……….. Pseudocleonus grammicus 23* [Fig. Cle23]: Elytra covered with dense whitish to pale gray setae, sometimes with a few small dark spots; front quarter of the fifth and the sixth interstrials black and often bald.

……….. 24

24 [Fig. Cle24]: Pronotum with long middle keel, extended in the middle, flat and shiny; along sides with two slightly visible keels; pronotum with four sharply defined longitudinal stripes created by densely white setae. Habitus: [Fig. Pcin1]. Biology: [Fig. Pcin20]. Distribution: [Fig. PcinMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 7.5 – 14.0 mm.

……….. Pseudocleonus cinereus 24* [Fig. Cle24]: Pronotum with middle keel extending approximately halfway along its length, slightly extended in the first quarter; no keels along sides; two weakly defined longitudinal stripes created by dense white setae along the middle keel. Habitus: [Fig. Pcar1]. Biology: [Fig. Pcar20]. Distribution: [Fig. PcarMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 7.0 – 15.0 mm.

……….. Pseudocleonus carinatus

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25 [Fig. Cle25]: Rostrum with furrow extending the entire length of the middle keel. Habitus: [Fig. Cpig1]. Biology: [Fig. Cpig20]. Distribution: [Fig. CpigMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 10.0 – 16.0 mm.

……….. Cleonis pigra 25* [Fig. Cle25]: Rostrum without furrow on the middle keel or with furrow at most in its apical half.

……….. 26 26 [Fig. Cle26A]: Pronotum with postorbital lobes. [Fig. Cle26B]: Rostrum thick, with rounded sides, a mild middle keel, no longitudinal grooves on the sides and no lateral keels. Habitus: [Fig. Aror1]. Biology: [Fig. Aror20]. Distribution: [Fig. ArorMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 9.5 – 16.0 mm.

……….. Adosomus roridus 26* [Fig. Cle26A]: Pronotum without postorbital lobes and with its apical margin straight cut off. [Fig. Cle26B]: Rostrum elongated, with thick and wide middle keel that sometimes forms a groove extending in the anterior direction; longitudinal grooves on the sides shorter than middle keel; distinct lateral keels.

……….. Cyphocleonus [Fig. Cyph] 27

****** Cyphocleonus [Fig. Cyph] ****** 27 [Fig. Cle27A]: Wide middle keel on rostrum divided into two parts by a short longitudinal furrow extending approximately from the middle to the apex. [Fig. Cle27B]: Elytra distinctly wider than pronotum, shorter and approximately 1.6-1.7 times longer than wide; elytral patch on the upper side indistinct and composed of irregular spots and indicated stripes. Habitus: [Fig. Ctri1]. Biology: [Fig. Ctri20]. Distribution: [Fig. CtriMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 7.0 – 12.0 mm.

……….. Cyphocleonus trisulcatus

27* [Fig. Cle27A]: Middle keel without longitudinal furrow.

[Fig. Cle27B]: Elytra only slightly wider than pronotum, stocky and approximately 1.75-2 times longer than wide; visible elytral patch on the upper side; on contrast, sharp black and white marbling.

……….. 28

28 [Fig. Cle28]: Head with transverse notch behind the eyes in the form of a thin line at the rear edge of the eye that is less pronounced in the middle; notch sometimes covered by setae, but usually visible near the eyes; in lateral view, head appears choked behind the eyes due to the notch. Habitus: [Fig. Cdea1]. Biology: [Fig. Cdea20]. Distribution: [Fig. CdeaMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 8.0 – 11.5 mm.

……….. Cyphocleonus dealbatus 28* [Fig. Cle28]: Head without transverse notch behind the eyes; in lateral view, head does not appear choked.

……….. 29

29 [Fig. Cle29]: Pronotum and elytra covered by whitish, apically enlarged setae across whole dorsal surface. Habitus: [Fig. Ccen1]. Biology: [NoteCcen]. Distribution: [Fig. CcenMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 9.5 – 14.5 mm.

……….. Cyphocleonus cenchrus 29* [Fig. Cle29]: Pronotum and elytra covered by whitish, apically enlarged setae on less than half of the surface as seen in the dorsal view, thus appearing partly brown; density of setae low.

……….. 30

30 [Fig. Cle30A]: Pronotum and basal part of elytra possess large, distinct tubercles that are present at low density; large tubercles usually present only in small numbers over the basal third of elytra. [Fig. Cle30B]: Body generally slimmer. Habitus: [Fig. Ctes1]. Biology: [Fig. Ctes20]. Distribution: [Fig. CtesMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 10.0 – 17.0 mm.

