digital communications - kopykitab

DIGITALCOMMUNICATIONS

DIGITALCOMMUNICATIONS

V. K. KHANNAM.Sc., Ph.D. (Physics), FIETE,

Scientist, MEMS & MicrosensorsSolid-State Devices (SSD) Division

Central Electronics Engineering Research InstitutePILANI–333031 (RAJASTHAN)

S. CHAND & COMPANY LTD.(AN ISO 9001 : 2000 COMPANY)

RAM NAGAR, NEW DELHI - 110 055

For B.E. / B.Tech. Students of All Indian TechnicalUniversities

S. CHAND & COMPANY LTD.(An ISO 9001 : 2000 Company)Head Office : 7361, RAM NAGAR, NEW DELHI - 110 055Phones : 23672080-81-82, 9899107446, 9911310888;Fax : 91-11-23677446Shop at: schandgroup.com; E-mail: [email protected]

Branches :

• 1st Floor, Heritage, Near Gujarat Vidhyapeeth, Ashram Road,Ahmedabad-380 014. Ph. 27541965, 27542369, [email protected]

• No. 6, Ahuja Chambers, 1st Cross, Kumara Krupa Road,Bangalore-560 001. Ph : 22268048, 22354008, [email protected]

• 238-A M.P. Nagar, Zone 1, Bhopal - 462 011. Ph : 4274723. [email protected]• 152, Anna Salai, Chennai-600 002. Ph : 28460026, [email protected]• S.C.O. 2419-20, First Floor, Sector- 22-C (Near Aroma Hotel), Chandigarh-160022,

Ph-2725443, 2725446, [email protected]• 1st Floor, Bhartia Tower, Badambadi, Cuttack-753 009, Ph-2332580; 2332581,

[email protected]• 1st Floor, 52-A, Rajpur Road, Dehradun-248 001. Ph : 2740889, 2740861,

[email protected]• Pan Bazar, Guwahati-781 001. Ph : 2738811, [email protected]• Sultan Bazar, Hyderabad-500 195. Ph : 24651135, 24744815, [email protected]• Mai Hiran Gate, Jalandhar - 144008 . Ph. 2401630, 5000630, [email protected]• A-14 Janta Store Shopping Complex, University Marg, Bapu Nagar, Jaipur - 302 015,

Phone : 2719126, [email protected]• Kachapilly Square, Mullassery Canal Road, Ernakulam, Kochi-682 011. Ph : 2378207,

[email protected]• 285/J, Bipin Bihari Ganguli Street, Kolkata-700 012. Ph : 22367459, 22373914,

[email protected]• Mahabeer Market, 25 Gwynne Road, Aminabad, Lucknow-226 018. Ph : 2626801, 2284815,

[email protected]• Blackie House, 103/5, Walchand Hirachand Marg , Opp. G.P.O., Mumbai-400 001.

Ph : 22690881, 22610885, [email protected]• Karnal Bag, Model Mill Chowk, Umrer Road, Nagpur-440 032 Ph : 2723901, 2777666

[email protected]• 104, Citicentre Ashok, Govind Mitra Road, Patna-800 004. Ph : 2300489, 2302100,

[email protected]• 291/1, Ganesh Gayatri Complex, 1st Floor, Somwarpeth, Near Jain Mandir, Pune-411011.

Ph : 64017298, [email protected]• Flat No. 104, Sri Draupadi Smriti Apartment, East of Jaipal Singh Stadium, Neel Ratan Street,

Upper Bazar, Ranchi-834001. Ph: 2208761, [email protected]• Kailash Residency, Plot No. 4B, Bottle House Road, Shankar Nagar, Raipur. Ph. 09981200834

[email protected]

© 1999, V.K. Khanna

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrievalsystem or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Publishers.

First Edition 1999Reprint 2003 (S. Chand)Second Revised Edition 2009

ISBN : 81-219-3102-9Code : 10 374

PRINTED IN INDIA

By Rajendra Ravindra Printers (Pvt.) Ltd., 7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi-110 055and published by S. Chand & Company Ltd., 7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi-110 055.