……….. Cyphocleonus testatus 30* [Fig. Cle30A]: Pronotum and basal part of elytra with small, indistinct tubercles that are present at higher density; small tubercles on elytra at higher density over the whole elytral length. [Fig. Cle30B]: Body generally stockier.

……….. 31

31 [Fig. Cle31A]: Middle keel on the rostrum the same width nearly the whole length of rostrum; rostrum longer and slender. [Fig. Cle31B]: Elytra without significant patch; more or less equally hairy. Habitus: [Fig. Cadu1]. Biology: [NoteCadu]. Distribution: [Fig. CaduMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 9.0 – 12.0 mm.

……….. Cyphocleonus adumbratus 31* [Fig. Cle31A]: Middle keel on the rostrum significantly wider at the base of the rostrum and narrowing in the middle; rostrum shorter and stouter. [Fig. Cle31B]: Elytra with distinct marbling. Habitus: [Fig. Cach1]. Biology: [Fig. Cach20]. Distribution: [Fig. CachMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 9.0 – 16.0 mm.

……….. Cyphocleonus achates

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32 [Fig. Cle32A]: Metathorax shorter than the diameter of the mesocoxal cavities. [Fig. Cle32B]: Elytra oval with distinctly rounded sides.

……….. Stephanocleonus [Fig. Step] 33 32* [Fig. Cle32A]: Metathorax distinctly longer than the diameter of the mesocoxal cavities. [Fig. Cle32B]: Elytra elongated with oblong-parallel sides.

……….. Coniocleonus [Fig. Coni] 34

****** Stephanocleonus [Fig. Step] ****** 33 [Fig. Cle33A]: Middle longitudinal keel on rostrum raised only slightly; rostrum shorter and stouter. [Fig. Cle33B]: Elytra shows a distinct elevation in the second third. [Fig. Cle33C]: Side stripe on pronotum does not reach the front edge of pronotum. Habitus: [Fig. Smic1]. Biology: [NoteSmic]. Distribution: [Fig. SmicMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 9.0 – 10.0 mm.

……….. Stephanocleonus microgrammus 33* [Fig. Cle33A]: Middle longitudinal keel on rostrum distinctly raised; rostrum longer and slender. [Fig. Cle33B]: Elytra without elevation in the second third. [Fig. Cle33C]: Side stripe on pronotum extends to the front edge of pronotum. Habitus: [Fig. Stet1]. Biology: [NoteStet]. Distribution: [Fig. StetMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 9.5 – 14.0 mm.

……….. Stephanocleonus tetragrammus

****** Coniocleonus [Fig. Coni] ****** 34 [Fig. Cle34]: First furrow on elytra visible at the base as a deep and wide depression; depressions forming the oblique stripes on the elytra are smooth on the bottom.

……….. Plagiographus 35 34* [Fig. Cle34]: First furrow on elytra does not form a deep depression; depressions forming the oblique stripes on the elytra are partially roughly dotted.

……….. Augustecleonus, Borisocleonus, P. tabidus 39

35 [Fig. Cle35A]: Rostrum with a sharp middle keel and two less fine side keels that are often hidden in hairs.

[Fig. Cle35B]: Black oblique stripes on elytra forming an acute or obtuse angle with their ends stretched into a thin tip.

……….. 36 35* [Fig. Cle35A]: Rostrum with middle keel only, lacking side keels. [Fig. Cle35B]: Elytra with wide, quite short black oblique stripes positioned at obtuse angles to each other.

……….. 38

36 [Fig. Cle36]: Middle keel on pronotum extends in an oval depression almost to its base. Habitus: [Fig. Cnig1]. Biology: [Fig. Cnig20]. Distribution: [Fig. CnigMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 9.0 – 14.5 mm.

……….. Coniocleonus (Plagiographus) nigrosuturatus 36* [Fig. Cle36]: Middle keel on pronotum ends at the top of the depression at the base of the pronotum.

……….. 37

37 [Fig. Cle37]: Anterior black oblique stripes on elytra more oblique, forming a sharp angle (as C. nigrosuturatus). Habitus: [Fig. Cpse1]. Biology: [Fig. Cmep20]. Distribution: [Fig. CpseMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 10.0 – 13.0 mm.

……….. Coniocleonus (Plagiographus) pseudobliquus 37* [Fig. Cle37]: Anterior black stripes on elytra less oblique and forming obtuse angles with each other (as C. excoriatus). Habitus: [Fig. Cmeg1]. Biology: [Fig. Cmep20]. Distribution: [Fig. CmegMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 10.0 – 14.0 mm.

……….. Coniocleonus (Plagiographus) megalographus

38 [Fig. Cle38A]: Elytral interstrial 5 raised, evident mainly in the basal part of the elytra; anterior oblique stripe. [Fig. Cle38B]: Internal light stripes on pronotum incomplete, less distinct, and short at the basal half of the pronotum; middle keel on pronotum extending almost to the base of the oval depression. Habitus: [Fig. Ccic1]. Biology: [Fig. Ccic20]. Distribution: [Fig. CcicMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 8.0 – 12.0 mm.

……….. Coniocleonus (Plagiographus) cicatricosus 38* [Fig. Cle38A]: Elytral interstrial 5 not raised. [Fig. Cle38B]: Internal stripes on pronotum more or less complete, running straight from the base of the pronotum to the middle level and then breaking sharply and extending obliquely to the front edge of the pronotum; middle keel on pronotum disappears in the depression and does not extend to the base of the pronotum. Habitus: [Fig. Cexc1]. Biology: [Fig. Cexc20]. Distribution: [Fig. CexcMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 10.0 – 14.5 mm.

……….. Coniocleonus (Plagiographus) excoriatus

39 [Fig. Cle39A]: Middle longitudinal keel on rostrum divided into two keels at the base of the rostrum. [Fig. Cle39B]: Rostrum noticeably narrows towards scapus. Habitus: [Fig. Cvit1]. Biology: [Fig. Cvit20]. Distribution: [Fig. CvitMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 13.5 – 14.0 mm.

……….. Coniocleonus (Borisocleonus) vittiger 39* [Fig. Cle39A]: Middle longitudinal keel on rostrum not divided. [Fig. Cle39B]: Rostrum parallel-sided towards scapus.

……….. 40

40 [Fig. Cle40A]: First third of the pronotum without middle keel or with inconspicuous keel; base of pronotum without depression; dorsal pronotal stripes absent.

[Fig. Cle40B]: Uniformly hairy, with bright spots on shoulders and elytral sides. Habitus: [Fig. Ctab1]. Biology: [NoteCtab]. Distribution: [Fig. CtabMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 12.0 – 14.0 mm.

……….. Coniocleonus (Plagiographus) tabidus 40* [Fig. Cle40A]: Pronotum with longitudinal middle keel and depressions at the base of pronotum; dorsal and lateral pronotal stripes present. [Fig. Cle40B]: Colouring of elytra "marbled", if even; no spots on the shoulders and elytral sides.

……….. Augustecleonus 41

41 [Fig. Cle41A]: Body generally slimmer. [Fig. Cle41B]: Long black stripes on elytra; V-shaped grip. Habitus: [Fig. Cneb1]. Biology: [Fig. Cneb20]. Distribution: [Fig. CnebMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 12.0 – 14.0 mm.

……….. Coniocleonus (Augustecleonus) nebulosus 41* [Fig. Cle41A]: Body generally stockier. [Fig. Cle41B]: Black stripes in the front half of elytra forming a semicircle, or limited to short spots.

……….. 42

42 [Fig. Cle42]: Elytra more or less uniformly hairy with light gray to whitish setae; from elytral interstrials 1 to 5, a short black transverse stripe in front of the middle of each elytra, sometimes reduced to a mere spot; several other small spots may be scattered on the elytra. Habitus: [Fig. Chol1]. Biology: [Fig. Chot20]. Distribution: [Fig. CholMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 9.0 – 13.5 mm.

……….. Coniocleonus (Augustecleonus) hollbergi 42* [Fig. Cle42]: Elytra hairy with light setae but with many black spots and two black oblique stripes that form a semicircle in front of the elytra. Elytral colouration highly variable. Habitus: [Fig. Ctur1]. Biology: [Fig. Chot20]. Distribution: [Fig. CturMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 9.0 – 13.0 mm.

……….. Coniocleonus (Augustecleonus) turbatus

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43 [Fig. Cle43A]: Antennal grooves connected below the rostrum, forming a tooth that is clearly visible from the side. [Fig. Cle43B]: Sides of pronotum slightly rounded; base of pronotum distinctly longer than its apex.