DedicatedTo my father, the late Shri Amarnath Khanna

for shaping my life and career&

To my mother, daughter and wifefor their care and affection

Preface to the Revised Edition

This book comprises a part of my previous book entitled DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING,TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY. The original book was meant as acomprehensive treatise for communications engineering students. However, it was suggested bymany readers and as per latest syllabi of different Technical Universities of India that the DigitalSignal Processing portion of the book is also useful to the students of engineering branches likeComputer Science, Electronics and Instrumentation, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, andtherefore must be separated for this wide cross-section of readership. The second portion on DigitalCommunications is of interest for Electronics and Communication Engineering students and allthose willing to specialize in digital communications.

Therefore at the demand of the readers, the previous book has divided into two separateindependent parts, namely, “Digital Signal Processing” and “Digital Communications” to make theappropriate course contents available in handy focused form to the concerned students. Thus thetwo portions are aimed at specific audiences. It is earnestly hoped that in their present forms, thetwo books will fulfill the specific needs of the syllabi concerned.

This book on Digital Communications contains seven chapters, and its structure as follows:The starting chapter presents a glimpse of communication and information systems, and introducesthe basic terminology of these systems. The second chapter deals with methods for digital codingof analog waveforms. The third chapter describes digital modulation techniques. The fourthchapter covers the principles of networking. The fifth chapter addresses digital satellitecommunications. The sixth chapter discusses the principles and practices of high-definitiontelevision. The concluding seventh chapter is devoted to multimedia communications.

Efforts have also been made to update the contents and correct any errors that have cometo notice. However, constructive comments from the readers for improving the book are solicited.

Acknowledgements: The author wishes to thank the Director, senior scientists and colleaguesat CEERI, for continued encouragement in his endeavours. He is also thankful to the readers fortheir valuable suggestions. Keen interest of the publishers in bringing out this book is acknowledged.

Dr. V.K. KhannaPilani

(vii)

Preface to the First Edition “Digital SignalProcessing, Telecommunications and

Multimedia Technology” (Complete Book)

Everyone has experienced the new dimensions of lifestyles ushered in by the pantoscopicdevelopments in the realm of telecommunications, particularly by the adoption of digitaltechniques. Many of the existing books concentrate on digital signal processing and itsapplications while many others focus entirely on digital communications and still otherstreat multimedia as a separte area, largely from the applications point of view. This bookseeks to present a unified perspective of the field interweaving these disciplines into acommon fabric. As you rummage through the pages of this book, you will not only feelincited to appreciate the mathematical elegance of signal processing but will also gasp overthe enthralling applications.

This book, above all, offers an introductory survey of the conceptual development ofthe subject. It provides a simple and lucid presentation of the essential principles, formulaeand definitions of digital signal processing, telecommunications and multimedia. Notonly content with a preliminary overview, this book also provides a comprehensive andrigorous exposition of several advanced concepts, leading the reader confidently throughthe intricacies of current developments in audio and video signal processing, satellitecommunications, HDTV, multimedia, computers and so forth. There is a sprinkling ofillustrative problems and revision exercises spicing the text throughout. These will rekindlethe reader’s interest and also help in fostering an intuitive grasp of theory. Indeed, onelearns more easily by solving problems and trying to answer questions than by browsingthrough the text pages. The updated end-of-chapter bibliographies will afford the readeran opportunity to access the original literature in the field and also to keep abreast of thelatest developments.

The book is aimed at a wide cross-section of readership. It will be useful as a textbookfor undergraduate students of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering and allieddisciplines, as well as diploma and science courses. It is also intended to be used as areference book for practising engineers and scientists. It is earnestly hoped that the bookwill serve as a unique resource for students and professionals alike.

Human mind works by straight-line logical thinking as well as lateral thinking. Thesubject matter can be approached from several angles of attack. The book is self-containedand provides adequate flexibility of organizing course material to suit individualrequirements. The reader interested in singal processing would like to pursue chapters onsignal processing fundamentals, coding techniques, speech and audio signals, and imageand video signals. The telecom-oriented reader will be inclined towards digitalcommunications, network technology and high-definition television. The computer-mindedreader will have a bent for thinking towards multimedia, Internet, etc.