……….. Leucophyes [Fig. Leuc] 44 43* [Fig. Cle43A]: Antennal grooves not connected below the rostrum and not forming a wave. [Fig. Cle43B]: Sides of pronotum almost parallel-sided, with incurvation in the middle region; base of pronotum almost as long as its apex.

……….. 45

****** Leucophyes [Fig. Leuc] ****** 44 [Fig. Cle44A]: Scapus long and slender.

[Fig. Cle44B]: Apex of penis rounded. Habitus: [Fig. Lped1]. Biology: [Fig. Lped20]. Distribution: [Fig. LpedMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 10.0 – 15.0 mm.

……….. Leucophyes pedestris 44* [Fig. Cle44A]: Scapus short and thick. [Fig. Cle44B]: Apex of penis spiked. Habitus: [Fig. Locc1]. Biology: [NoteLocc]. Distribution: [Fig. LoccMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 10.0 – 15.0 mm.

……….. Leucophyes occidentalis

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45 [Fig. Cle45]: Rostrum with three keels; top middle keel with impression in the middle, then raised to the base of the antennae and distinctly expanded to the top. Habitus: [Fig. Ltes1]. Biology: [NoteLtes]. Distribution: [Fig. LtesMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 9.0 – 15.0 mm.

……….. Leucomigus tesselatus 45* [Fig. Cle45]: Rostrum with one middle keel without impressions.

……….. 46

46 [Fig. Cle46A]: Elytra covered only with basally enlarged setae. [Fig. Cle46B]: Rostrum relatively stout and short; keels clearly present on each side, tapering slightly to the top in dorsal view. [Fig. Cle46C]: Pronotum with blunt tubercles and with spongy soles below.

……….. Bothynoderes [Fig. Both] 47 46* [Fig. Cle46A]: Elytra covered with scales divided into two or three parts. [Fig. Cle46B]: Rostrum narrow and long; inconspicuous keels on each side that are almost parallel-sided in dorsal view. [Fig. Cle46C]: Pronotum seedless; no dots with thickened edges.

……….. Asproparthenis [Fig. Aspr] 48

****** Bothynoderes [Fig. Both] ****** 47 [Fig. Cle47A]: Rostrum, frons and middle of pronotum covered with a sparse setae that does not cover the integument; as a result, these parts appear to be black; middle of pronotum bears coarse, often coinciding spots. [Fig. Cle47B]: Elytra densely white-hairy in the shoulder with a large black spot; smaller black spot on the side of the elytral apex and, in the middle, a transverse black stripe, the front margin of which is cut out in an arch shape. Habitus: [Fig. Baff1]. Biology: [Fig. Baff20]. Distribution: [Fig. BaffMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 6.0 – 17.5 mm.

……….. Bothynoderes affinis 47* [Fig. Cle47A]: Rostrum, frons and middle of pronotum densely covered with white scales; these parts seem light (white, yellow) in colour; only a black middle keel at the rostrum; spots on pronotum finer and mostly isolated, with finely grained interstices. [Fig. Cle47B]: Elytra densely white-hairy with two oblique black stripes; the anterior stripe begins just before the middle of elytral interstrial 4 and extends to the shoulders, whereas the posterior stripe begins just beyond the middle of the elytra and extends from elytral interstrial 4 to interstrial 7 or 8.

Habitus: [Fig. Bdec1]. Biology: [Fig. Bdec20]. Distribution: [Fig. BdecMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 6.0 – 11.5 mm.

……….. Bothynoderes declivis

****** Asproparthenis [Fig. Aspr] ****** 48 [Fig. Cle48]: Elytral scales rounded and entire or slightly shallowly divided into two lobes. Habitus: [Fig. Acar1]. Biology: [NoteAcar]. Distribution: [Fig. AcarMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 8.0 – 10.0 mm.

……….. Asproparthenis carinicollis 48* [Fig. Cle48]: Elytral scales deeply divided into two or more lobes apically.

……….. 49

49 [Fig. Cle49]: Each odd elytral interstrial slightly raised; elytral interstrials distinctly separated; striae easily visible and lacking scales inside. Habitus: [Fig. Acai1]. Biology: [NoteAcai]. Distribution: [Fig. AcaiMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 10.5 – 14.0 mm.

……….. Asproparthenis carinatus 49* [Fig. Cle49]: Elytral interstrials not raised; elytral interstrials not distinctly separated; striae poorly visible and with scales inside.