The study approach in the technology-intensive digital arena needs to be carefullyplanned. Currently, this pluridisciplinary field is humming with research activitiesworldwide. This is because the ‘information explosion’ has thrown up a formidablechallenge for its application to create a better society. The breathtaking R&D pace isevidenced by the prolific deluge of research papers appearing in scientific journals.Also, new commercial products are being introduced regularly, setting different markettrends. These products exhibit a continued improvement in performance characteristics.

(viii)

However, as soon as a technology attains maturity, it is on the throes of obsolescenceand oblivion.

Keeping in view this dynamic and fast-changing scenario, it is important for us tobuild a solid theoretical foundation by equipping ourselves with sufficient background inthe underlying physics and mathematics. This should be strengthened by a pragmaticapproach. In this way, we can not only digest and appreciate the ‘high-tech breakthroughs’bus also attune ourselves with the launching of novel products and induction of newservices, as they are announced.

With so much excitement in store, welcome to the Digital world where every questionhas only one definite answer, either ‘Yes’ or ‘No’. Please come, let us blend together digitalsignal processing with telecommunication and multimedia engineering to acquire anintegrated view of the field. The pages between the covers of this book will unfold interestingplays enacted by the binary ‘zeroes’ and ‘ones’, which, I am sure, you will greatly enjoyand relish.

Suggestions for improvement of the book are cordially welcome and will be incorporatedin subsequent editions.

Dr. V.K. KhannaPilani

(ix)

Acknowledgements

The creation of a book requires combined sincere efforts, hard work, talents andblessings of a great many people, who directly or indirectly contribute to the book. Thisbook is no exception and I owe special gratitude to several persons.

First and foremost, it is a matter of great pleasure and proud privilege for me to thankthe Director, senior scientists and colleagues at CEERI, Pilani for their kind co-operationand encouragement in my endeavours. The assistance of Dr. P.K. Khanna, Scientist, CEERI,is gratefully acknowledged.

I am thankful to the assiduous staff members of S. Chand & Co. Ltd. for extending theirsupport and taking keen interest in this work. Without their dedicated efforts, this bookwould not have become a reality.

The comments of the reviewer helped in redressing errors and improving the readabilityand clarity of the text by way of constructive criticism.

The material presented in this book is based on a large number of previous books onthe subject, research papers in journals, magazine articles, conference records and a hostof related technical literature. I thank the authors of these excellent works, too numerousto mention individually. A list of the major sources of information is given in thebibliographies appended at the end of each chapter. The reader may refer to these impeccablesources for more details on a topic.

Finally, I am thankful to my daughter and wife for their unfailing and unstintedsupport which provided me with confidence to venture into this project. They tolerated mypreoccupation with this work which absorbed a considerable proportion of my time athome spanning over the last two years and detracted me from paying them their well-deserved attention.

Once again, my sincere thanks to all of the above.

(x)

ContentsINTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS AND UNIT PREFIXES XISELECTED PHYSICAL CONSTANTS, USEFUL CONVERSION FACTORS AND NUMERICALCONSTANTS XII

1. Communication and Information Systems Overview 1—271.1 The Synergy of Computers and Telecommunications 11.2 Digital Electronics and the Telecommunication Revolution 21.3 Information and Communication 21.4 Telecommunications Media Survey 41.5 Telecommunication Modalities 91.6 Fibre Optic Communication 101.7 Microwave Links 121.8 Satellite Communications 131.9 Transmission Parameters 15

1.10 Communication Systems Classification 181.11 Analog and Digital Communication Systems 191.12 Aims, Scope and Organizational Plan of the Book 251.13 Conclusions 26

Review Questions 26References and Further Reading 27

2. Digital Coding of Analog Waveforms 28—772.1 Analog Pulse Modulation and Digital Pulse Modulation 282.2 Pulse-Code Modulation 312.3 Differential Pulse-Code Modulation 532.4 Delta Modulation 572.5 Adaptive Digital Coding 622.6 Discussion and Concluding Comments 66