……….. 53

50 [Fig. Cle50]: Elytral scales most often divided apically into two or sometimes three lobes, sometimes entirely rounded. Habitus: [Fig. Afov1]. Biology: [NoteAfov]. Distribution: [Fig. AfovMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 8.0 – 11.0 mm.

……….. Asproparthenis foveocollis 50* [Fig. Cle50]: Elytral scales divided apically into three or four lobes.

……….. 51 51 [Fig. Cle51]: Scapus and all funicle segments slightly red; club dark red. Habitus: [Fig. Aalb1]. Biology: [NoteAalb]. Distribution: [Fig. AalbMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 9.0 – 10.5 mm.

……….. Asproparthenis albicans 51* [Fig. Cle51]: Basal half of scapus slightly red; apical half of scapus, funicle segments and club dark red to black.

……….. 52 52 [Fig. Cle52]: Scales on rostrum and head divided apically into three or four lobes.

……….. 53 52* [Fig. Cle52]: Scales on rostrum and head divided mostly in two lobes apically, sometimes divided into three lobes or entirely rounded.

……….. 54 53 [Fig. Cle53]: Base of rostrum only with one distinct middle longitudinal keel. Habitus: [Fig. Apun1]. Biology: [Fig. Apun20]. Distribution: [Fig. ApunMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 10.5 – 14.0 mm.

……….. Asproparthenis punctiventris

53* [Fig. Cle53]: Two small keels along a distinct middle longitudinal keel at the base of the rostrum, reaching to the basal third of or halfway along the rostrum. Habitus: [Fig. Alus1]. Biology: [Fig. Acrl20]. Distribution: [Fig. AlusMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 11.0 – 13.5 mm.

……….. Asproparthenis lusca

54 [Fig. Cle54]: Apex of elytra with slightly raised interstrial parts. Habitus: [Fig. Avex1]. Biology: [Fig. Avex20]. Distribution: [Fig. AvexMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 9.0 – 11.0 mm.

……….. Asproparthenis vexata 54* [Fig. Cle54]: Apex of elytra without raised interstrial parts. Habitus: [Fig. Acro1]. Biology: [Fig. Acrl20]. Distribution: [Fig. AcroMAP]. Length (without rostrum): 9.0 – 12.0 mm.

……….. Asproparthenis crotchi

Check-list (55 Taxa) The “species diversity“ is shown according to the Palaearctic Catalogue. Adosomus (Adosomus) roridus (Pallas, 1781) (Curculio) = fabricii Gemminger, 1871 (Cleonus) (unjustified RN) Asproparthenis albicans (Gyllenhal, 1834) (Bothynoderes) = flavicans Fĺhraeus, 1842 (Cleonus) = mus Chevrolat, 1873 (Bothynoderes) Asproparthenis carinata (Zoubkoff, 1829) (Cleonis) = carinulata Schoenherr, 1834 (Cleonus) (unnecessary RN) = fissirostris Chevrolat, 1873 (Bothynoderes) = halophila Gebler, 1830 (Cleonus) = halophila Schoenherr, 1832 (Bothynoderes) = halophila Gebler, 1834 (Bothynoderes) (HN) = ornata Krynicki, 1832 (Cleonis) Asproparthenis carinicollis (Gyllenhal, 1834) (Bothynoderes) = angulicollis Chevrolat, 1873 (Bothynoderes) = cognata Fåhraeus, 1842 (Cleonus) Asproparthenis crotchi (Chevrolat, 1873) (Bothynoderes) = genei Chevrolat, 1873 (Bothynoderes) = hispana Chevrolat, 1873 (Bothynoderes) = napoleonis Reitter, 1905 (Bothynoderes) = peregrina Chevrolat, 1873 (Bothynoderes) Asproparthenis foveocollis (Gebler, 1834) (Bothynoderes) = communis Motschulsky, 1860 (Bothynoderes) = fatua Gyllenhal, 1834 (Bothynoderes) = musculus Fåhraeus, 1842 (Cleonus) = podolica Chevrolat, 1873 (Plagiographus) Asproparthenis lusca (Chevrolat, 1869) (Bothynoderes) = meridionalis Chevrolat, 1873 (Bothynoderes) Asproparthenis punctiventris (Germar, 1824) (Lixus) = austriaca Reitter, 1905 (Bothynoderes) = betavora Chevrolat, 1873 (Bothynoderes) = carinifer Fåhraeus, 1842 (Cleonus) = duplicarina Chevrolat, 1876 (Bothynoderes) = farinosa Fåhraeus, 1842 (Cleonus) = lineiventris Chevrolat, 1876 (Bothynoderes) = lymphata Fåhraeus, 1842 (Cleonus) = menetriesi Chevrolat, 1873 (Bothynoderes)

= nigrocincta Chevrolat, 1873 (Bothynoderes) = nubeculosa Boheman, 1829 (Cleonus) = obliquivittis Chevrolat, 1884 (Stephanocleonus) = remaudierei Hoffmann, 1962 (Bothynoderes) = sareptensis Chevrolat, 1873 (Bothynoderes) = stigma Reitter, 1905 (Bothynoderes) = tenebrosa Boheman, 1829 (Cleonus) = uniformis Chevrolat, 1873 (Bothynoderes) Asproparthenis vexata (Gyllenhal, 1834) (Bothynoderes) = ambigua Fåhraeus, 1842: 95 (Cleonus) = amicus Faust, 1891: 393 (Bothynoderes) = impudens Reitter, 1905: 202 (Bothynoderes) = pusio Reitter, 1905: 203 (Bothynoderes) Bothynoderes affinis (Schrank, 1781) (Curculio) = albidus Fabricius, 1787 (Curculio) = berolinensis Gmelin, 1790 (Curculio) (RN) = bonsdorfii Gmelin, 1790 (Curculio) (unnecessary RN) = bonsdorffii Olivier, 1791 (Curculio) (unnecessary RN, HN) = candidus Herbst, 1784 (Curculio) (HN) = fasciatus O.F. Müller, 1776 (Curculio) (HN) = niveus Bonsdorff, 1785 (Curculio) Bothynoderes declivis (Olivier, 1807) (Lixus) = declivis Germar, 1819 (Curculio) (HN) = hamatus Gebler, 1830 (Cleonus) = picipes Fåhraeus, 1842 (Cleonus) = scalaris Fischer von Waldheim, 1835 (Cleonus) Cleonis pigra (Scopoli, 1763) (Curculio) = caucasica Chevrolat, 1873 (Bothynoderes) = centaurea Allioni, 1766 (Curculio) = fasciata Villers, 1789 (Curculio) (HN) = fuscata Gmelin, 1790 (Curculio) (DA) = impexa Motschulsky, 1860 (Cleonus) = indica Fåhraeus, 1842 (Cleonus) = iranensis Voss, 1971 (Cleonus) = nebulosa Geoffroy, 1785 (Curculio) (HN) = scutellata Boheman, 1829 (Cleonus) = sulcirostris Linnaeus, 1767 (Curculio) = transversofasciata Goeze, 1777 (Curculio) (DA) Coniocleonus (Augustecleonus) hollbergii (Fåhraeus, 1842) (Cleonus) Coniocleonus (Augustecleonus) nebulosus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Curculio) = carinatus DeGeer, 1775 (Curculio) (HN) = ericeti Dufour, 1843 (Cleonis) = guttulatus Gyllenhal, 1834 (Cleonus) = incanescens Panzer, 1795 (Curculio) = lethierryi Chevrolat, 1873 (Plagiographus) Coniocleonus (Augustecleonus) turbatus (Fåhraeus, 1842) (Cleonus) = glaucus Fabricius, 1787 (Curculio) (HN) = hubenthali Krausse, 1928 = nubilus Desbrochers des Loges, 1905 (Cleonus) (HN) = obesulus Desbrochers des Loges, 1893 (Cleonus) = quadriguttulus Desbrochers des Loges, 1891 (Cleonus) = sulcatus Goeze, 1777 (Curculio) (HN) = sulcatus Geoffroy, 1785 (Curculio) (HN) = sulcatus Gmelin, 1790 (Curculio) (HN) Coniocleonus (Borisocleonus) vittiger (Fåhraeus, 1842) (Cleonus) Coniocleonus (Plagiographus) cicatricosus (Hoppe, 1795) (Curculio)