Illustrative Problems 66Review Questions 75References and Further Reading 76

3. Digital Modulation Techniques 78—1253.1 Binary and M-Ary Modulation 783.2 Binary Amplitude-, Phase-, and Frequency-Shift Keying: ASK, PSK and FSK 803.3 General Principles of Production and Detection of Binary Modulated Waves 823.4 Probabilistic Approach to the Coherent Detection of Binary ASK Waves 863.5 Phase-Shift Keying 893.6 Quaternary Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK) 953.7 Offset-Keyed QPSK (OK-QPSK) 1023.8 M-Ary Phase-Shift Keying 1033.9 Frequency-Shift Keying 104

3.10 M-Ary Frequency-Shift Keying 106(xi)

3.11 Minimum Shift Keying 1073.12 Use of Error Correction Coding with Digital Modulation 1123.13 Modems 1133.14 Discussion and Conclusions 114


4. Networking Principles 126—1694.1 Preliminaries 1274.2 Circuit-Switched Networks 1304.3 Packet-Switched Networks 1344.4 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 1494.5 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 1594.6 Concluding Remarks 165


5. Digital Satellite Communications 170—2005.1 Preliminaries of Satellite Communications 1705.2 Multiple Access Techniques 1755.3 Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 1805.4 Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 1815.5 Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 1895.6 Demand-Assignment Multiple Access (DAMA) 1925.7 Digital Speech Interpolation (DSI) 1955.8 Conclusions 196


6. High-Definition Television (HDTV) 201—2226.1 The Need for HDTV 2016.2 Drawbacks of Present Analog TV Service 2026.3 Picture Resolution Considerations 2036.4 Features of HDTV Proposals 2046.5 Grand-Alliance and Other HDTV Transmission Standards 2066.6 HDTV Signal Coding and Compression 2076.7 HDTV Signal Recording Technology 2086.8 HDTV Programme Station and Studio Equipment 2106.9 Emission Systems for HDTV Signal Broadcasting and Transmission 212

6.10 HDTV Realization by Receiver Hardware Redesign for Real-Time ImageEnhancement 213

6.11 Three-Dimensional Television (3-D TV) as a Post HDTV System 2166.12 Interactive Television (ITV) 217

(xii)

6.13 Scenario of Trends in HDTV Development 218Illustrative Problems 219Review Questions 220References and Further Reading 222

7. Multimedia Communications 223—2527.1 What is Multimedia? 2237.2 Multimedia Basics 2257.3 Multimedia Signal Processing (MMSP) 2277.4 Issues in Networked Multimedia 2287.5 Intelligent Multimedia Through Netural Networks 2307.6 Accessing, Searching and Browsing of Multimedia Documents 2317.7 Multimedia Signal Processor and Memory Microelectronic Chips 2337.8 Enabling Telecommunication Technologies for Multimedia 2357.9 Projections on the Future World of Information Technology 242

7.10 Commentary 246Illustrative Problems 247Review Questions 250References and Further Reading 252

Appendix A Common Acronyms and Abbreviations 253—259Appendix B Guide to Symbols and Notation 260—264Index 265—268

(xiii)

INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS AND UNIT PREFIXES

Base SI Units

Sl. No. Physical Quantity Name of the Unit Symbol

1. Length metre m2. Mass kilogram kg3. Time second s4. Electric current ampere A5. Thermodynamic temperature kelvin K6. Luminous intensity candela cd7. Amount of substance mole mol

Supplementary Units

8. Plane angle radian rad9. Solid angle steradian sr

Unit Prefixes

Sl. No. Submultiple Prefix Symbol Multiple Prefix Symbol

1. 10–1 deci d 10 deca da2. 10–2 centi c 102 hecto h3. 10–3 milli m 103 kilo k4. 10–6 micro 106 mega M5. 10–9 nano n 109 giga G6. 10–12 pico p 1012 tera T7. 10–15 femto f 1015 peta P8. 10–18 atto a 1018 exa E

(xiv)

Digital Communication

Publisher : SChand Publications ISBN : 9788121931021 Author : V. K. Khanna

Type the URL : http://www.kopykitab.com/product/11694

Get this eBook

20%OFF

http://www.kopykitab.com/Digital-Communication-by-V-K-Khanna