= arciferus Chevrolat, 1874 (Plagiographus) = callosus Bach, 1854 (Cleonus) = ericae Fåhraeus, 1842 (Cleonus) = spinosus Ponza, 1805 (Curculio) (HN) Coniocleonus (Plagiographus) excoriatus (Gyllenhal, 1834) (Cleonus) = albirostris Chevrolat, 1873 (Plagiographus) = lacunosus Gyllenhal, 1834 (Cleonus) = sulcicollis Fåhraeus, 1842 (Cleonus) Coniocleonus (Plagiographus) megalographus (Fåhraeus, 1842) (Curculio) Coniocleonus (Plagiographus) nigrosuturatus (Goeze, 1777) (Curculio) = obliquus Fabricius, 1792 (Curculio) = paraplecticus Geoffroy, 1785 (Curculio) (HN) Coniocleonus (Plagiographus) pseudobliquus (J. Müller, 1921) (Cleonus) Coniocleonus (Plagiographus) tabidus (Olivier, 1790) (Curculio) = montalbicus Costa, 1885 (Cleonus) = pelletii Fairmaire, 1859 (Cleonus) Cyphocleonus achates (Fåhraeus, 1842) (Cleonus) = achatesides Chevrolat, 1873 Cyphocleonus adumbratus (Gebler, 1830) (Cleonus) = adumbratus Gebler, 1834 (Cleonus) (HN) = occultus Fåhraeus, 1842 (Cleonus) Cyphocleonus cenchrus (Pallas, 1781) (Curculio) Cyphocleonus dealbatus (Gmelin, 1790) (Curculio) = marmoratus Fabricius, 1792 (Curculio) (HN) = marmoreus Schrank, 1798 (Curculio) = tigrinus Panzer, 1789 (Curculio) (HN) Cyphocleonus testatus (Gyllenhal, 1834) (Cleonus) = hedenborgi Fåhraeus, 1842 (Cleonus) = ibex Boheman, 1845 (Cleonus) = morbillosus Fabricius, 1792 (Curculio) (HN) Cyphocleonus trisulcatus (Herbst, 1795) (Curculio) = goutenoiri Hoffmann, 1958 (Cleonus) = hybridus Germar, 1819 (Curculio) = quinquelineatus Herbst, 1795 (Curculio) Leucomigus tesselatus (Fairmaire, 1849) (Cleonus) = abeillei Chevrolat, 1873 (Pachycerus) Leucophyes occidentalis (Dieckmann, 1982) (Leucosomus) Leucophyes pedestris (Poda, 1761) (Curculio) = distinctus Fabricius, 1792 (Curculio) = momus Scopoli, 1763 (Curculio) = ocellatus Fåhraeus, 1842 (Cleonus) = ophthalmicus Rossi, 1790 (Curculio) = pasticus Germar, 1834 (Cleonus) = pruinosus Gyllenhal, 1834 (Cleonus) = quadripunctatus Schrank, 1789 (Curculio) (HN) Lixoglyptus spartii (Olivier, 1807) (Lixus) = devillei Hoffmann, 1954 (Lixus) = fallax Boheman, 1842 (Lixus) = pecoudi Hoffmann, 1959 (Mecaspis) = schaeferi Hoffmann, 1950 (Lixus) Lixomorphus algirus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Curculio) = barbarus Olivier, 1791 (Curculio) (HN) = ocularis Fabricius, 1792 (Curculio)

Mecaspis alternans (Herbst, 1795) (Curculio) = caesa Gyllenhal, 1834 (Cleonus) = cuncta Gyllenhal, 1834 (Cleonus) = lurcans Herbst, 1797 (Curculio) Mecaspis emarginata (Fabricius, 1787) (Curculio) = florentina Herbst, 1795 (Curculio) = palmata Olivier, 1807 (Lixus) Mecaspis incisurata (Gyllenhal, 1834) (Cleonus) = moerens Fåhraeus, 1842 (Cleonus) = reitteri Retowski, 1887 (Cleonus) Mecaspis nana (Gyllenhal, 1834) (Cleonus) = miscella Gyllenhal, 1834 (Cleonus) Mecaspis striatella (Fabricius, 1792) (Curculio) = cenobita Olivier, 1807 (Lixus) Pachycerus madidus (Olivier, 1807) (Lixus) = albarius Gyllenhal, 1834 Pachycerus planirostris (Boheman, 1829) (Cleonus) Pachycerus segnis (Germar, 1824) (Lixus) = borrae F. Solari, 1950 = cordiger Germar, 1819 (Curculio) (HN) = echii Chevrolat, 1873 = maritimus Hustache, 1926 = premudae Depoli, 1936 = scabrosus Brullé, 1832 = scabrosus Gyllenhal, 1834 (HN) Pleurocleonus quadrivittatus (Zoubkoff, 1829) (Cleonis) = bicarinatus Gyllenhal, 1834 (Cleonus) (HN) = exaratus Gebler, 1830 (Cleonus) Pseudocleonus (Neopseudocleonus) grammicus (Panzer, 1789) (Curculio) = adriaticus J. Müller, 1925 = alpigradus J. Müller, 1925 = atlasicus Hoffmann, 1950 = bilineatus Laicharting, 1781 (Curculio) (HN) = gundaficus Hustache, 1932 = pyrenaeus F. Solari, 1954 Pseudocleonus (Pseudocleonus) carinatus (Gyllenhal, 1834) (Cleonus) = fimbriatus Chevrolat, 1860 (Cleonus) = senilis Rosenhauer, 1856 (Cleonus) Pseudocleonus (Pseudocleonus) cinereus (Schrank, 1781) (Curculio) = bicarinatus Fischer von Waldheim, 1830 (Cleonis) = costatus Fabricius, 1787 (Curculio) Rhabdorrhynchus echii (Brahm, 1790) Rhabdorrhynchus karelini (Fåhraeus, 1842) (Pachycerus) = junki Csiki, 1934 (Cleonus) (unnecessary RN) Rhabdorrhynchus menetriesii (Gyllenhal, 1842) (Pachycerus) = atomarius Fåhraeus, 1842 (Pachycerus) Rhabdorrhynchus vilhelmseni Gültekin, 2006 Stephanocleonus (Sanzia) microgrammus (Gyllenhal, 1834) (Cleonus) = jouravliowi Reitter, 1907 Stephanocleonus (Sanzia) tetragrammus (Pallas, 1781) (Curculio) = concinnus Gyllenhal, 1834 (Cleonus)

Temnorhinus (Fabiocleonus) mendicus (Gyllenhal, 1834) (Bothynoderes) = orbitalis Fåhraeus, 1842 (Cleonus) Temnorhinus (Temnorhinus) brevirostris (Gyllenhal, 1834) (Bothynoderes) = aegyptius Chevrolat, 1873 = rufulus Chevrolat, 1873 = saucerottei Chevrolat, 1873 Temnorhinus (Temnorhinus) mixtus (Fabricius, 1792) (Curculio) = conicirostris Olivier, 1807 (Lixus) = jekelii Wollaston, 1862 (Cleonus) = rungsi Hoffmann, 1938 (Cleonus) = semilunatus Petri, 1904 (Lixus) = serieguttulatus Desbrochers des Loges, 1875 (Cleonus) Trachydemus inquinatus (Olivier, 1807) (Lixus) = basalis Chevrolat, 1860 (Larinus) = rugosus Lucas,1847 (Pachycerus) Acknowledgements We are especially grateful to our attentive and careful reviewers, Massimo Meregalli (ITA), Fabio Talamelli (ITA) and Roman Borovec (CZ) for their helpful and insightful comments on the DWD project. JS and RS thanks Lutz Behne (GER) for assistance with the literature, and we gratefully acknowledge the following colleagues who loaned us the material: Jiří Krátký (CZ), Fabio Talamelli (ITA), Maxwell V. L. Barclay (GB), and Jiří Hájek (CZ). We cordially thank our colleagues Stanislav Benedikt, Jitka Raisová, Jiří Krátký, Jan Pelikán, M. Hroneš (all CZ), Herbert Winkelmann, Peter Sprick (both GER), Christoph Germann (SWI), who provided photographs of adults, habitats and host plants and other information on the biology of these species. The work of JS was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Agriculture (Mze ČR) RO0414. The work of RS was supported by the grant “Creation and development of a multidisciplinary team on the basis of landscape ecology” (CZ.1.07/2.3.00/20.0004), which was financed by the EU and the state budget of the Czech Republic. The work of FT was supported by the grant IGA_PřF_2014021. References Alonso-Zarazaga M. A. & Lyal C. H. C. (1999): A world catalogue of families and genera of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) (Excepting Scolytidae and Platypodidae). - Entomopraxis, Barcelona, 315 pp. Anderson R. S. (1987): Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of New World weevils traditionally of the tribe Cleonini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae; Cleoninae). - Quaestiones Entomologicae 23: 431-709. Angelov P. A. (1963): Beitrag zur Kenntnis der bulgarischen Arten der Tribus Cleonini (Curcul., Col.). - Koleopterologische Rundschau 40-41(1962-1963): 3-8. Angelov P. A. (1978): Fauna Bulgarica 7. Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Chast II. Brachyderinae, Brachycerinae, Tamymecinae, Cleoninae, Curculioninae, Myorrhininae. - Bulgarska Akademija Nauk, Sofia: 4 + 5-233.

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